Stinging nettle root (Urtica dioica) contains lignans (secoisolariciresinol, neo-olivil), phytosterols (β-sitosterol, stigmasterol), and polysaccharides that inhibit dihydrotestosterone binding to sex hormone-binding globulin (SHBG) and block aromatase activity, directly modulating androgen metabolism at the prostate membrane level. A comprehensive review of clinical and pharmacological evidence confirmed nettle root as a viable alternative for benign prostatic hyperplasia (BPH) and associated lower urinary tract symptoms, with significant IPSS reductions documented across multiple trials (Koch, Planta Med, 2001; PMID 11509966).

- Reduces symptoms of benign prostatic hyperplasia (BPH) and supports overall prostate health.
- Promotes urinary health by enhancing diuresis and supporting kidney function.
- Modulates sex hormone-binding globulin (SHBG), supporting healthy testosterone balance.
- Reduces joint inflammation, alleviating pain and enhancing flexibility.
- Supports cardiovascular health through its antioxidant content and beta-sitosterol.
- Enhances immune resilience and protects against oxidative stress.
- Supports blood sugar regulation, with emerging research suggesting benefits in glycemic control.

Stinging nettle root lignans—including secoisolariciresinol, neo-olivil, and isolariciresinol—competitively inhibit dihydrotestosterone (DHT) binding to sex hormone-binding globulin (SHBG) and directly block DHT interaction with cytosolic and nuclear receptors in prostate tissue, reducing androgenic stimulation of prostatic growth (PMID 17509841). Phytosterols such as β-sitosterol and stigmasterol inhibit 5α-reductase and aromatase enzyme activity, thereby limiting conversion of testosterone to DHT and estradiol respectively, while also disrupting Na⁺/K⁺-ATPase activity on prostate cell membranes to modulate prostatic cell proliferation (PMID 11509966). Polysaccharides and lectins, particularly Urtica dioica agglutinin (UDA), activate innate immune pathways via TLR4 agonism through microbe-associated molecular patterns (MAMPs), contributing to immune-modulatory and anti-inflammatory effects (PMID 37654434). Additionally, flavonoids such as quercetin and kaempferol scavenge reactive oxygen species and inhibit NF-κB-mediated pro-inflammatory cytokine expression (IL-6, TNF-α), providing complementary antioxidant and anti-inflammatory protection (PMID 35800714).

A 6-month randomized controlled trial of 558 men with BPH showed nettle root extract (120 mg twice daily) improved IPSS scores by 5.3 points versus 4.6 for placebo and increased urinary flow rate by 3.4 mL/s versus 2.6 mL/s. A 2013 meta-analysis of 5 RCTs (n=287) demonstrated IPSS improvement of -4.86 points and nocturia reduction of -1.02 episodes per night compared to placebo. Evidence for other conditions like arthritis remains limited, with most studies focusing on leaf-root combinations rather than isolated root extracts. Clinical evidence is strongest for BPH symptoms at doses of 300-900 mg daily for 6-12 months.

Urtica dioica root
U. radix
Common nettle root
Grande ortie
Große Brennnesselwurzel
WS 9701
PRO 160/120


Stone Apple (Bael fruit) is rich in mucilage and tannins, which protect gastric mucosa and offer antimicrobial action against pathogens, supporting gastrointestinal health and potentially aiding conditions like dysentery and gastric ulcers. Its alkaloids and phenolic compounds also modulate glucose metabolism, potentially benefiting type 2 diabetes management, and exert hepatoprotective effects via antioxidant mechanisms.

- **Promotes digestive health**: with high fiber and mucilage content, supporting bowel regularity and soothing the gut lining.
- **Strengthens immune defenses**: through its antimicrobial, antiviral, and antioxidant properties.
- **Supports metabolic balance**: and blood sugar regulation due to its hypoglycemic effects.
- **Protects cardiovascular health**: by reducing oxidative stress with its antioxidant compounds.
- **Eases respiratory discomfort,**: clearing mucus and soothing sore throats.
- **Exhibits hepatoprotective effects,**: enhancing liver detoxification and function.

Stone Apple's mucilage forms a protective gel coating on intestinal walls, soothing inflammation and promoting the healing of gastric ulcers and irritated mucosa, while tannins contribute astringent and antimicrobial effects. Its alkaloids and phenolic compounds, particularly flavonoids and coumarins, inhibit α-amylase and α-glucosidase enzymes, thereby slowing carbohydrate digestion and absorption, which significantly reduces post-prandial glucose spikes. Furthermore, its potent antioxidant compounds (e.g., phenolics, carotenoids) scavenge free radicals, supporting hepatoprotective effects, mitigating oxidative stress, and potentially influencing lipid metabolism. While specific human bioavailability data is limited, the presence of various bioactive compounds suggests systemic absorption and activity, contributing to its diverse therapeutic actions.

Limited clinical research exists on Stone Apple, with most evidence derived from traditional use studies and small-scale observational trials. Animal studies have demonstrated significant hypoglycemic effects with 30-40% blood glucose reduction, but human clinical data remains sparse. Traditional medicine documentation supports digestive benefits, though controlled trials with defined dosages and measurable endpoints are lacking. The evidence base consists primarily of in vitro antimicrobial studies and preliminary pharmacological investigations rather than rigorous clinical trials.

Aegle marmelos
Bael fruit
Bengal quince
Bilva
Shivadruma
Golden apple

Legacy index-continuity record: the score and narrative are provisional and must not be represented as validated or human-approved.


Stone pine nut (Pinus pinea) contains pinolenic acid, a unique omega-6 polyunsaturated fatty acid that lowers cholesterol through hypolipidemic mechanisms and provides antioxidant effects. The nuts also contain bioactive peptides with ACE-inhibitory properties for blood pressure regulation and phytosterols that compete with cholesterol absorption in the intestines.

- Enhances cognitive clarity and brain function through omega-3 and pinolenic fatty acids.
- Supports cardiovascular wellness by providing monounsaturated fats that help regulate cholesterol levels.
- Promotes metabolic balance by contributing to satiety and stable blood sugar levels.
- Boosts immune resilience with vitamin E, zinc, and polyphenols that reduce oxidative stress.
- Nourishes skin vitality and elasticity due to its rich content of vitamin E and healthy fats.
- Sustains energy metabolism with a dense profile of healthy fats, protein, and B vitamins.

Pinolenic acid (5Z,9Z,12Z-18:3) modulates lipid metabolism through hypolipidemic pathways, reducing cholesterol synthesis and providing antioxidant protection via free radical scavenging. Bioactive peptides derived from legumin-like proteins inhibit angiotensin-converting enzyme (ACE) for blood pressure control and dipeptidyl peptidase-IV (DPP-IV) for glycemic regulation. Phytosterols, primarily β-sitosterol, compete with dietary cholesterol for intestinal absorption, reducing LDL cholesterol levels.

Current research on stone pine nuts consists primarily of in vitro compositional analyses and bioactivity assays rather than human clinical trials. Laboratory studies demonstrate antioxidant capacity with DPPH quenching values of 63.4-66.7 mmol TE/g and ABTS activity of 10.9-28.2 mmol TE/g. Peptide analysis via mass spectrometry identified 19 bioactive compounds with 90.3% homology to heat shock protein 70, showing potential ACE and DPP-IV inhibitory effects. Well-designed human clinical trials are needed to validate these preliminary findings and establish therapeutic dosages.

Pinus pinea
pignolia nut
pignoli nut
piñón nut
Mediterranean pine nut
stone pine seed


Strangler Fig fruit is rich in phenolic compounds and dietary fiber, providing potent antioxidant activity to reduce oxidative stress and supporting digestive health. It also supplies essential nutrients like potassium and calcium, contributing to overall bodily functions.

- Exhibits potent antioxidant activity due to phenolic compounds, reducing oxidative stress and cellular damage.
- Supports digestive health through dietary fiber, aiding regular bowel movements and optimal gut function.
- Provides essential nutrients like potassium and calcium, contributing to cardiovascular and skeletal health.
- May possess anti-inflammatory properties, consistent with its traditional uses.
- Contributes to overall wellness as a nutrient-rich food source.

The fruit's potent antioxidant activity stems from phenolic compounds, flavonoids, and other phytochemicals that neutralize free radicals, thereby reducing oxidative stress and cellular damage. Its high dietary fiber content promotes digestive health by adding bulk and aiding regular bowel movements, supporting a balanced gut microbiome. Additional mechanisms relate to its mineral content, which supports various physiological functions like cardiovascular health and bone density.

Scientific studies on *Ficus* species generally support the antioxidant benefits due to their phenolic compound content, as well as fiber-linked digestive support. While specific large-scale human clinical trials on Strangler Fig fruit are limited, ethnobotanical literature and indigenous knowledge document its traditional uses for gastrointestinal health. Further research is needed to fully elucidate the specific clinical efficacy and safety of Strangler Fig fruit in human populations.


Strawberry Kernel Vine Syrup, derived from Fragaria × ananassa, offers health benefits primarily through its rich content of anthocyanins, ellagic acid, and vitamin C. These compounds act as potent antioxidants and anti-inflammatory agents, protecting cells from oxidative stress and modulating inflammatory pathways.

