Crayfish extract contains glucosamine, chondroitin, and collagen that support joint cartilage synthesis and skin elasticity. These bioactive compounds work by providing structural building blocks for connective tissue repair and maintenance.

- Supports joint health by providing glucosamine and chondroitin, essential for cartilage repair and reducing joint pain. - Enhances skin health with collagen, promoting elasticity and reducing wrinkles. - Boosts immune function through antioxidants that protect cells from damage and enhance resilience. - Improves cardiovascular health by reducing LDL cholesterol levels, supporting heart function. - Aids in digestion with enzymes that enhance nutrient absorption and gut health. - Promotes energy metabolism by supplying B vitamins, crucial for converting food into energy. - Supports liver health by providing detoxifying compounds that aid in toxin removal.

Glucosamine from crayfish extract stimulates chondrocyte proliferation and proteoglycan synthesis in joint cartilage through the hexosamine biosynthetic pathway. Chondroitin sulfate inhibits cartilage-degrading enzymes like collagenase and elastase while promoting hyaluronic acid production. The collagen peptides enhance dermal fibroblast activity and collagen type I synthesis.

Limited human studies exist specifically for crayfish extract, with most research focusing on individual components. Glucosamine studies show 1,500mg daily reduces joint pain by 20-30% in osteoarthritis patients over 3-6 months. Marine-derived collagen studies demonstrate 2.5-5g daily improves skin elasticity by 15-20% after 8-12 weeks. More targeted research on crayfish extract formulations is needed to establish optimal dosing and efficacy.

Astacus astacus
Crawfish extract
Freshwater lobster extract
Mudbugs extract
Procambarus clarkii extract
Craw extract
Écrevisse extract


Creapure is a premium German-manufactured creatine monohydrate with >99.95% purity, produced by AlzChem Trostberg. It enhances ATP regeneration through the creatine-phosphocreatine system, rapidly replenishing cellular energy during high-intensity exercise.

- Enhances muscle strength: Creapure is a pure form of creatine monohydrate, increasing muscle strength and power. This is essential for athletes and bodybuilders seeking performance gains. - Boosts energy production: Creatine supports ATP regeneration, the primary energy source for cells, enhancing endurance and reducing fatigue. This is crucial for prolonged physical activity. - Supports muscle recovery: Creapure reduces muscle damage and inflammation post-exercise, speeding up recovery. This allows for more frequent and intense workouts. - Increases lean muscle mass: By promoting water retention in muscle cells, Creapure enhances muscle volume and growth. This contributes to a more defined and muscular physique. - Improves cognitive function: Creatine supports brain energy metabolism, enhancing cognitive performance and memory. This is beneficial for both mental and physical tasks. - Reduces muscle fatigue: By buffering lactic acid build-up, Creapure delays muscle fatigue during high-intensity exercise. This allows for longer and more effective workouts. - Supports overall health: Creatine has been shown to support heart health and reduce the risk of neurodegenerative diseases. This promotes long-term health and well-being.

Creapure increases intramuscular phosphocreatine stores, which rapidly regenerate ATP from ADP via the creatine kinase enzyme system. During high-intensity exercise, phosphocreatine donates phosphate groups to ADP, maintaining cellular energy levels when glycolytic and oxidative systems cannot meet demand. This mechanism primarily benefits type II muscle fibers during explosive movements lasting 10-15 seconds.

Meta-analyses of randomized controlled trials consistently show creatine monohydrate increases strength by 5-15% and power output by 1-5% across various populations. A landmark study of 100 athletes found 20g daily for 6 days increased muscle phosphocreatine by 20% and improved repeated sprint performance. Long-term studies spanning 6 months demonstrate sustained benefits in resistance training adaptations. Evidence quality is high with over 500 published studies supporting efficacy.

N-(aminoiminomethyl)-N-methylglycine
creatine monohydrate
methylguanidino acetic acid
Cr
German creatine
pure creatine
pharmaceutical grade creatine

Legacy index-continuity record: the score and narrative are provisional and must not be represented as validated or human-approved.


Creatine HCl (creatine hydrochloride) is a phosphocreatine precursor that regenerates ATP during high-intensity exercise through the phosphocreatine system. This highly bioavailable form enhances muscle power output, strength, and may support cognitive function in energy-demanding tasks.

- Enhances ATP production, boosting cellular energy and performance by up to 15% in athletes. This increase supports prolonged physical exertion. - Increases muscle mass and strength by promoting protein synthesis, essential for muscle recovery and growth. - Improves cognitive function by enhancing brain phosphocreatine levels, aiding in mental clarity and focus. - Supports cardiovascular health by improving blood flow and reducing fatigue, essential for heart function. - Enhances recovery from intense workouts by reducing muscle damage and inflammation. - Boosts endurance by delaying the onset of muscle fatigue, allowing for longer training sessions. - Supports bone health by increasing bone mineral density, crucial for preventing injuries.

Creatine HCl donates phosphate groups to ADP molecules via the creatine kinase enzyme system, rapidly regenerating ATP in muscle and brain tissue. The hydrochloride salt form increases solubility and absorption compared to creatine monohydrate. This enhanced bioavailability allows for more efficient phosphocreatine system saturation at lower doses.

Randomized controlled trials with 20-30 participants demonstrate 5-15% increases in power output and strength gains during high-intensity exercise protocols. Studies typically use 3-5g daily doses and show benefits within 5-7 days, faster than monohydrate forms. Cognitive studies are limited but suggest improved working memory during mental fatigue tasks. Evidence is strongest for short-duration, high-intensity performance benefits.


Creatine monohydrate is a phosphocreatine precursor that rapidly regenerates ATP during high-intensity exercise by donating phosphate groups. It enhances muscle power output, strength, and lean mass through increased cellular energy availability and protein synthesis stimulation.

- Enhances ATP production for improved energy and performance, providing muscles with the fuel needed for intense workouts. This can lead to increased stamina and endurance. - Increases muscle mass and strength by promoting protein synthesis, which is crucial for muscle growth and repair. - Supports brain health by improving cognitive function and reducing mental fatigue, which can enhance focus and concentration. - Aids in recovery by reducing muscle damage and inflammation post-exercise, allowing for quicker recovery times. - Supports bone health by increasing bone mineral density, reducing the risk of fractures and osteoporosis. - Enhances athletic performance by improving sprinting and high-intensity exercise capabilities, leading to better overall performance. - Supports cellular hydration by drawing water into muscle cells, which can improve muscle function and reduce the risk of cramps.

Creatine monohydrate increases intramuscular phosphocreatine stores, which rapidly regenerates ATP from ADP via the creatine kinase enzyme system during high-energy demands. This phosphagen system provides immediate energy for muscle contractions lasting 1-10 seconds. Additionally, creatine activates satellite cells and increases IGF-1 signaling, promoting muscle protein synthesis and hypertrophy.

Meta-analyses of over 100 randomized controlled trials consistently show creatine monohydrate increases strength by 5-15% and lean mass by 1-2kg over 4-12 weeks. Studies typically use 3-5g daily doses with sample sizes ranging from 20-200 participants. The International Society of Sports Nutrition recognizes creatine as the most effective ergogenic supplement for high-intensity exercise. Evidence quality is considered high with consistent results across diverse populations.

N-methylguanidino acetic acid
Cr
Methylguanidine-acetic acid
Creatine hydrate
α-methylguanidino acetic acid
N-(aminoiminomethyl)-N-methylglycine
Креатин моногидрат


Creatine monohydrate is a dietary supplement that increases phosphocreatine stores in muscles, rapidly regenerating ATP during high-intensity exercise. Creapure is a patented form of creatine monohydrate manufactured in Germany with superior purity standards.

- Increases muscle strength by enhancing ATP production, the primary energy carrier in cells, leading to improved performance. - Boosts muscle mass by promoting water retention in muscle cells, contributing to a 5-10% increase in muscle size. - Enhances recovery by reducing muscle cell damage and inflammation after intense workouts. - Improves cognitive function by increasing phosphocreatine stores in the brain, supporting mental clarity and focus. - Supports bone health by increasing bone mineral density, reducing the risk of osteoporosis. - Enhances sprint performance, with studies showing a 15% improvement in short-duration, high-intensity activities. - Aids in muscle endurance by delaying the onset of fatigue, allowing for longer and more intense training sessions.

Creatine monohydrate increases intramuscular phosphocreatine stores, which donate phosphate groups to ADP via the creatine kinase enzyme to rapidly regenerate ATP during high-intensity exercise. This enhanced ATP availability supports increased power output and reduces fatigue during repeated bouts of intense activity. Creatine also promotes cellular hydration by drawing water into muscle cells.

Over 500 peer-reviewed studies support creatine monohydrate's efficacy for enhancing athletic performance. Meta-analyses show 5-15% increases in maximum power output and up to 30% increases in high-intensity exercise capacity. Studies consistently demonstrate 1-3kg increases in lean body mass within 1-2 weeks, primarily from increased muscle water content. Evidence is strongest for high-intensity, short-duration activities lasting less than 30 seconds.


Creatine nitrate combines creatine monohydrate with nitrate groups to enhance both ATP regeneration and nitric oxide production. This dual mechanism increases muscle strength while improving blood flow and nutrient delivery to working muscles.

- Enhances muscle strength by increasing nitric oxide levels, leading to improved blood flow and nutrient delivery. - Boosts endurance by reducing the oxygen cost of exercise, allowing for longer performance durations. - Supports muscle recovery by reducing lactic acid buildup, minimizing post-exercise soreness. - Improves cognitive performance by enhancing cerebral blood flow, supporting focus and mental clarity. - Aids in muscle growth by promoting protein synthesis, contributing to a 10% increase in lean muscle mass. - Enhances cardiovascular health by improving endothelial function, reducing blood pressure and heart disease risk. - Increases sprint performance, with studies indicating a 20% improvement in high-intensity, short-duration activities.

Creatine nitrate functions through two pathways: the creatine component increases phosphocreatine stores for rapid ATP regeneration via the creatine kinase enzyme system. The nitrate portion is reduced to nitric oxide through the nitrate-nitrite-NO pathway, activating guanylyl cyclase to produce cGMP, which triggers vasodilation and improved blood flow.

Limited clinical research exists specifically on creatine nitrate compared to creatine monohydrate. Small preliminary studies suggest 3-6g daily may improve power output by 8-12% and reduce fatigue during high-intensity exercise. Most evidence extrapolates from separate creatine and nitrate research, with creatine showing consistent benefits across 500+ studies and nitrate demonstrating 4-8% endurance improvements in multiple trials.


Cress leaf contains high concentrations of nitrates that convert to nitric oxide, promoting vasodilation and improved cardiovascular function. The glucosinolates and vitamin C in cress leaf provide potent antioxidant activity that protects cells from oxidative damage.

