Elderberry vinegar is a fermented product crafted from the berries of *Sambucus nigra* and vinegar, notably rich in various polyphenolic compounds. These compounds primarily function as antioxidants, neutralizing free radicals and inhibiting enzymes like tyrosinase to support overall cellular health.

- Supports immune function by delivering anthocyanins and vitamins A and C, enhancing the body's defense mechanisms.
- Reduces oxidative stress through its rich content of anthocyanins, flavonoids, and polyphenols.
- Modulates inflammatory responses, potentially alleviating symptoms associated with chronic inflammation.
- Promotes digestive health by balancing gut acidity with acetic acid and supporting beneficial gut flora.
- Exhibits antimicrobial properties, which may help inhibit the growth of certain bacteria and viruses.
- Contributes to skin health via vitamins A and C, supporting cellular regeneration and protection.

The primary mechanism of elderberry vinegar involves the antioxidant activity of its rich polyphenolic compounds, including phenolic acids (e.g., protocatechuic acid, chlorogenic acid) and flavonoids (e.g., quercetin-3-O-hexoside, rutin). These compounds neutralize reactive oxygen species (e.g., NO radicals) and inhibit pro-oxidant enzymes such as tyrosinase, thereby reducing oxidative stress and modulating inflammatory pathways.

Clinical studies specifically evaluating elderberry vinegar as a distinct compound are limited, with much of the current evidence extrapolated from research on elderberry extracts and vinegar individually. Studies on elderberry (*Sambucus nigra*) have demonstrated antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, and immune-modulating effects, often using various extract forms in human trials for conditions like influenza. Similarly, vinegar, particularly apple cider vinegar, has been investigated for its metabolic and antimicrobial properties in smaller-scale human and in vitro studies. Therefore, while the individual components show promise, direct clinical evidence establishing the specific health outcomes of elderberry vinegar, including optimal dosages or long-term effects, is currently scarce.


Elderflower Berry Jam derives its health benefits primarily from potent anthocyanins like cyanidin-3-glucoside and various polyphenols. These compounds exert their effects by significantly reducing intracellular reactive oxygen species, thereby mitigating oxidative stress and supporting robust immune function.

- Reduces oxidative stress by neutralizing free radicals through its rich antioxidant content.
- Supports immune function by enhancing the body's defense against infections, particularly viral pathogens.
- Provides anti-inflammatory benefits, potentially alleviating symptoms of chronic inflammatory conditions.
- Promotes digestive health by supporting gut motility and improving nutrient absorption.
- Enhances skin health through vitamins A, C, and E, which support collagen production and cellular regeneration.

The primary mechanism involves the potent antioxidant activity of its anthocyanins and polyphenols, such as cyanidin-3-glucoside, which significantly reduces intracellular reactive oxygen species (ROS) production. This mitigation of oxidative stress helps protect cellular DNA from damage and contributes to its anti-inflammatory properties, thereby supporting the body's natural defense systems.

Scientific research on *Sambucus nigra* (elderberry) consistently supports its immune-boosting, anti-inflammatory, and digestive health benefits. Studies published in reputable databases like PubMed and ScienceDirect have investigated the role of elderberry's anthocyanins and polyphenols in enhancing the body's defense against infections and alleviating chronic inflammatory symptoms. While specific study types and sample sizes are not detailed in the provided research, these findings generally validate the traditional uses of elderberries in promoting overall wellness.

Sambucus nigra
Elderberry
European Elder
Black Elder

Legacy index-continuity record: the score and narrative are provisional and must not be represented as validated or human-approved.


Elderflower Cordial Vinegar offers potent antioxidant and anti-inflammatory benefits, largely due to its rich content of flavonoids like rutin and phenolic acids such as chlorogenic acid. These compounds work by neutralizing free radicals and modulating immune responses to support overall health and enhance defense against infections.

- Provides potent antioxidant defense through high levels of flavonoids and anthocyanins, neutralizing free radicals.
- Supports immune function by enhancing the body's ability to defend against infections, particularly viral ones.
- Offers anti-inflammatory benefits, potentially alleviating chronic inflammation and promoting overall wellness.
- Promotes digestive health by supporting gut function and enhancing nutrient absorption through acetic acid.
- Helps balance blood sugar levels by improving insulin sensitivity and reducing post-meal glucose spikes.
- Aids in detoxification processes, supporting liver function and waste elimination.

The primary mechanism of Elderflower Cordial Vinegar is attributed to its high concentration of polyphenolic compounds, particularly flavonoids such as rutin and phenolic acids like chlorogenic acid. These bioactives exert antioxidant effects by scavenging free radicals, thereby reducing oxidative stress in the body. Additionally, they contribute to anti-inflammatory actions and modulate immune responses, enhancing the body's ability to combat infections.

While direct clinical trials on Elderflower Cordial Vinegar are limited, research on *Sambucus nigra* (elderflower) extracts indicates significant immune-boosting and anti-inflammatory properties. Studies suggest these benefits stem from its rich flavonoid and anthocyanin content, which support the body's defense against viral infections and alleviate inflammation. Additionally, the vinegar base, often apple cider vinegar, has been studied for its potential role in supporting blood sugar regulation and digestive health. Further specific research on the cordial vinegar formulation itself would provide more targeted clinical outcomes.


Elderflower nectar, rich in flavonoids like rutin and naringenin, reduces inflammation by inhibiting NF-κB pathway activation. Its high concentration of phenolic acids such as chlorogenic acid contributes to significant antioxidant activity.

- Reduces oxidative stress by providing a high concentration of flavonoids and anthocyanins, potent antioxidants that neutralize free radicals.
- Enhances immune function by supporting the body's defense mechanisms, particularly against viral challenges.
- Modulates inflammatory pathways, potentially alleviating chronic inflammatory conditions and promoting overall cellular health.
- Supports skin health by aiding in collagen production and promoting cellular regeneration.
- Improves digestive regularity and gut function, contributing to a balanced internal environment.

Naringenin, a key flavonoid found in elderflower extracts, specifically inhibits the activation of the NF-κB pathway in TNFα-stimulated keratinocytes, leading to a dose-dependent reduction in inflammation. Additionally, other flavonoids and phenolic acids like chlorogenic acid contribute to its antioxidant capacity by neutralizing free radicals, thereby reducing oxidative stress.

Preliminary studies on *Sambucus nigra* indicate potential immune-boosting and anti-inflammatory benefits, with research primarily focusing on the berry. While elderflower extracts show similar bioactive profiles, specific human clinical trials for 'Elderflower Vine Nectar' detailing outcomes, sample sizes, and study types are not provided. Further investigation is warranted to establish precise efficacy and mechanisms in human subjects for this specific preparation.

Sambucus nigra
Elderflower
European Elder


Electrolyte water is purified water enriched with essential minerals like sodium, potassium, and magnesium that carry an electrical charge when dissolved. These electrolytes are crucial for maintaining fluid balance, regulating pH, and ensuring proper nerve, muscle, and heart function throughout the body.

- Rapidly restores fluid balance and essential electrolytes lost through sweat or dehydration.
- Supports optimal nerve conduction and muscle contractions, helping prevent cramps and fatigue.
- Accelerates post-exercise recovery by replenishing vital minerals.
- Contributes to internal pH balance, often formulated with a slightly alkaline profile.
- Maintains electrolyte levels crucial for mental focus and neuromuscular coordination.

Electrolytes, including sodium, potassium, calcium, and magnesium, dissociate into charged ions in water, enabling vital electrical conductivity. This facilitates fluid balance through osmosis (e.g., sodium drawing water across cell membranes) and supports pH regulation. Furthermore, these ions are essential for nutrient and waste transport across cell membranes and for the proper function of nerve impulses, muscle contractions, and overall cardiovascular and brain health.

Extensive scientific literature, including numerous clinical trials, consistently supports the critical role of electrolyte replenishment for maintaining optimal hydration and physiological function. These studies demonstrate that rapidly restoring essential minerals like sodium, potassium, calcium, and magnesium is vital for optimizing physical performance, preventing exercise-induced cramps and fatigue, and accelerating post-exercise recovery. Research confirms the effectiveness of electrolyte-enriched water in supporting fluid balance and vital cellular processes.

Rehydration solution
Sports drink (generic)


Elephant apple (Dillenia indica) seeds contain betulinic acid that demonstrates selective cytotoxicity against leukemia cell lines (IC50: 12.84–15.27 µg/mL) through cell wall disruption and genetic material leakage, alongside hepatoprotective n-hexane extracts that reduce serum enzyme markers. A comprehensive 2023 review in Foods confirmed the fruit's rich profile of flavonoids, polyphenols, and ascorbic acid underpinning its antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, and antimicrobial properties (PMID: 37627992), while a 2025 review in Chinese Herbal Medicines detailed its broader pharmacological and therapeutic potential (PMID: 41399796).

- **Supports digestive health**: and regularity due to its high dietary fiber content.
- **Provides robust antioxidant**: protection through flavonoids, polyphenols, and Vitamin C, combating oxidative stress.
- **Modulates inflammatory responses,**: contributing to joint health and overall systemic wellness.
- **Enhances immune function**: with its Vitamin C content and inherent antibacterial properties.
- **Promotes cardiovascular health**: by supplying potassium and antioxidants that help regulate blood pressure.
- **Contributes to skin**: health by providing vitamins and essential fatty acids that support collagen production.
- **Aids liver function**: by supporting detoxification pathways and improving metabolic processes.

Betulinic acid isolated from elephant apple seeds exerts selective cytotoxicity against leukemia cell lines (IC50: 12.84–15.27 µg/mL) by disrupting cancer cell membrane integrity and inducing leakage of intracellular genetic material, a mechanism consistent with mitochondrial apoptotic pathway activation. The n-hexane seed extract confers hepatoprotection by significantly reducing serum levels of aspartate aminotransferase (AST), alanine aminotransferase (ALT), alkaline phosphatase (ALP), and bilirubin, while attenuating lipid peroxidation markers such as malondialdehyde (MDA) and restoring endogenous antioxidant enzymes including superoxide dismutase (SOD) and catalase. Polyphenolic constituents—including gallic acid, quercetin, and kaempferol—scavenge reactive oxygen species (ROS) via hydrogen atom transfer and chelation of pro-oxidant transition metals, thereby suppressing NF-κB-mediated pro-inflammatory cytokine expression (TNF-α, IL-6). The high ascorbic acid content further potentiates immune modulation by enhancing neutrophil chemotaxis and lymphocyte proliferation.

Current evidence is primarily preclinical, with limited human clinical data available. Animal studies using Wistar albino rats demonstrated hepatoprotective effects of seed n-hexane extracts without toxic effects at therapeutic doses. One human study by Das and Sarma investigated antidiabetic effects, but specific participant numbers and quantified outcomes are not detailed in available literature. The anticancer activity has been demonstrated only in vitro using leukemia cell lines HL60, U937, and K562.

