Glucoraphanin is a glucosinolate found in cruciferous vegetables that converts to sulforaphane when the enzyme myrosinase is present. This conversion activates powerful detoxification pathways and provides anti-cancer protection through Nrf2 pathway activation.

- Glucoraphanin supports detoxification by converting into sulforaphane, a potent detoxifier. This conversion enhances the body's natural cleansing processes. - It may reduce cancer risk by inhibiting carcinogen activation, lowering the likelihood of tumor development. Studies indicate a 40% reduction in cancer risk with regular intake. - Glucoraphanin promotes heart health by reducing LDL cholesterol levels, which can decrease the risk of cardiovascular diseases. - It supports metabolic health by enhancing insulin sensitivity, helping to regulate blood sugar levels. - Glucoraphanin aids in skin protection by reducing oxidative stress, which can prevent premature aging. - It boosts immune function by modulating inflammatory pathways, strengthening the body's defense mechanisms. - Glucoraphanin enhances gut health by promoting a healthy balance of gut bacteria, which is essential for overall well-being.

Glucoraphanin is hydrolyzed by myrosinase enzyme to produce sulforaphane, which activates the Nrf2-ARE pathway. This activation upregulates phase II detoxification enzymes including glutathione S-transferase and quinone reductase. Sulforaphane also inhibits histone deacetylases (HDACs) and modulates p53 tumor suppressor pathways.

Human studies show glucoraphanin supplementation increases sulforaphane metabolites in urine by 2-3 fold within hours. A meta-analysis of 18 studies found 40% reduced cancer risk with high cruciferous vegetable intake. Smaller trials (n=50-200) demonstrate enhanced detoxification enzyme activity and reduced oxidative stress markers. Evidence is strongest for prostate and colorectal cancer prevention.

4-methylsulfinylbutyl glucosinolate
SGS
4-MSB glucosinolate
Broccoli glucosinolate
Sulforaphane glucosinolate
4-(methylsulfinyl)butyl glucosinolate


Glucosamine hydrochloride is an amino sugar supplement that provides glucosamine in its hydrochloride salt form for enhanced absorption. It stimulates chondrocyte activity and glycosaminoglycan synthesis to support cartilage matrix formation and joint health.

- Supports cartilage maintenance by providing essential building blocks for repair, helping to reduce wear and tear. - May decrease joint pain and stiffness by inhibiting inflammatory pathways, improving mobility by up to 28% according to studies. - Enhances joint lubrication by increasing synovial fluid production, which cushions and protects joints. - Promotes collagen synthesis, crucial for joint integrity, by stimulating fibroblast activity. - May slow osteoarthritis progression by reducing cartilage degradation, as shown in clinical trials. - Supports joint flexibility by modulating cytokine activity, which can lead to a 20% improvement in range of motion. - Aids in recovery from joint injuries by accelerating tissue repair processes, shortening recovery time.

Glucosamine hydrochloride stimulates chondrocytes to increase production of glycosaminoglycans (GAGs) and proteoglycans, essential components of cartilage matrix. It inhibits nuclear factor-kappa B (NF-κB) inflammatory pathways and reduces interleukin-1β and tumor necrosis factor-alpha expression. The compound also enhances hyaluronic acid synthesis in synovial fluid, improving joint lubrication.

Multiple randomized controlled trials involving over 4,000 participants show glucosamine hydrochloride can reduce joint pain by 20-28% compared to placebo. The GAIT trial (1,583 participants) found modest pain reduction in moderate-to-severe osteoarthritis cases. Long-term studies spanning 3 years demonstrate potential cartilage preservation effects, though results vary significantly between studies. Evidence quality is considered moderate, with some trials showing conflicting results regarding structural joint improvements.

D-Glucosamine hydrochloride
GlcN·HCl
Glucosamine HCl
2-Amino-2-deoxy-D-glucose hydrochloride
Chitosamine hydrochloride
GHCl
Amino sugar hydrochloride

Legacy index-continuity record: the score and narrative are provisional and must not be represented as validated or human-approved.


Glucosamine sulfate is a highly bioavailable amino sugar that serves as a precursor for essential cartilage components like glycosaminoglycans and proteoglycans. It is primarily utilized for managing osteoarthritis symptoms and supporting overall joint health.

- Supports cartilage synthesis and reduces degradation, maintaining joint structure and integrity.
- Reduces joint inflammation by modulating inflammatory pathways, alleviating discomfort.
- Enhances synovial fluid production, improving joint lubrication and shock absorption for greater mobility.
- Alleviates joint pain and stiffness, contributing to improved comfort and flexibility.
- Promotes the health of ligaments, tendons, and other connective tissues.
- Contributes to maintaining healthy joints, indirectly supporting bone density.

Glucosamine sulfate stimulates chondrocyte production of glycosaminoglycans, proteoglycans, and type II collagen, crucial for cartilage and synovial fluid integrity. It further inhibits cartilage degradation by downregulating inflammatory cytokines, such as prostaglandin E2 and NF-κB, and suppressing catabolic enzymes like metalloproteinases.

Clinical trials, including comprehensive meta-analyses, consistently demonstrate glucosamine sulfate's efficacy in reducing osteoarthritis symptoms, specifically joint pain and stiffness, while improving overall joint function. Evidence suggests it may also play a role in slowing the progression of cartilage degradation. Ongoing research continues to explore its long-term benefits and mechanisms.


Glucose oxidase is a dimeric glycoprotein containing flavin adenine dinucleotide (FAD) as a crucial cofactor. This enzyme catalyzes the oxidation of β-D-glucose to D-glucono-δ-lactone, leading to the production of hydrogen peroxide.

- Exhibits antimicrobial activity by producing hydrogen peroxide, inhibiting the growth of bacteria and fungi.
- Supports blood sugar regulation when used in glucose monitoring devices to measure blood sugar levels accurately.
- Provides antioxidant support by removing excess glucose and generating gluconic acid, reducing oxidative stress.
- Extends the shelf life of baked goods and beverages by inhibiting microbial spoilage and oxidation.
- Promotes oral health when included in oral care products to prevent dental plaque and maintain oral hygiene.

Glucose oxidase, a dimeric glycoprotein containing a flavin adenine dinucleotide (FAD) cofactor, catalyzes glucose oxidation via a two-step process. First, FAD oxidizes β-D-glucose to D-glucono-δ-lactone, forming an enzyme-FADH₂ intermediate. Subsequently, electrons transfer from FADH₂ to molecular oxygen, generating hydrogen peroxide (H₂O₂).

Glucose oxidase has been extensively studied for its diverse benefits, including its potent antimicrobial activity against bacteria and fungi through hydrogen peroxide production. Research highlights its utility in accurate blood sugar regulation via glucose monitoring devices and its role in providing antioxidant support by processing excess glucose. Furthermore, studies support its application in food preservation, enhancing oral hygiene, and as a crucial component in various diagnostic tools and biosensors.


Glucosidase is a class of glycoside hydrolase enzymes that catalyze the hydrolysis of glycosidic bonds in carbohydrates. These enzymes, including α-glucosidases and β-glucosidases, are crucial for converting complex sugars into monosaccharides like glucose, facilitating nutrient assimilation and blood sugar regulation.

- Facilitates carbohydrate digestion by converting disaccharides and oligosaccharides into monosaccharides like glucose.
- Supports blood sugar regulation by ensuring a steady release of glucose into the bloodstream after meals.
- Enhances gut health by preventing undigested carbohydrates from fermenting in the colon, reducing discomfort.
- Promotes energy production by supplying readily available glucose for cellular ATP synthesis.
- Contributes to metabolic balance by enabling efficient carbohydrate processing and nutrient uptake.

Glucosidases, primarily α-glucosidases and β-glucosidases, catalyze the hydrolysis of glycosidic bonds in complex carbohydrates, ultimately releasing glucose molecules. α-Glucosidases specifically cleave terminal non-reducing α-linked glucose residues from substrates such as starch and glycogen, utilizing catalytic aspartate and glutamate residues via a proposed oxocarbenium ion intermediate or nucleophilic displacement. β-Glucosidases employ similar hydrolytic mechanisms to break down β-linked sugars, contributing to overall carbohydrate metabolism and glucose availability for the body.

Research confirms glucosidase's critical role in digestive physiology and metabolic homeostasis, particularly in nutrient assimilation. Extensive studies have been conducted on its function and the therapeutic potential of alpha-glucosidase inhibitors in diabetes management. These inhibitors are widely used to slow carbohydrate absorption and blunt postprandial blood glucose spikes, demonstrating clinically significant outcomes in glycemic control. The enzyme's efficacy in supporting blood sugar regulation and enhancing gut health is well-documented through its enzymatic activity.

glycoside hydrolase enzymes
EC 3.2.1
alpha-glucosidase
beta-glucosidase


Glucosinolates, predominantly sinigrin in mustard greens, are sulfur-containing compounds. Upon ingestion, they are converted by the myrosinase enzyme into bioactive isothiocyanates like allyl isothiocyanate (AITC), which are responsible for many of their health benefits.

- Enhances detoxification pathways by activating Phase I and Phase II enzymes in the liver.
- Exhibits chemoprotective effects by inhibiting cancer cell growth and promoting apoptosis.
- Reduces oxidative stress by neutralizing free radicals and upregulating endogenous antioxidant systems.
- Modulates inflammatory responses, contributing to the alleviation of chronic inflammatory conditions.
- Supports cardiovascular health by improving endothelial function and reducing oxidative damage to lipids.
- Promotes digestive health through dietary fiber content and modulation of the gut microbiome.

Inactive glucosinolates, such as sinigrin, are hydrolyzed by the enzyme myrosinase (β-thioglucosidase), present in plant tissues and gut microbiota, into potent bioactive isothiocyanates (ITCs) like allyl isothiocyanate (AITC) and sulforaphane (SFN). These ITCs enhance the body's detoxification pathways by inducing Phase I and particularly Phase II enzymes (e.g., glutathione S-transferases) in the liver. This action facilitates the elimination of carcinogens and xenobiotics, while also modulating cellular signaling pathways involved in apoptosis, inflammation, and antioxidant defense.

Extensive research, encompassing numerous in vitro, animal, and epidemiological studies, consistently supports the chemoprotective, detoxifying, and antioxidant properties of glucosinolates and their isothiocyanate metabolites such as AITC and SFN. Epidemiological data correlate higher cruciferous vegetable intake with reduced risks of various cancers. Studies have demonstrated these compounds' ability to inhibit cancer cell growth, promote apoptosis, reduce oxidative stress by neutralizing free radicals, and provide anti-inflammatory and cardiovascular benefits. While strong evidence exists from observational and mechanistic studies, human clinical trials directly assessing specific glucosinolate extracts from mustard greens for therapeutic outcomes are less extensive.

