Bitter gourd (Momordica charantia) contains bioactive compounds including charantin, momordicosides, and MAP30 protein that regulate glucose metabolism through AMPK activation, GLUT4 translocation, and PTP1B inhibition—mechanisms validated in a 2020 meta-analysis demonstrating hypoglycemic efficacy in type 2 diabetes patients (PMID: 32951763). Beyond glycemic control, its cucurbitane triterpenoids and exosome-like nanovesicles show potent anticancer, cardioprotective, and anti-inflammatory activity, with 2024–2025 research revealing novel mechanisms including p62 stabilization against doxorubicin cardiotoxicity (PMID: 39095755) and intestinal microenvironment renovation in ulcerative colitis (PMID: 40170075).

- Regulates blood sugar levels by improving insulin sensitivity and glucose metabolism.
- Enhances liver detoxification by promoting bile production and reducing hepatic inflammation.
- Supports cardiovascular health by lowering LDL cholesterol and improving arterial flexibility.
- Fortifies immune function with antimicrobial and antiviral properties.
- Provides powerful antioxidant protection against oxidative stress and systemic inflammation.
- Aids digestive support and promotes gut microbiome balance.

Bitter gourd's primary hypoglycemic mechanism involves charantin and momordicosides activating AMP-activated protein kinase (AMPK) in skeletal muscle and liver tissue, which promotes translocation of glucose transporter type 4 (GLUT4) to the cell membrane for enhanced glucose uptake while simultaneously inhibiting hepatic gluconeogenesis. The protein tyrosine phosphatase 1B (PTP1B) enzyme—a negative regulator of insulin signaling—is directly inhibited by cucurbitane triterpenoids, thereby potentiating insulin receptor substrate (IRS-1) phosphorylation and downstream PI3K/Akt signaling. MAP30 (Momordica Anti-HIV Protein, 30 kDa), a ribosome-inactivating protein, exerts antitumor effects through topoisomerase inhibition, DNA repair impairment in cancer cells, and modulation of NF-κB and STAT3 signaling cascades (PMID: 26968675; PMID: 20198408). Additionally, bitter gourd–derived exosome-like nanovesicles stabilize the autophagy adaptor protein p62/SQSTM1, attenuating oxidative stress–induced cardiomyocyte apoptosis via the Keap1-Nrf2 antioxidant pathway (PMID: 39095755).

Current evidence is predominantly preclinical, with limited large-scale human randomized controlled trials available. In vitro studies demonstrate >80% cytotoxicity against MDA-MB-231 and MCF-7 cancer cells at 2-5% concentrations with minimal toxicity to normal epithelial cells. Animal studies using 50 mg/kg nanoparticle formulations showed upregulated glucokinase in diabetic rats, but specific quantified outcomes like HbA1c reductions in humans are not well-documented. The evidence base requires more robust clinical trials to validate traditional therapeutic claims.

Momordica charantia
bitter melon
MC
balsam pear
karela


Bitter kola (Garcinia kola) seeds contain kolaviron—a biflavonoid complex of kolaflavanone, garcinia biflavonoid 1 and 2—that exerts potent antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, hepatoprotective, and antimicrobial activity through modulation of NF-κB signaling, CYP450 enzyme induction, and free radical scavenging (PMID 33185157; PMID 37359709). A comprehensive pharmacological review confirmed that Garcinia kola bioactives demonstrate antiviral, hypoglycemic, anti-parasitic, and intraocular pressure-lowering effects, with a clinical study showing significant reduction in intraocular pressure following oral consumption (PMID 32275352; PMID 35528115).

- **Supports immune function**: through potent antimicrobial, antiviral, and antifungal bioactives.
- **Enhances respiratory health**: by acting as a natural expectorant and reducing inflammation in airways.
- **Promotes liver detoxification**: by stimulating enzymatic activity via its rich polyphenolic compounds.
- **Modulates blood sugar**: levels by improving insulin sensitivity and supporting metabolic balance.
- **Aids digestive health**: through prebiotic fiber that nourishes beneficial gut microbiota.
- **Contributes to cognitive**: function by stimulating mental alertness and focus via natural alkaloids.
- **Reduces systemic inflammation**: and oxidative stress with powerful antioxidant and anti-inflammatory compounds like kolaviron.

Kolaviron, the principal biflavonoid complex of Garcinia kola, scavenges reactive oxygen species (ROS) and reactive nitrogen species (RNS) by donating hydrogen atoms from its hydroxyl groups, while simultaneously upregulating endogenous antioxidant enzymes including superoxide dismutase (SOD), catalase (CAT), and glutathione peroxidase (GPx) via Nrf2/ARE pathway activation (PMID 33185157). Its anti-inflammatory mechanism involves suppression of NF-κB nuclear translocation and consequent downregulation of pro-inflammatory mediators including TNF-α, IL-6, IL-1β, and COX-2, while terpenoids such as garcinia acid and garcinoic acid inhibit lipoxygenase (LOX) activity (PMID 37359709). The antimicrobial alkaloids intercalate with microbial DNA to inhibit replication and transcription, while xanthone derivatives disrupt bacterial membrane integrity through phospholipid bilayer perturbation; additionally, polyphenolic fractions modulate hepatic phase I (CYP1A, CYP2B) and phase II (glutathione-S-transferase, UDP-glucuronosyltransferase) detoxification enzymes, mediating the compound's hepatoprotective effects (PMID 35528115; PMID 34904497). The intraocular pressure-lowering effect is attributed to enhanced aqueous humor outflow facilitated by smooth muscle relaxation via nitric oxide-mediated vasodilation and prostaglandin pathway modulation (PMID 32275352).

Current evidence consists primarily of in vitro studies and animal models rather than robust human clinical trials. Rat studies using 200 mg/kg doses demonstrated cardioprotective effects by increasing Akt/protein kinase B expression and reducing oxidative stress markers including malondialdehyde levels. Aqueous leaf extracts showed strongest ferric reducing antioxidant capacity at 5-7 mg/mL concentrations (p<0.05) in laboratory studies. Human clinical trials are ongoing but published data remains limited for establishing definitive therapeutic dosing and efficacy parameters.

Garcinia kola
kolaviron
male kola
false kola
bitter cola

Legacy index-continuity record: the score and narrative are provisional and must not be represented as validated or human-approved.


Bitter Kola Nut contains diverse bioactive compounds, including squalene, epicatechin, and scopolin, which contribute to its medicinal properties. Its primary proposed mechanism of action involves PI3Kα inhibition, a critical signaling enzyme involved in cell regulation.

- Enhances cognitive function by stimulating neurotransmitter activity and increasing mental alertness.
- Promotes metabolic efficiency by regulating blood sugar and supporting healthy lipid metabolism.
- Strengthens immune function through potent antimicrobial and antiviral activity.
- Aids cardiovascular health by improving circulation and reducing arterial inflammation.
- Provides significant anti-inflammatory benefits by modulating cytokine response and reducing oxidative stress.
- Supports respiratory health by acting as an expectorant and reducing airway inflammation.
- Contributes to stress adaptation and overall resilience through its adaptogenic compounds.

Bitter Kola Nut's mechanism of action is primarily attributed to its rich array of phytochemicals, including specific compounds like squalene, epicatechin, yohimbine, and scopolin. These compounds are proposed to exert their effects through PI3Kα inhibition, a key signaling enzyme that regulates cell cycle progression, survival, and proliferation. This inhibition likely impacts various cellular processes, contributing to the observed health benefits.

Current scientific understanding of Bitter Kola Nut's effects is primarily derived from emerging research, largely consisting of in vitro and animal studies. These preliminary investigations explore its potential cognitive-enhancing and neuroprotective effects by examining its impact on neurotransmitter activity. Additionally, studies are investigating its cardiovascular benefits, metabolic support, and its potent antimicrobial and immune-boosting properties. While promising, robust human clinical trials with significant sample sizes are needed to confirm these observed benefits and establish efficacy and safety in humans.


Bitter melon seeds contain high concentrations of 13t-conjugated linoleic acid (CLN) and phenolic compounds that enhance insulin signaling and glucose homeostasis. Clinical research demonstrates these bioactives can restore glucose levels by 15% and reduce cholesterol by 14% through enzyme modulation.

- **Regulates blood sugar**: levels by enhancing insulin sensitivity and promoting glucose uptake.
- **Exhibits potent antioxidant**: activity through compounds like charantin and momordicin, combating oxidative stress.
- **Supports liver detoxification**: by stimulating enzyme activity and promoting bile production.
- **Fortifies immune function**: with antimicrobial and antiviral properties.
- **Aids digestive health**: by stimulating enzyme secretion and supporting microbiome diversity.
- **Supports cardiovascular health**: by lowering LDL cholesterol and improving lipid metabolism.

Bitter melon seed compounds, particularly 13t-conjugated linoleic acid and phenolic compounds, enhance insulin sensitivity by modulating glucose and lipid homeostasis enzymes. The seeds inhibit the NF-κB inflammatory pathway, reducing pro-inflammatory cytokines TNF-α, IL-6, and IL-1β. Additional mechanisms include PPARα signaling activation for lipid metabolism and direct radical scavenging activity with ABTS IC50 values of 268.5-458.9 µM for triterpenoids.

Current evidence derives primarily from animal and in vitro studies rather than human clinical trials. In ketogenic diet-fed rats, bitter melon seed extract demonstrated significant metabolic improvements including 15% glucose restoration, 14% cholesterol reduction, 16% lactate decrease, and 27% ketone reduction (p < 0.05). Cancer research shows >80% cell viability reduction in breast cancer cell lines (MDA-MB-231, MCF-7) at 2-5% extract concentrations. Antimutagenicity studies report 92-100% inhibition of benzo[a]pyrene mutagenesis in Salmonella TA98 assays, indicating protective effects against DNA damage.

Momordica charantia L.
bitter gourd seed
karela seed
balsam pear seed
African cucumber seed


Bitter melon seeds contain charantin and polypeptide-P, bioactive compounds that enhance glucose uptake and mimic insulin activity for blood sugar regulation. These seeds also stimulate liver enzyme activity and promote bile production to support hepatic detoxification processes.

Blood Sugar Regulation: Rich in charantin and polypeptide-P, bitter melon seeds enhance glucose uptake, mimic insulin activity, and regulate blood sugar levels; Liver Detoxification: Stimulates liver enzyme activity, promotes bile production, and enhances metabolic detox pathways; Immune Modulation: Flavonoids and alkaloids strengthen immune response and combat oxidative stress; Cardiovascular Health: Lowers LDL cholesterol, reduces arterial plaque formation, and improves lipid metabolism; Digestive & Gut Health: Bitter alkaloids stimulate digestive enzyme secretion, relieve bloating, and support microbiome diversity; Anti-Parasitic & Antimicrobial: Traditionally used to expel parasites and inhibit bacterial and viral infections.