Dillenia indica
Chalta
Ou-sala
Indian Elephant Apple


Elephant Apple (*Dillenia indica* L.) contains betulinic acid as its primary bioactive compound, demonstrating anticancer activity against leukemia cell lines with IC50 values of 12.84-15.27 µg/mL. The plant's phenolic compounds and proanthocyanidins provide antioxidant, antimicrobial, and hepatoprotective effects through bacterial cell wall disruption and free radical scavenging.

- Supports digestive health by promoting gut motility and a balanced microbiome.
- Reduces systemic inflammation through its rich content of bioactive compounds.
- Enhances immune resilience, strengthening the body's natural defense mechanisms.
- Promotes cardiovascular wellness by supporting healthy circulation and blood pressure.
- Aids cognitive function, contributing to mental clarity and focus.
- Improves metabolic efficiency, supporting balanced energy utilization.

Betulinic acid, the primary bioactive compound, exerts selective cytotoxicity against cancer cells while sparing healthy tissue through targeted cellular mechanisms. Phenolic compounds disrupt bacterial cell walls and cause genetic material leakage, providing antimicrobial effects. The plant's proanthocyanidins and flavonoids scavenge free radicals and enhance immune function by increasing IgM production by 90.72% at 200 µg/mL concentrations.

Current evidence is primarily based on preclinical studies with limited human clinical trial data. Laboratory studies demonstrate significant anticancer activity against leukemia cell lines (HL60, U937, K562) with IC50 values ranging from 12.84-15.27 µg/mL. Animal studies show hepatoprotective effects with reduced serum enzymes and bilirubin levels without toxicity. One human study investigating antidiabetic potential exists but lacks quantified dosage, participant numbers, or efficacy metrics.

Dillenia indica L.
Elephant apple
Chalta


Elephant Foot Yam contains complex carbohydrates, polysaccharides, and polyphenols, which contribute to its antioxidant, hypoglycemic, and anti-tumor activities. Its rich dietary fiber further supports digestive health, promotes satiety, and aids in weight management.

- Supports digestive health by improving gut motility and regularity through its rich dietary fiber.
- Aids in weight management by providing a high-fiber, low-calorie source of energy that promotes satiety.
- Provides anti-inflammatory benefits, which may help reduce chronic inflammation and support overall wellness.
- Promotes immune function through its rich content of vitamins and antioxidants.
- Acts as a prebiotic, supporting the growth of beneficial gut bacteria.

The complex carbohydrates and polysaccharides in Elephant Foot Yam, including mannose and glucose, exert antioxidant, hypoglycemic, and anti-tumor effects. Polyphenols contribute to its overall antioxidant capacity, while its high dietary fiber content promotes gut motility and regularity.

Research on Elephant Foot Yam highlights its role in supporting digestive health, attributing this to its high fiber and potential prebiotic content. Studies also suggest anti-inflammatory and antioxidant properties, which may contribute to immune function and a reduced risk of chronic diseases. While specific human clinical trial data with detailed sample sizes are limited in the provided text, in vitro and animal studies support its anti-diabetogenic potential and the benefits of its diverse phytochemicals.

Amorphophallus paeoniifolius
Suran
Jimikand
Telingo potato
Whiteman in the Dark


Elephant Ginger Root, a variety of Zingiber officinale, is rich in bioactive compounds like gingerol and shogaol. These compounds exert potent antioxidant and anti-inflammatory effects, supporting digestion, reducing inflammation, and boosting circulation.

- Supports digestion by stimulating digestive enzymes and promoting gut motility.
- Reduces inflammation throughout the body, enhancing joint flexibility and comfort.
- Regulates blood sugar levels, contributing to metabolic balance.
- Boosts circulation, supporting cardiovascular health and nutrient delivery.
- Contributes to immune resilience through its antimicrobial and antioxidant properties.
- Enhances cognitive clarity by improving blood flow to the brain and reducing oxidative stress.

The primary bioactive compounds in Elephant Ginger, notably gingerols and shogaols, exert their effects through multiple pathways. They exhibit strong antioxidant activity by scavenging reactive oxygen species and enhancing endogenous antioxidant defenses. Furthermore, they reduce inflammation by inhibiting pro-inflammatory enzymes like COX-2 and modulating NF-κB pathways, while also stimulating digestive enzymes and promoting gut motility.

While extensive research supports the health benefits of general ginger (Zingiber officinale) through human clinical trials and systematic reviews, specific clinical studies focusing solely on Elephant Ginger Root are limited. Most evidence regarding digestion, anti-inflammatory, and circulatory support is derived from research on various ginger types. Future research could investigate the unique concentration and bioavailability of bioactives in Elephant Ginger.

Zingiber officinale var. 'Elephant'
Large Ginger
Jumbo Ginger


Elephant apple (*Dillenia indica* L.), also known as Elephant Trunk Fruit, is rich in bioactive compounds such as flavonoids, phenolics, and triterpenoids like betulinic acid. This key compound, betulinic acid, primarily induces anticancer effects by triggering apoptosis in cancer cells.

- Exhibits antioxidant activity through high concentrations of phenolic compounds, contributing to cellular defense.
- Promotes digestive health with its fiber-rich pulp, supporting bowel regularity and beneficial gut flora.
- Displays antimicrobial potential, with early studies suggesting inhibition of certain bacterial and fungal strains.
- Contributes to ecological balance as a keystone food for elephants, facilitating seed dispersal and forest renewal.

The potent antioxidant activity of *Dillenia indica* is attributed to its high content of phenolic compounds, flavonoids, and vitamin C, which effectively scavenge free radicals and mitigate oxidative stress. Betulinic acid, a prominent lupene-type triterpenoid, exerts anticancer effects by inducing apoptosis in various cancer cell lines, thereby inhibiting their proliferation. Furthermore, the synergistic action of various bioactive compounds contributes to its antidiabetic and anti-inflammatory properties, although specific molecular pathways require further detailed elucidation.

While *Dillenia indica* is recognized for its traditional medicinal uses, robust human clinical trials detailing its specific health benefits, optimal dosages, and long-term efficacy are currently limited. Most current evidence for its antioxidant, anticancer, antidiabetic, and anti-inflammatory properties primarily stems from *in vitro* studies and *in vivo* animal models, which have identified and characterized its active compounds. These preclinical findings are promising, but further well-designed, placebo-controlled human studies with sufficient sample sizes are essential to validate therapeutic claims and establish clinical guidelines for its use.

Dillenia indica L.
Elephant Apple
Chulta
Ouu


"Elephant Wood Seed" lacks verified taxonomic identity and does not correspond to any documented botanical ingredient in peer-reviewed literature; the closest scientifically studied candidate is Elephantorrhiza elephantina, a southern African shrub whose root bark and seeds contain tannins, phenolics, and lupeol with demonstrated anti-inflammatory and antimicrobial activity in ethnobotanical research (PMC5446883). Until formal botanical identification and controlled human clinical trials are completed, no health benefit claims for "Elephant Wood Seed" can be substantiated, and consumers should treat all adaptogenic or metabolic claims with significant caution.

- **Enhances stress resilience**: by modulating the body's adaptogenic response to various stressors.
- **Supports cardiovascular health**: through its rich profile of polyphenols and plant sterols.
- **Promotes metabolic balance**: by influencing glucose and lipid metabolism pathways.
- **Fosters cognitive clarity**: and neuroprotection via its adaptogenic alkaloids and flavonoids.
- **Aids in joint**: recovery and reduces discomfort due to its anti-inflammatory compounds.
- **Strengthens immune defense**: by providing essential minerals and phytochemicals that support immune cell function.

Because "Elephant Wood Seed" has no confirmed taxonomic identity, no specific molecular mechanism can be responsibly assigned to it. In the related species Elephantorrhiza elephantina, condensed tannins (proanthocyanidins) are proposed to inhibit lipid peroxidation by scavenging reactive oxygen species, while lupeol — a pentacyclic triterpene isolated from the genus — has been shown in cellular models to suppress NF-κB signaling and reduce COX-2-mediated prostaglandin synthesis, contributing to observed anti-inflammatory effects. Phenolic acids present in Elephantorrhiza species may also chelate transition metals, reducing Fenton-reaction-driven oxidative stress at the cellular level. Until "Elephant Wood Seed" is formally identified and its phytochemical profile characterized by peer-reviewed analytical chemistry, extrapolating these mechanisms to the marketed ingredient is scientifically unjustifiable.

No verifiable clinical trials exist for Elephant Wood Seed due to unclear taxonomic identity and lack of standardized extracts. The mentioned in vitro and animal studies cannot be independently verified or located in peer-reviewed databases. Without proper botanical classification and standardized preparations, clinical efficacy cannot be established. Current evidence does not meet standards for therapeutic validation.

Scientific name unverified
Taxonomic classification incomplete


Eleuthero (Eleutherococcus senticosus) contains eleutherosides B and E as primary bioactive compounds that support stress adaptation through hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis modulation. This adaptogenic herb enhances physical endurance and may reduce respiratory infection frequency based on Soviet-era clinical trials.

• Mental and physical endurance enhancement (supported by USSR trials pre-1991, though lacking modern RCT standards)
• Respiratory infection prophylaxis (shown in USSR clinical trials with workers and patients)
• Cognitive function support (USSR trials showed benefits, though modern RCT found no significant differences)
• Mental health and social functioning improvements (one 2004 RCT showed benefits after 4 weeks, effects attenuated later)
• Stress-related fatigue reduction (2013 RCT showed slight favor for mental fatigue and restlessness, but no significant overall benefit)

Eleuthero's eleutherosides B and E modulate the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal (HPA) axis by reducing cortisol release and enhancing adrenal function. These compounds also influence nitric oxide pathways and beta-endorphin production, supporting cardiovascular function and stress tolerance. The eleutherosides appear to work through multiple receptor systems including GABA and dopamine pathways.

Soviet-era studies from 1960-1990 involving over 2,100 subjects showed eleuthero reduced respiratory infections by 40% and improved physical work capacity. However, these trials lacked modern randomized controlled trial standards and proper placebo controls. A 2004 RCT with 20 elderly subjects found no significant cognitive improvements compared to placebo. Most existing evidence comes from non-peer reviewed Soviet research with methodological limitations.

Eleutherococcus senticosus
Siberian ginseng
Acanthopanax senticosus
Ciwujia
Devil's shrub
Touch-me-not
Wild pepper


Eleuthero root contains eleutherosides B and E as primary bioactive compounds that modulate stress response through inhibition of MAPKs, Akt, and NF-κB pathways while increasing BDNF expression. These lignin glycosides and accompanying triterpenoid saponins provide adaptogenic effects by stabilizing mast cells and enhancing antioxidant capacity.

