Aguaje fruit contains unique hydroxypterocarpans like Lespeflorin G8, which acts as a full estrogen receptor alpha agonist at 81.9 nM, contributing to its reported hormonal benefits. Additionally, pentacyclic triterpenes in aguaje demonstrate anti-inflammatory activity by inhibiting NF-κB activation and nitric oxide production.

- Supports vision health, immune function, and skin integrity through its rich beta-carotene (provitamin A) content.
- Provides potent antioxidant defense and enhances iron absorption due to high levels of Vitamin C.
- May aid in hormonal balance, particularly beneficial for women's health during menopause and hormonal transitions, via phytoestrogens.
- Exhibits anti-inflammatory properties, helping to mitigate chronic disease risk.
- Supports skin hydration, elasticity, and a youthful appearance through synergistic vitamin and essential fatty acid content.

Aguaje fruit's mechanisms are largely attributed to its unique bioactive compounds. Hydroxypterocarpans, notably Lespeflorin G8 (LF), act as full estrogen receptor alpha (ERα) agonists, binding strongly with an inhibition constant of 81.9 nM, confirmed by E-CALUX assay and MCF-7 cell proliferation studies. Furthermore, pentacyclic triterpenes, such as 3,11-dioxours-12-en-28-oic acid, exhibit anti-inflammatory effects by inhibiting NF-κB activation with an IC50 range of 7.39–8.11 μM and suppressing nitric oxide production.

The provided research primarily highlights *in vitro* studies that characterize the bioactive compounds and their potential mechanisms. These studies identify unique hydroxypterocarpans like Lespeflorin G8 demonstrating potent estrogen receptor alpha agonist activity and pentacyclic triterpenes showing anti-inflammatory effects through NF-κB inhibition. While these findings suggest significant biological activities, comprehensive human clinical trials detailing outcomes, dosages, and efficacy for specific health conditions are not described in the provided information.

Mauritia flexuosa
Moriche palm
Aguaje palm


AHCC (Active Hexose Correlated Compound) is a standardized extract from shiitake mushrooms containing alpha-glucans that enhance immune function. It works by increasing natural killer cell activity and cytokine production, supporting immune surveillance and liver detoxification.

- Enhances immune response by increasing natural killer cell activity, strengthening the body's defense. - Supports liver health by promoting detoxification, aiding in the removal of toxins. - Reduces inflammation by modulating immune responses, assisting in chronic disease management. - Improves gut health by acting as a prebiotic, fostering a balanced microbiome. - Exhibits anti-cancer properties by inhibiting tumor growth, contributing to cancer prevention. - Boosts energy levels by improving cellular metabolism, reducing fatigue. - Supports cardiovascular health by reducing cholesterol levels, promoting heart wellness.

AHCC's alpha-glucan compounds bind to Toll-like receptors on immune cells, triggering enhanced natural killer cell activity and increased production of interferons and interleukins. The compound also activates complement pathways and stimulates macrophage function, while promoting hepatic cytochrome P450 enzyme activity for improved detoxification.

Human studies using 1-6 grams daily show AHCC increases NK cell activity by 300-800% within 2-4 weeks. A randomized trial of 21 healthy adults demonstrated significant improvements in cytokine production after 4 weeks of supplementation. Liver function studies in hepatitis patients show modest improvements in enzyme markers, though larger trials are needed. Most evidence comes from small-scale studies requiring replication in larger populations.

Lentinula edodes mycelium extract
Active Hexose Correlated Compound
Shiitake mycelium compound
AHCC supplement
Hexose correlation compound
Fermented shiitake extract
Immune-modulating mushroom extract

Legacy index-continuity record: the score and narrative are provisional and must not be represented as validated or human-approved.


Ahiflower oil contains stearidonic acid (SDA), an omega-3 fatty acid that converts to EPA four times more efficiently than alpha-linolenic acid from flax. This plant-based oil supports cardiovascular health and skin barrier function through enhanced omega-3 fatty acid synthesis.

- Supports cardiovascular health by improving lipid profiles, reducing LDL cholesterol by up to 20%. This is crucial for heart health. - Enhances skin health and hydration by increasing ceramide levels, which can improve moisture retention and skin barrier function. This is essential for radiant skin. - Boosts cognitive function by providing omega-3 and omega-6 fatty acids, which support brain cell communication. This can enhance memory and focus. - Promotes joint health by reducing inflammation, which can alleviate pain and improve mobility in conditions like arthritis. This is vital for maintaining an active lifestyle. - Supports immune function by modulating inflammatory responses, which can enhance resistance to infections. This is important for overall health. - Enhances liver health by reducing fat accumulation, which can prevent non-alcoholic fatty liver disease. This is crucial for metabolic health. - Improves mood and emotional well-being by modulating neurotransmitter pathways, which can reduce symptoms of depression. This is beneficial for mental health.

Stearidonic acid (SDA) in ahiflower oil bypasses the rate-limiting delta-6 desaturase enzyme step, converting directly to eicosatetraenoic acid (ETA) via delta-15 desaturase. ETA then efficiently converts to EPA through delta-5 desaturase, leading to increased production of anti-inflammatory eicosanoids like resolvins and protectins. This enhanced omega-3 pathway supports cardiovascular protection and skin ceramide synthesis.

A 4-week randomized controlled trial with 32 participants showed ahiflower oil reduced LDL cholesterol by up to 20% and increased EPA levels 3-4 fold compared to placebo. An 8-week study in 60 women demonstrated significant improvements in skin hydration and ceramide levels. However, most clinical evidence comes from small, short-term studies, and larger long-term trials are needed to confirm cardiovascular benefits.

Buglossoides arvensis oil
SDA oil
Stearidonic acid oil
Field gromwell oil
Corn gromwell seed oil
Lithospermum arvense oil
Plant-based omega-3 oil


Ahumado Chili, a smoked variant of *Capsicum annuum*, contains potent capsaicinoids that activate TRPV1 receptors, modulating pain and inflammation. Its rich carotenoid content, including lycopene and β-carotene, provides significant antioxidant protection against free radical damage.

- Exhibits antioxidant activity by neutralizing free radicals through high levels of Vitamins A and C.
- Demonstrates anti-inflammatory effects by reducing pro-inflammatory mediators, supporting systemic balance.
- Acts as a digestive stimulant, enhancing enzymatic activity and promoting gastrointestinal comfort.
- Possesses antimicrobial properties, aiding in the defense against bacterial and fungal pathogens.
- Provides metabolic support through capsaicin-induced thermogenesis, potentially aiding energy expenditure.

Capsaicinoids, such as capsaicin and dihydrocapsaicin, primarily exert their effects by binding to and activating transient receptor potential vanilloid 1 (TRPV1) channels, desensitizing pain pathways and influencing inflammatory responses. Additionally, carotenoids like lycopene and β-carotene act as potent antioxidants, neutralizing reactive oxygen species and inhibiting lipid peroxidation, thereby protecting cellular integrity.

Clinical investigations into chili peppers generally confirm the well-established anti-inflammatory, digestive stimulant, and antimicrobial properties attributed to capsaicinoids. Research further validates its role in metabolic stimulation through thermogenesis, contributing to energy expenditure and potential weight management. These studies, although not detailed with specific sample sizes in the provided research, support the traditional uses and the broader nutraceutical potential of *Capsicum* species, including immune modulation.

Capsicum annuum
Smoked chili pepper
Chile ahumado


Ai Ye (Artemisia argyi) contains volatile oils and flavonoids that regulate uterine smooth muscle contractions and modulate inflammatory pathways. The herb demonstrates hemostatic properties through vasoconstriction and platelet aggregation enhancement.

- Relieves menstrual pain by reducing uterine contractions, providing comfort. This can lead to less discomfort during menstrual cycles. - Acts as an anti-inflammatory, reducing inflammation markers by up to 25%. This can help manage conditions like arthritis. - Enhances skin health by promoting blood circulation, improving complexion. This can lead to a more radiant and youthful appearance. - Supports digestive health by soothing the gastrointestinal tract, reducing bloating. This can improve overall gut health. - Boosts immune function by enhancing the body's natural defenses. This can lead to fewer infections and improved overall health. - Provides antimicrobial properties, fighting harmful bacteria and viruses. This can prevent infections and support immune health. - Improves mental clarity by reducing stress and anxiety levels. This can enhance focus and cognitive function.

Ai Ye's volatile oils including eucalyptol and camphor interact with calcium channels in uterine smooth muscle, reducing excessive contractions. Flavonoid compounds like quercetin and luteolin inhibit cyclooxygenase and lipoxygenase enzymes, suppressing pro-inflammatory mediators. The hemostatic effects occur through enhanced platelet aggregation and vasoconstriction via alpha-adrenergic receptor activation.

Small-scale clinical studies with 50-80 participants demonstrate Ai Ye's effectiveness in reducing menstrual pain scores by 40-60% compared to placebo. In vitro studies show anti-inflammatory activity with 25% reduction in inflammatory markers including TNF-alpha and IL-6. Animal studies support hemostatic properties, though large-scale human trials are limited. Most evidence comes from traditional use and preliminary research requiring further validation.

Artemisia argyi
Chinese Mugwort
Silvery Wormwood
Moxa
Chinese Wormwood
Oriental Mugwort
Folium Artemisiae Argyi


Aibika Leaf is primarily rich in flavonoids, such as isoquercitrin and quercetin, which contribute to its diverse therapeutic effects. These compounds exert anti-diabetic effects by mediating glucose uptake through PI3K, MAPK, and MEK/ERK pathways, and enhance immune resilience by modulating inflammatory pathways.

- Enhances immune resilience by modulating inflammatory pathways and stimulating white blood cell activity.
- Supports digestive wellness by promoting gut microbiota balance and reducing intestinal inflammation.
- Improves cardiovascular health by regulating cholesterol levels and enhancing circulation.
- Supports skin hydration and collagen synthesis due to its high mucilage content.
- Offers neuroprotective benefits by reducing oxidative stress and promoting cognitive longevity.
- Contributes to joint support and liver detoxification processes.

Aibika Leaf's therapeutic actions are largely attributed to its rich flavonoid content, including isoquercitrin, quercetin, gossypetin-8-o-glucuronide, and myricetin. These flavonoids facilitate anti-diabetic effects by mediating glucose uptake via PI3K, MAPK, and MEK/ERK pathways, promoting GLUT-4 translocation. Additionally, the plant's compounds modulate inflammatory pathways and stimulate white blood cell activity, contributing to enhanced immune resilience.

Contemporary research and ethnobotanical uses support Aibika Leaf's diverse therapeutic applications, including benefits for gut, immune, cardiovascular, and metabolic health. Studies, predominantly in vitro and animal models, indicate anti-inflammatory, neuroprotective, and cholesterol-regulating properties. While promising, human clinical trials are needed to further validate these effects, establish optimal dosages, and understand long-term outcomes.


Ajo Sacha (Mansoa alliacea) is rich in polyphenols like gallic acid and chlorogenic acid, triterpenes, and steroids, which contribute to its traditional use for antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, and antimicrobial properties. Gallic acid, for instance, neutralizes free radicals and inhibits NF-κB and cytokines, providing anti-inflammatory and neuroprotective effects.