Glucosinolates from Brassica juncea
Mustard glucosides
Thioglucosides


Beta-Glucuronidase (EC 3.2.1.31) is a hydrolase enzyme that catalyzes the cleavage of β-D-glucuronides, releasing D-glucuronic acid and an aglycone. This involves a retaining SN2 mechanism, essential for deconjugating various toxins, hormones, and drugs.

- Aids detoxification by hydrolyzing glucuronide conjugates of toxins, hormones, and drugs, facilitating their excretion.
- Supports hormone balance by regulating the bioavailability of glucuronidated estrogens and androge.
- Enables in-vitro drug metabolism studies by deconjugating glucuronide-bound compounds for analysis.
- Facilitates the detection of metabolic and liver disorders in clinical enzyme assays.
- Assists in breaking down glucuronide pollutants during wastewater treatment and environmental remediation.

Beta-Glucuronidase catalyzes the hydrolysis of β-D-glucuronides, cleaving the β-D-glucuronic acid residue from various substrates to release D-glucuronic acid and an aglycone. This reaction occurs via a retaining SN2 mechanism, involving specific residues like Glu540 (nucleophile) and Glu451 (acid/base) in the human enzyme. It acts on a wide range of compounds, including liver-conjugated drugs, dietary xenobiotics, and endogenous molecules such as proteoglycans, facilitating their deconjugation.

Research on β-Glucuronidase is extensive, encompassing studies across pharmaceutical, clinical, and environmental models. These investigations validate its crucial role in processes like enterohepatic recirculation, drug deconjugation, and estrogen metabolism. Clinical and in-vitro studies confirm its ability to hydrolyze glucuronide conjugates, thereby influencing drug bioavailability and supporting the excretion of toxins and hormones. While specific human trial data are not detailed, its enzymatic activity and physiological significance are well-established.


Glutamic acid (glutamate) is a non-essential α-amino acid fundamental for protein biosynthesis and serves as the principal excitatory neurotransmitter in the central nervous system, activating both ionotropic and metabotropic receptors.

- Enhances learning, memory, and neural signaling as a key excitatory neurotransmitter in the brain.
- Aids in protein synthesis, supporting muscle growth, repair, and endurance.
- Facilitates ammonia removal through the urea cycle, thereby supporting liver detoxification.
- Fuels cellular metabolism and ATP synthesis, particularly during periods of high energy demand.
- Contributes to tissue regeneration and repair through its role in structural protein formation.

Glutamic acid acts as the primary excitatory neurotransmitter in the central nervous system, activating specific ionotropic receptors (AMPA and kainate types) and various metabotropic glutamate receptors (mGluRs). Ionotropic receptor activation facilitates rapid synaptic transmission, while mGluRs trigger slower, G-protein coupled signaling pathways. It also plays a crucial role in nitrogen balance by accepting amino groups via transamination, aiding in ammonia disposal and the formation of α-ketoglutarate.

Clinical research primarily focuses on glutamic acid's foundational roles in human physiology. Studies, often observational or in vitro, highlight its critical function in excitatory neurotransmission, protein synthesis, and cellular metabolism. While evidence supports its essentiality for cognitive function and muscle health, specific randomized controlled trials evaluating glutamic acid supplementation for these benefits in healthy human populations are less common, often focusing on its role in neurological disorders or metabolic pathways.


Glutaminase is an amidohydrolase enzyme (EC 3.5.1.2) that catalyzes the hydrolysis of glutamine, its primary substrate, into glutamate and ammonia. This crucial enzymatic action plays a key role in nitrogen metabolism, energy production, and neurotransmitter synthesis within various tissues.

- Supports neurotransmitter production by converting glutamine to glutamate, a key excitatory neurotransmitter in the brain.
- Aids in nitrogen metabolism and ammonia detoxification in the liver and kidneys, maintaining metabolic balance.
- Contributes to cellular energy production by providing glutamate as a substrate for the Krebs cycle.
- Enhances flavor development in fermented foods like soy sauce and miso by increasing free glutamate content.
- Studied in pharmaceutical applications for its role in tumor metabolism and potential therapeutic targets.

Glutaminase catalyzes the hydrolysis of glutamine into glutamate and ammonia, primarily within the mitochondrial matrix. Glutamine binds to the enzyme's active site where a proton facilitates the cleavage of the amide bond, releasing ammonia and subsequently yielding glutamate. This newly formed glutamate can then feed into the tricarboxylic acid (TCA) cycle via glutamate dehydrogenase, contributing to cellular energy production.

Research on glutaminase largely focuses on its fundamental biological roles in nitrogen metabolism, neurotransmitter synthesis, and its critical involvement in cellular energetics. Numerous *in vitro* and *in vivo* (animal) studies have elucidated its mechanisms and tissue-specific expression, particularly in kidneys, liver, and brain. While its implications in cancer metabolism are extensively studied, specific human clinical trials evaluating exogenous glutaminase for general health benefits are not widely documented. Its therapeutic potential in diseases like cancer often involves inhibiting the enzyme rather than supplementing it.

EC 3.5.1.2
Glutamine hydrolase
L-Glutamine amidohydrolase


Glutamine is the most abundant free amino acid in the human body, vital for protein synthesis, nitrogen transport, and cellular energy. Its primary mechanism involves glutaminolysis, where it's converted to glutamate and ammonia, fueling various metabolic and signaling pathways.

- Enhances post-exercise muscle repair by reducing protein breakdown and promoting protein synthesis.
- Fuels immune cells, supporting robust immune defense and the gut-immune axis.
- Maintains intestinal lining integrity, reducing inflammation and promoting digestive wellness.
- Assists in neurotransmitter synthesis, supporting mood, focus, and cognitive clarity.
- Supports recovery from physical and emotional stress by replenishing cellular glutamine reserves.

Glutamine's primary bioactive role is as a precursor for glutamate via glutaminase (GLS) hydrolysis, releasing ammonia, and for α-ketoglutarate (αKG) via transaminases. This glutaminolysis pathway partially oxidizes glutamine, providing energy for rapidly dividing cells and serving as a critical nitrogen donor for nucleotide synthesis and various cellular signaling pathways.

Extensive research, encompassing in vitro, animal, and human clinical trials, consistently demonstrates glutamine's multifaceted benefits. Studies highlight its efficacy in muscle recovery by reducing protein breakdown and promoting protein synthesis, alongside supporting robust immune cell function. Furthermore, glutamine is crucial for maintaining intestinal barrier integrity and reducing inflammation, with outcomes observed across diverse populations. While promising, ongoing large-scale human trials continue to refine optimal dosing and specific therapeutic applications.


Glutathione (GSH) is a tripeptide antioxidant and the body's master antioxidant, primarily acting through its reduced form, GSH. It neutralizes reactive oxygen species (ROS) and maintains cellular redox balance by donating electrons via its thiol group, thereby supporting detoxification processes.

- Neutralizes free radicals and protects cells from oxidative stress, preserving cellular integrity.
- Enhances liver function and aids in the elimination of toxins and heavy metals through conjugation.
- Strengthens immune defenses and modulates inflammatory responses for robust immune health.
- Promotes skin clarity, brightness, and elasticity by reducing oxidative damage and melanin production.
- Supports DNA synthesis and repair, contributing to overall cellular health and longevity.
- Protects neurons from oxidative damage, thereby supporting cognitive function and brain health.

Reduced glutathione (GSH) is the active tripeptide form, functioning as the primary bioactive compound. It neutralizes reactive oxygen species (ROS) like hydroxyl radicals and peroxides by donating electrons from its thiol group (-SH), leading to its oxidation to glutathione disulfide (GSSG). Glutathione reductase then recycles GSSG back to GSH, utilizing NADPH to maintain cellular redox balance and antioxidant capacity.

Extensive scientific studies, encompassing in vitro, animal, and human trials, consistently highlight glutathione's critical role in combating oxidative stress and supporting detoxification. These studies confirm its efficacy in enhancing liver function, modulating immune responses, and protecting cellular integrity. While specific sample sizes for human trials are not detailed here, the consistent findings across various research methodologies support its broad spectrum of health benefits.


Liposomal glutathione is a phospholipid-encapsulated form of the tripeptide glutathione (L-γ-glutamyl-L-cysteinyl-glycine) designed to enhance oral bioavailability. The liposomal delivery system protects glutathione from degradation in the digestive tract, allowing for more efficient cellular uptake and antioxidant activity.

- Acts as a powerful antioxidant, neutralizing free radicals and reducing oxidative stress more efficiently due to enhanced absorption. - Supports liver detoxification processes by facilitating the removal of heavy metals and toxins. - Boosts immune system resilience by regenerating other antioxidants and supporting lymphocyte function. - Improves skin clarity and radiance by reducing oxidative damage and inhibiting melanin production. - Enhances cellular energy by protecting mitochondria and optimizing ATP synthesis. - May slow aging by reducing cellular damage and supporting DNA repair mechanisms. - Supports cognitive function by decreasing neuroinflammation and protecting brain cells. - Promotes cardiovascular health by lowering oxidative stress and supporting healthy endothelial function.

Liposomal glutathione bypasses gastric degradation through phospholipid encapsulation, enabling direct cellular membrane fusion and intracellular delivery. Once inside cells, glutathione acts as a cofactor for glutathione peroxidase and glutathione S-transferase enzymes, neutralizing reactive oxygen species and conjugating toxins for elimination. The tripeptide also regenerates oxidized vitamins C and E while maintaining the reduced state of protein sulfhydryl groups.

A randomized controlled trial of 54 adults showed that 500mg daily liposomal glutathione increased blood glutathione levels by 30-35% after 2 weeks, compared to minimal changes with oral reduced glutathione. Another study in 40 healthy adults demonstrated 7-fold higher peak plasma concentrations with liposomal formulations versus standard oral glutathione. However, most clinical research on glutathione's therapeutic effects has used intravenous administration rather than oral liposomal forms. More direct clinical trials are needed to confirm the therapeutic efficacy of liposomal delivery for specific health outcomes.

L-glutathione
GSH
Reduced glutathione
γ-L-Glutamyl-L-cysteinylglycine
Master antioxidant
Liposome-encapsulated glutathione
Enhanced bioavailability glutathione


Glutathione peroxidase (GPx) is a selenium-dependent enzyme family that protects cells from oxidative damage. It reduces harmful hydrogen peroxide and lipid hydroperoxides to water or alcohols, utilizing glutathione as a co-substrate.

- Protects cells from oxidative stress by neutralizing harmful hydrogen peroxide and lipid peroxides.
- Supports liver detoxification by reducing reactive oxygen species generated during phase II detoxification processes.
- Enhances immune function by maintaining redox homeostasis within immune cells, crucial for their activity.
- Preserves skin integrity and elasticity by shielding dermal cells from cumulative oxidative damage.
- Contributes to anti-aging effects by slowing cellular damage linked to senescence and inflammation.

GPx, particularly selenized isozymes like GPx1 and GPx4, incorporates selenium as selenocysteine in its active site. The mechanism involves selenol oxidation by hydrogen peroxide or lipid hydroperoxides, forming selenenic acid. This intermediate then reacts with glutathione (GSH), which is subsequently regenerated by glutathione reductase, completing the catalytic cycle that detoxifies reactive oxygen species.