Supports cardiovascular health by regulating blood pressure and improving circulation through high nitrate content; combats oxidative stress with vitamin C, beta-carotene, and flavonoids supporting cellular health and immune resilience; aids digestive wellness by stimulating enzymes and promoting gut microbiome balance through dietary fiber; enhances detoxification through glucosinolates supporting liver function; supports bone health with calcium and vitamin K; aids cognitive function through folate and iron; promotes skin health with vitamins A and C

Cress leaf's nitrates are converted to nitric oxide via the nitrate-nitrite-NO pathway, activating guanylate cyclase to produce cGMP and induce smooth muscle relaxation in blood vessels. Glucosinolates like gluconasturtiin are hydrolyzed to isothiocyanates that activate Nrf2 transcription factor, upregulating antioxidant enzyme expression including glutathione peroxidase and catalase.

Limited clinical research exists specifically on cress leaf supplementation. A small pilot study (n=24) showed watercress consumption (similar species) increased plasma antioxidant activity by 17% after 8 weeks. One randomized controlled trial (n=60) found that cruciferous vegetable extracts containing similar compounds reduced inflammatory markers by 12-18%. Most evidence comes from in vitro studies demonstrating glucosinolate bioactivity, though human clinical data remains sparse.

Lepidium sativum
Garden Cress
Peppergrass
Curly Cress
Broadleaf Cress
Halim
Chandrasur


Cress root (Lepidium sativum) is rich in glucosinolates, flavonoids (kaempferol, quercetin), and imidazole alkaloids (lepidine) that activate the Nrf2-ARE detoxification pathway and scavenge free radicals, with DPPH radical scavenging documented at 26.55±0.21% in seed oil extracts. As a Brassicaceae family member closely related to Lepidium meyenii (maca), its bioactive isothiocyanates modulate antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, and endocrine pathways as reviewed in Lepidium genus research (da Silva Leitão Peres et al., 2020, Food Funct; PMID 31951246).

- **Supports cardiovascular health**: by regulating blood pressure and improving circulation through its high nitrate content.
- **Combats oxidative stress**: with Vitamin C, beta-carotene, and flavonoids, supporting cellular health and immune resilience.
- **Aids digestive wellness**: by stimulating enzymes and promoting gut microbiome balance through dietary fiber and glucosinolates.
- **Enhances detoxification processes**: by supporting liver function through its glucosinolate content.
- **Supports bone health**: with essential minerals like calcium and Vitamin K.
- **Aids cognitive function**: through its folate and iron content, supporting neural processes.
- **Promotes skin health**: with vitamins A and C, contributing to collagen synthesis and cellular repair.

Cress root's glucosinolates (primarily glucotropaeolin) are enzymatically hydrolyzed by endogenous myrosinase upon tissue disruption into benzyl isothiocyanate (BITC) and other bioactive isothiocyanates, which activate the Nrf2-ARE (nuclear factor erythroid 2-related factor 2–antioxidant response element) signaling pathway by modifying Keap1 cysteine residues, thereby releasing Nrf2 for nuclear translocation. This upregulates phase II detoxification enzymes including glutathione S-transferase (GST), NAD(P)H:quinone oxidoreductase 1 (NQO1), and heme oxygenase-1 (HO-1), collectively enhancing cellular antioxidant capacity and xenobiotic clearance. Flavonoid constituents—kaempferol and quercetin—further contribute by chelating transition metal ions (Fe²⁺, Cu²⁺), inhibiting xanthine oxidase and lipoxygenase, and modulating NF-κB-mediated inflammatory signaling. The imidazole alkaloid lepidine and its derivatives (lepidine B, C, D) exhibit additional radical scavenging activity through electron donation to DPPH and superoxide radicals, as characterized in Lepidium genus phytochemical analyses (PMID 31951246).

Human clinical evidence remains extremely limited, with only one uncontrolled trial in bronchial asthma patients reporting symptomatic improvement without quantified outcomes or dosage specification. Preclinical studies demonstrate stronger evidence, including a 12-week rat study where 200 mg/kg daily reversed CCl4-induced hepatotoxicity by restoring liver enzyme levels and antioxidant markers. In vitro antimicrobial studies show leaf oil achieving MIC values of 0.05 µg/ml against Staphylococcus aureus. Most research focuses on seeds and leaves rather than roots specifically, limiting direct clinical applicability.

Lepidium sativum
Garden cress
Garden cress root
Peppergrass


Cretan Dictamnus Herb (*Origanum dictamnus*) contains the key phenol carvacrol, which exerts antimicrobial, antibacterial, and antifungal effects by disrupting microbial cell membranes. Additionally, its rich profile of flavones, flavonols, and hydroxycinnamic acid derivatives provides significant antioxidant and antiglycative activity.

- Reduces oxidative stress with a high concentration of flavonoids and other antioxidants, protecting cellular integrity.
- Supports digestive health by promoting gut comfort and aiding in the alleviation of indigestion.
- Enhances immune function through its bioactive compounds, bolstering the body's natural defenses.
- Promotes skin health by providing anti-inflammatory and antimicrobial benefits, supporting rejuvenation.
- Provides anti-inflammatory benefits, helping to modulate systemic inflammation and support overall wellness.

The primary mechanism of action of Cretan Dictamnus is attributed to carvacrol, a phenol that disrupts microbial cell membranes, leading to significant antimicrobial, antibacterial, and antifungal effects. Furthermore, the herb's flavones, flavonols, and hydroxycinnamic acid derivatives contribute to its antioxidant and antiradical activity, and its antiglycative effects inhibit the formation of advanced glycation end-products, supporting cellular health.

Multiple studies have investigated Cretan Dictamnus Herb, particularly focusing on its essential oil content, which is rich in carvacrol. Research has validated its traditional uses, documenting its antimicrobial and anti-inflammatory properties, alongside its digestive health, skin health, and immune-boosting effects. Investigations highlight its antioxidant capabilities, stemming from flavones and other phenolic compounds, which reduce oxidative stress and protect cellular integrity. While specific study types and sample sizes are not detailed, the collective evidence supports its bioactive properties and traditional applications.


Cricket flour contains all nine essential amino acids and provides up to 65% protein by weight, making it a complete protein source comparable to animal proteins. Its chitin content acts as a prebiotic fiber, supporting gut microbiome diversity and digestive health.

- Provides a complete protein source, supporting muscle growth and repair. Its amino acid profile is ideal for athletes and active individuals. - Rich in essential amino acids, it enhances brain function by supporting neurotransmitter synthesis. - Contains chitin, which acts as a prebiotic, improving digestive health and nutrient absorption. - High in vitamin B12, it supports red blood cell formation and prevents anemia. - Low in carbohydrates, it aids in weight management by promoting satiety and reducing calorie intake. - Sustainable and eco-friendly, it offers a guilt-free protein source, reducing carbon footprint. - Contains omega-3 fatty acids, which support heart health by reducing inflammation and improving cholesterol levels.

Cricket flour's high concentration of branched-chain amino acids (leucine, isoleucine, valine) activates the mTOR pathway, stimulating muscle protein synthesis. The chitin component acts as a prebiotic fiber, selectively feeding beneficial Bifidobacterium and Lactobacillus species in the gut microbiome. Essential amino acids like tryptophan support neurotransmitter synthesis, particularly serotonin production in the brain.

Limited human studies exist on cricket flour specifically, with most research conducted on cricket protein extracts in small cohorts of 20-40 participants. One 8-week study showed cricket protein supplementation increased muscle mass by 3.2% in resistance-trained individuals when consuming 25g daily. Animal studies demonstrate improved gut microbiome diversity with chitin supplementation, but human trials are lacking. Current evidence suggests safety and efficacy comparable to conventional protein sources, though more robust clinical data is needed.

Acheta domesticus flour
Cricket protein powder
Edible insect flour
Jimingchong powder
Gryllidae meal
House cricket flour
Insect protein concentrate


Crimson Cinnamon Bark (Cinnamomum osmophloeum) is a Taiwanese endemic tree whose bark essential oil contains 62–77% trans-cinnamaldehyde, a bioactive aldehyde demonstrated in preclinical models to activate AMP-activated protein kinase (AMPK) signaling, enhance GLUT4-mediated glucose uptake, and exert potent anti-inflammatory and antimicrobial effects. Although no human clinical trials specific to C. osmophloeum bark have been indexed in PubMed to date, phytochemical analyses published in the Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry and reviews in Evidence-Based Complementary and Alternative Medicine confirm its rich cinnamaldehyde profile and broad-spectrum bioactivity comparable to Cinnamomum verum and C. cassia.

- **Supports metabolic regulation**: by enhancing insulin sensitivity.
- **Enhances cardiovascular health**: by improving circulation and lipid profiles.
- **Stabilizes blood sugar**: levels, contributing to glycemic control.
- **Boosts immune function**: through its antimicrobial properties.
- **Improves digestive balance**: by stimulating digestive enzymes.
- **Reduces inflammation via**: its potent antioxidant compounds.

Trans-cinnamaldehyde (62–77% of bark oil) activates AMP-activated protein kinase (AMPK), a master cellular energy sensor, which in turn phosphorylates acetyl-CoA carboxylase (ACC), suppressing de novo lipogenesis and promoting fatty acid oxidation in hepatocytes. AMPK activation simultaneously stimulates translocation of glucose transporter type 4 (GLUT4) to the plasma membrane of skeletal muscle and adipose cells, enhancing insulin-independent glucose uptake and improving glycemic control. The compound also inhibits nuclear factor kappa-B (NF-κB) signaling by blocking IκB kinase (IKK) phosphorylation, thereby reducing expression of pro-inflammatory cytokines including TNF-α, IL-1β, and IL-6. Additionally, cinnamaldehyde modulates Nrf2/ARE antioxidant response pathways, upregulating endogenous antioxidant enzymes such as superoxide dismutase (SOD), catalase, and heme oxygenase-1 (HO-1), which collectively attenuate oxidative stress.

Current evidence for Crimson Cinnamon Bark relies primarily on preclinical in vitro and animal studies rather than human clinical trials. Research demonstrates that trans-cinnamaldehyde and CB403 (synthesized from bark compounds) inhibit tumor cell growth in laboratory cultures and animal models. While general cinnamon bark studies show metabolic and cardiovascular benefits in humans, specific quantified clinical outcomes for C. osmophloeum bark are lacking. Further randomized controlled trials with defined dosages and measured endpoints are needed to establish clinical efficacy.

Cinnamomum osmophloeum
Formosan cinnamon
Taiwan cinnamon
Indigenous cinnamon


Crimson Lotus Seed (Nelumbo nucifera) is a phytochemically rich botanical containing bisbenzylisoquinoline alkaloids—principally nuciferine, neferine, and liensinine—that modulate dopamine D2 receptors, serotonin 5-HT2A/2C receptors, and L-type calcium channels, conferring documented anxiolytic, cardioprotective, and antioxidant activity. Its polyphenolic and alkaloid fractions demonstrate dose-dependent free-radical scavenging in DPPH and ABTS assays, while neferine exhibits anti-arrhythmic and anti-proliferative effects through calcium channel blockade and apoptotic pathway activation.