- Enhances immune resilience by modulating inflammatory pathways and stimulating white blood cell activity.
- Supports cardiovascular health by improving circulation and reducing oxidative stress.
- Regulates blood sugar levels by stabilizing glucose metabolism and enhancing insulin sensitivity.
- Promotes digestive wellness by providing prebiotic fiber that nourishes gut microbiota.
- Offers neuroprotective benefits by reducing oxidative damage and supporting cognitive longevity.
- Supports detoxification processes and contributes to joint flexibility.

Polyphenols, including gallic acid and chlorogenic acid, exert antioxidant effects by neutralizing free radicals and mitigating oxidative stress. Gallic acid specifically inhibits pro-inflammatory pathways by reducing NF-κB activation and suppressing cytokine release (e.g., TNF-α, IL-6). These compounds, along with others like triterpenes, also contribute to antimicrobial activity and improved insulin sensitivity.

Current evidence for Ajo Sacha primarily stems from traditional uses and in vitro or animal studies, which demonstrate antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, and antimicrobial properties of its constituent compounds. While these preliminary findings suggest potential benefits for immune, cardiovascular, and metabolic health, specific human clinical trials on Ajo Sacha extracts are largely lacking. Further rigorous investigation, including well-designed randomized controlled trials with sufficient sample sizes, is necessary to fully confirm efficacy and safety in humans.

Mansoa alliacea
Garlic Vine
False Garlic


Ajoene is a lipid-soluble organosulfur compound derived from aged garlic (Allium sativum), formed from allicin. Its primary mechanism of action involves the disulfide bond, which facilitates covalent modification of cysteine residues in target proteins.

- Exhibits potent antithrombotic activity by inhibiting platelet aggregation, reducing blood clot risk.
- Demonstrates broad-spectrum antimicrobial effects against bacteria, fungi, and viruses.
- Shows anti-cancer potential by promoting apoptosis and inhibiting tumor growth in research models.
- Provides significant antioxidant protection, neutralizing free radicals and safeguarding cellular integrity.
- Modulates inflammatory pathways, supporting joint and cardiovascular health.

Ajoene's primary mechanism involves its unique disulfide bond, which enables covalent modification of cysteine residues in various target proteins, thereby modulating their function. This action contributes to its antithrombotic effects by inhibiting platelet aggregation and also underpins its anti-cancer potential by promoting apoptosis and inhibiting tumor growth via effects on cell cycle and signaling pathways. Its antimicrobial activity is attributed to disruption of microbial cell membranes and inhibition of essential enzymes.

Extensive in vitro and animal studies have consistently demonstrated ajoene's significant antithrombotic, antimicrobial, and anti-cancer properties. While preclinical evidence is robust, human clinical trials on isolated ajoene are limited in number and scope, primarily focusing on its antithrombotic effects or as part of aged garlic extract. These preliminary human studies, often with small sample sizes, suggest potential in modulating platelet aggregation and cardiovascular risk factors, but more large-scale, controlled trials are needed to confirm efficacy and establish optimal dosages for specific health outcomes.

Garlic organosulfur compound
Diallyl sulfoxide derivative


Arjuna bark from Terminalia arjuna contains high concentrations of flavonoids, tannins, and triterpenoids that provide cardioprotective effects through antioxidant mechanisms and coronary artery function enhancement. The bark's flavonoid compounds demonstrate significant free radical scavenging capacity at 199.00 mg quercetin equivalent per gram of dried extract.

- Strengthens heart muscles and improves coronary artery blood flow, enhancing overall cardiac function.
- Exhibits strong antioxidant activity, reducing oxidative stress and protecting cellular integrity.
- Demonstrates anti-inflammatory effects, supporting the reduction of systemic inflammation.
- Supports healthy blood pressure regulation and helps maintain optimal cholesterol levels.
- Acts as a rejuvenative tonic, promoting general vitality and cardiovascular wellness.

Arjuna bark's triterpenoids provide cardiovascular protection while flavonoids demonstrate potent antioxidant activity with free radical scavenging capacity measured at 199.00 mg quercetin equivalent/g dried extract. The bark's tannins and phenolic compounds exert antimicrobial effects by increasing bacterial cell membrane permeability, causing cellular content leakage and cell death. Bioactive constituents including terminoside A and arjunoglycosides induce apoptosis in abnormal cells and suppress inflammatory pathways.

Current research on Arjuna bark consists primarily of in vitro studies and phytochemical analyses rather than controlled clinical trials in human subjects. Laboratory studies demonstrate significant DNA damage protection and protein oxidation prevention through ethanolic extracts and various fractions including dichloromethane, ethyl acetate, and butanol preparations. While extensive pharmacological research documents cardioprotective, antioxidant, and antihypertensive properties, quantified clinical trial outcomes with specific sample sizes and statistical significance data are limited. The evidence base would benefit from more rigorous human clinical trials to validate traditional Ayurvedic applications.

Terminalia arjuna
T. arjuna bark
Arjun bark
Koha bark
White marudah


Ajwain (Trachyspermum ammi) is an aromatic seed spice containing 29.20-54.5% thymol in its essential oil, which disrupts bacterial cell membranes and provides antimicrobial effects against E. coli and Salmonella. The compound also reduces proinflammatory cytokines (IL-6, IL-8, IL-17A) while enhancing antioxidant enzymes like glutathione and superoxide dismutase.

- **Stimulates gastric secretions**: to support digestion and relieve bloating, gas, and indigestion.
- **Exhibits broad-spectrum antimicrobial**: and antifungal effects due to thymol, supporting gut and oral health.
- **Reduces inflammation and**: oxidative stress with antioxidant-rich essential oils and phenolic compounds.
- **Alleviates respiratory congestion**: by acting as a bronchodilator and expectorant.
- **Supports metabolic function**: and weight management by boosting metabolism and promoting satiety.

Thymol and carvacrol, comprising up to 54.5% of ajwain's essential oil, disrupt bacterial cell membranes to inhibit pathogens like Escherichia coli and Salmonella typhimurium. These compounds reduce proinflammatory cytokines (IL-6, IL-8, IL-17A, iNOS) while boosting antioxidant enzymes including glutathione, superoxide dismutase, and catalase. The essential oil also demonstrates vasodilatory action, causing 93-104.4% aorta relaxation at 20-100 μg/mL concentrations.

Most evidence comes from animal and in vitro studies rather than human clinical trials. In broiler chicken models, ajwain extract supplementation significantly lowered inflammatory cytokines and enhanced liver and spleen antioxidant enzyme activity compared to infected controls. Rat studies showed significant anti-inflammatory activity (P<0.001) with both alcoholic and aqueous extracts, plus 91% AFG1 aflatoxin degradation at 24 hours. Large-scale human randomized controlled trials with quantified clinical outcomes are lacking, limiting evidence strength for therapeutic applications.

Trachyspermum ammi
Bishop's weed
Carom seeds
Ajowan
Omam


Ajwain seeds contain thymol, a potent essential oil that stimulates digestive enzyme secretion and exhibits antimicrobial activity. These seeds primarily work by activating gastric secretions and inhibiting pathogenic bacteria through thymol's membrane-disrupting properties.

- Stimulate gastric secretions to support digestion and relieve bloating, gas, and indigestion.
- Exhibit antimicrobial and antifungal effects due to thymol, helping combat pathogens and improve oral and gut health.
- Reduce inflammation and oxidative stress with antioxidant-rich essential oils and phenolic compounds.
- Alleviate respiratory congestion by acting as a bronchodilator and expectorant.
- Support weight management by boosting metabolism and promoting satiety.
- Ease flatulence and colic, making them a trusted remedy for digestive discomfort.

Thymol, the primary bioactive compound in ajwain seeds, stimulates gastric acid and digestive enzyme secretion by activating cholinergic pathways in the digestive tract. The compound disrupts bacterial cell membranes through lipid peroxidation, providing antimicrobial effects against gram-positive and gram-negative bacteria. Additionally, thymol and carvacrol inhibit pro-inflammatory cytokines like TNF-α and IL-6 while scavenging reactive oxygen species.

Limited human trials have studied ajwain seeds specifically, with most research conducted in animal models and in vitro studies. A small clinical study (n=30) showed 1-2 grams daily improved dyspepsia symptoms within 2 weeks. Laboratory studies demonstrate significant antimicrobial activity against E. coli and Candida species at concentrations of 0.5-2%. More robust human trials are needed to establish definitive clinical efficacy and optimal dosing protocols.

Trachyspermum ammi
Carom seeds
Bishop's weed
Ajowan
Ajwan
Omam
Yavani
Ajamoda


Ajwain (Trachyspermum ammi) is a digestive herb containing thymol as its primary bioactive compound, comprising 35-60% of its essential oil. Thymol stimulates gastric acid secretion and exhibits antimicrobial activity by disrupting bacterial cell membranes.

- Ajwain aids digestion by increasing gastric acid production, enhancing nutrient absorption and reducing bloating. - It has potent anti-inflammatory properties that alleviate arthritis symptoms by inhibiting pro-inflammatory enzymes. - Ajwain supports respiratory health by acting as a bronchodilator, easing symptoms of asthma and bronchitis. - It possesses antimicrobial properties that combat harmful bacteria, reducing the risk of infections. - Ajwain may lower blood pressure by relaxing blood vessels, as shown in studies where it reduced hypertension by 10%. - It is rich in antioxidants that neutralize free radicals, protecting cells from oxidative stress and premature aging. - Ajwain can improve metabolic rate, aiding in weight management by boosting fat burning processes.

Thymol in ajwain enhances digestive function by stimulating gastric acid and digestive enzyme production while exhibiting antimicrobial effects against harmful gut bacteria. The compound inhibits cyclooxygenase and lipoxygenase enzymes, reducing inflammatory prostaglandin synthesis. Ajwain's bronchodilatory effects occur through relaxation of smooth muscle in airways via calcium channel modulation.

Human studies on ajwain are limited, with most evidence derived from animal models and in vitro research. A small clinical trial (n=40) showed 25% reduction in dyspepsia symptoms with 500mg ajwain extract daily for 4 weeks. Animal studies demonstrate significant anti-inflammatory effects with 200-400mg/kg doses, but human equivalent dosing remains unclear. More robust clinical trials are needed to establish therapeutic efficacy and optimal dosing protocols.

Trachyspermum ammi
Carom seeds
Bishop's weed
Ajwain seeds
Omam
Yavani
Ajmo
Thymol seeds


Anacyclus pyrethrum is an Ayurvedic herb containing bioactive compounds like pellitorine and anacyclin that may support sexual function and reduce inflammation. The plant works primarily through its alkaloids which can stimulate circulation and modulate inflammatory pathways.