- Supports digestive health by soothing the gut lining and aiding enzymatic function.
- Promotes skin elasticity, hydration, and radiance through high antioxidant and vitamin C content.
- Reduces systemic inflammation and oxidative stress, aiding in cellular repair and immune resilience.
- Enhances detoxification pathways and supports metabolic wellness.
- Provides prebiotic support through its trace fiber compounds.

The bioactive compounds in strawberry, such as anthocyanins, ellagic acid, and quercetin, exert their effects by scavenging free radicals and enhancing endogenous antioxidant enzyme activity like superoxide dismutase and catalase. They also modulate inflammatory responses by inhibiting pathways such as NF-κB and COX-2, reducing the production of pro-inflammatory cytokines like TNF-α and IL-6. Furthermore, vitamin C contributes to collagen biosynthesis, supporting skin integrity.

While specific clinical trials for 'Strawberry Kernel Vine Syrup' are absent, extensive research on strawberry fruit and extract (Fragaria × ananassa) demonstrates promising health outcomes. Studies involving human subjects and animal models indicate improvements in skin elasticity, hydration, and reduction of oxidative stress markers. For instance, interventions with strawberry extract have shown capacity to enhance antioxidant status and mitigate inflammation in trials, though sample sizes and long-term effects vary, warranting further large-scale human clinical trials.

Fragaria × ananassa extract
Strawberry fruit syrup
Strawberry leaf syrup


Streptococcus thermophilus is a probiotic bacterium known for producing beneficial compounds such as lactate, short-chain fatty acids, and γ-aminobutyric acid (GABA). It also hydrolyzes proteins into bioactive peptides, which can modulate inflammatory responses by affecting targets like IL-1β.

- Gut Health: Enhances gut microbiota by producing lactic acid, improving digestion and nutrient absorption.
- Digestive Support: Breaks down lactose, aiding those with lactose intolerance.
- Immune Boost: Stimulates gut-associated immune cells, strengthening overall immunity.
- Antioxidant Activity: Reduces oxidative stress in the gastrointestinal tract, protecting cells from damage.
- Skin Health: Supports skin health by modulating inflammatory responses and promoting gut-skin axis balance.
- Anti-Inflammatory: Reduces inflammation in the gut, benefiting overall digestive health.

Streptococcus thermophilus exerts its probiotic effects by producing various beneficial metabolites including lactate, short-chain fatty acids, and γ-aminobutyric acid (GABA) via glutamate decarboxylase (GadB/GadC). It also hydrolyzes dietary proteins, such as caseins and β-lactoglobulin, into bioactive peptides through proteases like PrtS, which exhibit anti-inflammatory properties, exemplified by intracellular hydrolysates (IPH-9/IPH-21) modulating IL-1β in LPS-inflamed cells. Furthermore, it synthesizes exopolysaccharides (EPS) and folate, contributing to gut health, microbial balance, and nutrient availability.

Clinical research consistently demonstrates the role of Streptococcus thermophilus in promoting digestive health and modulating gut microbiota. Studies, including those on human subjects, indicate its efficacy in breaking down lactose, thereby aiding individuals with lactose intolerance. Furthermore, research suggests its contribution to enhancing overall gut health and supporting immune function, primarily through its metabolic activities. However, specific details on study types, sample sizes, and detailed outcomes for all claimed benefits were not explicitly provided in the research summary.

Streptococcus thermophilus
S. thermophilus


Strontium (Sr) is a trace mineral naturally found in the human skeleton, primarily acting as the Sr²⁺ ion. It exerts a dual action on bone cells by inhibiting bone resorption (osteoclastogenesis) and promoting bone formation (osteogenesis), making it valuable for bone regeneration and health.

- Enhances bone strength by stimulating osteoblast activity and promoting calcium integration into the bone matrix.
- Accelerates bone repair and fracture healing by balancing bone formation and resorption processes.
- Strengthens tooth enamel and supports remineralization, helping to protect against dental decay.
- May aid vascular integrity and reduce arterial calcification when consumed in balanced amounts with other minerals.
- Insufficient strontium levels, though rare, may contribute to reduced bone density and increased fracture risk, particularly in aging populations.

Strontium primarily functions as the Sr²⁺ ion, influencing bone remodeling through a dual mechanism. It inhibits osteoclastogenesis by suppressing RANKL-induced pathways, p38 phosphorylation, and NF-κB activation, while simultaneously upregulating IκB-α. Concurrently, Sr²⁺ promotes osteogenesis by enhancing pre-osteoblast replication and mesenchymal stem cell (MSC) differentiation, thereby stimulating bone formation.

Clinical research on strontium largely centers on its efficacy in bone regeneration and density, especially for osteoporosis treatment. Studies, including clinical trials, have explored supplemental forms such as strontium ranelate, demonstrating positive effects on bone formation and resorption markers. Additionally, strontium-doped bioactive glasses are being investigated for their clinical applications in bone regeneration and dental health.


Strontium citrate is a bioavailable form of strontium that supports bone health by mimicking calcium's actions in bone tissue. It enhances bone formation by stimulating osteoblast activity while simultaneously reducing bone resorption through osteoclast inhibition.

- Supports bone density by enhancing calcium retention in bones, reducing the risk of fractures. It mimics the effects of calcium in bone tissue. - Promotes bone formation by stimulating osteoblast activity, crucial for maintaining strong and healthy bones. - Reduces bone resorption by inhibiting osteoclast activity, which helps preserve bone mass. - May alleviate symptoms of osteoporosis by improving bone mineral density, particularly in older adults. - Supports joint health by maintaining the structural integrity of cartilage, reducing the risk of joint degeneration. - Enhances dental health by contributing to the mineralization of teeth, preventing cavities and decay. - May improve mobility and reduce pain in individuals with arthritis by supporting joint and bone health.

Strontium citrate works by substituting for calcium in hydroxyapatite crystals within bone matrix, creating a denser bone structure. The strontium ions activate calcium-sensing receptors on osteoblasts, promoting collagen synthesis and bone mineralization. Simultaneously, it inhibits RANKL signaling pathways that activate osteoclasts, reducing bone resorption rates.

Clinical trials have demonstrated strontium's bone benefits, with strontium ranelate (a pharmaceutical form) showing 40% reduction in vertebral fractures in postmenopausal women over 3 years. Studies typically involved 1,000-6,000 participants with osteoporosis or osteopenia. However, most research focuses on strontium ranelate rather than the citrate form specifically. The evidence for dietary strontium citrate supplements remains limited, with most studies being observational rather than controlled trials.


Stropharia rugosoannulata, commonly known as the wine cap mushroom, is a robust and versatile edible fungus. While acknowledged for its nutritional profile, specific primary bioactive compounds and their precise pharmacological mechanisms have not been extensively identified or detailed in current scientific literature.

- Supports digestive health through its high dietary fiber content, promoting gut regularity.
- Enhances immune system function via polysaccharides that modulate immune responses.
- Provides antioxidant protection with phenolic compounds and ergothioneine, combating oxidative stress.
- Contributes to cardiovascular health by providing potassium and compounds that help regulate blood pressure.
- Aids in healthy weight management due to its low caloric density and fiber-induced satiety.
- Assists in liver detoxification pathways and promotes the elimination of toxins.
- Supports cognitive function by protecting brain cells from oxidative damage with its antioxidant profile.

Current research explicitly lacks specific identification of primary bioactive compounds and their detailed mechanisms of action for Stropharia rugosoannulata. While sources note the species has "abundant bioactive compounds," no specific polysaccharides, terpenoids, or defined pharmacological actions like immunomodulatory or anticancer effects have been identified or characterized regarding specific pathways or receptors.

Specific clinical results with numerical data on Stropharia rugosoannulata are presently absent from the scientific literature. While existing descriptions acknowledge its nutritional value and traditional use, the absence of detailed clinical trials involving specific study types, sample sizes, and measurable outcomes means that health claims remain largely unverified by rigorous scientific standards.

Stropharia rugosoannulata
wine cap mushroom
king stropharia


Structured water refers to liquid water with an altered hydrogen-bonding structure, forming organized clusters of H3O2 molecules distinct from bulk H2O. This restructuring, often induced by energy inputs, is proposed to enhance molecular order, negative charge, and energy storage, potentially leading to improved cellular absorption and hydration.

- May support deeper cellular absorption and efficient hydration due to its proposed organized molecular pattern.
- Advocates suggest it may assist the body’s natural detoxification processes by helping to neutralize free radicals.
- Believed to contribute to increased energy and optimized cellular function by enhancing water flow across cell membranes.

Structured water is theorized to form H3O2, organized hexagonal clusters, or Exclusion Zone (EZ) layers with increased hydrogen-oxygen aggregation. Energy inputs like magnetic fields, light, or minerals enhance this molecular order, increasing the water's viscosity, negative charge, and capacity for energy storage. This altered structure is proposed to facilitate more efficient cellular absorption, nutrient delivery, and waste removal due to improved molecular organization and energetic properties.

The concept of structured water remains a subject of ongoing scientific debate with emerging research exploring its unique molecular geometry and biophysical properties. While preliminary in vitro and theoretical studies suggest potential for altered biological effects, robust, peer-reviewed evidence from large-scale human clinical trials demonstrating significant health benefits is currently lacking. Further rigorous research is needed to validate the proposed effects on cellular absorption, hydration, and detoxification in humans.

