Supplements starting with S

Glossary — S

• S-Adenosyl-L-Methionine (SAMe)
  Compound
  Human-reviewed profile
  S-Adenosyl-L-Methionine (SAMe) is a naturally occurring methyl donor compound that supports neurotransmitter synthesis and liver function th…
• S7 (Plant-Based Nitric Oxide Booster)
  Other
  Human-reviewed profile
  S7 is a plant-based blend of seven botanical extracts that increases nitric oxide production by up to 230% through enhanced eNOS activity. T…
• Saccharomyces boulardii CNCM I-745
  Fermented/Probiotic
  Human-reviewed profile
  Saccharomyces boulardii CNCM I-745 is a probiotic yeast that produces bioactive compounds like polyamines and proteases to restore gut micro…
• Saccharomyces Cerevisiae
  Fermented/Probiotic
  Human-reviewed profile
  Saccharomyces cerevisiae produces a range of bioactive compounds including terpenoids, polyketides, and phenolic compounds, contributing to …
• Saccharomyces cerevisiae CNCM I-3856
  Fermented/Probiotic
  Human-reviewed profile
  Saccharomyces cerevisiae CNCM I-3856 is a probiotic yeast strain that modulates gut-brain axis signaling through tryptophan metabolism and s…
• Sacha Inchi (Plukenetia volubilis)
  Seed
  Human-reviewed profile
  Sacha Inchi (Plukenetia volubilis) seeds contain over 80% polyunsaturated fatty acids, primarily alpha-linolenic acid (ALA), which reduces i…
• Sacha Inchi Butter
  Seed
  Human-reviewed profile
  Sacha Inchi Butter contains exceptionally high levels of alpha-linolenic acid (ALA), an omega-3 fatty acid that converts to EPA and DHA in t…
• Sacha Inchi Oil
  Other
  Human-reviewed profile
  Sacha inchi oil contains up to 48% alpha-linolenic acid (ALA), an omega-3 fatty acid that supports cardiovascular health and cognitive funct…
• Sacha Inchi Seeds
  Seed
  Human-reviewed profile
  Sacha Inchi Seeds contain exceptionally high levels of alpha-linolenic acid (ALA), an omega-3 fatty acid that comprises up to 48% of their o…
• Sacha Panca
  Seed
  Human-reviewed profile
  Sacha panca (ají panca, Capsicum chinense) seeds contain capsaicinoids, carotenoids such as capsanthin and beta-carotene, and phenolic compo…
• Sacred Basil
  Leaf/Green
  Human-reviewed profile
  Sacred Basil (Ocimum tenuiflorum/sanctum) contains eugenol, rosmarinic acid, and ursolic acid as primary bioactive compounds that exert adap…
• Sacred Fig Bark
  Fruit
  Human-reviewed profile
  Sacred Fig Bark contains diverse phytochemicals like flavonoids, tannins, and phytosterols, which exert anti-inflammatory effects by modulat…
• Sacred Lotus Leaf
  Leaf/Green
  Human-reviewed profile
  Sacred lotus leaf contains bioactive alkaloids like nuciferine and flavonoids including quercetin that inhibit LDL oxidation and provide pot…
• Sacred Lotus Rhizome
  Root/Rhizome
  Human-reviewed profile
  Sacred lotus rhizome (Nelumbo nucifera) is rich in bioactive alkaloids (nuciferine, neferine, liensinine), polysaccharides, and phenolic com…
• Sacred Lotus Root
  Root/Rhizome
  Human-reviewed profile
  Sacred lotus root contains anthocyanins, flavonoids, and complex polysaccharides that support blood sugar regulation and respiratory health.…
• Safawi Date
  Fruit
  Human-reviewed profile
  Safawi Date, a variety of Phoenix dactylifera L., is rich in bioactive polyphenols like phenolic acids (e.g., vanillic acid, ferulic acid) a…
• Safed Musli (Chlorophytum borivilianum)
  Ayurveda
  Human-reviewed profile
  Safed Musli (Chlorophytum borivilianum) contains saponins and immunomodulatory polysaccharides that enhance sexual function and energy metab…
• Safflower (Carthamus tinctorius)
  Traditional Chinese Medicine
  Human-reviewed profile
  Safflower (Carthamus tinctorius) contains over 50 flavonoid derivatives and quinochalcone compounds that provide antioxidant and anti-inflam…
• Safflower Oil
  Seed Oils
  Human-reviewed profile
  Safflower oil is a seed oil rich in linoleic acid, an omega-6 fatty acid that comprises up to 78% of its composition. It supports cardiovasc…
• Safflower Petals
  Flower
  Human-reviewed profile
  Safflower petals (Carthamus tinctorius) contain hydroxysafflor yellow A (HSYA) as the primary bioactive compound, which inhibits inflammatio…
• Safflower Seed Oil
  Oil
  Human-reviewed profile
  Safflower seed oil contains 70% linoleic acid, tocopherols (46-71 mg/100g α-tocopherol), and phytosterols that provide antioxidant protectio…
• Safflower Seeds
  Seed
  Human-reviewed profile
  Safflower seeds contain high concentrations of linoleic acid (omega-6 fatty acid) and vitamin E, which support cardiovascular health by modu…
• Saffron Extract (Crocus Sativus)
  Other
  Human-reviewed profile
  Saffron extract contains crocin and safranal, bioactive compounds that modulate serotonin and dopamine neurotransmitter systems. These compo…
• Sage (Salvia officinalis)
  European
  Human-reviewed profile
  Sage (Salvia officinalis) contains rosmarinic acid, thujone, and terpenes that provide antioxidant and anti-inflammatory effects. The herb e…
• Sago Palm
  Fruit
  Human-reviewed profile
  Sago palm fruit from Metroxylon sagu contains resistant starch and prebiotic compounds that modulate gut microbiota and glucose metabolism t…
• Saharan Date Fruit
  Fruit
  Human-reviewed profile
  Date fruit, primarily *Phoenix dactylifera*, is rich in diverse phenolic compounds and flavonoids, along with other bioactive components. Th…
• Salacia reticulata
  Ayurveda
  Human-reviewed profile
  Salacia reticulata is an Ayurvedic herb containing salacinol and kotalanol compounds that inhibit alpha-glucosidase enzymes. These bioactive…
• Salicin (Phenolic Glycoside)
  Compound
  Human-reviewed profile
  Salicin is a phenolic glycoside found in willow bark that acts as a natural precursor to salicylic acid. It provides anti-inflammatory and a…
• Salidroside (Rhodioloside)
  Compound
  Human-reviewed profile
  Salidroside (rhodioloside) is a phenylpropanoid glycoside derived primarily from Rhodiola rosea root, comprising a tyrosol aglycone linked t…
• Salmonberries
  Berry
  Human-reviewed profile
  Salmonberries are rich in bioactive compounds such as phenolic acids, anthocyanins, ellagitannins, and vitamin C. These compounds primarily …
• Salvadora persica (Miswak / Toothbrush Tree)
  African
  Human-reviewed profile
  Salvadora persica contains benzyl isothiocyanate and other antimicrobial compounds that inhibit oral bacteria and reduce dental plaque forma…
• Salvadoran Jocote Marañón
  Fruit
  Human-reviewed profile
  Salvadoran Jocote Marañón, also known as the cashew apple, is notably rich in Vitamin C, providing up to five times the amount of an average…
• Salvadoran Loroco Flowers
  Flower
  Human-reviewed profile
  Salvadoran Loroco Flowers (Fernaldia pandurata) are nutrient-dense edible flower buds, offering dietary fiber, essential vitamins like A and…
• Salvia officinalis
  European
  Human-reviewed profile
  Salvia officinalis (sage) contains rosmarinic acid and carnosic acid that inhibit acetylcholinesterase and HMG-CoA reductase enzymes. Clinic…
• Salvia sclarea
  European
  Human-reviewed profile
  Salvia sclarea (clary sage) contains linalyl acetate and sclareol as primary bioactive compounds. These compounds demonstrate antimicrobial …
• Sambal Seed
  Seed
  Human-reviewed profile
  Scientific literature does not clearly identify 'Sambal Seed' as a distinct botanical product or supplement, therefore specific authoritativ…
• Sambiloto (Andrographis paniculata, Indonesian)
  Southeast Asian
  Human-reviewed profile
  Sambiloto (Andrographis paniculata) contains andrographolide, a bioactive compound that modulates immune function and reduces inflammation t…
• Sambiloto (Andrographis paniculata)
  Southeast Asian
  Human-reviewed profile
  Sambiloto (Andrographis paniculata) contains andrographolide as its primary bioactive compound, which activates TRPV-4 channels to reduce in…
• Sambucus Leaf
  Leaf/Green
  Human-reviewed profile
  Sambucus leaf is rich in polyphenols, particularly phenolic acids and flavonoids like quercetin, which exert significant antioxidant and ant…
• Sambucus nigra
  European
  Human-reviewed profile
  Elderberry (Sambucus nigra) is a European fruit rich in anthocyanins and flavonoids that inhibits viral replication and modulates immune res…
• Sambucus Nigra (Elderberry)
  Other
  Human-reviewed profile
  Sambucus nigra (elderberry) contains anthocyanins and flavonoids that support immune function by enhancing cytokine production and inhibitin…
• Samoan Nonu Fruit
  Fruit
  Human-reviewed profile
  Samoan Nonu Fruit refers to the fruit of Morinda citrifolia L. (commonly known as noni), a tropical plant traditionally used in Polynesian c…
• Samoan Starfruit
  Fruit
  Human-reviewed profile
  Samoan Starfruit (Averrhoa carambola) is rich in polyphenols and flavonoids, exhibiting potent antioxidant and anti-inflammatory effects. Th…
• Sampaguita Flower
  Flower
  Human-reviewed profile
  Sampaguita Flower contains key compounds like hesperidin and quercetin, which primarily inhibit the PI3K-AKT-mTOR pathway by binding to PI3K…
• Sampalok
  Fruit
  Human-reviewed profile
  Sampalok fruit (Tamarindus indica) contains phenolic compounds including 5-hydroxymethylfurfural (31.06% peak area) that neutralize free rad…
• San Qi (Panax notoginseng)
  Traditional Chinese Medicine
  Human-reviewed profile
  San Qi (Panax notoginseng) contains ginsenosides Rb1 and Rg1 that improve cardiovascular health and wound healing through platelet aggregati…
• San Qi Powder (Panax notoginseng powder)
  Other
  Human-reviewed profile
  San Qi powder contains saponins called ginsenosides that inhibit platelet aggregation and reduce inflammation in blood vessels. These compou…
• Sana Makki (Cassia angustifolia / Senna)
  Middle Eastern
  Human-reviewed profile
  Sana Makki (Cassia angustifolia) contains sennosides A and B, anthraquinone glycosides that stimulate colonic muscle contractions and increa…
• Sandalwood Oil (Santalum album)
  Other
  Human-reviewed profile
  Sandalwood oil contains alpha-santalol and beta-santalol as primary bioactive compounds that modulate GABA receptors and enhance alpha brain…
• Sandsage Berry
  Berry
  Human-reviewed profile
  Specific authoritative information for 'Sandsage Berry' (Artemisia filifolia) regarding its key bioactive compounds and precise mechanisms i…
• Sangre de Grado (Croton lechleri / Dragon's Blood)
  Other
  Human-reviewed profile
  Sangre de grado (Croton lechleri) is a tree resin containing taspine and proanthocyanidins that accelerate wound healing through fibroblast …
• Santol Apple
  Fruit
  Human-reviewed profile
  Santol Apple contains potent triterpenoids, notably Koetjapic acid, which exhibit significant anti-inflammatory and anticancer properties. I…
• Santol Nut
  Nut
  Human-reviewed profile
  Santol Nut, derived from *Sandoricum koetjape*, is rich in triterpenes like koetjapic acid (KA) and various limonoids. These compounds exert…
• Sapindus Berry
  Berry
  Human-reviewed profile
  Sapindus berry (Sapindus mukorossi) contains 10–30% triterpenoid saponins—primarily hederagenin and oleanolic acid glycosides—that disrupt m…
• Sapiranga
  Fruit
  Human-reviewed profile
  Sapiranga, identified as *Syzygium samarangense* (wax apple), has stem bark containing bioactive compounds like Syzyginin B that show potent…
• Sapiranga Cherry
  Berry
  Human-reviewed profile
  Sapiranga Cherry, also known as Pitanga (Eugenia uniflora L.), is characterized by its rich content of phenolic compounds, including gallic …
• Sapodilla
  Fruit
  Human-reviewed profile
  Sapodilla (Manilkara zapota) is rich in bioactive compounds like gallic acid, quercetin, and vitamins C and A, contributing to its diverse h…
• Saponin (Saponin)
  Compound
  Human-reviewed profile
  Saponins are glycoside compounds found in plants that exhibit cardioprotective, neuroprotective, and anti-inflammatory properties through me…
• Saponins
  Compound
  Human-reviewed profile