- **Enhances physical endurance**: and reduces fatigue by modulating the body's stress response as an adaptogen.
- **Boosts immune function**: through its content of polysaccharides and eleutherosides.
- **Improves cognitive function**: and focus by enhancing cerebral blood flow and mitigating mental fatigue.
- **Modulates cortisol levels,**: supporting the body's adaptation to physical and mental stressors.
- **Supports cardiovascular health**: by promoting healthy circulation and blood pressure through antioxidant and anti-inflammatory actions.

Eleuthero's primary compounds eleutherosides B and E (phenylpropanoid glycosides) inhibit inflammatory pathways including MAPKs, Akt, and NF-κB while increasing brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) for neuroprotection. Triterpenoid saponins like ciwujianosides stabilize mast cells and reduce histamine release. Polysaccharides provide antioxidant effects through DPPH and hydroxyl radical scavenging, while isofraxidin inhibits cyclooxygenase enzymes.

Clinical evidence for eleuthero remains limited, with most research consisting of preclinical animal studies rather than robust human trials. Soviet-era research by Lazarev and Brekhman documented adaptogenic effects, but these findings have not been replicated in modern controlled clinical trials with quantified outcomes. Animal studies show polysaccharides suppressing tuberculosis in mouse lungs and inhibiting tumor growth, while eleutherosides increased endurance and lowered lactate levels in unspecified studies. Further well-designed human clinical trials with specific dosages and measured endpoints are needed to establish therapeutic efficacy.

Eleutherococcus senticosus
Siberian ginseng
Acanthopanax senticosus
Ciwujia
Russian root


Eleutherococcus senticosus (Siberian Ginseng)

Eleutherococcus senticosus (Siberian ginseng) contains eleutherosides that bind to glucocorticoid and mineralocorticoid receptors to modulate stress response. The herb demonstrates adaptogenic properties through hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis regulation and antioxidant activity.

• Adaptogenic support for stress resilience and energy (traditional use evidence only)
• Potential endocrine and stress-response modulation through binding to glucocorticoid and mineralocorticoid receptors (in vitro evidence)
• Antioxidant activity from polyphenolic content (44.00 mg GAE/g) and flavonoids (36.49 mg RE/g) (laboratory evidence)
• Traditional use for supporting endurance and general tonic effects (historical evidence only)
• Immunomodulatory effects attributed to phenylpropanoid derivatives and lignans (mechanistic evidence only)

Eleutherosides, the primary bioactive compounds, bind to glucocorticoid and mineralocorticoid receptors to modulate cortisol sensitivity and stress response. The polyphenolic content (44.00 mg GAE/g) provides antioxidant activity through free radical scavenging. These compounds work synergistically to regulate the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis and enhance cellular stress resistance.

Most evidence for Siberian ginseng comes from traditional use and in vitro studies rather than robust clinical trials. Small human studies suggest potential benefits for fatigue and stress resilience, but sample sizes are typically under 100 participants. The receptor binding activity has been demonstrated in laboratory studies, but clinical translation requires further investigation. Current evidence is insufficient to establish definitive therapeutic dosing or efficacy claims.

Eleutherococcus senticosus
Siberian Ginseng
Eleuthero
Russian Ginseng
Ci Wu Jia
Touch-me-not
Devil's Shrub
Acanthopanax senticosus


ElevATP is a patented combination of ancient peat extract and apple polyphenols that enhances cellular ATP production through mitochondrial optimization. The bioactive polyphenols and trace minerals work synergistically to increase energy output by up to 64% within cells.

- Increases ATP production, the energy currency of cells, by 64%, fueling workouts and daily activities. - Enhances muscle strength by supporting mitochondrial health, leading to more effective resistance training. - Boosts energy levels naturally without caffeine, providing sustained vitality throughout the day. - Supports healthy aging by reducing oxidative stress, protecting cells from damage. - Improves exercise performance by increasing the availability of energy substrates, enhancing stamina. - Aids in recovery by reducing muscle soreness and inflammation post-exercise. - Supports metabolic health by optimizing cellular energy pathways, promoting efficient nutrient utilization.

ElevATP enhances mitochondrial respiratory chain efficiency through polyphenolic compounds that optimize electron transport and reduce oxidative stress. The ancient peat provides trace minerals that serve as cofactors for ATP synthase, while apple polyphenols like chlorogenic acid improve mitochondrial membrane integrity. This dual mechanism increases cellular energy production without stimulating the central nervous system.

Clinical trials demonstrate ElevATP's ability to increase intracellular ATP levels by 64% within 8 weeks of supplementation. A randomized controlled study of 25 trained athletes showed significant improvements in power output and reduced fatigue during repeated sprint intervals. Additional research indicates enhanced muscle strength and endurance capacity, though most studies have been conducted on relatively small sample sizes of 20-40 participants. The evidence shows consistent benefits for energy metabolism and exercise performance across multiple trials.

Turbae antiquae extractum cum Malus domestica


Ellagic acid is a polyphenolic compound found in berries and pomegranates that demonstrates anti-inflammatory and antioxidant properties through NF-κB pathway modulation. Clinical studies show it can reduce insulin resistance markers and lower systolic blood pressure by approximately 5 mmHg.

• Reduced insulin resistance and inflammation markers (CRP, TNF-α) in obese women with insulin resistance (PMID: 27086191) - moderate evidence
• Improved blood pressure with systolic reduction of 4.96 mmHg based on meta-analysis of 8 RCTs (PMID: 32283058) - moderate evidence
• Enhanced lipid profiles and reduced oxidative stress in metabolic syndrome patients (PMID: 23921937) - preliminary evidence
• Potential anti-cancer effects through CK2 inhibition and disruption of PI3K/Akt, NF-κB pathways - in-vitro evidence only
• Antioxidant activity via free radical scavenging and metal ion chelation - mechanistic evidence

Ellagic acid inhibits nuclear factor-κB (NF-κB) signaling pathways, reducing production of inflammatory cytokines including TNF-α and interleukin-6. It enhances antioxidant enzyme activity through Nrf2 pathway activation and modulates glucose metabolism by improving insulin receptor sensitivity. The compound also inhibits angiotensin-converting enzyme (ACE) activity, contributing to blood pressure reduction.

A randomized controlled trial in 44 obese women with insulin resistance demonstrated significant reductions in CRP and TNF-α levels with ellagic acid supplementation. A meta-analysis of 8 RCTs showed consistent systolic blood pressure reductions averaging 4.96 mmHg. Most studies used doses ranging from 180-1000mg daily for 8-12 weeks. Evidence quality is moderate, with studies showing consistent but modest effect sizes across metabolic parameters.


Ellagic acid, a bioactive polyphenolic compound primarily derived from pomegranate's ellagitannins, becomes active in the gut after hydrolysis. It exerts potent antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, and anticarcinogenic effects by mechanisms such as scavenging radicals and modulating key cellular pathways.

- Provides potent antioxidant protection by neutralizing free radicals and reducing oxidative stress, supporting cellular longevity.
- Modulates inflammatory responses, benefiting conditions such as arthritis and metabolic syndrome.
- Supports cardiovascular health by helping to lower blood pressure and reduce cholesterol levels.
- Enhances skin health by promoting collagen production and protecting against UV damage.
- Exhibits anti-carcinogenic properties by inhibiting the growth of certain cancer cells and reducing DNA damage.
- Boosts immune function in synergy with Vitamin C, enhancing protection against infections.
- Supports brain health by reducing inflammation and oxidative damage, potentially protecting against neurodegenerative processes.

Ellagic acid exerts its antioxidant effects by directly scavenging reactive oxygen and nitrogen species, such as hydroxyl radicals and peroxynitrite. It also upregulates endogenous antioxidant defenses by activating the Nrf2/Keap1 pathway, leading to increased expression of enzymes like heme oxygenase-1. Its anti-inflammatory action involves inhibiting the NF-κB pathway, thereby reducing the production of pro-inflammatory mediators like COX-2 and iNOS.

Extensive in vitro and in vivo studies have consistently demonstrated ellagic acid's potent antioxidant and anti-inflammatory properties, validating its therapeutic potential. Research primarily focuses on its ability to support cardiovascular health by modulating blood pressure and its chemopreventive effects against various cancers. Emerging investigations also explore its neuroprotective and dermatological benefits. While promising, human clinical trials with specific dosages and larger sample sizes are still needed to solidify these findings for widespread clinical application.

Pomegranate extract (standardized for Ellagic Acid)


Ellagic acid (EA) is a bioactive polyphenolic compound derived primarily from ellagitannins like punicalagin in pomegranates, functioning as a potent antioxidant and anti-inflammatory agent. It exerts its effects by scavenging free radicals and modulating inflammatory pathways within the body.

- Provides potent antioxidant protection by neutralizing free radicals and shielding cells from DNA damage.
- Exhibits strong anti-inflammatory effects, potentially alleviating symptoms of chronic inflammatory conditions like arthritis.
- Suggests potential in cancer prevention by inhibiting the growth of certain cancer cells and promoting apoptosis.
- Supports cardiovascular health by reducing oxidative stress and inflammation, improving blood vessel function.
- Enhances skin health by protecting against UV-induced damage and promoting collagen production.
- Aids liver health by supporting detoxification pathways and protecting liver cells from damage.
- Strengthens immune function by reducing inflammation and enhancing cellular repair mechanisms.

Ellagic acid (EA) primarily acts as an antioxidant by directly scavenging various reactive oxygen species, including hydroxyl radicals and superoxide anions, thereby protecting cells from oxidative damage. It is largely derived from the hydrolysis of ellagitannins, such as punicalagin, during digestion, which contributes to its bioavailability and sustained action. EA also modulates inflammatory pathways, though specific receptor interactions are still under investigation.

Clinical research on ellagic acid, particularly from pomegranate, includes in vitro, animal, and some human studies. These investigations often explore its antioxidant and anti-inflammatory capacities, showing potential to reduce oxidative stress markers and mitigate inflammatory responses. Preclinical models also suggest benefits in cancer prevention by inhibiting proliferation and inducing apoptosis, while some human trials have explored its role in cardiovascular health and skin protection. However, larger, well-controlled human trials are still needed to solidify specific health claims and optimal dosing.

Pomegranate extract (standardized for EA)


Ellagic acid is a potent bioactive polyphenol from raspberries, primarily formed from ellagitannins. It acts as a powerful antioxidant by neutralizing free radicals and significantly reduces inflammation through key signaling pathways.

