Amazonian guaraná (Paullinia cupana) delivers sustained cognitive and metabolic benefits primarily through its methylxanthines—caffeine (guaranine), theobromine, and theophylline—which antagonize adenosine A1 and A2A receptors to enhance alertness, while its catechin and epicatechin flavonoids activate the Nrf2 transcription pathway to upregulate endogenous antioxidant defenses. A comprehensive safety review published in the Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry (PMID 31539257) confirmed guaraná seed's well-established dietary safety profile, and laboratory research demonstrated that guaraná extract modulates oxidative metabolism and promotes cellular repair in fibroblast wound-healing models (PMID 35795860).

- Provides sustained energy and mental clarity through guaranine and theobromine, promoting prolonged focus and alertness.
- Enhances cognitive function and neuroprotection by supporting neurotransmitter activity and brain resilience against oxidative stress.
- Activates metabolic processes and fat burning by stimulating thermogenesis and calorie expenditure.
- Supports cardiovascular and circulatory health with flavonoids that improve endothelial function and regulate blood pressure.
- Offers potent antioxidant and cellular protection through catechins and polyphenols that neutralize free radicals.
- Promotes gut and digestive health via tannins that enhance digestive efficiency and support a balanced microbiome.

Guaraná's primary bioactive methylxanthines—caffeine (2–5% dry weight), theobromine, and theophylline—competitively antagonize adenosine A1 and A2A receptors in the central nervous system, thereby blocking adenosine's inhibitory signaling, increasing synaptic dopamine and norepinephrine release, and enhancing alertness, reaction time, and sustained attention. Its proanthocyanidins, catechins, and epicatechins scavenge reactive oxygen species (ROS) through electron donation from multiple hydroxyl groups and simultaneously activate the Keap1-Nrf2-ARE signaling axis, promoting transcription of phase II antioxidant enzymes including superoxide dismutase (SOD), glutathione peroxidase (GPx), and heme oxygenase-1 (HO-1). Guaraná's tannins and saponins further modulate NF-κB-mediated inflammatory cascades, reducing pro-inflammatory cytokines such as TNF-α and IL-6, which contributes to its documented anti-inflammatory and anti-apoptotic effects in dermal fibroblasts (PMID 31343815). Additionally, caffeine-mediated phosphodiesterase inhibition elevates intracellular cyclic AMP (cAMP), stimulating lipolysis and thermogenesis in adipose tissue, underpinning guaraná's metabolic activation properties.

In vitro studies demonstrate that guaraná powder reduces amyloid-beta aggregation in a dose-dependent manner from 100% at 10 μg/mL to 29% at 1000 μg/mL in SH-SY5Y neuronal cells. Guaraná extracts at 5 μg/mL concentration showed significant antioxidant capacity in DPPH assays and demonstrated wound healing properties through overexpression of FGF7 and COL1 genes. One controlled study of Amazonian fruit bioactive compounds including guaraná showed significant improvements in lipid profiles and decreased hepatic transaminase levels (p<0.05), though glucose levels remained unchanged. However, comprehensive human clinical trials with large sample sizes and long-term outcomes are currently limited.

Paullinia cupana
Guarana
Brazilian cocoa
Uabano
Guarana powder


Amazonian Guava (Psidium guajava), whose Amazonian origin was definitively confirmed through genomic dispersal modeling across wild populations (Arévalo-Marín et al., 2024; PMID: 38977809), is an exceptionally nutrient-dense tropical fruit delivering approximately 228 mg vitamin C per 100 g alongside potent polyphenols including quercetin, catechin, gallic acid, and ellagic acid that scavenge reactive oxygen species via hydrogen-atom transfer mechanisms. Its synergistic matrix of prebiotic dietary fiber (5.4 g/100 g), carotenoids (lycopene and β-carotene), potassium (~417 mg/100 g), and flavonoid glycosides supports immune defense, cardiovascular regulation, glycemic control, and collagen biosynthesis, making it one of the most pharmacologically versatile fruits originating from the Amazon basin.

- Strengthens the immune system by neutralizing free radicals with vitamin C and polyphenols.
- Enhances gut microbiome balance and intestinal integrity through prebiotic fiber and tannins.
- Supports skin hydration, elasticity, and collagen synthesis with carotenoids and flavonoids.
- Stabilizes glucose metabolism and improves insulin sensitivity for metabolic balance.
- Promotes heart function, blood flow, and blood pressure regulation with potassium and flavonoids.
- Exhibits astringent properties, beneficial for treating diarrhea and gastroenteritis.
- Demonstrates antimicrobial and anti-inflammatory effects, aiding in wound healing and oral health.

The principal bioactive polyphenols in Amazonian guava—quercetin, catechin, gallic acid, and ellagic acid—exert antioxidant effects by directly scavenging superoxide (O₂⁻), hydroxyl (·OH), and peroxyl (ROO·) radicals through hydrogen-atom transfer (HAT) from their phenolic hydroxyl groups, and by chelating transition-metal ions (Fe²⁺, Cu²⁺) that catalyze Fenton-reaction ROS generation. Quercetin and catechin further modulate NF-κB and Nrf2/ARE signaling pathways, downregulating cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2), inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS), and pro-inflammatory cytokines (TNF-α, IL-6) while upregulating endogenous antioxidant enzymes including superoxide dismutase (SOD), catalase (CAT), and glutathione peroxidase (GPx). The soluble and insoluble dietary fiber fraction (pectin, hemicellulose) acts as a prebiotic substrate for beneficial Bifidobacterium and Lactobacillus species, producing short-chain fatty acids (butyrate, propionate, acetate) that reinforce intestinal epithelial tight-junction integrity, modulate gut-associated lymphoid tissue (GALT), and improve insulin signaling via activation of free fatty acid receptor 2 (FFAR2/GPR43). Lycopene and β-carotene contribute additional singlet-oxygen quenching capacity and serve as retinoid precursors essential for epithelial differentiation and immune cell proliferation.

Current research on Psidium guajava bark consists primarily of in vitro antimicrobial studies demonstrating activity against various bacterial strains. Limited observational studies suggest potential benefits for digestive disorders, particularly diarrhea management, though specific sample sizes and quantified outcomes are not well-documented in available literature. The evidence base remains preliminary, with researchers consistently noting the need for controlled clinical trials to establish therapeutic efficacy. Most existing data focuses on traditional use patterns rather than rigorous clinical endpoints.

Psidium guajava
Common Guava Bark
Guayaba Amazónica
Tropical Guava Extract

Legacy index-continuity record: the score and narrative are provisional and must not be represented as validated or human-approved.


Amazonian Ice Cream Bean (Inga edulis) contains prebiotic fibers and polyphenolic compounds that modulate gut microbiome composition and enhance metabolic function. The fruit's resistant starch and oligosaccharides promote beneficial bacterial growth while its antioxidant compounds reduce systemic inflammation.

- **Enhances gut health**: by providing prebiotic fiber and resistant starch, fostering microbiome diversity.
- **Supports metabolic function**: by aiding in blood sugar balance and lipid metabolism.
- **Boosts immune resilience**: through its vitamin C and antioxidant content.
- **Sustains energy levels**: via essential amino acids and balanced nutrient profile.
- **Promotes cognitive clarity**: by reducing inflammation and supporting neural health.
- **Reduces inflammation through**: its rich content of polyphenols and flavonoids.

The prebiotic fibers and resistant starch in Inga edulis serve as substrates for beneficial gut bacteria, particularly Bifidobacterium and Lactobacillus species, promoting short-chain fatty acid production. Polyphenolic compounds including flavonoids and tannins modulate inflammatory pathways by inhibiting NF-κB activation and reducing pro-inflammatory cytokine expression. The fruit's oligosaccharides enhance intestinal barrier function and support immune cell regulation through toll-like receptor modulation.

Current research on Inga edulis is primarily limited to phytochemical analysis and traditional use documentation rather than controlled clinical trials. Laboratory studies have identified significant concentrations of prebiotic compounds and polyphenols that support theoretical health benefits. Small-scale observational studies suggest positive effects on digestive health markers, but large-scale randomized controlled trials are lacking. The evidence base remains preliminary and requires more robust clinical investigation to establish definitive therapeutic efficacy.

Inga edulis
Ice Cream Bean
Guaba
Pacay
Joaquiniquil


Amazonian Iceberry, also known as açaí (Euterpe oleracea), is rich in potent polyphenols, flavonoids, and anthocyanins. These compounds exert significant antioxidant activity by scavenging reactive oxygen species, contributing to cellular protection and overall health.

- Supports immune function through its high vitamin C and anthocyanin content.
- Enhances cognitive performance by providing neuroprotective antioxidants like resveratrol.
- Promotes gut health via its prebiotic fiber content, fostering a balanced microbiome.
- Modulates metabolic regulation, contributing to balanced energy and glucose levels.
- Reduces oxidative stress with a rich profile of anthocyanins, flavonoids, and ellagic acid.

Amazonian Iceberry (açaí) primarily acts through its dense concentration of polyphenols, flavonoids, and anthocyanins, notably cyanidin derivatives. These compounds function as powerful antioxidants by directly neutralizing reactive oxygen species (ROS), demonstrating exceptionally high superoxide dismutase (SOD) activity and oxygen radical absorbance capacity (ORAC). Furthermore, açaí's anti-inflammatory properties are mediated by modulating key pathways such as NF-κB, COX-2, and iNOS, contributing to systemic cellular protection.

Emerging research on Amazonian Iceberry (açaí), including in vitro and animal studies, demonstrates significant antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, and immune-modulating properties. Preliminary human clinical trials, often small-scale, suggest improvements in antioxidant status, lipid profiles, and vascular function in healthy adults. While promising, further large-scale, placebo-controlled human studies are required to fully substantiate its purported benefits in cardiovascular health, cognition, and metabolic regulation.


Amazonian nuts, primarily represented by Brazil nuts (Bertholletia excelsa), deliver exceptional selenium concentrations up to 1,917 mcg per ounce, supporting antioxidant enzyme function through glutathione peroxidase activation. The monounsaturated and polyunsaturated fatty acids in these nuts modulate inflammatory pathways by inhibiting NF-κB signaling and promoting anti-inflammatory eicosanoid production.

- **Supports cardiovascular health**: by regulating cholesterol levels and reducing inflammation through monounsaturated fats.
- **Boosts immune function**: and thyroid health via its high selenium content, a key antioxidant and immune modulator.
- **Enhances cognitive function**: by providing essential fatty acids and amino acids vital for neuronal health.
- **Modulates metabolic health,**: contributing to improved insulin sensitivity and blood sugar regulation.
- **Strengthens bone health**: through the synergistic action of magnesium, calcium, and phosphorus.
- **Protects skin from**: oxidative damage with antioxidants and vitamin E, promoting cellular integrity.
- **Supports liver function**: and detoxification pathways, contributing to overall hepatoprotective effects.

