# Shou Wu (Polygonum multiflorum)

**Canonical URL:** https://ingredients.hermeticasuperfoods.com/ingredients/shou-wu
**Data Source:** Hermetica Superfoods Ingredient Encyclopedia
**Updated:** 2026-03-19
**Evidence Score:** 6 / 10
**Category:** Traditional Chinese Medicine
**Also Known As:** Polygonum multiflorum, He Shou Wu, Fo-Ti, Chinese Knotweed, Multiflower Knotweed, Chinese Cornbind, Climbing Knotweed, Fallopia multiflora

## Overview

Shou Wu (Polygonum multiflorum) contains stilbene glycosides and anthraquinones that may support cellular [antioxidant](/ingredients/condition/antioxidant) defense systems. The herb has been traditionally used in Chinese medicine for over 1,000 years primarily for [anti-aging](/ingredients/condition/longevity) and longevity support.

## Health Benefits

• [Anti-aging](/ingredients/condition/longevity) and longevity support - traditional use over 1,000 years, though human clinical evidence not specified in research • [Antioxidant activity](/ingredients/condition/antioxidant) - mentioned in preclinical reviews but lacking controlled human trials • [Anti-inflammatory](/ingredients/condition/inflammation) effects - noted in preclinical data only, no human RCTs identified • Hair health and blackening - traditional TCM application, clinical evidence not documented • Liver and kidney tonification - traditional use in TCM, but modern studies show hepatotoxicity risks

## Mechanism of Action

Shou Wu's primary bioactive compounds include 2,3,5,4'-tetrahydroxystilbene-2-O-β-D-glucoside (TSG) and emodin, which activate cellular [antioxidant](/ingredients/condition/antioxidant) pathways including Nrf2/ARE signaling. These stilbene glycosides and anthraquinones modulate [inflammatory](/ingredients/condition/inflammation) mediators like NF-κB and enhance endogenous antioxidant enzyme activity. The compounds also influence [cellular senescence](/ingredients/condition/longevity) pathways through SIRT1 activation and telomerase expression.

## Clinical Summary

Current evidence for Shou Wu consists primarily of preclinical studies and traditional use documentation spanning over 1,000 years. Controlled human clinical trials specifically evaluating [anti-aging](/ingredients/condition/longevity), antioxidant, or [anti-inflammatory](/ingredients/condition/inflammation) effects are lacking in the published literature. Most research has been conducted in cell culture and animal models, showing promising [antioxidant activity](/ingredients/condition/antioxidant) and inflammatory modulation. Human studies are needed to validate the traditional therapeutic claims and establish clinical efficacy.

## Nutritional Profile

Shou Wu (Polygonum multiflorum) root is not consumed as a primary food source and lacks conventional macronutrient significance in dietary terms. Carbohydrates dominate the dry weight composition, primarily in the form of starch and soluble polysaccharides (estimated 30–50% dry weight), including rhamnogalacturonan-type polysaccharides shown to have [immunomodulatory](/ingredients/condition/immune-support) activity. Crude fiber content is moderate (approximately 10–15% dry weight). Protein content is low (approximately 3–6% dry weight), with limited amino acid profiling data available. Fat content is minimal (<2% dry weight). The primary bioactive compounds are stilbene glycosides, most notably 2,3,5,4'-tetrahydroxystilbene-2-O-β-D-glucoside (THSG), which is considered the principal active constituent and is present at approximately 1–2.5% of dry root weight per Chinese Pharmacopoeia standards (minimum 1.0% required for official-grade material). Anthraquinones are present, including emodin and physcion, typically at 0.1–0.5% dry weight; these compounds carry hepatotoxicity concerns and are partially reduced during the traditional processing ('zhi' or prepared form) via steaming with black bean juice, which converts free anthraquinones to less toxic bound forms. Processed (zhi) Shou Wu contains lower free anthraquinone levels compared to raw (sheng) root. Tannins, particularly condensed tannins (proanthocyanidins), are present at approximately 5–8% dry weight and contribute to astringency and [antioxidant](/ingredients/condition/antioxidant) capacity. Lecithin has been reported in the root at trace levels. Mineral content includes iron, zinc, and manganese at low but detectable concentrations, though no standardized quantification is widely cited in peer-reviewed literature. Bioavailability of THSG is documented in animal pharmacokinetic studies showing rapid oral absorption with peak plasma concentrations within 1–2 hours, though human pharmacokinetic data remain sparse. Anthraquinone bioavailability is influenced by gut microbiota [metabolism](/ingredients/condition/weight-management). Overall nutritional contribution as a micronutrient source is negligible; the root is used therapeutically at typical doses of 9–15g dry herb per day in decoction form rather than as a food.

