# Tiliroside

**Canonical URL:** https://ingredients.hermeticasuperfoods.com/ingredients/tiliroside
**Data Source:** Hermetica Superfoods Ingredient Encyclopedia
**Updated:** 2026-03-19
**Evidence Score:** 2 / 10
**Category:** Compound
**Also Known As:** Kaempferol 3-O-β-D-(6''-E-p-coumaroyl)-glucopyranoside, Kaempferol 3-coumaroylglucoside, p-Coumaroyl kaempferol glucoside, Rose hip flavonoid, Linden glycoside, Strawberry tiliroside, Coumaroyl kaempferol

## Overview

Tiliroside is a kaempferol-based flavonoid glycoside found in plants such as rosehip, strawberry, and linden flower, where it exerts antioxidant and [anti-inflammatory](/ingredients/condition/inflammation) effects primarily by scavenging [reactive oxygen species](/ingredients/condition/antioxidant) and inhibiting pro-inflammatory enzyme cascades. Most evidence for its health effects comes from in vitro and animal models, with no completed human clinical trials to date.

## Health Benefits

• [Antioxidant activity](/ingredients/condition/antioxidant) - reported in preclinical studies only, no human evidence
• [Anti-inflammatory](/ingredients/condition/inflammation) effects - based solely on preclinical research, no clinical trials
• Antidiabetic potential - preliminary evidence from non-human studies only
• [Antimicrobial](/ingredients/condition/immune-support) properties - limited to laboratory studies without human data
• [Hepatoprotective](/ingredients/condition/detox) effects - suggested by preclinical research but lacking human validation

## Mechanism of Action

Tiliroside inhibits nuclear factor kappa-B (NF-κB) signaling and suppresses cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2) and inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS) expression, reducing downstream production of [pro-inflammatory cytokine](/ingredients/condition/inflammation)s such as TNF-α and IL-6. It activates AMP-activated protein kinase (AMPK), which enhances glucose uptake in skeletal muscle cells and improves [insulin sensitivity](/ingredients/condition/weight-management) in animal models of type 2 diabetes. Its [antioxidant activity](/ingredients/condition/antioxidant) is attributed to the catechol-like hydroxyl groups on its kaempferol backbone, which directly neutralize superoxide and hydroxyl radicals and upregulate endogenous antioxidant enzymes including superoxide dismutase and catalase.

## Clinical Summary

To date, no published randomized controlled trials have examined tiliroside in human subjects, meaning all efficacy data derive from cell culture studies and rodent experiments. In murine models of type 2 diabetes, oral tiliroside administration at doses of 10–30 mg/kg/day reduced fasting [blood glucose](/ingredients/condition/weight-management) by approximately 20–35% and improved insulin tolerance test outcomes compared to controls. [Anti-inflammatory](/ingredients/condition/inflammation) findings are similarly limited to lipopolysaccharide-stimulated macrophage assays and carrageenan-induced paw edema rodent models, which demonstrated significant but non-translatable reductions in inflammatory markers. The overall evidence base is preliminary and insufficient to support clinical recommendations or therapeutic dosing guidelines for humans.

## Nutritional Profile

Tiliroside is a glycosidic flavonoid (kaempferol 3-O-glucoside esterified with p-coumaric acid), classified as an acylated flavonol glycoside with molecular formula C30H26O13 and molecular weight of 594.52 g/mol. It is not a food ingredient per se but a bioactive phytochemical found in trace concentrations across multiple plant sources: rose hips (Rosa canina) at approximately 0.1–1.2 mg/g dry weight, strawberry (Fragaria species) leaves at 0.5–2.0 mg/g dry weight, linden flowers (Tilia species) at 0.3–0.8 mg/g dry weight, and raspberry leaves at measurable but low concentrations. As a pure compound, it contains no macronutrients (zero protein, fat, or carbohydrate caloric value in dietary context), no vitamins, and no minerals. Its bioactive value lies entirely in its polyphenolic structure: the kaempferol aglycone backbone provides the core flavonoid activity, the glucose moiety influences water solubility (moderate aqueous solubility ~0.1 mg/mL), and the p-coumaroyl ester group contributes to lipophilic interactions and membrane permeability. Bioavailability is limited and variable: oral bioavailability is considered low due to intestinal hydrolysis and first-pass [metabolism](/ingredients/condition/weight-management); gut microbiota partially hydrolyze the glycoside to release kaempferol and glucose, with kaempferol then undergoing further microbial metabolism to phenolic acids. Studies in rodents suggest peak plasma concentrations are reached within 1–2 hours post-ingestion. No standardized human pharmacokinetic data are available. It is typically studied in isolated or standardized extract form at experimental doses of 10–100 mg/kg in preclinical models, with no established dietary reference intake or therapeutic dose in humans.

## Dosage & Preparation

No clinically studied dosage ranges have been established for tiliroside as human trials are absent. No forms (extract, powder, standardized) or standardization details have been reported in clinical contexts. Consult a healthcare provider before starting any new supplement.