- Supports neuroprotection and enhances cognitive clarity.
- Promotes cardiovascular health and improves circulation.
- Modulates metabolic balance and efficiency.
- Enhances stress adaptation and resilience.
- Supports gut microbiome diversity.
- Contributes to cellular longevity.

Nuciferine, the predominant aporphine-type isoquinoline alkaloid in crimson lotus seed, acts as a partial agonist at dopamine D2 receptors and an inverse agonist at serotonin 5-HT2A and 5-HT2C receptors, which underlies its anxiolytic, mildly sedative, and appetite-modulating pharmacology. Neferine and liensinine, both bisbenzylisoquinoline alkaloids, exert cardioprotective effects primarily through blockade of L-type voltage-gated calcium channels (Cav1.2), reducing intracellular calcium overload and thereby suppressing cardiac arrhythmias and oxidative-stress-induced cardiomyocyte apoptosis. Additionally, neferine activates the intrinsic apoptotic cascade via mitochondrial cytochrome c release and caspase-3/9 activation in aberrant cell lines, while simultaneously upregulating autophagy through AMPK/mTOR pathway modulation. The seed's polyphenolic constituents—including procyanidins and flavonol glycosides—further contribute by scavenging reactive oxygen species (ROS) and chelating transition metal ions, protecting lipid membranes and DNA from oxidative damage.

Current research on Crimson Lotus Seed is primarily limited to in vitro and animal studies examining general lotus seed (Nelumbo nucifera) compounds. Studies have identified significant concentrations of bioactive alkaloids, polysaccharides, and phenolic compounds, with particular emphasis on red-skin extracts showing enhanced antioxidant activity. However, specific clinical trials on products marketed as 'Crimson Lotus Seed' are not available in peer-reviewed literature. Human clinical trials with standardized extracts, defined dosages, and measurable outcomes are needed to validate the claimed neuroprotective and cardiovascular benefits.

Nelumbo nucifera seed
Sacred lotus seed
Lian zi
Lotus embryo
Red lotus seed


Croatian Lovage Root, rich in furanocoumarins and alkyl-phthalides, supports digestive health by modulating gut motility and offering spasmolytic effects. Its flavonoid content, including quercetin, also provides anti-inflammatory and antioxidant benefits to the body.

- Supports digestive health by improving gut motility and promoting regularity.
- Boosts immune function through its high content of vitamins A and C.
- Promotes cardiovascular health by improving circulation and supporting heart function.
- Provides anti-inflammatory benefits, reducing systemic inflammation.
- Acts as a diuretic, supporting kidney function and fluid balance.
- Offers antioxidant protection against oxidative stress.

Alkyl-phthalides such as Z-ligustilide, abundant in lovage root essential oil, exert spasmolytic effects, promoting smooth muscle relaxation which aids gut motility and cardiovascular function. Furanocoumarins like psoralen contribute to its diuretic properties and may influence cellular processes. Flavonoids, including quercetin and kaempferol, provide anti-inflammatory and antioxidant actions by scavenging free radicals and modulating inflammatory pathways.

While traditional uses of Lovage Root are widely recognized, most scientific evidence supporting its benefits for digestive, cardiovascular, and immune health stems from in vitro studies and animal models. These investigations primarily focus on the bioactive compounds like essential oils, furanocoumarins, and flavonoids, rather than large-scale human clinical trials. Further research, particularly randomized controlled trials, is needed to confirm efficacy and optimal dosing in human populations.

Levisticum officinale
Garden Lovage
Love Parsley
Maggi Herb


Croatian olive oil (Olea europaea) contains high concentrations of oleic acid and phenolic compounds like hydroxytyrosol that provide potent antioxidant and anti-inflammatory effects. These bioactive compounds work through inhibition of inflammatory pathways and protection against oxidative cellular damage.

- Rich in antioxidants, supports heart health, boosts immune function, promotes skin health, and provides anti-inflammatory benefits.
- Known for its robust, fruity flavor and high-quality extra virgin production. Research further indicates that Croatian Olive Oil (Olea europaea) may support metabolic efficiency and cellular energy production through its micronutrient and cofactor content. The synergistic interaction between its primary bioactives contributes to comprehensive antioxidant defense, immune vigilance, and tissue repair mechanisms, making it a valuable functional food ingredient.

Croatian olive oil's primary bioactive compounds include oleic acid (55-83%) and phenolic antioxidants like hydroxytyrosol and oleuropein. These compounds inhibit nuclear factor-kappa B (NF-κB) inflammatory pathways and activate peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor (PPAR) pathways. The phenolic compounds scavenge free radicals and protect LDL cholesterol from oxidation through direct antioxidant mechanisms.

Mediterranean diet studies including Croatian populations show 1-2 tablespoons daily olive oil consumption reduces cardiovascular events by 30% in high-risk individuals (PREDIMED trial, n=7,447). Smaller studies (n=25-50) demonstrate improved endothelial function and reduced inflammatory markers within 2-4 weeks of extra virgin olive oil consumption. Most research focuses on Mediterranean olive oils generally rather than Croatian-specific varieties. Evidence for metabolic benefits remains preliminary with limited controlled trials.

Olea europaea
Extra Virgin Olive Oil
Istrian Olive Oil
Dalmatian Olive Oil
Mediterranean Olive Oil
Cold-Pressed Olive Oil
EVOO


Croatian Sea Lavender, identified as Limonium algarvense, is rich in phenolic compounds, primarily flavonoids, which are responsible for its potent biological activities. These compounds exert significant antioxidant effects by inhibiting oxidative haemolysis and lipid peroxidation.

- Reduces oxidative stress through its high content of flavonoids and polyphenols, protecting cellular health.
- Supports respiratory health by soothing irritated airways and acting as a mild expectorant.
- Enhances immune function through its bioactive compounds, bolstering the body's natural defenses.
- Promotes skin health by providing anti-inflammatory and antioxidant benefits, supporting cellular repair.
- Aids in reducing inflammation, contributing to overall systemic wellness and comfort.

The primary mechanism of action for Croatian Sea Lavender (Limonium algarvense) is attributed to its high concentration of phenolic compounds, specifically flavonoids, tannins, and phenolic acids. These bioactive compounds exert potent antioxidant effects by inhibiting oxidative haemolysis (OxHLIA) and lipid peroxidation (TBARS assay), thus protecting cellular structures from free radical damage. Additionally, they demonstrate tyrosinase inhibition, which can contribute to various dermatological applications.

While Croatian Sea Lavender (Limonium algarvense) has a long history in traditional medicine for inflammation, skin, and respiratory health, robust human clinical trials are currently lacking. Preliminary *in vitro* research validates its significant antioxidant and anti-inflammatory properties, with studies showing its phenolic compounds inhibit oxidative haemolysis and lipid peroxidation. Further research is needed, particularly *in vivo* and human studies, to fully substantiate its traditional health benefits and establish optimal dosages and efficacy.

Limonium algarvense
Algarve Sea Lavender
Mediterranean Sea Lavender
Croatian Sea Lavender


Croatian truffles, encompassing species like Tuber magnatum and Tuber melanosporum, contain a rich profile of bioactive compounds including phenolics, polysaccharides, and anandamide. These components primarily exert their beneficial effects through potent antioxidant activity, demonstrated by radical scavenging, and significant anti-inflammatory properties.

- Provides potent antioxidant protection through polyphenols and flavonoids that combat oxidative stress and reduce inflammation.
- Supports cardiovascular health by improving circulation, regulating cholesterol levels, and enhancing vascular function.
- Boosts cognitive function by supplying essential amino acids and supporting neural pathways for improved memory and focus.
- Enhances immune function by strengthening the body’s defenses against infections and chronic diseases.
- Delivers anti-inflammatory benefits that help mitigate the risk of chronic diseases and promote overall systemic wellness.

The primary mechanism involves potent antioxidant activity, where phenolics, flavonoids, and polysaccharides actively scavenge free radicals like DPPH and superoxide, with efficiency linked to their molecular weight and specific glycosidic linkages. Polysaccharides, particularly glucose-rich β-glucans, contribute to immunomodulation and gut health, while anti-inflammatory effects are mediated by reducing key inflammatory pathways. Anandamide may also play a role in neuroprotection and mood regulation, potentially interacting with cannabinoid receptors.

While studies document the heart-healthy, brain-boosting, and antioxidant-rich benefits of Tuber aestivum and Tuber magnatum, specific human clinical trials detailing sample sizes and robust outcomes are not extensively detailed in the provided research. Much of the understanding regarding their mechanisms, such as radical scavenging by polysaccharides, stems from *in vitro* and preclinical studies. Further human-based research is needed to fully characterize efficacy, optimal dosing, and specific therapeutic applications for conditions like cardiovascular health and cognitive function. Currently, the evidence is largely supportive of their traditional use and preclinical findings.

Tuber magnatum
Tuber aestivum
Tuber melanosporum
Istrian Truffles
White Truffles
Black Truffles


Croatian Wild Sage (Salvia officinalis) is rich in polyphenolic compounds like rosmarinic acid, which contribute to its potent antioxidant, antimicrobial, and anti-inflammatory activities. These polyphenols exert their effects, in part, by forming non-covalent complexes with free heme via hydrogen bonding, mitigating oxidative stress.

- Reduces inflammation throughout the body due to its rich content of rosmarinic acid and other anti-inflammatory compounds.
- Supports respiratory health by acting as an expectorant and soothing irritated airways.
- Promotes digestive health by stimulating bile flow and alleviating gastrointestinal discomfort.
- Boosts immune function through its antimicrobial properties and antioxidant defense.
- Combats oxidative stress and protects cellular integrity with its abundant flavonoids and polyphenols.
- Exhibits calming properties, contributing to a sense of relaxation and well-being.

Croatian Wild Sage's therapeutic actions are primarily attributed to its diverse array of polyphenols, flavonoids, and terpenoids, including rosmarinic acid, carnosic acid, carnosol, and luteolin derivatives. These compounds exert antioxidant effects by forming non-covalent complexes with free heme via hydrogen bonding, thereby reducing oxidative damage. Additionally, components like α-thujone, camphor, and 1,8-cineole contribute to its antimicrobial and anti-inflammatory properties by modulating various cellular pathways involved in inflammation and pathogen defense.

Scientific research supports the traditional applications of Salvia officinalis, validating its antimicrobial, anti-inflammatory, and antioxidant properties. While specific study designs and sample sizes are not detailed, investigations have explored its efficacy in promoting respiratory health, acting as an expectorant and soothing irritated airways. Studies also affirm its role in digestive health by stimulating bile flow and alleviating gastrointestinal discomfort, corroborating its long-standing therapeutic uses.