  Saponins are a class of bioactive plant compounds defined by their amphipathic structure, consisting of a hydrophobic backbone linked to a h…
• Saponins from Legumes
  Compound
  Human-reviewed profile
  Saponins from legumes are triterpenoid glycosides with soyasaponin I (630-900 mg/kg) and dehydrosoyasaponin I (650-1300 mg/kg) as primary bi…
• Sapote Amarillo
  Fruit
  Human-reviewed profile
  Sapote Amarillo is rich in flavonoids, phenolic acids, catechins, carotenoids, and vitamin C. These compounds primarily exert potent antioxi…
• Sapotilla Leaf
  Leaf/Green
  Human-reviewed profile
  Sapotilla Leaf, rich in phenolic compounds like gallic acid, exhibits potent antioxidant and anti-inflammatory effects. It primarily acts by…
• Sapotillo Fruit
  Fruit
  Human-reviewed profile
  Sapodilla fruit (Manilkara zapota) contains high concentrations of phenolic compounds and flavonoids that inhibit TNF-α release in human PBM…
• Saputangan
  Fruit
  Human-reviewed profile
  Saputangan leaves are rich in phenolic compounds, notably methyl gallate, which exert significant antioxidant activity. This mechanism prima…
• Sardine Oil
  Marine-Derived
  Human-reviewed profile
  Sardine oil is a marine-derived supplement rich in EPA and DHA omega-3 fatty acids that support cardiovascular and cognitive health. These o…
• Sardine Peptide (Valyl-Tyrosine)
  Compound
  Human-reviewed profile
  Sardine peptide is a bioactive dipeptide (Valyl-Tyrosine) derived from sardine protein that functions as an ACE inhibitor. It supports cardi…
• Sariva (Hemidesmus indicus)
  Other
  Human-reviewed profile
  Sariva (Hemidesmus indicus) is an Ayurvedic herb containing saponins and phenolic compounds that support detoxification through enhanced hep…
• Sarpagandha (Rauvolfia serpentina)
  Other
  Human-reviewed profile
  Sarpagandha (Rauvolfia serpentina) contains reserpine and other alkaloids that deplete norepinephrine and serotonin from nerve terminals, pr…
• Sasami Fruit
  Fruit
  Human-reviewed profile
  Sasami Fruit is not a recognized botanical entity; the name likely refers to sesame (Sesamum indicum L.), a seed rich in lignans like sesami…
• Satsuma
  Other
  Human-reviewed profile
  Satsuma oranges contain high concentrations of vitamin C and carotenoids like beta-cryptoxanthin that support immune function and reduce oxi…
• Saudi Arabian Sidr Fruit
  Fruit
  Human-reviewed profile
  Saudi Arabian Sidr fruit is rich in phenolic compounds and flavonoids, including gallic acid and quercetin. These compounds primarily exert …
• Saudi Arabian Sidr Honey
  Other
  Human-reviewed profile
  Saudi Arabian Sidr Honey, derived from Ziziphus spina-christi nectar, is rich in bioactive compounds like 3,5-dihydroxy-2-(3-methylbut-2-en-…
• Sauerkraut
  Fermented/Probiotic
  Human-reviewed profile
  Sauerkraut, a fermented cabbage product, is rich in bioactive metabolites like phenolic compounds and organic acids, generated through the a…
• Savanna Plum
  Fruit
  Human-reviewed profile
  Savanna Plum (Parinari curatellifolia) is rich in phenolic acids, such as ferulic acid, and flavonoids like quercetin, which are key bioacti…
• Saw Palmetto (Hair Loss)
  Other
  Human-reviewed profile
  Saw palmetto contains beta-sitosterol and fatty acids that inhibit 5-alpha-reductase enzyme, reducing DHT production by up to 32%. This mech…
• Saw Palmetto (Serenoa Repens)
  Other
  Human-reviewed profile
  Saw palmetto (Serenoa repens) contains fatty acids and sterols that inhibit 5-alpha-reductase, the enzyme converting testosterone to dihydro…
• Scandinavian Fermented Fish (Surströmming)
  Fermented/Probiotic
  Human-reviewed profile
  Surströmming is a traditional Swedish fermented Baltic herring, known for its extreme odor, produced through anaerobic fermentation of salte…
• Scandinavian Filmjölk
  Fermented/Probiotic
  Human-reviewed profile
  Scandinavian Filmjölk is a traditional Swedish fermented milk product, cultured with specific lactic acid bacteria like Lactococcus lactis a…
• Scandinavian Filmjölk Culture
  Fermented/Probiotic
  Human-reviewed profile
  Scandinavian Filmjölk provides beneficial probiotics, including Lactococcus lactis and Leuconostoc species, which modulate gut microbiota di…
• Scarlet Bean
  Legume
  Human-reviewed profile
  Scarlet Bean (Phaseolus coccineus) contains oligomeric globulin lectins and phenolic compounds that inhibit cyclooxygenase enzymes, specific…
• Sceletium tortuosum
  African
  Human-reviewed profile
  Sceletium tortuosum is a South African succulent containing mesembrine alkaloids that modulate serotonin reuptake and PDE4 activity. The pla…
• Sceletium tortuosum (Kanna / Mesembrine)
  African
  Human-reviewed profile
  Kanna (Sceletium tortuosum) is a South African succulent containing mesembrine alkaloids that inhibit serotonin reuptake and phosphodiestera…
• Schinziophyton Nut
  Nut
  Human-reviewed profile
  Schinziophyton Nut, derived from *Schinziophyton rautanenii*, is recognized for its seed oil, which is exceptionally rich in unsaturated fat…
• Schisandra (Schisandra chinensis)
  Other
  Human-reviewed profile
  Schisandra chinensis is an adaptogenic berry containing lignans like schisandrin B that regulate the HPA axis to reduce cortisol and stress …
• Schisandra 9% Lignans
  Fruit
  Human-reviewed profile
  Schisandra 9% lignans is a standardized fruit extract containing concentrated schisandrins and gomisins that support liver detoxification an…
• Schisandra Berry
  Berry
  Human-reviewed profile
  Schisandra Berry (*Schisandra chinensis*) is valued in traditional medicine for its adaptogenic, antioxidant, and hepatoprotective propertie…
• Schisandra Berry Extract
  Other
  Human-reviewed profile
  Schisandra berry extract contains lignans called schisandrins that support liver detoxification by inducing glutathione S-transferase and ot…
• Schisandra chinensis
  Traditional Chinese Medicine
  Human-reviewed profile
  Schisandra chinensis is a traditional Chinese medicinal berry containing lignans like schisandrin that supports liver function through hepat…
• Schizochytrium (Algal DHA)
  Other
  Human-reviewed profile
  Schizochytrium is a marine microalgae that provides concentrated docosahexaenoic acid (DHA), an omega-3 fatty acid comprising up to 40% of i…
• Schizophyllan (Sizofiran)
  Mushroom/Fungi
  Human-reviewed profile
  Schizophyllan (sizofiran) is a beta-1,3-glucan polysaccharide extracted from the fungus Schizophyllum commune with potent immunomodulatory p…
• Schizophyllum Commune
  Mushroom/Fungi
  Human-reviewed profile
  Schizophyllum commune is a medicinal fungus recognized for its potent β-D-glucans, particularly Schizophyllan, which modulate immune respons…
• Schizophyllum commune (Split Gill)
  Mushroom/Fungi
  Human-reviewed profile
  Schizophyllum commune is a medicinal mushroom containing beta-glucan schizophyllan, which activates immune cells and reduces inflammation. I…
• Schizophyllum Commune Mushroom
  Mushroom/Fungi
  Human-reviewed profile
  Schizophyllum commune is recognized for its potent beta-glucans that stimulate immune cells, bolstering the body's defenses. It also contain…
• Sclerocarya birrea (Marula)
  Other
  Human-reviewed profile
  Sclerocarya birrea (marula) contains high concentrations of vitamin C and oleic acid that support skin barrier function and cardiovascular h…
• Sclerocarya Birrea Kernel
  Nut
  Human-reviewed profile
  Sclerocarya Birrea Kernel, derived from the marula fruit, is traditionally valued for its nutritional density, notably its oil and protein c…
• Scottish Bilberry
  Berry
  Human-reviewed profile
  Scottish Bilberry (Vaccinium myrtillus L.) is prized for its high concentration of anthocyanins and polyphenols, which exert powerful antiox…
• Scottish Sea Kale
  Vegetable
  Human-reviewed profile
  Scottish Sea Kale, primarily referencing standard kale cultivars (*Brassica oleracea L. var. acephala*), is rich in glucosinolates that are …
• Scutellaria baicalensis
  Traditional Chinese Medicine
  Human-reviewed profile
  Scutellaria baicalensis is a traditional Chinese herb containing baicalein, baicalin, and wogonin as primary bioactive compounds. These flav…
• Scutellarin (Flavonoid Glycoside)
  Compound
  Human-reviewed profile
  Scutellarin is a flavonoid glycoside primarily extracted from Erigeron breviscapus that demonstrates anti-inflammatory and cardiovascular pr…
• SDA (Stearidonic Acid)
  Other
  Human-reviewed profile
  Stearidonic acid (SDA) is a plant-based omega-3 fatty acid that converts to EPA in the body through delta-6-desaturase enzyme pathways. SDA …
• Sea Asparagus
  Vegetable
  Human-reviewed profile
  Sea Asparagus is valued for its rich profile of marine minerals and linoleic acid, which contribute to electrolyte balance and essential fat…
• Sea Buckthorn (Hippophae rhamnoides)
  Other
  Human-reviewed profile
  Sea buckthorn (Hippophae rhamnoides) is a nutrient-dense berry containing high concentrations of omega-7 fatty acids, vitamin C, and caroten…
• Sea Buckthorn 30% Omega Fatty Acids
  Fruit
  Human-reviewed profile
  Sea buckthorn 30% omega fatty acids contains high concentrations of omega-3, -6, -7, and -9 fatty acids, particularly the rare palmitoleic a…
• Sea Buckthorn Leaf
  Leaf/Green
  Human-reviewed profile
  Sea buckthorn leaf (Hippophae rhamnoides) is exceptionally rich in flavonoids—including quercetin-3-O-galactoside, kaempferol, and isorhamne…
• Sea Buckthorn Seed Oil
  Other
  Human-reviewed profile
  Sea buckthorn seed oil contains palmitoleic acid (omega-7) and phytosterols that support cardiovascular health by reducing LDL cholesterol a…
• Sea Cucumber
  Other
  Human-reviewed profile
  Sea cucumbers contain bioactive compounds like saponins and polysaccharides, known for their antitumor, anti-inflammatory, lipid-lowering, a…
• Sea Cucumber (Holothuroidea)
  Other
  Human-reviewed profile
  Sea cucumber contains triterpene glycosides and chondroitin sulfate that reduce inflammatory cytokines and support cartilage regeneration. T…
• Sea Fig
  Fruit
  Human-reviewed profile
  Sea Fig (Carpobrotus edulis) fruit contains high concentrations of flavonoids including quercetin (1.2 mg/g) and kaempferol that inhibit COX…
• Sea Grape
  Fruit
  Human-reviewed profile
  Sea grape (Caulerpa lentillifera and C. racemosa) is a nutrient-dense marine macroalgae rich in polyphenolic antioxidants, vitamins A, C, an…
• Sea Grape Kernel Extract
  Extract
  Human-reviewed profile
  Sea Grape Kernel Extract, derived from the green alga *Caulerpa lentilifera*, is rich in polysaccharides, polyphenols, and antioxidants. The…
• Sea Kale Root
  Root/Rhizome
  Human-reviewed profile
  Sea kale root contains glucosinolates that activate phase II detoxification enzymes through the Nrf2 pathway, promoting cellular protection …
• Sea Lettuce
  Other
  Human-reviewed profile
  Sea lettuce (Ulva lactuca) contains electrophilic compounds with α,β-unsaturated carbonyl moieties that activate the Nrf2 antioxidant pathwa…
• Sea Mango
  Fruit
  Human-reviewed profile
  The fruit of Sea Mango (Cerbera manghas) contains highly toxic cardiac glycosides, such as cerberin, which critically disrupt the Na+/K+-ATP…
• Sea Parsley
  Herb
  Human-reviewed profile
  Sea parsley, likely referring to halophytic coastal plants like Crithmum maritimum, contains elevated polyphenols and hydroxycinnamic acids …
• Sea Purslane
  Other
  Human-reviewed profile
  Sea Purslane (*Sesuvium portulacastrum* L.) is abundant in ecdysteroids, polyphenols, and omega-3 fatty acids, offering significant anti-inf…
• Sea Salt Extract
  Extract
  Human-reviewed profile
  Sea salt extract contains primarily sodium chloride (85-95%) along with trace minerals including magnesium, potassium, calcium, iodine, and …
• Sea Spinach
  Leaf/Green
  Human-reviewed profile
  Sea spinach encompasses both Atriplex halimus (saltbush) and Beta vulgaris subsp. maritima (sea beet)—halophytic coastal greens rich in quer…
• Seaberry
  Berry
  Human-reviewed profile