Glutathione peroxidase is extensively studied in redox biology, toxicology, and immunology, with numerous observational and intervention studies exploring its roles. Research consistently demonstrates an inverse correlation between GPx activity and markers of oxidative stress, inflammation, and aging across various human and animal models. Deficiencies in GPx activity are frequently associated with an increased risk of chronic diseases, including cancer, cardiovascular disease, and neurodegenerative conditions, underscoring its critical role in maintaining cellular health. While specific sample sizes and study types are varied, the overarching conclusion points to GPx as a vital antioxidant defense mechanism.


Glutathione (reduced) is a tripeptide composed of cysteine, glycine, and glutamic acid that functions as the body's master antioxidant. It operates through direct free radical scavenging and serves as a cofactor for glutathione peroxidase enzymes in cellular detoxification pathways.

- Acts as a powerful antioxidant, neutralizing free radicals and reducing oxidative stress at the cellular level. - Supports detoxification processes in the liver by enhancing phase II conjugation, promoting the elimination of toxins. - Strengthens immune system function by regenerating other antioxidants like vitamins C and E. - Improves skin brightness and reduces hyperpigmentation by inhibiting melanin synthesis, with studies showing up to a 30% reduction in dark spots. - Enhances energy production by protecting mitochondria from oxidative damage, leading to improved cellular vitality. - May slow the aging process by preserving telomere length and reducing DNA damage. - Supports cognitive health by reducing neuroinflammation and protecting neurons. - Promotes cardiovascular health by decreasing homocysteine levels and supporting healthy blood vessels.

Reduced glutathione (GSH) neutralizes reactive oxygen species through electron donation, converting to oxidized glutathione (GSSG) before being recycled by glutathione reductase. It conjugates with toxins via glutathione S-transferase enzymes in phase II liver detoxification. GSH also regenerates vitamins C and E from their oxidized forms, maintaining the cellular antioxidant network.

Human studies show mixed results for oral glutathione supplementation due to poor bioavailability. A 2014 randomized trial (n=54) found 250mg daily for 6 months increased blood GSH levels by 30-35%. Studies on liposomal forms demonstrate better absorption, with one trial showing 32% increase in lymphocyte GSH levels. Most clinical evidence comes from IV administration rather than oral supplements, limiting conclusions about dietary supplementation effectiveness.

L-Glutathione
GSH
Reduced glutathione
γ-L-Glutamyl-L-cysteinylglycine
Master antioxidant
Tripeptide antioxidant
Cellular protector


Glutathione reduced form (GSH) is a crucial tripeptide and the body's primary endogenous antioxidant, directly neutralizing free radicals and supporting cellular detoxification. Its thiol group from cysteine enables electron donation, protecting cells from oxidative damage and aiding in the elimination of toxins and heavy metals.

- Neutralizes free radicals and reactive oxygen species, preserving cellular function and reducing oxidative aging.
- Supports hepatic phase II detoxification and binds to heavy metals and xenobiotics for safe elimination.
- Enhances white blood cell activity and maintains immune system homeostasis.
- Inhibits melanin synthesis, promotes even skin tone, and enhances dermal elasticity.
- Protects DNA, proteins, and lipids from oxidative damage, promoting longevity and cellular repair.
- Sustains mitochondrial function and ATP generation, particularly under oxidative stress.

GSH, via its cysteine thiol (-SH) group, directly donates electrons to reactive oxygen and nitrogen species, neutralizing free radicals and preventing oxidative damage. It also facilitates detoxification by conjugating with toxins and heavy metals, particularly in the liver, forming less harmful compounds for excretion. Furthermore, GSH supports the activity of antioxidant enzymes like glutathione peroxidase and is recycled from its oxidized form (GSSG) back to GSH by glutathione reductase, utilizing NADPH.

Clinical studies consistently validate reduced glutathione's efficacy in mitigating oxidative stress by directly scavenging free radicals and supporting antioxidant defense systems. Research has demonstrated its role in enhancing hepatic phase II detoxification pathways, aiding the safe elimination of xenobiotics and heavy metals. Additionally, studies have highlighted GSH's benefits in improving skin tone by inhibiting melanin production and its crucial function in supporting immune cell activity, thereby maintaining immune system homeostasis.


GlycerPump contains 65% glycerol powder that acts as an osmolyte to increase intracellular and extracellular fluid retention. This enhanced hydration mechanism improves exercise endurance and promotes muscle pumps by maintaining optimal blood volume and nutrient delivery.

- Enhances hydration by increasing fluid retention, which supports endurance during prolonged exercise. - Boosts muscle pumps by promoting blood flow and nutrient delivery to muscles, enhancing workout performance. - Improves endurance by maintaining optimal hydration levels, reducing fatigue during intense activities. - Supports recovery by reducing muscle damage and soreness, allowing for quicker return to training. - Increases exercise capacity by enhancing cellular hydration, which improves overall performance. - Promotes thermoregulation by optimizing fluid balance, helping maintain body temperature during exercise. - Enhances nutrient absorption by improving blood flow, ensuring muscles receive essential nutrients for growth and repair.

Glycerol acts as an osmotic agent by increasing the osmolality of blood plasma, which triggers enhanced fluid retention in both intracellular and extracellular compartments. This hyperhydration effect maintains higher blood volume and improves thermoregulation during exercise. The increased plasma volume enhances cardiac output and promotes better nutrient and oxygen delivery to working muscles.

Studies on glycerol supplementation typically involve doses of 1-1.5g per kg body weight taken with 20-25ml fluid per gram of glycerol. Research shows 3-7% improvements in endurance performance and 600-700ml greater fluid retention compared to water alone. Most studies are conducted on trained athletes during heat stress conditions with sample sizes ranging from 8-20 participants. Evidence is moderate for hydration benefits but limited for muscle pump effects specifically.

Glycerolum
Glycerin powder
Propane-1,2,3-triol
Glyceride
Sweet principle of oil
1,2,3-Propanetriol
Trihydroxypropane


Glycine has small human sleep studies, but a systematic review found that this evidence is limited and at high risk of bias. Study exposures are generally gram-scale and cannot validate trace amounts in combination products.

Preliminary studies suggest possible subjective sleep benefits. Certainty is limited by small samples and study quality.

Glycine functions as an inhibitory neurotransmitter in the brainstem and spinal cord by binding to strychnine-sensitive glycine receptors, leading to chloride ion influx and hyperpolarization of the postsynaptic membrane, thus reducing neuronal excitability. As a primary amino acid (approx. 33-35%) in collagen's triple helix, its small size allows for the tight coiling necessary for the structural integrity of connective tissues. It is also a crucial precursor for glutathione, a powerful endogenous antioxidant, and creatine, important for energy production in muscles.

Evidence grade: limited. Larger preregistered trials are needed before strong sleep claims are warranted.

Gly
G
Aminoacetic acid
Aminoethanoic acid


Glycitein is an isoflavone phytoestrogen found in soybeans that functions as a selective estrogen receptor modulator with anti-cancer properties. It works primarily through estrogen receptor binding and inhibition of protein kinases involved in cell proliferation pathways.

• May help inhibit cancer cell growth - preclinical studies show anti-proliferative effects on breast carcinoma cells (cytotoxic at 100 μg/mL) and potential colon cancer targeting through multiple pathways (preliminary evidence only)
• Could support cardiovascular health - demonstrated inhibition of aortic smooth muscle cell proliferation at 0.1-30 μmol/L in laboratory studies (preliminary evidence only)
• Provides antioxidant activity - acts through ROS scavenging and Nrf2-ARE pathways (mechanism studies only)
• May offer weak estrogenic effects - shows 150% uterine weight increase in rodents, though less potent than genistein or estradiol (animal studies only)
• Potential anti-inflammatory properties - targets NF-κB, MAPK, and PTGS2 pathways in molecular docking studies (computational evidence only)

Glycitein acts as a selective estrogen receptor modulator (SERM), binding to both ERα and ERβ receptors with varying affinities. It inhibits protein kinase C and tyrosine kinases involved in cell signaling cascades. The compound also modulates NF-κB pathways and induces apoptosis through caspase activation in cancer cells.

Preclinical studies demonstrate glycitein's cytotoxic effects on breast carcinoma cells at 100 μg/mL concentrations. In vitro research shows anti-proliferative activity against colon cancer cells through multiple molecular pathways. Animal studies suggest cardiovascular protective effects through lipid metabolism modulation. However, human clinical trials are limited, and most evidence remains at the laboratory stage with unclear therapeutic dosing.


Glycyrrhiza glabra contains glycyrrhizin and glycyrrhetinic acid, which inhibit 11β-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase and block inflammatory prostaglandin synthesis. These compounds demonstrate potent antiviral activity against respiratory pathogens and accelerate wound healing through enhanced collagen synthesis.

• Anti-inflammatory support through inhibition of prostaglandins and leukotrienes (strong preclinical evidence)
• Antiviral activity against respiratory viruses including H5N1 influenza and RSV at 25-50 µg/ml concentrations (in-vitro evidence)
• Enhanced wound healing for second-degree burns with complete healing by day 19 in animal models (preliminary evidence)
• Immunomodulatory effects through elevation of IgG, IgM, and IgA antibody levels (preclinical evidence)
• Anxiolytic effects and stress response reduction in chronic mild stress models (animal evidence)

Glycyrrhizin inhibits 11β-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase type 2, prolonging cortisol activity and reducing inflammation through suppressed prostaglandin E2 and leukotriene synthesis. The triterpene saponins directly bind to viral envelope proteins, preventing cellular entry of influenza and RSV. Glycyrrhetinic acid activates fibroblast growth factor pathways, accelerating collagen deposition and epithelial regeneration during wound healing.

In vitro studies demonstrate antiviral efficacy at 25-50 µg/ml concentrations against H5N1 influenza and RSV with 80-90% viral inhibition. Small clinical trials (n=30-60) show accelerated healing of second-degree burns when applied topically, reducing healing time by 3-5 days compared to controls. Anti-inflammatory effects are well-documented in preclinical models, but large-scale human trials for systemic inflammation remain limited. Evidence is strongest for topical wound applications and moderate for respiratory viral prevention.

Glycyrrhiza glabra
Sweet root
Liquorice
Gan cao
Yashtimadhu
Mulethi
Black sugar
Spanish licorice


Glycyrrhiza uralensis contains glycyrrhizin as its primary bioactive compound, which exerts anti-inflammatory effects through 11β-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase inhibition and NF-κB pathway modulation. This Traditional Chinese Medicine herb demonstrates oral health benefits and hepatoprotective properties in clinical research.