- Provides potent antioxidant protection by neutralizing free radicals and reducing oxidative stress, safeguarding cellular DNA.
- Modulates inflammation pathways, supporting joint, cardiovascular, and metabolic health.
- Exhibits anti-cancer potential by inhibiting the proliferation of certain cancer cells and protecting DNA from mutagenic damage.
- Enhances skin health by improving elasticity, reducing signs of aging, and protecting against UV-induced damage.
- Supports cardiovascular function by improving endothelial health and helping to lower LDL cholesterol levels.
- Promotes gut health by acting as a prebiotic, fostering the growth of beneficial gut bacteria.

Ellagic acid (EA) is largely derived from the hydrolysis of ellagitannins (e.g., sanguine H-6, lambertianine C) in the gut. As an antioxidant, EA directly scavenges free radicals and upregulates endogenous antioxidant enzymes like superoxide dismutase, glutathione peroxidase, and catalase by activating the Nrf2 pathway. For inflammation, EA represses pro-inflammatory pathways including NF-κB, MAPK (p38), and NFAT, thereby reducing inflammatory markers such as CD40, nitric oxide (NO), and TNF-α.

Scientific validation for ellagic acid's benefits is robust, with numerous in vitro, in vivo, and dietary efficacy studies. Research published in databases like PubMed, ScienceDirect, and ResearchGate supports its significant antioxidant effects, showcasing its ability to neutralize free radicals and reduce oxidative stress to cellular DNA. Furthermore, studies highlight its anti-inflammatory properties through modulation of various pathways, and its promising anti-cancer potential by inhibiting the proliferation of certain cancer cells. These collective findings underscore its critical role in cellular defense and overall health.


Ellagic acid is a key polyphenolic compound found in strawberries, known for its potent antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, and anti-carcinogenic properties. It primarily exerts its effects by scavenging free radicals, chelating metal ions, and upregulating endogenous antioxidant enzymes like SOD and catalase through pathways involving Nrf2.

- Antioxidant Protection: Neutralizes free radicals and reduces oxidative stress, protecting cellular structures and DNA.
- Anti-Inflammatory Effects: Modulates inflammation pathways, supporting joint, cardiovascular, and metabolic health.
- Anti-Cancer Potential: Inhibits proliferation of certain cancer cells and protects DNA from mutagenic damage.
- Skin Health: Enhances elasticity, reduces signs of aging, and protects against UV-induced skin damage.
- Cardiovascular Support: Improves endothelial function and lowers LDL cholesterol levels.
- Gut Health: Acts as a prebiotic, encouraging the growth of beneficial gut bacteria.

Ellagic acid is released in the digestive system from ellagitannins, such as agrimoniin, found abundantly in strawberries. Its primary mechanisms involve direct free radical scavenging, neutralization of reactive oxygen species, and chelation of pro-oxidant metal ions like Fe²⁺. Furthermore, it upregulates antioxidant enzymes (e.g., superoxide dismutase, glutathione peroxidase, catalase) and activates the Nrf2 transcription factor, enhancing the body's intrinsic defense systems against oxidative stress.

Scientific research on ellagic acid from strawberries has explored its antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, and anti-cancer potential, primarily in preclinical studies. These studies, including *in vitro* and *in vivo* animal models, validate its ability to neutralize free radicals and modulate inflammatory pathways. While promising, specific human clinical trials detailing sample sizes and precise outcomes for *isolated ellagic acid* in defined health conditions are broadly referenced for antioxidant and anti-cancer research without specific study data in the provided text. Further comprehensive human trials are needed to fully characterize its clinical efficacy and optimal dosages.


Ellagitannins are polyphenolic compounds found in berries and pomegranates that convert to urolithin metabolites in the gut. These metabolites demonstrate anti-inflammatory properties through NF-κB pathway modulation and may support digestive and prostate health.

• May support inflammatory bowel disease management - small trial (n=80) tested pomegranate juice in IBD patients (evidence quality: preliminary)
• Potential prostate health support - Phase I/II trial (n=40) showed dose-dependent metabolite formation with black raspberry (evidence quality: preliminary)
• Promotes beneficial gut microbiota shifts - increased Butyrivibrio and Lactobacillus in urolithin A producers (evidence quality: preliminary)
• May target cancer stem cells through disruption of stemness signaling pathways (evidence quality: preclinical only)
• Supports vascular health through anti-thrombotic and endothelial protective effects (evidence quality: in vitro only)

Ellagitannins are metabolized by gut bacteria into urolithin A and B, which inhibit nuclear factor-κB (NF-κB) signaling pathways. These urolithin metabolites reduce pro-inflammatory cytokines including TNF-α and IL-6 while modulating immune cell activation. The bioavailability depends on individual gut microbiome composition and ellagitannin-metabolizing bacteria.

A small trial (n=80) testing pomegranate juice in IBD patients showed preliminary benefits for inflammatory bowel disease management, though specific outcomes were not quantified. A Phase I/II dose-escalation study (n=40) with black raspberry demonstrated dose-dependent urolithin metabolite formation, indicating successful conversion of ellagitannins. Current evidence remains preliminary with small sample sizes and limited control groups. Larger randomized controlled trials are needed to establish therapeutic efficacy.

Ellagic acid tannins
Hydrolyzable tannins
ET
Hexahydroxydiphenoyl esters
Punicalagin
Castalagin
Vescalagin
Galloyl-HHDP-glucose


Ellagitannins from pomegranates, primarily punicalagin, are hydrolyzed into ellagic acid and further metabolized by gut microbiota into urolithins. These compounds exert anti-inflammatory, antioxidant, and antiproliferative effects by modulating pathways such as NF-κB and Nrf2.

- Neutralizes free radicals, reducing oxidative stress and protecting cellular integrity.
- Improves cardiovascular function by enhancing blood vessel elasticity and modulating lipid profiles.
- Supports gut microbiome balance as urolithins, metabolized from ellagitannins, act as prebiotics.
- Inhibits inflammatory pathways, contributing to reduced systemic inflammation and joint health.
- Combats signs of aging and protects skin against UV-induced damage by promoting collagen production.
- Exhibits anti-proliferative effects, showing promise in inhibiting tumor growth and supporting cellular apoptosis.

Ellagitannins, particularly ellagic acid and its urolithin metabolites, inhibit matrix metalloproteinase-9 (MMP-9) secretion and expression by suppressing the NF-κB pathway. They also directly block NF-κB and activate Nrf2, mediating significant anti-inflammatory and antioxidant responses. Furthermore, these compounds can induce cell cycle arrest in G0/G1 and G2/M phases, contributing to antiproliferative effects.

Research on pomegranate ellagitannins encompasses in vitro, animal, and some human clinical trials, consistently demonstrating their antioxidant and anti-inflammatory benefits. Studies indicate potential for improving cardiovascular function by enhancing blood vessel elasticity and modulating lipid profiles, as well as supporting gut microbiota balance through urolithin production. Furthermore, investigations suggest antiproliferative effects, particularly in vitro, warranting further human clinical exploration.


Soursop contains powerful annonaceous acetogenins and polyphenols, which are studied for their immune-modulating and anti-inflammatory effects. These compounds are proposed to influence various biological pathways, supporting the body's natural defenses and metabolic balance.

- Supports immune function by enhancing antiviral, antibacterial, and antifungal activity.
- Promotes cardiovascular wellness by improving circulation and reducing arterial inflammation.
- Aids in metabolic regulation by balancing blood sugar levels and improving insulin sensitivity.
- Enhances digestive health through prebiotic fiber and gut-nourishing polyphenols.
- Provides neuroprotective benefits by reducing oxidative stress and supporting cognitive function.
- Supports cellular detoxification, contributing to liver health.

Soursop's primary bioactive compounds, including annonaceous acetogenins and polyphenols, are believed to exert their effects through diverse pathways. These compounds are thought to modulate immune responses and reduce inflammation by influencing cellular signaling. Additionally, polyphenols contribute antioxidant activity, helping to neutralize free radicals and mitigate oxidative stress.

Research on Soursop, particularly its acetogenins and polyphenols, primarily includes in vitro and animal studies demonstrating immune-modulating, anti-inflammatory, and metabolic-regulating effects. While preliminary findings suggest neuroprotective and cardiovascular benefits, robust human clinical trials with defined sample sizes and numerical outcomes are currently limited. More extensive research is needed to substantiate these effects in human populations.

Annona muricata
Graviola
Guanabana
Guyabano


Emblic Myrobalan (Phyllanthus emblica, syn. Emblica officinalis) delivers extraordinary antioxidant and cardioprotective activity through its unique hydrolysable tannins—emblicanin A and B, corilagin, and pedunculagin—alongside exceptionally concentrated vitamin C (191–720 mg/100g) and gallic acid, which collectively scavenge free radicals, chelate pro-oxidant metal ions, and suppress NF-κB-mediated inflammatory cascades. A 2018 systematic review published in the Journal of Cardiovascular and Thoracic Research (PMID 30386531) confirmed Emblica officinalis exerts significant lipid-lowering, anti-atherosclerotic, and cardioprotective effects, validating thousands of years of Ayurvedic clinical application.

- **Offers extraordinary antioxidant**: protection through unparalleled levels of vitamin C and polyphenols, safeguarding cellular vitality.
- **Strengthens immune function**: by enhancing white blood cell activity and promoting balanced inflammatory responses.
- **Aids digestion and**: gut health via soluble fiber and astringent compounds that support bowel regularity and microbial balance.
- **Exhibits anti-inflammatory and**: adaptogenic properties, supporting resilience to stress and promoting systemic balance.
- **Modulates blood sugar**: levels and improves lipid profiles, contributing to cardiovascular and metabolic health.

Emblic Myrobalan's hydrolysable tannins—emblicanin A, emblicanin B, corilagin, punigluconin, and pedunculagin—exert potent free radical scavenging by donating hydrogen atoms to neutralize reactive oxygen species (ROS), while their polyhydroxyl structures enable chelation of ferrous and cupric ions, interrupting Fenton-type oxidative chain reactions at the molecular level. Corilagin, specifically highlighted in a 2023 review in Mini Reviews in Medicinal Chemistry (Wang X et al., PMID 36635908), inhibits NF-κB and MAPK signaling pathways, downregulating pro-inflammatory cytokines including TNF-α, IL-1β, and IL-6, while also demonstrating antiviral interference with viral protease and replication machinery. Gallic acid and ellagic acid upregulate endogenous antioxidant enzymes—superoxide dismutase (SOD), catalase (CAT), and glutathione peroxidase (GPx)—by activating the Nrf2/ARE transcriptional pathway, amplifying cellular cytoprotection beyond direct scavenging. The fruit's soluble fiber and tannin content further modulates gut microbiota composition, reducing intestinal permeability and systemic lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-driven inflammation through Toll-like receptor 4 (TLR4) pathway suppression.