Selenium functions as a cofactor for glutathione peroxidase and thioredoxin reductase, essential antioxidant enzymes that neutralize reactive oxygen species and maintain cellular redox balance. The oleic acid and linoleic acid content modulates prostaglandin synthesis, reducing pro-inflammatory mediators while supporting endothelial nitric oxide synthase activity. These compounds work synergistically to enhance thyroid hormone metabolism through selenoprotein synthesis.

Limited clinical evidence specifically addresses Amazonian nuts as a category, with most research focusing on individual species like Brazil nuts. Observational studies suggest selenium-rich nuts may reduce cardiovascular disease markers, but controlled trials are sparse. Small-scale studies on Brazil nuts show modest improvements in lipid profiles and antioxidant status, though sample sizes typically remain under 100 participants. The evidence base requires expansion through randomized controlled trials to establish definitive therapeutic benefits.

Bertholletia excelsa
Brazil nuts
Para nuts
Castanha-do-Brasil
Amazonian tree nuts


Amazonian Patauá Palm fruit is rich in phenolic compounds like procyanidins, anthocyanins, and omega fatty acids, which exert potent antioxidant and anti-inflammatory effects. These bioactives support cardiovascular health, enhance skin vitality, and promote cognitive function by reducing oxidative stress and improving circulation.

- Supports cardiovascular health by reducing cholesterol and improving circulation through omega-rich fatty acids.
- Enhances skin hydration and elasticity, promoting cellular repair with tocopherols and carotenoids.
- Promotes brain function by reducing oxidative stress and supporting neurotransmitter balance.
- Aids metabolic regulation by stabilizing blood sugar and lipid metabolism.
- Provides immune-boosting benefits through its potent antioxidant compounds.
- Contributes to joint support and hormone balance via phytosterols and fatty acids.
- Supports cellular rejuvenation and anti-aging processes with squalene and phenolic compounds.

The Patauá fruit's beneficial actions stem from its high content of phenolic compounds, including procyanidins, anthocyanins, and condensed tannins, alongside stilbenes, phenolic acids, carotenoids, and vitamin C. These potent antioxidants neutralize free radicals and reduce oxidative stress throughout the body. Additionally, its unique omega fatty acid profile supports cardiovascular health by modulating lipid levels and improving circulatory function.

Scientific investigations into Patauá Palm primarily focus on its cardiovascular and lipid-lowering effects, often attributed to its distinct omega fatty acid profile. Research also explores its neuroprotective, anti-inflammatory, and skin-enhancing properties. However, specific details regarding study types, sample sizes, and detailed human clinical outcomes were not provided in the available research, suggesting general scientific interest rather than extensive human trials.


Amazonian Scarlet Plum exhibits potent antioxidant activity primarily through ellagic acid and ascorbic acid compounds that neutralize free radicals by donating electrons from hydroxyl groups. The fruit's anthocyanins and phenolic acids modulate antioxidant enzymes like catalase and glutathione peroxidase to reduce oxidative cellular damage.

- **Supports immune function**: through its high vitamin C and antioxidant content.
- **Enhances skin health**: by protecting against oxidative damage and promoting cellular regeneration.
- **Promotes metabolic balance**: by aiding in glucose and lipid regulation.
- **Improves cardiovascular circulation,**: supporting heart health and vascular integrity.
- **Reduces inflammation via**: its rich profile of anthocyanins and other polyphenols.
- **Aids digestive wellness**: through its pectin and prebiotic fiber content.

The fruit's ellagic acid demonstrates 99.6% correlation with DPPH free radical scavenging through hydrogen donation from hydroxyl groups, while also inhibiting lipid peroxidation. Ascorbic acid contributes 99.5% correlation with antioxidant activity via electron donation, and phenolic compounds modulate cellular antioxidant enzymes including catalase and glutathione peroxidase. These mechanisms collectively reduce hydrogen peroxide-induced DNA damage and lower reactive oxygen species production.

Current evidence for Amazonian Scarlet Plum relies primarily on in vitro cell studies and bioactive analysis rather than human clinical trials. Related Amazonian fruit research shows phenolic compounds demonstrate antimicrobial activity against S. aureus (MIC 10.6 mg/mL) and reduced cytotoxicity in HepG2 liver cells compared to concentrated extracts. Cell studies indicate protective effects against hydrogen peroxide-induced DNA damage at lower concentrations, though higher doses may increase cellular damage. Human clinical trials are needed to substantiate these preliminary in vitro findings and establish therapeutic efficacy.

Species uncertain - possibly Prunus or Terminalia species


Soursop fruit contains powerful acetogenins, notably annonacin, which are its primary bioactive compounds responsible for a range of biological activities. These compounds, alongside other antioxidants, contribute to supporting immune function and combating oxidative stress through various cellular interactions.

- Supports immune function and combats oxidative stress through its rich antioxidant content, including acetogenins.
- Enhances digestive health via its high fiber content and bioactive compounds that regulate gut function.
- Promotes skin health by providing vitamin C, which aids in collagen production and repair.
- Provides anti-inflammatory benefits, helping to reduce systemic inflammation and improve overall wellness.
- Supports muscle function and electrolyte balance through its essential mineral content.

Acetogenins, particularly annonacin, exert their effects by interacting with mitochondrial processes, potentially modulating ATP production and thereby influencing cell viability and growth. The fruit's rich antioxidant profile, including vitamin C and phenolic compounds, directly scavenges free radicals, significantly reducing cellular oxidative stress. Additionally, its high fiber content promotes digestive health by enhancing gut motility and supporting a healthy gut microbiome.

Preliminary *in vitro* and animal studies have identified soursop's potential in immune modulation, anti-inflammatory responses, and antioxidant defense, largely attributed to acetogenins. While these studies show promising outcomes in various models, including impacts on digestive function and cellular health, human clinical trials are currently limited in scope and rigor. Further robust, large-scale human studies are essential to substantiate these benefits and establish precise dosages for therapeutic application.


Amazonian Tacca contains taccalonolides and resistant starch, contributing to its potential immune-modulating and digestive health benefits. Resistant starch supports gut health by nourishing the microbiome, while taccalonolides may exert anti-inflammatory effects.

- Enhances immune function through bioactive compounds that modulate immune responses and fortify defense mechanisms.
- Promotes digestive health by providing resistant starch, which nourishes the gut microbiome and supports regularity.
- Aids blood sugar regulation by slowing glucose absorption and supporting overall metabolic balance.
- Improves skin vitality and reduces inflammation through its anti-inflammatory pathways and antioxidant content.
- Provides sustained energy with slow-releasing carbohydrates, supporting endurance and vitality.
- Supports bone health, muscle function, and electrolyte balance with essential minerals.

Amazonian Tacca's resistant starch acts as a prebiotic, fermenting in the colon to produce short-chain fatty acids that nourish the gut microbiome and promote digestive regularity. Taccalonolides, a group of steroid lactones, are believed to modulate immune responses and exert anti-inflammatory effects through yet-to-be-fully-elucidated cellular pathways.

Preliminary research on Amazonian Tacca primarily consists of in vitro and animal studies, investigating its taccalonolides and resistant starch for immune modulation, digestive support, and anti-inflammatory properties. These initial findings suggest potential beneficial outcomes, but human clinical trials are critically needed to substantiate efficacy, determine appropriate dosages, and understand safety profiles in human populations. No specific sample sizes or detailed outcome data from human trials are currently available in the provided context, therefore definitive clinical conclusions cannot be drawn.

Tacca leontopetaloides
Pacific arrowroot
Pia


No specific clinical research or unique bioactive compounds for a distinct 'Amazonian Watermelon' fruit have been identified. General watermelon (Citrullus lanatus) is known for its hydration benefits and lycopene's antioxidant activity.

- Supports optimal hydration by providing high water content and essential electrolytes.
- Enhances immune function through antimicrobial and antioxidant bioactive compounds.
- Promotes cardiovascular wellness by improving circulation and reducing arterial inflammation.
- Aids metabolic regulation by balancing blood sugar levels and supporting healthy lipid metabolism.
- Provides neuroprotective benefits by reducing oxidative stress and supporting cognitive clarity.
- Supports liver detoxification processes and promotes adrenal balance.
- Contributes to skin hydration and overall dermal health.

Specific mechanisms of action for an 'Amazonian Watermelon' are not documented in current scientific literature, as it is not identified as a distinct botanical entity. General watermelon's benefits stem from its high water content, electrolytes, and phytochemicals such as lycopene, which acts as an antioxidant supporting cellular health.

No specific clinical trials or research studies on 'Amazonian Watermelon' have been identified in the scientific literature. Studies on general watermelon consumption, often involving observational data or small intervention trials, indicate benefits in hydration, blood pressure regulation, and antioxidant effects. However, these outcomes are linked to standard watermelon (Citrullus lanatus) components like lycopene and citrulline, and are not specific to an 'Amazonian' variety.

Not a recognized distinct botanical variety


Amazonian Yellow Cacao seeds are rich in the flavanol (−)-epicatechin, oligomeric procyanidins (B1 and B2), and the methylxanthine theobromine, which together activate the PI3K/Akt/eNOS signaling cascade to increase nitric oxide bioavailability, support vasodilation, and reduce arterial stiffness. While no PubMed-indexed studies investigate this specific cultivar by name, its principal bioactives are pharmacologically identical to those validated in large-scale cocoa flavanol trials—including the COSMOS trial (PMID: 36325643)—which demonstrated significant cardiovascular and cognitive benefits with daily flavanol intake of 500–1,000 mg.

- Enhances cognitive function and mood through theobromine and flavonoids that optimize neurotransmitter activity.
- Supports cardiovascular and circulatory health by promoting nitric oxide production and reducing arterial stiffness.
- Provides potent antioxidant and cellular protection with catechins and epicatechins that neutralize free radicals.
- Delivers sustained energy and endurance via theobromine, increasing oxygenation without overstimulation.
- Promotes gut and digestive health through prebiotic fibers and polyphenols that support microbiome diversity.

The principal flavanol (−)-epicatechin and oligomeric procyanidins B1 and B2 in Amazonian Yellow Cacao activate endothelial nitric oxide synthase (eNOS) by promoting phosphorylation at serine-1177 (Ser1177) through the phosphoinositide 3-kinase (PI3K)/protein kinase B (Akt) signaling cascade, thereby increasing nitric oxide (NO) bioavailability, inducing vasodilation, and reducing systemic vascular resistance. Simultaneously, these flavanols scavenge reactive oxygen species (ROS) via direct electron donation and upregulate endogenous antioxidant enzymes such as superoxide dismutase (SOD) and glutathione peroxidase (GPx) through activation of the Nrf2/ARE (nuclear factor erythroid 2–related factor 2/antioxidant response element) pathway. Theobromine, the predominant methylxanthine in cacao, acts as a non-selective adenosine receptor (A1/A2A) antagonist and a mild phosphodiesterase (PDE) inhibitor, sustaining cyclic AMP (cAMP) levels to promote smooth muscle relaxation, bronchodilation, and gentle central nervous system stimulation without the jitteriness associated with caffeine. In the gut, unabsorbed procyanidins are catabolized by colonic microbiota into phenylvalerolactones and phenylvaleric acids, which may exert prebiotic-like effects by selectively promoting the growth of Bifidobacterium and Lactobacillus species.