## Safety & Drug Interactions

No formal human safety trials have been conducted for isolated tiliroside, so a comprehensive adverse effect profile has not been established. Because tiliroside activates AMPK pathways that influence [glucose metabolism](/ingredients/condition/weight-management), concurrent use with insulin or oral hypoglycemic agents such as metformin theoretically carries a risk of additive hypoglycemia, warranting caution. Its structural similarity to kaempferol suggests a potential for weak inhibition of cytochrome P450 enzymes (particularly CYP3A4 and CYP2C9), which could affect the metabolism of co-administered drugs, though this has not been confirmed in human pharmacokinetic studies. Pregnant and breastfeeding individuals should avoid isolated tiliroside supplements due to the complete absence of safety data in these populations.

## Scientific Research

No human clinical trials, randomized controlled trials, or meta-analyses for tiliroside were identified in the available sources. All evidence is limited to preclinical laboratory and animal studies reporting various bioactivities without any human data or specific study designs with PMIDs.

## Historical & Cultural Context

Tiliroside occurs in plants with traditional medicinal uses, including Agrimonia pilosa in Traditional Chinese Medicine and Tilia americana (basswood) in folklore. While found in common dietary sources like rose hips, strawberries, and raspberries, specific traditional applications for tiliroside itself are not documented.

## Synergistic Combinations

Kaempferol, quercetin, apigenin, rose hip extract, vitamin C

## Frequently Asked Questions

### What foods contain tiliroside naturally?

Tiliroside is found in rosehip (Rosa canina), strawberry achenes (Fragaria ananassa), linden flower (Tilia species), raspberry leaves, and potentilla species. Rosehip is among the richest dietary sources, with tiliroside concentrations ranging from 0.1 to 0.5% of dry weight depending on the plant part and extraction method. Consuming these whole foods delivers tiliroside alongside other synergistic polyphenols, though isolated supplement doses would far exceed typical dietary intake.

### Does tiliroside help with blood sugar or diabetes?

Preclinical studies in diabetic mouse models show that tiliroside activates AMPK in skeletal muscle, increasing GLUT4 translocation and glucose uptake, with fasting blood glucose reductions of roughly 20–35% at doses of 10–30 mg/kg/day. However, no human clinical trials have been conducted, so it is not possible to confirm these effects translate to people or to establish an effective dose. Individuals with diabetes should not use tiliroside as a substitute for prescribed medications.

### What is the difference between tiliroside and kaempferol?

Kaempferol is the aglycone (sugar-free) flavonoid backbone, while tiliroside is specifically kaempferol-3-O-(6''-p-coumaroyl)-glucoside, meaning it has a glucose molecule and a p-coumaric acid ester attached at the 3-position. This glycosylation affects bioavailability, as tiliroside must be hydrolyzed by intestinal enzymes or gut microbiota before kaempferol can be absorbed systemically. The p-coumaroyl group is also believed to contribute additional antioxidant activity beyond that of kaempferol alone.

### Are there any known side effects of taking tiliroside supplements?

No controlled human studies have documented specific side effects of isolated tiliroside supplementation, leaving its tolerability profile largely unknown. Given its activity on AMPK and glucose metabolism pathways, the most plausible theoretical risk is hypoglycemia when combined with antidiabetic medications. Until human pharmacokinetic and safety data exist, anyone with metabolic conditions, liver disease, or those taking prescription medications should consult a healthcare provider before supplementing.

### What is the typical dosage of tiliroside in supplements?

No evidence-based human dosage for tiliroside has been established because clinical trials in people have not been completed. Rodent studies demonstrating antidiabetic effects used oral doses of 10–30 mg/kg/day, which would theoretically correspond to 700–2,100 mg/day in a 70 kg human using simple allometric scaling, though this conversion is speculative and not validated. Commercial supplements listing tiliroside as a component, often within rosehip extracts, typically standardize to 0.1–1% tiliroside content without a confirmed therapeutic dose.

### How strong is the scientific evidence for tiliroside's health benefits?

Most research on tiliroside is limited to preclinical studies conducted in laboratory and animal models, with no robust human clinical trials currently published. While preliminary studies suggest potential antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, and antidiabetic properties, these findings cannot yet be confirmed as effective in humans. The ingredient currently lacks the high-quality clinical evidence needed to make definitive health claims. Consumers should be cautious about supplement marketing that overstates the benefits beyond what preclinical data actually supports.

### Is tiliroside safe for pregnant women or children?

There is insufficient safety data on tiliroside supplementation in pregnant women, nursing mothers, or children, and it should be avoided in these populations without medical guidance. No human studies have evaluated tiliroside's safety during pregnancy or its effects on fetal development. Parents considering tiliroside for children should consult a healthcare provider, as the lack of pediatric safety data makes it impossible to establish appropriate doses. Pregnant women should prioritize ingredients with established safety records instead.

### Does tiliroside interact with common prescription medications?

Specific drug interaction studies for tiliroside in humans have not been conducted, making it difficult to assess potential interactions with prescription medications. As a flavonoid, tiliroside may theoretically interact with blood thinners, antiplatelet drugs, or medications metabolized by liver enzymes, but human evidence is lacking. Anyone taking regular medications—particularly blood thinners, diabetes medications, or heart drugs—should consult their healthcare provider before adding tiliroside supplements. This precaution is especially important given the limited safety data available for the ingredient.

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*Source: Hermetica Superfoods Ingredient Encyclopedia — https://ingredients.hermeticasuperfoods.com*
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