Hermetica Superfood Encyclopedia
Legacy index-continuity record: the score and narrative are provisional and must not be represented as validated or human-approved.
Review flags: AWAITING_SEMANTIC_VALIDATION
Cissus quadrangularis is an Ayurvedic herb containing ketosteroids and triterpenes that inhibits RANKL-induced osteoclastogenesis to support bone formation. Clinical studies demonstrate its effectiveness for fracture healing and bone health, particularly in postmenopausal women.
Origin & History
Hadjod (Cissus quadrangularis L.) is a perennial succulent vine native to India, Africa, and parts of Arabia, belonging to the Vitaceae family. The plant's edible stems and leaves serve as the primary source, typically extracted using solvents like ethanol, ethyl acetate, chloroform, or water maceration to isolate bioactive compounds including triterpenoids, flavonoids, steroids, and glycosides.
Research Narrative (Provisional)
The research dossier reveals a significant gap in human clinical trials - no RCTs, meta-analyses, or PubMed PMIDs for human studies were found. The only scientific evidence comes from a single preclinical study where ethanol extract demonstrated osteoprotective effects via reduced bone loss in vitro and in estrogen-deficient rat models.
Preparation & Dosage
Dosage guidance is withheld because the publication gate has not recorded adequate support for this profile.
Nutritional Profile
Hadjod (Cissus quadrangularis) is not consumed as a macronutrient food source; its value lies in its bioactive phytochemical profile. Key compounds include: • Ketosteroids – notably ketosterone and related phytosteroids, which are believed to contribute to its osteogenic activity; concentrations vary by plant part but are most concentrated in the stem (exact quantification varies, roughly 0.1–0.5% dry weight in stem extracts). • Ascorbic acid (Vitamin C) – unusually high for a medicinal herb, reported at approximately 478–500 mg per 100 g of fresh stem, contributing to collagen synthesis relevant to bone repair. • Carotenoids – β-carotene (~16–20 mg/100 g dry weight) and vitamin A precursors present in aerial parts. • Calcium – significant mineral content in stem, approximately 2.0–4.0% dry weight, contributing directly to bone mineralization; calcium bioavailability may be enhanced by concurrent vitamin C content. • Phosphorus – ~0.6–1.0% dry weight, supporting hydroxyapatite formation. • Iron – trace amounts (~3–5 mg/100 g dry weight). • Flavonoids – quercetin and kaempferol glycosides identified via HPLC, typically 0.5–2.0% of dry extract, acting as antioxidants. • Stilbenes – resveratrol and piceatannol detected in small quantities (stilbene content ~0.01–0.05% dry weight); these contribute anti-inflammatory and antioxidant effects. • Tannins – ~3–5% dry weight, contributing astringent and gastroprotective properties. • Triterpenoids – including friedelin and related compounds (~0.2–0.8% dry weight), with anti-inflammatory activity. • Fiber (mucilage) – stem is rich in dietary fiber and mucilaginous polysaccharides (~10–15% dry weight), which may aid gastrointestinal function. • Protein content – modest, approximately 5–7% dry weight in stem. • Bioavailability notes – The ketosteroid and flavonoid fractions show enhanced absorption when taken with lipid-based carriers or as ethanol/hydroalcoholic extracts (as used in most clinical studies, typically standardized to 2.5–5% ketosteroids). Water-soluble components (vitamin C, minerals) are readily bioavailable. Calcium absorption is likely improved by the plant's inherent vitamin C and organic acid content. Standard commercial extracts (e.g., Cissus quadrangularis extract, CQR-300) are typically standardized at 300–500 mg per dose with ~2.5% ketosteroids.
Reported Mechanism (Provisional)
Cissus quadrangularis ethanol extract contains ketosteroids and triterpenes that inhibit RANKL-induced osteoclastogenesis, reducing bone resorption. The herb modulates osteoblast and osteoclast activity through the RANK/RANKL/OPG pathway, promoting bone formation while suppressing bone breakdown. Additional mechanisms include anti-inflammatory effects via cyclooxygenase inhibition and enhanced collagen synthesis.
Clinical Narrative (Provisional)
Preclinical studies in estrogen-deficient rat models show significant bone health improvements with Cissus quadrangularis extract. Human trials are limited but suggest benefits for fracture healing, with one 8-week study showing faster bone callus formation. Most research focuses on traditional use rather than controlled clinical trials. Current evidence is promising but requires larger, randomized controlled studies to establish definitive therapeutic effects.
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