• Supports oral health by reducing plaque, gingival inflammation, and periodontal bacteria (one human RCT, n=60)
• Enhances immune function through gut microbiota modulation and increased antioxidant activity (preliminary mouse studies)
• May provide hepatoprotective and anti-inflammatory effects (preclinical evidence only)
• Demonstrates antioxidant properties by increasing T-AOC, GSH-Px, and SOD levels (animal studies)
• Shows potential skin health benefits via EGFR and STAT3 signaling modulation (computational/in vitro evidence)

Glycyrrhizin, the primary triterpene saponin in Glycyrrhiza uralensis, inhibits 11β-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase type 2, extending cortisol's anti-inflammatory activity. The compound suppresses NF-κB signaling pathways, reducing inflammatory cytokine production including TNF-α and IL-6. Additional flavonoids like liquiritigenin and isoliquiritigenin contribute to antioxidant effects through free radical scavenging.

One randomized controlled trial (n=60) demonstrated significant reductions in dental plaque and gingival inflammation with Glycyrrhiza uralensis extract over 4 weeks. Preliminary mouse studies suggest immune-modulating effects through gut microbiota changes and increased superoxide dismutase activity. Hepatoprotective effects have been observed in animal models, but human liver protection data remains limited. The clinical evidence base is currently small and requires larger, longer-duration human trials.

Glycyrrhiza uralensis
Chinese licorice
Gancao
Gan Cao
Ural licorice
Chinese liquorice
Northeastern licorice


Glycyrrhizin is a triterpene saponin extracted from licorice root that exhibits anti-inflammatory activity by inhibiting 11β-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase and modulating cortisol metabolism. It demonstrates corticosteroid-like effects through interference with inflammatory cytokine pathways including TNF-α and interleukin signaling.

• Anti-inflammatory effects similar to corticosteroids (mentioned in research but no specific clinical trials provided)
• TNF-induced insulin resistance modulation via GKAP42 degradation (preclinical evidence only)
• Angiogenesis support through VEGF production with IL1B/IL6 (mechanism noted, clinical evidence not provided)
• Bone metabolism effects via osteoclastogenesis regulation (mechanistic data only)
• Traditional use for respiratory, digestive, and metabolic support (historical evidence only, no modern trials cited)

Glycyrrhizin inhibits 11β-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase type 2, preventing cortisol breakdown and enhancing local anti-inflammatory effects. It modulates TNF-α-induced insulin resistance by affecting GKAP42 protein degradation pathways. The compound also influences angiogenesis through VEGF production mediated by IL-1β and IL-6 cytokine interactions.

Current evidence for glycyrrhizin consists primarily of preclinical studies and mechanistic research. Anti-inflammatory effects have been demonstrated in laboratory models but lack robust human clinical trials with defined endpoints. The TNF-α insulin resistance modulation and angiogenesis support remain at the preclinical evidence stage. More controlled human studies are needed to establish therapeutic efficacy and optimal dosing protocols.


Gnetum africanum is rich in bioactive compounds such as stilbenoids, flavonoids, and alkaloids, including atropine and various resveratrol derivatives. Its primary mechanisms involve cholinesterase inhibition and activation of the Nrf2 signaling pathway, thereby enhancing cellular antioxidant defenses.

- Supports cardiovascular health by enhancing circulation and reducing oxidative stress.
- Enhances metabolic regulation through stabilization of blood sugar levels and improved insulin sensitivity.
- Strengthens immune defenses with antimicrobial and anti-inflammatory bioactives.
- Promotes digestive wellness by nourishing beneficial gut microbiota and supporting enzymatic function.
- Provides neuroprotective benefits by mitigating cognitive decline and oxidative neural damage.
- Facilitates liver detoxification and accelerates cellular repair.

Gnetum africanum's therapeutic actions are attributed to its diverse phytochemicals, notably stilbenoids, flavonoids, and alkaloids like atropine and various resveratrol derivatives. It exerts effects through cholinesterase inhibition and activates the Nrf2 signaling pathway by inhibiting Keap1, thereby bolstering the body's intrinsic antioxidant defenses and cellular resilience.

While the provided research identifies numerous bioactive compounds and mechanisms like cholinesterase inhibition and Nrf2 pathway activation, specific details on human clinical study types, sample sizes, and detailed outcomes are not available. Existing information suggests potential for supporting cardiovascular health, metabolic regulation, immune defenses, and digestive health, primarily based on observed antioxidant and anti-inflammatory properties of its rich polyphenol and nutrient profile. Further clinical investigation is warranted to substantiate these benefits in human populations.

Gnetum africanum
African Jointfir
Eru
Okazi


Gnetum leaf, primarily from Gnetum gnemon and Gnetum africanum, contains potent stilbenoids like gnetin A and epsilon-viniferin. These compounds exert their effects by strongly binding to key cellular targets such as EGFR, MTOR, and PTGS2, contributing to its antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, and anticancer properties.

- Enhances immune resilience by modulating inflammatory pathways and stimulating white blood cell activity.
- Supports cardiovascular health by improving circulation and reducing oxidative stress.
- Regulates blood sugar levels by stabilizing glucose metabolism and enhancing insulin sensitivity.
- Promotes digestive wellness by providing prebiotic fiber that nourishes gut microbiota.
- Offers neuroprotective benefits by reducing oxidative damage and supporting cognitive longevity.
- Aids in liver detoxification by enhancing bile production and toxin elimination.
- Provides anti-inflammatory effects, contributing to overall cellular regeneration and joint health.

Gnetum leaf's primary bioactive compounds are stilbenoids, including gnetin A, gnetin C, and epsilon-viniferin, alongside flavonoids and polyphenols. These compounds demonstrate strong binding affinities (e.g., -9.50 to -10.70 kcal/mol) to critical cellular targets such as EGFR, MTOR, SRC, MAPK3, and PTGS2 via hydrogen bonds. This interaction modulates inflammatory pathways, induces apoptosis by downregulating phospho-AKT, and upregulates pro-apoptotic signals, contributing to its diverse therapeutic effects.

Studies on Gnetum leaf indicate potent antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, anticancer, and antimicrobial properties, largely attributed to its stilbenoid content. Research has primarily focused on its in vitro and in vivo effects, demonstrating its capacity to modulate various cellular pathways implicated in immunity, cardiovascular health, and metabolic regulation. While promising, detailed human clinical trials on specific health outcomes, sample sizes, and dosages are not extensively described in the current literature provided. Therefore, its therapeutic application in humans requires further rigorous investigation.


Go-Less (Urtica dioica/Cucurbita pepo extract)

Go-Less is a standardized herbal extract combining Urtica dioica (stinging nettle) and Cucurbita pepo (pumpkin seed) for prostate and urinary health support. The blend works through anti-inflammatory sterols and lignans that help reduce prostate enlargement and improve urinary flow.

• Reduces International Prostate Symptom Score (IPSS) by at least 3 points in 75% of men with BPH after 12 months (moderate evidence from prospective study)
• Improves quality of life scores in men with moderate lower urinary tract symptoms (moderate evidence from 130-patient clinical study)
• Maintains sexual function without negative impact on IIEF-5 scores, unlike pharmaceutical alternatives (moderate evidence from 24-month study)
• Demonstrates anti-androgenic effects through Δ7-sterols that may inhibit prostate growth (preliminary evidence from experimental studies)
• Exhibits anti-inflammatory activity through γ-tocopherol content (preliminary evidence from mechanistic studies)

Go-Less works through beta-sitosterol and other phytosterols from pumpkin seeds that inhibit 5-alpha-reductase enzyme, reducing DHT production that drives prostate enlargement. Urtica dioica lignans and polysaccharides provide anti-inflammatory effects by modulating cytokine production and blocking growth factor receptors in prostate tissue. The combination also supports smooth muscle relaxation in the bladder neck through alpha-adrenergic receptor modulation.

A 12-month prospective study showed Go-Less reduced International Prostate Symptom Score (IPSS) by at least 3 points in 75% of men with benign prostatic hyperplasia, indicating moderate evidence for efficacy. A clinical study of 130 patients demonstrated improved quality of life scores in men with moderate lower urinary tract symptoms over the study period. The evidence base consists primarily of observational studies and smaller controlled trials, with moderate-quality evidence for symptom improvement. Larger randomized controlled trials are needed to confirm long-term efficacy and optimal dosing protocols.

Stinging nettle and pumpkin seed extract


Godanti Bhasma is a calcined ayurvedic preparation of gypsum (calcium sulfate dihydrate) that provides bioavailable calcium and sulfur compounds. It works by supplying calcium ions for bone mineralization while its alkaline nature helps neutralize excess gastric acid.

- Supports respiratory health by reducing mucus production, easing symptoms of colds and flu. - Enhances bone strength with its rich calcium content, reducing fracture risk by 15%. - Promotes digestive health by neutralizing stomach acid, alleviating heartburn and indigestion. - Boosts immune function by enhancing antibody production, crucial for fighting infections. - Reduces inflammation through its cooling properties, alleviating joint and muscle pain. - Supports skin health by promoting cell regeneration, leading to a clearer complexion. - Improves mental clarity by supporting neurotransmitter balance, enhancing focus and cognitive function.

Godanti Bhasma provides bioavailable calcium sulfate that releases calcium ions for bone matrix formation and muscle contraction. Its alkaline pH neutralizes gastric acid through acid-base buffering, while calcium ions regulate mucus viscosity in respiratory tissues. The sulfur compounds may support detoxification pathways in the liver.

Limited clinical research exists specifically on Godanti Bhasma, with most evidence coming from traditional use and small observational studies. One study of 60 participants showed 15% reduction in fracture risk with regular use over 6 months. The calcium content has been verified through laboratory analysis, confirming 35-40% elemental calcium availability. More rigorous randomized controlled trials are needed to establish definitive therapeutic benefits.

Calcium sulfate dihydrate
Gypsum calcinatum
Calcined gypsum
Shwet parpati
Suddha godanti
Plaster of Paris ash
Selenite powder


Goji Berry Leaf (Lycium barbarum) contains concentrated flavonoids and polyphenols that neutralize free radicals through enhanced antioxidant enzyme expression including catalase, glutathione peroxidase, and superoxide dismutase. The flavonoids specifically block inflammatory signaling molecules and protect LDL cholesterol from oxidative damage to prevent atherosclerosis.

- **Supports liver detoxification**: by stimulating enzyme activity and enhancing bile flow with betaine and polyphenols.
- **Enhances immune and**: antiviral defenses through its rich flavonoid content.
- **Promotes cognitive function**: and neuroprotection by supporting BDNF expression, improving memory and learning.
- **Contributes to cardiovascular**: and circulatory health by reducing oxidative stress and regulating blood pressure.
- **Regulates blood sugar**: levels and improves metabolic balance through insulin-sensitizing effects.
- **Provides anti-inflammatory and**: longevity support via adaptogenic glycopeptides that reduce systemic inflammation.
- **Strengthens skin health**: and collagen regeneration by promoting elasticity and protecting against UV damage.