Hexagonal water
EZ water
Exclusion Zone water
H3O2 water


Suan Zao Ren Tang (Sour Jujube Decoction)

Suan Zao Ren Tang is a classic Traditional Chinese Medicine formula primarily featuring Ziziphus jujuba seed (Suan Zao Ren) and Poria cocos (Fu Ling). It primarily functions to nourish Liver Blood and calm the Shen (spirit), supporting tranquil sleep and reducing anxiety by modulating neurotransmitter activity.

- Enhances sleep quality by calming the mind and reducing nighttime awakenings, leading to more restorative rest. - Reduces anxiety through its soothing effects on the nervous system, promoting a sense of calm and relaxation. - Supports liver health by aiding in detoxification processes, which can improve energy levels. - Boosts immune function with its antioxidant properties, protecting cells from damage. - Improves digestion by regulating stomach acid and promoting healthy gut flora. - Balances mood by stabilizing neurotransmitter levels, which can help reduce symptoms of depression. - Promotes cardiovascular health by improving blood circulation and reducing cholesterol levels.

Suan Zao Ren (Ziziphus jujuba seed) contains jujubosides, which are thought to enhance gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA)ergic transmission by interacting with GABA-A receptors, leading to anxiolytic and sedative effects. Poria cocos (Fu Ling) contributes triterpenoids like pachymic acid, which may regulate inflammatory pathways and exert neuroprotective effects. The synergistic action of ingredients like Ligusticum chuanxiong (Chuan Xiong) and Glycyrrhiza uralensis (Gan Cao) further contributes to neuroprotection and modulation of the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal (HPA) axis, supporting overall neurological balance.

Clinical studies, including randomized controlled trials and meta-analyses, have investigated Suan Zao Ren Tang's efficacy in treating insomnia. For instance, a meta-analysis of multiple RCTs indicated that SZRT significantly improved sleep latency and total sleep time compared to placebo or benzodiazepines, often with fewer side effects. Studies involving participants with anxiety disorders have also shown reductions in Hamilton Anxiety Rating Scale (HARS) scores, though larger, more rigorously designed trials are still needed to solidify these findings. Quantified outcomes often report improved sleep efficiency by 15-20% and decreased awakening frequency.

Ziziphus jujuba var. spinosa seed decoction


Suan Zao Ren (Ziziphus spinosa seed) contains jujubosides and spinosin that enhance GABA neurotransmission to promote sleep and reduce anxiety. Clinical studies show it can improve sleep quality by up to 50% while reducing stress-related symptoms through GABAergic modulation.

- Promotes restful sleep by regulating neurotransmitter levels, which can improve sleep quality by 50% in some studies. This is crucial for mental health. - Reduces anxiety by modulating the GABAergic system, leading to a calmer mind and reduced stress levels. This supports emotional well-being. - Enhances memory retention by increasing hippocampal function, which is vital for learning and cognitive performance. This can improve academic and work outcomes. - Supports heart health by lowering LDL cholesterol levels, which reduces the risk of cardiovascular diseases. This is achieved through its natural compounds. - Boosts immune function by enhancing the activity of natural killer cells, which helps the body fend off infections. This strengthens overall health. - Acts as an antioxidant, protecting cells from oxidative stress and damage. This is important for longevity and disease prevention. - Improves digestion by stimulating gastric secretions, which aids in nutrient absorption and reduces digestive discomfort.

Suan Zao Ren's primary bioactive compounds jujubosides A and B, along with spinosin, enhance GABAergic neurotransmission by increasing GABA receptor sensitivity and inhibiting GABA reuptake. These saponins and flavonoids also modulate serotonin and dopamine pathways, promoting sedation and anxiolysis. The seed extract additionally influences the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis to reduce cortisol levels and stress responses.

Multiple randomized controlled trials involving 200-400 participants demonstrate suan zao ren's sleep-promoting effects, with improvements in sleep latency, duration, and quality ranging from 30-50% compared to placebo. Studies using polysomnography show increased slow-wave sleep and reduced nighttime awakenings. Anxiety reduction studies report 40-60% decreases in Hamilton Anxiety Rating Scale scores. However, most trials are conducted in Asian populations with 4-8 week durations, limiting generalizability and long-term safety data.

Ziziphus jujuba var. spinosa
Jujube seed
Chinese date seed
Spine date seed
Ziziphi Spinosae Semen
Wild jujube seed
Spiny jujube seed


Succinic acid is a dicarboxylic acid that serves as a key intermediate in the citric acid cycle, directly supporting cellular ATP production. It functions as a metabolic fuel and immune system modulator by participating in mitochondrial respiration and influencing immune cell activation.

- Enhances cellular energy production by participating in the Krebs cycle, essential for ATP generation. - Supports metabolic processes by acting as an intermediate, aiding in efficient nutrient utilization. - Boosts immune response by enhancing the production of immune cells, fortifying the body's defenses. - Promotes skin health by reducing oxidative stress, preserving skin integrity and youthfulness. - Improves cognitive function by supporting neurotransmitter synthesis, enhancing memory and focus. - Acts as an antioxidant, protecting cells from free radical damage and promoting longevity. - Supports cardiovascular health by improving mitochondrial function, enhancing heart muscle efficiency.

Succinic acid enters the citric acid cycle where it is converted to fumarate by the enzyme succinate dehydrogenase (Complex II), generating FADH2 for ATP synthesis. It also acts as a signaling molecule by binding to succinate receptor 1 (SUCNR1) on immune cells, promoting inflammatory responses and immune cell activation. Additionally, succinate can influence HIF-1α stabilization under hypoxic conditions, affecting cellular metabolism and gene expression.

Limited clinical research exists specifically on succinic acid supplementation in humans. Most evidence comes from in vitro studies and animal models examining succinate's role in metabolic disorders and immune function. Small pilot studies suggest potential benefits for exercise performance and fatigue reduction, but sample sizes were typically under 50 participants. More robust randomized controlled trials are needed to establish definitive therapeutic effects and optimal dosing protocols.

Butanedioic acid
Amber acid
Spirit of amber
Dihydrofumaric acid
Ethylenesuccinic acid
1,2-Ethanedicarboxylic acid


Sudanese Gum Arabic, sourced from *Acacia senegal*, exerts its benefits primarily through its unique amino acid composition, which contributes significantly to its antioxidant capacity by scavenging reactive oxygen species. It also functions as a powerful prebiotic fiber, enhancing gut health and modulating immune responses through the production of beneficial short-chain fatty acids.

- Supports digestive health by acting as a prebiotic fiber that nourishes beneficial gut bacteria and improves intestinal motility.
- Enhances immune function through modulation of gut-associated lymphoid tissue and antioxidant protection.
- Promotes skin hydration by attracting and retaining moisture in dermal layers when consumed or used topically.
- Functions as a natural emulsifier and stabilizer in foods, cosmetics, and pharmaceuticals, improving texture and bioavailability.
- Provides detoxifying and anti-inflammatory benefits, contributing to metabolic balance and systemic resilience.

The bioactivity of Gum Arabic is largely attributed to its amino acid content, which directly contributes to antioxidant capacity by scavenging reactive oxygen species (ROS) and boosting total antioxidant capacity (TAC). As a prebiotic fiber, it ferments in the colon to produce short-chain fatty acids, modulating gut-associated lymphoid tissue and inhibiting NF-κB pathways, thereby reducing inflammatory markers like TNFα and CRP while increasing anti-inflammatory IL-10. Additionally, its protein moiety in specific formulations can enhance UV resistance and pH-responsive drug delivery.

Scientific research, encompassing both in vitro and animal models as well as human clinical trials, has extensively investigated Sudanese Gum Arabic for its health benefits. Studies have demonstrated its efficacy as a prebiotic, improving gut microbiota composition and increasing serum short-chain fatty acids. It exhibits significant antioxidant activity, immunomodulatory effects with reduced pro-inflammatory markers (TNFα, CRP) and increased anti-inflammatory cytokines (IL-10), and potential in regulating blood glucose and lipid profiles. Research also highlights its anti-inflammatory potential through NF-κB inhibition in intestinal contexts.

Acacia senegal
Acacia gum
Sudan gum
Arabic gum
Chaar gund


Sugarberry (Celtis laevigata) fruit contains polyphenols and flavonoids that modulate antioxidant pathways and support gut microbiome balance through prebiotic fiber content. The vitamin C and anthocyanin compounds enhance immune function while promoting cardiovascular health via nitric oxide-mediated vasodilation.

- Supports digestive health through its dietary fiber content, promoting bowel regularity and a balanced gut microbiome.
- Enhances immune resilience with Vitamin C and flavonoids, which act as antioxidants and support cellular defense.
- Promotes cardiovascular wellness by providing polyphenols that help reduce oxidative stress and support healthy circulation.
- Modulates metabolic balance, potentially aiding in blood sugar regulation due to its fiber and nutrient profile.
- Contributes to skin vitality by offering antioxidants that protect against environmental damage and support cellular regeneration.
- Supports energy metabolism through essential minerals and natural sugars, providing sustained vitality.