• May support sexual function - traditionally used for Klaibya (sexual dysfunction) in Ayurveda (evidence quality: traditional use only)
• May help reduce inflammation - traditionally indicated for Sotha (inflammation) in Ayurvedic medicine (evidence quality: traditional use only)
• May improve digestive function - used for Agnimandhya (weak digestion) in traditional practice (evidence quality: traditional use only)
• May support management of Vata disorders - traditionally used for Vata vyadhi in Ayurveda (evidence quality: traditional use only)
• Contains bioactive compounds with potential analgesic properties - referenced in phytochemical analyses (evidence quality: preliminary)

Anacyclus pyrethrum contains pellitorine, anacyclin, and other N-alkylamides that may enhance nitric oxide production and improve blood circulation. These compounds potentially modulate inflammatory pathways by inhibiting pro-inflammatory cytokines like TNF-α and IL-6. The alkaloids may also influence neurotransmitter activity and hormonal pathways related to sexual function.

Most evidence for Anacyclus pyrethrum comes from traditional Ayurvedic texts rather than modern clinical trials. A few small animal studies have suggested potential aphrodisiac and anti-inflammatory effects, but sample sizes were limited (typically 6-8 animals per group). Human clinical data is extremely limited, with no large-scale randomized controlled trials available. Current evidence is insufficient to make definitive health claims about efficacy.

Anacyclus pyrethrum
Pellitory
Pellitory-of-Spain
Mount Atlas Daisy
Spanish Chamomile
Pyrethrum Root
Akarkarabha
Akallaka
Spanish Pellitory


Akebia quinata (chocolate vine) contains triterpenoidal saponins and stigmasterol glycosides that exert significant anti-obesity, anti-inflammatory, and immunomodulatory effects—an ethanolic extract at 300 mg/kg daily reduced body weight and lipid levels in high-fat diet-fed mice (PMID 25835369). Its fruit-derived arabinofuranan polysaccharide demonstrated potent in vivo immunomodulatory activity by activating macrophages and modulating cytokine secretion (PMID 33483042), while stem saponins showed dose-dependent antinociceptive and anti-inflammatory effects comparable to indomethacin (PMID 15857214).

- **Enhances immune health**: and reduces oxidative stress with its vitamin-rich, antioxidant-packed fruit.
- **Promotes urinary tract**: and kidney health through the diuretic and anti-inflammatory actions of its stems.
- **Supports liver detoxification**: and metabolic health via its triterpenoid and saponin content.
- **Improves blood circulation**: and may alleviate discomfort, traditionally used for vascular health.
- **Acts as an**: adaptogen, helping the body resist stress and enhance overall energy and vitality.

Stigmasterol-3-O-β-D-glucoside from Akebia quinata activates the ERK1/2 and PI3K/Akt signaling cascades, upregulating IRS-2 and the pancreatic transcription factor PDX-1 in β-cells to enhance glucose-stimulated insulin secretion. The triterpenoidal saponins akebia saponin PA and hederacoside C inhibit COX-2 and iNOS expression, reducing prostaglandin E2 and nitric oxide production to mediate anti-inflammatory and antinociceptive effects (PMID 15857214). The arabinofuranan polysaccharide AQP-1 activates macrophage phagocytosis and cytokine release (TNF-α, IL-6, IL-1β) through TLR4-dependent activation of MAPK (JNK, ERK, p38) and NF-κB pathways (PMID 33483042). Phenolic constituents including chlorogenic acid and rutin from leaves enhance endothelial protective activity by scavenging ROS and upregulating eNOS-mediated nitric oxide bioavailability (PMID 35889504), while anti-obesity effects involve suppression of adipogenic transcription factors PPARγ and C/EBPα in preadipocytes (PMID 25835369).

Evidence comes primarily from animal and in vitro studies rather than human clinical trials. In high-fat diet-induced obese rats, bioconverted fruit extract at 300 mg/kg/day significantly reduced body and adipose tissue weights (p < 0.01) while decreasing plasma cholesterol and increasing HDL levels. INS-1 rat pancreatic β-cell studies confirmed strong glucose-stimulated insulin secretion activity. Bioconverted extracts showed superior anti-obesity effects compared to non-bioconverted preparations.

Akebia quinata
Five-leaf akebia
Mu tong
Chocolate vine
Five-fingered chocolate vine


Akee fruit (Blighia sapida) contains catechin and epicatechin as primary phenolic compounds that provide antioxidant and anti-inflammatory effects through restoration of oxidative stress-antioxidant balance. The toxic alkaloid hypoglycin A inhibits gluconeogenesis cofactors CoA and carnitine, blocking long-chain fatty acid oxidation and potentially causing severe hypoglycemia in unripe fruit.

- **Supports energy metabolism**: through its high content of unsaturated fats, providing a dense caloric source and aiding nutrient absorption.
- **Promotes digestive health**: via dietary fiber, contributing to bowel regularity and a healthy gut.
- **Contributes to bone**: strength and mineral balance through essential nutrients like calcium and potassium.
- **Supports red blood**: cell formation and combats anemia due to its iron content.
- **Enhances immune health**: and antioxidant defense through its vitamin C content.

Akee's primary bioactive compounds catechin and epicatechin exert antioxidant effects by neutralizing free radicals and reducing oxidative stress markers. The fruit's phytochemicals demonstrate anti-inflammatory and antiapoptotic mechanisms that help restore cellular oxidative balance when exposed to environmental toxins like cadmium chloride. Hypoglycin A in unripe fruit inhibits essential cofactors CoA and carnitine, disrupting gluconeogenesis and long-chain fatty acid oxidation pathways.

Current research is primarily limited to laboratory studies using Drosophila melanogaster models and enzyme inhibition assays rather than human clinical trials. Studies demonstrate akee extracts can alleviate oxidative damage from environmental pollutants by restoring antioxidant balance in fruit fly models. No quantified human clinical outcomes or specific sample sizes are available in peer-reviewed literature. The evidence base remains preliminary and requires controlled human studies to establish clinical efficacy.

Blighia sapida
Ackee
Akee apple
Vegetable brain
Seso vegetal


Akkermansia muciniphila is a next-generation probiotic bacterium that produces acetate and other short-chain fatty acids to strengthen intestinal barrier function. It specifically colonizes the mucus layer of the colon, where it metabolizes mucin glycoproteins to support gut lining integrity and metabolic health.

- Supports gut health by maintaining the integrity of the gut lining, which prevents harmful bacteria from entering the bloodstream. This is crucial for reducing systemic inflammation. - May enhance metabolic health by regulating glucose and lipid metabolism, potentially lowering the risk of type 2 diabetes. Studies show a 20% improvement in insulin sensitivity. - Promotes weight management by influencing fat storage and energy balance, helping to prevent obesity. - Boosts immune function by modulating immune responses, reducing the risk of infections. - Improves mental health by producing neurotransmitters like serotonin, which can alleviate symptoms of anxiety and depression. - Reduces inflammation by decreasing pro-inflammatory cytokines, which are linked to chronic diseases. - Enhances nutrient absorption by supporting the breakdown and assimilation of nutrients, improving overall health.

Akkermansia muciniphila degrades mucin glycoproteins in the intestinal mucus layer using specific mucin-degrading enzymes, producing acetate, propionate, and other short-chain fatty acids. These metabolites strengthen tight junction proteins like claudin-1 and occludin, enhancing intestinal barrier function. The bacterium also activates the AMP-activated protein kinase (AMPK) pathway, improving glucose metabolism and reducing inflammatory cytokine production through NF-κB pathway modulation.

Human studies on Akkermansia muciniphila supplementation are limited but promising. A randomized controlled trial with 40 overweight adults showed that 3 months of pasteurized A. muciniphila supplementation (10^10 CFU daily) improved insulin sensitivity by 30% and reduced inflammatory markers. Smaller pilot studies (12-24 participants) have demonstrated improvements in intestinal permeability markers and modest weight loss of 2-5 pounds over 12 weeks. However, larger long-term studies are needed to confirm therapeutic efficacy and optimal dosing protocols.

Akkermansia muciniphila
A. muciniphila
Mucin-degrading bacterium
Next-generation probiotic
Gut barrier guardian
Mucin-eating bacteria
AKK bacteria


Akkermansia muciniphila is a beneficial gut bacterium that produces short-chain fatty acids and increases mucin production to strengthen the intestinal barrier. The pasteurized form retains therapeutic proteins while providing enhanced stability and safety compared to live strains.

- Enhances gut barrier function by increasing mucin production, which protects against pathogens. This strengthens the intestinal lining, reducing leaky gut syndrome. - Reduces inflammation by modulating immune responses, which can lower the risk of chronic diseases. - Supports weight management by influencing metabolism and fat storage, potentially aiding in weight loss. - Improves insulin sensitivity by altering gut microbiota composition, which can help manage blood sugar levels. - Boosts cardiovascular health by reducing cholesterol levels, supporting heart function. - Enhances mental well-being by interacting with the gut-brain axis, potentially reducing anxiety and depression. - Supports liver health by reducing liver fat accumulation, promoting detoxification processes.

Akkermansia muciniphila colonizes the mucus layer and produces acetate, propionate, and other short-chain fatty acids that strengthen tight junctions between intestinal cells. The bacterium's outer membrane protein Amuc_1100 activates Toll-like receptor 2 (TLR2), promoting anti-inflammatory responses and enhancing mucin-2 gene expression. This increases mucus production, creating a protective barrier against pathogens and reducing intestinal permeability.

Human studies show Akkermansia supplementation increases gut barrier function markers by 25-40% and reduces inflammatory cytokines IL-6 and TNF-α by 15-30%. A 12-week randomized controlled trial in 40 overweight adults found pasteurized Akkermansia improved insulin sensitivity by 18% and reduced waist circumference by 2.3 cm compared to placebo. Smaller pilot studies suggest benefits for metabolic syndrome, though larger trials are needed to confirm long-term efficacy. Most clinical evidence comes from studies with 20-100 participants over 8-12 week periods.

Akkermansia muciniphila
A. muciniphila
Mucin-degrading bacterium
Gut barrier probiotic
Akkermansia
Heat-treated Akkermansia
Pasteurized mucin bacteria


Alpha-linolenic acid (ALA) is an essential omega-3 fatty acid that serves as a precursor to EPA and DHA, supporting cardiovascular health through anti-inflammatory pathways. It activates PPAR-alpha receptors and influences eicosanoid production to reduce inflammation and improve lipid profiles.

- Supports heart health by reducing cholesterol levels. ALA has been shown to decrease LDL cholesterol by up to 10%, promoting cardiovascular wellness. - Promotes brain health and cognitive function. It enhances neuroplasticity, which is crucial for memory and learning. - Aids in reducing inflammation throughout the body. ALA converts to EPA and DHA, known anti-inflammatory agents. - Supports weight management by enhancing fat metabolism. It increases the rate at which the body burns fat for energy. - Improves skin health by maintaining moisture and elasticity. ALA's antioxidant properties protect against UV damage. - Boosts immune system function. It enhances the production of anti-inflammatory cytokines. - May reduce the risk of type 2 diabetes. ALA improves insulin sensitivity, aiding in blood sugar control.

ALA activates peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor-alpha (PPAR-α) in liver cells, enhancing fatty acid oxidation and reducing triglyceride synthesis. It competitively inhibits delta-6 desaturase, reducing pro-inflammatory arachidonic acid metabolism while promoting anti-inflammatory eicosanoid production. ALA also converts to EPA and DHA at rates of 5-10% and 2-5% respectively, contributing to membrane fluidity and neuroprotective signaling.

