Shankhpushpi (Convolvulus pluricaulis)

Shankhpushpi (Convolvulus pluricaulis) is not typically consumed as a food source for macronutrient value; it is used as a medicinal herb, and its significance lies primarily in its bioactive phytochemical composition rather than caloric or macronutrient content. Key compounds include: Alkaloids: Shankhpushpine, convolvine, convolidine, convosine, and subhirsine (estimated 0.2–0.5% of dry weight), which are believed to modulate neurotransmitter activity, particularly acetylcholine and GABA pathways. Flavonoids: Kaempferol (~0.05–0.1% dry weight) and quercetin glycosides, contributing antioxidant and neuroprotective effects; bioavailability of flavonoids is moderate and enhanced when taken with lipids or piperine. Triterpenoids: Shankhpushpine-related triterpenoid saponins and β-sitosterol (~0.03–0.08%), which contribute to anxiolytic and anti-inflammatory activity. Glycosides: Scopoletin (a coumarin glycoside, ~0.01–0.04%), contributing to sedative and antispasmodic properties. Phenolic acids: Including chlorogenic acid and caffeic acid derivatives (combined ~0.1–0.3% dry weight), with moderate oral bioavailability acting as free radical scavengers. Fatty acids/Lipids: The seeds contain small amounts of linoleic acid and oleic acid. Minerals (per 100 g dry herb, approximate): Calcium (~180–250 mg), Iron (~8–15 mg), Magnesium (~60–90 mg), Zinc (~2–4 mg), Potassium (~350–500 mg), Phosphorus (~50–80 mg). Vitamins: Trace amounts of Vitamin C (~5–12 mg/100 g fresh herb) and small amounts of B-complex vitamins (particularly riboflavin and niacin in trace quantities). Fiber: Crude fiber content approximately 15–22% of dry weight (mostly insoluble). Protein: Approximately 5–8% of dry weight, not a significant dietary source. Other bioactives: D-glucose, rhamnose, and starch-based polysaccharides that may serve as prebiotic substrates. Bioavailability notes: The alkaloids and flavonoids in Shankhpushpi have moderate oral bioavailability; traditional Ayurvedic preparations (e.g., as a kashayam/decoction or with ghee — ghrita formulation) are designed to enhance lipophilic compound absorption. Aqueous and hydroalcoholic extracts are the most studied forms, with peak plasma levels of key alkaloids typically reached within 1–3 hours post-ingestion. Co-administration with healthy fats or piperine (from black pepper) may significantly improve absorption of triterpenoids and flavonoids.