# Phenylpiracetam (Phenotropil) **Canonical URL:** https://ingredients.hermeticasuperfoods.com/ingredients/phenylpiracetam-phenotropil **Data Source:** Hermetica Superfoods Ingredient Encyclopedia **Updated:** 2026-03-18 **Evidence Score:** 6 / 10 **Category:** Compound **Also Known As:** (R,S)-2-(2-oxo-4-phenylpyrrolidin-1-yl)acetamide, Phenotropil, Carphedon, 4-Phenylpiracetam, Fonturacetam, R-S-phenylpiracetam, Phenyl-2-pyrrolidinone acetamide ## Overview Phenylpiracetam is a synthetic racetam nootropic that modulates AMPA receptors and increases [dopamine](/ingredients/condition/mood), acetylcholine, and norepinephrine levels. It enhances [cognitive performance](/ingredients/condition/cognitive) and [physical endurance](/ingredients/condition/energy) through improved synaptic plasticity and cellular ATP production. ## Health Benefits - Boosts [cognitive performance](/ingredients/condition/cognitive) by enhancing synaptic plasticity, leading to improved memory and learning. This results in quicker information processing and recall. - Enhances [physical endurance](/ingredients/condition/energy) by increasing ATP production, the energy currency of cells. This provides sustained energy during physical and mental exertion. - Increases resilience to stress by modulating the stress hormone [cortisol](/ingredients/condition/stress), leading to improved mood and reduced anxiety. This helps maintain mental clarity under pressure. - Supports neuroprotection by reducing oxidative damage and [inflammation](/ingredients/condition/inflammation) in brain cells. This protective effect may contribute to long-term brain health. - Improves mood and motivation by influencing dopamine and serotonin pathways, which are critical for [emotional regulation](/ingredients/condition/mood). This can lead to increased productivity and well-being. - Enhances sensory perception by modulating NMDA receptors, which play a role in sensory processing. This can result in heightened awareness and sharper senses. - Increases wakefulness and alertness by stimulating the central nervous system, leading to reduced fatigue and improved focus. ## Mechanism of Action Phenylpiracetam acts as a positive allosteric modulator of AMPA receptors, enhancing glutamatergic neurotransmission and synaptic plasticity. It increases [dopamine](/ingredients/condition/mood), [acetylcholine](/ingredients/condition/cognitive), and norepinephrine levels while inhibiting their reuptake. The compound also enhances [mitochondrial function](/ingredients/condition/energy) and ATP synthesis, contributing to improved cellular energy [metabolism](/ingredients/condition/weight-management). ## Clinical Summary Human studies on phenylpiracetam are limited, with most research conducted in Russian populations. A study of 400 stroke patients showed cognitive improvements over 12 weeks of treatment. Small-scale trials in healthy adults demonstrated enhanced [working memory](/ingredients/condition/cognitive) and reduced mental fatigue at doses of 100-200mg daily. The compound was banned by WADA due to performance-enhancing effects, though comprehensive athletic performance studies remain limited. ## Nutritional Profile - Does not provide traditional nutrients but acts as a cognitive enhancer. - Influences [dopamine](/ingredients/condition/mood) and acetylcholine [neurotransmitter](/ingredients/condition/cognitive) systems. - Enhances cerebral blood flow and [energy metabolism](/ingredients/condition/energy). ## Dosage & Preparation Typical dosage ranges from 100 to 300 mg per day, divided into 1-2 doses. Consult a healthcare provider before use. ## Safety & Drug Interactions Common side effects include headache, irritability, [insomnia](/ingredients/condition/sleep), and overstimulation, particularly at doses above 200mg daily. Phenylpiracetam may interact with stimulant medications and could potentially affect [blood pressure](/ingredients/condition/heart-health) medications due to its stimulating properties. It should be avoided during pregnancy and breastfeeding due to insufficient safety data. Individuals with anxiety disorders or cardiovascular conditions should consult healthcare providers before use. ## Scientific Research Phenylpiracetam has been studied in animal models and some human trials, showing potential benefits in [cognitive enhancement](/ingredients/condition/cognitive) and [physical performance](/ingredients/condition/energy). Further research is needed. ## Historical & Cultural Context Developed in the 1980s in Russia, Phenylpiracetam has been used by astronauts and athletes for its [cognitive](/ingredients/condition/cognitive) and [physical performance](/ingredients/condition/energy)-enhancing properties. ## Synergistic Combinations Piracetam, Rhodiola Rosea, Caffeine ## Frequently Asked Questions ### What is the typical phenylpiracetam dosage for cognitive enhancement? The typical dosage ranges from 100-200mg taken once or twice daily, preferably in the morning to avoid sleep disruption. Clinical studies have used doses up to 400mg daily, but most users report optimal effects at 100mg per dose. ### How long does phenylpiracetam take to work? Phenylpiracetam typically begins working within 30-60 minutes of ingestion, with peak effects occurring 2-4 hours after administration. The cognitive and physical effects can last 6-8 hours depending on individual metabolism and dosage. ### Can phenylpiracetam be taken with other nootropics? Phenylpiracetam is commonly stacked with choline sources like Alpha-GPC or CDP-choline to prevent headaches and enhance effects. It should not be combined with other stimulants without medical supervision due to increased risk of overstimulation and cardiovascular stress. ### Why was phenylpiracetam banned by WADA? WADA banned phenylpiracetam in 2017 because it demonstrated performance-enhancing effects including improved physical endurance, stress resistance, and cognitive function under pressure. Russian athletes were found using it as a performance enhancer, leading to its classification as a prohibited substance. ### Is phenylpiracetam legal to buy and use? Phenylpiracetam is legal to purchase and use as a dietary supplement in most countries including the United States, but it's not FDA-approved for medical use. It's prohibited in competitive sports by WADA and may be restricted in some countries with strict supplement regulations. ### Does phenylpiracetam have any side effects or adverse reactions? Phenylpiracetam is generally well-tolerated, with mild side effects being uncommon at recommended doses. Some users report headaches, insomnia, or mild gastrointestinal discomfort, typically occurring when doses exceed 200-600mg daily. These effects usually diminish with continued use or dose reduction, and serious adverse reactions are rare in human studies. ### How does phenylpiracetam compare to other racetams like piracetam or aniracetam? Phenylpiracetam is a modified version of piracetam with a phenyl group attached, making it approximately 30-60 times more potent and faster-acting than the parent compound. Unlike piracetam, phenylpiracetam has stimulant properties that enhance physical endurance and mood, while aniracetam focuses more on anxiety reduction; phenylpiracetam is better suited for those seeking cognitive boost with energy enhancement. ### What is the difference between phenylpiracetam and phenylpiracetam hydrazide? Phenylpiracetam hydrazide (also called Phenotropil) is the salt form of phenylpiracetam that offers improved stability and potentially enhanced bioavailability compared to the base compound. The hydrazide form may have slightly faster absorption and longer duration of effect, though both forms share similar cognitive and physical performance benefits in clinical research. --- *Source: Hermetica Superfoods Ingredient Encyclopedia — https://ingredients.hermeticasuperfoods.com* *License: CC BY-NC-SA 4.0 — Attribution required. Commercial use: admin@hermeticasuperfoods.com*