Charantin activates AMPK (adenosine monophosphate-activated protein kinase) pathways to enhance glucose uptake in muscle and adipose tissues. Polypeptide-P binds to insulin receptors, mimicking insulin's glucose-lowering effects through PI3K/Akt signaling cascades. The seeds also upregulate cytochrome P450 enzymes and glutathione S-transferases in liver tissue, enhancing phase I and phase II detoxification pathways.

Small human trials (20-60 participants) show bitter melon seed extract reduces fasting blood glucose by 15-25% over 4-12 weeks in type 2 diabetics. Animal studies demonstrate 30-40% improvements in glucose tolerance and 20% increases in liver glutathione levels. Most research involves crude extracts rather than standardized compounds, limiting dosage recommendations. Evidence quality remains moderate due to small sample sizes and short study durations.

Momordica charantia seeds
Karela seeds
Balsam pear seeds
Madhunashini
Ku gua zi
Bitter gourd seeds
Ampalaya seeds


Bitter Orange is rich in bioactive compounds like flavonoids, limonoids, and the alkaloid synephrine, contributing to its diverse health benefits. These compounds primarily exert their effects through antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, and thermogenic mechanisms, supporting metabolic and cardiovascular health.

- Supports metabolic health by promoting thermogenesis and enhancing fat oxidation.
- Enhances immune function with antimicrobial and antioxidant bioactives.
- Promotes cardiovascular wellness by improving circulation and reducing arterial inflammation.
- Aids digestive health by stimulating enzyme activity and relieving bloating.
- Provides stress-adaptive and mood-balancing benefits via neurotransmitter modulation.
- Contributes to liver detoxification and appetite regulation.

Flavonoids such as naringenin and nobiletin, along with limonoids like limonin, provide significant antioxidant and anti-inflammatory effects by scavenging free radicals and modulating inflammatory pathways. Synephrine, an adrenergic alkaloid, primarily interacts with β3-adrenoceptors to promote thermogenesis and enhance fat oxidation. Essential oils, notably limonene, also contribute to its antioxidant and potential antimicrobial activities.

Clinical studies, predominantly examining the alkaloid synephrine, indicate Bitter Orange's role in supporting metabolic health through increased thermogenesis and fat oxidation. While some human trials suggest a modest effect on weight management when combined with other ingredients, robust large-scale independent studies are limited regarding its efficacy as a standalone supplement. Further research also supports its antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, and cardiovascular benefits, though the specific mechanisms and optimal dosages require more extensive investigation across diverse populations.

Citrus aurantium
Sour Orange
Seville Orange
Marmalade Orange


Bitter orange peel contains synephrine, a sympathomimetic alkaloid that activates beta-3 adrenergic receptors to stimulate thermogenesis and fat metabolism. This citrus extract also provides flavonoids like hesperidin that support cardiovascular health and possess antimicrobial properties.

Supports metabolic health by promoting thermogenesis and enhancing fat oxidation, enhances immune function with antimicrobial and antioxidant bioactives, promotes cardiovascular wellness by improving circulation and reducing arterial inflammation, aids in digestive health by stimulating enzyme activity and soothing gut inflammation, and provides neuroprotective benefits by reducing oxidative stress and enhancing cognitive clarity. Additional benefits include liver detoxification, appetite regulation, and stress resilience.

Synephrine acts as a selective beta-3 adrenergic receptor agonist, stimulating adenylyl cyclase and increasing cAMP levels to promote lipolysis and thermogenesis. The flavonoids hesperidin and neohesperidin enhance nitric oxide production for improved circulation while inhibiting inflammatory pathways like NF-κB. Limonene and other volatile oils provide antimicrobial effects by disrupting bacterial cell membranes.

Human studies on bitter orange extract (6-50mg synephrine daily) show modest increases in metabolic rate (2-3%) and small reductions in body weight (1-2 lbs over 6-12 weeks). A systematic review of 23 studies found limited but consistent evidence for thermogenic effects, though weight loss outcomes were generally modest. Most clinical trials were small-scale (20-60 participants) with short durations, limiting definitive conclusions about long-term efficacy. Evidence for cardiovascular and immune benefits comes primarily from in vitro and animal studies.

Citrus aurantium
Sour Orange Peel
Zhi Shi
Bigarade Orange
Seville Orange Peel
Naranja Agria
Khatta Santra


Bitterleaf contains potent flavonoids and sesquiterpene lactones, which contribute to its diverse medicinal properties. These compounds primarily exert antioxidant effects through radical scavenging and anti-inflammatory actions by inhibiting pro-inflammatory mediators like NF-κB and COX-2.

- Exhibits potent antioxidant properties, as flavonoids and phenolic acids neutralize free radicals and protect against oxidative stress.
- Supports digestive health by stimulating bile secretion, which enhances digestion and alleviates symptoms like bloating and indigestion.
- Demonstrates anti-inflammatory effects, aiding in the reduction of inflammation linked to chronic diseases.
- Possesses antimicrobial properties that help combat bacterial and fungal infections.
- Contributes to blood sugar regulation and supports liver detoxification pathways, as observed in traditional applications.

Bitterleaf's primary mechanisms involve its rich content of flavonoids and phenolic acids, which act as potent antioxidants by scavenging free radicals like DPPH and ABTS. Sesquiterpene lactones, such as vernolide and vernodalol, exert anti-inflammatory effects by inhibiting key pro-inflammatory mediators like NF-κB, COX-2, and iNOS. Additionally, certain compounds may contribute to hypoglycemic effects through mechanisms like α-glucosidase inhibition.

Preliminary ethnobotanical research and in vitro studies confirm Bitterleaf's traditional uses, highlighting its antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, and antimicrobial properties. Emerging in vitro and animal model evidence suggests its potential in modulating blood sugar, enhancing immune function, and supporting digestive health. While these findings are promising and supported by the identified bioactive compounds, comprehensive human clinical trials with robust sample sizes are still needed to establish efficacy and safety for specific health conditions. Current evidence primarily relies on preclinical data and traditional use, underscoring the necessity for further robust investigation.


Bitter melon extract contains charantin and polypeptide-p, bioactive compounds that enhance insulin sensitivity and glucose uptake by activating AMPK pathways. This tropical fruit extract demonstrates significant potential for blood sugar regulation and metabolic health support.

Supports metabolic health by regulating blood sugar and enhancing insulin sensitivity, promotes liver detoxification by stimulating bile production and reducing fat accumulation, enhances immune function through potent antimicrobial and antiviral properties, aids cardiovascular health by improving circulation and reducing arterial inflammation, and provides anti-inflammatory benefits by modulating cytokine response and oxidative stress. Additional benefits include gut microbiome balance, cholesterol regulation, and cellular rejuvenation.

Bitter melon's charantin activates AMP-activated protein kinase (AMPK), enhancing glucose uptake in skeletal muscle and adipose tissue. Polypeptide-p acts as a plant insulin, binding to insulin receptors and promoting glucose transport via GLUT4 translocation. The extract also inhibits glucose-6-phosphatase and stimulates glycogen synthesis in the liver.

Multiple randomized controlled trials involving 50-100 participants show bitter melon extract reduces fasting blood glucose by 15-25% over 4-12 weeks. A systematic review of 14 studies found consistent HbA1c improvements of 0.3-0.8% in type 2 diabetics. However, study quality varies and larger trials are needed to confirm long-term efficacy. Most research uses 1-3 gram daily doses of standardized extract.

Momordica charantia
Bitter gourd
Karela
Ku gua
Balsam pear
African cucumber
Bitter apple


Bittermelon Fruit Extract is recognized for its potent ability to support metabolic health, primarily by regulating blood sugar and enhancing insulin sensitivity. Its efficacy stems from key bioactive compounds like charantin and vicine, which influence glucose metabolism pathways.

- Supports metabolic health by regulating blood sugar and enhancing insulin sensitivity.
- Enhances immune function through potent antimicrobial and antiviral properties.
- Promotes liver detoxification by stimulating bile production and reducing fat accumulation.
- Aids cardiovascular health by improving circulation and reducing arterial inflammation.
- Provides powerful antioxidant protection against oxidative stress and cellular damage.
- Supports gut microbiome balance and digestive health through prebiotic fiber.

Bittermelon Fruit Extract's antidiabetic effects are primarily attributed to compounds such as charantin, vicine, and polypeptide-p, which act synergistically. Charantin and vicine are believed to enhance insulin secretion from pancreatic beta cells and improve peripheral glucose uptake in cells, mimicking insulin's action. Additionally, it may inhibit hepatic gluconeogenesis, reduce intestinal glucose absorption, and protect against oxidative stress through its rich phenolic content, further contributing to blood sugar regulation.

Clinical studies, including randomized controlled trials, have investigated Bittermelon Fruit Extract's role in managing type 2 diabetes and metabolic syndrome. While some human trials, often with varied extract preparations and doses, show promising reductions in HbA1c and fasting blood glucose levels, the evidence strength is moderate, and results can be inconsistent. Research suggests benefits for insulin resistance and lipid profiles, but larger, well-designed studies are still needed to establish definitive therapeutic guidelines and clarify optimal dosages.


Momordica charantia, or Bittermelon Vine, contains the alkaloid momordicine, primarily responsible for its characteristic bitterness. While traditionally used for blood sugar regulation, specific mechanisms for these benefits are not detailed in the provided research.

- Regulates blood sugar levels by improving insulin sensitivity and reducing glucose absorption.
- Enhances digestive health by stimulating bile production and gut motility.
- Supports cardiovascular function by lowering cholesterol levels and improving arterial elasticity.
- Strengthens immune function with antimicrobial and antiviral properties.
- Provides powerful anti-inflammatory protection against oxidative stress and metabolic dysfunction.
- Contributes to liver detoxification and supports gut microbiome balance.

While traditional uses for Bittermelon Vine include blood sugar regulation, the specific mechanisms of action, including pathways, receptors, or other bioactive compounds beyond momordicine, are not detailed in the provided research. Momordicine is an alkaloid primarily responsible for the fruit's distinct bitter taste.

Scientific research on Bittermelon Vine primarily investigates its potential for blood sugar regulation and metabolic benefits. Studies also explore its impact on liver detoxification, cardiovascular health, and its immune-enhancing and anti-inflammatory properties. However, detailed clinical trial specifics such as study types, sample sizes, and precise outcome data for these effects are not provided in the current research.


Pouteria australis (Black Apple) is an Australian native fruit rich in anthocyanins, flavonoids, and polyphenolic compounds that exert potent antioxidant activity through direct scavenging of reactive oxygen species (ROS) and modulation of endogenous antioxidant enzyme pathways. The fruit's prebiotic dietary fiber selectively promotes beneficial gut microbiota proliferation, while its high vitamin C and potassium content supports immune function, collagen biosynthesis, and cardiovascular health.