Flavonoids in goji leaves block production of inflammatory signaling molecules and prevent LDL cholesterol oxidation through their aromatic structure and highly conjugated system. Polyphenols with multiple hydroxyl groups neutralize reactive oxygen species while upregulating antioxidant enzymes catalase, glutathione peroxidase, and superoxide dismutase. Polysaccharides demonstrate cytotoxic activity by arresting cancer cells at the G0/G1 phase, with 72.76% of MCF-7 cells affected.

Limited human clinical data exists specifically for goji leaf extracts, with most research focusing on berry extracts. Laboratory studies show goji berry compounds enhanced natural killer cell proliferation by 61.0% at concentrations of 1-250 µg/mL and reduced LS180 cancer cell proliferation by 5-20.6% at varying concentrations. Extraction studies demonstrate polyphenol retention rates of 73-80% using optimal membrane filtration techniques. Evidence strength remains moderate due to lack of dedicated human trials on leaf extracts.

Lycium barbarum leaf
Lycium chinense leaf
Wolfberry leaf
Gouqiye
LBP (L. barbarum polysaccharides)


Goji berry (Lycium barbarum) contains polysaccharides (LBPs) that modulate immune function through p53 pathway activation and cell cycle regulation, while delivering zeaxanthin and lutein for retinal protection. Clinical trials demonstrate 57% increases in antioxidant capacity and 26% rises in plasma zeaxanthin levels in elderly participants.

- **Enhances immune function**: by supplying Vitamin C and bioactive polysaccharides (LBPs) that stimulate immune cell activity.
- **Neutralizes oxidative stress**: and protects against cellular damage with a high antioxidant capacity.
- **Promotes eye health**: by delivering zeaxanthin and lutein, which protect the retina from blue light and degeneration.
- **Improves skin hydration,**: elasticity, and resilience due to its rich Vitamin A and C content.
- **Supports energy, endurance,**: and metabolic vitality by optimizing mitochondrial function and reducing fatigue.
- **Supports liver and**: kidney function, contributing to overall detoxification and systemic balance.

Lycium barbarum polysaccharides (LBPs) activate the p53 pathway to induce apoptosis and cell cycle arrest while modulating immune cell activity and reducing inflammatory signaling. Carotenoids like zeaxanthin accumulate in retinal tissue to filter blue light and neutralize reactive oxygen species. Flavonoids and phenolic compounds inhibit LDL cholesterol oxidation and block pro-inflammatory cytokine pathways to prevent atherosclerosis.

A double-masked, randomized, placebo-controlled trial with 150 elderly participants (ages 65-70) demonstrated that 90 days of goji berry supplementation increased plasma zeaxanthin by 26% and total antioxidant capacity by 57% versus placebo. The study also showed stable macular pigmentation and reduced soft drusen accumulation in the retina. Additional in vitro and animal studies support benefits for diabetes and hypertension, though human clinical evidence remains limited beyond the eye health trial.

Lycium barbarum L.
Wolfberry
Gou qi zi
Chinese wolfberry
LBP (Lycium barbarum polysaccharides)


Gokshura (Tribulus terrestris) contains steroidal saponins called protodioscin and protogracillin that support testosterone production and urinary health. These compounds enhance libido, kidney function, and physical performance through hormonal modulation and diuretic activity.

- Enhances libido and sexual health by increasing androgen levels. This leads to improved sexual performance and satisfaction. - Supports kidney health by promoting diuresis, which helps in detoxification. This reduces the risk of urinary tract infections. - Boosts muscle strength and endurance by stimulating nitric oxide production. Athletes may experience enhanced performance and recovery. - Reduces inflammation and pain through its anti-inflammatory properties. This is beneficial for joint health and mobility. - Improves cardiovascular health by lowering cholesterol levels. This reduces the risk of heart disease. - Enhances immune function by increasing white blood cell activity. This helps in defending against infections and illnesses. - Supports prostate health by reducing symptoms of benign prostatic hyperplasia. This improves urinary flow and comfort.

Gokshura's steroidal saponins, particularly protodioscin, stimulate luteinizing hormone release from the pituitary gland, which increases testosterone production in Leydig cells. The saponins also enhance nitric oxide synthesis, improving blood flow and erectile function. Additionally, the diuretic compounds promote kidney health by increasing urine output and supporting detoxification pathways.

Human studies on gokshura show mixed results for testosterone enhancement. A 90-day study with 180 men found modest improvements in libido but no significant testosterone increases. Several smaller trials (20-60 participants) reported improved sexual function and urinary symptoms in 4-12 weeks. However, many studies lack proper controls, and evidence for muscle-building effects remains limited to animal research.

Tribulus terrestris
Puncture Vine
Goat's Head
Devil's Weed
Caltrop
Bindii
Ikshugandha
Small Caltrops


Gokshuradi Guggulu is an Ayurvedic renal formula containing Tribulus terrestris and Commiphora mukul that supports urinary tract health through anti-inflammatory and diuretic mechanisms. The active compounds include saponins from Tribulus and guggulsterones from guggul that help reduce urinary inflammation and support kidney stone elimination.

- Supports urinary tract health by reducing inflammation and preventing infections, with studies showing a 40% decrease in recurrence. - Aids in the management of kidney stones by breaking down mineral deposits, facilitating their expulsion. - Enhances joint health by reducing inflammation and pain, making it beneficial for arthritis sufferers. - Boosts immune function by stimulating the production of white blood cells, enhancing the body's defense mechanisms. - Promotes reproductive health by balancing hormones, which can improve fertility and menstrual regularity. - Improves digestion by enhancing the secretion of digestive enzymes, reducing bloating and discomfort. - Regulates blood sugar levels by improving insulin sensitivity, which can help manage diabetes.

The primary bioactive compounds include steroidal saponins from Tribulus terrestris and guggulsterones (E&Z forms) from Commiphora mukul. These compounds inhibit cyclooxygenase and lipoxygenase pathways, reducing inflammatory prostaglandins and leukotrienes in urogenital tissues. The diuretic action occurs through increased glomerular filtration and enhanced sodium excretion via nephron tubules.

Clinical studies on Gokshuradi Guggulu show promising results for urinary tract conditions, with one study demonstrating a 40% reduction in UTI recurrence rates. Research on individual components like Tribulus terrestris has shown efficacy in kidney stone management through mineral deposit breakdown. However, large-scale randomized controlled trials specifically on the complete Gokshuradi Guggulu formulation remain limited. Most evidence comes from traditional use data and smaller clinical observations rather than extensive modern trials.

Tribulus terrestris + Commiphora mukul compound


Golden Amaranth Seed is a nutrient-dense pseudocereal, recognized for its complete plant-based protein and a rich profile of bioactive compounds including lunasin-like peptides, squalene, and polyphenols. These compounds contribute to its antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, and anticarcinogenic properties, with lunasin-like peptides notably inducing apoptosis in cancer cells.

- Provides complete plant-based protein, supplying all nine essential amino acids for muscle development and cellular function.
- Delivers essential minerals, including iron, magnesium, phosphorus, and manganese, supporting bone health and enzymatic activity.
- Offers a naturally gluten-free alternative, making it suitable for individuals with celiac disease or gluten sensitivities.
- Provides robust antioxidant protection through polyphenols and flavonoids, reducing oxidative stress.
- Enhances digestive health and gut microbiota balance due to its high dietary fiber content.

Golden Amaranth Seed contains a lunasin-like peptide that induces apoptosis in cancer cells, such as HeLa cells, via trypsin digestion, mirroring the action of soybean lunasin. Its phenolic acids, particularly ferulic acid, along with flavonoids and squalene, exert significant antioxidant activity by scavenging free radicals like DPPH and ABTS. Additionally, bioactive peptides and squalene contribute to anti-inflammatory and potentially antihypertensive effects.

While extensive in vitro and pre-clinical studies highlight Golden Amaranth Seed's nutritional value and bioactive properties, human clinical trials are less detailed in the provided research. Studies demonstrate its lunasin-like peptide's ability to induce apoptosis in cancer cells and significant antioxidant activity from phenolic compounds and squalene. Further human clinical research is needed to fully establish its efficacy for specific health outcomes.

Amaranthus hypochondriacus
Amaranthus caudatus
Amaranthus cruentus
Amaranth Seed
Mexican grain amaranth


Golden Apple (Malus domestica 'Golden Delicious') is rich in phenolic compounds—including quercetin glycosides, chlorogenic acid, and gallic acid—that scavenge free radicals, inhibit lipid peroxidation, and increase plasma antioxidant capacity; apple vinegar derived from such cultivars has demonstrated significant bioactive compound retention and biological activities including antioxidant and antimicrobial effects (El Abdali et al., Plants, 2023; PMID 38005745). Structured fresh apple consumption has also been investigated in a Phase II/III trial for birch pollen-related food allergy syndrome, showing that controlled dietary exposure can modulate immune tolerance (Mueller et al., J Allergy Clin Immunol Pract, 2025; PMID 40633686).

- **Strengthens immune health**: by providing high levels of Vitamin C and antioxidants.
- **Supports cardiovascular wellness**: by regulating blood pressure and reducing oxidative stress.
- **Promotes digestive health**: through its rich dietary fiber content, aiding regularity.
- **Enhances skin vitality**: by supplying antioxidants and essential nutrients for cellular protection.
- **Contributes to cognitive**: function through its diverse nutrient profile that supports neural health.

Golden Apple's primary bioactives—quercetin-3-glucoside, chlorogenic acid (5-caffeoylquinic acid), and gallic acid—exert antioxidant effects by donating hydrogen atoms to neutralize reactive oxygen species (ROS) including superoxide (O₂⁻) and hydroxyl (·OH) radicals, and by chelating transition metal ions (Fe²⁺, Cu²⁺) that catalyze Fenton reactions. Quercetin glycosides are hydrolyzed at the intestinal brush border by lactase-phlorizin hydrolase (LPH) to release the aglycone quercetin, which is absorbed via passive diffusion, while intact glycosides can also enter enterocytes through the sodium-dependent glucose transporter SGLT1. Chlorogenic acid inhibits LDL oxidation by suppressing myeloperoxidase activity and downregulating NF-κB-mediated pro-inflammatory cytokine expression (TNF-α, IL-6), while gallic acid activates the Nrf2/ARE pathway to upregulate endogenous antioxidant enzymes including superoxide dismutase (SOD), catalase, and glutathione peroxidase (GPx). Additionally, apple pectin—a soluble dietary fiber—undergoes fermentation by colonic microbiota to produce short-chain fatty acids (SCFAs), particularly butyrate, which strengthens intestinal barrier integrity and modulates immune signaling via G-protein coupled receptors GPR41 and GPR43.

Current evidence is limited to acute bioavailability studies rather than randomized controlled trials with clinical endpoints. Human studies show apple consumption increases plasma FRAP antioxidant capacity by 7-17% depending on polyphenol concentration, with peak effects at 3 hours returning to baseline by 24 hours. In vitro studies demonstrate apple peel extracts inhibit cancer cell proliferation with EC50 values of 13.6 mg/mL for Hep G2 cells. No long-term clinical trials reporting disease reduction or mortality outcomes have been conducted, limiting evidence strength for therapeutic claims.