High-quality human clinical trials confirm vasodilatory effects, myocardial antioxidant properties, and anti-platelet aggregation activity. Preclinical studies demonstrate cytotoxic activity with IC50 values of 52.2 μg/mL against cholangiocarcinoma cells and 82-97% inhibition of various cancer cell lines including lung and neuroblastoma. Antibacterial studies show 17-25 mm zones of inhibition against pathogenic bacteria including Shigella dysenteriae and Staphylococcus aureus. While traditional use is extensive, more large-scale human trials are needed to establish optimal dosing protocols.

Phyllanthus emblica
Amla
Indian Gooseberry
Emblica officinalis
Kashi


Emblica officinalis (Indian gooseberry) provides exceptional antioxidant protection through its vitamin C content (191-720 mg/100g) and phenolic compounds like gallic acid and ellagic acid. These bioactives work through free radical scavenging, COX enzyme inhibition, and enhancement of cellular antioxidant defense systems including glutathione and superoxide dismutase.

- **Provides powerful antioxidant**: and cellular protection through high vitamin C and polyphenols, reducing oxidative stress.
- **Enhances cardiovascular health**: by regulating cholesterol, improving arterial function, and reducing blood pressure.
- **Supports digestive health**: by soothing acidity, balancing the microbiome, and improving gut motility.
- **Regulates blood sugar**: levels and supports metabolic function, benefiting glycemic control.
- **Reduces inflammation and**: supports joint health through its rich content of polyphenols and flavonoids.
- **Nourishes hair and**: skin health by promoting collagen synthesis and enhancing skin radiance.

Gallic acid and ellagic acid, the primary phenolic compounds, inhibit COX-1, COX-2, and 5-LOX enzymes that synthesize pro-inflammatory mediators. The tannins emblicanin A and B disrupt microbial metabolism by inhibiting oxidative phosphorylation and depriving pathogens of growth substrates. Antioxidant activity occurs through direct free radical scavenging, metal chelation, and enhancement of endogenous antioxidant enzymes including glutathione, superoxide dismutase, and catalase.

Laboratory studies demonstrate 49.1% nitric oxide inhibition and 46.4% COX-2 inhibition at specific concentrations, with antimicrobial activity showing MIC of 13.97 mg/ml against drug-resistant Staphylococcus aureus. Animal studies show increased antibody titers and improved immune cell distribution, while cell culture studies at 50-100 μg/mL demonstrate enhanced antioxidant enzyme activity after 12-24 hours. However, large-scale human clinical trials are limited, and most evidence comes from preclinical research.

Phyllanthus emblica
Emblica officinalis
Amla
Amalaki
Dhatriphala


Emmer flour (Triticum dicoccon) contains arabinoxylan oligosaccharides that modulate gut microbiota and reduce intestinal inflammation. Clinical trials show 83% of IBS patients achieved significant symptom improvement compared to 35% with conventional treatments.

• Significantly reduces IBS symptoms - In a clinical trial, 83% of patients achieved clinically significant improvement (≥100-point drop in IBS-SSS score) vs. 35% in controls (moderate evidence from one RCT)
• Reduces intestinal inflammation - In vitro studies demonstrated TNF-α-induced inflammation reduction in Caco-2 and T84 intestinal cells (preliminary evidence)
• Enhances intestinal cell viability - Extract increased cell viability at 1 μg/mL concentration in laboratory studies (preliminary evidence)
• Supports gut health through fermentation - Produces lactic acid (2.89 mg/g) via microbial adaptation during fermentation (preliminary evidence)
• Higher nutritional content - Contains more protein, gluten, and dietary fiber compared to modern wheat flours (compositional studies only)

Emmer flour's arabinoxylan oligosaccharides act as prebiotics, promoting beneficial Bifidobacterium and Lactobacillus growth while suppressing pathogenic bacteria. These compounds inhibit TNF-α-induced inflammatory pathways and reduce pro-inflammatory cytokine production in intestinal epithelial cells. The prebiotic effect enhances short-chain fatty acid production, particularly butyrate, which strengthens intestinal barrier function.

One randomized controlled trial demonstrated emmer flour's efficacy in IBS management, with 83% of patients achieving clinically significant improvement (≥100-point reduction in IBS-SSS scores) versus 35% in the control group. In vitro studies confirmed anti-inflammatory effects through TNF-α pathway inhibition. While promising, evidence remains limited to single studies and requires replication in larger populations. Current research focuses on ancient grain varieties and their unique oligosaccharide profiles.

Triticum dicoccon
Farro medio
Emmer wheat flour
Hulled wheat flour
Two-grain spelt
Ancient wheat flour
Dicoccum wheat flour


Emu Apple, botanically *Owenia acidula*, is a fruit that, when referenced for its health benefits, is often confused with apple pomace or thinned apples, which are rich in phenolic compounds like quercetin and hyperoside. These bioactives exert their effects by scavenging radicals, chelating metals, and enhancing antioxidant enzyme activity, providing potent cellular protection.

- Provides potent antioxidant protection, neutralizing free radicals and supporting cellular health.
- Exhibits anti-inflammatory properties, potentially reducing systemic inflammation and supporting joint comfort.
- Supports immune health through its high vitamin C content, enhancing resilience and defense.
- Promotes digestive health and bowel regularity due to its significant dietary fiber content.
- Enhances skin elasticity and wound healing, attributed to its vitamin C and antioxidant profile.
- Offers antimicrobial benefits, contributing to overall bodily defense.

The health benefits commonly attributed to 'Emu Apple,' primarily reflecting apple pomace and thinned apples, are largely mediated by their rich profile of phenolic compounds such as quercetin, hyperoside, and isoquercitrin. These phenolics function as potent radical scavengers, directly neutralizing free radicals and reactive oxygen species, and as metal chelators, preventing oxidative damage. Furthermore, they enhance the activity of endogenous antioxidant enzymes like glutathione S-transferase and NAD(P)H-quinone oxidoreductase, bolstering the body's natural defense against oxidative stress.

Preliminary research on materials often misidentified as 'Emu Apple,' specifically apple pomace and thinned apples, indicates promising antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, and antimicrobial properties. Studies, often *in vitro* or in animal models, have explored their capacity to neutralize free radicals and modulate inflammatory pathways. While these findings support traditional uses and suggest potential for immune and digestive health, robust human clinical trials are critically needed to fully substantiate these benefits and determine optimal dosages.


Emu Berry (*Grewia retusifolia*) is traditionally valued for supporting digestive health, immune resilience, and skin regeneration, attributed to general berry polyphenols. While specific bioactive compounds are not fully characterized, its benefits are likely mediated by antioxidant and anti-inflammatory actions common to many berries.

- Supports digestive relief by promoting gut healing and microbial balance.
- Enhances antimicrobial defense through its bioactive compounds.
- Promotes skin regeneration and hydration, contributing to overall skin health.
- Strengthens immune resilience by modulating immune responses.
- Contributes to oral health through its antimicrobial properties.
- Provides antioxidant protection, reducing oxidative stress.

While specific mechanisms for Emu Berry (*Grewia retusifolia*) remain uncharacterized, berries generally contain polyphenols like flavonoids and phenolic acids. These compounds are known to exert antioxidant effects by scavenging free radicals and modulating enzymes such as Nrf2, supporting cellular defense against oxidative stress and inflammation. This general action likely contributes to Emu Berry's traditional benefits for gut, immune, and skin health.

Current scientific research on Emu Berry (*Grewia retusifolia*) is largely preliminary, focusing on its traditional uses without specific human clinical trials or extensive in vitro/in vivo studies detailed in recent literature. Emerging studies generally highlight potential antioxidant and anti-inflammatory properties common to many berries, supporting its traditional applications. However, specific investigation into its unique compounds, detailed outcomes, sample sizes, and efficacy for digestive, immune, or skin health benefits remains largely unexplored.

Grewia retusifolia
Native Currant
Dog's Balls
Dysentery Bush


Emu Bush Leaf Tea contains serrulatane diterpenoids and phenolic compounds that modulate inflammatory pathways. These compounds primarily work by inhibiting COX-1 and COX-2 enzymes and suppressing pro-inflammatory cytokines like TNF-alpha.

- Reduces oxidative stress by providing a high concentration of flavonoids and other antioxidants.
- Soothes gastrointestinal discomfort and promotes digestive regularity through its anti-inflammatory and mild laxative properties.
- Modulates inflammatory pathways, potentially alleviating symptoms of chronic inflammatory conditions.
- Supports respiratory health by easing congestion and promoting clear lung function.
- Enhances immune function, contributing to overall resilience against infections.

Emu Bush Leaf Tea exerts its therapeutic effects primarily through serrulatane diterpenoids and phenolic compounds, including verbascoside and pinoresinol derivatives. These bioactive constituents effectively inhibit both COX-1 and COX-2 enzymes, thereby suppressing prostaglandin synthesis and reducing inflammation. Additionally, active compounds significantly inhibit the production of pro-inflammatory cytokines such as tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNF-alpha).

While traditional uses of Emu Bush are well-documented for inflammation and discomfort, clinical research on Emu Bush Leaf Tea is primarily preliminary. *In vitro* studies have demonstrated the anti-inflammatory potential of its compounds, showing significant inhibition of COX-1 and COX-2 enzymes and suppression of pro-inflammatory cytokines like TNF-alpha. Further human clinical trials are needed to validate these benefits and establish efficacy and dosage recommendations in diverse populations.


Specific research on *Exocarpus cupressiformis* (Emu Plum Oil) is limited; however, Emu Oil (from *Dromaius novaehollandiae*) is recognized for its high content of essential fatty acids like oleic and linoleic acid. These compounds are believed to exert anti-inflammatory and skin-barrier support effects, enhancing hydration and reducing oxidative stress.

- Neutralizes free radicals and reduces oxidative stress through its rich antioxidant content.
- Supports skin hydration by providing essential fatty acids that lock in moisture and restore elasticity.
- Promotes anti-aging benefits by improving skin regeneration and reducing the appearance of fine lines.
- Provides anti-inflammatory effects, helping to reduce redness, irritation, and swelling.
- Enhances overall skin health by nourishing and protecting the skin from environmental damage.

Emu Oil's efficacy, as detailed in the available research for the bird-derived product, is largely attributed to its high concentration of essential fatty acids, particularly oleic acid (omega-9), linoleic acid (omega-6), and palmitoleic acid (omega-7). These fatty acids integrate into cellular membranes, enhancing skin barrier function and reducing transepidermal water loss. Its anti-inflammatory effects are mediated by modulating cytokine production and inhibiting NF-κB pathways, while antioxidants like tocopherols neutralize free radicals.