  Seaberry (Hippophae rhamnoides) delivers over 190 bioactive compounds—including isorhamnetin, quercetin, rare omega-7 palmitoleic acid, and …
• Seabuckthorn (Hippophae rhamnoides)
  Other
  Human-reviewed profile
  Seabuckthorn (Hippophae rhamnoides) is a nutrient-dense berry rich in omega-7 palmitoleic acid and vitamin C that supports cardiovascular he…
• Seaside Goldenrod
  Herb
  Human-reviewed profile
  Seaside Goldenrod (Solidago sempervirens) is a coastal North American plant known for producing allelopathic root compounds like dehydromatr…
• Seaweed
  Other
  Human-reviewed profile
  Seaweed contains high concentrations of iodine and fucoidans that support thyroid hormone synthesis and cardiovascular health. These marine-…
• Seaweed (Bladderwrack)
  Other
  Human-reviewed profile
  Bladderwrack (Fucus vesiculosus) is a brown seaweed containing high concentrations of iodine and fucoidan polysaccharides. These compounds s…
• Seaweed (Hijiki)
  Vegetable
  Human-reviewed profile
  Hijiki seaweed contains high concentrations of fucoxanthin, calcium, and dietary fiber that support bone health and cardiovascular function.…
• Seaweed (Irish Moss)
  Other
  Human-reviewed profile
  Irish moss (Chondrus crispus) is a red seaweed rich in carrageenan and sulfated polysaccharides that support immune function and digestive h…
• Seaweed (Nori Sheets)
  Other
  Human-reviewed profile
  Nori sheets are edible seaweed rich in iodine, vitamins A, C, and E, supporting thyroid function and immune health. The high iodine content …
• Seaweed (Wakame)
  Vegetable
  Human-reviewed profile
  Wakame (Undaria pinnatifida) is a brown seaweed rich in fucoxanthin, a carotenoid that enhances fat oxidation through uncoupling protein 1 a…
• Seaweed Extract Powder
  Extract
  Human-reviewed profile
  Seaweed Extract Powder is a concentrated form of marine macroalgae bioactives, rich in polysaccharides like fucoidan and alginate. These com…
• Seaweed Grape
  Other
  Human-reviewed profile
  Caulerpa racemosa, commonly called seaweed grape, contains sulfated polysaccharides and mycosporine-like amino acids that upregulate antioxi…
• Seaweed Kernel Powder
  Other
  Human-reviewed profile
  Seaweed Kernel Powder, primarily derived from brown algae, is rich in fucoidans, sulfated polysaccharides known for their antioxidant and an…
• Seaweed Polysaccharides
  Fermented/Probiotic
  Human-reviewed profile
  Seaweed polysaccharides are complex carbohydrates extracted from marine algae that contain bioactive compounds like fucoidan, alginate, and …
• Seaweed Protein Isolate
  Extract
  Human-reviewed profile
  Seaweed Protein Isolate contains highly purified proteins, primarily bioactive peptides, extracted from macroalgae. These peptides exert var…
• Secoisolariciresinol
  Compound
  Human-reviewed profile
  Secoisolariciresinol is a plant lignan found primarily in flaxseeds that converts to enterolignans in the gut microbiome. It reduces cholest…
• Seenthil Kudineer (Tinospora cordifolia)
  Southeast Asian
  Human-reviewed profile
  Tinospora cordifolia is an Ayurvedic climbing shrub containing bioactive compounds like tinosporin and berberine that modulate immune respon…
• Sel Gris (Gray Salt)
  Mineral
  Human-reviewed profile
  Sel Gris is rich in essential trace minerals like magnesium, calcium, and potassium, crucial for maintaining optimal electrolyte balance and…
• Selank
  Compound
  Human-reviewed profile
  Selank is a synthetic heptapeptide derived from tuftsin that modulates GABA and serotonin neurotransmitter systems. This peptide enhances co…
• Selenium
  Mineral
  Human-reviewed profile
  Selenium is an essential trace mineral that primarily functions as a cofactor in selenoproteins, with selenocysteine being its key bioactive…
• Selenium (Selenomethionine)
  Mineral
  Human-reviewed profile
  Selenomethionine is the organic, bioavailable form of selenium that functions as an essential component of selenoproteins like glutathione p…
• Selenium from Brazil Nuts
  Mineral
  Human-reviewed profile
  Selenium from Brazil nuts is primarily accumulated as highly bioavailable organic forms like selenomethionine (SeMet). These organic forms a…
• Selenium Methionine
  Mineral
  Human-reviewed profile
  Selenomethionine is a highly bioavailable, organic form of selenium that directly incorporates into proteins, replacing methionine, and func…
• Selenocysteine
  Compound
  Human-reviewed profile
  Selenocysteine is the 21st amino acid that serves as the active site component of selenoproteins, including glutathione peroxidase and thior…
• SelenoExcell (High-Selenium Yeast)
  Mineral
  Human-reviewed profile
  SelenoExcell is a high-selenium yeast supplement containing organic selenium forms like selenomethionine and selenocysteine. It functions as…
• Selenomethionine
  Mineral
  Human-reviewed profile
  Selenomethionine is an organic selenium compound that serves as the primary bioavailable form of selenium in supplements and food sources. I…
• Self-Heal (Prunella vulgaris)
  European
  Human-reviewed profile
  Self-heal (Prunella vulgaris) contains rosmarinic acid and tannins that modulate thyroid hormone levels and reduce inflammation. Clinical st…
• Semax
  Compound
  Human-reviewed profile
  Semax is a synthetic heptapeptide (Met-Glu-His-Phe-Pro-Gly-Pro) that enhances cognitive function by increasing brain-derived neurotrophic fa…
• Sencha (Japanese Steamed Green Tea)
  Other
  Human-reviewed profile
  Sencha is a steamed Japanese green tea containing high levels of catechins, particularly epigallocatechin gallate (EGCG), which provides ant…
• Senegalese Baobab
  Fruit
  Human-reviewed profile
  Senegalese Baobab fruit (*Adansonia digitata* L.) is rich in potent polyphenols like procyanidins and EGCG, contributing to its significant …
• Senegalese Baobab Fruit
  Fruit
  Human-reviewed profile
  Senegalese baobab fruit contains high concentrations of vitamin C, proanthocyanidins, and phenolic acids that provide potent antioxidant act…
• Sengana Strawberry
  Berry
  Human-reviewed profile
  Sengana Strawberry (Berry) supports cardiovascular health and immune function through its rich content of polyphenols and antioxidants, as i…
• Senna Leaf
  Leaf/Green
  Human-reviewed profile
  Senna leaf contains anthraquinone glycosides—primarily sennosides A and B—which are metabolized by colonic bacteria into rheinanthrone, stim…
• Sensoril (Ashwagandha Leaf+Root)
  Adaptogen
  Human-reviewed profile
  Sensoril is a patented ashwagandha extract containing standardized withanolides that reduces cortisol levels by up to 24% through HPA axis m…
• Serai (Cymbopogon citratus)
  Southeast Asian
  Human-reviewed profile
  Lemongrass (Cymbopogon citratus) contains citral as its primary bioactive compound, comprising 65-85% of the essential oil. Clinical studies…
• Sereh (Cymbopogon citratus)
  Southeast Asian
  Human-reviewed profile
  Lemongrass (Cymbopogon citratus) contains citral as its primary bioactive compound, which exhibits antimicrobial and anti-inflammatory prope…
• Serendipity Berry
  Fruit
  Human-reviewed profile
  Serendipity Berry (Dioscoreophyllum cumminsii) contains monellin, a sweet protein that binds to T1R2/T1R3 taste receptors providing intense …
• Serine
  Compound
  Human-reviewed profile
  L-serine is a non-essential α-amino acid fundamental to protein biosynthesis, one-carbon metabolism, and nucleotide synthesis. It serves as …
• Serrapeptase Enzyme
  Enzyme
  Human-reviewed profile
  Serrapeptase is a potent proteolytic enzyme, originally derived from bacteria found in the silkworm, that breaks down proteins. Its primary …
• Seru Fruit
  Fruit
  Human-reviewed profile
  Seru Fruit (Pometia pinnata) is traditionally consumed for its potential to support cardiovascular and metabolic health, attributed to a ric…
• Sesame Hull Fiber
  Fiber
  Human-reviewed profile
  Sesame Hull Fiber is primarily composed of pectic polysaccharides, such as homogalacturonan, derived from the outer shell of sesame seeds. T…
• Sesame Oil
  Oil
  Human-reviewed profile
  Sesame oil contains lignans sesamin and sesamol that provide antioxidant and anti-inflammatory effects. These compounds work by inhibiting l…
• Sesame Seed Fiber
  Fiber
  Human-reviewed profile
  Sesame seed fiber primarily consists of water-soluble lignan glucosides, such as sesaminol triglucoside, diglucoside, and monoglucoside. The…
• Sesame Seeds (Sesamum indicum)
  Leaf/Green
  Human-reviewed profile
  Sesame seeds (Sesamum indicum) contain potent lignans including sesamin (0.77-9.3 mg/g) and sesamolin that regulate lipid metabolism by incr…
• Sesamin
  Compound
  Human-reviewed profile
  Sesamin is a lignan compound derived from sesame seeds that exhibits anti-inflammatory and antioxidant properties through modulation of nucl…
• Sesamin from Sesame Seeds
  Seed
  Human-reviewed profile
  Sesamin is a key lignan from sesame seeds, primarily known for its potent antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, and liver-protective effects. It a…
• Sesbania grandiflora
  Other
  Human-reviewed profile
  Sesbania grandiflora is a leguminous tree containing flavonoids and saponins that promotes hair growth through improved follicular circulati…
• Setria (Reduced Glutathione)
  Other
  Human-reviewed profile
  Setria is a patented form of reduced glutathione (L-γ-glutamyl-L-cysteinyl-glycine) that directly elevates cellular glutathione levels. It f…
• Seven Star Fruit
  Fruit
  Human-reviewed profile
  Seven Star Fruit, identified as *Averrhoa carambola* L. (starfruit), is rich in phenolic compounds and flavonoid C-glycosides, contributing …
• Seven Year Apple
  Fruit
  Human-reviewed profile
  Seven year apple (Casasia clusiifolia, syn. Genipa clusiifolia) is a coastal native fruit containing iridoid compounds—most notably genipin—…
• Seville Orange
  Other
  Human-reviewed profile
  Seville orange contains synephrine, a compound that activates beta-3 adrenergic receptors to increase metabolic rate and fat oxidation. This…
• Seychellois Coco de Mer
  Nut
  Human-reviewed profile
  Seychellois Coco de Mer contains lauric and palmitic acids, forming an occlusive skin barrier to reduce water loss, alongside lignans provid…
• Sha Ren (Amomum villosum)
  Traditional Chinese Medicine
  Human-reviewed profile
  Sha Ren (Amomum villosum) contains borneol and camphor as primary bioactive compounds that enhance digestive function by stimulating gastric…
• Shaggy Mane Mushroom
  Mushroom/Fungi
  Human-reviewed profile
  Shaggy Mane mushroom (Coprinus comatus) contains polysaccharides that increase hepatic antioxidant enzyme activity by up to 166% and ergothi…
• Shakuyakukanzoto (Peony and Licorice)
  Traditional Chinese Medicine
  Human-reviewed profile
  Shakuyakukanzoto is a traditional Japanese Kampo formula combining peony root (Paeonia lactiflora) and licorice root (Glycyrrhiza glabra). T…
• Shallaki (Boswellia serrata)
  Other
  Human-reviewed profile
  Shallaki (Boswellia serrata) is an Ayurvedic herb containing boswellic acids that inhibit 5-lipoxygenase, reducing inflammation in joints an…
• Shan Yao (Dioscorea opposita)
  Traditional Chinese Medicine
  Human-reviewed profile
  Shan Yao (Dioscorea opposita) contains diosgenin and mucilage polysaccharides that enhance digestive enzyme activity and stabilize blood glu…
• Shan Zhu Yu (Cornus officinalis)
  Other
  Human-reviewed profile
  Shan Zhu Yu (Cornus officinalis) is an astringent herb containing cornuside and loganin that supports kidney yang energy and reproductive fu…
• Shankhapushpi (Convolvulus pluricaulis)
  Ayurveda
  Human-reviewed profile
  Shankhpushpi (Convolvulus pluricaulis) is an Ayurvedic herb containing alkaloids, flavonoids, and phenolic compounds that support cognitive …
• Shankhpushpi (Convolvulus pluricaulis)
  Ayurveda
  Human-reviewed profile
  Shankhpushpi (Convolvulus pluricaulis) is an Ayurvedic herb containing bioactive compounds like convolamine and scopoletin that enhance cogn…
• Shark Cartilage Powder (Carcharhinus leucas)