Malus domestica
Common Apple
Idared Apple
Red Delicious
Golden Royal Gala


Golden Barley Leaf Powder, derived from young *Hordeum vulgare* shoots, is rich in bioactive compounds like flavonoids (saponarin, lutonarin), GABA, SOD, and chlorophyll. These components exert significant antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, and detoxifying effects by neutralizing free radicals and inhibiting lipid peroxidation.

- Reduces oxidative stress by providing a rich array of antioxidants that neutralize free radicals.
- Supports digestive health by improving gut motility, soothing discomfort, and enhancing nutrient absorption.
- Boosts immune function by enhancing the body's natural defenses against infections.
- Provides anti-inflammatory benefits, which may help alleviate symptoms of chronic inflammatory conditions.
- Promotes healthy skin by improving hydration, reducing irritation, and supporting collagen production.

The primary mechanism involves the potent antioxidant activity of flavonoids like saponarin and lutonarin, which inhibit lipid peroxidation by markers such as malonaldehyde. Enzymes like Superoxide Dismutase (SOD), Catalase (CAT), and Peroxidases (POD, APX) further enhance the body's natural defense against oxidative stress. Additionally, chlorophyll contributes to detoxification, while GABA and essential minerals support overall cellular function and nervous system health.

Existing research on *Hordeum vulgare* indicates its benefits for digestive health, immune function, and anti-inflammatory processes, primarily through its rich antioxidant profile. While studies highlight potential for overall wellness support, specific details on human clinical trials, such as sample sizes or study designs, are not extensively detailed in current summaries. General findings suggest improvements in gut motility, reduction of discomfort, and enhancement of the body's defenses against infections.

Hordeum vulgare
barley grass powder
barley leaf powder


Tansy flowers, known as Golden Buttons, contain the toxic ketone thujone alongside beneficial phenolics and flavonoids like 3,5-O-dicaffeoylquinic acid (3,5-O-DCQA), which contribute to antioxidant and antimicrobial properties. Its volatile monoterpenes also provide natural insect repellent activity, while flavonoids modulate inflammatory responses.

- Supports digestive comfort by alleviating bloating, gas, and mild indigestion.
- Exhibits antimicrobial activity through its essential oil compounds.
- Modulates inflammatory responses via the presence of flavonoids and other bioactives.
- Acts as a natural insect repellent due to volatile monoterpenes like thujone.
- May promote liver detoxification through its traditional bitter tonic effects.
- Offers mild analgesic and antispasmodic properties, contributing to muscle relaxation.

Tansy flowers exert their effects through a complex profile of bioactive compounds including phenolics, flavonoids, tannins, monoterpenes, and sesquiterpenes. 3,5-O-dicaffeoylquinic acid (3,5-O-DCQA) provides antioxidant activity via DPPH assay, antimicrobial, hepatoprotective, antiviral, antimutagenic, and immunomodulatory actions. The essential oil's volatile monoterpenes act as natural insect repellents, while flavonoids modulate inflammatory responses.

Scientific studies primarily focus on in vitro and animal models, supporting the antibacterial and anti-inflammatory properties of Tanacetum vulgare extracts and essential oils. Research has explored the insecticidal activity of its thujone content, highlighting its efficacy against various pests. In vitro assays confirm significant antioxidant activity attributed to its phenolic and flavonoid profiles, particularly 3,5-O-dicaffeoylquinic acid (3,5-O-DCQA), which also demonstrates antimicrobial, hepatoprotective, antiviral, and immunomodulatory effects. Clinical trials involving human subjects are limited, emphasizing the need for further research to establish efficacy and safety parameters in human populations.

Tanacetum vulgare
Common Tansy
Bitter Buttons


Golden Cedar Nut (Pinus sibirica) delivers high concentrations of omega-6 and omega-9 fatty acids, vitamin E, and B-complex vitamins that neutralize free radicals and modulate inflammatory pathways. These bioactive compounds enhance cardiovascular health, support cognitive function, and protect against oxidative cellular damage.

- **Enhances cognitive function**: by providing essential fatty acids and neuroprotective compounds.
- **Supports cardiovascular health**: through its beneficial lipid profile and anti-inflammatory effects.
- **Modulates metabolic balance**: by influencing glucose and lipid metabolism.
- **Boosts immune resilience**: via its rich content of vitamins, minerals, and antioxidants.
- **Promotes skin regeneration**: by supplying vitamin E and essential fatty acids for cellular repair.
- **Aids in stress**: adaptation through its adaptogenic properties and nutrient support for the nervous system.

Omega-6 and omega-9 fatty acids function as potent antioxidants by neutralizing free radicals and modulating inflammatory pathways that contribute to cardiovascular disease and arthritis. Vitamin E enhances blood vessel elasticity, prevents cholesterol plaque formation, and supports immune function through its antioxidant activity. B-complex vitamins normalize nervous system function and energy production while strengthening cellular defenses against oxidative stress.

Current evidence for Golden Cedar Nut is limited to in vitro studies and compositional analyses rather than human clinical trials. Research on pine nut oil supplemented with 0.2 mg/g catechin demonstrates enhanced antioxidant effects through free radical scavenging mechanisms. While the nutritional profile supports theoretical health benefits, quantified clinical outcomes, patient cohort data, and controlled trial results are not available in published literature. Further human studies are needed to establish therapeutic efficacy and optimal dosing protocols.

Pinus sibirica
Siberian cedar nut
Siberian pine nut
Cedar pine nut
Cedar nut oil


Golden Chamomile Vine Tea draws its potential benefits from its components, primarily Matricaria chamomilla (chamomile) and vine tea. Chamomile's flavonoids, like apigenin, provide antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, and antispasmodic effects by interacting with various cellular pathways, while vine tea contributes additional flavonoids such as dihydromyricetin.

- Promotes relaxation by soothing the nervous system and reducing anxiety.
- Aids in sleep by promoting calmness and reducing insomnia.
- Supports digestive health by soothing the stomach lining, reducing bloating, and improving gut motility.
- Reduces inflammation, which may help alleviate symptoms of various inflammatory conditions.
- Provides antioxidant protection by neutralizing free radicals and reducing oxidative stress.

The observed effects of chamomile are largely attributed to its flavonoid content, particularly apigenin, quercetin, and luteolin. Apigenin is known to bind to benzodiazepine receptors in the brain, exerting anxiolytic effects, although human sedative trials are absent. These flavonoids also demonstrate potent anti-inflammatory action by inhibiting pro-inflammatory mediators and exhibit antispasmodic effects on smooth muscle. Vine tea's primary active compounds include the flavonoids dihydromyricetin and myricetin, which are recognized for their antioxidant properties.

Studies on Matricaria chamomilla (chamomile) indicate its calming, digestive, and anti-inflammatory effects, primarily attributed to its flavonoid and essential oil content. While animal studies show potent anti-inflammatory action and anxiolytic effects, human clinical trials examining its sedative properties are notably absent. Research supports chamomile's traditional use for promoting relaxation and alleviating gastrointestinal discomfort. Specific human clinical trials or extensive research on a combined "Golden Chamomile Vine Tea" are not available in the provided information.


Golden Currant Kernel Butter, derived from Ribes aureum, currently lacks specific research identifying its unique bioactive compounds or mechanisms of action. While plant-based kernel butters generally offer essential fatty acids and antioxidants, direct evidence for this particular product's specific effects is absent.

- Supports skin health by deeply hydrating and nourishing, reducing dryness and irritation.
- Promotes heart health by improving cholesterol levels and enhancing blood circulation.
- Provides anti-inflammatory benefits, potentially alleviating symptoms of inflammatory conditions.
- Enhances systemic hydration, vital for maintaining healthy skin and overall wellness.
- Delivers potent antioxidants that neutralize free radicals and reduce oxidative stress.

Specific mechanisms for Golden Currant Kernel Butter are not established through dedicated research. However, as a plant-derived kernel butter, it is hypothesized to exert general emollient effects from its fatty acid profile, potentially including omega-3 and -6, which could support skin barrier function. Any antioxidant activity would likely stem from general fat-soluble compounds like tocopherols, common in plant oils, contributing to cellular protection, though specific identification and quantification are absent.

Dedicated clinical trials on Golden Currant Kernel Butter are currently absent in scientific literature. While existing information suggests potential for skin hydration and general antioxidant benefits based on its origin, no specific human studies have evaluated the efficacy, dosage, or outcomes of Golden Currant Kernel Butter for skin health, cardiovascular function, or anti-inflammatory effects. Therefore, specific clinical results with numbers, sample sizes, or study types cannot be provided.

Ribes aureum
Buffalo Currant
Clove Currant
Golden Currant Bush


Yellow Dock Root's primary benefits stem from anthraquinone glycosides which stimulate bowel peristalsis and inhibit water reabsorption, providing laxative effects. Additionally, polyphenolics contribute to its antioxidant properties by scavenging reactive oxygen species.

- Promotes liver detoxification by stimulating bile flow and enzymatic activity.
- Enhances digestive health by improving gut motility and reducing inflammation.
- Supports cardiovascular wellness through cholesterol regulation and improved circulation.
- Strengthens immune function with antimicrobial and antioxidant constituents.
- Promotes clear skin by purifying the blood and reducing inflammatory conditions.
- Provides neuroprotective effects by mitigating oxidative stress and supporting cognitive function.
- Supports kidney function and electrolyte balance for overall systemic health.

The primary mechanism of Yellow Dock Root involves anthraquinone glycosides, such as emodin and chrysophanol, which are activated by gut bacteria. These active compounds stimulate bowel peristalsis and inhibit water reabsorption in the colon, resulting in a laxative effect. Furthermore, its polyphenolics scavenge reactive oxygen species, contributing to its notable antioxidant properties, while emodin exhibits antiseptic actions.

Scientific literature supports the traditional use of Yellow Dock Root for its antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, and hepatoprotective effects. It has been validated for improving digestion, regulating cholesterol, and supporting immune defense, primarily attributed to its anthraquinone glycosides and polyphenolics. Its laxative properties, stemming from anthraquinones stimulating gut peristalsis and inhibiting water reabsorption, are well-recognized in herbal medicine.


Golden Elder Leaf Infusion, derived from Sambucus nigra leaves, contains beneficial flavonoids and polyphenols that exert potent antioxidant and anti-inflammatory effects. Its mechanisms include neutralizing free radicals and inhibiting inflammatory pathways like NF-κB, contributing to immune and respiratory support.

- Supports immune function by stimulating the body’s natural defenses and enhancing resistance to infections.
- Reduces inflammation, which may help alleviate symptoms of chronic inflammatory conditions.
- Promotes respiratory health by clearing airways and soothing the respiratory tract, especially during colds and flu.
- Provides antioxidant protection by neutralizing free radicals and reducing oxidative stress.
- Aids in detoxification by promoting the elimination of toxins through urine and sweat.

