Boldo do Chile (Peumus boldus)

Boldo do Chile (Peumus boldus) is primarily valued for its bioactive alkaloids and flavonoids rather than macronutrient content. The dominant alkaloid is boldine (approximately 0.1–0.5% of dry leaf weight), a potent antioxidant and hepatoprotective compound. Secondary alkaloids include isoboldine, reticuline, and laurotetanine at trace concentrations (<0.1% dry weight). The essential oil fraction (1–3% of dry leaf) is rich in ascaridole (up to 40–50% of oil composition), p-cymene, and eucalyptol, which contribute to digestive and antimicrobial effects. Flavonoids include isorhamnetin and quercetin derivatives, present at approximately 0.2–0.8% dry weight, contributing to anti-inflammatory activity. Tannins are present at roughly 1–2% dry weight, supporting astringent digestive effects. Fiber content in dried leaf is moderate (~10–15% dry weight), though boldo is consumed primarily as an herbal infusion, limiting fiber bioavailability. Mineral content is modest; iron, calcium, and magnesium are present in trace amounts. Boldine exhibits high oral bioavailability in animal models, though human pharmacokinetic data remains limited. Ascaridole is considered potentially hepatotoxic at high doses, warranting moderation.