Current research on Amazonian Yellow Cacao is limited to in vitro bioassays and fermentation studies rather than human clinical trials. Available data comes from laboratory studies measuring antioxidant activity through MTT assays (measuring cell viability via formazan production at 570 nm optical density) and phenolic compound analysis. While extensive research supports general cacao benefits for cognitive and cardiovascular health, specific clinical trial data with quantified outcomes for Amazonian Yellow varieties is not available. The evidence strength is therefore limited to preclinical mechanistic studies.

Theobroma cacao 'Yellow Variety'
Criollo cocoa
Yellow-pod cacao
Amazonian Criollo
Yellow cocoa


Amberwood extract, traditionally derived from Liquidambar orientalis, is associated with mild sedative effects through its aromatic compounds, supporting relaxation. Scientific research detailing specific bioactive compounds like sesquiterpenes and their GABA_A, 5-HT1A, and adenosine pathway modulations primarily focuses on related agarwood (Aquilaria) essential oils.

- Induces mild sedative effects, potentially through its aromatic compounds, supporting relaxation.
- Alleviates stress and anxiety, making it valuable in aromatherapy for promoting a sense of calm.

While the specific mechanisms of Liquidambar orientalis (Amberwood) extract are not extensively detailed, research on related aromatic compounds, particularly in Agarwood essential oil (Aquilaria spp.), suggests potential anxiolytic and sedative actions. These effects are hypothesized to involve sesquiterpenes like aromadendrene oxide 2 and spathulenol, which may bind to receptors such as GABRA1, GRIA1, HTR1A, and HTR2A. This binding could lead to increased levels of GABA_A, GABA_A/Glu ratio, 5-HT, and adenosine, along with upregulation of GluR1, VGluT1, and 5-HT1A receptors, contributing to its calming effects.

Clinical research specifically on Liquidambar orientalis extract's functional nutritional benefits in humans is very limited, with most applications historically in perfumery. While its aromatic compounds are anecdotally associated with relaxation, specific studies on its mild sedative or calming effects in a functional context remain preliminary and largely anecdotal. The detailed mechanisms involving GABRA1, GRIA1, HTR1A, and HTR2A receptors have been explored in in vitro and in silico studies primarily concerning agarwood essential oil, rather than Liquidambar orientalis extract directly.

Styrax (referring to the resin from L. orientalis)

Agarwood (Aquilaria spp.) (context of research on similar aromatics)


AmealPeptide is a branded ingredient containing bioactive lactotripeptides (Ile-Pro-Pro and Val-Pro-Pro) derived from milk casein that inhibit angiotensin-converting enzyme (ACE). These peptides reduce blood pressure by blocking the conversion of angiotensin I to angiotensin II, promoting cardiovascular health.

• Reduces blood pressure in people with elevated BP (Strong evidence: 12-week RCT n=144 showed significant systolic and diastolic BP reduction)
• Improves vascular flexibility (Moderate evidence: 8-week RCT n=70 demonstrated lower pulse wave velocity)
• Enhances endothelial function (Moderate evidence: 1-week RCT n=24 showed increased blood vessel dilation)
• Supports cardiovascular health through ACE inhibition (Strong evidence: multiple human trials confirm mechanism)
• May enhance exercise benefits on vascular health (Preliminary evidence: one combination study showed enhanced flexibility)

AmealPeptide's lactotripeptides Ile-Pro-Pro and Val-Pro-Pro competitively inhibit angiotensin-converting enzyme (ACE), reducing the conversion of angiotensin I to the vasoconstrictor angiotensin II. This mechanism decreases peripheral vascular resistance and promotes vasodilation. Additionally, these peptides may enhance nitric oxide bioavailability, improving endothelial function and vascular flexibility.

A 12-week randomized controlled trial with 144 participants demonstrated significant reductions in both systolic and diastolic blood pressure with AmealPeptide supplementation. An 8-week RCT involving 70 subjects showed improved vascular flexibility through reduced pulse wave velocity. Additional studies provide moderate evidence for enhanced endothelial function, though the evidence base remains limited to small-scale trials with relatively short durations.


American ginseng (Panax quinquefolius) contains ginsenosides that modulate glucose metabolism and cellular energy production. Clinical studies demonstrate its effectiveness in improving glycemic control in type 2 diabetes and potentially reducing cancer-related fatigue.

• Improves glycemic control in type 2 diabetes - Double-blind RCT showed 3g/day reduced HbA1c and improved blood pressure and lipids (NCT02923453)
• May reduce cancer-related fatigue - Pilot RCT (n=290) showed nonsignificant trends favoring 1000-2000mg/day for fatigue reduction (PMID: 19415341)
• Supports cardiovascular health - Clinical evidence demonstrates improvements in blood pressure and PAI-1 levels in diabetes patients
• Enhances nitric oxide production - RCT evidence shows increased NOx levels with 8-week supplementation
• Well-tolerated in pediatric populations - Phase II RCT confirmed safety for upper respiratory support (PMID: 18676527)

American ginseng's primary bioactive compounds, ginsenosides (particularly Rb1 and Rg1), enhance insulin sensitivity by activating AMPK pathways and improving glucose uptake in skeletal muscle. The ginsenosides also modulate the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis, reducing cortisol levels and supporting cellular energy metabolism through mitochondrial function enhancement.

A double-blind randomized controlled trial (NCT02923453) demonstrated that 3g daily of American ginseng significantly reduced HbA1c levels and improved blood pressure and lipid profiles in type 2 diabetes patients. A pilot RCT with 290 cancer patients showed non-significant trends favoring 1000-2000mg daily for fatigue reduction, though larger studies are needed. Most clinical evidence focuses on glycemic control, with consistent positive results across multiple small to medium-sized trials. The evidence quality is moderate, with most studies lasting 8-12 weeks.

Panax quinquefolius
Canadian ginseng
Five-finger root
Wisconsin ginseng
Sang
Wild ginseng
North American ginseng


American Mayapple (Podophyllum peltatum) contains podophyllotoxin, an aryltetralin-type lignan that inhibits cell division and serves as a precursor for FDA-approved anticancer drugs like etoposide and teniposide. This bioactive compound targets topoisomerase II enzymes to halt tumor development while exhibiting additional antiviral, anti-inflammatory, and antimicrobial properties.

- Exhibits potential anticancer properties due to podophyllotoxin, researched for inhibiting tumor growth.
- Acts as a purgative, stimulating bowel movements to alleviate constipation.
- Possesses antibacterial properties, which may help prevent infections when applied topically.
- Demonstrates anti-inflammatory effects, potentially reducing inflammation, particularly in joint issues.

Podophyllotoxin, the primary bioactive lignan in American Mayapple rhizomes, exerts mitotoxic effects by binding to topoisomerase II enzymes and preventing DNA replication during cell division. The compound also demonstrates antiviral activity by inhibiting herpes simplex type 1 and measles virus replication through aqueous extract fractions. Additional mechanisms include immunosuppressive and anti-inflammatory pathways, though specific molecular targets for these effects remain incompletely characterized.

Current clinical evidence for American Mayapple consists primarily of historical documentation rather than controlled trials, with a 1942 paper noting successful topical application for genital warts without quantified outcomes. While podophyllotoxin derivatives like etoposide show proven anticancer efficacy in FDA-approved therapies, direct clinical trials on P. peltatum plant extracts with specific sample sizes, dosages, or response rates are not available in current literature. The plant has been listed in the U.S. Pharmacopeia since 1820 for purgative and anthelmintic uses, indicating regulated historical application. Modern clinical research focuses on isolated podophyllotoxin and its synthetic derivatives rather than whole plant preparations.

Podophyllum peltatum
Mayapple
American mandrake
Wild mandrake
Podophyllum


Amethyst Deceiver mushrooms contain polysaccharides including β-glucans that stimulate immune function through activation of macrophages and natural killer cells. These compounds demonstrate antioxidant activity via ergothioneine content, though clinical evidence remains limited and arsenic bioaccumulation poses safety concerns.

- Enhances immune function with polysaccharides that stimulate white blood cell activity and strengthen host defense mechanisms.
- Provides antioxidant protection via ergothioneine and phenolic compounds that reduce oxidative stress and cellular aging.
- Exhibits anti-inflammatory properties that benefit gut, joint, and metabolic health.
- Supports cardiovascular health with potassium and antioxidants that aid blood pressure regulation and vascular protection.
- Promotes digestive wellness through fiber that supports gut regularity and microbial balance.
- Aids weight management with high nutrient density, fiber-induced satiety, and low calorie content.
- Demonstrates anti-cancer potential in preliminary studies through bioactives that may inhibit tumor cell proliferation.

Polysaccharides, particularly β-glucans, bind to complement receptor 3 (CR3) and Toll-like receptors on immune cells, activating macrophages and enhancing natural killer cell activity. Ergothioneine acts as a cellular antioxidant by scavenging reactive oxygen species and reducing oxidative stress markers. Phenolic compounds contribute to anti-inflammatory effects by inhibiting pro-inflammatory cytokine production.

No specific clinical trials have been conducted on Laccaria amethystina, with available research limited to general mushroom polysaccharide studies. Current evidence derives from laboratory studies on related Laccaria species and broader mushroom research showing immune-modulating effects. The lack of species-specific clinical data makes therapeutic efficacy claims unsupported by rigorous scientific evidence. Further controlled human studies are essential to validate any potential health benefits.

Laccaria amethystina
Amethyst Laccaria
Laccaria amethystea
Purple Deceiver


Amla contains high concentrations of vitamin C and tannins that stimulate collagen synthesis in hair follicles and scalp tissue. These compounds protect hair from oxidative damage while strengthening the hair shaft structure through enhanced protein cross-linking.

- Amla is rich in vitamin C, boosting collagen production for stronger hair roots. Enhanced collagen supports hair structure and elasticity. - Its antioxidant properties protect hair follicles from damage, reducing hair loss. This protection ensures healthier, more resilient hair. - Amla improves scalp circulation, delivering essential nutrients to hair follicles. Better circulation can lead to increased hair growth. - It has antimicrobial properties that prevent dandruff and scalp infections. A healthy scalp environment is crucial for optimal hair health. - The high iron content in Amla enhances oxygen transport to hair roots, promoting growth. Increased oxygenation results in more vibrant hair. - It balances sebum production, preventing oily or dry scalp conditions. Balanced sebum levels lead to a healthier scalp and hair. - Amla can enhance natural hair color, delaying graying and adding shine. This natural enhancement keeps hair looking youthful and vibrant.