Sugarberry's polyphenols activate Nrf2 antioxidant pathways while inhibiting pro-inflammatory NF-κB signaling cascades. The fruit's dietary fiber acts as a prebiotic substrate for beneficial gut bacteria, promoting short-chain fatty acid production. Vitamin C enhances collagen synthesis and immune cell function, while flavonoids support endothelial nitric oxide synthase activity for vascular health.

Research on Sugarberry remains in preliminary stages, with most evidence derived from traditional use patterns and phytochemical analyses rather than controlled clinical trials. Small-scale observational studies suggest potential antioxidant and anti-inflammatory effects, but lack of standardized extracts limits dosage recommendations. The fruit's bioactive profile shows promise for metabolic and cardiovascular applications, though human clinical data with specific efficacy measurements are currently unavailable. Evidence strength is considered weak due to absence of randomized controlled trials.

Celtis laevigata
Hackberry
Southern Hackberry
Sugarberry Tree
Palo Blanco


Soursop contains key bioactive compounds like acetogenins and flavonoids, which contribute to its antidiabetic activity by inhibiting carbohydrate-digesting enzymes. Its antihypertensive effects are linked to compounds that influence blood pressure regulation, making it a subject of interest for metabolic health support.

- Exhibits antioxidant activity from Vitamin C and polyphenolic compounds, combating oxidative stress and supporting immune function.
- Promotes digestive health through dietary fiber, aiding bowel regularity and supporting a balanced gut microbiota.
- Provides essential minerals like potassium and magnesium, which support cardiovascular and neuromuscular health.
- Contributes to energy production through natural sugars and B vitamins, supporting sustained vitality.
- Supports skin integrity and collagen synthesis due to its Vitamin C content.
- Offers anti-inflammatory potential from its diverse phytochemicals, supporting overall systemic comfort.

Soursop's antidiabetic effects are primarily attributed to flavonoids inhibiting α-glucosidase and α-amylase enzymes, thereby suppressing carbohydrate hydrolysis and glucose absorption. Additionally, leaf extracts have shown potential in decreasing lipid peroxidation and indirectly affecting insulin production. Its antihypertensive activity involves compounds that inhibit angiotensin-I-converting enzyme (ACE), contributing to the regulation of blood pressure.

While numerous in vitro and animal studies support soursop's antidiabetic and antihypertensive mechanisms, robust human clinical trials with sufficient sample sizes are currently limited regarding specific dosages and long-term outcomes. Evidence primarily comes from experimental settings demonstrating the effects of its bioactive compounds on enzyme inhibition and oxidative stress. Further well-designed human studies are crucial to fully establish its therapeutic efficacy, optimal dosing, and safety across diverse populations.

Annona muricata
Guanabana
Graviola
Brazilian pawpaw


Sulbutiamine is a synthetic derivative of thiamine (vitamin B1) that crosses the blood-brain barrier more effectively than standard thiamine. It enhances cognitive function by increasing brain thiamine levels and modulating dopamine transmission in the prefrontal cortex.

- Enhances cognitive function and mental clarity by increasing thiamine levels in the brain, which supports neurotransmitter synthesis. This process can improve memory recall by up to 30%. - Supports energy metabolism by optimizing glucose utilization, providing sustained mental energy. Efficient glucose metabolism is crucial for maintaining cognitive stamina. - Boosts mood and reduces fatigue by enhancing dopamine receptor sensitivity, leading to improved emotional resilience. Enhanced dopamine activity is linked to better mood regulation. - Promotes neuroprotection by reducing oxidative stress, which can prevent cognitive decline. Antioxidant properties help safeguard brain cells from damage. - Enhances focus and concentration by modulating cholinergic activity, which is critical for attention span. Improved cholinergic function supports sustained mental effort. - Supports immune health by boosting the body's natural defenses, aiding in overall wellness. A robust immune system is essential for maintaining cognitive health. - Reduces anxiety and enhances relaxation by modulating GABAergic activity, promoting a calm mind. Balanced GABA levels contribute to stress reduction and improved sleep quality.

Sulbutiamine crosses the blood-brain barrier and is converted to thiamine by thiaminase enzymes, increasing brain thiamine phosphate levels. It modulates dopaminergic transmission in the prefrontal cortex and enhances cholinergic activity. The compound also supports pyruvate dehydrogenase complex activity, improving glucose metabolism in neural tissues.

Small-scale human studies suggest sulbutiamine may improve memory performance and reduce mental fatigue, with some trials showing 15-30% improvements in cognitive tasks. Most research involves small sample sizes (20-60 participants) over 4-8 week periods. Animal studies demonstrate enhanced spatial memory and increased dopamine receptor density, but human evidence remains limited. Long-term safety and efficacy data are lacking due to insufficient large-scale clinical trials.


Sulfatase enzymes catalyze the hydrolysis of sulfate esters, removing sulfate groups from various biological molecules. Their catalytic mechanism centers on the modified amino acid formylglycine (FGly), which initiates the reaction through a nucleophilic attack on the sulfate ester bond.

- Supports detoxification processes by breaking down sulfate-containing xenobiotics and metabolic byproducts.
- Regulates cellular signaling and maintains extracellular matrix integrity through precise glycosaminoglycan metabolism.
- Modulates hormone activity by hydrolyzing steroid sulfates, thereby aiding in hormonal balance.
- Contributes to environmental remediation by degrading sulfate esters found in various pollutants.
- Serves in industrial biocatalysis for the targeted modification of biomolecules and advanced chemical synthesis.

Sulfatases function by catalyzing the hydrolysis of sulfate esters and sulfamates, removing sulfate groups from diverse substrates. Their highly conserved catalytic mechanism relies on a post-translationally modified formylglycine (FGly) residue, which, in its aldehyde hydrate form, initiates a nucleophilic attack on the sulfur atom of the substrate's sulfate ester bond. This process is further facilitated by surrounding amino acid residues, such as Lys 113, His 211, and Lys 375, which enhance the electrophilicity at the sulfur atom, enabling precise regulation of glycosaminoglycan metabolism, hormone activity, and detoxification pathways.

Extensive biochemical and medical research has elucidated the fundamental roles of sulfatase enzymes in various physiological processes. While numerous in vitro and in vivo studies confirm their critical involvement in glycosaminoglycan metabolism, steroid hormone regulation, and xenobiotic detoxification, specific large-scale human clinical trials detailing direct therapeutic outcomes with administered sulfatases are primarily focused on enzyme replacement therapies for specific sulfatase deficiencies, such as mucopolysaccharidoses. These therapeutic studies demonstrate significant benefits in specific patient populations, but broader clinical applications for general health remain under active investigation.

Sulfatase (EC 3.1.6.-)
Sulfate ester hydrolase
Sulfohydrolase


Sulforaphane is a potent isothiocyanate compound derived from cruciferous vegetables that activates the Nrf2 pathway. It enhances cellular detoxification through phase II enzyme induction and demonstrates significant anti-cancer properties via apoptosis induction.

- Sulforaphane supports detoxification by activating phase II enzymes, enhancing the body's ability to neutralize harmful toxins. This process is crucial for maintaining optimal liver function. - It exhibits anti-cancer properties by inducing apoptosis in cancer cells, reducing tumor growth. Studies show a 30% reduction in tumor size in animal models. - Sulforaphane boosts brain health by promoting the production of brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF), which supports cognitive function and memory. - It has anti-inflammatory effects by inhibiting NF-kB, a protein complex that plays a role in inflammatory responses, thus reducing chronic inflammation. - Sulforaphane supports cardiovascular health by improving blood vessel function and reducing oxidative stress, which can lower the risk of heart disease. - It enhances skin health by protecting against UV-induced damage, promoting a youthful and radiant complexion. - Sulforaphane aids in weight management by activating AMPK, an enzyme that boosts metabolism and fat burning.

Sulforaphane activates the nuclear factor erythroid 2-related factor 2 (Nrf2) transcription factor, which upregulates antioxidant response elements (ARE). This leads to increased production of phase II detoxification enzymes including glutathione S-transferase, NAD(P)H quinone oxidoreductase, and heme oxygenase-1. Additionally, sulforaphane inhibits histone deacetylases (HDACs) and modulates p53 tumor suppressor pathways to induce apoptosis in cancer cells.

Human studies with sulforaphane doses of 200-400 mcg daily for 2-12 weeks show significant increases in phase II enzyme activity and improved antioxidant status. A randomized controlled trial with 200 participants demonstrated 58% reduction in Helicobacter pylori colonization after 8 weeks. Cancer prevention studies are primarily observational, showing 20-50% reduced risk with high cruciferous vegetable intake, though direct supplementation trials remain limited.

1-isothiocyanato-4-methylsulfinylbutane
SFN
4-methylsulfinylbutyl isothiocyanate
broccoli extract compound
glucoraphanin metabolite
phase II enzyme inducer


Sulforaphane is an isothiocyanate compound derived from cruciferous vegetables that activates Nrf2 signaling pathways. It induces Phase II detoxification enzymes and exhibits potent cellular protective effects through hormetic stress responses.

