Angelica archangelica

Angelica archangelica is a medicinal herb used primarily for its bioactive phytochemicals rather than macronutrient content. Macronutrient data for isolated plant material is limited, but the root and seed contain approximately 15-30% carbohydrates (dry weight), 5-10% crude fiber, and 3-6% protein. Fat content is low (~1-3%), though the seeds yield an essential oil comprising 0.3-1.5% of dry seed weight. Key bioactive compounds include: (1) Furanocoumarins (0.2-0.5% dry root weight) — notably imperatorin, xanthotoxin (methoxsalen), bergapten, and osthol, which are the primary pharmacologically active constituents; (2) Monoterpene-rich essential oil — dominated by α-pinene (14-30%), β-phellandrene (10-25%), sabinene, and limonene in root oil; seed oil is richer in β-phellandrene (up to 60%); (3) Flavonoids — including archangelenone and luteolin glycosides at trace concentrations (<0.1% dry weight); (4) Phenolic acids — chlorogenic acid and caffeic acid derivatives present at low concentrations (~0.05-0.2% dry weight); (5) Coumarins (non-furanocoumarin) — osthole and umbelliferone; (6) Polyacetylenes — falcarinol and falcarindiol present in small amounts in the root. Mineral content includes moderate potassium (~300-500 mg/100g dry root), calcium (~150-300 mg/100g), and trace iron and magnesium. Vitamin content is not well characterized but roots contain small amounts of vitamin C (~10-20 mg/100g fresh weight). Bioavailability note: furanocoumarins are generally well-absorbed orally but undergo significant hepatic first-pass metabolism; they are potent CYP3A4 inhibitors, which enhances bioavailability of co-administered drugs. Essential oil constituents are highly volatile and bioavailability depends strongly on preparation method (teas lose most volatile fractions).