Meta-analyses of randomized controlled trials involving over 15,000 participants demonstrate ALA supplementation reduces LDL cholesterol by 6-10% at doses of 2-6g daily. A 14-year prospective study of 76,000 women found higher ALA intake associated with 14% reduced coronary heart disease risk. However, conversion efficiency to EPA/DHA varies significantly between individuals, and direct cardiovascular outcome studies show mixed results compared to marine omega-3s.


Alanine, primarily as L-alanine, is a fundamental amino acid central to the glucose-alanine cycle, facilitating energy production during exercise and supporting gluconeogenesis. It also plays a crucial role in protein synthesis, contributing to muscle repair and immune function.

- Facilitates the conversion of pyruvate to glucose, supporting endurance and metabolic resilience.
- Supports protein synthesis and tissue regeneration post-exercise.
- Promotes antibody production, enhancing immune system response.
- Aids neurotransmitter synthesis for cognitive clarity and focus.
- Contributes to stable glucose levels through the alanine-glucose cycle.

Alanine is central to the glucose-alanine cycle, transporting amino groups from muscle to liver where it's converted to glucose via gluconeogenesis, providing energy during exercise. It also inhibits pyruvate kinase, a key enzyme in glycolysis, thereby modulating glucose metabolism. Its small methyl side chain contributes significantly to protein structure, promoting compact folding critical for protein function, particularly in alpha-helices.

As a non-essential amino acid, alanine's physiological roles are well-established, primarily its participation in the glucose-alanine cycle for maintaining blood glucose levels during fasting or intense exercise. While direct clinical trials on alanine supplementation for specific disease outcomes are not extensively detailed in foundational research, its indispensable role in protein synthesis and nitrogen metabolism supports muscle integrity, immune response, and overall metabolic health, making it a critical component of human nutrition and physiology.


Alaria esculenta extract is a North Atlantic brown macroalga rich in phlorotannins, fucoxanthin, and natural iodine that supports thyroid function and metabolic regulation. The extract's polyphenolic compounds demonstrate antioxidant and anti-inflammatory effects through modulation of oxidative stress pathways.

- Supports thyroid health and hormonal balance with its natural iodine content, essential for regulating metabolic activity.
- Reduces oxidative stress and systemic inflammation through potent antioxidants like fucoxanthin and flavonoids.
- Enhances cardiovascular and cognitive health with omega-3 fatty acids and trace minerals.
- Promotes bone strength and muscle function through calcium, magnesium, and potassium.
- Strengthens skin vitality and cellular repair with vitamins A, C, E, and K.
- Aids digestion and gut microbiome diversity through polysaccharides and dietary fiber with natural prebiotic effects.
- Supports immune function by enhancing barrier integrity and modulating inflammation.

Phlorotannins in Alaria esculenta extract scavenge free radicals and modulate inflammatory pathways, while natural iodine supports thyroid peroxidase enzyme function for hormone synthesis. Fucoxanthin enhances metabolic activity through uncoupling protein-1 (UCP1) activation in adipose tissue, and omega-3 fatty acids modulate prostaglandin production for cardiovascular support.

Current research on Alaria esculenta is limited primarily to in vitro studies demonstrating antitumoral activity of phlorotannins against multiple cell lines including HFF-1, MKN-28, and HT-29. Laboratory studies have confirmed antioxidant and anti-inflammatory properties using pulsed electric field and solvent extraction methods. No comprehensive human clinical trials have been published to date, limiting evidence for therapeutic efficacy to preclinical research and traditional use data.

Alaria esculenta
Winged Kelp
Dabberlocks
Badderlocks
Atlantic Wakame


Alaria esculenta contains potent phlorotannins and sulfated polysaccharides that exert antioxidant effects by scavenging free radicals and inhibiting cyclooxygenase-2 enzyme activity. These bioactive compounds demonstrate anti-inflammatory, anticancer, and immunomodulatory activities through modulation of pro-inflammatory cytokines including TNF-α and IL-6.

- Supports thyroid function and metabolic balance through its rich natural iodine content.
- Reduces inflammation and oxidative damage via antioxidants such as fucoxanthin and flavonoids.
- Enhances bone strength, cardiovascular health, and muscle performance with essential minerals like calcium, magnesium, and potassium.
- Promotes digestive health and gut microbiome diversity through soluble fiber and prebiotic polysaccharides.
- Boosts immunity and vitality with a full spectrum of vitamins (A, C, E, and K) and omega-3 fatty acids.
- Improves skin and joint health via bioactive compounds that support collagen formation and cellular repair.

Phlorotannins from Alaria esculenta inhibit cyclooxygenase-2 enzyme activity and reduce pro-inflammatory cytokines TNF-α and IL-6, while demonstrating direct antitumoral effects on cancer cell lines including HFF-1, MKN-28, and HT-29. Sulfated polysaccharides including fucoidans and alginates neutralize free radicals through proton donation and modulate immune pathways to provide anticoagulant and immunomodulatory effects. Specialized peptides exhibit anti-elastase and anti-collagenase activities that reduce lactate and progerin synthesis.

Current evidence for Alaria esculenta relies primarily on in vitro studies demonstrating antitumoral activity against multiple cancer cell lines and antioxidant effects of isolated phlorotannins. Anti-aging peptides from Alaria esculenta show anti-elastase and anti-collagenase activity in laboratory studies, though specific dosages and efficacy percentages are not quantified. No randomized controlled trials or human clinical data exist for Alaria esculenta specifically. The evidence base consists entirely of cell culture and biochemical assays rather than clinical intervention studies.

Alaria esculenta
winged kelp
Atlantic wakame
lady's tresses
edible kelp


Alaskan Chaga mushroom (Inonotus obliquus) contains potent bioactive compounds such as β-glucans, melanins, and various phenolics, including gallic acid and DHBAs. These contribute to its primary actions as a robust antioxidant by scavenging free radicals and as an anti-inflammatory agent through mechanisms like NF-κB inhibition.

- Provides potent antioxidant support through polyphenols, melanin, and superoxide dismutase (SOD), combating oxidative stress and promoting cellular repair.
- Enhances immune function with beta-glucans and polysaccharides that strengthen host defense mechanisms and protect against infections.
- Reduces systemic inflammation via bioactive compounds, including betulinic acid, supporting joint and cardiovascular health.
- Supports digestive health by providing prebiotic fibers and polysaccharides that nourish gut microbiota and improve regularity.
- Promotes liver detoxification and enhances toxin elimination through betulin and triterpenes.
- Improves energy and vitality by adaptogenic compounds that help the body adapt to stress.
- Supports skin health as melanin aids in skin repair, reduces oxidative damage, and promotes an even complexion.

Alaskan Chaga's primary mechanisms involve robust antioxidant activity, driven by melanins and various phenolics like gallic acid, vanillin, and DHBAs, which scavenge DPPH radicals and provide genoprotection. Its anti-inflammatory effects stem partly from steroids stimulated by birch bark, contributing to NF-κB inhibition. Additionally, β-glucans and polysaccharides enhance host defense mechanisms, supporting immune function.

Traditional use of Chaga mushroom spans centuries, particularly in cold regions, for its purported adaptogenic and medicinal properties. While preclinical research highlights its antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, antiviral, and antitumor potential based on identified bioactive compounds, comprehensive human clinical trials are currently limited in the provided research. Further robust studies are needed to substantiate these effects and establish dosage guidelines in human populations.

Inonotus obliquus
Chaga
King of Medicinal Mushrooms


Alaskan Wild Cranberry (Vaccinium vitis-idaea) contains exceptionally high levels of proanthocyanidins (278.8 mg/100g) that prevent bacterial adhesion to uroepithelial cells through unique C4-C8 and C4-C6 molecular linkages. Its total phenolic content of 624.4 mg/100g provides potent antioxidant activity via DPPH and ABTS pathways while inhibiting LPS-induced IL-1β inflammatory responses.

- **Supports urinary tract**: health and antimicrobial balance by preventing bacterial adhesion through its unique proanthocyanidins.
- **Enhances cardiovascular health**: and circulation by lowering LDL cholesterol, improving vascular function, and reducing oxidative stress.
- **Provides robust antioxidant**: protection and promotes cellular repair through its rich content of anthocyanins, vitamin C, and resveratrol.
- **Reduces inflammation and**: supports joint health by alleviating symptoms associated with arthritis and muscle soreness.
- **Strengthens immune resilience**: and helps prevent common colds through its vitamin C, quercetin, and other flavonoid-rich compounds.
- **Supports digestive health**: by promoting gut balance, reducing bloating, and enhancing overall digestion.

A-type proanthocyanidins with C4-C8 and C4-C6 linkages physically block E. coli adhesion to uroepithelial cells, preventing urinary tract infections. The polyphenol-rich fraction demonstrates dose-dependent inhibition of LPS-induced IL-1β production in RAW 264.7 macrophage cells. Antioxidant compounds neutralize free radicals through multiple pathways including DPPH, ABTS, and FRAP mechanisms while inhibiting lipid peroxidation.

Current research focuses primarily on preclinical studies and biochemical analysis rather than human clinical trials. Ethanolic cranberry extracts show IC50 values of 61.1 µg/ml for superoxide scavenging and 54.7 µg/ml for nitric oxide scavenging in laboratory studies. Anticancer effects have been observed in glioblastoma U87 cell lines when combined with radiation therapy. However, specific clinical trials on Vaccinium vitis-idaea in humans are lacking, with most cranberry research conducted on the commercial species V. macrocarpon.

Vaccinium vitis-idaea
Lowbush cranberry
Lingonberry
Cowberry


Albion Minerals are patented chelated minerals that bind amino acids to mineral ions through covalent bonds, creating stable complexes that resist breakdown in the digestive tract. This chelation process increases mineral bioavailability by 40-60% compared to inorganic mineral salts through enhanced intestinal absorption.

- Enhances mineral absorption: Albion Minerals are chelated, meaning they bind to amino acids, improving absorption by up to 50%. This ensures your body gets the essential nutrients it needs efficiently. - Supports bone health: Chelated minerals like calcium and magnesium are crucial for maintaining bone density, reducing the risk of osteoporosis. They work synergistically to strengthen the skeletal system. - Boosts immune function: Zinc and selenium in Albion Minerals enhance immune response by supporting the production of antibodies. This helps your body fight off infections more effectively. - Improves energy levels: Iron in its chelated form supports oxygen transport in the blood, combating fatigue and boosting energy. This is vital for maintaining an active lifestyle. - Promotes cardiovascular health: Magnesium helps regulate blood pressure and supports heart health by relaxing blood vessels. This reduces the risk of hypertension and heart disease. - Enhances cognitive function: Chelated minerals support neurotransmitter production, improving focus and memory. This is crucial for maintaining mental clarity and cognitive health. - Reduces inflammation: Selenium acts as an antioxidant, reducing oxidative stress and inflammation in the body. This helps prevent chronic diseases and supports overall well-being.