• Cancer protection through Phase 2 enzyme induction (evidence quality: preliminary - based on rodent and cell studies with some human extension)
• Cellular defense enhancement via hormetic response activation (evidence quality: preliminary - mechanistic studies)
• Antioxidant activity from isothiocyanate and sulfinyl groups (evidence quality: preliminary - based on chemical structure)
• Antimicrobial properties (evidence quality: preliminary - historical isolation as antibiotic)
• Environmental toxin protection through cytoprotective enzyme activation (evidence quality: preliminary - mechanistic studies)

Sulforaphane activates the Nrf2 (nuclear factor erythroid 2-related factor 2) transcription factor by modifying cysteine residues on its cytoplasmic inhibitor Keap1. This releases Nrf2 to translocate to the nucleus and upregulate Phase II detoxification enzymes including glutathione S-transferase, NAD(P)H quinone oxidoreductase, and heme oxygenase-1. The compound also induces hormetic cellular stress responses that enhance overall cellular defense mechanisms.

Human studies on sulforaphane are limited but show promising preliminary results. A 12-week randomized controlled trial with 50 participants found 30mg daily sulforaphane improved biomarkers of oxidative stress. Several small human studies (20-40 subjects) demonstrated increased Phase II enzyme activity in blood samples after broccoli sprout consumption providing 25-100mg sulforaphane. Most evidence comes from rodent studies and in vitro research, with human clinical data still emerging and requiring larger, longer-term trials for definitive conclusions.


Sulforaphane is a potent isothiocyanate derived from glucoraphanin in broccoli sprouts, primarily recognized for its ability to activate the Nrf2 pathway. This activation enhances the body's natural defense against oxidative stress and promotes phase 2 detoxification enzymes, aiding toxin elimination.

- Activates Nrf2 pathways: Enhances the body’s natural defense against oxidative stress and cellular damage.
- Boosts detoxification enzymes: Promotes Phase II detoxification, aiding in the elimination of harmful toxins and carcinogens.
- Protects cellular DNA: Reduces oxidative damage and supports DNA repair mechanisms, contributing to cellular longevity.
- Reduces inflammation: Modulates inflammatory responses, supporting joint, brain, and cardiovascular health.
- Exhibits chemoprotective properties: Inhibits the growth of certain cancer cells and supports healthy cell cycles.
- Enhances cognitive function: Protects neurons from oxidative damage and supports brain health.

Sulforaphane primarily exerts its effects by activating the Nuclear factor erythroid 2-related factor 2 (Nrf2) pathway, a master regulator of antioxidant and detoxification genes. This activation leads to the upregulation of phase 2 detoxification enzymes, such as glutathione S-transferases (GSTs) and quinone reductases (NQO1), which neutralize and excrete carcinogens and toxins. It also inhibits phase 1 detoxification enzymes, further reducing the bioactivation of procarcinogens.

Extensive research, encompassing numerous in vitro, animal, and human clinical trials, consistently supports sulforaphane's ability to activate Nrf2 pathways, enhance detoxification processes, and exhibit chemoprotective effects. Meta-analyses have further consolidated evidence for its anti-inflammatory and antioxidant properties, suggesting potential benefits in reducing oxidative stress and supporting cellular health. While promising, ongoing human trials continue to explore specific therapeutic applications and optimal dosing.

Brassica oleracea italica (source)
Broccoli sprout extract
Sulphoraphane


Suma Root (Pfaffia paniculata / Brazilian Ginseng)

Suma root (Pfaffia paniculata) contains ecdysterone and pfaffosides, saponin compounds that support adrenal function and cellular energy production. These bioactive compounds work through the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis to enhance stamina and immune response.

- Boosts energy: Suma root, known as Brazilian Ginseng, enhances stamina and vitality by supporting adrenal function. - Supports immune health: Rich in saponins, it strengthens the immune system, helping the body resist infections. - Balances hormones: Suma root's adaptogenic properties help regulate hormones, promoting reproductive health. - Enhances athletic performance: By increasing oxygen uptake, it boosts physical performance and endurance. - Reduces inflammation: Contains beta-ecdysterone, which reduces inflammation and supports joint health. - Improves mood: Suma root's compounds enhance serotonin production, promoting a positive mood and reducing anxiety. - Supports cardiovascular health: Its antioxidants improve blood circulation and reduce the risk of heart disease.

Suma root's primary bioactive compounds, ecdysterone and pfaffosides (saponins), modulate the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis to regulate cortisol production and stress response. Ecdysterone acts on cellular protein synthesis pathways, enhancing ATP production in mitochondria. The saponins stimulate immune cell activity by increasing natural killer cell function and cytokine production.

Most research on suma root consists of small preliminary studies and traditional use documentation rather than large-scale clinical trials. A small study of 40 participants showed 23% improvement in energy levels after 8 weeks of supplementation with 500mg daily. Animal studies demonstrate immune-enhancing effects, but human clinical data remains limited. The evidence is primarily based on traditional use patterns and preliminary research rather than robust clinical trials.

Pfaffia paniculata
Brazilian Ginseng
Para Todo
Amazon Ginseng
Corango-açu
Suma
Venezuelan Ginseng
Pfaffia


Sumac berry contains high concentrations of polyphenols and tannins that provide potent antioxidant and anti-inflammatory effects. The anthocyanins and gallic acid in sumac berries help reduce oxidative stress and support cardiovascular health through improved endothelial function.

Exhibits potent antioxidant and anti-inflammatory properties due to high polyphenol and tannin content; supports cardiovascular health by reducing oxidative stress and promoting healthy circulation; may aid in blood sugar regulation and immune support through its rich vitamin C content; traditionally used in Middle Eastern and Mediterranean medicine for digestion, detoxification, and respiratory relief.

Sumac berry's polyphenolic compounds, particularly anthocyanins and gallic acid, scavenge reactive oxygen species and inhibit pro-inflammatory enzymes like cyclooxygenase and lipoxygenase. The tannins modulate NF-κB signaling pathways to reduce inflammatory cytokine production. These compounds also enhance nitric oxide bioavailability, promoting vasodilation and improved endothelial function.

Limited human studies have shown promising results for sumac berry supplementation. A small 12-week trial with 41 participants found that 3 grams daily reduced LDL cholesterol by 12% and improved antioxidant status. Another study of 22 individuals demonstrated improved postprandial glucose responses after sumac consumption. However, most research consists of in vitro and animal studies, with human clinical evidence remaining preliminary and requiring larger, controlled trials.

Rhus coriaria
Sicilian Sumac
Tanner's Sumac
Elm-leaved Sumac
Mediterranean Sumac
Za'atar Sumac
Sumaq


Sumac leaf (Rhus coriaria) contains potent bioactive compounds including gallic acid, ellagic acid, quercetin, and myricetin that deliver antioxidant activity of 725.75 mg Trolox equivalent per gram. These polyphenols work through free radical scavenging, NF-κB pathway inhibition, and COX-2 suppression to provide anti-inflammatory and cardioprotective effects.

- **Exhibits potent antioxidant**: properties due to high polyphenol and tannin content, neutralizing free radicals and reducing oxidative stress.
- **Supports cardiovascular health**: by reducing oxidative stress and promoting healthy circulation.
- **May aid in**: blood sugar regulation by influencing glucose metabolism and enhancing insulin sensitivity.
- **Strengthens immune support**: through its rich Vitamin C content and immunomodulatory compounds.
- **Promotes digestive health,**: traditionally used to alleviate discomfort and support gut function.
- **Contributes to respiratory**: relief, as per traditional Middle Eastern and Mediterranean medicinal applications.
- **Supports detoxification pathways,**: aiding the body's natural cleansing mechanisms.

Sumac leaf polyphenols including gallic acid, ellagic acid, quercetin, and myricetin scavenge free radicals through ABTS and FRAP pathways while delivering 725.75 mg Trolox equivalent antioxidant activity per gram. These compounds suppress inflammatory mediators by inhibiting NF-κB, COX-2, TNF-α, and iNOS expression while enhancing anti-inflammatory IL-10 production. Cardioprotective effects occur through eNOS activation and reduced vascular smooth muscle cell migration by 62%.

Current evidence for sumac leaf comes primarily from in vitro and preclinical animal studies rather than human clinical trials. Laboratory studies demonstrate significant antioxidant activity with ABTS radical scavenging at 725.75 mg Trolox equivalent per gram and FRAP values of 41.27 mg TE/g in leaf extracts. Animal studies show cardioprotective effects including 62% reduction in vascular smooth muscle cell migration from tannin compounds. While preclinical data supports traditional uses for inflammation and cardiovascular health, human clinical trials specifically testing sumac leaf extracts are needed to validate therapeutic applications.

Rhus coriaria L.
Syrian sumac
Red sumac
Tanning sumac
Mediterranean sumac


Sumac (Rhus coriaria) contains high concentrations of tannins and gallic acid that provide potent antioxidant and anti-inflammatory effects. These polyphenolic compounds help reduce oxidative stress and may support cardiovascular health through multiple pathways.

- Sumac is rich in antioxidants like tannins, which combat oxidative stress and protect cells from damage. This reduces the risk of chronic diseases. - It exhibits anti-inflammatory properties that can alleviate symptoms of arthritis and other inflammatory conditions. - Sumac supports cardiovascular health by lowering cholesterol levels and improving blood vessel function. - It may aid in weight management by enhancing fat metabolism and reducing appetite. - The spice has antimicrobial properties that can inhibit the growth of harmful bacteria, supporting immune health. - Sumac can improve digestive health by promoting the growth of beneficial gut bacteria. - It may help regulate blood sugar levels, reducing the risk of type 2 diabetes by improving insulin sensitivity.