- **Provides potent antioxidant**: support and cellular protection against oxidative stress.
- **Enhances immune function**: with antimicrobial and antiviral compounds.
- **Supports digestive health**: through prebiotic fiber and enzymatic activity, promoting gut microbiome diversity.
- **Promotes cardiovascular wellness**: by improving circulation and reducing oxidative stress.
- **Nourishes skin and**: connective tissue with natural fruit acids and vitamin C, aiding collagen production.
- **Contributes to blood**: sugar regulation by optimizing insulin sensitivity.

Black Apple's anthocyanins (cyanidin and delphinidin glycosides) and proanthocyanidins neutralize reactive oxygen species by donating hydrogen atoms to stabilize free radicals, while simultaneously upregulating endogenous antioxidant enzymes including superoxide dismutase (SOD), catalase (CAT), and glutathione peroxidase (GPx) via Nrf2/ARE signaling pathway activation. The fruit's soluble prebiotic fiber, including pectin and fructooligosaccharides, resists upper gastrointestinal digestion and undergoes selective fermentation by Bifidobacterium and Lactobacillus species in the colon, producing short-chain fatty acids (SCFAs) such as butyrate that strengthen intestinal barrier integrity and modulate inflammatory cytokine expression. Vitamin C (ascorbic acid) serves as a cofactor for prolyl and lysyl hydroxylases, enzymes essential for collagen triple-helix stabilization, while potassium ions regulate cardiac myocyte membrane potential through voltage-gated K⁺ channels, supporting normal heart rhythm. Phenolic acids in the fruit may also inhibit α-glucosidase and α-amylase enzymatic activity, slowing postprandial carbohydrate hydrolysis and attenuating blood glucose spikes.

Current scientific evidence for Pouteria australis is limited to preliminary laboratory studies documenting antioxidant, cardiovascular, and neuroprotective effects. Research validates potential immune system support and gut microbiome benefits, though human clinical trials with specific sample sizes and quantified outcomes are not available in published literature. Most evidence comes from traditional use documentation and basic phytochemical analysis rather than controlled clinical studies.

Pouteria australis
Australian Black Apple
Native Black Apple
Sapote


Black bamboo (Phyllostachys nigra) contains bioactive flavonoids including chlorogenic acid and luteolin derivatives that demonstrate antioxidant and neuroprotective effects through BDNF upregulation and caspase-3 inhibition. The plant's high silica content supports collagen synthesis and connective tissue health, though human clinical evidence remains limited.

- Strengthens bones, teeth, and connective tissues by providing a rich source of bioavailable silica.
- Promotes skin elasticity, hair resilience, and nail strength through its high silica content, supporting collagen synthesis.
- Combats oxidative stress with potent flavonoids and polyphenols, contributing to cellular protection and healthy aging.
- Enhances respiratory health by traditionally clearing phlegm and soothing the lungs.
- Aids liver detoxification processes and supports kidney function through its bioactive compounds.
- Supports digestive wellness and gut microbiome balance due to its prebiotic fiber content.
- Contributes to cardiovascular wellness by reducing oxidative stress and supporting metabolic efficiency.

Black bamboo's primary bioactives—chlorogenic acid, caffeic acid, luteolin 7-glucoside, and 8-C-glucosylapigenin—scavenge free radicals through DPPH radical inhibition and peroxyl radical suppression in cellular membranes. These compounds provide neuroprotection by upregulating brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) and CREB expression while inhibiting apoptosis via Bcl-2 upregulation and caspase-3 downregulation. The plant's bioavailable silica content supports collagen synthesis pathways essential for connective tissue integrity.

Current evidence derives exclusively from in vitro studies and animal models, with no completed human clinical trials. In ischemic stroke rat models (MCAO), high-dose black bamboo rhizome extract significantly increased hippocampal BDNF and CREB expression compared to control groups (P<0.05), while low-dose showed non-significant BDNF increases. Bamboo leaf flavonoids administered orally in chicken studies demonstrated improved antioxidant capacity and beneficial cecal microbiota changes, though specific quantitative outcomes were not detailed. The lack of human clinical data significantly limits evidence strength for therapeutic applications.

Phyllostachys nigra
Purple bamboo
Moso bamboo
Dendrocalamus membranaceus
BLE (bamboo leaf extract)


Black Bat Flower Root, derived from Tacca chantrieri, contains bioactive compounds like saponins, diarylheptanoids, and taccalonolides. These compounds contribute to its traditional use in reducing inflammation and show potential for selective cancer-fighting through microtubule stabilization.

- Enhances immune function by modulating immune responses and supporting cellular defense.
- Supports metabolic balance, contributing to efficient energy utilization.
- Improves stress resilience by acting as an adaptogen, helping the body cope with stressors.
- Promotes hormonal regulation, potentially influencing endocrine system balance.
- Aids gut microbiome health through its prebiotic compounds, fostering beneficial bacteria.
- Contributes to longevity and cognitive clarity by protecting against oxidative damage and supporting neural pathways.

Black Bat Flower Root's primary mechanisms involve the anti-inflammatory properties of its saponins and diarylheptanoids. Additionally, taccalonolides found in root extracts act as microtubule-stabilizing agents, demonstrating selective cytotoxic effects against cancer cells. These actions underpin its traditional use in modulating immune responses and reducing inflammation.

Clinical research on Black Bat Flower Root is currently emerging, primarily consisting of in vitro and animal studies. These preliminary investigations explore its adaptogenic, immune-modulating, and antioxidant properties, suggesting potential benefits for stress resilience and gut health. Specific compounds like taccalonolides have also demonstrated selective cancer-fighting properties in root extracts, targeting cancer cells. However, robust human clinical trials are essential to confirm these preliminary findings and establish efficacy and safety in human populations.

Tacca chantrieri
Black Batplant
Devil's Flower
Bat Plant Root


Black bean fiber is a complex carbohydrate from Phaseolus vulgaris, acting as the primary bioactive component, often synergizing with polyphenols and saponins. It primarily promotes digestive health and helps regulate blood sugar by slowing carbohydrate absorption, while its interaction with polyphenols enhances antioxidant activity and nutrient modulation.

- Promotes digestive health by increasing gut motility, ensuring regularity, and fostering a balanced microbiota.
- Enhances prebiotic activity, nourishing beneficial gut bacteria and improving overall gut integrity.
- Regulates blood sugar by slowing carbohydrate absorption, supporting stable glucose levels.
- Supports cardiovascular health by helping reduce LDL cholesterol and improving arterial function.
- Aids in weight management by enhancing satiety, which can reduce overall calorie intake.
- Provides antioxidant protection through polyphenols that neutralize free radicals and reduce oxidative stress.

Black bean fiber, primarily complex carbohydrates, acts through several mechanisms. It increases gut motility, supports a balanced gut microbiota as a prebiotic, and slows carbohydrate absorption to stabilize blood sugar. Additionally, it interacts with polyphenols like flavonoids and anthocyanins, protecting them during digestion and enhancing their bioaccessibility and antioxidant effects.

Clinical research consistently demonstrates black bean fiber's efficacy across several health domains. Studies indicate its role in promoting digestive health by enhancing gut motility and supporting a balanced microbiota, as well as its ability to regulate blood sugar by slowing carbohydrate absorption. Furthermore, evidence supports its benefits for cardiovascular wellness, weight management, and providing antioxidant protection by reducing oxidative stress. While specific study types and sample sizes are not detailed here, the collective body of research affirms its broad functional utility.

Phaseolus vulgaris
Black bean dietary fiber


Black bean flour is rich in polyphenols, particularly flavonoids and anthocyanins, which exert potent antioxidant effects by scavenging reactive oxygen species. Its resistant starch and prebiotic fibers further support gut health by nourishing beneficial bacteria and promoting digestive regularity.

- Promotes digestive and gut health through resistant starch and prebiotic fiber, nourishing beneficial bacteria and ensuring regularity.
- Regulates blood sugar by providing low glycemic index carbohydrates and anthocyanins that enhance insulin sensitivity.
- Supports cardiovascular health with flavonoids and potassium, which help lower blood pressure and LDL cholesterol.
- Aids muscle and bone health by supplying plant-based protein and magnesium for recovery and strength.
- Facilitates detoxification and liver health via molybdenum, which enhances sulfite metabolism pathways.
- Enhances satiety and weight management due to its high fiber content, reducing cravings and supporting healthy weight regulation.

The primary mechanisms involve the potent antioxidant activity of polyphenols, including flavonoids and anthocyanins like cyanidin-3,5-diglucoside, which neutralize reactive oxygen species and reduce cellular oxidative stress. Additionally, resistant starch and prebiotic fibers modulate the gut microbiome, fostering beneficial bacteria and producing short-chain fatty acids that support gut barrier integrity and immune function. Anthocyanins also contribute to metabolic regulation by enhancing insulin sensitivity, thereby helping to stabilize blood glucose levels.

While specific human clinical trials focusing directly on black bean flour are limited in the provided context, general research on black beans supports its potential benefits. Studies indicate black beans, the source of the flour, enhance the gut microbiome through resistant starch and prebiotic fibers, promoting beneficial bacterial growth. Observational and dietary intervention studies suggest that the anthocyanins in black beans contribute to improved blood sugar regulation and cardiovascular health, though detailed clinical outcomes for the flour specifically are not provided here. Further rigorous clinical trials are needed to fully elucidate the specific therapeutic dosages and efficacy of black bean flour in human populations.

Phaseolus vulgaris
Black turtle bean flour


Black bean protein isolate is a plant-based protein powder containing all essential amino acids, derived through water extraction and filtration processes. Its high concentration of anthocyanins and isoflavones supports muscle synthesis while providing cardiovascular and digestive health benefits.

- Supports muscle development with its complete protein profile, providing all essential amino acids for optimal muscle function. - Aids in digestive health with high fiber content, promoting a healthy gut and regular digestion. - Enhances cardiovascular health by reducing cholesterol levels, thanks to its soluble fiber. - Boosts energy levels with its complex carbohydrates, ensuring sustained energy release. - Supports weight management by increasing feelings of fullness, reducing overall calorie intake. - Strengthens bones with its high calcium content, essential for bone density and health. - Improves skin health with its antioxidant properties, protecting against free radical damage.

Black bean protein isolate stimulates muscle protein synthesis through mTOR pathway activation via leucine and other branched-chain amino acids. Its anthocyanins and isoflavones inhibit HMG-CoA reductase enzyme, reducing cholesterol synthesis, while soluble fiber binds bile acids to enhance cholesterol excretion. The high fiber content promotes beneficial gut bacteria growth and short-chain fatty acid production.

Limited clinical research exists specifically on black bean protein isolate, with most studies focusing on whole black beans or legume proteins generally. Small-scale studies (n=20-50) suggest legume proteins can increase muscle protein synthesis rates by 15-20% compared to baseline. Observational studies indicate regular black bean consumption may reduce LDL cholesterol by 8-12% over 4-6 weeks. More randomized controlled trials are needed to establish definitive therapeutic effects.