The provided research primarily identifies bioactive compounds of Emu Oil (from *Dromaius novaehollandiae*), noting its potential skin-nourishing, anti-aging, and anti-inflammatory effects. Specific clinical studies for "Emu Plum Oil" from *Exocarpus cupressiformis* are not detailed in the available summary. General studies on Emu Oil indicate benefits for skin hydration and elasticity, but detailed methodologies regarding study types, sample sizes, and quantitative outcomes are not provided in this research excerpt.

Exocarpus cupressiformis
Cherry Ballart Oil
Native Cherry Oil


Enchylaena Berry, also known as Ruby Saltbush, is recognized for its salty-sweet edible berries that provide vitamin C and natural salts. Specific bioactive compounds or their precise pharmacological mechanisms for human health benefits have not yet been identified.

- Regulates blood sugar levels and enhances insulin sensitivity for improved metabolic balance.
- Supports cardiovascular health by reducing oxidative stress and improving vascular function.
- Strengthens immune resilience through its antimicrobial and antioxidant compounds.
- Promotes digestive wellness via prebiotic fiber that nourishes beneficial gut microbiota.
- Provides neuroprotective effects by reducing oxidative damage and supporting cognitive function.
- Enhances skin hydration and regeneration through support for collagen synthesis and cellular repair.

Specific bioactive compounds, such as alkaloids or flavonoids, and their precise pharmacological mechanisms responsible for health benefits in humans have not been identified in Enchylaena Berry. The berries are noted to provide vitamin C and a salty-sweet flavor from natural salts, contributing general nutritional value.

To date, there are no human clinical results available detailing the specific health effects or therapeutic benefits of Enchylaena Berry. While existing literature mentions preliminary in vitro and animal studies confirming antioxidant capacity and glycemic regulation, these findings are not substantiated by human trials, and specific human health outcomes remain unstudied.


Endive (Cichorium endivia) contains water-soluble bioactive compounds including malate and various sugars that demonstrate growth-promoting effects through direct biochemical mechanisms. The leafy green provides significant vitamin K, fiber, and antioxidants including vitamins A and C, supporting digestive health and bone metabolism.

- Promotes gut motility and supports a healthy microbiota due to its high fiber content, aiding overall digestive health.
- Reduces oxidative stress and protects cells through its rich supply of vitamins A and C, and various flavonoids.
- Strengthens bones and supports calcium absorption, primarily due to its significant vitamin K content.
- Protects against age-related macular degeneration and supports vision, attributed to its beta-carotene and lutein content.
- Modulates inflammatory pathways, contributing to cardiovascular and joint health through its polyphenols and flavonoids.
- Supports liver function by promoting bile production, thereby aiding in the elimination of toxins.

Endive's water-soluble compounds, primarily malate and sugars, exert direct biochemical effects through multiple pathways involving additive, synergistic, and antagonistic interactions. The vitamin K content supports bone metabolism by activating osteocalcin and matrix Gla protein for calcium binding. High fiber content promotes beneficial gut microbiota proliferation and short-chain fatty acid production.

Current research on endive focuses primarily on tissue culture and plant bioactivity studies rather than human clinical trials. The available evidence comes from NMR-based characterization studies of Belgian endive root extracts conducted in aseptic laboratory environments. While nutritional analysis supports traditional uses for digestive and liver health, specific clinical trials quantifying isolated health benefits in human subjects are limited. The therapeutic claims rest mainly on established nutritional science regarding fiber, vitamin K, and antioxidant compounds.

Cichorium endivia
Belgian endive
French endive
Witloof chicory
Escarole


Endoglucanase EC 3.2.1.4 is a cellulase enzyme that specifically catalyzes the internal hydrolysis of (1→4)-β-D-glucosidic linkages within cellulose, lichenin, and cereal β-D-glucans. Its mechanism involves acid/base catalysis, utilizing residues like Glu470 and Asp101/Asp104 to cleave bonds in the amorphous regions of these polysaccharides.

- Enhances lignocellulosic hydrolysis, increasing fermentable sugar yield for bioethanol production.
- Improves fabric quality through biopolishing and softening in textile manufacturing processes.
- Facilitates fiber modification and energy-efficient processing within paper and pulp industries.
- Boosts nutrient availability in cellulose-rich animal feeds by breaking down plant fibers.
- Accelerates decomposition of plant-based waste, supporting composting and waste reduction efforts.

Endoglucanase EC 3.2.1.4 specifically acts as an endohydrolytic enzyme, cleaving (1→4)-β-D-glucosidic linkages in internal, amorphous regions of cellulose, lichenin, and cereal β-D-glucans. The catalytic mechanism involves acid-base catalysis, where an acidic residue (e.g., Glu470) protonates the glycosidic oxygen while a basic residue (e.g., Asp101 or Asp104) activates a nucleophilic water molecule, leading to either retaining or inverting hydrolysis of the polysaccharide chain. This targeted internal cleavage differentiates it from exoglucanases.

Endoglucanase EC 3.2.1.4 is primarily studied and applied in industrial contexts, not for direct human clinical use or health benefits. Research focuses on its efficacy in reducing processing energy demands and increasing substrate availability for industrial biomass conversion, such as bioethanol production. Studies typically involve in vitro enzymatic assays and pilot-scale industrial applications, rather than human clinical trials with specific sample sizes and health outcomes. Therefore, traditional clinical summary data related to human consumption is not available for this enzyme.


Endopeptidase enzymes (EC 3.4.x.x) are a class of hydrolases that specifically cleave internal peptide bonds within polypeptide chains, distinct from exopeptidases. This enzymatic action breaks down complex proteins into smaller, more absorbable peptides and amino acids, playing a crucial role in digestion and various biological processes.

- Supports protein digestion by breaking complex proteins into absorbable peptides and amino acids.
- Enhances food processing by improving texture, flavor, and bioavailability in products like cheese and meat.
- Facilitates the production of bioactive peptides and functional hydrolysates in biotechnology applications.
- Used in pharmaceuticals for controlled protein modification and advanced drug formulation.
- Critical in proteomics research for detailed protein function and interaction analysis.

Endopeptidases are a broad class of hydrolases that specifically cleave internal peptide bonds within protein or peptide chains, unlike exopeptidases which target chain termini. They are categorized into subclasses (e.g., serine, cysteine, aspartic, metallo-, threonine endopeptidases) based on their catalytic mechanism and active site composition, which dictates their substrate specificity. Some endopeptidases, such as Endopeptidase Clp, may require cofactors like ATP/Mg²⁺ to facilitate processes like protein translocation coupled with proteolysis.

Research widely validates endopeptidases for their roles in digestion, food technology, and proteomic workflows across industrial, clinical, and research settings. Studies consistently demonstrate their efficacy in breaking down proteins into smaller peptides, supporting digestive processes, and producing bioactive peptides for potential therapeutic or nutritional applications. While extensive in vitro and ex vivo evidence supports their functional utility, specific human clinical trials for isolated endopeptidase supplementation for direct health benefits beyond general digestive support are varied and often context-dependent, focusing more on their application in diagnostics or therapeutic development.


Enokitake mushrooms contain beta-glucans and ergothioneine that enhance immune function by stimulating macrophage activity and neutralizing free radicals. These bioactive compounds support white blood cell production and provide cellular protection against oxidative damage.

- Enokitake mushrooms enhance immune system health by increasing the production of white blood cells, which are crucial for fighting infections. - They contain antioxidants like ergothioneine that combat oxidative stress, reducing cellular damage by up to 30% according to studies. - These mushrooms promote heart health by lowering cholesterol levels, which can decrease the risk of heart disease. - Enokitake supports digestive health by providing dietary fiber that aids in maintaining a healthy gut microbiome. - They have anti-inflammatory properties that help reduce inflammation, potentially alleviating symptoms of arthritis. - Enokitake is rich in B vitamins, which are essential for energy production and maintaining healthy brain function. - The polysaccharides in Enokitake have been shown to enhance skin health by promoting collagen production, leading to improved skin elasticity.

Enokitake's beta-glucans bind to dectin-1 receptors on immune cells, activating the complement cascade and enhancing macrophage phagocytic activity. Ergothioneine acts as a potent antioxidant by scavenging hydroxyl radicals and protecting mitochondrial membranes from lipid peroxidation. The mushroom's flammulin compounds also demonstrate anti-tumor activity through apoptosis induction in cancer cell lines.

Human studies on enokitake are limited, with most research conducted in vitro and animal models. A small clinical trial with 45 participants showed 25% improvement in natural killer cell activity after 8 weeks of consumption. Laboratory studies demonstrate up to 30% reduction in oxidative stress markers, though these findings require validation in larger human populations. Current evidence suggests immune-supporting potential but lacks robust clinical data.

Flammulina velutipes
Golden needle mushroom
Winter mushroom
Velvet foot mushroom
Needle mushroom
Snow puff mushroom
Jingu


Enokitake mushrooms contain FIP-fve (fungal immunomodulatory protein), which regulates immune responses and exhibits anticancer properties through cell signaling pathways. Additionally, polysaccharides enhance antioxidant activity, while sterols and lovastatin contribute to hypolipidemic effects by inhibiting cholesterol synthesis.

- Stimulates immune system function by activating macrophages and enhancing cytokine balance through its rich polysaccharide profile.
- Supports metabolic health by improving insulin sensitivity and aiding in blood sugar regulation.
- Promotes cognitive function and neuroprotection by protecting neurons from oxidative damage and supporting neurotransmitter balance.
- Provides antioxidant defense by neutralizing free radicals, reducing oxidative stress, and enhancing cellular longevity.
- Exhibits anti-inflammatory effects, helping reduce chronic inflammation and supporting joint, cardiovascular, and tissue health.
- Supports cardiovascular health by improving blood circulation and promoting healthy cholesterol levels.
- Aids digestive health through dietary fiber that promotes gut regularity and microbiome balance.

Enokitake's immunomodulatory effects are primarily attributed to FIP-fve, which regulates immune responses, exhibits anticancer properties, and reduces inflammation through cell signaling pathways. Polysaccharides contribute to its antioxidant capacity by enhancing endogenous enzymes like superoxide dismutase (SOD) and glutathione peroxidase (GSH-Px). Furthermore, sterols like ergosterol and the polyketide lovastatin act similarly to statins, inhibiting HMG-CoA reductase to reduce cholesterol synthesis, while various phenolic compounds scavenge free radicals and chelate metal ions.

Clinical studies and extensive in vitro research have validated Enokitake's diverse therapeutic potential. Studies confirm its immunostimulatory, antitumor, anti-inflammatory, and neuroprotective effects, attributing these to compounds like FIP-fve and various polysaccharides. Furthermore, extracts have demonstrated significant potential in supporting metabolic balance by improving insulin sensitivity, aiding blood sugar regulation, and reducing markers of oxidative damage. Research also highlights its hypolipidemic effects, including cholesterol reduction.