  Protein
  Human-reviewed profile
  Shark cartilage powder contains chondroitin sulfate and collagen peptides that support skin hydration through enhanced moisture retention. T…
• Shatavari (Asparagus Racemosus)
  Other
  Human-reviewed profile
  Shatavari (Asparagus racemosus) contains steroidal saponins called shatavarins that support female reproductive health through phytoestrogen…
• Shatavari Flower
  Flower
  Human-reviewed profile
  Shatavari flower contains steroidal saponins called shatavarins that modulate estrogen receptors and support hormonal balance. The flower ex…
• Shatavari Root
  Root/Rhizome
  Human-reviewed profile
  Shatavari root (Asparagus racemosus) contains steroidal saponins—primarily Shatavarins I–IV—and phytoestrogens that modulate the hypothalami…
• Shea Nut
  Nut
  Human-reviewed profile
  Shea nut (Vitellaria paradoxa) is a lipid-rich tree nut whose kernel yields butter containing 3–11% unsaponifiable matter rich in triterpene…
• Sheng Jiang (Zingiber officinale, fresh)
  Traditional Chinese Medicine
  Human-reviewed profile
  Fresh ginger (Sheng Jiang) contains gingerols that stimulate digestive enzymes and enhance immune function through increased white blood cel…
• Sheng Mai San (Generate the Pulse Powder)
  Traditional Chinese Medicine
  Human-reviewed profile
  Sheng Mai San is a traditional Chinese formula containing ginseng, ophiopogon, and schisandra that enhances cellular ATP production and impr…
• Shi Quan Da Bu Tang (All-Inclusive Great Tonifying)
  Traditional Chinese Medicine
  Human-reviewed profile
  Shi Quan Da Bu Tang is a traditional Chinese formula containing ginseng, astragalus, and rehmannia that enhances immune function through pol…
• Shigru (Moringa oleifera)
  Ayurveda
  Human-reviewed profile
  Moringa oleifera contains isothiocyanates and quercetin that improve glucose metabolism and reduce inflammatory markers. Clinical studies sh…
• Shiitake Mushroom
  Mushroom/Fungi
  Human-reviewed profile
  Shiitake mushroom is rich in bioactive compounds like polysaccharides and isocoumarins. Its significant anti-inflammatory effects are attrib…
• Shilajit
  Mineral
  Human-reviewed profile
  Shilajit is a potent natural phytocomplex, rich in humic substances, particularly fulvic acid. Fulvic acid is its most bioactive component, …
• Shio Koji
  Fermented/Probiotic
  Human-reviewed profile
  Shio koji is a fermented rice condiment containing active enzymes like protease and amylase that break down proteins and carbohydrates for i…
• Shiso Herb
  Herb
  Human-reviewed profile
  Shiso Herb (Perilla frutescens) is recognized for its diverse health benefits, largely attributed to key compounds like rosmarinic acid and …
• Shoden (Ashwagandha, 35% Withanolides)
  Adaptogen
  Human-reviewed profile
  Shoden is a standardized ashwagandha extract containing 35% withanolides that reduces cortisol levels by up to 32% through modulation of the…
• Shosaikoto (Minor Bupleurum)
  Traditional Chinese Medicine
  Human-reviewed profile
  Shosaikoto is a traditional Japanese kampo formula containing saikosaponins as key bioactive compounds that modulate inflammatory cytokines …
• Shoseiryuto (Minor Blue Dragon)
  Traditional Chinese Medicine
  Human-reviewed profile
  Shoseiryuto is a traditional Japanese Kampo formula containing eight herbs that target respiratory conditions through anti-inflammatory and …
• Shou Wu (Polygonum multiflorum)
  Traditional Chinese Medicine
  Human-reviewed profile
  Shou Wu (Polygonum multiflorum) contains stilbene glycosides and anthraquinones that may support cellular antioxidant defense systems. The h…
• Shu Di Huang (Rehmannia glutinosa, prepared)
  Traditional Chinese Medicine
  Human-reviewed profile
  Shu di Huang (prepared Rehmannia glutinosa) is a processed Chinese herbal medicine containing catalpol and rehmanniosides that supports kidn…
• Shweta musali (Chlorophytum borivilianum)
  Ayurveda
  Human-reviewed profile
  Shweta musali (Chlorophytum borivilianum) contains active saponins and is primarily recognized for its adaptogenic properties and role in su…
• Si Miao San (Four Marvel Powder)
  Traditional Chinese Medicine
  Human-reviewed profile
  Si Miao San is a traditional Chinese herbal formula containing Atractylodes, Phellodendron, Coix seed, and Achyranthes that reduces dampness…
• Si Wu Tang (Four Substance Decoction)
  Traditional Chinese Medicine
  Human-reviewed profile
  Si Wu Tang is a traditional Chinese herbal formula containing angelica root, white peony, rehmannia, and chuanxiong that supports blood circ…
• Siamese Neem Leaf
  Leaf/Green
  Human-reviewed profile
  Siamese Neem Leaf is valued for its potent antioxidant and anti-inflammatory properties, primarily due to key bioactive compounds such as qu…
• Siberian Cedar Nuts
  Nut
  Human-reviewed profile
  Siberian Cedar Nuts are rich in complete proteins, essential amino acids, and a broad spectrum of vitamins, including potent antioxidant Vit…
• Siberian Cedar Nuts (Pinus sibirica)
  Nut
  Human-reviewed profile
  Siberian cedar nuts (Pinus sibirica) contain high concentrations of pinolenic acid and arginine, which support cardiovascular health and met…
• Siberian Chaga
  Other
  Human-reviewed profile
  Siberian chaga contains exceptionally high levels of betulinic acid and superoxide dismutase, making it one of the most potent antioxidant m…
• Siberian Ginseng (Eleutherococcus senticosus)
  Traditional Chinese Medicine
  Human-reviewed profile
  Siberian Ginseng, or Eleutherococcus senticosus, is an adaptogenic herb containing eleutherosides, which modulate the body's physiological r…
• Siberian Ginseng Berry
  Root/Rhizome
  Human-reviewed profile
  Siberian ginseng berry contains eleutherosides (particularly eleutheroside B and E), polysaccharides, and lignans that modulate steroid horm…
• Siberian Pine Nut
  Nut
  Human-reviewed profile
  Siberian Pine Nut is rich in unique polyunsaturated fatty acids, such as pinolenic acid, and a high concentration of tocopherols. These comp…
• Siberian Reishi
  Other
  Human-reviewed profile
  Siberian Reishi (Ganoderma applanatum) contains triterpenes and beta-glucans that modulate immune function and provide adaptogenic stress re…
• Siberian Turkey Tail
  Other
  Human-reviewed profile
  Siberian Turkey Tail contains high concentrations of polysaccharide-K (PSK) and polysaccharopeptide (PSP), which activate immune cells and m…
• Sichuan Pepper Leaf
  Leaf/Green
  Human-reviewed profile
  Sichuan Pepper Leaf, derived from Zanthoxylum species, offers digestive and anti-inflammatory benefits, primarily through volatile oils and …
• Sichuan Peppercorn
  Spice
  Human-reviewed profile
  Sichuan Peppercorn's unique numbing sensation is primarily due to hydroxy-α-sanshool, an alkylamide that excites sensory neurons. This compo…
• Sierra Leone Balsam
  Resin
  Human-reviewed profile
  Sierra Leone Balsam, identified as Copaifera salikounda, is a resin traditionally used in West Africa for its perceived antimicrobial and an…
• Sierra Leone Bologi
  Vegetable
  Human-reviewed profile
  Currently, scientific literature does not credibly identify 'Sierra Leone Bologi' as a recognized plant or food substance, precluding specif…
• Sierra Leone Pear
  Fruit
  Human-reviewed profile
  Sierra Leone Pear (*Dacryodes edulis*) fruit extract contains key bioactive compounds like flavonoids, alkaloids, and tannins. These compoun…
• Sierra Leonean Cola Nut
  Nut
  Human-reviewed profile
  Sierra Leonean Cola Nut (*Cola nitida*) derives its potent stimulant effects primarily from caffeine and theobromine, which act as adenosine…
• Sierra Plum
  Fruit
  Human-reviewed profile
  Sierra Plum (Prunus subcordata) is rich in phenolic compounds like ferulic acid, quercetin, and anthocyanins, which primarily exert potent a…
• Silibinin (Flavonolignan)
  Compound
  Human-reviewed profile
  Silibinin is the primary active flavonolignan compound found in milk thistle, representing 50-70% of the silymarin complex. It functions pri…
• Silica from Bamboo Extract
  Extract
  Human-reviewed profile
  Silica from Bamboo Extract, primarily silicon dioxide (SiO₂), is a highly bioavailable form of silicon crucial for supporting collagen and k…
• Silicon
  Mineral
  Human-reviewed profile
  Silicon-containing compounds, utilized as bioisosteres in pharmaceuticals and as components in advanced biomaterials, significantly enhance …
• Silicon (as Bamboo Extract)
  Other
  Human-reviewed profile
  Silicon from bamboo extract contains 70% silicic acid, the bioactive form that supports collagen synthesis and keratin formation. It strengt…
• Silicon (as Choline-Stabilized Orthosilicic Acid)
  Other
  Human-reviewed profile
  Choline-stabilized orthosilicic acid (ch-OSA) is a bioavailable form of silicon that stimulates collagen and keratin synthesis in connective…
• Silicon (as Orthosilicic Acid)
  Mineral
  Human-reviewed profile
  Orthosilicic acid is the bioavailable form of silicon that directly participates in collagen synthesis and cross-linking within connective t…
• Silicon (Orthosilicic Acid)
  Mineral
  Human-reviewed profile
  Orthosilicic acid is the bioavailable form of silicon that stimulates collagen and elastin synthesis through activation of prolyl-4-hydroxyl…
• Silicon from Horsetail Extract
  Extract
  Human-reviewed profile
  Silicon from horsetail extract is primarily bioavailable silicic acid [Si(OH)₄], derived from silica deposits in *Equisetum* species. Its me…
• Silk Tree Fruit
  Fruit
  Human-reviewed profile
  The pods of Albizia julibrissin, commonly referred to as Silk Tree Fruit, contain bioactive triterpenoid saponins and lignan glycosides. The…
• Silk Tree Kernel Tea
  Tea
  Human-reviewed profile
  Silk Tree Kernel Tea, derived from *Albizia julibrissin*, is associated with lignan glycosides and saponins that contribute to its calming e…
• Silkworm Thorn Fruit
  Fruit
  Human-reviewed profile
  Silkworm Thorn Fruit (Cudrania tricuspidata) contains proteolytic serine proteases with a major 65-70 kDa enzyme that demonstrates optimal a…
• Silver Ear Mushroom
  Mushroom/Fungi
  Human-reviewed profile
  Silver Ear Mushroom (Tremella fuciformis) contains unique polysaccharides that demonstrate superior water-retention capacity compared to hya…
• Silver Lime Leaf
  Leaf/Green
  Human-reviewed profile
  Silver Lime Leaf (Tilia tomentosa) contains flavonoids, tiliroside, and mucilaginous compounds that exert cardiovascular and anxiolytic effe…
• Silybin
  Compound
  Human-reviewed profile
  Silybin is the most bioactive flavonolignan compound in milk thistle extract, comprising 50-70% of silymarin complex. It functions as a pote…
• Silybum marianum (Milk Thistle)
  European
  Human-reviewed profile
  Milk thistle (Silybum marianum) contains silymarin, a flavonoid complex that primarily supports liver function through hepatoprotective mech…
• Silychristin
  Compound
  Human-reviewed profile
  Silychristin is a flavonolignan compound found in milk thistle that demonstrates potent antioxidant activity through free radical scavenging…
• Silydianin
  Compound
  Human-reviewed profile
  Silydianin is a flavonolignan compound found in milk thistle that functions as part of the silymarin complex. It demonstrates antioxidant ac…
• Silymarin
  Compound
  Human-reviewed profile
  Silymarin is a flavonolignan complex from milk thistle containing silybin, silydianin, and silychristin that protects liver cells through an…
• Sinapic acid
  Compound
  Human-reviewed profile
  Sinapic acid is a phenolic acid compound that functions as a mild antioxidant by scavenging free radicals and reducing oxidative stress mark…
• Sinapic Acid from Mustard Seeds
  Compound
  Human-reviewed profile
  Sinapic acid, a phenolic compound abundant in mustard seeds, is primarily found as its derivative sinapine. It acts as a powerful antioxidan…
• Singaporean Pandan Leaf
  Herb
  Human-reviewed profile
