He Shou Wu (Hair / Anti-Graying)

He Shou Wu (Polygonum multiflorum / Reynoutria multiflora) root contains a complex array of bioactive compounds rather than significant conventional macronutrients. Key stilbene glycosides include 2,3,5,4'-tetrahydroxystilbene-2-O-β-D-glucoside (THSG), the primary active constituent, present at approximately 1.0–2.5% dry weight (Chinese Pharmacopoeia minimum standard: 1.0%). Anthraquinones include emodin (~0.1–0.5% dry weight), physcion, and chrysophanol, which contribute to its hepatic and laxative activity; these are significantly reduced in processed (zhi) versus raw (sheng) form by up to 60–70% through black bean steaming. Polyphenols include resveratrol precursors and catechin derivatives at ~0.3–0.8% dry weight. Tannins (condensed and hydrolyzable) are present at approximately 5–10% dry weight, contributing astringent properties. Phospholipids, including lecithin analogs, are found at ~3–5% dry weight, supporting lipid metabolism. Trace minerals include zinc (~15–25 mg/kg), iron (~80–120 mg/kg), manganese (~10–20 mg/kg), and selenium (~0.05–0.1 mg/kg dry weight). Crude fiber content is approximately 8–12% dry weight. Protein content is low at ~4–6% dry weight, with limited amino acid diversity. Carbohydrates constitute ~60–70% dry weight, primarily as starch and polysaccharides. Bioavailability note: THSG has moderate oral bioavailability (~30–40%), enhanced by gut microbiota conversion; anthraquinone bioavailability is higher in raw form but processed form is preferred clinically to reduce hepatotoxicity risk. Fat-soluble compounds have improved absorption when taken with food.