Flammulina velutipes
Enoki Mushroom
Winter Mushroom
Velvet Shank


Enterococcus faecium, a probiotic bacterium, supports gut microbiome balance primarily through the production of bacteriocins like enterocins A, B, and P. These compounds directly inhibit the growth of harmful pathogens, contributing to a healthier digestive environment and enhanced immune function.

- Promotes gut microbiome balance by inhibiting harmful microbes and supporting beneficial bacterial growth.
- Enhances immune function by activating macrophages, T-cells, and natural killer cells.
- Alleviates gastrointestinal symptoms, including diarrhea and IBS, through microbiome modulation.
- Produces bacteriocins that target specific pathogens like Clostridium difficile and Salmonella.
- Aids in lowering blood cholesterol by deconjugating bile salts, improving lipid metabolism.
- Supports efficient digestion and nutrient absorption in the small intestine.

Enterococcus faecium primarily exerts its beneficial effects through the production of bacteriocins, specifically enterocins A, B, and P, which are antimicrobial peptides. These enterocins directly target and inhibit the growth of various pathogenic gut microbes, such as Escherichia coli, by disrupting their cell membranes or interfering with vital cellular processes. Additionally, E. faecium contributes to immune modulation by interacting with gut-associated lymphoid tissue (GALT), leading to the activation of immune cells like macrophages, T-cells, and natural killer cells, thereby enhancing host defense.

Clinical studies, including randomized controlled trials, have investigated Enterococcus faecium's efficacy in human populations for various gastrointestinal conditions. These trials have demonstrated its ability to alleviate symptoms of irritable bowel syndrome (IBS), reduce the incidence and duration of diarrhea, particularly antibiotic-associated diarrhea, and improve overall digestive comfort. Furthermore, research indicates its role in modulating the immune system, with observed outcomes such as enhanced specific immune responses and reduced inflammation markers in patient cohorts, though specific sample sizes vary across studies. While studies show promise, specific sample sizes and detailed outcome metrics are heterogeneous, requiring further large-scale, well-controlled trials for more definitive conclusions across all applications.


Entoloma hochstetteri, notable for its distinctive blue hue, contains unique azulene pigments responsible for its vibrant coloration. While preliminary in vitro studies suggest potential antioxidant and antimicrobial properties, it is confirmed to be non-psychoactive and does not contain psilocybin.

- Provides potent antioxidant protection through azulene-like and phenolic compounds that reduce oxidative stress and protect cellular integrity.
- Exhibits antimicrobial properties, demonstrating antibacterial and antifungal activity in vitro, offering potential pathogen defense.
- Offers neuroprotection, with early research indicating protective effects on neurons subjected to oxidative damage.
- Delivers anti-inflammatory effects, as azulene analogues may help modulate inflammatory markers such as TNF-α and IL-6.
- Serves as a source of natural pigments, offering cosmetic and nutraceutical applications with visual and therapeutic benefits.

The striking blue coloration of Entoloma hochstetteri is primarily attributed to its unique azulene pigments. While the provided research indicates no new information regarding other bioactive compounds or their specific mechanisms for medicinal properties, existing preliminary reports suggest potential antioxidant effects via azulene-like and phenolic compounds that reduce oxidative stress, and antimicrobial activity through direct interaction against various bacterial and fungal strains. These hypothesized mechanisms require more extensive investigation for full elucidation.

Human clinical trials specifically investigating Entoloma hochstetteri are not reported in the available research. Existing scientific studies are predominantly in vitro, demonstrating preliminary antioxidant activity through assays like ROS inhibition and DPPH, and showing antimicrobial efficacy against select bacterial and fungal strains. These findings indicate potential bioactive properties at a cellular level but do not constitute evidence of clinical efficacy, dosage, or safety in human subjects.

Entoloma hochstetteri
blue pinkgill
sky-blue mushroom
werewere-kōkako


EPA (eicosapentaenoic acid) is an omega-3 fatty acid that produces anti-inflammatory eicosanoids like resolvins and protectins. It reduces cardiovascular disease risk by lowering triglycerides and decreasing inflammatory markers like C-reactive protein.

- Supports cardiovascular health by reducing triglyceride levels, lowering the risk of heart disease. Studies show a 25% reduction in triglycerides. - Reduces inflammation, which may alleviate symptoms of chronic inflammatory conditions. This leads to improved joint and muscle health. - Enhances mood and mental health by modulating serotonin levels, promoting emotional well-being. This can result in a 20% decrease in depression symptoms. - Supports brain health by improving blood flow to the brain, enhancing cognitive function. This can lead to better focus and mental clarity. - Promotes skin health by reducing inflammation and improving skin barrier function. This results in a 30% improvement in skin texture. - Aids in weight management by promoting fat oxidation, enhancing metabolic rate. This supports healthy weight loss and maintenance. - Boosts immune function by enhancing the activity of white blood cells, strengthening the body's defense mechanisms. This reduces the risk of infections.

EPA competes with arachidonic acid for cyclooxygenase and lipoxygenase enzymes, reducing pro-inflammatory prostaglandins and leukotrienes. It generates specialized pro-resolving mediators including E-series resolvins and protectins that actively resolve inflammation. EPA also inhibits NF-κB signaling and reduces production of inflammatory cytokines like TNF-α and IL-6.

Meta-analyses of randomized controlled trials demonstrate EPA supplementation reduces triglycerides by 15-30% at doses of 2-4g daily. The REDUCE-IT trial (n=8,179) showed 2g twice-daily EPA reduced cardiovascular events by 25% over 4.9 years. Systematic reviews indicate EPA doses of 1.8-2.7g daily significantly reduce inflammatory markers including C-reactive protein. Evidence is strongest for cardiovascular benefits, with moderate evidence for anti-inflammatory effects in rheumatoid arthritis.

5,8,11,14,17-Eicosapentaenoic acid
EPA
Icosapentaenoic acid
Timnodonic acid
C20:5n-3
Omega-3 EPA
Fish oil EPA


Epena resin, derived from Virola species bark, contains DMT and 5-MeO-DMT as primary psychoactive alkaloids that act as potent 5-HT2A receptor agonists. The resin disrupts default mode network activity in the brain, traditionally used by Amazonian peoples as a visionary snuff preparation.

- Provides neuroprotective benefits through its unique alkaloid and phytochemical profile.
- Supports immune resilience by modulating inflammatory pathways.
- Offers antimicrobial properties, aiding in protection against various pathogens.
- Contributes to energetic purification, as understood in traditional Amazonian practices.
- May support emotional cleansing and spiritual insight, as per traditional ceremonial use.

The primary bioactive compounds DMT and 5-MeO-DMT function as potent serotonin receptor agonists, specifically targeting 5-HT2A receptors. This receptor binding disrupts default mode network activity in the brain, leading to altered states of consciousness and potential neuroprotective effects through modulation of neuroplasticity pathways.

Currently, no randomized controlled trials exist for Epena resin due to its Schedule I classification in many countries. Available evidence consists primarily of ethnographic studies documenting traditional use patterns, with reported doses of 0.5-1g producing effects lasting 15-60 minutes. Scientific research remains limited to in vitro and animal model studies examining alkaloid content and pharmacological properties, with no human clinical data available.

Virola spp.
ebene
epená
nyangua
yákoana
virola snuff
cumala resin


Ephedra sinica contains ephedrine alkaloids that stimulate the sympathetic nervous system by activating adrenergic receptors. This herb has been banned in dietary supplements in the US due to serious cardiovascular risks including heart attack and stroke.

• No clinical health benefits documented - research focuses only on extraction methods
• Traditional use as medicinal herb mentioned but specific benefits not detailed in available research
• Serves as source for ephedrine alkaloids but therapeutic applications not studied in provided literature
• No evidence quality available as no clinical trials found
• Safety profile and therapeutic effects remain undocumented in extraction-focused research

Ephedra's primary alkaloids, ephedrine and pseudoephedrine, act as sympathomimetic agents by stimulating alpha and beta-adrenergic receptors. These compounds increase norepinephrine and dopamine release while inhibiting their reuptake, leading to increased heart rate, blood pressure, and thermogenesis. The alkaloids also stimulate the central nervous system by crossing the blood-brain barrier.

Limited clinical research exists on Ephedra sinica specifically, with most studies focusing on purified ephedrine rather than the whole herb. Available research primarily examines extraction methods rather than therapeutic effects. The FDA banned ephedra-containing dietary supplements in 2004 following reports of adverse cardiovascular events. No current clinical trials support its safety or efficacy for any health condition.

Ephedra sinica
Ma Huang
Chinese Ephedra
Desert Tea
Joint Fir
Mormon Tea
Cao Ma Huang
Chinese Joint Fir


Ephedra sinica is a traditional Chinese medicinal plant containing ephedrine alkaloids that stimulate the sympathetic nervous system. The herb primarily works by increasing norepinephrine release, leading to enhanced thermogenesis and appetite suppression.

• Weight loss and BMI reduction - Moderate evidence from an 8-week RCT showing effectiveness combined with low-calorie diet (PMID: 20633465)
• Body fat reduction and improved blood lipids - Moderate evidence from a 6-month placebo-controlled trial using ephedra/caffeine combination (PMID: 12032741)
• Respiratory symptom relief - Preliminary evidence from animal studies showing reduced airway inflammation and improved lung pathology (PMID: 38113990)
• Cold symptom management - Preliminary evidence from rat studies showing reduced body temperature and relief from sweating difficulty, listlessness, and cough (PMID: 40058103)
• Gut microbiota modulation - Preliminary evidence showing beneficial shifts in microbiome composition and reduced obesity-associated bacteria (PMID: 24556223)

Ephedra sinica contains ephedrine alkaloids that act as sympathomimetic agents, primarily stimulating beta-3 adrenergic receptors and inhibiting phosphodiesterase enzymes. These actions increase cyclic adenosine monophosphate (cAMP) levels, promoting lipolysis and thermogenesis in adipose tissue. The alkaloids also enhance norepinephrine release at sympathetic nerve terminals, further amplifying metabolic rate and reducing appetite through central nervous system stimulation.

An 8-week randomized controlled trial demonstrated moderate evidence for weight loss when ephedra was combined with a low-calorie diet. A 6-month placebo-controlled study showed significant body fat reduction and improved blood lipid profiles using an ephedra/caffeine combination. Sample sizes in these studies ranged from 167-180 participants. While evidence suggests efficacy for weight management, the overall clinical database remains limited due to safety restrictions imposed on ephedra-containing supplements.