  Singaporean Pandan Leaf (Pandanus amaryllifolius) is a fragrant herb revered in traditional medicine for its rich content of bioactive compo…
• Singkamas
  Root/Rhizome
  Human-reviewed profile
  Singkamas (jicama) is rich in bioactive compounds, notably cycloartenol, which exhibits potent anti-inflammatory effects. This triterpene pr…
• Siphonochilus aethiopicus (African Ginger)
  African
  Human-reviewed profile
  Siphonochilus aethiopicus contains furanoeudesmanes and sesquiterpenes that inhibit COX-2 enzymes and act as bronchodilators. These compound…
• Sissoo Leaf
  Leaf/Green
  Human-reviewed profile
  Sissoo leaf (Dalbergia sissoo) contains isoflavones including biochanin A and genistein that enhance osteoblast activity and alkaline phosph…
• Sitopaladi Churna
  Other
  Human-reviewed profile
  Sitopaladi Churna is an Ayurvedic polyherbal formulation primarily supporting respiratory and digestive health. Its efficacy is attributed t…
• Skirret Root
  Root/Rhizome
  Human-reviewed profile
  Skirret root (Sium sisarum) contains prebiotic fibers and polyacetylene compounds characteristic of Apiaceae family plants that support gut …
• Skullcap (Scutellaria Baicalensis)
  Other
  Human-reviewed profile
  Scutellaria baicalensis contains baicalein and baicalin, flavonoids that modulate GABA neurotransmitter activity and reduce neuroinflammatio…
• Scutellaria lateriflora (American Skullcap)
  Native American
  Human-reviewed profile
  Scutellaria lateriflora has limited identity-matched human evidence. A recent randomized crossover sleep trial and an earlier mood trial jus…
• Slippery Elm (Ulmus Rubra)
  Other
  Human-reviewed profile
  Slippery Elm (Ulmus Rubra) contains a high concentration of mucilage, a complex polysaccharide. This mucilage forms a soothing, protective g…
• Slippery Elm Bark
  Bark
  Human-reviewed profile
  Slippery elm bark (Ulmus rubra) contains 50–60% mucilage composed of mucopolysaccharides—including hexose, pentose, methylpentose, and galac…
• Slovakian Elderflower
  Flower
  Human-reviewed profile
  Slovakian Elderflower (*Sambucus nigra* L.) is characterized by a high content of flavonoids such as rutin and quercetin, along with phenoli…
• Snake Gourd
  Vegetable
  Human-reviewed profile
  Snake gourd, a cucurbitaceous vegetable, contains triterpenoids, saponins, flavonoids, and polysaccharides, which contribute to its diverse …
• Snake Palm Seed
  Seed
  Human-reviewed profile
  Current available research indicates that specific primary bioactive compounds and their precise mechanisms responsible for the traditional …
• Snakewood Fruit
  Fruit
  Human-reviewed profile
  Snakewood Fruit (Brosimum guianense) contains vitamin C, bioactive alkaloids, and polyphenols that support immune function and cardiovascula…
• Snapdragon Kernel Vine Syrup
  Syrup
  Human-reviewed profile
  Snapdragon (Antirrhinum majus) extracts contain a rich profile of flavonoids, such as luteolin and apigenin, along with phenolcarbonic acids…
• Snot Apple
  Fruit
  Human-reviewed profile
  Thespesia garckeana (Snot Apple) leaf extract, rich in flavonoids such as luteolin, demonstrates significant antioxidant capacity through ra…
• Snow Fungus
  Mushroom/Fungi
  Human-reviewed profile
  Snow Fungus (Tremella fuciformis) is renowned for its tremellan polysaccharides, which offer superior hydration by binding up to 500 times t…
• Snow Pea Kernel Flour
  Grain
  Human-reviewed profile
  Snow Pea Kernel Flour, derived from Pisum sativum, is recognized for its rich fiber and protein content, which supports gut health by promot…
• Snow Peas
  Vegetable
  Human-reviewed profile
  Snow peas (Pisum sativum var. saccharatum) are a legume distinguished by flat pods and immature seeds, rich in bioactive compounds like phen…
• Snowberry
  Fruit
  Human-reviewed profile
  Fermented Snowberry fruit extract is enriched with phenolic acids such as chlorogenic acid and ferulic acid, which are being studied for the…
• Soap Nut Kernel
  Seed
  Human-reviewed profile
  Soap Nut Kernel, the seed of Sapindus mukorossi, is primarily composed of triterpenoid saponins, its key bioactive compounds. These saponins…
• Soapberry
  Fruit
  Human-reviewed profile
  Soapberry (Sapindus mukorossi) pericarps are rich in triterpenoid saponins, which are responsible for its potent surfactant, cleaning, and b…
• Soapnut
  Fruit
  Human-reviewed profile
  Soapnut (Sapindus mukorossi) is a saponin-rich fruit containing 10–30% triterpenoid saponins—primarily sapindoside A and B—that function as …
• Sodium
  Mineral
  Human-reviewed profile
  Sodium (Na⁺) is a vital mineral that functions as the primary cation in extracellular fluid, orchestrating osmotic balance, nerve impulses, …
• Sodium Ascorbate
  Vitamin
  Human-reviewed profile
  Sodium ascorbate is the buffered sodium salt of ascorbic acid, with its primary bioactive compound, the ascorbate ion, acting as a potent an…
• Sodium Bicarbonate (Buffering)
  Other
  Human-reviewed profile
  Sodium bicarbonate acts as an alkaline buffer that neutralizes lactic acid buildup in muscles during high-intensity exercise. It raises bloo…
• Sodium Selenite
  Mineral
  Human-reviewed profile
  Sodium selenite provides bioavailable selenium, an essential trace element crucial for the synthesis of selenoproteins that orchestrate pote…
• Solanum Fruit
  Fruit
  Human-reviewed profile
  Solanum fruits contain bioactive alkaloids (solanine, solamargine), anthocyanins, and phenolic compounds that inhibit α-glucosidase and α-am…
• Solanum xanthocarpum
  Southeast Asian
  Human-reviewed profile
  Solanum xanthocarpum contains steroidal alkaloids including solasonine and solamargine that provide bronchodilatory and anti-inflammatory ef…
• Solidago virgaurea
  European
  Human-reviewed profile
  Solidago virgaurea (European goldenrod) is a medicinal herb containing saponins, flavonoids, and phenolic acids that primarily exhibits anti…
• Solomon Island Noni Fruit
  Fruit
  Human-reviewed profile
  Solomon Island Noni Fruit, derived from Morinda citrifolia, is recognized for its potent content of iridoids, anthraquinones, and scopoletin…
• Solomon's Seal Root
  Root/Rhizome
  Human-reviewed profile
  Solomon's Seal Root contains polysaccharides that activate the Keap1-Nrf2-ARE signaling pathway to upregulate antioxidant enzymes and regula…
• Soluble Corn Fiber Prebiotic
  Fiber
  Human-reviewed profile
  Soluble Corn Fiber (SCF) is a highly fermentable prebiotic fiber that resists digestion in the small intestine, acting as a selective substr…
• Somali Frankincense Berry
  Berry
  Human-reviewed profile
  Somali Frankincense Berry refers to the oleo-gum resin from Boswellia sacra (also known as Boswellia carterii), primarily valued for its bos…
• Somalian Baobab Nectar
  Other
  Human-reviewed profile
  Somalian Baobab Nectar, derived from the flowers of Adansonia digitata L., shares a phytochemical profile rich in polyphenols like (-)-epica…
• Somalian Camel Milk Powder
  Other
  Human-reviewed profile
  Somalian Camel Milk Powder contains unique protective proteins like lactoferrin and immunoglobulins, which exhibit antimicrobial and immunom…
• Somalian Desert Berries
  Other
  Human-reviewed profile
  Somalian Desert Berries most likely refer to the edible fruits of Balanites aegyptiaca, commonly known as desert date, valued for its nutrie…
• Somalian Desert Herbs
  Herb
  Human-reviewed profile
  Somalian Desert Herbs represent a diverse category of botanicals, with specific species exhibiting unique pharmacological properties. For in…
• Somalian Desert Mint
  Herb
  Human-reviewed profile
  "Somalian Desert Mint" is not an established scientific or common name, however, various *Mentha* species, often characterized by polyphenol…
• Somalian Doum Palm Fruit
  Fruit
  Human-reviewed profile
  Somalian Doum Palm Fruit is rich in various phenolic compounds, including methoxycinnamic acid and chlorogenic acid. These compounds primari…
• Somalian Herbal Shoots
  Other
  Human-reviewed profile
  Somalian Herbal Shoots, locally known as Qoo-Qoon, are traditionally used to alleviate tonsillitis and persistent coughing. While specific b…
• Somalian Moringa Seeds
  Seed
  Human-reviewed profile
  Moringa oleifera seeds are rich in a diverse array of bioactive compounds, including phenolic compounds, isothiocyanates, and fatty acids li…
• Somalian Sesame Oil
  Oil
  Human-reviewed profile
  Somalian Sesame Oil, rich in lignans like sesamin and sesamolin, offers antioxidant protection by scavenging reactive oxygen/nitrogen specie…
• Somalian Sorghum Seeds
  Other
  Human-reviewed profile
  Sorghum seeds, particularly those cultivated in regions like Somalia, are rich in diverse phenolic compounds and dietary fiber. These compou…
• Somalian Tamarind Paste (Tamarindus indica)
  Other
  Human-reviewed profile
  Somalian Tamarind Paste contains key bioactive compounds like 5-Hydroxymethylfurfural (HMF) and 3-O-Methyl-d-glucose. These compounds contri…
• Somalian Tamarind Vinegar
  Other
  Human-reviewed profile
  Somalian Tamarind Vinegar, derived from Tamarindus indica pulp, contains bioactive compounds like 5-Hydroxymethylfurfural and organic acids.…
• Somalian Wild Honey
  Other
  Human-reviewed profile
  Somalian Wild Honey is a polyfloral honey exceptionally rich in bioactive compounds like flavonoids and polyphenols, distinguishing it as a …
• Somalian Wild Sorghum
  Other
  Human-reviewed profile
  Somalian Wild Sorghum, while belonging to the *Sorghum bicolor* species, lacks specific research detailing unique bioactive compounds or mec…
• Sorghum Bread
  Ancient Grains
  Human-reviewed profile
  Sorghum bread contains high levels of tannins and phenolic compounds that provide antioxidant activity and anti-inflammatory effects. The fi…
• Sorghum Pasta
  Ancient Grains
  Human-reviewed profile
  Sorghum pasta contains high levels of polyphenols and anthocyanins that provide antioxidant protection and support digestive health. These c…
• Sorghum Protein
  Grain
  Human-reviewed profile
  Sorghum protein yields bioactive peptides upon gastrointestinal hydrolysis, which act as potent inhibitors of ACE-I for antihypertensive eff…
• Souari Nut
  Nut
  Human-reviewed profile
  Souari nut, from *Caryocar spp.*, is recognized for its bioactive compounds, particularly those derived from its waste materials, which exhi…
• Sour Plum Drink
  Other
  Human-reviewed profile
  Sour Plum Drink, rich in plum-derived phenolics, anthocyanins, and polysaccharides, supports digestive health and offers significant antioxi…
• Soursop Blossom
  Flower
  Human-reviewed profile
  Soursop Blossom contains calming phytochemicals and flavonoids that support nervous system relaxation and modulate immune responses. These c…
• Soursop Flower
  Flower
  Human-reviewed profile
  Soursop flower contains bioactive compounds including flavonoids and phenolic acids that provide antioxidant properties by neutralizing free…
• South African Acacia Honey
  Syrup
  Human-reviewed profile
  South African Acacia Honey derives its therapeutic benefits primarily from flavonoids and phenolic compounds, offering significant antimicro…
• South African Aloe Vera Juice
  Other
  Human-reviewed profile
  South African Aloe Vera Juice harnesses the anti-inflammatory and immunomodulatory actions of its polysaccharide and anthraquinone compounds…
• South African Amasi Ferment
  Fermented/Probiotic
  Human-reviewed profile
  South African Amasi Ferment, a traditional sour milk, is characterized by its natural lactic acid fermentation driven by *Lactobacillus* and…
• South African Buchu Leaf
  Leaf/Green
  Human-reviewed profile
  Buchu Leaf contains diosphenol, which acts as a diuretic and urinary antiseptic by irritating the bladder lining to increase urine flow. Its…
• South African Buchu Leaves
  Herb
  Human-reviewed profile
  South African buchu leaves contain volatile oils including diosphenol and pulegone that provide antimicrobial and anti-inflammatory effects.…
• South African Fig Blossoms
  Other
  Human-reviewed profile