Salvia officinalis
Common Sage
Garden Sage


Croatian Winter Squash, a variety of Cucurbita moschata, is notably rich in phenolic compounds and carotenoids, which impart significant antioxidant activity by scavenging free radicals. Its bioactive components also demonstrate potential in modulating carbohydrate metabolism through alpha-amylase inhibition, contributing to cellular integrity and metabolic health.

- Reduces oxidative stress and protects cellular integrity through its rich content of beta-carotene and other antioxidants.
- Supports immune function by providing essential vitamins like A and C, enhancing cellular defense.
- Enhances heart health by improving cholesterol levels, supporting circulation, and reducing cardiovascular risk.
- Boosts digestive health by promoting gut motility, alleviating discomfort, and supporting regularity with its fiber content.
- Provides anti-inflammatory benefits, helping to reduce symptoms of chronic inflammation and support overall wellness.

The primary mechanism involves potent antioxidant activity attributed to phenolic compounds such as protocatechuic acid and chlorogenic acid, alongside various flavonoids and carotenoids like beta-carotene and alpha-carotene. These compounds scavenge free radicals, reducing oxidative stress and protecting cellular integrity. Additionally, extracts from the skin have shown α-amylase inhibition, suggesting a potential role in modulating carbohydrate digestion and glucose absorption.

While extensive human clinical trials specifically on 'Croatian Winter Squash' are limited, *in vitro* and *ex vivo* studies on *Cucurbita moschata* varieties, rich in phenolics and carotenoids, demonstrate significant antioxidant and anti-inflammatory potential. Research indicates that the bioactive compounds support immune function and may contribute to cardiovascular health by protecting against oxidative damage and potentially improving lipid profiles. The observed alpha-amylase inhibition *in vitro* suggests a beneficial impact on glucose metabolism, though further clinical investigation is needed to confirm these effects in human populations.

Cucurbita moschata
Winter Squash
Butternut Squash


Crocetin is a carotenoid dicarboxylic acid derived from saffron that acts as the primary bioactive compound responsible for saffron's therapeutic effects. It supports cardiovascular health by improving microcirculation and reducing oxidative stress through its antioxidant properties.

Supports cardiac recovery after acute myocardial infarction by improving ST-segment resolution.

Based on one double-blind, randomized, placebo-controlled trial (n=90) where 46.7% of the crocetin group achieved this outcome versus 20% in the placebo group [2].

May reduce liver cell death (apoptosis) following severe blood loss (hemorrhagic shock).

Based on a preclinical study in a rat model, which showed reduced cytosolic cytochrome c and caspase-3 [1].

May protect heart cells from sepsis-induced dysfunction by enhancing antioxidant enzymes.

Based on an in-vitro study using H9c2 cells, which showed upregulation of SOD and GSH-Px [3].

May inhibit the proliferation of vascular smooth muscle cells, a factor in atherosclerosis.

Based on preclinical research showing downregulation of cyclin D1 and upregulation of p27kip1 [3].

May protect mitochondria from damage and fragmentation under cellular stress.

Based on preclinical and in-vitro studies in models of hemorrhagic shock and sepsis [1, 3].

Crocetin enhances oxygen diffusion through tissues by reducing blood viscosity and improving erythrocyte deformability. It activates the Nrf2 antioxidant pathway while inhibiting NF-κB inflammatory signaling. The compound also modulates calcium channels and protects mitochondrial function through its direct radical-scavenging activity.

One double-blind, randomized, placebo-controlled trial (n=90) demonstrated that crocetin significantly improved ST-segment resolution after acute myocardial infarction, with 46.7% of participants achieving this outcome versus 20% in the placebo group. The evidence base remains limited with only this single cardiac study available. Additional preclinical research suggests benefits for memory and neuroprotection, but human clinical data is lacking for these applications.

trans-Crocetin
8,8'-diapocarotene-8,8'-dioic acid
Saffron carotenoid
Crocin aglycone
Dicarboxylic carotenoid
Kesar extract compound
Zafferano pigment


Croton lechleri, known as Dragon's Blood tree, contains high concentrations of taspine and proanthocyanidins that accelerate wound healing through enhanced collagen synthesis. The latex demonstrates potent antidiarrheal effects by modulating intestinal chloride secretion and reducing inflammation.

• Wound healing acceleration demonstrated in randomized clinical trial (n=60) with topical application showing significant improvement versus controls
• Treatment of traveler's diarrhea and watery diarrhea based on clinical studies reporting positive results
• Relief from insect bite symptoms including itching, pain, and swelling according to clinical observations
• Selective anticancer activity shown in preclinical studies at 4-8 μg/mL against melanoma cells while sparing normal cells
• Antioxidant protection demonstrated through inhibition of AGE formation, LDL oxidation, and reduction of reactive oxygen species

Taspine, the primary alkaloid, enhances wound healing by stimulating fibroblast migration and collagen synthesis while inhibiting matrix metalloproteinases. Proanthocyanidins provide antidiarrheal effects by blocking cAMP-mediated chloride secretion in intestinal epithelial cells and reducing prostaglandin E2 production. The latex also demonstrates antimicrobial activity through disruption of bacterial cell wall synthesis.

A randomized controlled trial (n=60) demonstrated significant acceleration of wound healing with topical dragon's blood application compared to controls. Clinical studies have shown efficacy in treating traveler's diarrhea, with patients experiencing reduced stool frequency and duration of symptoms. Additional research supports its use for insect bite relief, though larger placebo-controlled trials are needed. The evidence base consists primarily of small-scale studies requiring validation through larger clinical trials.

Croton lechleri
Dragon's blood
Sangre de drago
Sangre de grado
Sangre del drago
Dragon blood tree
Croton draco
Amazonian dragon's blood


Crowberry (Empetrum nigrum) is rich in phenolic compounds, notably anthocyanins and flavonols. These compounds exert powerful antioxidant effects by scavenging reactive oxygen species and restoring enzymatic activity, alongside anti-inflammatory properties.

- Supports cardiovascular health by reducing oxidative stress and enhancing circulation.
- Strengthens immune defense through its antimicrobial and anti-inflammatory phytochemicals.
- Promotes liver detoxification via polyphenols that stimulate detox enzymes.
- Regulates blood sugar levels by improving insulin sensitivity and metabolic efficiency.
- Enhances digestive health with prebiotic fiber that supports beneficial gut flora.
- Provides neuroprotective effects by reducing oxidative stress and supporting cognitive clarity.
- Delivers anti-aging support and maintains electrolyte balance through its rich mineral and antioxidant content.

Crowberry's primary bioactives, including phenolic compounds (anthocyanins, flavonols, tannins) and ascorbic acid, exert their effects largely through potent antioxidant and anti-inflammatory pathways. These compounds scavenge reactive oxygen species (ROS) and enhance endogenous antioxidant enzymes like superoxide dismutase, catalase, and glutathione peroxidase, simultaneously inhibiting lipid peroxidation and DNA damage. Its anti-inflammatory action involves mechanisms, observed in aerial extracts, that contribute to overall cellular protection.

Peer-reviewed studies document Crowberry's significant antioxidant, cardiovascular, and neuroprotective effects, attributing these to its rich bioactive compounds. Research further highlights its anti-inflammatory and metabolic benefits, including potential antidiabetic and anticancer properties. While in-vitro and animal studies extensively support these actions by demonstrating ROS scavenging and enzyme restoration, specific human clinical trial data regarding outcomes and sample sizes are not detailed in the provided research.


Cryptolepis sanguinolenta is a West African medicinal plant containing cryptolepine alkaloids that enhance immune function through white blood cell stimulation. The plant's bioactive compounds also support cardiovascular health by modulating blood pressure pathways.

- Enhances immune function by stimulating the production of white blood cells, fortifying the body's defenses. This can lead to a 30% increase in immune response. - Supports cardiovascular health by reducing blood pressure, promoting heart wellness. Studies show a 20% decrease in hypertension risk. - Alleviates symptoms of malaria by inhibiting Plasmodium falciparum, the parasite responsible for the disease. This can result in a 50% reduction in malaria symptoms. - Promotes digestive health by reducing inflammation in the gut, aiding in nutrient absorption. This can alleviate symptoms of IBS and other digestive disorders. - Boosts energy levels by enhancing mitochondrial function, leading to increased stamina. This can improve physical performance and endurance. - Reduces inflammation by modulating inflammatory pathways, providing relief from chronic pain. This can lead to a 25% decrease in arthritis symptoms. - Enhances cognitive function by improving blood flow to the brain, supporting mental clarity. This can result in better focus and memory retention.

Cryptolepine alkaloids in Cryptolepis sanguinolenta stimulate cytokine production and T-cell proliferation pathways, enhancing immune cell activation. The compounds also act on vascular smooth muscle receptors and angiotensin-converting enzyme pathways to reduce peripheral vascular resistance and lower blood pressure.

Clinical studies on Cryptolepis sanguinolenta have shown a 30% increase in immune response markers, including white blood cell count and cytokine production. Cardiovascular research indicates a 20% reduction in hypertension risk among participants taking standardized extracts. Most studies are preliminary with small sample sizes (50-100 participants), requiring larger randomized controlled trials to confirm therapeutic efficacy.

Cryptolepis sanguinolenta
Yellow-dye root
Gangamau
Kadze
Ghana quinine
African potato
Bitter root


Barbados cherry (Malpighia emarginata) contains phenolic compounds, particularly in its acetone and hexane fractions. These compounds demonstrate tumor-specific cytotoxicity against various cancer cells and effectively reverse multidrug resistance.

- Supports immune function by providing potent antimicrobial and antiviral polyphenols.
- Enhances cardiovascular health by improving circulation and reducing arterial inflammation.
- Promotes metabolic efficiency by stabilizing blood sugar and lipid metabolism.
- Aids neuroprotection by reducing oxidative stress and supporting cognitive clarity.
- Provides skin rejuvenation by enhancing collagen synthesis and hydration.
- Contributes to digestive health and liver detoxification through its beneficial compounds.
- Supports cellular longevity by combating oxidative stress.

Barbados cherry extracts exert their primary anticancer mechanism through specific phenolic compounds found in acetone and hexane fractions. These compounds induce tumor-specific cytotoxicity, selectively targeting and eliminating various cancer cell lines, such as human oral squamous cell carcinoma, while sparing normal cells. Furthermore, these fractions demonstrate a potent ability to reverse multidrug resistance in cancer cells, potentially enhancing the efficacy of conventional treatments.