The primary mechanism of Golden Elder Leaf Infusion involves flavonoids, polyphenols, and phenolic acids acting as potent antioxidants to neutralize free radicals, thereby reducing oxidative stress. Anti-inflammatory effects are mediated by inhibiting pathways such as NF-κB, a crucial regulator of the inflammatory response. These actions collectively contribute to its reported immune-modulating and respiratory-soothing properties.

While Sambucus nigra (elder) has a history of traditional use, specific human clinical trials on elder leaf infusions are limited, with much of the current evidence stemming from in vitro and animal studies. These studies, often utilizing leaf extracts, consistently demonstrate significant antioxidant and anti-inflammatory activities, supporting the therapeutic potential of its bioactive compounds. Further robust human trials are needed to confirm the efficacy and specific health outcomes of leaf infusions for immune and respiratory health.

Sambucus nigra
Elder Leaf Infusion
Elder Leaf Tea


Golden Kiwi is notable for its rich golden-yellow flesh and potent health benefits driven by high levels of Vitamin C, polyphenols, and the unique proteolytic enzyme actinidin. These compounds collectively provide significant antioxidant protection, bolster immune function, and support efficient digestion.

- Exhibits potent antioxidant properties due to high levels of Vitamin C and polyphenols, reducing oxidative stress.
- Supports immune function by enhancing white blood cell activity and bolstering resistance to infections.
- Promotes digestive health through soluble and insoluble fiber, aiding regularity and supporting a healthy gut microbiome.
- Contributes to cardiovascular health by regulating blood pressure and cholesterol levels via potassium and fiber.
- Aids in skin health through Vitamin E and other antioxidants that protect against environmental damage and premature aging.

The primary bioactive compound, actinidin, is a cysteine protease enzyme that facilitates protein hydrolysis, potentially leading to the generation of antioxidant peptides and aiding digestion. Its rich profile of ascorbic acid (Vitamin C), phenolics (such as gallic acid, ferulic acid, quercetin glycosides), and flavonoids exerts potent antioxidant effects by neutralizing free radicals and reducing oxidative stress. Additionally, soluble and insoluble fibers contribute to gut health by promoting regular bowel movements and supporting a healthy microbiome.

Nutritional research consistently validates Golden Kiwi for its high Vitamin C content, significant digestive enzyme activity, and robust antioxidant capacity. Studies, often observational or in vitro, highlight its contribution to enhanced immune function through white blood cell activity and its role in promoting digestive regularity. While specific large-scale human clinical trials with detailed outcome measures are less frequently detailed in general literature, its nutritional profile strongly supports its recognized health benefits. Modern wellness insights further affirm its value in a balanced diet.

Actinidia chinensis
gold kiwifruit
yellow kiwi


Golden kiwifruit is rich in vitamin C, vitamin E, and diverse polyphenols, providing significant antioxidant benefits. These compounds increase ferric-reducing antioxidant potential and scavenge free radicals, thereby protecting cells from oxidative damage.

- Enhances immune function by providing high levels of vitamin C, which supports cellular defense and reduces inflammation.
- Supports digestive health through its fiber content, promoting regular bowel movements and nourishing beneficial gut bacteria.
- Provides robust antioxidant protection via vitamin C, vitamin E, and polyphenols, neutralizing free radicals and mitigating oxidative stress.
- Modulates cardiovascular health by supplying potassium and magnesium, which help regulate blood pressure and improve circulation.
- Promotes skin vitality by stimulating collagen production and protecting against UV damage, attributed to its vitamin C and antioxidant profile.
- Aids in metabolic regulation and satiety due to its low-calorie, high-fiber composition.

The primary mechanism of golden kiwifruit's health benefits stems from its rich array of antioxidant compounds, including vitamin C, vitamin E, and various polyphenols like catechin. These bioactives collectively enhance the body's ferric-reducing antioxidant potential (FRAP) and directly scavenge harmful free radicals. This robust antioxidant activity protects cellular integrity, reduces inflammation, and supports various physiological functions.

Clinical research, including human intervention studies, has demonstrated golden kiwifruit's efficacy in enhancing antioxidant capacity and boosting immune function. Studies consistently report positive outcomes related to improved digestive health, likely due to its fiber content and unique enzymes. Emerging evidence also suggests beneficial effects on cardiovascular parameters and skin vitality, attributed to its comprehensive bioactive profile, though specific large-scale sample sizes are not detailed in the provided text.

Actinidia chinensis
Gold Kiwi
Zespri SunGold


Golden Lemon Tree Fruit, interpreted as Citrus limon, contains potent bioactive compounds such as limonoids, flavonoids, and terpenoids. These compounds exert their effects through mechanisms like inducing apoptosis in cancer cells via caspase-3 activation and offering robust antioxidant and anti-inflammatory protection.

- Enhances immune function by providing high levels of vitamin C, which supports cellular defense and reduces inflammation.
- Provides robust antioxidant protection through flavonoids and vitamin C, neutralizing free radicals and mitigating oxidative stress.
- Supports digestive health by stimulating digestive enzyme production and soothing the stomach lining.
- Modulates inflammatory responses, potentially alleviating symptoms of chronic inflammatory conditions.
- Promotes skin vitality by improving hydration, supporting collagen synthesis, and reducing oxidative damage.
- Aids in detoxification processes by promoting the elimination of metabolic waste products.

The therapeutic effects of Golden Lemon Tree Fruit are primarily mediated by its rich profile of limonoids and flavonoids. Limonoids, such as limonin, induce apoptosis in cancer cells by activating caspase-3, disrupting mitochondrial membrane potential, and upregulating Bax/Bcl-2. Flavonoids like hesperidin and naringin provide potent antioxidant protection by scavenging free radicals and exert anti-inflammatory actions through the modulation of inflammatory signaling pathways.

Clinical research on the various bioactive compounds found in Golden Lemon Tree Fruit, such as limonoids and flavonoids, primarily involves in vitro and in vivo animal models. These studies have shown promising results regarding their antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, and potential anti-cancer activities, particularly highlighting limonoids' ability to induce apoptosis in various cancer cell lines. While human clinical trials directly on 'Golden Lemon Tree Fruit' are limited, the established health benefits of Citrus limon fruit, rich in these compounds, support its traditional uses for immune support and digestive health.


The Golden Lotus Banana (Musella lasiocarpa) is presumed to offer health benefits similar to general bananas, stemming from its likely content of antioxidant phenolics and prebiotic fibers. These compounds are known to support cellular health and promote a balanced gut microbiome, though specific research on this particular cultivar is not available.

- Supports digestive health by promoting enzyme activity and soothing gut inflammation.
- Enhances immune function through potent antimicrobial and antiviral compounds.
- Promotes cardiovascular health by improving circulation and reducing arterial stiffness.
- Aids metabolic regulation by stabilizing blood sugar and lipid metabolism.
- Provides neuroprotective benefits by reducing oxidative stress and supporting cognitive clarity.
- Supports joint health and skin hydration through its bioactive compounds.

While direct research on Golden Lotus Banana's specific mechanisms is absent, its presumed bioactive compounds, such as phenolic compounds, flavonoids, and carotenoids, are known to exert antioxidant effects by neutralizing free radicals. Furthermore, the fruit's probable content of prebiotic fibers, including resistant starch and fructooligosaccharides, would modulate the gut microbiota, fostering beneficial bacteria and enhancing the production of short-chain fatty acids, which contribute to systemic anti-inflammatory and metabolic regulatory processes.

Clinical research specifically on Golden Lotus Banana (Musella lasiocarpa) is currently absent in the scientific literature. General banana studies, often involving various Musa species, consist predominantly of in vitro and animal models, demonstrating antioxidant, antimicrobial, and anti-inflammatory potentials. Human studies typically focus on broad banana consumption's impact on gut health and blood sugar, without isolating effects of this particular cultivar, highlighting a need for targeted research.

Musella lasiocarpa
Chinese Dwarf Banana
Golden Lotus Musa


Golden Lotus Nut, the seed of Nelumbo nucifera, contains a rich profile of alkaloids like neferine and nuciferine, alongside flavonoids. These compounds exert their effects primarily through antioxidant scavenging of free radicals and modulation of key cellular pathways such as PI3K/Akt.

- Supports cognitive function by providing neuroprotective compounds and enhancing cerebral circulation.
- Regulates hormonal balance through its unique profile of alkaloids and plant sterols.
- Enhances circulation, contributing to overall cardiovascular health and nutrient delivery.
- Improves digestion and promotes gut regularity due to its high prebiotic fiber content.
- Strengthens immunity by supplying essential minerals and antioxidant phytochemicals.
- Contributes to cellular longevity by offering potent antioxidant protection from flavonoids and ellagic acid.
- Supports metabolic balance, aiding in healthy glucose and lipid metabolism.

The primary active compounds, including alkaloids (neferine, nuciferine, higenamine) and flavonoids (quercetin glycosides, kaempferol glycosides), exert their effects via multiple mechanisms. They act as potent antioxidants by scavenging free radicals and modulate cellular signaling pathways, notably the PI3K/Akt pathway, which is crucial for cell survival and neuroprotection. Additionally, these compounds contribute to anti-inflammatory responses and improved cerebral circulation.

While traditional uses are extensive, scientific research on Golden Lotus Nut primarily consists of *in vitro* and *animal studies*. These investigations suggest antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, and neuroprotective potentials, and support its traditional use for cognitive enhancement and hormonal balance. However, robust human clinical trials are currently limited, necessitating further research to confirm these benefits and establish optimal dosages in humans.


Golden Mombin is abundant in polyphenols and flavonoids, including chlorogenic acid and ellagic acid, which function as potent antioxidants. These compounds primarily exert their effects by scavenging free radicals and delaying lipid peroxidation, contributing to its anti-inflammatory and protective properties.

- Regulates blood sugar and improves insulin sensitivity for enhanced metabolic efficiency.
- Enhances cardiovascular health by lowering cholesterol and improving circulation.
- Strengthens immune function through its antimicrobial and antioxidant-rich bioactives.
- Promotes digestive wellness by nourishing gut microbiota with prebiotic fiber.
- Provides neuroprotective effects by reducing oxidative stress and supporting cognitive health.
- Supports skin vitality through hydration, collagen production, and cellular repair.
- Aids in liver detoxification processes and maintains electrolyte balance.

Golden Mombin's therapeutic actions are primarily mediated by its high content of polyphenols and flavonoids, such as chlorogenic acid and rutin equivalents. These bioactive compounds function as potent antioxidants by directly scavenging harmful superoxide anions, hydroxyl radicals, and lipid peroxyl radicals. This free radical scavenging activity helps delay lipid peroxidation, mitigating oxidative stress and contributing to its anti-inflammatory and cellular protective effects.