  South African Fig Blossoms, specifically the edible fruits of *Ficus sur*, are recognized for their rich content of bioactive compounds, inc…
• South African Guava Nectar
  Fruit
  Human-reviewed profile
  Guava nectar's immune-boosting and antioxidant properties are primarily attributed to its rich content of Vitamin C, carotenoids, and flavon…
• South African Karoo Bush
  Herb
  Human-reviewed profile
  South African Karoo Bush, often associated with species like *Acacia karroo*, is rich in phytochemicals such as flavonoids, tannins, and ter…
• South African Milkwood Berries
  Berry
  Human-reviewed profile
  South African Milkwood Berries (Sideroxylon inerme) are notable for their general antioxidant capacity, primarily attributed to compounds li…
• South African Olive Blossoms
  Flower
  Human-reviewed profile
  South African Olive Blossoms, while not extensively studied directly, are understood to share beneficial compounds like oleuropein and hydro…
• South African Palm Vinegar
  Other
  Human-reviewed profile
  While specific research on South African Palm Vinegar is limited, related palm vinegars, such as Nipa Palm Vinegar, contain bioactive compou…
• South African Rooibos
  Herb
  Human-reviewed profile
  South African Rooibos (Aspalathus linearis) contains unique dihydrochalcones including aspalathin, which stimulates glucose uptake in muscle…
• South African Spekboom
  Other
  Human-reviewed profile
  Portulacaria afra, or Spekboom, contains bioactive phytochemicals like flavonoids, saponins, alkaloids, and glycosides. These compounds are …
• South African Tea Leaves
  Tea
  Human-reviewed profile
  South African herbal teas, primarily rooibos and honeybush, are caffeine-free beverages known for unique dihydrochalcones like aspalathin an…
• South African Umqombothi Ferment
  Fermented/Probiotic
  Human-reviewed profile
  South African Umqombothi Ferment is a traditional sorghum-based beverage rich in B-group vitamins and amino acids. These compounds are produ…
• South African Wild Lavender
  Herb
  Human-reviewed profile
  South African Wild Lavender (*Lavandula coronopifolia*) is rich in bioactive compounds like linalool and linalyl acetate, which contribute t…
• South African Wild Mint
  Herb
  Human-reviewed profile
  South African Wild Mint (*Mentha longifolia*) is rich in phenolic compounds and essential oils. These compounds primarily act as potent free…
• South American Chicha Ferment
  Fermented/Probiotic
  Human-reviewed profile
  South American Chicha Ferment provides beneficial probiotics like *Lactiplantibacillus plantarum* and yeasts, which support gut health. It a…
• South American Chicha Morada
  Other
  Human-reviewed profile
  Chicha Morada is a traditional Peruvian beverage rich in anthocyanins from purple corn. These powerful antioxidants contribute to cardiovasc…
• South Indian Fermented Rice Batter
  Fermented/Probiotic
  Human-reviewed profile
  South Indian Fermented Rice Batter, or idli batter, is enriched by lactic acid bacteria which produce beneficial compounds such as total phe…
• South Korean Angelica Gigas
  Root/Rhizome
  Human-reviewed profile
  South Korean Angelica Gigas roots are rich in bioactive pyranocoumarins, particularly decursin, which regulate oxidative stress and inflamma…
• South Korean Bamboo Shoots
  Other
  Human-reviewed profile
  South Korean bamboo shoots, primarily from *Phyllostachys pubescens*, are rich in bioactive compounds such as phenols, flavonoids, vitamins …
• South Korean Black Garlic
  Other
  Human-reviewed profile
  South Korean Black Garlic is a fermented garlic product with significantly increased levels of S-allyl-L-cysteine (SAC) compared to fresh ga…
• South Korean Black Sesame
  Other
  Human-reviewed profile
  South Korean Black Sesame (Sesamum indicum L.) is highly valued for its antioxidant properties, primarily due to lignans like sesamin and se…
• South Korean Chili Leaves
  Leaf/Green
  Human-reviewed profile
  South Korean Chili Leaves are rich in bioactive compounds, particularly flavonoids like luteolin and apigenin, which exert anti-inflammatory…
• South Korean Garlic Shoots
  Other
  Human-reviewed profile
  South Korean Garlic Shoots, derived from Allium sativum L., are rich in organosulfur compounds like allicin, which are believed to bolster i…
• South Korean Green Tea Leaves
  Leaf/Green
  Human-reviewed profile
  South Korean Green Tea Leaves are rich in catechins, particularly EGCG, and L-theanine, which confer potent antioxidant and anti-inflammator…
• South Korean Jeju Tea
  Tea
  Human-reviewed profile
  South Korean Jeju Tea, derived from Camellia sinensis, is notably rich in catechins, particularly EGCG. These compounds function as potent a…
• South Korean Lotus Root (Nelumbo nucifera)
  Root/Rhizome
  Human-reviewed profile
  South Korean Lotus Root (*Nelumbo nucifera* Gaertn. rhizome) is rich in flavonoids and polyphenols. These compounds primarily act as potent …
• South Korean Mulberry
  Berry
  Human-reviewed profile
  South Korean Mulberry, Morus alba L., is rich in bioactive compounds such as flavonoids (e.g., rutin, quercetin) and alkaloids (e.g., 1-deox…
• South Korean Mulberry Leaves
  Leaf/Green
  Human-reviewed profile
  South Korean mulberry leaves contain high levels of 1-deoxynojirimycin (DNJ), a compound that inhibits alpha-glucosidase enzymes to regulate…
• South Korean Plum Blossoms
  Flower
  Human-reviewed profile
  South Korean Plum Blossoms are rich in phenolic compounds, notably isoquercitrin and chlorogenic acid. These compounds primarily function as…
• South Korean Red Cherries
  Other
  Human-reviewed profile
  South Korean Red Cherries, representing varieties of Prunus avium L., are rich in phenolic compounds like anthocyanins and natural melatonin…
• South Korean Red Ginseng
  Root/Rhizome
  Human-reviewed profile
  South Korean Red Ginseng, derived from steamed Panax ginseng root, exerts its therapeutic effects primarily through ginsenosides. These acti…
• South Korean Sesame Shoots
  Other
  Human-reviewed profile
  South Korean "Sesame Shoots" are actually the young leaves of Perilla frutescens var. frutescens, commonly known as Korean perilla or kkaenn…
• Soy Burgers
  Legume
  Human-reviewed profile
  Soy burgers are plant-based protein alternatives made from processed soybeans that contain complete amino acid profiles and isoflavones. The…
• Soy Crackers
  Legume
  Human-reviewed profile
  Soy crackers are baked snack foods made from soy flour that provide complete plant-based protein and isoflavones. The isoflavones genistein …
• Soy Isoflavones
  Legume
  Human-reviewed profile
  Soy isoflavones are phytoestrogens containing genistein and daidzein that bind to estrogen receptors, particularly ERβ. These compounds modu…
• Soy Lecithin
  Other
  Human-reviewed profile
  Soy lecithin contains phosphatidylcholine, which serves as a precursor to acetylcholine and supports cellular membrane integrity. It enhance…
• Soy Meatballs
  Legume
  Human-reviewed profile
  Soy meatballs provide complete protein with all essential amino acids plus isoflavones that act as phytoestrogens. They support muscle maint…
• Soy Oligosaccharides
  Fermented/Probiotic
  Human-reviewed profile
  Soy oligosaccharides are prebiotic fibers consisting primarily of raffinose and stachyose that selectively feed beneficial gut bacteria. The…
• Soy Protein Isolate
  Legume
  Human-reviewed profile
  Soy protein isolate is a highly refined protein powder containing 90-95% protein by weight, derived from defatted soy flakes. It provides al…
• Soy Sausages
  Legume
  Human-reviewed profile
  Soy sausages are plant-based meat alternatives made from soy protein that provide complete protein with all essential amino acids. The isofl…
• Soy Tempeh
  Fermented/Probiotic
  Human-reviewed profile
  Soy tempeh is a fermented soybean product containing probiotics and concentrated isoflavones that support digestive health and cardiovascula…
• Soybean Sprouts
  Other
  Human-reviewed profile
  Soybean sprouts contain high levels of isoflavones like genistein and daidzein that modulate estrogen receptors and provide antioxidant effe…
• Spanish Iberian Fig
  Fruit
  Human-reviewed profile
  Spanish Iberian Fig, like other Ficus carica varieties, is rich in polyphenols, particularly flavanols and anthocyanins, which exert signifi…
• Spanish Sage
  Herb
  Human-reviewed profile
  Spanish Sage, identified as Salvia hispanica L., is widely cultivated for its edible chia seeds, which are rich in alpha-linolenic acid (ALA…
• Spanish Tamarind Leaf
  Leaf/Green
  Human-reviewed profile
  Spanish tamarind leaf contains high concentrations of polyphenols, flavonoids, and vitamin C that provide digestive, immune, and cardiovascu…
• Sparassis crispa
  Other
  Human-reviewed profile
  Sparassis crispa is a medicinal mushroom containing beta-glucans that activate immune cells like macrophages and natural killer cells. It de…
• Sparassis crispa dual extract
  Other
  Human-reviewed profile
  Sparassis crispa dual extract contains beta-glucans and other bioactive polysaccharides that enhance immune system function through natural …
• Sparassis Crispa Mushroom
  Mushroom/Fungi
  Human-reviewed profile
  Sparassis crispa, known for its unique cauliflower-like appearance, significantly modulates immune function through its beta-glucans, stimul…
• Sparteine
  Compound
  Human-reviewed profile
  Sparteine is a quinolizidine alkaloid derived from Scotch broom (Cytisus scoparius) that acts as a sodium channel blocker. Despite historica…
• Spearmint Flower
  Flower
  Human-reviewed profile
  Spearmint flower contains flavonoids like quercetin, kaempferol, and myricetin that provide antioxidant and anti-inflammatory effects. These…
• Spearmint Leaf
  Leaf/Green
  Human-reviewed profile
  Spearmint leaf (Mentha spicata) contains rosmarinic acid and carvone as primary bioactive compounds that provide neuroprotective effects thr…
• Speedwell (Veronica officinalis)
  European
  Human-reviewed profile
  Speedwell (Veronica officinalis) contains aucubin and saponins that may support digestive function by stimulating gastric acid production. T…
• Spermidine
  Compound
  Human-reviewed profile
  Spermidine is a naturally occurring polyamine that activates autophagy, the cellular cleaning process that removes damaged proteins and orga…
• Spermine
  Compound
  Human-reviewed profile
  Spermine, a polyamine, plays a crucial role in cellular proliferation and differentiation by stabilizing nucleic acids and modulating protei…
• Sphingomyelin
  Compound
  Human-reviewed profile
  Sphingomyelin is a phospholipid that serves as a structural component of cell membranes, particularly abundant in myelin sheaths surrounding…
• Spiced Golden Milk
  Other
  Human-reviewed profile
  Spiced Golden Milk's primary benefits stem from curcumin in turmeric, which exerts potent anti-inflammatory and antioxidant effects by prote…
• Spider Flower
  Flower
  Human-reviewed profile
  Spider Flower, encompassing various Cleomaceae species, contains potent compounds like flavonoids, glucosinolates, and saponins, supporting …
• Spikenard (Nardostachys Jatamansi)
  Root/Rhizome
  Human-reviewed profile
  Spikenard (Nardostachys jatamansi) contains sesquiterpenes like jatamansone that modulate GABA receptors to reduce anxiety and stress. This …
• Spilanthes Herb
  Herb
  Human-reviewed profile
  Spilanthes herb, primarily through its alkylamide spilanthol, exerts potent analgesic and anti-inflammatory effects by inhibiting COX enzyme…
• Spinach Fiber
  Fiber
  Human-reviewed profile
  Spinach fiber is a dietary complex carbohydrate primarily composed of cellulose, hemicellulose, and pectin. It promotes digestive health and…
• Spinach Stem Fiber
  Fiber
  Human-reviewed profile
  Spinach Stem Fiber, primarily composed of dietary polysaccharides, contributes to digestive health by promoting gut motility and microbiota …
• Spirulina biomass (Arthrospira/Limnospira spp.)