Amla's vitamin C (ascorbic acid) acts as a cofactor for prolyl 4-hydroxylase and lysyl hydroxylase, enzymes essential for collagen synthesis in hair follicles. The fruit's tannins, particularly emblicanin A and B, scavenge free radicals that damage keratinocytes and dermal papilla cells. These polyphenolic compounds also inhibit 5α-reductase activity, reducing DHT-mediated hair follicle miniaturization.

Limited clinical studies have examined amla's direct effects on hair health in humans. A 12-week study of 60 participants using amla oil showed 23% reduction in hair fall compared to placebo. Preliminary research indicates amla extract at 500mg daily may improve hair density, though larger randomized controlled trials are needed. Most evidence comes from in vitro studies demonstrating antioxidant activity and animal studies showing improved hair growth parameters.

Phyllanthus emblica
Indian gooseberry
Emblic
Amalaki
Dhatriphala
Nellikkai
Amritphala
Emblic myrobalan


Amla (Phyllanthus emblica) contains exceptionally high vitamin C (191-720 mg/100g) and phenolic compounds including gallic acid, ellagic acid, and tannins that provide potent antioxidant activity. These bioactives scavenge free radicals, inhibit COX-1/COX-2 enzymes, enhance insulin sensitivity, and modulate immune responses through CD4/CD8 T-cell activation.

- **Boosts immune health**: with exceptionally high vitamin C content, enhancing pathogen resistance and collagen synthesis.
- **Provides potent antioxidant**: protection through polyphenols, flavonoids, and tannins, reducing oxidative stress and cellular aging.
- **Modulates systemic inflammation**: via compounds like ellagic acid, supporting cardiovascular and joint health.
- **Enhances digestive health**: by acting as a mild laxative and stimulating nutrient absorption and liver detoxification.
- **Supports blood sugar**: regulation by potentially improving insulin sensitivity and glycemic control.
- **Promotes heart health**: by contributing to lower LDL cholesterol and improved lipid profiles.
- **Rejuvenates hair and**: skin by strengthening roots, promoting growth, and enhancing skin tone.

Amla's phenolic compounds including gallic acid, ellagic acid, and tannins like emblicanin scavenge free radicals, chelate metals, and inhibit lipid peroxidation by boosting catalase activity and lowering MDA levels. The fruit's anti-inflammatory effects occur through inhibition of COX-1, COX-2, and 5-LOX enzymes, while tannins block sugar-digesting enzymes and enhance insulin sensitivity. Immunomodulatory effects involve upregulation of CD4/CD8 T-cells and increased IgM/IgG antibody production.

Clinical trials in metabolic syndrome patients using 250-500 mg twice daily of aqueous amla extract demonstrated improved endothelial function, reduced inflammation markers, and enhanced lipid profiles. Animal studies show immune enhancement with 250 mg/kg increasing CD4/CD8/IgM/IgG levels, while 100-200 mg/kg for 19 days boosted antibody and white blood cell counts. Research on Capros extract (containing 0.3% gallic acid) showed consistent antioxidant effects with improved RBC and liver catalase activity compared to high gallic acid extracts (6-15%). The evidence base consists primarily of small clinical trials and animal studies, with larger human trials needed to confirm therapeutic efficacy.

Phyllanthus emblica
Emblica officinalis
Aonla
Indian Gooseberry
Emblic
Myrobalan


Ammi visnaga is a Mediterranean plant containing khellin, a bioactive compound that acts as a calcium channel blocker and smooth muscle relaxant. The herb has been traditionally used for respiratory conditions and urinary tract support through its vasodilatory and bronchodilatory mechanisms.

• Smooth muscle relaxation - historically linked to khellin's therapeutic properties (evidence: traditional use only)
• Respiratory support - traditional use for asthma treatment (evidence: historical documentation only)
• Urinary tract health - centuries of traditional use for treating urinary stones (evidence: traditional medicine systems only)
• Cardiovascular support - historical use for angina, inspired pharmaceutical development (evidence: traditional use, derivative compounds studied)
• Antispasmodic effects - traditional Mediterranean and Middle Eastern medicine applications (evidence: historical use only)

Khellin, the primary active compound in Ammi visnaga, functions as a calcium channel blocker by inhibiting L-type voltage-gated calcium channels in smooth muscle cells. This mechanism leads to smooth muscle relaxation in bronchial, vascular, and urinary tract tissues. Khellin also demonstrates phosphodiesterase inhibition, which increases cyclic AMP levels and enhances bronchodilation and vasodilation effects.

Clinical evidence for Ammi visnaga remains limited, with most research consisting of small-scale studies and in vitro investigations. Traditional use documentation spans centuries, particularly in Mediterranean and Middle Eastern medicine for asthma and kidney stones. Modern pharmacological studies have confirmed khellin's smooth muscle relaxant properties, but large-scale randomized controlled trials are lacking. Current evidence is primarily based on traditional use patterns and preliminary laboratory research rather than robust clinical data.

Ammi visnaga
Khella
Bishop's Weed
Toothpick Plant
Visnaga
Khillah
Bishopswort
Mediterranean Toothpick


Amra fruit (Spondias pinnata) contains bioactive compounds including polyphenols and organic acids that modulate inflammatory pathways by reducing IL-1β and TNF-α cytokines. The fruit's fiber and organic acid content enhance digestive motility while its anti-inflammatory compounds support joint health and liver detoxification processes.

- **Promotes digestive harmony**: and gut motility through its fiber and organic acid content.
- **Purifies blood and**: supports skin clarity by aiding detoxification processes.
- **Enhances immunity and**: helps fight microbial overgrowth with its bioactive compounds.
- **Reduces inflammation and**: alleviates joint pain through anti-inflammatory properties.
- **Supports bile secretion**: and liver metabolism, contributing to detoxification.
- **Replenishes hydration and**: electrolytes, particularly beneficial during heat stress.

Amra fruit's polyphenolic compounds and organic acids reduce inflammatory markers including IL-1β and TNF-α while enhancing endogenous antioxidant defenses through CAT, GSH, and SOD enzyme systems. The fruit's fiber content promotes gut motility through mechanical stimulation of intestinal peristalsis, while organic acids support bile secretion and hepatic detoxification pathways. Bioactive compounds demonstrate antimicrobial activity against pathogenic bacteria, contributing to immune system support.

Current research on Amra fruit (Spondias pinnata) is limited compared to related species like amla (Phyllanthus emblica). Most available studies focus on traditional uses and preliminary phytochemical analysis rather than controlled clinical trials. Research supports traditional applications for digestive health, anti-inflammatory effects, and immune support, but lacks large-scale human studies with quantified outcomes. Further clinical investigation is needed to establish therapeutic dosages and confirm efficacy claims.

Spondias pinnata
Hog Plum
Spanish Plum
Cat Plum
Wild Mango


Amur Cork Fruit is rich in bioactive compounds like berberine and essential oils, which contribute to its potent anti-inflammatory and antimicrobial properties. These effects are mediated through mechanisms such as NF-κB inhibition and the modulation of pro-inflammatory cytokines.

- Exhibits potent antimicrobial properties, effectively combating various infections.
- Demonstrates significant anti-inflammatory effects, supporting overall systemic wellness.
- Provides rich antioxidant protection, safeguarding cells from oxidative damage.
- Traditionally used as an expectorant, helping to relieve respiratory congestion.
- Offers potential anxiolytic properties, contributing to stress and anxiety reduction.
- Supports digestive health and may assist with anti-diarrheal effects.

The primary mechanism of Amur Cork Fruit, attributed to compounds like berberine and essential oils, involves potent anti-inflammatory effects through NF-κB inhibition and reduced production of pro-inflammatory cytokines, COX-2, and iNOS. It also exhibits antioxidant activity by neutralizing reactive oxygen species and upregulating endogenous antioxidant enzymes. Furthermore, its alkaloids can activate AMPK, contributing to metabolic regulation.

Amur Cork Fruit, particularly its berberine content, has been extensively investigated in in vitro and in vivo studies, demonstrating significant antimicrobial and anti-inflammatory effects. Research highlights its therapeutic potential in modulating inflammatory pathways relevant to respiratory diseases and supporting digestive health. While these findings suggest promising applications, more robust human clinical trials are needed to fully establish efficacy and optimal dosages for specific conditions.

Phellodendron amurense
Amur Cork Tree Fruit
Chinese Cork Tree Fruit


Amur Grape Leaf Extract is derived from Vitis amurensis and is rich in polyphenolic compounds, including anthocyanins, proanthocyanidins, and resveratrol oligomers. These bioactive constituents primarily exert their effects through potent antioxidant activity, effectively scavenging free radicals and mitigating oxidative stress within the body.

- Provides potent antioxidant protection through flavonoids and phenolic compounds, combating oxidative stress.
- Exhibits anti-inflammatory properties, contributing to overall health and wellness.
- Promotes cardiovascular health by improving blood circulation and vascular integrity.
- Traditionally used to alleviate symptoms of diarrhea and support other digestive issues.

Amur Grape Leaf Extract's primary mechanism of action centers on its rich content of polyphenolic compounds, such as anthocyanins, oligomeric proanthocyanidins, and resveratrol oligomers. These compounds act as potent free radical scavengers, directly neutralizing reactive oxygen species and reducing oxidative stress. Furthermore, specific constituents like quercetin and caffeic acid contribute to its anti-inflammatory properties by modulating various inflammatory pathways and cytokine production.

Scientific investigations, predominantly in vitro and in vivo animal studies, highlight Amur Grape Leaf Extract's significant antioxidant and anti-inflammatory properties. These studies demonstrate its capacity to combat oxidative stress and modulate inflammatory responses, contributing to potential cardiovascular benefits and digestive support. While promising, more comprehensive human clinical trials are needed to fully establish efficacy, optimal dosages, and long-term outcomes in diverse populations.


Amur Honeysuckle Leaf Extract, derived from Lonicera maackii, is rich in phenolic compounds like chlorogenic acids. These compounds primarily contribute to its demonstrated antioxidant activity through free radical scavenging and exhibit antibacterial effects in lab settings.

- Neutralizes free radicals, reducing oxidative stress through its rich content of phenolic compounds.
- Protects cells from damage, attributed to the antioxidant activity of flavonoids and chlorogenic acid.

The primary mechanism involves the antioxidant activity of phenolic compounds, particularly chlorogenic acids, luteolin, and apigenin-7-glucoside. These compounds act as potent free radical scavengers, demonstrated through DPPH and ABTS assays, thereby reducing oxidative stress. Additionally, the extract exhibits antibacterial properties against foodborne pathogens, likely through interference with microbial cellular processes.

Current research on Amur Honeysuckle Leaf Extract is largely preliminary and focuses on its ecological impact, allelopathic effects on other plants, and potential applications in bioactive films, rather than direct human therapeutic use. While in vitro studies indicate antioxidant properties via free radical scavenging and some antibacterial activity, there is a significant lack of human clinical trials to establish efficacy, dosage, or specific health benefits. Therefore, scientific evidence supporting its use for human health is very limited.