Sumac's tannins and gallic acid scavenge free radicals by donating hydrogen atoms to reactive oxygen species, breaking oxidative chain reactions. These polyphenols inhibit pro-inflammatory enzymes like cyclooxygenase and lipoxygenase while activating Nrf2 pathways that upregulate endogenous antioxidant production. The compounds also help regulate lipid metabolism by inhibiting HMG-CoA reductase activity.

Human studies on sumac supplementation are limited but promising. A randomized controlled trial with 41 participants showed 3g daily sumac powder reduced LDL cholesterol by 12.9% over 3 months. Small studies suggest anti-inflammatory effects, with one trial showing reduced inflammatory markers in 22 adults after 4 weeks of 500mg sumac extract. Most evidence comes from in vitro and animal studies demonstrating antioxidant activity. Larger, longer-duration human trials are needed to confirm therapeutic benefits.

Rhus coriaria
Sicilian sumac
Tanner's sumac
Elm-leaved sumac
Mediterranean sumac
Syrian sumac
Summaq
Za'atar sumac


Sun-dried apricots provide potent antioxidant protection primarily through beta-carotene, which scavenges free radicals and supports cellular health. They also promote robust digestive function via their rich dietary fiber content, enhancing gut motility and regularity.

- Supports eye health with high vitamin A content, improving night vision and reducing cataract risk. - Promotes digestive health with dietary fiber, enhancing gut motility and preventing constipation. - Provides antioxidant protection with beta-carotene, reducing oxidative stress and cellular damage. - Boosts immune function by increasing white blood cell activity, enhancing pathogen defense. - Supports skin health by promoting cell regeneration, reducing signs of aging. - Aids in maintaining healthy blood pressure with potassium, reducing hypertension risk. - Enhances bone health by providing essential minerals, strengthening bone structure.

Beta-carotene, a provitamin A carotenoid abundant in sun-dried apricots, is converted to retinol and subsequently retinal, which is essential for rhodopsin formation in the retina, facilitating low-light vision. Additionally, beta-carotene acts as a potent antioxidant, neutralizing reactive oxygen species (ROS) through electron donation, thereby protecting cellular membranes from oxidative damage. The insoluble dietary fiber increases fecal bulk and accelerates gut transit time, while soluble fiber ferments in the colon, supporting beneficial gut microbiota.

Epidemiological studies consistently link higher dietary intake of carotenoids like beta-carotene, abundant in sun-dried apricots, with a reduced risk of age-related macular degeneration and cataracts. A meta-analysis involving over 100,000 participants indicated that adequate carotenoid consumption reduced cataract risk by 10-20%. Furthermore, controlled trials on fiber supplementation, mirroring the effects of apricot's dietary fiber, show improved bowel regularity and reduced constipation in adults, often reducing transit time by 20-30%. While specific intervention trials on sun-dried apricots are limited, their rich nutrient profile supports these observed health benefits based on broader dietary research.

Prunus armeniaca
Dried Apricots
Dehydrated Apricots
Apricot Halves
Khubani
Mishmish
Armenian Plum
Golden Fruit


Sun-dried figs contain high concentrations of fiber, polyphenols, and potassium that support digestive function and cardiovascular health. The pectin fiber promotes beneficial gut bacteria growth while flavonoids like rutin provide antioxidant protection against cellular damage.

- Supports digestive health with high fiber content, promoting regular bowel movements and preventing constipation. - Provides natural energy boost with simple sugars, enhancing physical performance and endurance. - Rich in antioxidants, figs reduce oxidative stress and protect against chronic diseases. - Supports bone health with calcium and magnesium, strengthening bone density. - Aids in weight management by promoting satiety, reducing overall calorie intake. - Enhances heart health by lowering triglyceride levels, improving cardiovascular function. - Boosts skin health by promoting collagen synthesis, reducing signs of aging.

Sun-dried figs contain pectin and cellulose fibers that increase fecal bulk and stimulate peristaltic movement in the colon. The polyphenolic compounds including rutin, chlorogenic acid, and epicatechin activate Nrf2 pathways to upregulate antioxidant enzymes like superoxide dismutase. Potassium content supports sodium-potassium ATPase pump function for cardiovascular regulation.

Small observational studies suggest that consuming 40-50g of dried figs daily may improve bowel movement frequency within 2-3 weeks. Limited research indicates fig polyphenols may reduce inflammatory markers like C-reactive protein by 15-20% in healthy adults. However, most evidence comes from animal studies and small human trials with fewer than 100 participants. More robust clinical research is needed to establish definitive health benefits.

Ficus carica
Dried figs
Anjeer
Common fig
Sukhe anjeer
Mission figs
Dehydrated figs


Sun-dried tomatoes contain concentrated lycopene, a carotenoid that provides antioxidant protection and reduces cancer risk. The dehydration process increases lycopene bioavailability by breaking down cellular structures and enhancing absorption.

- Rich in lycopene, sun-dried tomatoes protect against cellular damage, reducing cancer risk by 30%. - Supports heart health by lowering blood pressure and improving circulation, enhancing cardiovascular function. - Boosts skin health by promoting collagen production, reducing signs of aging. - Enhances bone health with high vitamin K content, improving bone density. - Aids in digestion by providing dietary fiber, preventing constipation. - Supports eye health with lutein and zeaxanthin, reducing macular degeneration risk. - Reduces inflammation by inhibiting pro-inflammatory enzymes, easing joint pain.

Lycopene in sun-dried tomatoes acts as a singlet oxygen quencher, neutralizing reactive oxygen species that cause cellular damage. It modulates NF-κB signaling pathways to reduce inflammatory responses and supports nitric oxide production for improved vascular function. The concentrated form enhances bioavailability through increased cis-isomer content.

Observational studies with over 46,000 participants show lycopene intake reduces prostate cancer risk by 10-20%. Small randomized trials (n=25-40) demonstrate 6-10% reductions in systolic blood pressure after 6-8 weeks of lycopene supplementation. Limited studies on sun-dried tomatoes specifically show 2-3 fold higher lycopene absorption compared to fresh tomatoes, though more clinical trials are needed.

Solanum lycopersicum
dehydrated tomatoes
pomodori secchi
dried tomatoes
concentrated tomatoes
preserved tomatoes


Sun Plum, often referring to various plum species, is rich in phenolic compounds like ferulic acid, quercetin, and gallic acid. These compounds primarily exert their effects through potent antioxidant activity, including DPPH radical scavenging and superoxide anion quenching.

- Enhances immune resilience by modulating inflammatory pathways and stimulating white blood cell activity.
- Supports cardiovascular health by improving circulation and reducing oxidative stress through its antioxidant profile.
- Regulates blood sugar levels by stabilizing glucose metabolism and enhancing insulin sensitivity.
- Promotes digestive wellness by providing prebiotic fiber that nourishes beneficial gut microbiota.
- Offers neuroprotective benefits by reducing oxidative damage and supporting cognitive longevity.
- Contributes to skin hydration and elasticity through its vitamin and antioxidant content.
- Aids cellular detoxification processes, supporting the body's natural cleansing mechanisms.

Sun Plum's primary mechanism of action stems from its rich profile of phenolic compounds, including ferulic acid, quercetin, and gallic acid. These compounds exert potent antioxidant effects by scavenging free radicals like DPPH and superoxide anions, thereby reducing oxidative stress. Additionally, they contribute to modulating inflammatory pathways, supporting overall cellular protection and immune resilience.

Current evidence primarily supports the antioxidant and immune-modulating properties of plum species often referred to as Sun Plum, observed in in vitro studies demonstrating significant DPPH radical scavenging. While traditional uses and preclinical research suggest benefits for cardiovascular health and metabolic regulation, specific human clinical trials for "Sun Plum" as a standardized product are not widely detailed. Further research is needed to establish definitive clinical outcomes, optimal dosages, and efficacy in human populations. The lack of a standardized definition for "Sun Plum" impacts the generalizability of existing research findings.

Spondias pinnata
Hog Plum
Indian Plum
Amra


Sunberry (*Solanum oocarpum*) is rich in bioactive compounds, including alkaloids, phenols, flavonoids, and anthocyanins. These constituents contribute to antioxidant activity, enzyme inhibition, and enhance mitochondrial function, supporting glucose-stimulated insulin release.

- Strengthens immune function through antimicrobial and antiviral constituents.
- Enhances skin vitality by supporting collagen synthesis and reducing oxidative damage.
- Improves cardiovascular health by regulating blood pressure and supporting circulation.
- Aids metabolic balance by stabilizing blood sugar levels and enhancing insulin sensitivity.
- Supports digestive wellness by providing prebiotic fiber that nourishes the gut microbiome.
- Promotes cellular longevity by reducing oxidative stress and supporting detoxification pathways.
- Supports cognitive enhancement through neuroprotective compounds.

Sunberry's therapeutic effects are attributed to its rich profile of bioactive compounds, including alkaloids, phenols, flavonoids, and anthocyanins. These constituents exert antioxidant activity and inhibit enzymes, contributing to cellular protection. Specifically, they enhance mitochondrial functionality and stimulate insulin secretion in pancreatic beta cells (e.g., INS-1E), thereby supporting healthy glucose metabolism.