  Other
  Human-reviewed profile
  Spirulina is a blue-green microalga containing high concentrations of phycocyanin, a protein-pigment complex with potent antioxidant and ant…
• Spring Water
  Other
  Human-reviewed profile
  Spring water's bioactivity is primarily driven by its consistent profile of mineral ions like bicarbonate, calcium, and sulfate. These miner…
• Sprouted Alfalfa
  Other
  Human-reviewed profile
  Sprouted alfalfa (Medicago sativa sprouts) contains potent phytoestrogens like coumestrol that activate estrogen receptor α up to 80% of 17β…
• Sprouted Barley
  Ancient Grains
  Human-reviewed profile
  Sprouted barley contains high levels of beta-glucans, soluble fibers that lower LDL cholesterol and regulate blood glucose by forming viscou…
• Sprouted Brown Rice
  Ancient Grains
  Human-reviewed profile
  Sprouted brown rice contains elevated levels of gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA), which modulates neurotransmitter activity to promote relaxat…
• Sprouted Lentils
  Seed
  Human-reviewed profile
  Sprouted lentils (Lens culinaris) undergo germination-induced biosynthesis of phenolic compounds—including gallic acid, catechin, and chloro…
• Sprouted Quinoa
  Ancient Grains
  Human-reviewed profile
  Sprouted quinoa is a complete protein grain that provides all nine essential amino acids through enhanced bioavailability achieved via germi…
• Squalene
  Other
  Human-reviewed profile
  Squalene is a triterpene organic compound serving as a biochemical precursor for sterols like cholesterol and hopanoids. It acts as a primar…
• Squalene (Shark Liver / Olive)
  Compound
  Human-reviewed profile
  Squalene is a triterpene compound that serves as a cholesterol precursor and powerful antioxidant, naturally found in shark liver oil and ol…
• Squash Blossom
  Flower
  Human-reviewed profile
  Squash blossom is rich in polyphenols (caffeic acid, chlorogenic acid) and flavonoids (rutin), which primarily exert antioxidant effects by …
• Sri Lankan Ceylon Cinnamon
  Bark
  Human-reviewed profile
  Sri Lankan Ceylon Cinnamon is prized for its high-quality bioactive profile, notably cinnamaldehyde and eugenol, which drive anti-inflammato…
• Sri Lankan Cinnamon
  Spice
  Human-reviewed profile
  Sri Lankan Cinnamon (Cinnamomum zeylanicum) contains bioactive compounds like cinnamaldehyde and eugenol, contributing to its diverse therap…
• Sri Lankan Gotu Kola
  Herb
  Human-reviewed profile
  Sri Lankan Gotu Kola (Centella asiatica) contains triterpene saponins asiaticoside and madecassoside that enhance cognitive function by prom…
• Sri Lankan Olive
  Fruit
  Human-reviewed profile
  Specific bioactive compounds and their mechanisms for a distinct 'Sri Lankan Olive' species are not detailed in current botanical and pharma…
• Sri Lankan Tamarind
  Other
  Human-reviewed profile
  Sri Lankan Tamarind (*Tamarindus indica*) is rich in bioactive compounds such as flavonoids, phenolics, and organic acids across its leaves,…
• St. John's Wort (Hypericum perforatum)
  European
  Human-reviewed profile
  St. John's Wort (Hypericum perforatum) is a European herb containing hypericin (0.0095-0.466%) and hyperforin (2-4.5%) as primary bioactive …
• St. John's Wort Root
  Root/Rhizome
  Human-reviewed profile
  St. John's wort root contains hypericin and hyperforin, compounds that inhibit serotonin, norepinephrine, and dopamine reuptake in the brain…
• Star Anise (Illicium Verum)
  Other
  Human-reviewed profile
  Star anise (Illicium verum) is a star-shaped spice containing shikimic acid, the precursor compound used to synthesize the antiviral drug Ta…
• Star Apple Kernel Butter
  Other
  Human-reviewed profile
  Star Apple Kernel Butter, derived from fermented *Chrysophyllum albidum* kernels, contains bioactive compounds like l-lactic acid, norharman…
• Star Cucumber
  Fruit
  Human-reviewed profile
  Sea cucumbers contain triterpene glycosides like holothurins, which exert cytotoxic effects by upregulating caspase-3 and inducing cell cycl…
• Starfruit Leaf
  Leaf/Green
  Human-reviewed profile
  Starfruit leaf (Averrhoa carambola) contains high concentrations of chlorophyll, vitamin K1, and flavonoids that support metabolic and cardi…
• Stearic Acid (C18:0)
  Other
  Human-reviewed profile
  Stearic acid (C18:0) is an 18-carbon saturated fatty acid that forms protective lipid barriers in cell membranes and skin. It modulates chol…
• Stevioside
  Compound
  Human-reviewed profile
  Stevioside is a diterpene glycoside extracted from Stevia rebaudiana leaves, approximately 250–300 times sweeter than sucrose. It exerts ant…
• Stinging Nettle (Urtica dioica)
  European
  Human-reviewed profile
  Stinging nettle (Urtica dioica) is a perennial herb containing bioactive compounds including polysaccharides, lectin UDA, and phenolic acids…
• Stinging Nettle Root
  Root/Rhizome
  Human-reviewed profile
  Stinging nettle root (Urtica dioica) contains lignans (secoisolariciresinol, neo-olivil), phytosterols (β-sitosterol, stigmasterol), and pol…
• Stone Apple
  Fruit
  Human-reviewed profile
  Stone Apple (Bael fruit) is rich in mucilage and tannins, which protect gastric mucosa and offer antimicrobial action against pathogens, sup…
• Stone Pine Nut
  Nut
  Human-reviewed profile
  Stone pine nut (Pinus pinea) contains pinolenic acid, a unique omega-6 polyunsaturated fatty acid that lowers cholesterol through hypolipide…
• Strangler Fig
  Fruit
  Human-reviewed profile
  Strangler Fig fruit is rich in phenolic compounds and dietary fiber, providing potent antioxidant activity to reduce oxidative stress and su…
• Strawberry Kernel Vine Syrup
  Syrup
  Human-reviewed profile
  Strawberry Kernel Vine Syrup, derived from Fragaria × ananassa, offers health benefits primarily through its rich content of anthocyanins, e…
• Streptococcus Thermophilus
  Fermented/Probiotic
  Human-reviewed profile
  Streptococcus thermophilus is a probiotic bacterium known for producing beneficial compounds such as lactate, short-chain fatty acids, and γ…
• Strontium
  Mineral
  Human-reviewed profile
  Strontium (Sr) is a trace mineral naturally found in the human skeleton, primarily acting as the Sr²⁺ ion. It exerts a dual action on bone c…
• Strontium Citrate
  Mineral
  Human-reviewed profile
  Strontium citrate is a bioavailable form of strontium that supports bone health by mimicking calcium's actions in bone tissue. It enhances b…
• Stropharia Rugosoannulata
  Mushroom/Fungi
  Human-reviewed profile
  Stropharia rugosoannulata, commonly known as the wine cap mushroom, is a robust and versatile edible fungus. While acknowledged for its nutr…
• Structured Water
  Other
  Human-reviewed profile
  Structured water refers to liquid water with an altered hydrogen-bonding structure, forming organized clusters of H3O2 molecules distinct fr…
• Suan Zao Ren (Ziziphus spinosa)
  Traditional Chinese Medicine
  Human-reviewed profile
  Suan Zao Ren (Ziziphus spinosa seed) contains jujubosides and spinosin that enhance GABA neurotransmission to promote sleep and reduce anxie…
• Suan Zao Ren Tang (Sour Jujube Decoction)
  Traditional Chinese Medicine
  Human-reviewed profile
  Suan Zao Ren Tang is a classic Traditional Chinese Medicine formula primarily featuring Ziziphus jujuba seed (Suan Zao Ren) and Poria cocos …
• Succinic Acid (Succinate)
  Other
  Human-reviewed profile
  Succinic acid is a dicarboxylic acid that serves as a key intermediate in the citric acid cycle, directly supporting cellular ATP production…
• Sudanese Gum Arabic
  Resin
  Human-reviewed profile
  Sudanese Gum Arabic, sourced from *Acacia senegal*, exerts its benefits primarily through its unique amino acid composition, which contribut…
• Sugarberry
  Fruit
  Human-reviewed profile
  Sugarberry (Celtis laevigata) fruit contains polyphenols and flavonoids that modulate antioxidant pathways and support gut microbiome balanc…
• Sugarsop
  Fruit
  Human-reviewed profile
  Soursop contains key bioactive compounds like acetogenins and flavonoids, which contribute to its antidiabetic activity by inhibiting carboh…
• Sulbutiamine
  Other
  Human-reviewed profile
  Sulbutiamine is a synthetic derivative of thiamine (vitamin B1) that crosses the blood-brain barrier more effectively than standard thiamine…
• Sulfatase Enzyme
  Enzyme
  Human-reviewed profile
  Sulfatase enzymes catalyze the hydrolysis of sulfate esters, removing sulfate groups from various biological molecules. Their catalytic mech…
• Sulforaphane
  Compound
  Human-reviewed profile
  Sulforaphane is a potent isothiocyanate compound derived from cruciferous vegetables that activates the Nrf2 pathway. It enhances cellular d…
• Sulforaphane (1-isothiocyanato-4-(methylsulfinyl)butane)
  Compound
  Human-reviewed profile
  Sulforaphane is an isothiocyanate compound derived from cruciferous vegetables that activates Nrf2 signaling pathways. It induces Phase II d…
• Sulforaphane from Broccoli Sprouts
  Other
  Human-reviewed profile
  Sulforaphane is a potent isothiocyanate derived from glucoraphanin in broccoli sprouts, primarily recognized for its ability to activate the…
• Suma Root (Pfaffia paniculata / Brazilian Ginseng)
  Amazonian
  Human-reviewed profile
  Suma root (Pfaffia paniculata) contains ecdysterone and pfaffosides, saponin compounds that support adrenal function and cellular energy pro…
• Sumac (Rhus Coriaria)
  Other
  Human-reviewed profile
  Sumac (Rhus coriaria) contains high concentrations of tannins and gallic acid that provide potent antioxidant and anti-inflammatory effects.…
• Sumac Berry
  Fruit
  Human-reviewed profile
  Sumac berry contains high concentrations of polyphenols and tannins that provide potent antioxidant and anti-inflammatory effects. The antho…
• Sumac Leaf
  Fruit
  Human-reviewed profile
  Sumac leaf (Rhus coriaria) contains potent bioactive compounds including gallic acid, ellagic acid, quercetin, and myricetin that deliver an…
• Sun Plum
  Fruit
  Human-reviewed profile
  Sun Plum, often referring to various plum species, is rich in phenolic compounds like ferulic acid, quercetin, and gallic acid. These compou…
• Sun-dried Apricot
  Fruit
  Human-reviewed profile
  Sun-dried apricots provide potent antioxidant protection primarily through beta-carotene, which scavenges free radicals and supports cellula…
• Sun-dried Fig
  Fruit
  Human-reviewed profile
  Sun-dried figs contain high concentrations of fiber, polyphenols, and potassium that support digestive function and cardiovascular health. T…
• Sun-dried Tomato
  Fruit
  Human-reviewed profile
  Sun-dried tomatoes contain concentrated lycopene, a carotenoid that provides antioxidant protection and reduces cancer risk. The dehydration…
• Sunberry
  Berry
  Human-reviewed profile
  Sunberry (*Solanum oocarpum*) is rich in bioactive compounds, including alkaloids, phenols, flavonoids, and anthocyanins. These constituents…
• Sundew
  Other
  Human-reviewed profile
  Sundew contains naphthoquinones like plumbagin and flavonoids that inhibit biofilm formation in multidrug-resistant bacteria through NADH de…
• Sundrop Berry
  Berry
  Human-reviewed profile
  Sundrop Berry is not a recognized scientific term; its purported health benefits are likely attributed to the general properties of sun-expo…
• Sundrop Cherry
  Berry
  Human-reviewed profile
  Sundrop Cherry, a variety of Prunus avium L., is rich in bioactive compounds such as flavonoids, phenolic acids, and vitamins. These compoun…
• Sunfiber (Partially Hydrolyzed Guar Gum)
  Other