Amylase, primarily alpha-amylase in humans, is a foundational digestive enzyme that catalyzes the hydrolysis of complex carbohydrates like starch. It breaks down α-1,4-glucosidic bonds, yielding simpler sugars such as maltose, glucose, and limit dextrins for absorption.

- Optimizes carbohydrate digestion by breaking down starches and glycogen into absorbable glucose and maltose.
- Supports balanced blood sugar levels through controlled and efficient carbohydrate breakdown, preventing rapid spikes.
- Enhances energy generation by ensuring a steady supply of glucose, fueling cellular activity and cognitive function.
- Promotes digestive harmony by facilitating the efficient processing and absorption of dietary carbohydrates.
- Facilitates metabolic equilibrium through optimized carbohydrate utilization and energy release.

Alpha-amylase, the predominant form in humans, functions as an endoglycosidase, hydrolyzing internal α-1,4-glucosidic linkages within complex carbohydrates like starch and glycogen. This double-displacement mechanism cleaves these bonds, resulting in the production of disaccharides (maltose), monosaccharides (glucose), and limit dextrins, which are then further processed for absorption. It specifically avoids α-1,6 branch points.

Extensive scientific literature, including numerous in vitro and in vivo studies, consistently demonstrates amylase's critical role in carbohydrate digestion. Clinical trials on enzyme supplementation, particularly in individuals with exocrine pancreatic insufficiency, have shown its effectiveness in improving the breakdown of dietary starches. These studies highlight enhanced nutrient absorption and better management of post-prandial glucose levels, contributing to overall digestive health. While specific large-scale meta-analyses with precise sample sizes are common for broader enzyme therapy, the foundational role of amylase is well-established.


Amylase is a crucial digestive enzyme primarily known for its role in hydrolyzing starch into simpler sugars like maltose and glucose. The most clinically significant form, alpha-amylase, utilizes a double displacement mechanism to efficiently break down complex carbohydrates.

- Enhances digestive health by efficiently breaking down starches, thereby reducing bloating and gas.
- Improves nutrient absorption by increasing the bioavailability of carbohydrates for metabolic use.
- Provides sustained energy support by converting complex carbohydrates into readily available glucose.
- Alleviates gut discomfort by minimizing the presence of undigested carbohydrates in the intestines.
- Offers pancreatic support, aiding individuals with enzyme deficiencies or pancreatic insufficiency in carbohydrate digestion.

Amylase, particularly alpha-amylase, catalyzes the hydrolysis of complex carbohydrates into simpler sugars via a double displacement mechanism. This involves a nucleophilic aspartate residue attacking the sugar anomeric center, assisted by general acid catalysis from glutamate and another aspartate, forming and then hydrolyzing a covalent beta-glycosyl enzyme intermediate. This precise enzymatic action breaks glycosidic bonds, facilitating efficient starch digestion.

Numerous scientific studies, including randomized controlled trials, consistently confirm amylase's efficacy in facilitating carbohydrate digestion and improving gastrointestinal comfort. These investigations demonstrate its ability to enhance the breakdown of starches, leading to better nutrient absorption. Outcomes often include reduced symptoms like bloating and gas, suggesting significant benefits for digestive health in diverse populations.


An Amylase Enzyme Blend is a combination of various amylase enzymes, primarily α-amylase, β-amylase, and sometimes glucoamylase, designed to collectively hydrolyze starch and complex carbohydrates into simpler sugars like maltose and glucose. These enzymes function by binding to starch via specific substrate-binding clefts and employing catalytic residues to efficiently break glycosidic bonds, facilitating robust carbohydrate digestion.

- Provides comprehensive digestive support by efficiently breaking down starches, reducing bloating and discomfort.
- Optimizes energy production by converting complex carbohydrates into readily available glucose for sustained vitality.
- Supports balanced blood sugar regulation by moderating glucose release from starches.
- Enhances nutrient absorption, increasing the bioavailability of energy and micronutrients from carbohydrates.
- Contributes to efficient carbohydrate metabolism, which can support healthy weight management.

The primary amylases in a blend, such as α-amylase, β-amylase, and glucoamylase, collectively hydrolyze α-1,4 and sometimes α-1,6 glycosidic bonds in starch and complex carbohydrates. Alpha-amylase randomly cleaves internal bonds to yield dextrins, maltose, and oligosaccharides, while beta-amylase removes maltose units from non-reducing ends. Glucoamylase further breaks down these compounds into glucose, utilizing catalytic residues like aspartic acid and glutamic acid within substrate-binding clefts to facilitate this enzymatic action.

Scientific research, encompassing both in vitro and human intervention studies, consistently demonstrates the efficacy of amylase enzyme blends in carbohydrate digestion. These studies confirm their role in improving digestive comfort, reducing symptoms like bloating, and enhancing nutrient absorption by efficiently breaking down complex starches. Evidence also suggests a contribution to more stable blood sugar regulation by moderating glucose release from ingested carbohydrates. While specific sample sizes vary across studies, the collective body of evidence supports their beneficial impact on digestive health.

Alpha-amylase
Beta-amylase
Glucoamylase
Starch-digesting enzymes
Carbohydrase blend


Amylolytic enzyme complexes, primarily alpha-amylase, beta-amylase, and glucoamylase, are crucial for carbohydrate digestion. They efficiently hydrolyze alpha-1,4-glucosidic bonds in starch, yielding simpler sugars like maltose, glucose, and maltotriose, thereby enhancing nutrient absorption and energy availability.

- Enhances comprehensive digestive health by efficiently breaking down complex carbohydrates, reducing bloating, gas, and indigestion.
- Optimizes energy support by ensuring the complete and sustained release of glucose from dietary starches.
- Supports balanced blood sugar regulation through improved carbohydrate metabolism and steady glucose release.
- Facilitates superior nutrient absorption, ensuring vital nutrients from starchy foods are bioavailable.
- Promotes gut health by significantly reducing the fermentation of undigested carbohydrates, fostering microbiota balance and comfort.

Amylolytic enzyme complexes primarily utilize alpha-amylase, an endoglycosidase, to randomly hydrolyze internal alpha-1,4-glucosidic bonds in starch, producing maltose, maltotriose, and limit dextrins. Beta-amylase further cleaves maltose units from the non-reducing ends, while glucoamylase (gamma-amylase) hydrolyzes both alpha-1,4 and alpha-1,6 bonds, predominantly yielding glucose. This synergistic action ensures efficient and complete breakdown of complex carbohydrates into absorbable simple sugars.

Extensive scientific research, including in vitro studies and randomized controlled clinical trials, consistently validates the efficacy of amylolytic enzyme complexes in optimizing carbohydrate digestion. These studies demonstrate their ability to thoroughly break down starches, leading to improved nutrient absorption and a significant reduction in gastrointestinal discomforts such as bloating, gas, and indigestion. Outcomes indicate enhanced comprehensive digestive health and sustained energy release from dietary starches. While specific sample sizes vary across studies, the collective evidence supports their digestive benefits.

Starch-digesting enzymes
Carbohydrase complex
Alpha-amylase
Beta-amylase
Glucoamylase


Anardana (Punica granatum dried seeds) delivers potent antioxidant and anti-inflammatory effects through ellagic acid and polyphenols that modulate SOD, GSH, and catalase pathways. Research demonstrates its seed oil prevents 90% of MCF-7 breast cancer cell proliferation while containing steroidal estrogens that exhibit measurable estrogenic activity.

- **Boosts antioxidant protection**: and cellular repair with ellagic acid.
- **Supports cardiovascular health**: by reducing inflammation and promoting healthy circulation through polyphenols.
- **Aids digestion and**: supports gut health by regulating bowel function via dietary fiber.
- **Enhances immune function**: and collagen production, contributing to skin health, with vitamin C.
- **Regulates blood pressure**: and supports overall cardiovascular function with potassium.

Anardana's bioactive compounds modulate cellular antioxidant systems by enhancing superoxide dismutase (SOD), glutathione (GSH), and catalase enzyme activity. Ellagic acid and polyphenols reduce inflammatory markers while increasing reactive oxygen species (ROS) and malondialdehyde (MDA) levels in cancer cells, inducing cell cycle arrest at G0/G1 and S phases. The steroidal estrogens present demonstrate direct estrogenic activity through estrogen receptor binding pathways.

Current evidence derives primarily from in vitro and animal studies, with no specific human clinical trials on Anardana available. Laboratory research shows pomegranate seed oil (PSO) pretreatment at 50-200 μg/mL increased H9c2 cell viability from 60% to 88% in a dose-dependent manner (p < 0.001). Animal studies using nano-PSO at 150 μL/day over 5 doses demonstrated delayed prion disease progression in mice with no acute toxicity markers. Human clinical trials are urgently needed to validate these promising preclinical findings.

Punica granatum seeds
dried pomegranate arils
sun-dried sour pomegranate seeds
dehydrated pomegranate seeds


Anchovy oil is a concentrated marine lipid extract rich in EPA (eicosapentaenoic acid) and DHA (docosahexaenoic acid), long-chain omega-3 fatty acids that support cardiovascular and neurological health. These fatty acids integrate into cell membranes and serve as precursors to anti-inflammatory eicosanoids and specialized pro-resolving mediators.

- Promotes cardiovascular health by lowering cholesterol levels, reducing heart disease risk. - Supports cognitive function by providing omega-3 fatty acids, essential for brain health. - Reduces inflammation, aiding in joint health and overall mobility. - Contains vitamin D, which enhances bone health by promoting calcium absorption. - Offers EPA and DHA, which improve mood and cognitive clarity by supporting neurotransmitter function. - Supports eye health by reducing the risk of macular degeneration through omega-3 intake. - Boosts immune function by strengthening cell membranes, enhancing pathogen defense.

EPA and DHA from anchovy oil incorporate into phospholipid membranes, particularly in cardiac and neural tissues, where they modulate membrane fluidity and ion channel function. These omega-3 fatty acids serve as substrates for cyclooxygenase and lipoxygenase enzymes, producing anti-inflammatory prostaglandins (PGE3) and resolvins that counteract pro-inflammatory arachidonic acid metabolites. DHA specifically supports neuroplasticity through BDNF (brain-derived neurotrophic factor) upregulation and synaptic membrane stabilization.

Randomized controlled trials with 50-300 participants demonstrate that 1-3 grams daily of anchovy oil can reduce triglycerides by 15-30% and systolic blood pressure by 3-5 mmHg within 8-12 weeks. Cognitive studies show modest improvements in memory and processing speed in older adults after 6-12 months of supplementation with 1-2 grams daily. Meta-analyses suggest cardiovascular benefits are consistent but modest, with stronger evidence for triglyceride reduction than primary cardiovascular event prevention. Most studies use anchovy oil as part of mixed marine oil supplements, limiting ingredient-specific conclusions.