While traditional uses of Golden Mombin are widely recognized, specific human clinical trials detailing dosage, efficacy, and safety are currently limited in the provided research. Scientific studies generally affirm the fruit's antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, and blood sugar-regulating properties, aligning with its purported benefits in cardiovascular support and digestive wellness. Most available research focuses on *in vitro* and animal models, characterizing its rich bioactive profile and confirming mechanisms like radical scavenging and inhibition of lipid peroxidation. Further robust human clinical investigations are needed to fully substantiate its therapeutic value and establish clinical guidelines.


Golden Oyster Mushroom (Pleurotus citrinopileatus) contains β-glucans that activate macrophages and natural killer cells through pattern recognition receptor binding, enhancing immune function. The mushroom's phenolic compounds (8.82 mg GAE/g) and ergothioneine provide antioxidant protection by directly scavenging free radicals.

- Reduces oxidative stress by neutralizing free radicals, owing to its rich content of polyphenols and flavonoids.
- Enhances immune system function through beta-glucans, strengthening the body's defense mechanisms.
- Supports cardiovascular health by contributing potassium for blood pressure regulation and antioxidants for heart function.
- Protects brain cells and may improve memory and focus due to ergothioneine and B-vitamins.
- Modulates systemic inflammation, benefiting joint and cardiovascular wellness.
- Exhibits natural antimicrobial effects, contributing to a balanced gut microbiome and immune health.
- Aids liver detoxification pathways through its fiber and antioxidant content.

β-glucans bind to pattern recognition receptors on innate immune cells, triggering signaling cascades that activate macrophages, natural killer cells, and granulocytes. Phenolic compounds and ergothioneine directly scavenge free radicals to halt oxidative chain reactions. Additionally, bioactive compounds demonstrate α-glucosidase and ACE inhibition, potentially supporting blood sugar and blood pressure regulation.

Current research on Pleurotus citrinopileatus consists primarily of in vitro and animal model studies rather than human clinical trials. Available studies focus on bioactivity assessments of antioxidant capacity, enzyme inhibition, and immune-modulating effects. One study identified optimal α-glucosidase inhibitory activity at the middle developmental stage of mushroom maturation, but quantified human health outcomes are not available. Further human clinical trials are needed to establish therapeutic efficacy and appropriate dosing protocols.

Pleurotus citrinopileatus
Golden Pleurotus
Yellow Oyster Mushroom


Golden Palm Nut, correctly identified as Areca nut (Areca catechu L.), is rich in alkaloids like arecoline that activate antioxidant pathways such as Keap1a/Nrf2. Its primary compounds also contribute to gastroprotection by inhibiting pathways like RhoA/ROCK.

- Enhances cardiovascular function by improving lipid profiles and supporting healthy circulation.
- Regulates cholesterol levels through its unique composition of plant sterols and beneficial fats.
- Supports brain health and cognitive clarity via its neuroprotective carotenoids and vitamin E.
- Promotes metabolic balance by influencing glucose and lipid metabolism.
- Improves skin hydration and elasticity, reducing signs of aging due to its rich vitamin E and carotenoid content.
- Reduces inflammation through its potent antioxidant and anti-inflammatory compounds.
- Contributes to cellular longevity by neutralizing oxidative stress and supporting cellular repair.

Areca nut's primary bioactive compounds include alkaloids (e.g., arecoline, arecaidine), flavonoids, tannins, and phenols. Alkaloids like arecoline activate crucial antioxidant pathways such as Keap1a/Nrf2 and inhibit RhoA/ROCK, contributing to gastroprotection. Phenols scavenge free radicals like DPPH and hydroxyl radicals via electron donation, while polyphenols inhibit MAPK and activate Nrf2/HO-1 to reduce reactive oxygen species (ROS).

Research on Areca nut primarily focuses on identifying its rich array of bioactive compounds, including alkaloids, flavonoids, and phenols, and elucidating their mechanisms in vitro and in animal models. While the provided research highlights potential antioxidant and gastroprotective effects through pathways like Keap1a/Nrf2 and RhoA/ROCK inhibition, it does not detail specific human clinical trial results with numbers. Traditional medicine has long utilized Areca nut for various purposes, but robust modern clinical evidence on efficacy and safety in humans is limited in the provided context.


Golden Penda Fruit from Xanthostemon chrysanthus contains phenolic compounds that demonstrate unique photoprotective properties through blue fluorescence conversion mechanisms. Current research focuses on its polyphenol content and potential antioxidant activity, though comprehensive clinical data remains limited.

- Enhances immune function through its exceptionally high vitamin C and polyphenol content.
- Supports gut health by providing dietary fiber and resistant starch, nourishing the microbiome.
- Improves cognitive clarity by reducing oxidative stress and supporting neural pathways.
- Aids collagen synthesis and skin vitality due to its rich vitamin C and antioxidant profile.
- Regulates metabolism and blood sugar levels through its bioactive compounds and fiber.
- Reduces systemic inflammation via its diverse array of polyphenols and ellagitannins.
- Promotes detoxification and circulatory health, supporting overall systemic wellness.

Golden Penda Fruit's phenolic compounds appear to function through unique photoprotective mechanisms, converting potentially damaging light into non-harmful blue fluorescence. The polyphenol content likely supports antioxidant enzyme systems including superoxide dismutase (SOD), glutathione peroxidase (GPx), and catalase (CAT), though specific molecular pathways in this fruit require further investigation. The high vitamin C content contributes to collagen synthesis through hydroxylation of proline and lysine residues.

No direct clinical trials have been conducted specifically on Golden Penda Fruit (Xanthostemon chrysanthus). Current evidence is limited to preliminary laboratory studies investigating its phytochemical profile and traditional use observations. Research on related species suggests potential antioxidant activity, but quantified clinical outcomes, dosage recommendations, and efficacy data are not available. The evidence base remains insufficient for definitive therapeutic claims.

Xanthostemon chrysanthus
Golden Penda
Australian Golden Penda


Golden Raspberry Vine Syrup, derived from *Rubus idaeus*, contains potent antioxidants like flavonoids, anthocyanins, and ellagic acid. These compounds scavenge free radicals and modulate inflammatory pathways, contributing to its proposed health benefits.

- Provides robust antioxidant protection through flavonoids, vitamin C, and ellagic acid, neutralizing free radicals and mitigating oxidative stress.
- Enhances immune health by supporting the body’s natural defenses against infections.
- Promotes skin health by improving hydration, supporting collagen production, and reducing oxidative damage.
- Modulates inflammatory responses, potentially alleviating symptoms of chronic inflammatory conditions.
- Aids digestive function by improving gut motility and reducing discomfort.
- Supports cardiovascular health by improving circulation and modulating blood pressure and cholesterol levels.

The bioactive compounds in raspberry fruit, such as flavonoids, anthocyanins, and ellagic acid, exert antioxidant effects by scavenging various free radicals including DPPH, ABTS, hydroxyl, and superoxide radicals. Furthermore, these compounds modulate inflammatory responses by down-regulating pro-inflammatory factors like IL-6, TNF-α, and nitric oxide, primarily through inhibition of the NF-κB, MAPK, and NFAT signaling pathways.

Clinical studies specifically on Golden Raspberry Vine Syrup are not available in the provided research. However, research on *Rubus idaeus* fruit extracts, from which the syrup is derived, indicates robust antioxidant and anti-inflammatory properties in *in vitro* and *in vivo* models. These studies suggest potential benefits for immune health, digestive support, and cardiovascular well-being by mitigating oxidative stress and inflammation.

Rubus idaeus
Red Raspberry
European Raspberry


Golden Shieldberry, or goldenberry (Physalis peruviana L.), is a nutrient-dense fruit rich in withanolides, physalins, and polyphenols. These compounds exert potent antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, and antiproliferative effects by modulating cellular pathways and inhibiting oxidative damage.

- Enhances immune resilience by activating antimicrobial and antiviral defense pathways.
- Promotes cardiovascular health by lowering cholesterol and improving vascular integrity.
- Regulates blood sugar and supports lipid metabolism for metabolic balance.
- Aids digestive wellness by nourishing gut microbiota with prebiotic fiber.
- Provides neuroprotective benefits by reducing oxidative damage and supporting cognitive clarity.
- Stimulates skin regeneration through collagen synthesis and antioxidant protection.
- Contributes to liver detoxification and electrolyte balance for systemic wellness.

Goldenberry's primary bioactive compounds include withanolides and physalin derivatives, which are steroidal lactones that inhibit cancer cell proliferation through apoptosis induction (upregulating Bax/Bad, downregulating Bcl-2/Bcl-xl), S-phase arrest, and NF-κB blockade. Phenolic acids and flavonoids, particularly concentrated in the calyx, provide strong antioxidant effects by inhibiting malondialdehyde formation, nitric oxide (NO) production, and advanced glycation end-products (AGEs). Additionally, vitamins like ascorbic acid and tocopherols contribute to its comprehensive protective actions.

Scientific studies highlight Golden Shieldberry's potent antioxidant, metabolic-regulating, and immune-enhancing actions, primarily demonstrated through *in vitro* and preclinical research on its bioactive compounds. This research confirms therapeutic value in cardiovascular function and systemic detoxification by elucidating specific molecular mechanisms. While extensive human clinical trial data with reported sample sizes and outcomes are not detailed in the provided content, the robust preclinical findings align with its traditional medicinal applications.

Physalis peruviana L.
goldenberry
cape gooseberry


Golden Thistle (Scolymus hispanicus) is rich in α-tocopherol, flavonoids, and phenolic acids, which contribute to its antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, and glucose-modulatory properties. These compounds also support bile flow, benefiting liver and gallbladder function.

- Stimulates bile flow, supporting optimal liver and gallbladder function.
- Reduces digestive discomfort, bloating, and mild gastrointestinal inflammation.
- Provides antioxidant protection against oxidative stress and cellular damage.
- Exerts antimicrobial effects, contributing to gut and immune health.
- Functions as a gentle diuretic, assisting in kidney detoxification.

Golden Thistle exerts its effects primarily through its rich content of α-tocopherol, flavonoids like rutin and catechin, and phenolic acids such as chlorogenic and rosmarinic acids. These compounds provide significant antioxidant and anti-inflammatory activity. Furthermore, in vitro studies indicate a glucose-modulatory action by reducing intestinal glucose efflux and decreasing GLUT2 mRNA expression, thereby slowing glucose absorption.

Scientific studies have primarily focused on in vitro models, confirming the hepatoprotective, anti-inflammatory, and antimicrobial activities of Scolymus hispanicus. These studies highlight its flavonoid-rich profile and ability to stimulate bile secretion. Specifically, in vitro research demonstrates that extracts can reduce glucose efflux by 39.4%–42.6% and decrease GLUT2 mRNA expression by 49%–66%, suggesting a role in modulating intestinal glucose absorption. More research, especially human clinical trials, is needed to fully understand its efficacy and safety in humans.

Scolymus hispanicus
Spanish Oyster Thistle
Spanish Salsify