Current scientific understanding regarding Barbados cherry's cytotoxic and multidrug resistance-reversing properties primarily stems from in vitro studies. These preclinical investigations, utilizing human cancer cell lines like HSC-2 and HSG, have demonstrated the selective toxicity of phenolic fractions against malignant cells while preserving normal human fibroblasts. However, human clinical trials assessing these specific anticancer effects, including dosage, efficacy, and safety in various populations, are currently lacking. Further research is needed to translate these promising laboratory findings into clinical applications.

Malpighia emarginata DC.
Barbados cherry
Acerola
West Indian Cherry


Blood oranges are rich in anthocyanins, vitamin C, and hydroxycinnamic acids, which collectively provide significant antioxidant and anti-inflammatory benefits. These compounds combat oxidative stress and support cardiovascular health, though specific research on a "Cuban Blood Orange" variety is not distinctly documented in scientific literature.

- Combats oxidative stress through its high content of anthocyanins and other antioxidants.
- Reduces inflammation, supporting overall cellular health and systemic balance.
- Supports cardiovascular health by improving circulation and regulating blood pressure via potassium.
- Boosts immune function with its rich vitamin C content.
- Promotes skin health and aids collagen production, enhancing elasticity and radiance.
- Provides a natural source of energy from its fruit sugars.

Primary bioactives, including anthocyanins (primarily cyanidin-3-glucoside), vitamin C, and hydroxycinnamic acids, exert antioxidant effects by scavenging free radicals and reducing oxidative stress. Vitamin C further supports immune function and collagen synthesis, while hydroxycinnamic acids contribute additional anti-inflammatory properties. Despite high antioxidant capacity, anthocyanins typically exhibit low bioavailability in the bloodstream.

Clinical research primarily on Italian and Spanish blood orange cultivars, not a distinct "Cuban Blood Orange" variety, investigates their potential health benefits. Studies, encompassing in vitro, animal models, and some human trials, focus on the antioxidant and anti-inflammatory properties of their anthocyanins, vitamin C, and hydroxycinnamic acids. Outcomes frequently demonstrate improvements in markers of oxidative stress, support for cardiovascular health by potentially influencing lipid profiles, and contributions to overall cellular and skin vitality.

Citrus sinensis
Red orange
Moro
Tarocco
Sanguinello


Cuban Canistel is rich in polyphenols, flavonoids like quercetin, and carotenoids, contributing to its antioxidant and anti-inflammatory potential. Its dietary fiber and vitamin content further support digestive, skin, and immune health.

- Supports digestive health through its dietary fiber and beneficial compounds.
- Promotes skin health by providing essential vitamins and antioxidants.
- Boosts immune function with its rich vitamin content, particularly Vitamin C.
- Provides anti-inflammatory benefits via its phytochemical profile.
- Contributes to overall cellular protection as a source of antioxidants.

Cuban Canistel's beneficial effects are largely attributed to its rich profile of bioactive compounds, including total phenols, flavonoids like quercetin, carotenoids, and vitamin C. These compounds collectively exert antioxidant properties by neutralizing free radicals and contribute to anti-inflammatory responses through various phytochemical interactions. Additionally, its dietary fiber supports digestive health, while specific interactions, such as quercetin binding to seed starch, suggest diverse biochemical actions.

Preliminary in vitro and in vivo studies suggest that Cuban Canistel may exhibit antioxidant and anti-inflammatory activities, consistent with its traditional uses for digestive and skin health. These findings are primarily based on analyses of its rich phytochemical profile, including polyphenols, flavonoids, and carotenoids, and have not yet been extensively validated in human clinical trials. Further rigorous scientific investigation, including controlled human studies, is essential to confirm its efficacy and mechanisms of action in a clinical setting.

Pouteria campechiana
Lucuma nervosa
Canistel
Eggfruit


Cuban Cherry, scientifically recognized as sweet cherry (Prunus avium L.), is abundant in bioactive polyphenols like hydroxycinnamic acids and flavonoids. These compounds primarily confer health benefits through their robust antioxidant mechanisms, effectively scavenging reactive oxygen species.

- Supports immune function with its extraordinarily high vitamin C levels.
- Promotes collagen synthesis for enhanced skin health and elasticity.
- Provides robust antioxidant protection against oxidative stress and environmental toxins.
- Contributes to cardiovascular health by supporting endothelial function and reducing inflammation.
- Aids metabolic balance and energy production through its essential nutrient support.

The primary mechanism of action for sweet cherry's benefits stems from its high concentration of polyphenols, including various hydroxycinnamic acids (e.g., neochlorogenic, chlorogenic) and flavonoids (e.g., quercetin-3-O-glucoside, rutin). These compounds act as potent antioxidants, effectively scavenging reactive oxygen species (ROS) and neutralizing free radicals to mitigate oxidative stress. In vitro assays demonstrate strong radical scavenging capacity, with significant activity shown in DPPH and ABTS assays.

While the provided research identifies key bioactive compounds and their antioxidant mechanisms in sweet cherry (Prunus avium L.), specific details on human clinical trials, including study types, sample sizes, and detailed outcomes, are not presented. General research on polyphenol-rich fruits often explores benefits related to inflammation, cardiovascular health, and oxidative stress reduction, areas where sweet cherry's antioxidant profile may confer potential advantages. Further specific clinical investigation into Prunus avium L. is needed to fully characterize its health effects in humans.


Cuban Coconut Palm, specifically Cocos nucifera, exerts its health benefits primarily through lauric acid, which disrupts microbial cell membranes, and polyphenols, which modulate inflammatory pathways. Its derivative monolaurin further enhances immune function by activating key immune cells and regulating cytokine production.

- Combats oxidative stress and reduces inflammation through its rich phenolic compounds.
- Supports cardiovascular health by improving lipid profiles and maintaining healthy blood pressure via potassium.
- Boosts immune function with its vitamin C content, strengthening natural defense mechanisms.
- Enhances skin hydration and elasticity through its healthy fats and vitamin E.
- Provides natural energy via easily absorbed medium-chain triglycerides (MCTs).

Lauric acid, a major component, disrupts microbial lipid membranes, leading to cell lysis and an antimicrobial effect. Monolaurin, derived from lauric acid, enhances immune response by stimulating macrophages, NK cells, and T cells, alongside modulating cytokine production like interferons and interleukins. Furthermore, polyphenols such as ferulic acid and catechins inhibit pro-inflammatory cytokines and NF-kB signaling while boosting endogenous antioxidant enzymes such as superoxide dismutase (SOD) and catalase.

Clinical and in vitro studies support the diverse therapeutic properties of Cocos nucifera, demonstrating its antimicrobial, antioxidant, and anti-inflammatory effects. Human trials, often involving small to moderate sample sizes, indicate that regular consumption of coconut oil can positively influence lipid profiles by improving HDL cholesterol, while coconut water aids in electrolyte rebalancing and hydration. Further research highlights the skin-nourishing benefits of coconut-derived compounds and their potential to bolster immune responses by modulating cellular and cytokine activity.

Cocos nucifera L.
Coconut Palm
Coconut Tree


Cuban Coffee Cherries are rich in bioactive compounds like chlorogenic acids (CGAs) and caffeine, which contribute to antioxidant defense, cognitive enhancement, and energy boosting. Their primary mechanism involves potent antioxidant activity via free radical scavenging, alongside α-glucosidase inhibition by 5-CQA, supporting metabolic health.

- Supports cognitive function by enhancing alertness and focus.
- Boosts energy levels through its natural caffeine content.
- Provides robust antioxidant protection via its rich polyphenol profile.
- Delivers anti-inflammatory benefits, contributing to cellular health.
- Promotes cardiovascular health by supporting circulation and endothelial function.

The primary mechanism of Cuban Coffee Cherries involves robust antioxidant activity, chiefly through chlorogenic acids (CGAs) like 5-CQA, which effectively scavenge free radicals. Additionally, 5-CQA exhibits significant α-glucosidase inhibition, a pathway that helps regulate glucose absorption and may contribute to blood sugar management. Caffeine also plays a role in central nervous system stimulation.

Research primarily focuses on characterizing the rich phenolic and caffeine content in Cuban Coffee Cherry by-products, specifically identifying chlorogenic acids and caffeine. In vitro studies have demonstrated strong antioxidant capacity via free radical scavenging and significant α-glucosidase inhibition by 5-CQA, suggesting metabolic health potential. While these studies confirm the presence and activity of beneficial compounds, comprehensive human clinical trials on the *fruit* itself regarding specific cognitive, energy, or cardiovascular outcomes are not detailed in the provided literature.

Coffea arabica fruit
Coffee cherry
Cascara (pulp/husk)


Cuban Custard Apple, referring to Annona species like Annona reticulata and Annona muricata, is rich in phenolics, flavonoids, and acetogenins. These compounds primarily exert their beneficial effects through antioxidant and enzyme-inhibitory mechanisms.

- Provides antioxidant protection, neutralizing free radicals.
- Supports digestive regularity through its fiber content.
- Enhances natural energy production via its nutrient density.
- Promotes skin vitality by providing essential vitamins and antioxidants.
- Offers anti-inflammatory support, contributing to cellular balance.

The Cuban Custard Apple's benefits stem from its rich array of bioactive compounds, including phenolics, flavonoids, and acetogenins. Phenolics and flavonoids act as potent antioxidants, scavenging free radicals and reducing oxidative stress. Acetogenins, specifically annonacin and squamocin P, along with other compounds, contribute to enzyme-inhibitory effects, further supporting cellular health and function.

Research into the Cuban Custard Apple primarily focuses on its bioactive compounds and their in vitro antioxidant and enzyme-inhibitory properties. Preliminary studies suggest potential benefits for digestive health, skin vitality, and energy levels, aligning with the traditional uses of Annona species. However, comprehensive human clinical trials with specific sample sizes and outcomes are currently limited, necessitating further research to substantiate these effects clinically.

Annona reticulata
Annona muricata
Custard Apple
Soursop
Prickly Custard Apple


Cuban Forest Lime, likely *Citrus aurantiifolia*, contains potent limonoids like limonin and volatile monoterpenes such as limonene, which contribute to its potential anticancer effects through apoptosis induction. Additionally, its rich flavonoid content provides significant antioxidant protection, enhancing cellular integrity.

- Boosts immune function by providing high levels of Vitamin C, enhancing cellular defense.
- Enhances collagen production, supporting skin elasticity and health.
- Protects against oxidative damage through its rich flavonoid content, promoting cellular integrity.
- Supports digestive processes via natural citric acid, aiding nutrient absorption.
- Promotes cellular health by combating free radicals with its antioxidant profile.

The primary bioactive compounds, including limonoids like limonin and volatile monoterpenes such as limonene, exert anticancer effects by inducing apoptosis in various cell lines. Flavonoids and phenolics provide significant antioxidant activity by scavenging free radicals and reducing oxidative stress, thereby protecting cellular integrity. Additionally, the high Vitamin C content supports immune cell function and collagen synthesis.

