Hermetica Superfood Encyclopedia
Legacy index-continuity record: the score and narrative are provisional and must not be represented as validated or human-approved.
Review flags: AWAITING_SEMANTIC_VALIDATION
Taraxacum officinale is a perennial herb containing sesquiterpene lactones and phenolic compounds that demonstrate diuretic and hepatoprotective effects. The plant's bioactive compounds work through potassium-sparing diuretic mechanisms and hepatic enzyme modulation.
Origin & History
Taraxacum officinale, commonly known as dandelion, is a perennial herbaceous plant in the Asteraceae family, native to Eurasia but now widely naturalized globally. The medicinal parts include roots, leaves, and aerial parts, typically extracted via hydroethanolic, aqueous, or fresh leaf methods to yield bioactive compounds including sesquiterpene lactones, phenolic acids, flavonoids, and triterpenes.
Research Narrative (Provisional)
Human clinical evidence is extremely limited, with no large-scale RCTs or meta-analyses identified. The only human study cited was a small pilot trial (n=17) testing fresh leaf hydroethanolic extract for diuretic effects, though no PMID was provided. Most evidence derives from preclinical models including studies in diabetic rabbits, rats, and cell cultures.
Preparation & Dosage
Dosage guidance is withheld because the publication gate has not recorded adequate support for this profile.
Nutritional Profile
Macronutrients (per 100 g raw dandelion greens, USDA): Energy: 45 kcal; Protein: 2.7 g; Total fat: 0.7 g; Carbohydrates: 9.2 g (including dietary fiber: 3.5 g, sugars: 0.71 g). Key Micronutrients (per 100 g raw greens): Vitamin A: 508 µg RAE (5588 IU, ~56% DV, primarily as β-carotene ~5854 µg); Vitamin C: 35 mg (~39% DV); Vitamin K1 (phylloquinone): 778.4 µg (~649% DV — one of the highest plant sources); Vitamin E (α-tocopherol): 3.44 mg (~23% DV); Folate (B9): 27 µg; Riboflavin (B2): 0.26 mg; Calcium: 187 mg (~19% DV, though bioavailability is moderate due to oxalate content); Iron: 3.1 mg (~17% DV, non-heme form with lower bioavailability; enhanced by co-consumed vitamin C); Potassium: 397 mg (~8% DV); Magnesium: 36 mg; Manganese: 0.34 mg; Phosphorus: 66 mg; Copper: 0.17 mg; Zinc: 0.41 mg. Bioactive Compounds: Sesquiterpene lactones (taraxacin, taraxacerin; concentrated in latex/root, ~0.1–1.2% dry weight — responsible for bitter taste and anti-inflammatory properties); Phenolic acids (chicoric acid/dicaffeoyltartaric acid: 1.5–4.3% dry weight in leaves, chlorogenic acid: 0.2–0.8% dry weight; caffeic acid); Flavonoids (luteolin and luteolin-7-O-glucoside: 0.3–1.5% dry weight in leaves; apigenin, chrysoeriol glycosides); Triterpene sterols (taraxasterol, ψ-taraxasterol, β-sitosterol, stigmasterol — primarily in roots, ~0.5–1.0% dry weight); Inulin (fructo-oligosaccharide/prebiotic fiber concentrated in roots: 12–40% dry weight depending on season, highest in autumn; acts as soluble prebiotic fiber supporting gut microbiota); Carotenoids (lutein + zeaxanthin: ~13.6 mg/100 g fresh greens, β-carotene: ~5.85 mg/100 g — high bioavailability when consumed with dietary fat); Coumarins (cichoriin, aesculin — trace amounts); Pectin and mucilage (in roots). Root-specific profile (dried): Inulin: 12–40%; Sesquiterpene lactones: up to 1.2%; Taraxasterol and related pentacyclic triterpenes: ~0.5–1.0%; Phenolics (chlorogenic acid, chicoric acid): 0.5–2.5%. Bioavailability Notes: The high vitamin K1 content is fat-soluble and absorption is significantly improved (up to 3–5×) when consumed with dietary fat; the non-heme iron (3.1 mg/100 g) has estimated absorption of 5–12%, enhanced by the endogenous vitamin C content; chicoric acid shows moderate oral bioavailability in human pharmacokinetic estimates (~20–30%) but is susceptible to esterase degradation; inulin from roots passes undigested to the colon where it is fermented by Bifidobacteria and Lactobacilli (prebiotic effect); oxalate content (~2.5–4.0 mg/g dry weight in leaves) may reduce calcium and iron bioavailability moderately compared to low-oxalate greens; luteolin glycosides are hydrolyzed by intestinal β-glucosidases before absorption of the aglycone form.
Reported Mechanism (Provisional)
Taraxacum officinale's sesquiterpene lactones, particularly taraxinic acid, exert diuretic effects by increasing renal potassium retention while promoting sodium and water excretion. The plant's phenolic compounds, including chicoric acid and chlorogenic acid, provide hepatoprotective effects by modulating cytochrome P450 enzymes and reducing oxidative stress through glutathione pathway enhancement.
Clinical Narrative (Provisional)
A pilot study with 17 participants demonstrated significant increases in urination frequency and excretion ratio within 5 hours of fresh leaf extract administration, though the sample size was limited. Preclinical studies show hepatoprotective effects against ethanol, carbon tetrachloride, and acetaminophen-induced liver damage in animal models. The diuretic evidence is preliminary and requires larger controlled trials. Most research remains at the preclinical stage with limited human clinical data.
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