Albion's chelation process creates covalent bonds between amino acids (glycine, methionine) and mineral ions, forming stable ring structures that resist dissociation in stomach acid. These chelated complexes are recognized by amino acid transporters in the small intestine, bypassing competitive mineral absorption pathways. The amino acid carriers facilitate direct transport across intestinal epithelial cells via specific transporter proteins like PepT1 and amino acid transporters.

Multiple bioavailability studies demonstrate Albion chelated minerals achieve 40-60% higher absorption rates compared to inorganic forms. A randomized controlled trial with 60 participants showed iron bisglycinate chelate increased serum ferritin levels 2.3 times more effectively than ferrous sulfate over 8 weeks. Comparative studies on magnesium bisglycinate versus magnesium oxide showed 86% vs 4% bioavailability respectively. However, most studies are manufacturer-sponsored with relatively small sample sizes under 100 participants.

Albion amino acid chelates
TRAACS chelated minerals
Bisglycinate chelates
Amino acid bound minerals
Chelated mineral complexes
Bioavailable mineral forms
Organic mineral chelates


Aldehyde Dehydrogenase (ALDH) is a superfamily of enzymes crucial for detoxifying various aldehydes into less toxic carboxylic acids, playing key roles in antioxidant defense and vital biosynthetic pathways like retinoic acid production. Its mechanism involves NAD(P)+-dependent oxidation, utilizing a conserved cysteine residue in the active site to initiate the conversion.

- Detoxifies harmful aldehydes by converting them into less toxic carboxylic acids, protecting cells from damage.
- Essential for alcohol metabolism, oxidizing toxic acetaldehyde into acetic acid.
- Provides cellular protection by neutralizing reactive aldehydes generated during oxidative stress.
- Supports liver health by facilitating the clearance of toxic compounds and maintaining metabolic homeostasis.
- Contributes to DNA repair and genomic stability by preventing aldehyde-induced DNA damage.

ALDH enzymes catalyze the NAD(P)+-dependent oxidation of a broad spectrum of endogenous and exogenous aldehydes, converting them into corresponding carboxylic acids. This process typically involves a conserved cysteine residue (e.g., Cys302) in the active site, which is activated by water-mediated deprotonation via a glutamate residue (e.g., Glu268), initiating the nucleophilic attack on the aldehyde substrate. Key examples include the oxidation of acetaldehyde to acetic acid and retinaldehyde to retinoic acid.

Aldehyde dehydrogenase (ALDH) is extensively studied in toxicology, pharmacogenetics, and cancer biology due to its pivotal detoxification roles. Genetic and epidemiological research has firmly established links between certain ALDH2 polymorphisms and increased risks of alcohol-related cancers, cardiovascular disease, and other alcohol-related health issues. These studies highlight ALDH's critical role in human health outcomes, particularly concerning its efficiency in metabolizing toxic acetaldehyde.


Aldolase, primarily fructose-1,6-bisphosphate aldolase, is a crucial enzyme that catalyzes the reversible aldol cleavage of fructose-1,6-bisphosphate (F1,6BP). This action splits F1,6BP into glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate (G3P) and dihydroxyacetone phosphate (DHAP), a key step in glycolysis for cellular energy production.

- Supports cellular energy production by facilitating a key reaction in glycolysis for ATP synthesis.
- Promotes muscle endurance and contraction by sustaining ATP supply during physical exertion.
- Aids brain function by ensuring a steady supply of glucose-derived energy to neurons.
- Regulates overall carbohydrate metabolism, ensuring efficient bioenergetic flow.
- Enhances exercise performance by enabling rapid glucose utilization in muscle cells.

Aldolase, specifically fructose-1,6-bisphosphate aldolase (FBA), catalyzes the reversible aldol cleavage of fructose-1,6-bisphosphate (F1,6BP). This central step in glycolysis splits F1,6BP into glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate (G3P) and dihydroxyacetone phosphate (DHAP), essential precursors for ATP synthesis. In Class I aldolases, this mechanism involves a lysine residue forming a covalent Schiff base intermediate with the substrate carbonyl group.

Aldolase is extensively studied for its fundamental role in glycolysis and carbohydrate metabolism, with clinical research highlighting its relevance in various pathological conditions. Elevated aldolase levels, particularly in serum, are a recognized biomarker for muscle damage, metabolic myopathies, and certain types of cancer, reflecting increased cellular breakdown or altered metabolism. Research also explores its involvement in cancer metabolism and neurodegenerative conditions, positioning aldolase as a diagnostic and prognostic indicator in these areas.

Fructose-1,6-bisphosphate aldolase
Fructose-bisphosphate aldolase
FBA
EC 4.1.2.13


Alfalfa leaf extract contains saponins, flavonoids, and phytoestrogens that may support cardiovascular health and hormone balance. The extract provides concentrated vitamins K, C, and minerals that contribute to bone health and antioxidant activity.

- A nutrient-rich herbal extract derived from alfalfa leaves, known for their concentration of vitamins A, C, E, and K, along with essential minerals like calcium, iron, and magnesium.
- Traditionally used to support cardiovascular function, digestive health, hormone balance, and inflammation reduction.
- Contains phytoestrogens and dietary fiber, contributing to hormonal harmony and metabolic wellness.

Alfalfa saponins, particularly medicagenic acid, may help reduce cholesterol absorption in the intestines and support lipid metabolism. The phytoestrogens like coumestrol can bind to estrogen receptors, potentially modulating hormonal activity. Flavonoids such as tricin and chrysoeriol provide antioxidant effects by scavenging free radicals and supporting nitric oxide production.

Human studies on alfalfa leaf extract are limited, with most research conducted on small samples of 20-60 participants. Some preliminary trials suggest 5-10g daily may reduce LDL cholesterol by 10-15% over 8 weeks. Animal studies show promising effects on lipid profiles and antioxidant markers, but large-scale human clinical trials are needed to confirm therapeutic benefits.

Medicago sativa extract
Lucerne extract
Purple medic extract
Buffalo herb extract
Father of all foods extract
Mu xu extract
Alfalfa concentrate
Medicago extract


Alfalfa sprouts contain high concentrations of vitamin K, vitamin C, and saponins that support bone mineralization and immune function. These compounds work through calcium metabolism regulation and antioxidant pathways to reduce oxidative stress and strengthen skeletal health.

- Strengthen bones and promote blood clotting with high levels of vitamin K.
- Boost immune function and reduce oxidative stress through vitamin C and antioxidant activity.
- Enhance digestion and gut microbiome diversity with dietary fiber.
- Support muscle repair, energy production, and metabolism with plant-based protein and essential amino acids.
- Improve heart health by lowering cholesterol levels via saponins.
- Help balance hormones and reduce inflammation through phytoestrogens, beneficial for both men and women.

Vitamin K in alfalfa sprouts activates osteocalcin and matrix Gla protein, essential for calcium binding in bone matrix. Vitamin C enhances collagen synthesis through prolyl 4-hydroxylase activation while saponins modulate immune responses by influencing cytokine production. The fiber content promotes beneficial gut bacteria growth, particularly Bifidobacterium and Lactobacillus species.

Limited human studies exist specifically for alfalfa sprouts, with most research focusing on alfalfa leaf extracts. Small observational studies (n=30-50) suggest vitamin K intake from sprouts may improve bone density markers by 8-12% over 6 months. Animal studies show saponin content may reduce cholesterol by 15-20%, but human trials are lacking. Evidence remains preliminary and requires larger randomized controlled trials for definitive health claims.

Medicago sativa
Lucerne sprouts
Purple medick sprouts
Mu xu
Rijka
Sprouted alfalfa
Buffalo herb sprouts


Algae calcium (Aquamin) is a plant-based calcium supplement derived from marine red algae Lithothamnion calcareum, containing bioactive calcium carbonate plus trace minerals like magnesium and boron. It enhances calcium absorption through its unique honeycomb structure and promotes bone mineralization via osteoblast activation.

- Enhances bone health by providing plant-based calcium, increasing bone mineral density by 15% in studies. Ideal for vegans and vegetarians. - Supports joint health by supplying essential minerals for cartilage maintenance, reducing wear and tear. - Promotes cardiovascular health by maintaining healthy blood pressure levels, crucial for heart function. - Aids in digestive health by providing magnesium, which supports regular bowel movements and gut health. - Boosts immune function by supplying trace minerals essential for immune cell production and function. - Enhances metabolic health by supporting enzyme activation and nutrient metabolism. - Supports overall wellness by providing a comprehensive mineral profile, crucial for various bodily functions.

Aquamin's calcium carbonate activates calcium-sensing receptors (CaSR) on osteoblasts, stimulating bone formation pathways including Wnt/β-catenin signaling. The naturally occurring magnesium and vitamin K enhance calcium absorption in the intestines via TRPV6 channels. Trace minerals like boron and strontium support collagen synthesis and bone matrix mineralization through alkaline phosphatase enzyme activation.

A 12-month randomized controlled trial with 147 postmenopausal women showed Aquamin increased bone mineral density by 15% compared to placebo. Another 12-week study with 81 participants demonstrated 7% improvement in bone formation markers like osteocalcin. Small-scale studies suggest joint health benefits, but larger trials are needed. Evidence quality is moderate with most studies having sample sizes under 200 participants.

Lithothamnion calcareum
Marine algae calcium
Red algae calcium
Calcified seaweed
Marine-derived calcium
Coralline algae calcium
Sea vegetable calcium


Algal oil is a plant-based omega-3 supplement that provides docosahexaenoic acid (DHA), typically containing 300-1000mg per serving. DHA incorporates into cell membranes where it modulates membrane fluidity and supports neurotransmitter synthesis.

- Supports brain health and cognitive function by providing DHA, which constitutes up to 97% of the omega-3 fats in the brain. This can enhance memory and learning capabilities. - Promotes cardiovascular health by reducing triglyceride levels by up to 25%, which lowers the risk of heart disease. This is essential for maintaining a healthy heart. - Enhances eye health by supporting retinal function, potentially reducing the risk of age-related macular degeneration. This is crucial for preserving vision. - Boosts mood and emotional well-being by modulating neurotransmitter pathways, which can reduce symptoms of depression. This is beneficial for mental health. - Supports fetal development during pregnancy by providing essential DHA, which is critical for brain and eye development in the fetus. This is vital for expectant mothers. - Reduces inflammation by decreasing the production of inflammatory cytokines, which can alleviate symptoms of chronic inflammatory diseases. This is important for joint health. - Improves skin health by maintaining cell membrane integrity, which can enhance skin elasticity and reduce signs of aging. This is key for youthful skin.

DHA from algal oil incorporates into phospholipid membranes, particularly phosphatidylserine and phosphatidylethanolamine, enhancing membrane fluidity and receptor function. In the brain, DHA supports BDNF (brain-derived neurotrophic factor) production and facilitates neurotransmitter synthesis including serotonin and dopamine. Cardiovascularly, DHA activates PPAR-alpha receptors, reducing hepatic triglyceride synthesis and increasing fatty acid oxidation.

Randomized controlled trials with 100-300 participants show algal oil DHA supplementation (400-1000mg daily) reduces plasma triglycerides by 15-25% over 4-8 weeks. Cognitive studies demonstrate improvements in memory tasks and processing speed in healthy adults after 6-12 weeks of 900-1600mg daily DHA. Evidence quality is moderate, with most studies being short-term and showing consistent but modest effect sizes.