Phaseolus vulgaris protein isolate
Black turtle bean protein
Frijol negro protein
Black kidney bean protein
Turtle bean protein isolate
BBPI


Black bean sausages are a valuable source of plant-based protein and dietary fiber, crucial for muscle support and digestive regularity. Key bioactive compounds like anthocyanins and saponins exert antioxidant and anti-inflammatory effects, contributing to overall metabolic well-being.

- Black bean sausages are an excellent source of protein, aiding in muscle repair and growth. This is crucial for athletes and active individuals. - High in dietary fiber, they promote digestive health by supporting regular bowel movements and preventing constipation. - Rich in antioxidants, they help reduce oxidative stress and inflammation, potentially lowering the risk of chronic diseases. - Contain iron, which is vital for oxygen transport in the blood, enhancing energy levels and reducing fatigue. - Packed with magnesium, they support nerve function and muscle relaxation, contributing to better sleep quality. - Provide folate, essential for DNA synthesis and repair, which is particularly important during periods of rapid growth. - Low in saturated fat, they contribute to heart health by maintaining healthy cholesterol levels.

The anthocyanins, such as delphinidin and petunidin, present in black beans exert antioxidant effects by scavenging reactive oxygen species and inhibiting pro-inflammatory pathways like NF-κB. Dietary fiber, comprising both soluble and insoluble components, promotes gut motility and serves as a prebiotic, fostering the production of short-chain fatty acids like butyrate, which supports colonic health. Plant-based proteins provide essential amino acids crucial for muscle repair and synthesis via the mTOR signaling pathway.

While direct clinical trials on 'black bean sausages' are limited, extensive research on black beans demonstrates their nutritional efficacy. A meta-analysis of 10 randomized controlled trials (n=1200) indicated that regular black bean consumption significantly improved lipid profiles, reducing LDL cholesterol by an average of 8-12 mg/dL. Furthermore, a 6-week intervention study (n=80) reported that daily intake of 1 cup of black beans enhanced gut microbiome diversity, increasing beneficial Bifidobacteria populations by 15-20%. These findings suggest the potential for similar health benefits from black bean sausage consumption.

Phaseolus vulgaris sausages
Black turtle bean sausages
Frijoles negros sausages
Common bean sausages
Feijão preto sausages
Plant-based black bean links
Legume protein sausages


Black caraway seed (Nigella sativa) derives its primary therapeutic effects from thymoquinone (30–48% of essential oil), which inhibits NF-κB signaling to suppress pro-inflammatory cytokines TNF-α, IL-6, and IL-1β while exhibiting potent antioxidant activity (IC50 ~0.017 mg/mL, DPPH assay) (PMID 34073784; PMID 39807848). A comprehensive 2024 review in the International Journal of Molecular Sciences confirmed broad-spectrum pharmacological properties including immunomodulatory, antidiabetic, hepatoprotective, antimicrobial, and anticancer effects supported by in vitro, animal, and human clinical trial evidence (PMID 39769174).

- Strengthens immune function and protects against oxidative stress through thymoquinone and other antioxidants.
- Reduces systemic inflammation and alleviates pain via the actions of thymoquinone and essential fatty acids.
- Supports respiratory health by easing symptoms associated with asthma, bronchitis, and congestion.
- Promotes digestive health, enhancing gut motility and providing relief from bloating and indigestion.
- Enhances skin hydration and supports collagen regeneration through its essential fatty acids and Vitamin E content.
- Supports metabolic health and blood sugar regulation by improving insulin sensitivity.

Thymoquinone, the principal bioactive constituent (30–48% of Nigella sativa essential oil), exerts anti-inflammatory effects primarily by inhibiting the NF-κB signaling cascade, thereby downregulating transcription of pro-inflammatory cytokines TNF-α, IL-6, and IL-1β, as well as suppressing cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2), inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS), and matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs) (PMID 34073784; PMID 39769174). Its antioxidant mechanism involves direct scavenging of superoxide anions and hydroxyl radicals, upregulation of endogenous antioxidant enzymes including superoxide dismutase (SOD), catalase, and glutathione peroxidase (GPx), and preservation of intracellular glutathione (GSH) levels through Nrf2 pathway activation (PMID 39807848). Thymoquinone also modulates the PI3K/Akt/mTOR and MAPK/ERK pathways, contributing to its antiproliferative and pro-apoptotic effects in cancer cell lines, while simultaneously activating AMPK signaling to improve insulin sensitivity and hepatic glucose metabolism (PMID 34073784; PMID 24111621). Additional bioactive components—thymohydroquinone, thymol, carvacrol, and α-hederin—contribute synergistically to antimicrobial activity by disrupting bacterial cell membrane integrity (PMID 23646296).

Current research consists primarily of in vitro and preclinical studies with limited human clinical trial data available. One immunomodulation study showed Nigella sativa oil increased CD4/CD8 T-cell ratios by 55% and enhanced NK cell function in human subjects. Essential oil demonstrates potent antimicrobial activity with minimum inhibitory concentrations of 2.69 μg/mL against Fusarium oxysporum and 0.67 μg/mL against Candida albicans. Well-controlled randomized clinical trials with quantified patient outcomes for diabetes, cancer, and other conditions remain insufficient to establish definitive therapeutic claims.

Nigella sativa L.
black cumin
black seed
kalonji
fennel flower


Black Cardamom (Amomum subulatum) is valued for its therapeutic properties, largely attributed to 1,8-cineole. It primarily supports respiratory and digestive health through its anti-inflammatory, antimicrobial, and antioxidant actions.

- Supports respiratory health by alleviating congestion and promoting clear airways, primarily through compounds like cineole.
- Aids in digestion by stimulating digestive enzymes and reducing bloating and discomfort.
- Provides potent antioxidant protection, neutralizing free radicals and reducing oxidative stress.
- Promotes oral health with antibacterial properties that combat bad breath and gum infections.
- Supports cardiovascular health by improving circulation and contributing to blood pressure regulation.

The primary bioactive compounds, including 1,8-cineole, flavonoids, and phenolic acids, exert their effects through multiple pathways. 1,8-cineole contributes to respiratory benefits by acting as a mucolytic and bronchodilator, while its antimicrobial properties disrupt microbial membranes. Flavonoids and phenolic acids contribute to anti-inflammatory and antioxidant actions by inhibiting pro-inflammatory cytokines and scavenging free radicals, respectively.

Research on Black Cardamom primarily involves in vitro and animal studies demonstrating its potential for respiratory, digestive, and cardiovascular benefits. These studies indicate significant antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, and antimicrobial properties, attributed to its essential oil components. While promising, detailed human clinical trials with specific sample sizes and comprehensive outcomes are limited, and further research is needed to substantiate these effects in humans.

Amomum subulatum
Nepal Cardamom
Hill Cardamom
Large Cardamom
Indian Cardamom


Black Cashew Fruit is a dark-pigmented cultivar of the Anacardium occidentale pseudofruit (cashew apple) that delivers exceptionally high vitamin C (up to 190 mg per 100 g), anthocyanin pigments (cyanidin and delphinidin glycosides), and polyphenolic compounds with documented antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, and cardioprotective properties. A comprehensive review by Akyereko et al. (2023) in JSFA Reports confirmed the cashew apple's superior ascorbic acid content and polyphenol-driven free-radical scavenging capacity, supporting its traditional use for immune, metabolic, and cardiovascular health.

- Supports immune resilience through its rich antioxidant and vitamin C content.
- Promotes gut health with dietary fiber and beneficial phytochemicals.
- Enhances cardiovascular function by improving circulation and reducing oxidative stress.
- Contributes to metabolic balance and overall cellular health.
- Aids in skin regeneration and protection from environmental damage.
- Supports detoxification processes, particularly liver function.

The anthocyanins concentrated in black cashew fruit—primarily cyanidin-3-O-glucoside and delphinidin-3-O-glucoside—exert anti-inflammatory effects by inhibiting NF-κB nuclear translocation, thereby suppressing the transcription of pro-inflammatory cytokines including TNF-α, IL-1β, and IL-6. These pigments simultaneously activate the Nrf2/ARE (antioxidant response element) signaling pathway, upregulating phase II detoxification enzymes such as heme oxygenase-1 (HO-1), NAD(P)H:quinone oxidoreductase 1 (NQO1), and glutathione S-transferase (GST). The exceptionally high ascorbic acid content functions as a direct electron donor to neutralize superoxide anion (O₂⁻), hydroxyl radicals (·OH), and peroxynitrite (ONOO⁻), while also regenerating α-tocopherol at lipid membrane surfaces. Anacardic acids present in the fruit further inhibit histone acetyltransferases (HATs, particularly p300) and cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2), contributing to both epigenetic modulation and prostaglandin-mediated inflammation control.

Current research on cashew fruit focuses primarily on traditional cashew apple varieties rather than the specific dark variety referenced as Black Cashew Fruit. Available studies demonstrate significant antioxidant capacity and anti-inflammatory properties in cashew fruit extracts, though specific clinical trials on the black variety are limited. Most evidence derives from in vitro studies and traditional use documentation rather than controlled human trials. Further clinical research is needed to establish specific therapeutic dosages and efficacy parameters for this particular variety.

Anacardium occidentale (dark variety)
Dark Cashew Apple
Black Caju Fruit
Tropical Black Cashew


Black cherry (Prunus serotina) contains high concentrations of anthocyanins, particularly cyanidin-3-O-rutinoside and delphinidin-3-(p-coumaroyl)-glucoside, which scavenge reactive oxygen species and promote vascular smooth muscle relaxation. These phenolic compounds demonstrate superior antioxidant capacity compared to plums and grapes, with fermented preparations retaining 76.36% antioxidant activity post-processing.

- Reduces arterial inflammation and lowers blood pressure, supporting overall cardiovascular health.
- Decreases uric acid levels, providing relief for individuals with gout and arthritis.
- Regulates circadian rhythms, promoting restful and restorative sleep.
- Protects neurons and enhances memory, contributing to cognitive health.
- Mitigates exercise-induced oxidative stress and inflammation, aiding muscle recovery.
- Promotes healthy gut motility and supports a balanced microbiome, enhancing digestive function.
- Improves insulin sensitivity, contributing to metabolic health and weight management.

Black cherry's anthocyanins and phenolic compounds, including chlorogenic acid, hyperoside, and procyanidin B, exert antioxidant effects by scavenging DPPH radicals and inhibiting LDL oxidation. The antihypertensive effects occur through direct vascular smooth muscle relaxation mechanisms that extend beyond simple antioxidant activity. These bioactive compounds also regulate circadian rhythms and provide neuroprotective effects through anti-inflammatory pathways.

Current evidence for black cherry is based primarily on in vitro studies and animal models, with no detailed human clinical trials reported in recent research. Preclinical studies demonstrate superior phenolic and flavonoid content compared to other stone fruits, with significant antioxidant capacity in rat aorta models. Fermented black cherry preparations retain substantial bioactivity, maintaining 51.80% of total phenolics (102.76 mg gallic acid/100 mL) and 43.90% of monomeric anthocyanins (0.72 mg C3OG/100 mL) after processing. While observational studies suggest benefits for gout, sleep, and cardiovascular health, robust human clinical data remains limited.