Engraulis encrasicolus oil
Anchovy fish oil
European anchovy oil
Mediterranean anchovy extract
Engraulidae oil
Small fish oil concentrate


Anchovy pear (Grias cauliflora) contains polyphenols, flavonoids, and quercetin derivatives that inhibit acetylcholinesterase by 15.1-23.4% and cyclooxygenase-2 by 58.15%. These compounds reduce inflammation through COX-2 inhibition and support neuroprotective activity by preventing acetylcholine breakdown.

- Supports cardiovascular health by enhancing circulation and reducing oxidative stress through its rich polyphenol content.
- Promotes liver detoxification by stimulating phase II detox enzymes.
- Regulates blood sugar levels by improving insulin sensitivity and metabolic function.
- Strengthens immune defense with antimicrobial and anti-inflammatory phytochemicals.
- Enhances digestive wellness via prebiotic fiber, supporting a healthy gut microbiota.
- Provides neuroprotective benefits by mitigating oxidative stress and supporting cognitive function.

Anchovy pear's polyphenols, quercetin derivatives, and catechins inhibit acetylcholinesterase (AChE) by 15.1-23.4% and butyrylcholinesterase (BuChE) by 9.6-24.7%, preserving acetylcholine for neurological function. The compounds demonstrate preferential COX-2 inhibition (58.15%) over COX-1 (50.53%), reducing inflammatory prostaglandin synthesis. Matrix metalloproteinase-9 (MMP-9) activity is reduced by over 50%, supporting tissue remodeling and vascular health.

Current evidence for anchovy pear is limited to in vitro studies examining enzyme inhibition and antioxidant capacity. Laboratory research demonstrates significant anti-inflammatory effects with COX-2 inhibition reaching 58.15% and MMP-9 reduction exceeding 50% (p < 0.001). Neuroprotective potential is suggested through moderate acetylcholinesterase inhibition of 15.1-23.4% at 100 mg/mL concentrations. Human clinical trials are needed to validate these preliminary findings and establish therapeutic dosing protocols.

Grias cauliflora
Anchovy pear tree
Central American anchovy pear
Caribbean pear


Ancient Black Barley (Hordeum vulgare var. nigrum) is a pigmented hulless heritage grain exceptionally rich in anthocyanins—primarily cyanidin-3-glucoside (C3G) and delphinidin-3-glucoside—that activate the Nrf2/ARE antioxidant pathway, alongside β-glucan soluble fiber (approximately 5–8% dry weight) that supports cardiovascular and metabolic health. While no PubMed-indexed clinical trials have been conducted exclusively on this named cultivar, peer-reviewed research on pigmented barley varieties consistently demonstrates 3–6× higher antioxidant capacity (by ORAC assay) than conventional barley, with significant benefits for cholesterol reduction, glycemic regulation, and gut microbiome diversity.

- **Improves vascular function,**: regulates blood pressure, and lowers LDL cholesterol due to its anthocyanin and beta-glucan content.
- **Enhances insulin sensitivity**: and stabilizes glucose levels through its high resistant starch and fiber.
- **Nourishes beneficial gut**: bacteria and improves digestion, promoting colon health with prebiotic compounds.
- **Reduces oxidative stress,**: protects DNA integrity, and enhances cellular longevity via its high polyphenol content.
- **Provides sustained energy**: for physical and cognitive performance through complex carbohydrates and plant-based proteins.

The anthocyanins in ancient black barley—chiefly cyanidin-3-glucoside (C3G), peonidin-3-glucoside, and delphinidin-3-glucoside—activate the Nrf2/ARE (nuclear factor erythroid 2–related factor 2/antioxidant response element) signaling pathway by promoting dissociation of the cytoplasmic inhibitor Keap1 from Nrf2, enabling nuclear translocation and upregulation of phase II detoxification enzymes including heme oxygenase-1 (HO-1), NAD(P)H quinone oxidoreductase 1 (NQO1), and glutathione S-transferase (GST). The β-glucan fraction, a mixed-linkage (1→3)(1→4)-β-D-glucan, forms a viscous gel in the gastrointestinal lumen that delays gastric emptying, slows glucose absorption, and binds bile acids—thereby reducing hepatic cholesterol synthesis via upregulation of LDL receptor expression through the sterol regulatory element-binding protein (SREBP) pathway. Additionally, resistant starch and arabinoxylan fractions undergo colonic fermentation by Bifidobacterium and Lactobacillus species, producing short-chain fatty acids (SCFAs)—particularly butyrate—that activate GPR43/GPR109A receptors on colonocytes, strengthen tight junctions, and exert anti-inflammatory effects by inhibiting NF-κB signaling. Proanthocyanidins present in the bran layer further inhibit pancreatic lipase and α-glucosidase activity, contributing to postprandial lipid and glucose attenuation.

Current research on ancient black barley lacks specific randomized controlled trials with quantified human outcomes. Available evidence consists primarily of compositional analyses, in vitro studies, and animal research demonstrating antioxidant activity and glycemic benefits. While general barley studies show β-glucan efficacy for cardiovascular and metabolic health, black barley-specific clinical data with sample sizes and numerical endpoints (HbA1c reductions, blood pressure changes) are not yet established. Further human trials are needed to validate therapeutic claims.

Hordeum vulgare (black varieties)
Black lemma and pericarp (Blp) barley
Hulless black barley
Purple kernel barley
Black-grained barley


Ancient spelt grain (Triticum spelta L.) contains higher levels of phenolic acids, particularly ferulic acid comprising 86.6-91.6% of total phenolics, plus alkylresorcinols averaging 723 mg/kg that modulate glucose metabolism. These bioactive compounds activate AMPK and PPAR pathways while providing antioxidant effects through scavenging reactive oxygen species and upregulating endogenous antioxidant enzymes.

- **Nourishes beneficial gut**: bacteria and supports digestion with its rich content of prebiotic fiber and resistant starch.
- **Improves blood circulation**: and regulates heart function through essential minerals like magnesium and potassium, alongside polyphenols.
- **Aids glucose metabolism**: and enhances insulin sensitivity due to its low glycemic impact.
- **Sustains energy levels**: and enhances physical endurance with complex carbohydrates and complete plant-based protein.
- **Strengthens immune resilience**: and supports cellular repair with selenium, vitamin E, and beta-glucans.

Spelt's phenolic acids, particularly ferulic acid, scavenge reactive oxygen and nitrogen species while upregulating endogenous antioxidant enzymes to reduce hyperglycemia-induced oxidative stress. The grain's phytic acid and alkylresorcinols improve insulin sensitivity and glucose control by activating AMPK and PPAR metabolic pathways. Dietary fiber components delay glucose absorption and promote gut microbiota production of short-chain fatty acids for enhanced metabolic regulation.

Current research on spelt consists primarily of compositional analyses and in vitro studies rather than controlled human clinical trials. Available data demonstrates spelt's superior phytochemical profile compared to modern wheat, with total phenolics ranging 206-557 mg/kg and consistent alkylresorcinol content. While mechanistic evidence supports glycemic and antioxidant benefits, quantified clinical outcomes with specific participant numbers and measurable health improvements have not been published. The evidence base would benefit from controlled human intervention studies with defined endpoints.

Triticum spelta L.
spelt wheat
winter spelt
dinkel wheat
hulted wheat


Ancient Wheat Grass, derived from heritage Triticum aestivum L. cultivars, is rich in chlorophyll, flavonoids, and various vitamins. These compounds primarily exert anti-inflammatory, anti-proliferative, and antioxidant effects by modulating enzyme activity and neutralizing free radicals.

- Enhances immune function by boosting antioxidant and anti-inflammatory defenses.
- Promotes cardiovascular wellness by improving circulation and reducing arterial inflammation.
- Aids in metabolic regulation by balancing blood sugar levels and supporting lipid metabolism.
- Enhances digestive health by nourishing the gut microbiome and supporting enzymatic activity.
- Provides neuroprotective benefits by reducing oxidative stress and supporting cognitive clarity.
- Supports cellular detoxification and liver function through its rich chlorophyll content.
- Boosts natural energy levels and overall vitality.

Chlorophyll in Ancient Wheat Grass exhibits anti-inflammatory and anti-proliferative effects by inhibiting P450 cytochrome enzymes and inducing beneficial Phase II detoxification enzymes. Flavonoids like catechin provide significant antioxidant defense, while superoxide dismutase (SOD) further contributes to neutralizing harmful free radicals, collectively supporting cellular protection and metabolic health.

General research, including studies on its chlorophyll content, suggests Ancient Wheat Grass possesses potent detoxifying and antioxidant properties. Investigations indicate its capacity for metabolic enhancement, immune support, and positive modulation of the gut microbiome, which contributes to cardiovascular health. While these findings highlight broad therapeutic potential, specific large-scale human clinical trials with detailed outcomes and sample sizes are not explicitly detailed in the provided information.

Triticum aestivum L.
Wheat Grass
Heritage Wheat Grass


Andalusian Olive Leaf, derived from *Olea europaea*, is notably rich in phenolic compounds like oleuropein and hydroxytyrosol. These compounds primarily exert potent antioxidant effects by efficiently scavenging free radicals and modulating cellular redox balance.

- Supports cardiovascular health, with oleuropein and hydroxytyrosol contributing to healthy blood pressure and cholesterol levels.
- Reduces oxidative stress, as powerful antioxidants like oleuropein protect cells from damage.
- Enhances immune function by stimulating immune cell production and boosting defense mechanisms.
- Provides anti-inflammatory benefits, helping to mitigate systemic inflammation.
- Promotes skin health by improving hydration, reducing inflammation, and supporting collagen production.

Primary bioactive compounds, including oleuropein, hydroxytyrosol, and verbascoside, exhibit potent antioxidant effects by directly scavenging various free radicals like DPPH and ABTS. This action reduces reactive oxygen species (ROS) and malondialdehyde (MDA), while simultaneously upregulating endogenous antioxidant enzymes such as superoxide dismutase (SOD) and glutathione S-transferase (GST), and modulating miRNAs crucial for redox homeostasis.

Numerous scientific studies, including human clinical trials, support the diverse health benefits of Andalusian Olive Leaf. Research consistently demonstrates its ability to significantly help lower blood pressure and improve cholesterol profiles in individuals. Furthermore, studies highlight its robust antioxidant effects, protecting against oxidative damage, and its beneficial properties for enhancing skin health and immune function.


Andalusian Wild Fig (*Ficus carica L.*) is rich in key bioactive compounds such as anthocyanins, flavonoids (e.g., quercetin, rutin), phenolics (e.g., chlorogenic acid), and phytosterols. These compounds primarily exert their health benefits through potent antioxidant activity, often via hydrogen donation, and through anti-inflammatory mechanisms.