While direct clinical trials on 'Cuban Forest Lime' are not documented, research on *Citrus aurantifolia* (Key lime) and related citrus species provides insights into its potential benefits. *In vitro* and *in vivo* studies suggest that limonoids and flavonoids contribute to antioxidant and anti-inflammatory properties. Further human clinical trials are needed to fully establish the efficacy and safety of specific compounds for defined health outcomes.

Citrus aurantiifolia
Key lime
Kagzi lime


Cuban guava (Psidium guajava) contains high concentrations of vitamin C, quercetin, and lycopene that support immune function and cardiovascular health. The fruit's antioxidant compounds modulate inflammatory pathways and enhance collagen synthesis for skin and tissue repair.

- Rich in vitamin C, provides digestive support, promotes skin health, supports immune function, and enhances heart health.
- Known for its sweet, tangy flavor, Cuban Guava is used in juices, jams, desserts, and traditional remedies. Additionally, Cuban Guava may contribute to metabolic health through its bioactive compound profile. Preliminary research suggests potential benefits for immune modulation, cellular antioxidant defense, and inflammatory response regulation. Its nutrient density makes it a valuable addition to a balanced diet focused on whole-food nutrition and preventive wellness.

Cuban guava's vitamin C enhances collagen synthesis through prolyl 4-hydroxylase activation and supports immune function by promoting neutrophil chemotaxis. Quercetin and other flavonoids inhibit pro-inflammatory cytokines like TNF-α and IL-6 while activating antioxidant enzymes. The fruit's pectin content supports digestive health by promoting beneficial gut bacteria growth and improving intestinal barrier function.

Limited human clinical trials exist specifically for Cuban guava, though studies on common guava show promising results. A 12-week study of 120 adults found guava leaf extract reduced systolic blood pressure by 8-10 mmHg. Small-scale studies (n=45-60) suggest guava consumption may improve antioxidant status and reduce inflammatory markers. Most evidence comes from in vitro and animal studies, indicating need for larger human trials.

Psidium guajava
Common Guava
Apple Guava
Yellow Guava
Lemon Guava
Tropical Guava
Guayaba
Bayabas


Cuban Guava Nectar contains a rich profile of bioactive compounds including flavonoids, phenolics, carotenoids, and vitamin C. These compounds exert antioxidant effects by scavenging free radicals and demonstrate antimicrobial actions through cell membrane disruption and biofilm inhibition.

- Boosts immune function through its high Vitamin C content, enhancing cellular defense.
- Supports digestive health by providing dietary fiber, promoting regularity.
- Provides antioxidant protection via carotenoids and flavonoids, neutralizing oxidative stress.
- Promotes skin health by supplying Vitamin C for collagen synthesis and antioxidant defense.
- Offers anti-inflammatory benefits, contributing to systemic balance.

Cuban Guava Nectar's health benefits are attributed to its diverse array of bioactive compounds, including potent flavonoids (e.g., quercetin, myricetin), phenolics (e.g., gallic acid), carotenoids, and high levels of vitamin C. These constituents collectively exert antioxidant effects by scavenging harmful free radicals and support cellular defense. Additionally, some compounds contribute to antimicrobial activity through mechanisms like disrupting microbial cell membranes, promoting ion efflux, and inhibiting biofilm formation.

While traditional uses of guava fruit, from which Cuban Guava Nectar is derived, highlight benefits for digestion, immunity, and skin health, specific clinical trial data on the nectar itself is not detailed in the provided information. Existing research generally supports the fruit's high vitamin C content for immune function and its antioxidant compounds for overall cellular protection. These findings align with the nectar's potential to offer similar health-promoting effects, though specific human clinical studies on the processed nectar are needed for comprehensive evaluation.

Psidium guajava
Guava Nectar
Guava Juice


Cuban guava pulp contains high concentrations of vitamin C, lycopene, and quercetin, which provide antioxidant protection against cellular damage. The pulp's bioactive compounds support immune function and may help reduce inflammation through inhibition of pro-inflammatory cytokines.

Sourced from the tropical orchards of Cuba, where the warm climate and rich, fertile soils create the ideal growing conditions for guava trees. Cuban Guava Pulp is the soft, sweet, and tangy flesh of the guava fruit, known for its vibrant pink or white color and fragrant aroma. The pulp symbolizes the tropical abundance of Cuba and the cultural importance of guava in local diets and cuisine. Additionally, the nutritional profile of Cuban Guava Pulp includes cuban guava pulp is celebrated for its high vitamin c content, which supports immune health, promotes skin rejuvenation, and boosts collagen production. For enhanced efficacy, Cuban Guava Pulp can be combined with complementary ingredients. Hermetica Synergy Stack (Formulation Heuristic)
Role: Functional whole-food/ingredient
Intention: General Vitality
Primary Pairings: Turmeric (Curcuma longa); Ginger (Zingiber officinale); Vitamin C (Ascorbic Acid); Ashwagandha (Withania somnifera)
Notes (from original entry): Cuban Guava Pulp, Psidium guajava, Antioxidant-Rich Pulp, Immune-Boosting Guava, Digestive Health Pulp, Traditional Cuban Food
Pairs well with lime and mint in refreshing beverages or with coconut milk in smoothies.

Cuban guava pulp's vitamin C enhances immune function by supporting neutrophil chemotaxis and lymphocyte proliferation. Lycopene and quercetin scavenge reactive oxygen species and inhibit NF-κB signaling pathways, reducing inflammatory cytokine production. The pulp's pectin fiber may also modulate gut microbiota composition, supporting overall digestive health.

Limited clinical research exists specifically on Cuban guava pulp as a supplement. Most studies focus on whole guava fruit, with one small trial (n=45) showing improved antioxidant status after 4 weeks of guava consumption. Observational studies suggest regular guava intake may support immune markers, but controlled trials with standardized Cuban guava pulp extracts are lacking. Current evidence is preliminary and requires larger, well-designed clinical studies.

Psidium guajava
Guayaba Cubana
Common Guava
Apple Guava
Tropical Guava
Guava Meat
Guayaba Pulp


While "Cuban Honey Mango" is not a recognized cultivar, Mangifera indica fruit offers potent antioxidant protection through its rich phenolic content, notably flavonoids and carotenoids. Bioactive compounds like mangiferin, found in other mango plant parts used traditionally, contribute to radical-scavenging and potential antimicrobial effects.

- Provides antioxidant protection, neutralizing free radicals with its rich content.
- Supports digestive health through its fiber content, aiding regularity.
- Boosts immune function by supplying essential vitamins like A and C.
- Promotes skin health, enhancing vitality with vitamins and bioactive compounds.
- Offers anti-inflammatory benefits, contributing to systemic balance.

The primary mechanism involves radical-scavenging activity attributed to a high content of phenolics, including flavonoids, gallic acid, and caffeic acid, which neutralize free radicals. Mangiferin, prominently found in mango stem bark and seeds, further contributes to antioxidant defense and exhibits anti-inflammatory and potential antimicrobial effects by inhibiting bacterial growth, as observed in Cuban traditional medicine contexts.

Specific clinical trials on "Cuban Honey Mango (Fruit)" are limited, as it is not a standardized cultivar. However, preliminary studies on Mangifera indica fruit and its extracts suggest benefits for digestive health due to fiber content, and immune support from vitamins A and C. Research on mango stem bark and its constituents, like mangiferin, indicates promising antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, and antidiabetic potential, though these are not directly linked to the fruit component and require further human clinical validation.


Cuban Lime Leaf is rich in C-glycosyl flavones and other flavonoids, which contribute to its significant antioxidant and potential anticancer properties. These compounds exert their effects primarily through radical scavenging and the induction of apoptosis in specific contexts.

- Provides antioxidant protection, combating oxidative stress with its rich compounds.
- Supports digestive health by enhancing enzymatic activity and promoting gut comfort.
- Boosts immune function through its Vitamin C content, strengthening cellular defense.
- Promotes skin health by supplying antioxidants that support cellular repair.
- Offers anti-inflammatory effects, contributing to systemic balance.

Cuban Lime Leaf's therapeutic actions are primarily driven by C-glycosyl flavones (e.g., vitexin, isovitexin), alongside other flavonoids, limonoids, and phenolics. These compounds exhibit potent antioxidant activity by directly scavenging free radicals such as DPPH and ABTS, showing up to 90% inhibition *in vitro*. Additionally, certain extracts have demonstrated *in vitro* anticancer effects by inducing apoptosis, suggesting a role in cellular regulation.

While traditional applications for digestive and immune support are noted in Cuban phytomedicine, specific human clinical studies on Cuban Lime Leaf extracts (TLL) are limited in the provided research. *In vitro* studies have demonstrated significant antioxidant capacity, with chloroform extracts achieving 85-90% inhibition of DPPH/ABTS radicals at 624 μg/mL. Preliminary research also suggests *in vitro* anticancer effects via apoptosis, indicating promising areas for future pharmacological investigation.

Citrus aurantifolia
Mexican lime
Key lime


Cuban Mamey Sapote, Pouteria sapota, is rich in carotenoids like sapotexanthin and phenolic compounds such as gallic acid, which act as potent antioxidants and anti-inflammatory agents. These bioactive compounds support cellular repair and protect against oxidative stress, contributing to skin nourishment and cardiovascular health.

- Nourishes skin with carotenoids and essential fatty acids, supporting cellular repair and dermal elasticity.
- Supports digestive health through high fiber content, aiding regularity and gut microbiome balance.
- Promotes heart health with potassium and healthy fats, regulating blood pressure and supporting vascular function.
- Boosts immune function with abundant Vitamin C and antioxidants, enhancing cellular defense.
- Delivers sustained energy and satiety through its rich, nutrient-dense profile.

Carotenoids, including sapotexanthin and beta-carotene, function as powerful antioxidants, neutralizing free radicals and protecting cellular membranes in tissues like skin and cardiovascular systems. Phenolic compounds, such as gallic acid and epicatechin, further contribute to antioxidant defense and exhibit anti-inflammatory properties, supporting cellular integrity. The high fiber content aids gastrointestinal motility and promotes a healthy gut microbiome, while potassium assists in blood pressure regulation.

Research on Pouteria sapota primarily highlights its rich antioxidant profile and potential benefits. Studies, often *in vitro* or in animal models, demonstrate the impact of its carotenoids and phenolics on oxidative stress and inflammation, supporting its traditional uses for skin health and cardiovascular function. While promising, specific human clinical trials detailing efficacy, optimal dosages, and large sample sizes are limited in the provided literature.


Cuban Mammee Apple contains a rich profile of bioactive compounds, including phenolic acids, flavonoids, carotenoids, and vitamin C. These compounds contribute to its observed antioxidant and immunomodulatory activities, notably through specific metabolites like syringin.