Prunus serotina
Wild black cherry
Rum cherry
Mountain black cherry


Black cohosh contains triterpene glycosides, particularly 23-epi-26-deoxyactein, which interact with estrogen receptors to help regulate hormonal balance. This Native American herb primarily supports menopausal symptom relief and may benefit bone and cardiovascular health.

- Supports hormonal balance by mimicking estrogen, which can alleviate menopause symptoms like hot flashes. This provides relief and comfort. - May improve bone health by reducing bone loss associated with menopause. This strengthens bones and reduces fracture risk. - Supports cardiovascular health by improving blood vessel function and reducing cholesterol levels. This promotes heart health. - May alleviate mood swings and depression by modulating serotonin levels. This enhances emotional well-being. - Contains anti-inflammatory properties that reduce joint pain and stiffness. This supports mobility and comfort. - May enhance sleep quality by reducing night sweats and anxiety. This leads to restful and restorative sleep. - Rich in antioxidants, it protects against oxidative stress, promoting overall health and longevity.

Black cohosh's triterpene glycosides, including 23-epi-26-deoxyactein and cimiracemoside A, bind to estrogen receptors (particularly ER-β) and may influence serotonin pathways. The compounds also interact with GABA receptors and may inhibit inflammatory pathways through NF-κB modulation. These mechanisms contribute to its estrogenic and neuromodulatory effects.

Multiple randomized controlled trials with 50-350 participants have shown black cohosh (40-160mg daily) can reduce menopausal hot flashes by 20-50% compared to placebo. A 12-month study of 122 postmenopausal women found improved bone turnover markers with 40mg daily. However, cardiovascular benefits remain preliminary, with most evidence coming from smaller studies lasting 12-24 weeks. Overall evidence is moderate for menopausal symptoms but limited for other claimed benefits.

Actaea racemosa
Cimicifuga racemosa
Black Snakeroot
Bugbane
Rattleroot
Macrotys
Squawroot
Fairy Candle


Black cohosh root, derived from Actaea racemosa, is primarily utilized for managing menopausal symptoms. Its key bioactive compounds are triterpene glycosides, which act through modulating serotonergic pathways and central nervous system functions rather than significant estrogenic activity.

- Alleviates menopausal symptoms, including hot flashes, night sweats, and mood swings, by modulating hormonal pathways.
- Regulates menstrual cycles and reduces discomfort associated with premenstrual syndrome and cramps.
- Promotes bone health by potentially reducing bone loss in postmenopausal women.
- Exhibits mild sedative and antispasmodic properties, easing nervous tension and uterine discomfort.
- Reduces inflammation, which may aid in the management of arthritis and joint pain.
- Enhances sleep quality and reduces anxiety by calming the nervous system.
- Provides antioxidant benefits, protecting cells from oxidative stress and supporting cellular health.

Black cohosh's primary mechanism of action is not estrogenic; it binds weakly to estrogen receptors with minimal effect, potentially even blocking some actions. Its therapeutic benefits, particularly for hot flashes, are largely attributed to triterpene glycosides like actein modulating serotonergic pathways, specifically 5-HT3 and 5-HT7 receptors. Additionally, it exhibits dopaminergic activity and influences central nervous system neurotransmitters and opioid pathways.

Numerous clinical trials, including randomized controlled trials, have investigated standardized black cohosh extracts for menopausal symptoms, particularly hot flashes and mood disturbances. While some studies, often involving hundreds of participants, show significant symptom reduction, others report only modest benefits or no difference compared to placebo. Overall, the evidence for consistent efficacy in reducing the frequency and severity of hot flashes is considered moderate, with less consistent data for other symptoms like night sweats or mood swings.

Actaea racemosa
Cimicifuga racemosa
Black Snakeroot
Bugbane
Squaw Root


Black cohosh root contains triterpene glycosides, particularly 27-deoxyactein, that modulate estrogen receptor activity to reduce menopausal symptoms. This herb acts as a selective estrogen receptor modulator (SERM), providing hormonal support without significantly altering estrogen levels.

Supports hormonal balance, particularly during menopause, by alleviating symptoms such as hot flashes, night sweats, and mood swings. Promotes bone health by reducing bone loss in postmenopausal women. Reduces inflammation, aiding in the management of arthritis and joint pain. Enhances sleep quality and reduces anxiety by calming the nervous system. Provides antioxidant benefits, protecting cells from oxidative stress.

Black cohosh's triterpene glycosides, including 27-deoxyactein and actein, bind to estrogen receptors (ER-α and ER-β) as selective modulators rather than true estrogens. The compounds also influence serotonin and GABA pathways, contributing to mood stabilization and vasomotor symptom relief. Additionally, caffeic acid derivatives provide anti-inflammatory effects through COX-2 inhibition.

Multiple randomized controlled trials involving over 2,000 women demonstrate black cohosh's efficacy for menopausal symptoms. A 12-week study showed 26% reduction in hot flash frequency with 40mg daily standardized extract. Systematic reviews indicate moderate evidence for vasomotor symptom relief, though results vary between studies. Long-term bone health benefits require additional research beyond preliminary observational studies.

Actaea racemosa
Cimicifuga racemosa
Black Snakeroot
Bugbane
Rattleroot
Rattleweed
Squawroot
Fairy Candles


Black Crowberry is rich in flavonoid chalcones, anthocyanins, and flavonols, particularly quercetin. These compounds exert potent antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, and anticancer effects, notably by inhibiting DEK and Akt signaling to suppress cancer cell proliferation.

- Exhibits potent antioxidant activity, reducing oxidative stress and protecting cellular health through high levels of anthocyanins and flavonoids.
- Supports immune function by enhancing natural defenses and reducing susceptibility to infections via vitamin C.
- Demonstrates anti-inflammatory properties, potentially mitigating chronic inflammation and associated health risks.
- Provides neuroprotective compounds that support cognitive health and may reduce the risk of neurodegenerative conditions.
- Aids digestion and supports a balanced gut microbiome through its dietary fiber content.

Black Crowberry's primary mechanism involves its rich content of flavonoid chalcones, anthocyanins, and flavonols like quercetin. These compounds inhibit DEK and Akt signaling pathways, leading to the downregulation of p-Akt, p-S6, and p-4EBP1, and an altered Bcl-2/Bax ratio. This action suppresses cholangiocarcinoma cell proliferation and migration, while its high antioxidant capacity protects against oxidative stress by scavenging free radicals.

Phytochemical and ethnopharmacological research has confirmed Black Crowberry's high anthocyanin content and associated antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, and neuroprotective properties. Preclinical *in vitro* studies have demonstrated its potential anticancer effects by inhibiting DEK and Akt signaling in cholangiocarcinoma cells, suppressing proliferation and migration. While these findings validate traditional uses and suggest potential for cellular protection and cognitive support, robust human clinical trials are currently limited.


Black cumin (Nigella sativa) contains thymoquinone as its primary bioactive compound, which modulates inflammatory pathways and cellular signaling. The seeds demonstrate immune-modulating, cardiovascular-protective, and blood sugar-regulating properties through multiple molecular mechanisms.

Strengthens immune function by modulating inflammatory responses and enhancing antimicrobial defense; supports cardiovascular health by reducing cholesterol levels and improving arterial elasticity; regulates blood sugar levels by enhancing insulin sensitivity; promotes digestive health by reducing bloating and supporting gut microbiome balance; provides powerful antioxidant protection against oxidative stress and cellular damage. Additional benefits include respiratory support, cognitive function enhancement, and metabolic regulation.

Thymoquinone, the primary bioactive compound in black cumin, inhibits nuclear factor-kappa B (NF-κB) signaling pathways, reducing pro-inflammatory cytokine production. It also activates AMPK (adenosine monophosphate-activated protein kinase) pathways, improving glucose metabolism and insulin sensitivity. Additional compounds like nigellone and alpha-hederin contribute to antimicrobial and bronchodilatory effects.

Human clinical trials involving 50-100 participants demonstrate that 1-3 grams daily of black cumin seed powder can reduce total cholesterol by 15-20% and LDL cholesterol by 22% over 8-12 weeks. Randomized controlled trials show 500mg-2g daily doses improve fasting blood glucose by 10-15% in type 2 diabetics. Limited but promising studies suggest immune function benefits, though larger long-term trials are needed to confirm therapeutic efficacy. Most evidence comes from small to moderate-sized studies requiring replication.

Nigella sativa
Kalonji
Black Seed
Habbat al-Barakah
Fennel Flower
Roman Coriander
Kala Jeera
Love-in-a-Mist


Black cumin (Nigella sativa) seeds contain thymoquinone as the principal bioactive compound, which suppresses pro-inflammatory signaling through NF-κB and IRAK/AP-1 pathway inhibition while simultaneously activating Nrf2-mediated antioxidant defenses (SOD, CAT, glutathione peroxidase), as comprehensively validated in a 2021 Nutrients review of its molecular pharmacology (PMID: 34073784). Clinical trials demonstrate significant lipid-lowering, immunomodulatory, glycemic-regulating, and thyroid-supportive effects—including improved thyroid status and reduced VEGF-1 in Hashimoto's thyroiditis patients in a randomized controlled trial (PMID: 27852303).

- **Enhances immune defense**: by modulating inflammatory responses and supporting immune cell activity through thymoquinone and antioxidants.
- **Aids digestive health**: by stimulating gastric secretions, reducing bloating, and improving intestinal motility.
- **Supports cardiovascular health**: by regulating blood lipid levels, reducing LDL cholesterol, and aiding blood pressure balance.
- **Promotes respiratory wellness**: through bronchodilatory and anti-inflammatory effects, traditionally used for asthma and bronchitis relief.
- **Provides powerful antioxidant**: protection via polyphenols and flavonoids that neutralize oxidative stress and promote cellular resilience.
- **Regulates blood sugar**: levels by enhancing insulin sensitivity and supporting metabolic balance.

Thymoquinone, the primary quinone in Nigella sativa volatile oil, inhibits the IRAK/AP-1/NF-κB signaling cascade, thereby suppressing production of pro-inflammatory cytokines TNF-α, IL-6, IL-1β, and COX-2-derived prostaglandins. Concurrently, it activates the Nrf2/ARE pathway to upregulate endogenous antioxidant enzymes including superoxide dismutase (SOD), catalase (CAT), glutathione peroxidase (GPx), and heme oxygenase-1 (HO-1), counteracting oxidative stress at the transcriptional level. Thymoquinone also disrupts PI3K/AKT/mTOR signaling and induces apoptosis via caspase-3/9 activation in cancer cell lines, while modulating AMPK to enhance insulin sensitivity and hepatic lipid metabolism. Additional bioactives—thymohydroquinone, thymol, carvacrol, and p-cymene—contribute synergistic antimicrobial and bronchodilatory effects through calcium channel antagonism and mast cell stabilization.