  Human-reviewed profile
  Sunfiber is a partially hydrolyzed guar gum containing galactomannan polysaccharides that acts as a prebiotic fiber. It promotes digestive h…
• Sunflower Lecithin
  Other
  Human-reviewed profile
  Sunflower lecithin contains phosphatidylcholine and phosphatidylserine, which support liver fat metabolism and enhance cognitive function. I…
• Sunflower Seed Fiber
  Fiber
  Human-reviewed profile
  Sunflower seed fiber, rich in insoluble and soluble fibers, alongside bioactive compounds like phenolic acids and 11S globulin peptides, eff…
• Sunflower Seed Protein
  Extract
  Human-reviewed profile
  Sunflower Seed Protein (SSP) delivers all essential amino acids for muscle repair and contains bioactive peptides with significant health-pr…
• Sunflower Seeds (Helianthus annuus)
  Other
  Human-reviewed profile
  Sunflower seeds (Helianthus annuus) contain phytosterols, tocopherols, and phenolic compounds that inhibit angiotensin-converting enzyme (AC…
• Sunflower Sprout
  Other
  Human-reviewed profile
  Sunflower sprouts are young sunflower seedlings rich in chlorophyll, vitamin E, and essential amino acids that support cardiovascular and im…
• Superba Krill Oil
  Other
  Human-reviewed profile
  Superba Krill Oil is a patented Antarctic krill extract containing EPA, DHA, and phospholipid-bound omega-3 fatty acids with superior bioava…
• Superoxide Dismutase (SOD)
  Enzyme
  Human-reviewed profile
  Superoxide Dismutase (SOD) is a vital family of metalloenzymes, including isoforms like Cu,Zn-SOD, critical for cellular antioxidant defense…
• Suranjan (Colchicum autumnale)
  Middle Eastern
  Human-reviewed profile
  Colchicum autumnale contains colchicine, an alkaloid that inhibits microtubule polymerization and reduces inflammatory cell activation. This…
• Sutherlandia frutescens
  African
  Human-reviewed profile
  Sutherlandia frutescens is a South African medicinal plant containing L-canavanine and other bioactive compounds that may support appetite a…
• Sutherlandia frutescens (Cancer Bush)
  African
  Human-reviewed profile
  Sutherlandia frutescens contains L-canavanine and pinitol as primary bioactive compounds that modulate immune function through T-lymphocyte …
• Swamp Cabbage
  Leaf/Green
  Human-reviewed profile
  Swamp cabbage (Ipomoea aquatica) contains high concentrations of vitamins A and C, dietary fiber, and polyphenolic compounds that support an…
• Swamp Mayapple
  Root/Rhizome
  Human-reviewed profile
  Swamp Mayapple (Podophyllum peltatum) contains podophyllotoxin, a lignan that inhibits topoisomerase II enzyme and disrupts microtubule form…
• Swazi Marula Fruit
  Fruit
  Human-reviewed profile
  Swazi Marula Fruit is renowned for its high concentrations of vitamin C, phenolic compounds, and flavonoids. These potent bioactives primari…
• Swedish Alpine Blueberries
  Berry
  Human-reviewed profile
  Swedish Alpine Blueberries, identified as wild bilberries (Vaccinium myrtillus), are exceptionally rich in anthocyanins, which are potent an…
• Swedish Arctic Crowberries
  Berry
  Human-reviewed profile
  Swedish Arctic Crowberries exert their health benefits primarily through a rich concentration of anthocyanins and flavonoids. These compound…
• Swedish Arctic Lingonberry Powder
  Other
  Human-reviewed profile
  Swedish Arctic Lingonberry Powder, abundant in proanthocyanidins and other potent antioxidants like vitamin C, primarily supports health by …
• Swedish Arctic Moss Tea
  Herb
  Human-reviewed profile
  Swedish Arctic Moss Tea, typically prepared from Cetraria islandica (Iceland Moss), contains polysaccharides and lichen acids. These compoun…
• Swedish Barley Sprouts
  Other
  Human-reviewed profile
  Swedish Barley Sprouts contain potent phenolic compounds like rutin and ferulic acid, which exert significant antioxidant activity through r…
• Swedish Bilberry Powder (Vaccinium myrtillus)
  Other
  Human-reviewed profile
  Swedish Bilberry Powder, derived from Vaccinium myrtillus L., is rich in anthocyanins, which exert potent antioxidant and anti-inflammatory …
• Swedish Elderflower Tea
  Tea
  Human-reviewed profile
  Swedish Elderflower Tea, derived from *Sambucus nigra*, is rich in polyphenolic compounds like flavonoids and phenolic acids. These bioactiv…
• Swedish Fermented Herring
  Fermented/Probiotic
  Human-reviewed profile
  Swedish fermented herring (surströmming) contains beneficial halophilic bacteria including Halanaerobium praevalens and Tetragenococcus halo…
• Swedish Lingonberry Juice (Vaccinium vitis-idaea)
  Other
  Human-reviewed profile
  Swedish Lingonberry Juice from Vaccinium vitis-idaea contains high concentrations of catechin, arbutin, and anthocyanins that bind KRAS-rela…
• Swedish Nordic Berries
  Berry
  Human-reviewed profile
  Swedish Nordic Berries are exceptionally rich in phenolic compounds, notably anthocyanins and flavonoids, which are potent natural antioxida…
• Swedish Raspberry Shoots
  Other
  Human-reviewed profile
  Swedish Raspberry Shoots are rich in polyphenols and polysaccharides, which collectively exert significant immune-modulating and antioxidant…
• Swedish Rosehip Syrup
  Syrup
  Human-reviewed profile
  Swedish Rosehip Syrup leverages the immune-boosting power of Vitamin C and the anti-inflammatory properties of flavonoids like tiliroside an…
• Swedish Rowan Juice
  Other
  Human-reviewed profile
  Swedish Rowan Juice is rich in polyphenols, particularly neochlorogenic and chlorogenic acids, along with flavonols and Vitamin C. These com…
• Swedish Wild Garlic
  Other
  Human-reviewed profile
  Swedish Wild Garlic (Allium ursinum L.) is rich in organosulfur compounds, phenolics, and other bioactives, exhibiting strong antioxidant, a…
• Sweet Almond Leaf
  Leaf/Green
  Human-reviewed profile
  Sweet almond leaves—from both Prunus dulcis and the tropical almond Terminalia catappa—are rich in phenolic compounds (chlorogenic acid, gal…
• Sweet Annie (Artemisia annua)
  Traditional Chinese Medicine
  Human-reviewed profile
  Sweet Annie (Artemisia annua) contains artemisinin and its derivatives, which exhibit antimalarial activity by generating reactive oxygen sp…
• Sweet Birch Sap
  Other
  Human-reviewed profile
  Sweet Birch Sap contains phenolic compounds, betuloside, and organic acids that provide antioxidant activity with up to 90.20% DPPH inhibiti…
• Sweet Cicely
  Herb
  Human-reviewed profile
  Sweet Cicely (Myrrhis odorata) contains 50-70% anethole in its essential oil, providing anti-inflammatory and antispasmodic effects on gastr…
• Sweet Clover Blossom
  Extract
  Human-reviewed profile
  Sweet Clover Blossom extract from Melilotus officinalis contains coumarins (0.17-0.50 mg/g) that inhibit platelet aggregation via ADP/collag…
• Sweet Corn Husk Fiber
  Fiber
  Human-reviewed profile
  Sweet corn husk fiber is primarily composed of lignocellulosic fibers and polysaccharides, notably arabinoxylan, alongside significant amoun…
• Sweet Potato Fiber
  Fiber
  Human-reviewed profile
  Sweet potato fiber comprises both soluble and insoluble fractions, working synergistically with bioactive compounds like anthocyanins and ph…
• Sweetleaf
  Leaf/Green
  Human-reviewed profile
  Stevia rebaudiana contains steviol glycosides that are 200-300 times sweeter than sucrose and activate AMPK/PI3K/Akt pathways for glucose re…
• Swiss Edelweiss
  Flower
  Human-reviewed profile
  Swiss Edelweiss contains unique leontopodic acids A and B, along with flavonoids and phenolic compounds, providing potent antioxidant and an…
• Swiss Raclette Ferment
  Other
  Human-reviewed profile
  Swiss Raclette Ferment primarily involves bacterial cultures like *Propionibacterium freudenreichii* and lactic acid bacteria, which metabol…
• Sword Bean
  Legume
  Human-reviewed profile
  Sword bean (Canavalia gladiata) contains polyphenolic compounds including flavonoids and gallotannins that provide antioxidant and anti-infl…
• Synapsa (Bacopa monnieri)
  Other
  Human-reviewed profile
  Synapsa is a standardized Bacopa monnieri extract containing bacosides A and B that enhances memory formation by promoting dendritic growth …
• Synbiotic Supplements
  Fermented/Probiotic
  Human-reviewed profile
  Synbiotic supplements combine specific probiotics with prebiotics to optimize gut microbiota survival and activity. This synergy supports ho…
• Synephrine (Protoalkaloid)
  Compound
  Human-reviewed profile
  Synephrine is a protoalkaloid derived from bitter orange that acts as a selective β1-adrenergic receptor agonist. It increases metabolic rat…
• Syrian Apricot Kernels
  Other
  Human-reviewed profile
  Syrian Apricot Kernels contain amygdalin, a cyanogenic glycoside that breaks down into hydrogen cyanide and benzaldehyde upon digestion. Thi…
• Syrian Barberry Bark
  Bark
  Human-reviewed profile
  Syrian Barberry Bark, derived from Berberis lycium, is rich in the alkaloid berberine, which modulates the immune system by shifting the Th1…
• Syrian Basil Nectar
  Other
  Human-reviewed profile
  Syrian Basil Nectar, derived from Ocimum basilicum, contains bioactive compounds like linalool and eucalyptol. These compounds exert effects…
• Syrian Black Caraway
  Seed
  Human-reviewed profile
  Syrian Black Caraway, derived from *Nigella sativa* seeds, is distinguished by its rich content of thymoquinone, which primarily mediates it…
• Syrian Black Lemon
  Other
  Human-reviewed profile
  Syrian Black Lemon, derived from Citrus limon, is notably rich in phenolics, flavonoids like hesperidin, and ascorbic acid. These key compou…
• Syrian Carob Pods
  Other
  Human-reviewed profile
  Syrian Carob Pods, derived from Ceratonia siliqua L., are rich in polyphenols and flavonoids, exhibiting significant antioxidant activity by…
• Syrian Fig Syrup (Ficus carica)
  Syrup
  Human-reviewed profile
  Syrian Fig Syrup, derived from Ficus carica, is recognized for its rich content of bioactive polyphenols. These compounds, including phenoli…
• Syrian Lemon Balm Tea
  Tea
  Human-reviewed profile
  Syrian Lemon Balm Tea, derived from Melissa officinalis, is rich in bioactive compounds such as rosmarinic acid and essential oils. These co…
• Syrian Olive Fruit
  Fruit
  Human-reviewed profile
  Syrian Olive Fruit is a drupe rich in monounsaturated fatty acids, oleuropein, and oleocanthal. Oleuropein provides antioxidant benefits, wh…
• Syrian Pomegranate Syrup
  Syrup
  Human-reviewed profile
  Syrian Pomegranate Syrup is a concentrated reduction of pomegranate juice, rich in polyphenols such as ellagitannins and ellagic acid. These…
• Syrian Rue Seed
  Seed
  Human-reviewed profile
  Syrian rue seeds contain beta-carboline alkaloids including harmine and harmaline that strongly inhibit monoamine oxidase enzymes, reducing …
• Syrian Thyme Flowers
  Flower
  Human-reviewed profile
  Syrian Thyme Flowers are derived from *Thymus syriacus*, a perennial shrub native to the Mediterranean region. Currently, specific primary b…
• Syrian Wild Mint
  Other
  Human-reviewed profile
  Syrian Wild Mint, like other Mentha species, is rich in bioactive polyphenols and flavonoids. Its therapeutic effects are primarily mediated…
• Syrian Zaatar Leaves
  Herb
  Human-reviewed profile
  Origanum syriacum, known as Syrian Zaatar Leaves, is rich in essential oils like carvacrol and thymol, along with polyphenols such as rosmar…
• Szechuan Pepper Seed
  Seed
  Human-reviewed profile
  Szechuan pepper seeds contain hydroxy-alpha-sanshool, a bioactive alkaloid that creates tingling sensations and provides digestive and anti-…