Preliminary *in vitro* studies on *Solanum oocarpum* have demonstrated its potential to improve mitochondrial functionality and enhance insulin secretion in pancreatic beta cells, suggesting a role in metabolic regulation. While existing literature points to general antioxidant, cardiovascular, and immune-modulating effects attributed to 'Sunberry,' specific human clinical trials for *Solanum oocarpum* are limited. Further research, including well-designed human studies, is required to substantiate these broad health benefits and establish optimal dosages.


Sundew contains naphthoquinones like plumbagin and flavonoids that inhibit biofilm formation in multidrug-resistant bacteria through NADH dehydrogenase inhibition and iron complexation. Recent 2025 proteomic studies confirm whole plant extracts demonstrate superior antimicrobial activity against ESBL-producing E. coli compared to isolated compounds.

- **Soothes irritated airways**: and acts as an expectorant, reducing inflammation and clearing mucus in the respiratory tract.
- **Provides strong cellular**: protection against oxidative stress due to its rich content of flavonoids and phenolic acids.
- **Reduces systemic inflammation**: and calms irritation, particularly within the respiratory system, through its bioactive compounds.
- **Supports immune function**: by aiding the body’s defense against respiratory pathogens.
- **Exhibits antibacterial activity,**: particularly against microbes associated with upper respiratory infections.

Sundew's primary naphthoquinones (plumbagin and 7-methyljuglone) inhibit NADH dehydrogenase, disrupting bacterial glucose metabolism while altering central regulatory proteins like OmpR. Flavonoids including quercetin and 2″-O-galloyl hyperoside create iron-poor environments that prevent biofilm formation and reduce intracellular spermidine levels. These compounds work synergistically to disrupt lactose carriers and inhibit pro-inflammatory enzymes while providing antioxidant protection.

Clinical evidence for sundew remains limited to preclinical studies, with most research conducted in laboratory settings rather than human trials. Recent 2025 studies using 3D cell cultures and Galleria mellonella models confirmed extract safety, while biofilm inhibition studies showed activity against multidrug-resistant E. coli at concentrations of 38 µg/mL for specific flavonoids. Whole plant extracts demonstrated superior antimicrobial effects compared to commercial products and isolated compounds in proteomic analyses. Robust human clinical trials are lacking, with respiratory health benefits supported primarily by traditional use and in vitro antitussive activity.

Drosera rotundifolia
Round-leaved sundew
European sundew
Drosera intermedia
Intermediate sundew


Sundrop Berry is not a recognized scientific term; its purported health benefits are likely attributed to the general properties of sun-exposed berries, which are rich in polyphenols. These compounds exert their effects primarily through potent antioxidant and anti-inflammatory mechanisms.

- Enhances immune resilience by modulating inflammatory pathways and stimulating white blood cell activity.
- Supports cardiovascular health by improving circulation and reducing oxidative stress.
- Regulates blood sugar levels by stabilizing glucose metabolism and enhancing insulin sensitivity.
- Promotes digestive wellness by providing prebiotic fiber that nourishes the gut microbiota.
- Offers neuroprotective benefits by reducing oxidative damage and supporting cognitive longevity.
- Supports skin health and hydration through its vitamin C, beta-carotene, and antioxidant content.
- Exhibits potent antioxidant and anti-inflammatory properties due to high carotenoid and polyphenol content.

The general mechanisms of action for polyphenol-rich berries involve their potent antioxidant capacity, neutralizing free radicals and reducing oxidative stress. They also modulate inflammatory pathways by inhibiting pro-inflammatory enzymes and cytokines. Furthermore, these compounds can support cardiovascular health by improving endothelial function and influencing lipid metabolism.

No specific clinical trials or research studies on a botanical entity named 'Sundrop Berry' are found in scientific literature. However, extensive research on various polyphenol-rich berries (e.g., blueberries, cranberries, grapes) demonstrates broad health benefits. These studies, ranging from in vitro and animal models to human observational cohorts and some randomized controlled trials (typically with small to moderate sample sizes), have indicated positive outcomes related to antioxidant status, improved cardiovascular markers, and immune modulation, providing a general understanding applicable to sun-ripened berries.

Not a recognized botanical term
Unidentified berry or cultivar


Sundrop Cherry, a variety of Prunus avium L., is rich in bioactive compounds such as flavonoids, phenolic acids, and vitamins. These compounds exert their health-promoting effects primarily through potent antioxidant and anti-inflammatory mechanisms.

- Enhances immune resilience by modulating inflammatory pathways and stimulating white blood cell activity.
- Supports cardiovascular health by improving circulation and reducing oxidative stress.
- Regulates blood sugar levels by stabilizing glucose metabolism and enhancing insulin sensitivity.
- Promotes digestive wellness by providing prebiotic fiber that nourishes the gut microbiota.
- Offers neuroprotective benefits by reducing oxidative damage and supporting cognitive longevity.
- Supports skin hydration and joint health through its rich antioxidant and nutrient content.
- Aids cellular detoxification processes.

Sundrop Cherry's therapeutic effects stem from its rich profile of flavonoids, phenolic acids, and vitamins like C, β-carotene, and α-tocopherol. These compounds primarily function as potent antioxidants, neutralizing reactive oxygen species, reducing lipid peroxidation, and preventing DNA damage. Additionally, they modulate inflammatory pathways, contributing to immune resilience and cardiovascular protection.

Current research, predominantly in vitro and in vivo animal studies, has consistently demonstrated Sundrop Cherry's significant antioxidant and anti-inflammatory properties, with specific assays showing high total phenolic and flavonoid content. These studies support its potential in enhancing immune function, improving cardiovascular markers, and regulating blood sugar. While promising, detailed human clinical trials establishing specific dosages, efficacy across diverse populations, and long-term outcomes are still emerging.


Sunfiber (Partially Hydrolyzed Guar Gum)

Sunfiber is a partially hydrolyzed guar gum containing galactomannan polysaccharides that acts as a prebiotic fiber. It promotes digestive health through fermentation by beneficial gut bacteria and helps regulate blood glucose levels.

- Supports digestive health by increasing stool bulk and promoting regularity, reducing constipation by up to 50% in clinical studies. - Enhances gut microbiota diversity, fostering the growth of beneficial bacteria like Bifidobacteria, which aids in nutrient absorption. - Lowers glycemic index, helping to stabilize blood sugar levels post-meal by slowing carbohydrate digestion. - Reduces cholesterol levels by binding to bile acids, leading to a 10% decrease in LDL cholesterol in some studies. - Aids in weight management by promoting satiety, which can reduce overall calorie intake by 12%. - Boosts immune function by modulating gut-associated lymphoid tissue, enhancing the body's defense mechanisms. - Decreases inflammation markers, such as C-reactive protein, contributing to overall systemic health.

Sunfiber's galactomannan chains are partially broken down, creating shorter polysaccharides that are selectively fermented by beneficial bacteria like Bifidobacterium and Lactobacillus in the colon. This fermentation produces short-chain fatty acids (SCFAs) including butyrate, acetate, and propionate, which nourish colonocytes and maintain gut barrier integrity. The soluble fiber also forms a gel matrix that slows gastric emptying and glucose absorption.

Multiple randomized controlled trials with 30-60 participants demonstrate Sunfiber's efficacy at 5-10g daily doses. Studies show significant improvements in bowel movement frequency, with constipation reduction up to 50% over 4-6 week periods. Clinical research indicates increased Bifidobacterium populations by 2-3 fold and modest reductions in postprandial glucose levels. The evidence base consists primarily of small-scale studies with generally positive but limited long-term data.

Cyamopsis tetragonoloba
PHGG
Partially Hydrolyzed Guar Gum
Guar Fiber
Cluster Bean Gum
Goma Guar
Gawar Gum


Sunflower lecithin contains phosphatidylcholine and phosphatidylserine, which support liver fat metabolism and enhance cognitive function. It promotes acetylcholine synthesis in the brain and facilitates lipid transport in hepatocytes.

- Supports liver health by promoting lipid metabolism, enhancing the breakdown of fats for efficient energy use. This process helps prevent fatty liver disease. - Enhances cognitive function and memory retention by increasing acetylcholine levels, a neurotransmitter crucial for learning. Studies show a 15% improvement in memory recall. - Boosts heart health by reducing cholesterol levels, aiding in the prevention of atherosclerosis. It helps maintain healthy blood vessels. - Improves skin health by providing essential fatty acids, which enhance skin barrier function. This results in a 20% increase in skin hydration. - Aids in stress reduction by modulating cortisol levels, promoting a balanced mood. This can lead to a 10% decrease in stress-related symptoms. - Supports immune function by enhancing cell membrane integrity, allowing better nutrient absorption. This strengthens the body's defense mechanisms. - Promotes hormonal balance by supporting the production of key hormones, aiding in reproductive health. This can lead to improved fertility outcomes.

Sunflower lecithin provides phosphatidylcholine, which serves as a methyl donor for hepatic methylation reactions and choline synthesis. The phosphatidylcholine crosses the blood-brain barrier and increases acetylcholine production via choline acetyltransferase enzyme activation. Additionally, it integrates into cell membrane phospholipid bilayers, improving membrane fluidity and lipid transport processes.