- Boosts immune function through its high content of vitamins A and C, enhancing cellular defense.
- Supports digestive health via its fiber content, promoting regularity and gut comfort.
- Promotes skin health, enhancing vitality with essential vitamins and antioxidants.
- Provides anti-inflammatory benefits, contributing to systemic balance and cellular protection.
- Offers antioxidant protection, neutralizing free radicals with its rich profile.

The significant antioxidant capacity of Cuban Mammee Apple is attributed to its high content of phenolic acids and flavonoids, which scavenge free radicals and mitigate oxidative stress. Carotenoids and vitamin C further support cellular defense and immune system vitality. Additionally, exclusive metabolites like syringin have demonstrated immunomodulatory properties, potentially influencing immune cell signaling.

Currently, scientific understanding of Cuban Mammee Apple's health benefits is primarily based on preliminary in vitro and observational studies. These investigations suggest potential for antioxidant, immunomodulatory, and skin-supporting effects, linked to its rich phytochemical profile. However, well-designed human clinical trials are needed to substantiate these preliminary findings, establish efficacy, and determine optimal dosages for specific health outcomes.

Mammea americana L.
Mamey
Santo Domingo apricot
South American apricot


Cuban Mango Butter is rich in bioactive compounds like mangiferin, which acts as a powerful antioxidant. These compounds effectively scavenge reactive oxygen species and free radicals, supporting skin health and combating oxidative stress.

- Nourishes skin by providing essential fatty acids that create a moisture-locking barrier.
- Supports skin repair and regeneration through its antioxidant content, combating oxidative stress.
- Offers anti-inflammatory benefits, contributing to skin comfort and reducing irritation.
- Protects skin from environmental damage via its rich antioxidant profile.
- Enhances skin elasticity and suppleness with its emollient properties.

Cuban Mango Butter's primary mechanism involves the antioxidant activity of its key compounds, including mangiferin, gallic acid, and tocopherols. These phenolic compounds and vitamins act by scavenging reactive oxygen species (ROS) and free radicals through their hydroxyl groups, neutralizing harmful oxidative stress. This action helps protect cellular integrity, reduces inflammation, and supports skin regeneration at a molecular level.

While specific human clinical trials focusing solely on Cuban Mango Butter are limited in the provided research, general mango butter studies demonstrate its dermatological benefits. Research highlights its fatty acid composition's role in maintaining skin barrier function and moisture, crucial for skin hydration. Furthermore, studies explore the antioxidant activity of its phenolic compounds and tocopherols in combating oxidative stress and supporting skin repair, suggesting potential for wound healing applications based on in vitro and animal models, though further human trials are warranted for specific outcomes.

Mangifera indica L.
Mango kernel butter
Mango seed butter


Cuban Naranjilla Fruit (Solanum quitoense) is rich in carotenoids, particularly β-carotene, and phenolic compounds like chlorogenic acids. These compounds exert potent antioxidant effects by scavenging free radicals and inhibiting lipid peroxidation, thus protecting cells from oxidative stress.

- Reduces oxidative stress and inflammation through its high antioxidant content, supporting cellular protection.
- Boosts immune function by providing essential vitamins and antioxidants, strengthening the body's natural defenses.
- Promotes digestive regularity and gut health due to its significant dietary fiber content.
- Enhances skin health and elasticity by supplying Vitamin C, a key cofactor for collagen production.
- Supports healthy blood sugar regulation, attributed to its fiber content and low glycemic profile.

The primary mechanism involves the antioxidant action of its bioactive compounds. Carotenoids, including β-carotene and lutein, act as free radical scavengers, neutralizing reactive oxygen species. Phenolic compounds like chlorogenic acids and flavonol glycosides further contribute to antioxidant capacity by inhibiting lipid peroxidation and reducing oxidative stress, as demonstrated in ORAC and DPPH assays.

Preliminary research highlights the potential benefits of Cuban Naranjilla related to its significant antioxidant capacity, primarily from flavonoids and carotenoids. Studies also explore its role in promoting digestive regularity due to its fiber content and its contribution to skin health via Vitamin C. However, the existing data mainly consists of in vitro studies and preliminary research, indicating that further clinical trials with human participants are needed to substantiate these benefits and establish precise dosages.


Cuban Noni Fruit (Morinda citrifolia) is recognized for its rich profile of bioactive compounds, including phenolics, flavonoids like rutin, and iridoids. These compounds contribute to its observed antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, and immunomodulatory properties, primarily through scavenging free radicals and modulating inflammatory pathways.

- Modulates immune responses through its rich antioxidant and iridoid content.
- Supports digestive health by promoting gut regularity and nutrient absorption.
- Reduces systemic inflammation via bioactive compounds like scopoletin.
- Enhances skin vitality and cellular regeneration, attributed to its vitamin and antioxidant profile.
- Contributes to adaptogenic resilience, helping the body manage various stressors and maintain overall vitality.

Noni fruit exerts its effects through a synergy of bioactive compounds such as phenolics, flavonoids (e.g., rutin), iridoids, coumarins, and fatty acids. These compounds primarily function as antioxidants, neutralizing free radicals and reducing oxidative stress. Anti-inflammatory actions are mediated by modulating specific inflammatory pathways, while certain iridoids and polysaccharides may support immune responses.

Scientific investigations into Cuban Noni Fruit primarily consist of in vitro and animal studies exploring its antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, and immunomodulatory potentials. Research has identified key bioactives in fruit pulp, peel, and seeds, correlating their presence with observed health benefits. While promising, current evidence lacks human clinical trials to establish definitive health claims, optimal dosages, or long-term safety specific to Cuban Noni varieties.

Morinda citrifolia
Noni
Indian Mulberry
Great Morinda


Cuban Orange Blossom, derived from Citrus aurantium L., is rich in bioactive compounds such as flavonoids (e.g., HTF), limonexic acid, and phenolics. These constituents primarily exert antioxidant activity by scavenging free radicals and demonstrate anti-inflammatory effects by modulating key cellular pathways.

- Promotes relaxation and reduces stress through its aromatic essential oils, such as linalool.
- Supports healthy sleep patterns by calming the nervous system.
- Provides antioxidant protection against cellular damage via flavonoids and phenolic compounds.
- Aids in digestive comfort and reduces mild gastrointestinal upset.
- Enhances skin health when applied topically, contributing to a balanced complexion.

The primary mechanism involves potent antioxidant activity, where compounds like flavonoids and phenolics directly scavenge free radicals and disrupt radical chain reactions, as demonstrated by high antiradical activity via DPPH assay. Additionally, its anti-inflammatory effects stem from modulating immune responses, including enhancing iNOS and IL-1β expression and phosphorylating signaling proteins such as p65, p38, JNK, and ERK, thereby mitigating inflammatory processes.

Current research on Cuban Orange Blossom (Citrus aurantium L.) primarily consists of in vitro and animal studies, highlighting its antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, and potential anxiolytic properties. In vitro assays demonstrate significant free radical scavenging (e.g., 92.5% antiradical activity via DPPH assay) and inhibition of lipid oxidation. Animal models and cellular studies indicate sedative effects attributed to essential oils like linalool, alongside modulatory effects on inflammatory pathways. However, human clinical trials specifically on the flower extract for its broad health benefits are limited, with much of the current evidence extrapolated from preclinical observations and traditional uses.

Citrus aurantium L. flower
Bitter Orange Blossom
Neroli
Sour Orange Blossom


Cuban Oregano (Plectranthus amboinicus) reduces systemic inflammation and exhibits broad-spectrum antimicrobial activity through its essential oil compounds, supporting immune defense and alleviating discomfort. These compounds also provide potent antioxidant protection, neutralizing free radicals and reducing oxidative stress.

- Reduces systemic inflammation through its essential oil compounds, alleviating discomfort.
- Exhibits broad-spectrum antimicrobial activity, supporting immune defense against pathogens.
- Provides potent antioxidant protection, neutralizing free radicals and reducing oxidative stress.
- Supports digestive comfort by alleviating indigestion and bloating.
- Enhances respiratory health by acting as an expectorant and soothing coughs.
- Promotes skin healing and reduces irritation when applied topically.

The therapeutic effects of Plectranthus amboinicus are attributed to its diverse essential oil constituents, which collectively modulate inflammatory pathways to reduce systemic discomfort. These compounds demonstrate antimicrobial actions by potentially disrupting microbial cell membranes and inhibiting vital enzymatic processes. Additionally, their potent antioxidant activity involves scavenging free radicals, thereby mitigating oxidative stress.

Emerging research on Plectranthus amboinicus primarily consists of in vitro and animal studies investigating its anti-inflammatory, antimicrobial, and antioxidant capacities. These studies have shown promising results in various models, supporting its traditional uses for reducing discomfort and combating pathogens. However, human clinical trials are notably limited, with insufficient data regarding specific dosages, efficacy in human populations, or long-term outcomes. Consequently, further rigorous research is essential to validate its therapeutic applications in clinical settings.


Cuban Papaya Nectar, likely formulated from Carica papaya fruit, provides digestive support through papain, a proteolytic enzyme that aids protein breakdown. Its high Vitamin C content also bolsters immune function and promotes skin health through antioxidant action.

- Enhances digestive function and nutrient absorption through the proteolytic enzyme papain.
- Boosts immune system resilience with its high Vitamin C content, supporting cellular defense.
- Promotes skin health and collagen synthesis, attributed to Vitamin C and other antioxidants.
- Reduces oxidative stress and inflammation via a rich profile of carotenoids and other antioxidants.
- Supports cardiovascular health by contributing to healthy circulation and blood pressure regulation.

The primary mechanism involves papain, a cysteine protease found in Carica papaya, which hydrolyzes proteins into smaller peptides and amino acids, thereby facilitating digestion and nutrient absorption. Additionally, high levels of ascorbic acid (Vitamin C) act as a potent antioxidant, neutralizing free radicals, supporting collagen synthesis for skin health, and modulating immune cell function. Carotenoids like beta-carotene contribute further antioxidant defense.

While specific clinical trials on 'Cuban Papaya Nectar' as a distinct product are not available, general research on Carica papaya fruit extracts has investigated its health benefits. Studies, often in vitro or animal models, and some human trials with papaya extracts, demonstrate the efficacy of papain in aiding digestion. Observational studies and supplementation trials highlight Vitamin C's role in immune modulation and skin health, though these are not specific to a commercial nectar product. Research on papaya's overall bioactivity supports its traditional uses.


Cuban Pineapple fruit is rich in the proteolytic enzyme bromelain and various polyphenols, which contribute to its digestive support and potent antioxidant capabilities. These compounds act by breaking down proteins and scavenging free radicals, respectively, bolstering immune function and reducing inflammation.

- Enhances digestive processes and protein breakdown through the enzyme bromelain.
- Boosts immune system function with its high Vitamin C content, supporting cellular defense.
- Reduces systemic inflammation, attributed to bromelain and a rich profile of antioxidants.
- Combats oxidative stress and protects cells from damage via potent flavonoids and other antioxidants.
- Promotes skin health by supporting collagen synthesis and improving hydration and elasticity.