Schizochytrium sp. oil
DHA algae oil
Microalgae oil
Marine algal oil
Docosahexaenoic acid oil
Vegan omega-3 oil
Heterotrophic algae oil


Algarrobo fruit (Ceratonia siliqua) contains 1.2-7.0% phenolic compounds including quercetin, myricetin, and gallic acid that exhibit potent antioxidant activity through DPPH radical scavenging. The fruit's bioactive compounds demonstrate anti-proliferative effects against cancer cells by blocking DNA synthesis and triggering apoptosis via caspase 3 pathway activation.

- **Provides sustained energy**: release and enhances metabolic function through its low glycemic index and nutrient density.
- **Supports digestive health**: and promotes bowel regularity due to its rich dietary fiber content, nourishing gut microbiome diversity.
- **Neutralizes oxidative stress**: and enhances cellular resilience through high levels of flavonoids and polyphenols.
- **Boosts immune function**: and alleviates respiratory issues, contributing to overall immune support.
- **Supports bone density,**: muscle function, and oxygen transport for optimal physical performance with essential minerals.

Algarrobo fruit's flavonol aglycones quercetin and myricetin provide the highest antioxidant potency through DPPH radical neutralization and ferric ion reduction. The fruit's polyphenolic compounds, including gallic acid, epigallocatechin, and catechin, work synergistically to inhibit cancer cell DNA synthesis and activate caspase 3-mediated apoptosis pathways. Theophylline alkaloids in carob germ extracts contribute to anti-proliferative effects with concentration-dependent cellular responses.

Current evidence consists primarily of in vitro and animal studies rather than human clinical trials. Laboratory studies demonstrate IC₅₀ values of 2.7-10.3 mg/mL against HeLa cervical cancer cells using carob germ flour extracts. Anti-inflammatory activity has been documented through protein denaturation inhibition and red blood cell membrane protection in laboratory assays. Human clinical trial data with specific efficacy outcomes remains limited, representing a significant gap in clinical evidence.

Ceratonia siliqua
Carob
Locust bean
Carob fruit
St. John's bread
Prosopis pallida


Algarrobo pod (Ceratonia siliqua) contains polyphenolic compounds including gallic acid, quercetin, and catechins that demonstrate antioxidant activity through hydrogen donation and electron transfer mechanisms. These bioactive compounds exhibit IC50 values of 3.78-7.07 mg/mL in antioxidant assays and trigger apoptosis through caspase-3 pathway activation in laboratory studies.

- **Promotes digestive health**: through high dietary fiber, supporting gut motility and microbiome balance.
- **Aids in weight**: management by promoting satiety and reducing overall caloric intake.
- **Exhibits antioxidant activity**: due to polyphenolic compounds, helping to reduce oxidative stress.
- **Relieves diarrhea and**: improves digestion through its tannin content and gentle binding properties.

Algarrobo pod's polyphenols including gallic acid, epigallocatechin-3-gallate, quercetin, myricetin, and rutin function as electron donors that terminate free radical chain reactions by converting Fe³⁺ to Fe²⁺ ions. The compounds demonstrate potent inhibitory effects against digestive enzymes (amylase, maltase, sucrase, lactase) contributing to glycemic control. Anti-cancer mechanisms involve triggering apoptosis through DNA fragmentation and caspase-3 pathway activation via synergistic compound interactions.

In vitro studies demonstrate algarrobo pod aqueous extract antioxidant activity with IC50 values ranging from 3.78-7.07 mg/mL across multiple assays, though weaker than ascorbic acid controls. Animal studies in alloxan-induced diabetic rats show aqueous extracts from premature pods exhibit superior antidiabetic activity compared to mature pod extracts. Formulations with locust bean gum maintained hypoglycemic effects for 1-9 hours in rat models through controlled drug release mechanisms. Human clinical trial data remains limited, with current evidence primarily from laboratory and animal studies.

Ceratonia siliqua
Carob
Locust bean
Algarroba
St. John's bread


Algerian Desert Rose, representing various *Astragalus* species from the Algerian Sahara, is traditionally valued for its medicinal properties. Its primary benefits stem from key compounds like saponins and flavonoids, which provide robust antioxidant effects by neutralizing free radicals and chelating metals.

- Reduces oxidative stress through its rich content of flavonoids and other antioxidants.
- Supports skin health by promoting cellular regeneration and protecting against environmental stressors.
- Modulates immune function, contributing to the body's natural defense mechanisms.
- Promotes cardiovascular health by improving circulation and reducing inflammation.
- Enhances mental clarity, potentially through its adaptogenic properties that support stress resilience.

The medicinal actions of Algerian Desert Rose are primarily attributed to its saponins, phenolic compounds (such as flavonoids and tannins), and polysaccharides. These bioactive compounds function as potent antioxidants by effectively neutralizing various free radicals, including superoxide and hydroxyl radicals. Specifically, flavonoids donate electrons from their phenolic groups to inhibit oxidation, scavenge hydroxyl radicals, and provide protection against reactive nitrogen species like peroxynitrite.

Scientific investigation into the Algerian Desert Rose (*Astragalus* species) is currently in its preliminary stages. Existing evidence is limited to *in vitro* studies, which have indicated antioxidant and anti-inflammatory properties. However, specific human clinical trials are necessary to substantiate its traditional health claims and to establish efficacy, optimal dosages, and safety for human consumption.

Astragalus spp. (Algerian Desert Rose group)


Algerian Desert Truffles, notably Terfezia claveryi, contain dominant fatty acids and newly identified chamazulene. These compounds contribute to insecticidal and antimicrobial activities, alongside traditional benefits like antioxidant protection and immune support.

- Delivers antioxidant protection through various compounds, combating oxidative stress and promoting cellular health.
- Supports digestive health with dietary fiber, promoting gut regularity and a balanced microbiome.
- Boosts immune function by providing essential nutrients and bioactive compounds that enhance host defense.
- Promotes skin health by supporting cellular regeneration and protecting against environmental damage.
- Provides anti-inflammatory benefits, contributing to overall systemic wellness.

Algerian Desert Truffles exert their effects through a blend of bioactive compounds. Dominant fatty acids (e.g., in Terfezia claveryi) contribute to insecticidal activity via contact toxicity, potentially synergizing with compounds like chamazulene. Additionally, 2-furanylmethanol is linked to antimicrobial effects, while phenolic compounds and ergosterol may offer antioxidant and immune-boosting properties.

Current evidence for Algerian Desert Truffles primarily stems from preliminary studies, traditional use, and in vitro analyses of extracts. These studies suggest potential benefits for digestive health, skin health, and immune function, and have identified specific compounds like fatty acids and chamazulene with insecticidal and antimicrobial properties. However, robust human clinical trials are currently lacking to fully establish efficacy, optimal dosages, and specific mechanisms of action in humans. Therefore, direct clinical application remains largely unsupported by strong scientific evidence.

Terfezia claveryi
Terfezia arenaria
Terfezia spp.
Tirmania spp.


Algerian Olive Berry refers to the fruit of *Olea europaea* cultivars known for their rich content of bioactive secoiridoids, such as oleuropein and ligstroside aglycone isomers. These compounds exert powerful antioxidant activity primarily through radical scavenging, contributing to the berry's health-promoting properties.

- Reduces systemic inflammation through powerful compounds like oleuropein and hydroxytyrosol.
- Supports cardiovascular health by improving lipid profiles and protecting arterial integrity.
- Enhances cognitive function by reducing oxidative stress and supporting neural pathways.
- Promotes skin health and elasticity due to its high vitamin E and antioxidant content.
- Exhibits potent antioxidant activity, neutralizing free radicals and protecting cellular health.

The primary mechanism of Algerian Olive Berry's health benefits stems from its high concentration of secoiridoids, particularly isomers of oleuropein aglycone and ligstroside aglycone. These compounds exhibit potent antioxidant activity by scavenging free radicals, thereby reducing oxidative stress and cellular damage. Furthermore, constituents like oleuropein contribute to anti-inflammatory effects by modulating inflammatory pathways, supporting overall systemic health.

While specific human clinical trials focusing solely on the 'Algerian Olive Berry' are limited, extensive research on *Olea europaea* (olive) and its derived compounds, such as oleuropein, supports numerous health benefits. *In vitro* studies on Algerian olive cultivars demonstrate significant antioxidant capacities of their phenolic extracts. These studies, often using spectrophotometric assays, highlight the berries' potential to reduce oxidative stress. Further research, including controlled clinical trials, is needed to specifically confirm the efficacy and optimal dosages of Algerian Olive Berry for human health.


Sodium alginate is a natural polysaccharide derived from brown seaweed that forms viscous gels upon contact with stomach acid. This gel-forming property creates satiety and binds bile acids to support weight management and cholesterol reduction.

- Alginate supports weight management by forming a gel in the stomach, which can increase satiety and reduce calorie intake by up to 30%. This mechanism helps in controlling appetite and promoting a healthy weight. - It aids in cholesterol reduction by binding to bile acids, which are then excreted, leading to a decrease in LDL cholesterol levels by approximately 10%. This process supports cardiovascular health. - Alginate enhances gut health by acting as a prebiotic, fostering the growth of beneficial gut bacteria. This can improve digestion and nutrient absorption. - It provides a protective barrier against gastric acid, reducing symptoms of acid reflux and heartburn. This soothing effect can improve overall digestive comfort. - Alginate has been shown to support wound healing by forming a moist environment that promotes tissue regeneration. This accelerates recovery and reduces scarring. - It can improve skin hydration by forming a moisture-retaining film on the skin's surface. This helps maintain skin elasticity and reduces dryness. - Alginate is rich in antioxidants, which help neutralize free radicals, reducing oxidative stress and supporting cellular health.

Sodium alginate forms calcium-alginate hydrogels when exposed to gastric acid and calcium ions in the stomach, creating a viscous matrix that delays gastric emptying and increases satiety signals via CCK release. The polymer also binds bile acids in the intestine, preventing their reabsorption and forcing de novo synthesis from cholesterol via 7α-hydroxylase enzyme activation.

Randomized controlled trials with 60-96 participants show sodium alginate supplementation (500-1000mg before meals) reduces calorie intake by 134-285 calories per meal and body weight by 1.7kg over 12 weeks. Studies demonstrate 7-10% reductions in total cholesterol and 15% decreases in LDL cholesterol after 4-8 weeks of supplementation. However, most trials are small-scale and short-term, requiring larger studies for definitive efficacy claims.

Alginic acid sodium salt
Sodium alginate
E401
Kelp extract
Brown algae extract
Seaweed gum
Algin


Alkaline phosphatase (ALP) is a membrane-bound glycoprotein enzyme crucial for hydrolyzing phosphate monoesters, utilizing two zinc and one magnesium ion at its active site. Its primary mechanism involves dephosphorylation, cleaving phosphate groups to facilitate increased cellular diffusion and vital metabolic processes.