## Dosage & Preparation

No clinically studied dosage ranges are documented in the available research for extracts, powders, or standardized forms. One case report involved 2 tablets/day of Shou Wu Pian (standardized for stilbene glycoside) resulting in liver injury. Consult a healthcare provider before starting any new supplement.

## Safety & Drug Interactions

Raw Shou Wu contains hepatotoxic compounds that can cause liver injury, while processed forms (Zhi He Shou Wu) have reduced toxicity. Common side effects include gastrointestinal upset, diarrhea, and potential liver enzyme elevation with prolonged use. The herb may interact with medications metabolized by cytochrome P450 enzymes and should be avoided during pregnancy and lactation. Regular [liver function](/ingredients/condition/detox) monitoring is recommended for long-term use, and individuals with existing liver conditions should avoid this supplement.

## Scientific Research

The research dossier notably lacks details on human clinical trials, RCTs, or meta-analyses for Polygonum multiflorum, with no PubMed PMIDs provided for such studies. Available evidence consists primarily of preclinical reviews and case reports documenting adverse effects, particularly hepatotoxicity cases such as jaundice occurring after 2 tablets/day of Shou Wu Pian.

## Historical & Cultural Context

In Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shou Wu (He Shou Wu) has been used for over 1,000 years as a tonic for [anti-aging](/ingredients/condition/longevity), hair blackening, liver/kidney tonification, and blood nourishment, and is listed in the Chinese Pharmacopoeia. Processed forms using curcumin preparation methods are traditionally used to reduce toxicity while enhancing efficacy.

## Synergistic Combinations

Schisandra, Goji Berry, Reishi Mushroom, Rhodiola, Ginseng

## Frequently Asked Questions

### What is the difference between raw and processed Shou Wu?

Raw Shou Wu contains higher levels of hepatotoxic anthraquinones, while processed Shou Wu (Zhi He Shou Wu) undergoes steaming with black beans to reduce toxicity. The processing method traditionally used in Chinese medicine significantly decreases liver damage risk while maintaining therapeutic compounds.

### How much Shou Wu should I take daily?

Traditional dosing ranges from 3-12 grams daily of processed root, typically taken as tea or extract. However, standardized clinical dosing guidelines are not established due to limited human trials. Starting with lower doses and consulting healthcare providers is recommended, especially given hepatotoxicity concerns.

### Can Shou Wu actually reverse gray hair?

While traditionally claimed to restore hair color, no controlled human studies have demonstrated Shou Wu's ability to reverse gray hair. The belief stems from centuries of traditional use and the herb's Chinese name meaning 'black-haired Mr. He.' Scientific evidence for hair pigmentation effects remains anecdotal.

### Is Shou Wu safe for long-term use?

Long-term safety is questionable due to potential hepatotoxicity, even with processed forms. Cases of liver injury have been reported with extended use, particularly with raw preparations. Regular liver function monitoring and periodic breaks from supplementation are advisable for anyone using Shou Wu chronically.

### What medications interact with Shou Wu?

Shou Wu may interact with warfarin and other anticoagulants due to its emodin content, potentially increasing bleeding risk. It can also affect cytochrome P450 enzyme activity, altering metabolism of various medications including some statins and immunosuppressants. Always consult healthcare providers before combining with prescription medications.

### Is Shou Wu safe during pregnancy and breastfeeding?

Shou Wu is traditionally contraindicated during pregnancy and breastfeeding due to limited safety data and its potent hepatic metabolism effects. No human clinical trials have evaluated its safety in pregnant or nursing women, so healthcare providers generally recommend avoiding it during these periods as a precaution.

### What does the clinical research actually show about Shou Wu's anti-aging benefits?

While Shou Wu has been used in Traditional Chinese Medicine for over 1,000 years for longevity support, current clinical evidence in humans is limited. Most research supporting anti-aging and antioxidant claims comes from preclinical laboratory studies rather than controlled human trials, meaning real-world efficacy remains largely unproven.

### Who should avoid Shou Wu, and are there specific populations at higher risk?

People with liver disease, hepatitis, or a history of liver damage should avoid Shou Wu due to reported hepatotoxicity concerns in rare cases. Additionally, individuals taking hepatotoxic medications, those with weak digestive systems, or the very elderly should consult a healthcare provider before use, as processed forms are generally safer than raw preparations.

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