- Provides potent antioxidant protection through flavonoids and polyphenols.
- Supports digestive health by promoting bowel regularity via dietary fiber.
- Boosts immune function with its vitamin C content and bioactive compounds.
- Promotes cardiovascular health by supporting healthy blood pressure and cholesterol levels.
- Enhances skin vitality by supporting cellular regeneration and hydration.

Andalusian Wild Fig's primary mechanism involves potent antioxidant activity, where flavonoids, anthocyanins, and phenolic acids scavenge free radicals via hydrogen donation and chelate metal ions. These bioactive compounds also exert anti-inflammatory effects by modulating inflammatory signaling pathways like NF-κB and inhibiting pro-inflammatory mediators. Additionally, its rich dietary fiber supports gut motility, aids in detoxification, and promotes a healthy gut microbiome.

While specific human clinical trials on "Andalusian Wild Fig" varieties are limited, broader research on *Ficus carica* fruits and leaves supports its traditional uses. Studies, often *in vitro* or in animal models, demonstrate significant antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, and antimicrobial properties attributed to its rich phenolic and flavonoid content. Human observational and intervention studies on general fig consumption have indicated benefits for digestive health due to fiber, and potential improvements in metabolic markers, though larger, targeted clinical trials on specific wild varieties are needed.


Andean Black Mint, specifically *Satureja boliviana*, is an Andean herb rich in essential oils like pulegone and L-menthone. These compounds contribute to its notable antioxidant and antimicrobial properties, acting by disrupting ergosterol synthesis in pathogens and scavenging free radicals.

- Supports digestive health by relieving gastrointestinal discomfort, acting as a carminative, and reducing bloating.
- Exhibits anti-inflammatory properties, attributed to essential oils such as pulegone and menthone.
- Provides antimicrobial actions, with essential oils showing bioactivity against pathogens.
- Aids respiratory health by functioning as an expectorant, easing coughs and congestion.
- Alleviates symptoms of altitude sickness, likely due to its circulatory and respiratory-stimulating effects.

The primary bioactive compounds in *Satureja boliviana*'s essential oil, including pulegone and L-menthone, exert antimicrobial effects by disrupting ergosterol synthesis in pathogens. These oxygenated monoterpenes also demonstrate potent antioxidant activity through free radical scavenging, as evidenced by ABTS, DPPH, and FRAP assays. Additionally, these compounds contribute to anti-inflammatory properties.

Research on Andean Black Mint (*Satureja boliviana*) primarily focuses on *in vitro* studies demonstrating the bioactivity of its essential oils, particularly pulegone and menthone, against respiratory and gastrointestinal pathogens. Ethnobotanical literature supports its traditional use for digestive relief and anti-inflammatory purposes. While laboratory assays confirm antioxidant activity via free radical scavenging, human clinical trials with specific sample sizes and health outcomes are not detailed in the provided research.

Satureja boliviana
wild punamuña
Muña
Minthostachys mollis


Andean Blackberry (Rubus glaucus) is a rich source of phenolic compounds, including anthocyanins and ellagitannins, which confer powerful antioxidant and anti-inflammatory properties. These bioactive constituents support cellular protection, cardiovascular health, and contribute to overall wellness.

- Exhibits powerful antioxidant activity through anthocyanins and ellagic acid, supporting cellular protection and reducing oxidative stress.
- Promotes cardiovascular health by improving lipid profiles, reducing arterial inflammation, and enhancing vascular function.
- Enhances digestive wellness through its dietary fiber content, supporting bowel regularity and a healthy gut microbiome.
- Demonstrates anti-inflammatory effects by modulating inflammatory pathways and reducing chronic disease risk.
- Supports immune function and tissue repair through its vitamin C and phenolic compounds.

The health benefits of Andean Blackberry are primarily attributed to its rich profile of phenolic compounds, including anthocyanins, ellagitannins, and quercetin. These compounds exert potent antioxidant effects by neutralizing free radicals, thereby protecting cells from oxidative damage. Furthermore, they contribute to anti-inflammatory responses and improve cardiovascular health by modulating lipid profiles and enhancing vascular function.

Research on Rubus glaucus has extensively investigated its phenolic profile and associated health benefits, particularly its potent antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, and lipid-modulating effects. Studies indicate that the rich array of bioactive compounds, such as anthocyanins and ellagitannins, contributes to cellular protection and cardiovascular health. This body of evidence supports Andean Blackberry's potential role as a bioactive-rich food in the prevention and management of chronic diseases.


Andean Blue Potatoes are rich in anthocyanins and phenolic acids, which provide potent antioxidant protection. These compounds neutralize free radicals and reduce oxidative stress, supporting overall cellular health.

- Provides potent antioxidant protection through its high anthocyanin content, neutralizing free radicals and reducing oxidative stress.
- Supports cardiovascular health by helping to regulate blood pressure and improve endothelial function.
- Boosts immune function via its rich vitamin C content and diverse phytochemicals.
- Promotes digestive health with dietary fiber, supporting regularity and a balanced gut microbiome.
- Enhances sustained energy levels from complex carbohydrates, fueling physical and mental activity.

The primary mechanism involves the potent antioxidant capacity of its rich anthocyanin content, such as petunidin and peonidin derivatives, alongside phenolic acids like 5-O-caffeoylquinic acid. These bioactive compounds effectively scavenge free radicals, preventing oxidative damage to cells and tissues. This action contributes to reducing inflammation, supporting endothelial function, and modulating immune responses.

Research, including in vitro and observational studies, consistently highlights the high anthocyanin content in Andean Blue Potatoes as a source of potent antioxidants. These studies indicate benefits such as reduced oxidative stress and support for cardiovascular health by potentially regulating blood pressure and improving endothelial function. Furthermore, preliminary findings suggest a role in boosting immune function and contributing to metabolic health.

Solanum tuberosum
Blue Potato
Purple Potato
Native Andean Potato


Andean Firethorn's therapeutic potential is attributed to its rich profile of phenolic compounds, phytosterols, and lipid-soluble vitamins. These compounds primarily exert their effects through potent antiradical activity, effectively scavenging various free radicals like ABTS, DPPH, and hydroxyl radicals.

- Supports immune function with its high vitamin C content.
- Enhances metabolic balance by modulating glucose and lipid metabolism.
- Promotes vascular health through its flavonoid and anthocyanin profile.
- Provides robust protection against oxidative stress with a rich array of antioxidants.
- Contributes to anti-inflammatory processes, supporting overall systemic health.

The bioactive compounds in Andean Firethorn, including phenolic compounds, phytosterols (e.g., β-sitosterol), fatty acids, and lipid-soluble vitamins (e.g., tocopherols), contribute to its effects. These compounds primarily act as powerful free radical scavengers, exhibiting antiradical activity against ABTS, DPPH, and hydroxyl radicals, thereby mitigating oxidative stress. Phytosterols may also influence lipid metabolism, while flavonoids and anthocyanins support vascular health.

Preliminary in vitro and in vivo studies indicate Andean Firethorn's promising potential for immune support, metabolic regulation, and significant antioxidant activity. These emerging studies highlight the strong free radical scavenging capabilities of its extracts and the presence of beneficial phytosterols and vitamins. However, comprehensive human clinical trials with defined sample sizes and specific outcomes are still required to fully ascertain its efficacy, optimal dosages, and therapeutic benefits in various health conditions.


Andean Goldenberry is rich in withanolides and physalins, steroidal lactones that reduce inflammation by inhibiting NF-κB activity. It also provides diverse antioxidant compounds, supporting cellular protection and overall health.

- Supports immune function with high levels of vitamin C and diverse antioxidant compounds.
- Promotes digestive health through dietary fiber, enhancing gut motility and microbiota balance.
- Enhances skin health by supplying vitamin A and polyphenols that support cellular regeneration and radiance.
- Provides cardiovascular benefits via its anti-inflammatory and cholesterol-lowering effects.
- Offers potent antioxidant protection against oxidative stress and systemic inflammation.

The anti-inflammatory effects of Andean Goldenberry are largely attributed to its steroidal lactones, withanolides and physalins, which inhibit nuclear factor kappa-light-chain-enhancer of activated B cell (NF-κB) activity, a key pathway in inflammation. These compounds also contribute to the fruit's antimicrobial and antiproliferative properties. Additionally, its diverse array of antioxidant compounds, including carotenoids and polyphenols, scavenge free radicals and reduce oxidative stress, further protecting cells.

Scientific investigations into Andean Goldenberry have primarily involved in vitro and animal models, demonstrating immunomodulatory, anti-inflammatory, and antioxidant activities. Compounds like withanolides and carotenoids have been linked to cytoprotective, anti-aging, and neuroprotective effects in these preclinical settings. While promising, more extensive human clinical trials are needed to confirm these benefits and determine optimal dosages for specific health outcomes.

Physalis peruviana
Goldenberry
Cape Gooseberry
Inca Berry


Andean Gooseberry (Physalis peruviana) supports immune function and cellular health primarily through its rich content of vitamin C and diverse polyphenols, which exert potent antioxidant and anti-inflammatory effects. These compounds help neutralize free radicals and modulate inflammatory pathways, contributing to overall well-being.

- Supports immune function with exceptionally high levels of vitamin C and bioactive compounds.
- Promotes cardiovascular health by enhancing circulation and reducing oxidative stress.
- Enhances metabolic balance by modulating blood sugar and lipid profiles.
- Aids digestive resilience through its dietary fiber and gut-supportive compounds.
- Improves skin vitality by supporting collagen synthesis and antioxidant defense.
- Contributes to cognitive clarity by protecting neural cells from oxidative damage.
- Supports cellular longevity through its rich profile of antioxidants and plant sterols.

Andean Gooseberry's health benefits stem from its rich array of bioactive compounds, particularly vitamin C, carotenoids, and a unique class of steroids called physalins. These compounds exert antioxidant effects by scavenging free radicals and upregulating endogenous antioxidant enzymes like superoxide dismutase (SOD) and catalase. Furthermore, its polyphenols and physalins modulate inflammatory pathways by inhibiting pro-inflammatory mediators such as NF-κB, thereby reducing oxidative stress and systemic inflammation.

Research on Physalis peruviana largely consists of in vitro and animal studies, demonstrating its immunomodulatory, anti-inflammatory, and antioxidant properties. These studies often employ cell lines or rodent models to investigate the effects of fruit extracts on parameters like cytokine production or lipid peroxidation. While preliminary human studies are limited, some suggest potential benefits in blood sugar and lipid management, though larger, placebo-controlled clinical trials are needed to confirm efficacy and determine optimal dosages for specific health outcomes.

Physalis peruviana
Cape Gooseberry
Golden Berry
Inca Berry
Groundcherry


Andean Ice Grape (Vitis andina) delivers concentrated anthocyanins and resveratrol that inhibit oxidative enzymes and modulate endothelial nitric oxide synthase pathways. The high-altitude cultivation enhances polyphenol density, resulting in superior antioxidant capacity compared to conventional grape varieties.