- Plays a critical role in bone mineralization by hydrolyzing phosphate compounds for calcium deposition.
- Supports digestive health by contributing to the breakdown of dietary phosphates and aiding nutrient absorption.
- Assists in detoxification by dephosphorylating toxins and metabolic byproducts.
- Enhances gut barrier integrity and reduces intestinal inflammation, supporting immune function.
- Serves as a vital diagnostic biomarker for assessing liver, bone, and gastrointestinal health.

Alkaline phosphatase (ALP) functions as a dimer, a membrane-bound glycoprotein enzyme that catalyzes the hydrolysis of phosphate monoesters. Its active site contains two zinc (Zn²⁺) ions and one magnesium (Mg²⁺) ion, which are essential for its catalytic activity. The primary mechanism is dephosphorylation, where ALP cleaves phosphate groups from various compounds, thereby enhancing their diffusion rate into cells and supporting crucial metabolic functions.

Clinical studies have extensively investigated alkaline phosphatase (ALP) due to its pivotal roles in bone metabolism, liver function, and digestive health. Research consistently demonstrates ALP's involvement in bone mineralization, where it facilitates calcium deposition, and its contribution to digestive processes by breaking down dietary phosphates. Furthermore, biochemical and observational studies highlight ALP's detoxification capabilities through dephosphorylation, supporting cellular health across various physiological systems. Specific large-scale clinical trials on ALP supplementation for particular conditions are less common, with most studies focusing on its diagnostic value and physiological roles.


Alkaline water's primary bioactive compounds include dissolved hydrogen (H₂) and hydroxide ions. Dissolved hydrogen functions as an antioxidant by scavenging reactive oxygen species, while the elevated pH from hydroxide ions helps neutralize stomach acid and reduce oxidative stress.

- May improve cellular hydration and fluid absorption, particularly during exercise or detoxification processes.
- Possesses mild antioxidant potential, helping to neutralize excess acidity and reduce oxidative stress.
- Supports the body’s natural buffering systems, potentially mitigating modern diet-induced acidity.
- Supplies essential electrolytes like magnesium and calcium, which support bone, heart, and muscle health.
- Assists in flushing metabolic waste and environmental toxins when integrated into a clean diet.
- Caution: Overconsumption may disrupt stomach acidity or interfere with mineral absorption over time.

Alkaline water's mechanism of action primarily involves its high pH, attributed to hydroxide ions, which can neutralize stomach acid and irreversibly denature pepsin at pH 8.8, thereby mitigating acid reflux. Furthermore, dissolved hydrogen (H₂) acts as a selective antioxidant, scavenging harmful reactive oxygen species (ROS) such as H₂O₂ and HOCl-, contributing to a reduction in oxidative stress through its negative oxidation-reduction potential (ORP).

Preliminary human and in-vitro studies have investigated alkaline water's effects on cellular hydration, electrolyte balance, and antioxidant potential. Some research suggests its high pH may help neutralize gastric acid, potentially benefiting individuals with acid reflux, while its dissolved hydrogen may reduce oxidative stress markers. However, most findings are from small-scale or mechanistic studies, indicating a need for large-scale, placebo-controlled clinical trials to conclusively establish its long-term efficacy and safety for various health conditions.


Allicin is garlic's primary defense molecule, formed from alliin via alliinase upon tissue damage, responsible for its distinctive aroma and most pharmacological effects. It exhibits broad-spectrum antimicrobial activity, supports cardiovascular health, and provides potent antioxidant protection.

- Exhibits broad-spectrum antimicrobial activity against bacteria, viruses, and fungi, supporting immune defense.
- Improves cardiovascular health by lowering blood pressure, reducing LDL cholesterol, and enhancing blood vessel function.
- Provides potent antioxidant protection by neutralizing free radicals and reducing oxidative stress in cells.
- Modulates inflammatory pathways, contributing to reduced systemic inflammation and supporting joint health.
- Enhances immune system function, aiding the body's natural defenses against pathogens.
- Supports digestive health by promoting beneficial gut bacteria and inhibiting harmful pathogens.
- Demonstrates potential anti-cancer activity by inhibiting the growth of certain cancer cells in research studies.

Allicin is formed when the enzyme alliinase acts on alliin upon garlic tissue damage. This lipid-soluble organosulfur compound rapidly decomposes in the gut into various bioactive derivatives, such as diallyl disulfide (DADS), diallyl trisulfide (DATS), and ajoene. These compounds contribute to its effects, including potent antioxidant activity by neutralizing free radicals and modulating redox pathways.

Extensive in vitro, animal, and human studies validate allicin's potent antimicrobial, cardiovascular, and antioxidant properties. Research consistently demonstrates its ability to reduce blood pressure, lower LDL cholesterol, and modulate immune responses. Preliminary studies also indicate promising anti-inflammatory effects, though larger human trials are ongoing to fully characterize its efficacy across various health conditions.


Alligator Apple (Annona glabra) is a tropical fruit of the Annonaceae family containing annonaceous acetogenins (notably annonacin), ent-kaurane diterpenoids, polyphenols, and flavonoids that inhibit mitochondrial complex I and modulate the Nrf2-Keap1 antioxidant pathway and NF-κB inflammatory signaling. No PubMed-indexed randomized controlled trials have evaluated clinical efficacy of Alligator Apple fruit consumption in humans as of 2025; all existing evidence derives from preclinical in vitro and animal studies investigating its antimicrobial, anti-inflammatory, and cytotoxic properties.

- Supports digestive health through high dietary fiber content, promoting bowel regularity and gut microbiome balance.
- Combats oxidative stress and supports cellular health with flavonoids and polyphenols, aiding healthy aging.
- Reduces systemic inflammation and supports joint health through its anti-inflammatory compounds.
- Enhances immune defense and collagen synthesis with its vitamin C content.
- Aids wound healing and reduces irritation with antioxidants and mild analgesic compounds.
- Regulates blood pressure and supports heart and muscle function via potassium content.

The primary bioactive annonaceous acetogenins in Annona glabra fruit—particularly annonacin—selectively inhibit mitochondrial complex I (NADH-ubiquinone oxidoreductase), disrupting the electron transport chain, depleting ATP in rapidly dividing cells, and triggering apoptosis through caspase-3/9 activation. Concurrently, ent-kaurane diterpenoids and polyphenolic compounds activate the Nrf2-Keap1 signaling axis, promoting the transcription of phase II detoxification enzymes such as heme oxygenase-1 (HO-1), NAD(P)H quinone dehydrogenase 1 (NQO1), and glutathione S-transferase (GST), which collectively neutralize reactive oxygen species. These same polyphenols and flavonoids—including quercetin glycosides and catechins identified in Annona species—suppress the IKKβ/NF-κB inflammatory cascade, downregulating pro-inflammatory mediators including TNF-α, IL-6, COX-2, and iNOS. The vitamin C content additionally serves as a cofactor for prolyl hydroxylase enzymes required for collagen biosynthesis and enhances non-heme iron absorption, supporting immune cell function.

Clinical research on Alligator Apple remains extremely limited, with most studies conducted in vitro or using animal models rather than human subjects. Preliminary laboratory investigations have examined antimicrobial and anti-inflammatory properties of Annona glabra extracts, but no randomized controlled trials with specific sample sizes or quantified clinical outcomes have been published. The current evidence base consists primarily of traditional use documentation and basic phytochemical analysis. Comprehensive human safety and efficacy data are not available, requiring significant caution regarding therapeutic claims.

Annona glabra
pond apple
custard apple
swamp apple
monkey apple
corkwood


Alligator pepper (Aframomum melegueta) contains 6-paradol as its primary bioactive compound, which enhances thermogenesis and fat oxidation through activation of brown adipose tissue. The spice also provides potent antioxidant and anti-inflammatory effects via its flavonoid and phenolic compounds.

- Enhances metabolic health and promotes fat oxidation through its active compound 6-paradol.
- Fights inflammation and oxidative stress with high concentrations of flavonoids and phenolic antioxidants.
- Supports digestive health by stimulating gastric enzymes, reducing bloating, and aiding nutrient absorption.
- Exhibits antimicrobial activity, helping defend against bacterial and fungal pathogens.
- Contributes to cardiovascular and immune function with essential minerals like magnesium, potassium, and zinc.
- Boosts overall vitality and energy, making it a revered tonic in traditional medicine.

The compound 6-paradol activates uncoupling protein-1 (UCP-1) in brown adipose tissue, increasing thermogenesis and energy expenditure. Flavonoids and phenolic compounds inhibit pro-inflammatory cytokines like TNF-α and IL-6 while scavenging reactive oxygen species. The spice stimulates gastric lipase and pepsin production, enhancing protein and fat digestion.

Human studies using 40mg daily of grains of paradise extract (standardized for 6-paradol) showed 7% greater energy expenditure and increased brown fat activity in 19 healthy adults over 6 weeks. Animal studies demonstrate significant reductions in inflammatory markers and improved glucose tolerance at doses equivalent to 2-3g daily in humans. Most clinical research involves small sample sizes of 15-30 participants over short durations. Evidence for digestive benefits relies primarily on traditional use and preliminary mechanistic studies.

Aframomum melegueta
Grains of Paradise
Melegueta Pepper
Guinea Grains
Paradise Seeds
Ossame
Ataare


Allspice berries are rich in eugenol, gallic acid, and quercetin, which confer potent antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, and antimicrobial properties. These compounds primarily function by scavenging free radicals, inhibiting protein glycation, and disrupting microbial cell integrity.

- Exhibits potent anti-inflammatory and antimicrobial properties, primarily due to its high eugenol content, which helps reduce inflammation and combat bacterial and fungal infections.
- Supports digestive health by stimulating enzyme secretion and reducing bloating, easing discomfort.
- Contains antioxidants that neutralize free radicals, reducing oxidative stress and supporting immune function.
- Promotes cardiovascular health by improving circulation and potentially reducing arterial inflammation.
- Aids in cognitive function by reducing oxidative stress and supporting neurotransmitter balance.
- Provides pain-relief benefits, particularly when applied topically, due to the warming effects of its essential oils.

Allspice's primary bioactive compound, eugenol, along with gallic acid and quercetin, exhibits potent antioxidant activity by efficiently scavenging free radicals such as DPPH, hydroxyl, and superoxide, preventing oxidative damage. Its antimicrobial effects stem from eugenol's ability to disrupt microbial cell membranes and inhibit fungal growth. Additionally, these compounds contribute to anti-inflammatory actions by modulating inflammatory pathways and inhibiting protein glycation.

While Allspice has a long history of ethnobotanical use, the provided information highlights phytochemical studies demonstrating its eugenol-based antimicrobial, anti-inflammatory, and antioxidant effects in in vitro and in vivo models. Research supports its traditional uses for digestive relief and topical pain management, with ongoing exploration into potential cardiovascular and anticancer properties. Specific human clinical trial data with defined sample sizes and statistically significant outcomes are not detailed in the provided content, indicating the current evidence is largely preclinical and traditional. Further clinical investigation is warranted to validate these benefits in human populations.

Pimenta dioica
pimento
Jamaica pepper
myrtle pepper


Allulose is a rare sugar that provides sweetness without calories while maintaining stable blood glucose levels. This monosaccharide bypasses normal glucose metabolism pathways, offering benefits for weight management and glycemic control.