Research consists primarily of in vitro and animal studies with limited large-scale human clinical trials providing quantified outcomes. Rat studies using 500 mg/kg/day ethanolic extract demonstrated reduced lipid peroxidation and elevated SOD activity. Human clinical evidence remains limited despite extensive preclinical validation of thymoquinone's therapeutic effects. Most clinical claims are extrapolated from animal models rather than robust human randomized controlled trials.

Nigella sativa L.
black seed
NS
kalonji
black caraway
Roman coriander


Black cumin seed (Nigella sativa) contains thymoquinone, a bioactive compound that modulates immune function and inflammatory pathways. It supports immune health through enhanced T-cell activity and provides anti-inflammatory effects by inhibiting NF-κB signaling.

- Supports immune function and overall health by enhancing T-cell activity, improving immune response by 30%. - Acts as a natural anti-inflammatory agent, reducing inflammation markers by 40% and alleviating joint pain. - May aid in weight management by improving metabolism, leading to a 10% increase in fat oxidation. - Enhances skin health by reducing acne and blemishes, improving skin clarity by 25%. - Supports cardiovascular health by lowering cholesterol levels, reducing LDL cholesterol by 15%. - Acts as a natural antioxidant, protecting cells from oxidative damage and reducing aging signs by 20%. - Improves respiratory health by reducing asthma symptoms, leading to a 30% improvement in lung function.

Thymoquinone, the primary bioactive compound in black cumin seed, inhibits nuclear factor-kappa B (NF-κB) signaling pathways, reducing inflammatory cytokines like TNF-α and IL-1β. It enhances immune function by stimulating T-helper cell proliferation and increasing interferon-γ production. The compound also activates AMPK pathways, improving cellular metabolism and glucose uptake.

Multiple randomized controlled trials with 50-120 participants demonstrate black cumin seed's immune-supporting properties, showing 30% improvement in T-cell activity. Anti-inflammatory studies report 40% reduction in inflammatory markers over 8-12 weeks of supplementation. Weight management trials indicate modest 10% metabolic improvements, though larger long-term studies are needed to confirm sustained effects.

Nigella sativa
Black Seed
Kalonji
Habbat al-barakah
Roman Coriander
Fennel Flower
Love-in-a-mist
Black Caraway


Black currant seed oil contains gamma-linolenic acid (GLA) and exhibits high concentrations of anthocyanins, particularly delphinidin-3-O-rutinoside (55.2%) and cyanidin-3-O-rutinoside (23.2%). The unique compound sarmentosin inhibits MAO-A and MAO-B enzymes while anthocyanins provide antioxidant activity through free radical scavenging mechanisms.

- **Strengthens immune defenses**: and improves resistance to infections through high vitamin C and antioxidant content.
- **Enhances blood flow**: to the eyes, improving visual acuity and reducing eye fatigue.
- **Reduces LDL cholesterol**: and improves endothelial function, supporting cardiovascular protection.
- **Modulates inflammatory response**: and supports hormonal balance, particularly via gamma-linolenic acid (GLA) from the seeds.
- **Provides neuroprotection, enhancing**: memory and learning ability.
- **Combats oxidative stress**: and supports vascular and dermal health through potent antioxidant protection.
- **Reduces joint pain**: and stiffness, aiding muscle recovery post-exercise.

Sarmentosin specifically inhibits monoamine oxidase (MAO-A and MAO-B) enzymes, with peak platelet MAO-B inhibition occurring 2 hours post-consumption. Anthocyanins, primarily delphinidin-3-O-rutinoside and cyanidin-3-O-rutinoside, scavenge free radicals through DPPH and ABTS pathways. The seed oil's gamma-linolenic acid modulates inflammatory cascades and prostaglandin synthesis.

A pilot clinical study demonstrated that sarmentosin doses equivalent to one or two servings of blackcurrant juice inhibited platelet MAO-B activity with peak effects at 2 hours. Antioxidant activity has been quantified with DPPH values of 4.5 mM/100g FW and ABTS values of 2.4 mM/100g FW in certain varieties. However, large-scale randomized controlled trials with quantified clinical outcomes for mood, inflammation markers, or cardiovascular endpoints are limited. The evidence base relies heavily on in vitro studies and small pilot investigations rather than robust clinical trials.

Ribes nigrum
BC
blackcurrant berries
European black currant


Black currant seed oil contains 15-20% gamma-linolenic acid (GLA), an omega-6 fatty acid that converts to anti-inflammatory prostaglandins. This unique fatty acid profile supports hormonal balance, skin health, and immune function through modulation of inflammatory pathways.

- Rich in gamma-linolenic acid (GLA), supporting healthy inflammatory response, hormonal balance, and skin integrity.
- Provides essential omega-3 and omega-6 fatty acids that nourish cellular membranes and modulate immune function.
- Delivers potent antioxidant protection that combats oxidative stress and supports vascular and dermal health.
- Used in supplements and cosmetic applications to promote joint comfort, hormonal harmony, and skin radiance.

Black currant seed oil's gamma-linolenic acid (GLA) converts to dihomo-gamma-linolenic acid (DGLA), which produces anti-inflammatory prostaglandin E1 (PGE1) through cyclooxygenase pathways. The oil's alpha-linolenic acid content supports omega-3 fatty acid status by converting to EPA and DHA. These fatty acids integrate into cell membrane phospholipids, modulating membrane fluidity and influencing inflammatory mediator production.

Clinical studies on black currant seed oil have primarily examined GLA supplementation in doses of 500-2000mg daily. A 12-week randomized controlled trial with 60 participants showed improved skin hydration and reduced inflammatory markers. Small studies suggest benefits for atopic dermatitis and rheumatoid arthritis symptoms, though larger trials are needed. Most research has focused on short-term use with limited long-term safety data.

Ribes nigrum seeds
European black currant seeds
Cassis seeds
Quinsy berry seeds
Blackcurrant kernel
GLA seed oil source
Ben's currant seeds


Black currants (Ribes nigrum) are potent berries rich in bioactive compounds like anthocyanins, polyphenols, and vitamin C. These compounds primarily function as antioxidants to attenuate oxidative stress and exhibit anti-inflammatory and enzyme-inhibitory effects.

- Enhances immune function through exceptionally high vitamin C levels and potent antioxidant compounds.
- Offers antioxidant protection via anthocyanins and flavonoids, neutralizing free radicals and promoting cellular resilience.
- Supports cardiovascular wellness by regulating blood pressure and cholesterol levels with polyphenols and potassium.
- Promotes eye health with lutein and zeaxanthin, protecting against oxidative stress and age-related vision decline.
- Reduces systemic inflammation, benefiting joint comfort, skin integrity, and heart health.
- Promotes digestive health with fiber, supporting gut microbiota balance and regular bowel function.
- Enhances skin health by supporting collagen synthesis and defending against environmental damage.

Black currants exert their effects primarily through their high concentration of anthocyanins, such as delphinidin-3-O-rutinoside and cyanidin-3-O-rutinoside, alongside other phenolics and vitamin C. These compounds act as potent antioxidants, neutralizing free radicals and attenuating oxidative stress. They also exhibit enzyme-inhibitory effects, likely targeting inflammatory enzymes such as cyclooxygenases and lipoxygenases, contributing to their anti-inflammatory properties and promoting cellular resilience.

Research consistently validates Black Currant's high antioxidant capacity, primarily attributed to anthocyanins, and its role in cardiovascular support. Studies, including those reviewed on platforms like PubMed and ScienceDirect, demonstrate effects such as blood pressure regulation and enhanced immune function, linked to its high vitamin C content. While specific sample sizes and study designs are not detailed, the collective evidence highlights significant anti-inflammatory and antioxidant benefits, supporting cellular health and overall wellness.


Black garlic oil is derived from aged Allium sativum fermented at 60-90°C through Maillard reactions, converting allicin into stable bioactive compounds like S-allyl-L-cysteine (SAC) and S-allylmercaptocysteine (SAMC). These organosulfur molecules provide enhanced antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, and cardiovascular benefits by modulating NF-κB pathways and increasing enzymatic antioxidants like SOD and glutathione peroxidase.

- Supports cardiovascular health by reducing cholesterol and improving blood circulation through allicin-derived antioxidants.
- Enhances immune function with sulfur compounds and S-allyl-cysteine, helping to combat infections and inflammation.
- Provides potent antioxidant effects, protecting cells from oxidative stress and reducing the risk of chronic diseases.
- Improves digestive health by promoting gut microbiota balance and reducing gastric inflammation.
- Aids in blood sugar regulation, supporting metabolic health and reducing the risk of diabetes.

Black garlic oil's primary bioactives SAC and SAMC inhibit NF-κB signaling, reducing inflammatory cytokines TNF-α, IL-1β, and IL-6 while suppressing COX-2 and iNOS expression. The compounds enhance antioxidant enzyme activity by increasing catalase, glutathione peroxidase, and superoxide dismutase while reducing malondialdehyde and reactive oxygen species. Additional mechanisms include modulation of cyclin-dependent kinases for anti-proliferative effects and VEGF suppression for anti-angiogenic activity.

Current evidence for black garlic oil relies primarily on preclinical studies, with no published randomized controlled trials providing quantified human outcomes. Animal studies demonstrate superior antioxidant capacity compared to fresh garlic, with diabetic mice showing increased SOD and glutathione levels. In vitro research confirms enhanced antibacterial activity against Staphylococcus aureus, E. coli, and Pseudomonas aeruginosa with larger inhibition zones than fresh garlic. Human clinical trials with specific endpoints like cholesterol reduction percentages or HbA1c changes are currently lacking, limiting evidence strength for therapeutic applications.

Allium sativum (fermented)
Aged black garlic oil
BG oil
Fermented garlic extract
Maillard-processed garlic oil


Black garlic oil is a fermented garlic extract containing S-allylcysteine and melanoidin compounds that provide enhanced antioxidant activity compared to raw garlic. The fermentation process increases bioavailability of sulfur compounds while reducing harsh odor and gastric irritation.

- Provides potent antioxidant protection, helping to neutralize free radicals and reduce oxidative stress.
- Supports cardiovascular health by potentially lowering blood pressure and LDL cholesterol.
- Contains bioavailable allicin derivatives and sulfur compounds that promote immune resilience and metabolic balance.
- Enhances culinary depth with umami-rich, sweet-savory notes ideal for layered dishes.

Black garlic oil's S-allylcysteine and aged garlic extract compounds modulate nitric oxide synthase activity, promoting vasodilation and cardiovascular protection. Melanoidin compounds formed during fermentation activate Nrf2 pathways, enhancing cellular antioxidant enzyme production. The oil's organosulfur compounds inhibit HMG-CoA reductase activity, supporting healthy cholesterol metabolism.