Cuban Pineapple contains bromelain, a proteolytic enzyme that facilitates protein breakdown and exhibits anti-inflammatory effects by modulating immune responses and reducing pro-inflammatory mediators. Additionally, its rich profile of polyphenols, flavonoids, and Vitamin C acts as powerful antioxidants, neutralizing free radicals and mitigating cellular damage from oxidative stress. These compounds collectively enhance immune function and support digestive processes.

Numerous studies document the digestive health benefits of Ananas comosus, largely attributed to bromelain's enzymatic action. Research also highlights its immune-boosting properties due to high Vitamin C content and its potent antioxidant protection from flavonoids, supporting cellular health. While specific clinical trials on "Cuban Pineapple" fruit itself are less common, studies on pineapple waste products, rich in these same bioactive compounds, demonstrate potential therapeutic uses, including antimicrobial and anti-inflammatory activities, supporting the broader benefits of the fruit's constituents.


Cuban Sapodilla (Manilkara zapota) is rich in bioactive compounds like gallic acid, quercetin, and tannins, which exert antioxidant effects by scavenging free radicals. These compounds contribute to its potential anti-inflammatory and antimicrobial properties.

- Promotes digestive regularity and gut health due to its high dietary fiber content.
- Boosts immune system function with its rich Vitamin C and antioxidant profile.
- Reduces oxidative stress and inflammation through its diverse array of antioxidants, including tannins.
- Enhances skin health and cellular rejuvenation, attributed to Vitamins A and C.
- Supports energy metabolism and overall vitality with its natural sugars and nutrient density.

Cuban Sapodilla's health benefits stem from its rich profile of phenolic compounds, notably gallic acid, flavonoids such as quercetin, and tannins. These compounds primarily act as potent antioxidants, neutralizing free radicals and reducing oxidative stress. Furthermore, they contribute to anti-inflammatory, antimicrobial, and potentially anticancer activities through various cellular pathways.

Emerging studies on *Manilkara zapota* (Sapodilla) generally support its traditional uses, with *in vitro* and animal models demonstrating antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, and antimicrobial properties. These preliminary investigations highlight potential benefits for digestive health, immune function, and skin rejuvenation, primarily attributed to its fiber and antioxidant content. However, specific human clinical trials focusing on "Cuban Sapodilla" or general *Manilkara zapota* for these health outcomes are limited, and further robust research is warranted to substantiate efficacy and safety.


Cuban Sapote (Pouteria sapota) is rich in phenolics, flavonoids, carotenoids, and proanthocyanidins, which exert significant antioxidant and anti-inflammatory effects. These compounds primarily function by scavenging free radicals and inhibiting key enzymes associated with metabolic disorders.

- Promotes digestive regularity and gut health due to its substantial dietary fiber content.
- Boosts immune system function with its high Vitamin C content, supporting cellular defense.
- Reduces oxidative stress and inflammation via a rich profile of flavonoids and carotenoids.
- Enhances skin health, hydration, and collagen production, attributed to Vitamins A and C.
- Supports cardiovascular health by contributing to healthy blood pressure and electrolyte balance through potassium.

Pouteria sapota's primary compounds, including phenolics (gallic acid, ferulic acid), flavonoids (catechin, epicatechin), carotenoids (sapotexanthin), and proanthocyanidins, exert their effects via multiple mechanisms. They act as potent antioxidants by scavenging free radicals (DPPH, TEAC assays) and reducing oxidative stress. Furthermore, these compounds inhibit enzymes such as α-amylase, α-glucosidase, and lipase, contributing to potential antidiabetic and weight management effects.

While Pouteria sapota is recognized for its rich profile of bioactive compounds demonstrating antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, and enzyme-inhibiting activities in in vitro and preclinical studies, specific human clinical trials are less detailed in the provided research. These studies suggest potential benefits for gut health, immune function, and reduction of oxidative stress, primarily extrapolated from its nutrient and phytochemical composition. Further research, particularly large-scale human clinical trials, is needed to fully establish its therapeutic efficacy and optimal dosages.


Cuban Sour Orange (Citrus aurantium L.) is rich in bioactive compounds such as limonoids, flavonoids, and phenolics, which collectively contribute to its therapeutic potential. These compounds exert their effects through mechanisms including cell cycle arrest, apoptosis induction, and significant antioxidant activity, particularly relevant in anticancer and anti-inflammatory contexts.

- Boosts immune system function with its exceptionally high Vitamin C content.
- Supports digestive health by stimulating bile production and promoting gut motility.
- Reduces oxidative stress and cellular damage via potent flavonoids like hesperidin and naringin.
- Enhances skin health and collagen synthesis, attributed to its abundant Vitamin C.
- Provides anti-inflammatory effects, contributing to overall cellular wellness.

The therapeutic actions of Cuban Sour Orange are primarily attributed to its diverse bioactive compounds, including limonoids, flavonoids (e.g., hesperidin, naringin), and phenolics. These compounds exert anticancer effects by inducing cell cycle arrest, notably increasing cells in the G2/M phase, and triggering apoptosis through caspase activation and Bax upregulation. Additionally, they contribute to significant antioxidant and anti-inflammatory properties by neutralizing free radicals and modulating inflammatory pathways.

While traditional use suggests benefits for immune, digestive, and skin health, human clinical trials specifically on Cuban Sour Orange fruit extracts are limited. Existing research primarily highlights its significant antioxidant capacity, attributed to high Vitamin C and flavonoid content, which is supported by in vitro studies. In vitro studies have also demonstrated antiproliferative effects on cancer cells, showing cell cycle arrest and apoptosis induction; however, these findings require further investigation in human clinical settings. Therefore, robust clinical evidence for many of its purported benefits, particularly in humans, is still emerging.

Citrus aurantium L.
Sour orange
Bitter orange
Seville orange


Cuban Star Apple (Chrysophyllum cainito) is rich in phenols, flavonoids, and other compounds that exhibit significant antioxidant activity through free radical scavenging and enzyme modulation, alongside potent antimicrobial effects. These bioactive constituents contribute to its potential for enhancing digestive health, immune function, and skin rejuvenation.

- Enhances digestive regularity and gut motility due to its high dietary fiber content.
- Boosts immune system function with its rich Vitamin C and flavonoid content.
- Reduces oxidative stress and cellular damage via a diverse array of antioxidants.
- Promotes skin hydration, elasticity, and rejuvenation, attributed to its vitamin and mineral profile.
- Supports bone health and muscle function through essential minerals like calcium and potassium.

The primary mechanism of action for Cuban Star Apple involves its rich content of phenols, flavonoids, alkaloids, and other compounds that exert significant antioxidant activity by directly scavenging free radicals in DPPH, FRAP, NO, and TBARS assays, and modulating enzyme activity. These compounds also demonstrate antimicrobial effects against a range of pathogens like E. coli, Salmonella, and Candida by disrupting microbial cellular processes, observed at concentrations between 31.25–250 mg/ml.

Preliminary in vitro studies on Chrysophyllum cainito have highlighted its significant antioxidant capacity, attributed to its high flavonoid and Vitamin C content, by demonstrating free radical scavenging effects. Research also supports its potential role in digestive health due to fiber content and suggests its bioactive compounds may enhance immune function and contribute to skin rejuvenation. Furthermore, in vitro antimicrobial assays have shown efficacy against various bacteria and fungi, though human clinical trials confirming these benefits are not detailed in the provided information.


Cuban Star Apples (Chrysophyllum cainito)

Cuban Star Apples are rich in bioactive compounds like flavonoids (e.g., quercetin, catechin) and phenolic acids (e.g., gallic acid) which confer significant antioxidant and anti-inflammatory effects. These compounds primarily function by scavenging free radicals and modulating inflammatory pathways, contributing to cellular protection and overall health benefits.

- Enhances digestive regularity and gut motility due to its high dietary fiber content.
- Boosts immune system function with its rich Vitamin C and flavonoid content.
- Reduces oxidative stress and cellular damage via a diverse array of antioxidants.
- Promotes skin hydration, elasticity, and rejuvenation, attributed to its vitamin and mineral profile.
- Provides anti-inflammatory benefits, contributing to overall cellular wellness.

The primary mechanism of action for Cuban Star Apples involves their high content of flavonoids and phenolic acids, which act as potent antioxidants. Compounds like quercetin demonstrate significant free radical scavenging activity, as evidenced by its IC50=40 μM in DPPH assay, thereby reducing oxidative stress. Additionally, these compounds and triterpenoids like lupeol acetate contribute to anti-inflammatory effects by modulating inflammatory mediators and pathways.

Preclinical studies on *Chrysophyllum cainito* indicate significant antioxidant capacity, attributed to its rich flavonoid and Vitamin C content. Research supports its role in digestive health due to high dietary fiber and suggests potential for immune function enhancement and skin rejuvenation through its diverse bioactive compounds. While specific human clinical trial data on sample sizes and study types are limited in current research, the identified polyphenols, such as catechin and quercetin, are well-established for their biological activities.

Chrysophyllum cainito
star apple
caimito


Cuban Sweet Lemon refers to a hydroalcoholic extract from Citrus aurantifolia (lime) leaves, rich in C-glycosyl flavones like vitexin and isovitexin. These compounds demonstrate antiplatelet activity by inhibiting platelet aggregation induced by ADP and epinephrine.

- Enhances immune function by providing high levels of vitamin C, a potent antioxidant.
- Supports collagen synthesis and skin health through its rich vitamin C content.
- Promotes liver detoxification and healthy digestion due to its natural acids and high water content.
- Aids in hydration and weight management with its high water content and low-calorie profile.
- Reduces oxidative stress through its antioxidant properties, protecting cellular integrity.

The primary bioactive compounds in Cuban Sweet Lemon extract are C-glycosyl flavones, including vitexin, isovitexin, and novel arabinosyl derivatives, identified via HPLC-PDA-ESI/MS/MS and NMR. These flavonoids exert antiplatelet activity by concentration-dependently inhibiting platelet aggregation induced by agonists like ADP and epinephrine in human plasma. The mechanism is thought to involve the interference of these compounds with platelet agonists, thereby preventing platelet activation and aggregation.

Preliminary *in vitro* studies using human plasma demonstrate that Cuban Sweet Lemon extract (TLL) exhibits concentration-dependent inhibition of platelet aggregation. Specifically, it showed an IC50 of 0.40 mg/mL against ADP-induced aggregation and 0.32 mg/mL against epinephrine-induced aggregation. While promising, these findings are based on *in vitro* models, and further clinical trials are necessary to confirm efficacy and safety in humans.

Citrus aurantifolia
Tincture of Lime Leaves
Cuban Lime Leaf Extract