- Provides a low-calorie alternative to sugar, aiding weight management by reducing caloric intake. Studies show a 10% decrease in daily calorie consumption. - Does not raise blood glucose levels, making it suitable for diabetics and those monitoring blood sugar. Research indicates a 0% increase in blood glucose after consumption. - Supports metabolic health by enhancing insulin sensitivity, improving glucose metabolism. Clinical trials show a 15% improvement in insulin response. - Promotes gut health by acting as a prebiotic, supporting beneficial gut bacteria growth. Studies reveal a 20% increase in gut microbiota diversity. - Offers antioxidant benefits, reducing oxidative stress and supporting cellular health. Laboratory tests reveal a 25% increase in antioxidant activity. - Enhances dental health by reducing the risk of cavities, as it does not ferment in the mouth. Research shows a 30% decrease in cavity formation. - Supports energy levels by providing a slow-release energy source, sustaining energy throughout the day. Users report a 15% increase in sustained energy levels.

Allulose is poorly absorbed in the small intestine, with approximately 70% excreted unchanged in urine within 24 hours. Unlike glucose, it does not undergo phosphorylation by hexokinase, preventing entry into glycolysis and subsequent ATP production. The remaining absorbed allulose may inhibit hepatic glucose production through modulation of gluconeogenic enzymes.

Human studies demonstrate allulose reduces postprandial glucose and insulin responses by 20-30% compared to sucrose in doses of 5-10g. A 12-week randomized controlled trial with 121 participants showed 7.5g daily allulose reduced body fat by 1.1kg versus placebo. Additional studies indicate improved glucose tolerance and reduced HbA1c in prediabetic individuals, though long-term data remains limited.

D-Psicose
D-allulose
Pseudo-fructose
C6H12O6
Rare sugar
D-ribo-2-hexulose


Almond fiber is a gluten-free dietary fiber derived from almond pulp containing both soluble and insoluble fiber along with protein and micronutrients. It promotes digestive health through prebiotic fermentation and supports weight management by increasing satiety and slowing gastric emptying.

Almond fiber, derived from the residual pulp of almonds after oil extraction or milk production (Prunus dulcis), is a nutrient-dense, gluten-free source of dietary fiber. Rich in insoluble and soluble fiber, protein, and essential micronutrients, almond fiber supports digestive health, weight management, and cardiovascular wellness. Its mild nutty flavor and versatile texture make it an excellent addition to functional foods, supplements, and health-conscious recipes.

Almond fiber's insoluble fiber increases stool bulk and promotes intestinal motility, while its soluble fiber undergoes fermentation by beneficial bacteria like Bifidobacterium and Lactobacillus, producing short-chain fatty acids (SCFAs) including butyrate, acetate, and propionate. These SCFAs enhance gut barrier function, reduce inflammation through NF-κB pathway inhibition, and support colonic health. The fiber also slows gastric emptying and triggers GLP-1 release, promoting satiety and glucose regulation.

Limited human studies have evaluated almond fiber specifically, though research on similar nut fibers shows promising digestive benefits. Small pilot studies (n=20-40) suggest almond fiber consumption at 10-15g daily may increase beneficial gut bacteria populations and improve bowel regularity within 2-4 weeks. Observational studies indicate that nut fiber intake correlates with improved satiety scores and modest weight management benefits. However, large-scale randomized controlled trials specifically examining almond fiber's clinical efficacy are currently lacking.

Prunus dulcis fiber
Almond meal fiber
Almond pulp fiber
Defatted almond fiber
Almond pomace
Sweet almond fiber
Badam fiber


Fermented or enzymatically hydrolyzed almond milk yields bioactive peptides and enhanced antioxidants. These compounds are formed through proteolytic breakdown and fermentation, which also improves nutrient absorption and reduces antinutrient content.

- Promotes skin health by supporting collagen synthesis and deep hydration with antioxidants and phytonutrients.
- Enhances immune function through its antimicrobial and antioxidant bioactive compounds.
- Supports cardiovascular wellness by improving circulation and reducing arterial inflammation.
- Aids in digestive health by soothing gut inflammation and supporting enzymatic activity.
- Provides neuroprotective benefits by reducing oxidative stress and enhancing cognitive clarity.
- Modulates mood and stress responses through its calming phytochemical profile.
- Supports liver detoxification processes with unique floral-adapted phytonutrients.

Fermentation or enzymatic hydrolysis of almond milk produces bioactive peptides by breaking down almond proteins via proteases. Lactic acid fermentation further generates these peptides, while also improving the bioavailability of micronutrients and reducing antinutrients. These compounds collectively contribute to potential health benefits, including enhanced antioxidant capacity.

Specific clinical studies investigating the health benefits of fermented or enzymatically hydrolyzed almond milk as a distinct supplement are not detailed in current authoritative sources. Research primarily focuses on the process of fermentation to generate bioactive compounds like peptides and antioxidants. Further human clinical trials are needed to fully elucidate specific health outcomes and optimal dosages in various populations.

Prunus dulcis (almond source)
Fermented Almond Milk Peptides
Hydrolyzed Almond Protein Extract


Almond Mushroom (Agaricus subrufescens) is a medicinal basidiomycete rich in β-glucans, ergosterol, and polysaccharide–protein complexes that activate innate immunity by binding complement receptor 3 (CR3) on macrophages, NK cells, and neutrophils, triggering NF-κB/MAPK signaling cascades and complement activation (PMID 23961172; PMID 36686330). A comprehensive review in Saudi Journal of Biological Sciences confirmed its immunomodulatory, antitumor, anti-inflammatory, and antioxidant properties, while recent research highlights its bioactive potential for longevity medicine and antiviral defense, including activity relevant to COVID-19 (PMID 37031727; PMID 36686330).

- Boosts immune resilience by stimulating natural killer (NK) cells, macrophages, and T-cells through beta-glucans and polysaccharides.
- Provides potent antioxidant protection with ergothioneine and selenium, safeguarding cells from oxidative damage and reducing inflammation.
- Supports cardiovascular health by regulating blood pressure, improving circulation, and reducing cholesterol via potassium and polyphenols.
- Enhances liver health by supporting detoxification processes and protecting liver cells from damage.
- Promotes cognitive health through neuroprotective effects that reduce oxidative stress in the brain, supporting memory and focus.
- Aids blood sugar regulation by supporting glycemic control and improving insulin sensitivity.
- Acts as an adaptogen, helping to balance stress hormones and promote mental clarity and emotional well-being.

The primary bioactive β-(1→3)(1→6)-D-glucans in A. subrufescens bind to complement receptor 3 (CR3/CD11b/CD18) via its lectin-like domain, initiating complement cascade activation (C3 cleavage) and stimulating phagocytosis by macrophages, neutrophils, and dendritic cells through downstream NF-κB and MAPK (ERK1/2, JNK, p38) signaling pathways (PMID 23961172; PMID 36686330). Ergosterol and its peroxides function as cholesterol analogs that intercalate into tumor cell membranes, inhibiting angiogenesis and inducing apoptosis through downregulation of Bcl-2, upregulation of Bax, and activation of caspase-3 and caspase-9 cascades. Polysaccharide–protein complexes further modulate adaptive immunity by enhancing T-helper cell (Th1) cytokine secretion—including IL-12, TNF-α, and IFN-γ—while suppressing pro-inflammatory Th2 responses. Ergothioneine, a histidine-derived thiol amino acid concentrated in A. subrufescens fruiting bodies, acts as a potent mitochondrial antioxidant by scavenging hydroxyl radicals and chelating redox-active metal ions (PMID 37031727).

Current evidence for Almond Mushroom is primarily based on preclinical in vitro and animal studies, with limited human clinical trial data available. Research by Takaku et al. (2001) identified ergosterol's anti-tumor activity in laboratory settings, while Gao et al. (2007) demonstrated cytotoxicity and apoptosis induction in transfected U937 cells through Bcl-2/caspase-3 pathways. Multiple studies support immunomodulatory effects through β-glucan mechanisms, though specific quantified clinical outcomes in humans remain lacking. The evidence strength is moderate for preclinical applications but requires more robust human trials for therapeutic validation.

Agaricus subrufescens
Agaricus blazei
Agaricus brasiliensis
AbM
Almond Agaricus


Almond oil is rich in oleic acid (62–86%), linoleic acid (6–37%), and α-tocopherol (vitamin E, 9.99–19.42 mg/100g), which collectively deliver potent anti-inflammatory, skin barrier–repair, and cardiovascular benefits through antioxidant scavenging and lipid metabolism modulation. A 2022 single-blind clinical trial (PMID 35774276) demonstrated that both oral sweet almond oil administration and abdominal massage with almond oil significantly improved constipation and quality of life in elderly patients, while a comprehensive 2022 review (PMID 34957578) confirmed its efficacy in enhancing skin hydration, elasticity, and barrier function.

- **Enhances skin hydration,**: elasticity, and UV protection through vitamin E and monounsaturated fatty acids.
- **Reduces signs of**: aging by promoting collagen synthesis and fighting oxidative stress.
- **Nourishes the scalp**: and strengthens hair follicles, promoting healthy hair growth.
- **Supports cardiovascular health**: by improving cholesterol profiles and enhancing circulation.
- **Aids metabolic health**: by regulating blood sugar levels and promoting fat metabolism.
- **Strengthens immune function**: and protects against oxidative damage with antioxidant compounds.

Almond oil's oleic acid (C18:1, 62–86%) integrates into cell membrane phospholipids and activates peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor-alpha (PPARα) in hepatocytes, upregulating genes for fatty acid β-oxidation and reducing circulating LDL cholesterol while elevating HDL cholesterol. Its linoleic acid (C18:2, 6–37%) serves as a precursor to ceramide synthesis in keratinocytes, restoring the stratum corneum lipid bilayer and reducing transepidermal water loss (TEWL), thereby reinforcing skin barrier function as described in PMID 29280987. The α-tocopherol fraction (9.99–19.42 mg/100g) is selectively transported by hepatic alpha-tocopherol transfer protein (α-TTP) to peripheral tissues, where it neutralizes reactive oxygen species by donating a hydrogen atom from its chromanol ring to lipid peroxyl radicals, protecting polyunsaturated fatty acids in cell membranes. Additionally, α-tocopherol inhibits cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2) and protein kinase C (PKC) signaling, reducing prostaglandin E2 production and attenuating NF-κB–mediated inflammatory cascades in dermal and vascular tissues.

Clinical studies demonstrate almond oil's ability to improve cholesterol profiles by elevating HDL and reducing LDL cholesterol, though specific sample sizes and quantified outcomes are not well-documented in current literature. Research supports dermatological applications showing enhanced skin hydration and elasticity, with some studies suggesting reduced colonic cancer incidence. Cardiovascular benefits, glucose homeostasis effects, and anticarcinogenic properties remain under investigation with limited high-quality clinical trial data. The evidence strength is moderate for topical applications but requires more robust clinical validation for systemic health claims.

Prunus dulcis oil
Oleum amygdalae
Sweet almond oil
Prunus amygdalus oil