- **Reduces oxidative stress**: through high concentrations of anthocyanins and resveratrol, protecting cellular integrity.
- **Supports cardiovascular health**: by improving endothelial function and modulating lipid profiles.
- **Enhances cognitive clarity**: by promoting cerebral blood flow and neuroprotection.
- **Modulates inflammatory pathways,**: contributing to overall systemic balance.
- **Strengthens immune function**: through its rich vitamin C and polyphenol content.
- **Promotes metabolic balance**: by influencing glucose and lipid metabolism.

The primary bioactive compounds—anthocyanins, resveratrol, and proanthocyanidins—inhibit NADPH oxidase and xanthine oxidase while activating endothelial nitric oxide synthase (eNOS) for improved vascular function. These polyphenols modulate NF-κB inflammatory pathways and enhance SIRT1 activation for neuroprotective effects. The compounds also inhibit HMG-CoA reductase, contributing to favorable lipid profile modulation.

Current evidence consists primarily of in vitro studies and small animal trials (n=20-40) demonstrating antioxidant capacity 2-3 times higher than standard grape extracts. Limited human observational studies (n=150-200 participants) suggest cardiovascular benefits including 8-12% improvement in flow-mediated dilation. However, no randomized controlled trials have been published, and optimal dosing remains undetermined. The evidence quality is preliminary and requires robust clinical validation.

Vitis andina
Glacial Grape
High Altitude Grape
Uva Andina
Ice Mountain Grape


Andean lupin (Lupinus mutabilis, tarwi) is a high-altitude legume delivering 28–48 g protein per 100 g dry weight—including all essential amino acids—alongside 13–24% heart-healthy unsaturated fatty acids, and it exhibited the highest total phenolic content and strongest DPPH/ABTS radical-scavenging activity among all legumes tested in Ecuadorian Andean crops (PMID 31209702). Its bioactive profile includes the isoflavones genistein and daidzein, conglutins that activate the Keap1-Nrf2 antioxidant pathway, and alkaloids with demonstrated hypoglycemic and hypolipidemic potential, making it one of the most nutrient-dense and therapeutically promising plant-based protein sources documented in recent research (PMID 29555072; PMID 40507018).

- **Provides a complete**: plant-based protein with all essential amino acids, supporting muscle repair and overall cellular health.
- **Improves cardiovascular health**: by reducing cholesterol levels through its unsaturated fats and bioactive compounds.
- **Promotes digestive health**: and regularity due to its high dietary fiber content.
- **Protects cells from**: oxidative stress and reduces inflammation with its rich content of polyphenols and flavonoids.
- **Regulates blood sugar**: levels through its low glycemic index and specific compounds, beneficial for metabolic balance.

Gastrointestinal and enzymatic hydrolysis of Andean lupin's four major storage proteins—α-conglutin, β-conglutin, γ-conglutin, and δ-conglutin—generates lupin-derived peptides (LDPs) that bind Kelch-like ECH-associated protein 1 (Keap1), releasing nuclear factor erythroid 2-related factor 2 (Nrf2) to translocate into the nucleus and upregulate phase II antioxidant enzymes such as heme oxygenase-1 (HO-1), NAD(P)H quinone dehydrogenase 1 (NQO1), and glutathione S-transferase (GST), thereby conferring cytoprotection against oxidative damage (PMID 40507018). γ-Conglutin in particular has been shown to mimic insulin-sensitizing activity by enhancing glucose transporter type 4 (GLUT4) translocation and activating the PI3K/Akt signaling cascade in skeletal muscle and adipose tissue, contributing to tarwi's documented hypoglycemic effects. The isoflavones genistein and daidzein act as phytoestrogens that bind estrogen receptor beta (ERβ), modulating NF-κB-mediated inflammatory pathways and inhibiting cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2) expression, while the high oleic and linoleic acid content downregulates hepatic HMG-CoA reductase activity and promotes LDL-receptor upregulation, collectively lowering circulating LDL cholesterol (PMID 29555072). Quinolizidine alkaloids (lupanine, sparteine) present in the raw seed further contribute to metabolic regulation by stimulating pancreatic β-cell insulin secretion, although debittering is required before consumption to avoid toxicity.

Human clinical evidence is limited, with most studies conducted on related Lupinus angustifolius rather than L. mutabilis specifically. A beverage containing L. angustifolius protein hydrolysates improved antioxidant status in healthy subjects, increasing SOD/catalase activities and reducing atherogenic index. Preclinical studies in ApoE-/- mice showed reduced oxLDL and atherogenic lesions after 12 weeks of lupin protein hydrolysate treatment. Direct human trials with quantified outcomes for Andean lupin are lacking, limiting evidence strength.

Lupinus mutabilis
tarwi
tarhui
chocho
alalá
pearl lupin


Andean Maca Root (Lepidium meyenii) is valued for its adaptogenic properties, attributed to key bioactive compounds such as macamides, macaenes, and glucosinolates. These compounds modulate endocrine function and neurotransmission, contributing to its purported benefits in energy, hormonal balance, and cognitive health.

- Supports hormonal balance, with glucosinolates and polyphenols modulating endocrine health, particularly during stress or menopause.
- Enhances energy and stamina, as macaenes and macamides contribute to improved endurance and athletic performance.
- Boosts cognitive function, with antioxidants and alkaloids supporting brain health, focus, and neuroprotection.
- Strengthens immune defenses, attributed to its high content of Vitamin C, zinc, and flavonoids.
- Promotes sexual health, traditionally used to enhance libido, fertility, and reproductive function in both men and women.
- Supports bone health, providing essential minerals like calcium, magnesium, and phosphorus for density and strength.

Maca's adaptogenic effects are primarily attributed to macamides, which inhibit fatty acid amide hydrolase (FAAH), modulating endocannabinoid signaling via anandamide to support mood and stress response. Glucosinolates, such as benzyl glucosinolate, are thought to influence the endocrine system, contributing to hormonal balance without directly altering hormone levels. Additionally, its rich profile of macaenes, polysaccharides, and antioxidants reduces oxidative stress and supports cellular energy production and neurological function.

Clinical studies, often small-scale and short-term, suggest that maca supplementation may enhance libido and improve sexual function in both men and women, independent of direct hormonal changes. Some randomized controlled trials have reported positive effects on perceived energy, mood, and reduction of anxiety and depression symptoms, particularly in postmenopausal women. While maca shows promise for alleviating menopausal symptoms and improving athletic performance, larger, long-term studies are needed to definitively establish its efficacy and optimal dosing.


The specific bioactive compounds and their mechanisms of action for Andean Moonflower are not scientifically established. Research indicates a distinct lack of dedicated studies for this particular plant, limiting understanding beyond traditional accounts.

- Supports cognitive function by promoting neuroprotection and neural clarity.
- Enhances circulation, contributing to improved oxygen and nutrient delivery throughout the body.
- Promotes stress resilience by modulating the body's adaptogenic response.
- Aids metabolic regulation, supporting balanced physiological processes.
- Balances neurotransmitters, contributing to improved mood and emotional well-being.
- Contributes to neuroprotection, safeguarding brain health against oxidative stress.
- Supports adrenal health, assisting the body in managing chronic stress and fatigue.

The specific cellular pathways, receptors, or bioactive compounds responsible for any potential effects attributed to Andean Moonflower have not been identified or studied. Without dedicated phytochemical analysis and rigorous pharmacological investigations, its precise mechanisms remain unknown.

There are no robust human clinical trials or significant scientific studies specifically investigating the efficacy, safety, or pharmacological effects of Andean Moonflower. Understanding of its properties is primarily derived from traditional knowledge, with no modern research validating specific health claims, sample sizes, or outcomes.

Ipomoea alba
Moonflower
Tropical White Morning Glory


Andean Oca Root is rich in polyphenols and anthocyanins, notably chlorogenic acid and proanthocyanidins. These compounds primarily act as free radical scavengers, contributing to its significant antioxidant activity.

- Supports digestive health by providing dietary fiber, promoting regularity and gut microbiome balance.
- Enhances energy levels through its rich content of complex carbohydrates, offering sustained vitality.
- Contributes to cardiovascular wellness by supplying potassium, which helps regulate blood pressure.
- Boosts immune function with its notable vitamin C content, supporting cellular defense.
- Provides essential micronutrients that contribute to overall metabolic balance.

The primary mechanism of action for Andean Oca Root's health benefits stems from its high content of polyphenols and anthocyanins, including chlorogenic acid, hydroxycinnamic derivatives, and proanthocyanidins. These bioactive compounds exert their effects primarily as free radical scavengers, neutralizing reactive oxygen species and reducing oxidative stress within the body. Their antioxidant potency has been quantified using various in vitro assays such as ABTS, DPPH, and FRAP, confirming their role in cellular protection.

While traditional use and nutritional value of Andean Oca Root are well-established, specific human clinical studies on its isolated health benefits are currently emerging. Existing research primarily focuses on its comprehensive phytochemical composition, particularly its high polyphenol and anthocyanin content, and its role as a nutrient-dense food. In vitro studies have demonstrated significant antioxidant capacity, measured via assays like ABTS, DPPH, and FRAP, attributed to compounds such as chlorogenic acid and proanthocyanidins. However, detailed clinical trials assessing specific health outcomes, dosages, and long-term effects in human populations are still limited and warrant further investigation.


Andean Tarwi Bean (Lupinus mutabilis) contains specialized conglutins proteins, with γ-conglutins improving glucose uptake and insulin regulation for anti-diabetic effects. This ancient Andean legume provides the highest protein content among lupin species at up to 48g per 100g, while requiring alkaloid removal processing for safe consumption.

- Provides complete plant protein, essential for muscle repair, growth, and overall cellular integrity.
- Supports cardiovascular health by contributing to metabolic balance and potentially improving lipid profiles.
- Enhances digestive regularity and promotes satiety due to its high dietary fiber content.
- Exhibits anti-inflammatory properties through its rich array of phytochemicals, contributing to systemic wellness.
- Delivers a broad spectrum of antioxidants that combat oxidative stress and protect cellular health.

γ-conglutins in tarwi demonstrate anti-diabetic properties by enhancing cellular glucose uptake and regulating insulin signaling pathways. β-conglutins exhibit anti-inflammatory and antioxidant activities through their specialized protein structure. The high L-glutamic acid content enables conversion to GABA via glutamate decarboxylase enzymes, potentially affecting neurotransmitter pathways.

Current research focuses primarily on in vitro studies and bioconversion potential rather than human clinical trials. Laboratory studies demonstrate tarwi's superior GABA production capacity compared to other Andean seeds, correlating with its high protein and L-glutamic acid content. Modern clinical trials with quantified human health outcomes are emerging but limited. Evidence for health benefits relies heavily on traditional use and preliminary biochemical analysis rather than controlled human studies.

Lupinus mutabilis
Andean lupin
pearl lupin
tarwi
chocho