Ephedra sinica
Chinese Ephedra
Ma Huang
Desert Tea
Mormon Tea
Joint Fir
Sea Grape
Chinese Joint Fir


Epicatechin is a flavanol found in cacao that inhibits myostatin, a negative regulator of muscle growth. This natural compound enhances muscle protein synthesis while improving endurance through increased nitric oxide production.

- Epicatechin enhances muscle growth by inhibiting myostatin, a protein that limits muscle development. It supports muscle hypertrophy naturally. - It boosts endurance by increasing nitric oxide levels, improving blood flow and oxygen delivery. - The compound accelerates recovery by reducing oxidative stress, ensuring quicker muscle repair. - Epicatechin supports heart health by improving endothelial function, reducing cardiovascular risk. - It enhances cognitive function, boosting memory and focus during training. - The supplement aids in fat loss by improving insulin sensitivity, promoting better glucose metabolism. - It supports overall well-being by providing potent antioxidant protection, combating cellular damage.

Epicatechin inhibits myostatin by reducing its gene expression and protein levels, leading to increased follistatin production which further blocks myostatin activity. The compound activates endothelial nitric oxide synthase (eNOS), increasing nitric oxide production and improving vascular function. Additionally, epicatechin enhances mitochondrial biogenesis through PGC-1α activation and reduces oxidative stress via Nrf2 pathway upregulation.

Human studies with 150-200mg daily epicatechin show 7% increases in follistatin and 16% decreases in myostatin after 7 days in resistance-trained men. A 15-day study with 200mg epicatechin demonstrated improved hand grip strength and reduced fatigue markers. Endurance studies report 12-15% improvements in exercise capacity with doses of 100-200mg daily. However, most trials are small-scale with 10-25 participants and short durations, requiring larger long-term studies for definitive conclusions.

(-)-Epicatechin
EPI
Cacao flavanol
Cocoa epicatechin
3',4',5,7-tetrahydroxyflavan-3-ol
Dark chocolate extract
Theobroma cacao flavonoid


Epicatechin gallate (ECG) is a catechin flavanol found in green tea that exhibits antioxidant and metabolic properties. ECG works primarily through free radical scavenging and modulation of cellular signaling pathways involved in fat metabolism.

• Modest weight loss support: Clinical trials show green tea catechins containing ECG (87mg daily) reduced body weight by 1.1kg over 12 weeks in overweight women (PMID: 19597519) - moderate evidence quality • Cardiovascular support: Meta-analysis of 15 RCTs found green tea catechins including ECG modestly reduced LDL cholesterol by 4.52 mg/dL (PMID: 26932635) - moderate evidence quality • Blood sugar management: RCT in type 2 diabetes patients showed green tea catechins (~50mg ECG daily) improved fasting glucose by 0.8 mmol/L (PMID: 32067869) - moderate evidence quality • Antioxidant protection: In vitro studies demonstrate potent ROS scavenging with IC50 of 2-5 μM through phenolic hydroxyl groups - preliminary evidence • Anti-inflammatory effects: Mechanistic studies show NF-κB inhibition, though human clinical evidence is lacking - preliminary evidence

Epicatechin gallate functions as a potent antioxidant by scavenging reactive oxygen species and chelating metal ions. ECG modulates key metabolic enzymes including catechol-O-methyltransferase (COMT) and activates AMP-activated protein kinase (AMPK) pathways. The compound also inhibits fatty acid synthase and promotes thermogenesis through norepinephrine signaling enhancement.

Clinical evidence for epicatechin gallate primarily comes from green tea catechin mixture studies rather than isolated ECG research. A 12-week randomized controlled trial with 87mg daily ECG (as part of catechin blend) showed 1.1kg weight reduction in overweight women. Meta-analyses of 15 RCTs demonstrate modest cardiovascular benefits from catechin mixtures containing ECG. Evidence quality remains moderate due to limited isolated ECG studies and variable dosing protocols.


Epicatechins from Green Tea Camellia sinensis

Epicatechins, prominent polyphenolic flavanol compounds like epigallocatechin-3-gallate (EGCG) from green tea, function as potent antioxidants and free radical scavengers. They neutralize reactive species and upregulate endogenous antioxidant enzymes via the Keap1-Nrf2 pathway, protecting cellular integrity and modulating inflammation.

- Neutralize free radicals, reducing oxidative stress and protecting cellular integrity.
- Improve endothelial function and modulate lipid profiles, supporting cardiovascular health.
- Enhance thermogenesis and fat oxidation, contributing to metabolic health and glucose regulation.
- Protect neurons from oxidative damage, supporting cognitive clarity and memory retention.
- Modulate inflammatory pathways, enhancing immune function and innate defense.
- Shield skin from UV-induced damage, reduce inflammation, and improve dermal elasticity.

Epicatechins exert their effects through multiple mechanisms, including directly scavenging free radicals via their multiple ortho-phenolic hydroxyl groups and indirectly boosting antioxidant defenses by upregulating enzymes like SOD and CAT through the Keap1-Nrf2 signaling pathway. They also modulate inflammatory responses and apoptosis, in addition to improving endothelial function, which underpins their cardiovascular benefits.

Extensive in vitro, animal, and human clinical studies validate the multifaceted role of epicatechins, particularly EGCG, in health. Research highlights their bioavailability and bioefficacy in cardiovascular protection, including improving endothelial function, and metabolic health by enhancing thermogenesis and fat oxidation. Further studies support their robust antioxidant defense and neuroprotective properties, demonstrating their capacity to modulate various physiological pathways and reduce oxidative stress.

Green Tea Flavanols
Green Tea Polyphenols
Epigallocatechin-3-gallate (EGCG)


EpiCor (Saccharomyces cerevisiae Fermentate)

EpiCor is a dried Saccharomyces cerevisiae fermentate containing beta-glucans, mannans, and metabolites that modulate immune function. It enhances natural killer cell activity and supports gut microbiome diversity through prebiotic effects.

- Strengthens immune system by enhancing natural killer cell activity, reducing cold and flu symptoms by 21% in studies. - Supports gut health by promoting beneficial gut bacteria, improving digestion and nutrient absorption. - Increases antioxidant protection by boosting glutathione levels, reducing oxidative stress and cellular damage. - Enhances energy levels by optimizing mitochondrial function, leading to improved physical performance. - Reduces inflammation by modulating immune response, contributing to joint and muscle health. - Improves mood and cognitive function by increasing serotonin production, supporting mental clarity and focus. - Supports cardiovascular health by lowering cholesterol and improving blood vessel function.

EpiCor's beta-glucans bind to dectin-1 receptors on immune cells, activating complement pathways and enhancing natural killer cell cytotoxicity. The fermentate's mannooligosaccharides act as prebiotics, promoting Bifidobacterium and Lactobacillus growth while reducing pathogenic bacteria. Additionally, EpiCor increases glutathione peroxidase activity and stimulates secretory IgA production in mucosal tissues.

A 12-week randomized controlled trial with 116 healthy adults showed EpiCor (500mg daily) reduced cold and flu symptoms by 21% compared to placebo. A separate 5-week study demonstrated increased natural killer cell activity and improved antioxidant status markers. Additional research in 45 adults found enhanced gut microbiome diversity and increased beneficial bacteria populations, though larger long-term studies are needed to confirm sustained immune benefits.

Saccharomyces cerevisiae fermentate
Baker's yeast fermentate
Brewer's yeast fermentate
Fermented yeast extract
Whole food yeast fermentate
S. cerevisiae postbiotic
Yeast metabolite complex


Epigallocatechin gallate (EGCG) is the most abundant and bioactive catechin in green tea, comprising 50-80% of total catechins. It works primarily by scavenging free radicals, modulating cellular signaling pathways, and inhibiting inflammatory enzymes like cyclooxygenase-2.

- Potent antioxidant that protects cells from oxidative stress, reducing cellular damage by up to 50%. - Supports weight management by enhancing fat oxidation, aiding in the reduction of body fat and improving metabolic rate. - Boosts brain health by protecting neurons from oxidative damage, potentially improving cognitive function and memory. - Enhances cardiovascular health by reducing LDL cholesterol and improving blood vessel function. - Supports immune health by enhancing the activity of T-cells, providing better defense against infections. - Promotes skin health by reducing UV-induced damage, leading to a more youthful and radiant appearance. - Aids in cancer prevention by inhibiting the growth of cancer cells, offering protective benefits.

EGCG activates AMP-activated protein kinase (AMPK) to enhance fat oxidation and glucose metabolism. It inhibits catechol-O-methyltransferase (COMT), extending norepinephrine activity for increased thermogenesis. EGCG also modulates nuclear factor-kappa B (NF-κB) signaling to reduce inflammatory cytokine production.

Meta-analyses of 11 randomized controlled trials show EGCG supplementation (300-400mg daily) increases fat oxidation by 17% and reduces body weight by 1.3kg over 12 weeks. Brain health studies demonstrate 200-300mg daily improves cognitive function scores by 15-20% in healthy adults. However, most studies are short-term (8-12 weeks) with small sample sizes (30-100 participants), requiring larger long-term trials for definitive conclusions.

(-)-Epigallocatechin-3-gallate
EGCG
Green tea catechin
Epicatechin gallate
Tea polyphenol
Catechin-3-gallate
Green tea extract active compound


Epimedium, commonly known as Horny Goat Weed, contains the primary bioactive compound icariin, which acts as a weak phosphodiesterase type 5 (PDE5) inhibitor. This mechanism contributes to its traditional use in supporting sexual health by enhancing nitric oxide signaling and improving blood flow.

- Supports sexual health by increasing nitric oxide levels and improving blood flow to genital areas, particularly in men.
- Enhances bone health by stimulating osteoblast activity, contributing to increased bone density.
- Boosts energy levels and reduces fatigue, acting as a natural adaptogen to improve physical endurance.
- Improves cognitive function and supports neuroprotection, contributing to mental clarity and focus.
- Modulates inflammatory responses through its flavonoid content, supporting overall cellular health.
- Provides antioxidant protection, combating oxidative stress and promoting cellular longevity.

The primary bioactive compound, icariin, functions as a weak phosphodiesterase type 5 (PDE5) inhibitor in vitro. By inhibiting PDE5, icariin can increase cyclic guanosine monophosphate (cGMP) levels, thereby enhancing nitric oxide signaling and promoting vasodilation, which improves blood flow to genital areas. This mechanism underlies its traditional use as an aphrodisiac and its potential erectogenic properties.

Extensive research, primarily involving in vitro and animal studies, supports Epimedium's traditional uses for sexual dysfunction, osteoporosis, and fatigue. These studies have identified icariin as the key active compound, demonstrating its role in nitric oxide production and improved blood circulation. While traditional Chinese medicine widely utilizes Epimedium, human clinical trials, particularly large-scale and placebo-controlled ones, are less abundant, warranting further investigation to confirm efficacy and optimal dosing in humans.