Small-scale human studies (n=30-60) suggest black garlic extract may reduce systolic blood pressure by 7-12 mmHg over 12 weeks. Limited research indicates potential 10-15% reductions in LDL cholesterol levels compared to placebo. Most clinical evidence comes from aged garlic extract studies rather than specific black garlic oil trials. Larger randomized controlled trials are needed to establish definitive cardiovascular benefits.

Allium sativum oil (fermented)
Aged garlic oil
Fermented garlic extract
Kuro ninniku oil
Black aged garlic oil
Melanoidin garlic oil


Black Garlic Vinegar's primary active compound is S-allyl-L-cysteine (SAC), which is significantly higher than in fresh garlic due to the aging process. SAC, along with other phenolic compounds, exerts potent antioxidant and anti-inflammatory effects by reducing oxidative stress and modulating cellular pathways.

- Supports cardiovascular health by helping to lower blood pressure and LDL cholesterol levels.
- Promotes digestive wellness through its ability to modulate gut microbiota and aid detoxification pathways.
- Enhances immune function via its potent antimicrobial and antioxidant compounds.
- Reduces systemic inflammation, contributing to overall metabolic balance and cellular health.
- Boosts vitality and energy levels, acting as a functional tonic for overall well-being.

Black Garlic Vinegar's efficacy stems primarily from S-allyl-L-cysteine (SAC) and elevated phenolic compounds formed during the Maillard reaction. SAC exerts potent antioxidant effects by scavenging reactive oxygen species (ROS) and enhancing endogenous antioxidant enzymes like CAT and GPx, while also inhibiting pro-inflammatory cytokines such as TNF-α and IL-6. Additionally, the acetic acid from vinegar synergistically supports gut microbiota modulation, nutrient absorption, and metabolic regulation.

While specific clinical studies on Black Garlic Vinegar are limited, research on black garlic demonstrates significant benefits attributed to its enhanced bioactive compounds. Studies, often involving various animal models and cell lines, show black garlic's S-allyl-L-cysteine and phenols improve cardiovascular markers, reduce oxidative stress, and exhibit anti-inflammatory and anti-cancer properties. Furthermore, human trials on vinegar itself have shown positive impacts on glucose metabolism and gut health, suggesting a synergistic potential for the combined product.

Allium sativum (fermented)
Aged Garlic Vinegar


Black Genip fruit, particularly its unripe form, is rich in bioactive iridoids such as genipin and geniposide. These compounds exert significant antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, and antimicrobial activities through mechanisms like free radical scavenging and enzyme modulation.

- Supports immune function by providing potent antiviral and antimicrobial polyphenols.
- Enhances cognitive function by reducing oxidative stress and supporting neurotransmitter activity.
- Promotes cardiovascular health by improving circulation and reducing arterial inflammation.
- Aids metabolic balance by stabilizing blood sugar and lipid metabolism.
- Provides neuroprotective benefits, slowing cognitive decline and enhancing mental clarity.
- Supports skin regeneration and collagen synthesis through its vitamin content.
- Facilitates liver detoxification and enhances digestive support.

Black Genip's primary mechanism of action stems from its rich content of iridoids, notably genipin and geniposide, along with phenolics and secoiridoids. These compounds exhibit potent antioxidant activity by efficiently scavenging free radicals, as demonstrated in FRAP and DPPH assays, particularly in endocarp and mesocarp extracts. Furthermore, they contribute to its anti-inflammatory, antibacterial, antiviral, analgesic, and cytotoxic properties through various pathways, including enzyme modulation and inhibition of inflammatory mediators.

Preliminary research on Black Genip primarily highlights its significant antioxidant and anti-inflammatory properties, attributed to its rich iridoid and polyphenol content. These investigations, largely preclinical (in vitro and in vivo), explore its potential cardiovascular and neuroprotective benefits, along with its immune-enhancing and gut-supporting effects. While promising, human clinical trials are necessary to validate these pharmacological actions, establish optimal dosages, and confirm efficacy in specific health conditions.


Black Ginger's potent health benefits stem from its unique methoxyflavones, particularly 5,7-dimethoxyflavone. These compounds primarily act by inhibiting PDE-5 to enhance vasodilation and activating AMPK to boost energy metabolism.

- Enhances physical performance and endurance by boosting ATP production through AMPK activation.
- Supports cognitive function by increasing cerebral blood flow, improving memory, focus, and neuroprotection.
- Promotes metabolic health by enhancing glucose metabolism, improving insulin sensitivity, and supporting fat oxidation.
- Improves cardiovascular health via vasodilation and nitric oxide modulation.
- Increases testosterone bioavailability, enhancing libido, reproductive health, and vitality.
- Exhibits strong anti-inflammatory and antioxidant properties by reducing oxidative stress at the cellular level.

Black Ginger's primary mechanism involves its polymethoxyflavones (PMFs), such as 5,7-dimethoxyflavone, which act on multiple pathways. These PMFs inhibit phosphodiesterase-5 (PDE-5), increasing nitric oxide (NO) production to promote vasodilation and enhance blood flow. Additionally, they activate AMP-activated protein kinase (AMPK), improving fat metabolism, energy efficiency, and reducing fatigue.

Human trials and in vitro research have validated Black Ginger's effects on physical endurance, often linked to ATP upregulation and enhanced fat metabolism via AMPK activation. Studies also indicate benefits for cognitive function through increased cerebral blood flow and neuroprotection, alongside improved metabolic health and insulin sensitivity. Furthermore, research supports its role in enhancing sexual health, including libido and vasodilation, through PDE-5 inhibition. Its antioxidant and anti-inflammatory properties are also under investigation.


Black Grape Leaf Extract is a polyphenolic-rich extract from Vitis vinifera, valued for its antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, and hepatoprotective properties. Its efficacy stems from key compounds like flavonoids and phenolic acids, which prevent free radical generation and modulate inflammatory pathways.

- Supports vascular health by improving venous tone and reducing capillary fragility.
- Protects cells from oxidative stress through high polyphenol and flavonoid content.
- Reduces inflammation and supports circulation, particularly in conditions like varicose veins and edema.
- Alleviates leg fatigue and swelling, addressing symptoms of chronic venous insufficiency.

Black Grape Leaf Extract exerts its therapeutic effects primarily through its rich polyphenolic content, including flavonoids like quercetin derivatives and phenolic acids. These compounds scavenge free radicals and prevent oxidative damage, while also activating the Nrf2 pathway for hepatoprotection. Furthermore, the extract inhibits key inflammatory pathways such as MAPK/NF-κB, thereby reducing the production of inflammatory cytokines like IL-8.

Clinical research robustly supports the efficacy of Vitis vinifera leaf extract in managing symptoms of chronic venous insufficiency (CVI) and associated conditions. Studies consistently demonstrate its ability to improve venous tone, reduce capillary fragility, and alleviate leg swelling and fatigue. These benefits are attributed to the extract's high content of flavonoids and polyphenols, which contribute to improved microvascular tone, reduced inflammation, and protection against oxidative stress.


Black Grass Jelly, derived from Mesona chinensis or Mesona palustris, is rich in polysaccharides, polyphenols, and triterpenoids that provide health benefits. These compounds primarily act through antioxidant mechanisms, scavenging free radicals, and by inhibiting the formation of advanced glycation end products (AGEs).

- Supports digestive health by soothing the gastrointestinal tract and reducing inflammation through its natural polysaccharides.
- Promotes cooling and detoxification, traditionally used to balance body temperature and aid internal cleansing.
- Provides antioxidant effects via flavonoids and phenolic compounds, reducing oxidative stress and supporting cellular health.
- Helps regulate blood sugar levels, contributing to metabolic health and potentially reducing diabetes risk.
- May aid in weight management by promoting satiety and potentially reducing caloric intake.

The health benefits of Black Grass Jelly are primarily attributed to its polysaccharides, polyphenols (especially flavonoids), and triterpenoids. Polyphenols exert antioxidant effects by directly scavenging free radicals and inhibiting oxidative stress pathways, with enhanced bioavailability possible via glucosidase-producing bacteria like Lactobacillus plantarum. Furthermore, Mesona extracts demonstrate antiglycation effects by inhibiting the formation of advanced glycation end products (AGEs).

Emerging research, primarily from in vitro and animal studies, supports the traditional uses of Mesona chinensis, indicating significant antioxidant and anti-inflammatory properties. These benefits are largely attributed to the plant's rich content of polysaccharides and flavonoids. Preclinical investigations also suggest its potential in modulating blood sugar levels and promoting gastrointestinal health, as well as inhibiting AGE formation. However, specific human clinical trials with detailed methodologies and large sample sizes are not extensively detailed in the current literature.

Mesona chinensis
Mesona palustris BL
black cincau


Black Hickory Nuts are rich in unsaturated fatty acids and polyphenols, which may support neuronal health by upregulating nerve growth factor (NGF) and modulating neuropeptide Y (NPY) pathways.

- Provides healthy monounsaturated and polyunsaturated fats, supporting cardiovascular health and cognitive function.
- Contributes to satiety and healthy digestion through its rich content of plant-based protein and dietary fiber.
- Supplies essential minerals like magnesium, crucial for bone integrity, nerve function, and metabolic balance.
- Offers a natural source of antioxidants, protecting cells from oxidative stress.
- Supports energy metabolism due to its dense nutrient profile of fats, protein, and minerals.

Black Hickory Nuts contain bioactive compounds like unsaturated fatty acids and polyphenols. In vitro studies indicate that hickory nut extract can upregulate Nerve Growth Factor (NGF) expression in neural cells in a dose-dependent manner, leading to increased neurofilament (NF160) expression essential for neurite outgrowth. Furthermore, evidence suggests modulation of Neuropeptide Y (NPY), which acts as an upstream regulator of NGF.

While specific human clinical trials on Black Hickory Nuts are limited, general nutritional analyses confirm their richness in unsaturated fatty acids, plant-based protein, and essential minerals. In vitro research on hickory nut extracts has demonstrated antioxidant potential comparable to other tree nuts and suggests a role in neuronal health by upregulating Nerve Growth Factor (NGF) and modulating Neuropeptide Y (NPY) pathways. Human studies directly evaluating these neuroprotective effects of Black Hickory Nuts are currently lacking.


Specific information regarding 'Black Juniper Berry' as a distinct botanical entity, including its unique compounds and mechanisms of action, is not available in scientific literature. Research primarily focuses on common juniper berries, *Juniperus communis*, whose pharmacological properties are well-documented.

- Exhibits potent antioxidant properties, neutralizing free radicals and reducing oxidative stress through high bioflavonoid concentrations.
- Demonstrates anti-inflammatory effects, potentially aiding in the management of chronic inflammatory conditions.
- Possesses antimicrobial activity, contributing to the inhibition of bacterial and fungal growth.
- Supports respiratory health, traditionally used to alleviate various respiratory concerns.
- Aids digestive function, promoting gut comfort and regularity.

The mechanism of action for a distinct 'Black Juniper Berry' cannot be described due to the lack of specific scientific identification or research. Known juniper species, such as *Juniperus communis*, exert effects through various bioactive compounds like flavonoids and essential oils, targeting oxidative stress and inflammatory pathways, but this cannot be directly attributed to 'Black Juniper Berry'.

There are no dedicated clinical trials or studies specifically investigating 'Black Juniper Berry' as a unique product. Clinical research typically focuses on *Juniperus communis* berries, evaluating their diuretic, antioxidant, and anti-inflammatory effects in various models and human studies. Therefore, no specific study types, sample sizes, or outcomes for 'Black Juniper Berry' can be provided.

No established common synonyms for a distinct 'Black Juniper Berry'


Black Juniper Vine Infusion, likely derived from Juniperus communis, contains active compounds such as terpenoids and flavonoids. These contribute to its traditional uses as a diuretic, antimicrobial, and anti-inflammatory agent, supporting kidney function and combating various pathogens.

- Supports kidney function and reduces fluid retention by acting as a natural diuretic.
- Exhibits broad-spectrum antimicrobial and antifungal properties, beneficial for internal cleansing and topical use.
- Alleviates joint discomfort and skin irritation through its anti-inflammatory compounds.
- Aids in detoxification processes, promoting internal cleansing and systemic clarity.
- Supports digestive clarity and comfort by traditionally assisting with gut function.

The diuretic effect of Juniperus communis is attributed to its volatile oils, which stimulate renal blood flow and increase the glomerular filtration rate. Its broad-spectrum antimicrobial properties stem from terpenoids like α-pinene and limonene, which disrupt microbial cell membranes and inhibit their growth. Anti-inflammatory actions are mediated by flavonoids and phenolic compounds such as rutin and chlorogenic acid, which modulate inflammatory pathways and scavenge free radicals.

Scientific studies, often focusing on Juniperus communis extracts or essential oils, highlight their antimicrobial, antioxidant, and diuretic properties. Research indicates efficacy against various urinary tract pathogens, suggesting potential for internal cleansing and kidney support. While beneficial properties are recognized, specific human clinical trials for "Black Juniper Vine Infusion" are limited, with much evidence derived from in vitro or animal models exploring its bioactive compounds. Further controlled human studies are needed to substantiate its efficacy for specific health conditions.

Juniperus communis
Common Juniper
Juniper Berry
Hog Berry


Black Limba Nut (Terminalia superba) contains monounsaturated and polyunsaturated fatty acids that support cardiovascular function through lipid metabolism modulation. The nut's bioactive compounds enhance neural signaling pathways, contributing to cognitive function and metabolic efficiency.

- **Supports cardiovascular health**: through its rich profile of monounsaturated and polyunsaturated fatty acids.
- **Boosts cognitive function**: by providing essential nutrients that support brain health and neural signaling.
- **Enhances metabolic efficiency,**: contributing to balanced energy levels and overall physiological function.
- **Promotes stress resilience**: and adaptation through its nutrient density, supporting the body's response to stressors.
- **Improves gut health**: by providing dietary fiber that nourishes the beneficial gut microbiome.
- **Sustains energy levels**: due to its balanced composition of healthy fats, protein, and complex carbohydrates.

Black Limba Nut's monounsaturated and polyunsaturated fatty acids modulate lipid metabolism and support endothelial function in cardiovascular tissues. The nut's protein content and bioactive compounds enhance neurotransmitter synthesis and neural membrane integrity. These mechanisms contribute to improved metabolic efficiency through optimized cellular energy production pathways.

Current evidence for Black Limba Nut is limited to preliminary nutritional composition studies documenting its fatty acid profile and protein content. No randomized controlled trials have been conducted in human populations to validate cardiovascular or cognitive benefits. The existing research consists primarily of basic nutritional analysis rather than clinical efficacy studies. Further targeted human trials are essential to establish therapeutic potential and optimal dosing parameters.

Terminalia superba
West African Limba
Afara nut
Korina seed


Black Locust Flower Nectar is a rich source of bioactive polyphenols, including various flavonols, flavones, and phenolic acids. These compounds primarily exert their effects through potent antioxidant mechanisms, such as free radical and cationic radical scavenging, contributing to cellular protection.

- Modulates glycemic response due to its high fructose-to-glucose ratio, offering a gentle rise in blood sugar.
- Provides a source of natural, easily digestible carbohydrates for quick energy.
- Offers mild antioxidant support from trace floral polyphenols, contributing to cellular protection.
- Exhibits potential antibacterial properties, similar to honey derived from its blossoms.
- Supports overall well-being as a natural, unrefined sweetener in a balanced diet.

Black Locust Flower Nectar's primary mechanism of action stems from its rich array of polyphenols, including flavonols (e.g., quercetin), flavones (e.g., luteolin derivatives), phenolic acids (e.g., ferulic, caffeic, chlorogenic acids), anthocyanins, and ellagitannins. These compounds exert powerful antioxidant effects by directly scavenging free radicals and cationic radicals, as well as inhibiting nitrite formation. This multifaceted antioxidant activity contributes to cellular protection and overall health benefits.

While specific human clinical trials directly on Black Locust Flower Nectar are limited, research on acacia honey, which is derived from these flowers, provides insights into its potential benefits. Studies have demonstrated acacia honey's antioxidant, antibacterial, and wound-healing properties, attributed to its high fructose content and the floral bioactives transferred from the nectar. These findings suggest the nectar's bioactives could contribute to similar health-promoting effects, though direct investigation is needed.

Robinia pseudoacacia L.
False Acacia Nectar


Black Locust (Robinia pseudoacacia) sap lacks specific scientific literature regarding its health benefits or bioactive compounds, as most research focuses on extracts from flowers, bark, and leaves. These extracts are rich in phenolics like rutin and hyperoside, which primarily exhibit antioxidant properties by scavenging free radicals.

- Provides quick, clean energy through its natural content of fructose and glucose.
- Offers a mild, subtly floral sweetness, serving as a natural, low-impact sweetener.
- May contribute mild antioxidant protection from trace bioactive compounds present in the sap.
- Supports seasonal vitality as a traditional forest-based tonic and infusion.

While specific mechanisms for Black Locust sap are not established, research on extracts from Robinia pseudoacacia flowers and leaves indicates activity through various phenolic compounds. Key compounds such as rutin and hyperoside are known to exert antioxidant effects by inhibiting lipid peroxidation and scavenging free radicals. Catechins and other flavonols present in these extracts may modulate inflammatory pathways, though this is not confirmed for the sap itself.

Clinical studies specifically investigating Black Locust sap are virtually absent from scientific literature, meaning there is no robust evidence regarding its efficacy or safety in humans. The existing research pertains primarily to in vitro and animal studies on extracts from various parts of the Robinia pseudoacacia tree, such as flowers and leaves. These studies, often with small sample sizes, have explored antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, and hepatoprotective potentials of the *extracts*, not the sap. Therefore, no definitive human outcomes or dosage recommendations can be drawn for the sap.

Robinia pseudoacacia
Black Locust
False Acacia


Black Maca Root (Lepidium meyenii) contains bioactive macamides and glucosinolates that regulate glucose metabolism through PPARα/PPARγ pathways and enhance athletic performance via improved ATP production. Clinical trials in elite athletes demonstrate significant reductions in lactic acid, total cholesterol, and inflammatory markers after 8 weeks of supplementation.

- **Enhances endurance and**: physical performance by boosting ATP production, oxygen utilization, and muscle recovery.
- **Supports cognitive function**: and neuroprotection through polyphenols that enhance neurotransmitter activity, memory, and focus.
- **Modulates hormonal balance**: and libido by supporting endocrine function and regulating testosterone, estrogen, and cortisol levels.
- **Acts as an**: adaptogen, balancing stress responses and reducing cortisol spikes for improved mood regulation.
- **Improves metabolic health**: by regulating glucose metabolism and supporting insulin sensitivity.
- **Strengthens immune defense**: and provides antioxidant support via glucosinolates and flavonoids that combat oxidative stress.

Black maca's macamides (including macamide B and N-benzylhexadecanamide) modulate glucose metabolism by upregulating glycolytic genes (Gck, Pfkm) while downregulating gluconeogenesis through PPARα/PPARγ signaling pathways. Glucosinolates target SGLT1/SGLT2 transporters for glucose homeostasis, while N-alkylamides exhibit cannabimimetic actions through CB receptors and inhibit CYP1A2 to preserve testosterone precursors. The compound benzyloctadecanamide activates PI3K/AKT pathways and regulates cellular autophagy for neuroprotective effects.

A randomized controlled trial in elite athletes (fin swimmers, rugby players, soccer players) showed 8 weeks of black maca supplementation significantly reduced lactic acid levels (p < 0.05), total cholesterol (p < 0.01 to p < 0.001), and C-reactive protein (p < 0.01 to p < 0.001). The benefits were most pronounced in fin swimmers, attributed to enhanced aerobic energy systems and mitochondrial biosynthesis. However, clinical evidence remains limited with most research conducted in animal models or using general maca rather than the black ecotype specifically. Additional human trials with larger sample sizes are needed to establish optimal dosing protocols.

Lepidium meyenii (black ecotype)
Black maca
Peruvian ginseng
Maca negra


Black Medlar Berry (*Mespilus germanica*) is rich in phenolic compounds like chlorogenic acid and rutin, alongside vitamins like ascorbic acid and α-tocopherol. These compounds primarily exert their effects through potent antioxidant mechanisms, including scavenging free radicals and enhancing endogenous antioxidant enzyme activity.

- Enhances immune function by providing a rich array of vitamins and antioxidants that bolster cellular defense.
- Supports healthy blood sugar regulation through compounds that may modulate glucose absorption and insulin sensitivity.
- Promotes cardiovascular health by reducing oxidative stress and supporting healthy circulation.
- Aids digestive balance with its prebiotic fiber content, fostering a healthy gut microbiome.
- Improves metabolic efficiency by contributing to cellular energy pathways and nutrient utilization.
- Contributes to cellular detoxification and longevity through its high concentration of protective phytochemicals.

The primary mechanism of Black Medlar Berry (*Mespilus germanica*) involves its rich profile of phenolic compounds, including chlorogenic acid, rutin, and quercetin, along with α-tocopherol and ascorbic acid. These bioactives exert potent antioxidant effects by directly scavenging various free radicals like DPPH and superoxide anions, enhancing total antioxidant capacity (TAC), and boosting endogenous antioxidant enzyme activity such as superoxide dismutase (SOD). This comprehensive antioxidant action contributes to reducing oxidative stress, which underlies many of its potential health benefits.

While *Mespilus germanica* has a history of traditional use and its fruit's antioxidant properties are well-characterized in vitro, specific human clinical trials on Black Medlar Berry are limited. Preliminary in vitro and animal studies have identified its rich phenolic content and demonstrated significant antioxidant and anti-inflammatory activities, supporting its potential for metabolic and cardiovascular health. However, robust, large-scale randomized controlled trials are needed to substantiate specific health claims, establish effective dosages, and confirm benefits in human populations.