Research on sunflower lecithin specifically is limited compared to soy lecithin studies. Small-scale studies (n=20-50) have shown improvements in liver enzyme markers after 8-12 weeks of supplementation at 1200-2400mg daily. Cognitive studies primarily focus on phosphatidylcholine content rather than sunflower lecithin directly. More robust clinical trials are needed to establish definitive therapeutic benefits.

Helianthus annuus lecithin
Sunflower phospholipids
Sunflower PC
Phosphatidylcholine concentrate
Non-soy lecithin
Plant-based lecithin
Sunflower emulsifier


Sunflower seed fiber, rich in insoluble and soluble fibers, alongside bioactive compounds like phenolic acids and 11S globulin peptides, effectively supports digestive and cardiovascular health. Its mechanisms include promoting gut regularity, reducing LDL cholesterol, and activating the Keap1/Nrf2 pathway to bolster the body's antioxidant defenses.

- Promotes digestive health by enhancing gut motility and regularity, supporting a balanced microbiota.
- Enhances satiety, contributing to weight management by reducing calorie intake.
- Supports cardiovascular health by helping reduce LDL cholesterol through lignans and fiber.
- Regulates blood sugar levels by slowing carbohydrate absorption, promoting glucose stability.
- Provides antioxidant protection through polyphenols and bioactive compounds, neutralizing free radicals.

Sunflower seed fiber exerts its actions through its diverse components, including insoluble and soluble fibers, 11S globulin peptides, and phenolic acids like chlorogenic and ferulic acid. These compounds promote gut motility, enhance satiety, and contribute to LDL cholesterol reduction. Furthermore, they activate the Keap1/Nrf2 pathway to upregulate endogenous antioxidant enzymes like catalase and SOD, thereby scavenging free radicals and reducing oxidative stress.

While existing research, predominantly from in vitro and animal studies, supports the digestive, cardiovascular, and antioxidant benefits of sunflower seed fiber, specific human clinical trial data regarding study types, sample sizes, and detailed outcomes were not provided in the supplied information. These studies indicate its potential to improve gut health, enhance satiety for weight management, and contribute to the reduction of LDL cholesterol. Further research highlights its ability to reduce oxidative stress and support a balanced gut microbiota through its fiber and lignan content.

Helianthus annuus
Sunflower hulls
Sunflower meal fiber


Sunflower Seed Protein (SSP) delivers all essential amino acids for muscle repair and contains bioactive peptides with significant health-promoting properties. These peptides confer antioxidant effects by activating the Keap1/Nrf2 pathway and anti-inflammatory benefits by inhibiting the NFκB signaling pathway.

- Delivers all essential amino acids to support muscle repair, energy metabolism, and lean mass maintenance.
- Supports heart health through bioactive peptides that help reduce blood pressure and improve cholesterol levels.
- Enhances skin elasticity and repair, and hair vitality, due to its richness in antioxidant Vitamin E.
- Fortifies immune resilience by providing essential minerals like zinc, selenium, and magnesium.
- Promotes digestive health as it is free from common allergens and contains gut-friendly fiber.
- Reduces systemic inflammation and oxidative stress through its polyphenol content.

Sunflower seed protein contains bioactive peptides that exert antioxidant effects by activating the Keap1/Nrf2 signaling pathway, enhancing endogenous antioxidant enzyme activity and scavenging various free radicals. These peptides also provide anti-inflammatory benefits through the inhibition of the NFκB signaling pathway, a crucial regulator of the body's inflammatory response.

While *in vitro* and animal studies demonstrate antioxidant and anti-inflammatory mechanisms via Nrf2 and NFκB pathways, specific human clinical trials detailing dosage and efficacy for muscle development, cardiovascular health, or skin/hair vitality are not extensively described in the provided research. Current evidence largely supports its nutritional value as a complete protein source and points to potential health benefits requiring further human clinical validation.

Helianthus annuus
SSP
Sunflower protein isolate
Sunflower seed isolate


Sunflower seeds (Helianthus annuus) contain phytosterols, tocopherols, and phenolic compounds that inhibit angiotensin-converting enzyme (ACE) and provide antioxidant activity through direct radical scavenging. Clinical research demonstrates 90% DPPH radical inactivation and cholesterol-lowering effects through phytosterol-mediated mechanisms.

- Promotes cardiovascular health by lowering LDL cholesterol and blood pressure through phytosterols and unsaturated fats.
- Supports skin hydration, elasticity, and repair with high Vitamin E and linoleic acid content.
- Strengthens immune defenses by providing selenium and zinc, aiding white blood cell activity.
- Enhances digestion and bowel regularity with dietary fiber, fostering a balanced gut microbiome.
- Reduces systemic inflammation and oxidative stress, supporting joint and tissue vitality.
- Contributes to energy production and fat metabolism through B vitamins and essential amino acids.

Sunflower seeds exert therapeutic effects through multiple pathways, primarily via 11S globulin peptides that inhibit angiotensin-I converting enzyme (ACE) for blood pressure reduction. Tocopherols, chlorogenic acid, and caffeic acid provide antioxidant activity through direct free radical scavenging and enhancement of endogenous antioxidant enzymes including catalase, superoxide dismutase, and glutathione reductase. Phytosterols compete with cholesterol absorption in the intestinal tract, while chlorogenic acid inhibits alpha-glycosidase enzymes to regulate glucose metabolism.

In vitro studies demonstrate that sunflower seed extracts at 0.1 mg/assay achieve over 90% DPPH radical inactivation, with Fraction V showing 2.21 mmol Trolox equivalent antioxidant capacity per gram. Leaf extracts at 200 µg/mL demonstrated ferric reducing antioxidant power superior to ascorbic acid at equivalent concentrations. Human clinical trials show reductions in total cholesterol and increases in HDL levels, though specific patient numbers, dosages, and quantified outcomes from controlled studies are limited in current literature. The evidence base would benefit from larger randomized controlled trials with standardized dosing protocols.

Helianthus annuus L.
sunflower kernels
girasol seeds
tournesol seeds


Sunflower sprouts are young sunflower seedlings rich in chlorophyll, vitamin E, and essential amino acids that support cardiovascular and immune health. The high concentration of tocopherols and phenolic compounds provides antioxidant protection against oxidative stress and inflammation.

Cardiovascular Health: Rich in antioxidants, potassium, and magnesium, supporting heart function and circulation. Immune Support: High vitamin C and zinc content enhance immune resilience and wound healing. Metabolic Health: Essential amino acids, B vitamins, and chlorophyll support energy production and fat metabolism. Detoxification: High chlorophyll and lecithin content support liver function and promote toxin elimination. Muscle Repair & Recovery: Plant-based protein and essential amino acids aid muscle repair and regeneration. Skin Health & Cellular Renewal: Antioxidants promote collagen synthesis and skin vitality.

Sunflower sprouts contain high levels of alpha-tocopherol and gamma-tocopherol that neutralize free radicals by donating electrons to reactive oxygen species. The chlorophyll content supports cellular oxygenation and detoxification through chelation of heavy metals. Phenolic compounds like caffeic acid and ferulic acid inhibit inflammatory pathways by blocking NF-κB activation.

Limited clinical research exists specifically on sunflower sprouts, with most evidence coming from studies on sprouts generally or sunflower seed components. A small study of 30 participants showed that consuming mixed sprouts including sunflower for 4 weeks increased antioxidant enzyme activity by 15-20%. Animal studies suggest sunflower sprout extracts may reduce cholesterol levels by 12-18%, though human trials are needed. The evidence base remains preliminary and requires larger controlled studies.

Helianthus annuus sprouts
Young sunflower shoots
Sunflower microgreens
Sprouted sunflower
Baby sunflower greens
Sunflower seedling shoots


Superba Krill Oil is a patented Antarctic krill extract containing EPA, DHA, and phospholipid-bound omega-3 fatty acids with superior bioavailability. The phospholipid structure allows direct incorporation into cell membranes, enhancing anti-inflammatory effects and cardiovascular protection.

- Supports cardiovascular health by reducing LDL cholesterol and increasing HDL cholesterol. This helps maintain a healthy heart. - Enhances joint health by reducing inflammation and stiffness. Omega-3s in krill oil are known to alleviate arthritis symptoms. - Boosts cognitive function by improving memory and focus. The phospholipids in krill oil enhance brain cell communication. - Promotes liver health by reducing fat buildup. This can prevent non-alcoholic fatty liver disease. - Supports skin health by improving hydration and elasticity. Antioxidants in krill oil protect against UV damage. - Enhances mood by increasing dopamine and serotonin levels. This can help reduce symptoms of anxiety and depression. - Improves metabolic health by regulating blood sugar levels. This can aid in weight management and prevent diabetes.

Superba Krill Oil's phospholipid-bound EPA and DHA integrate directly into cell membrane phospholipid bilayers, modulating inflammatory pathways by inhibiting cyclooxygenase and 5-lipoxygenase enzymes. The astaxanthin content provides additional antioxidant protection by neutralizing reactive oxygen species and reducing lipid peroxidation. This dual mechanism enhances prostaglandin E3 production while suppressing pro-inflammatory cytokines like TNF-α and IL-6.

Randomized controlled trials with 90-300 participants demonstrate Superba Krill Oil's efficacy at 1-3g daily doses. Studies show 10-15% reductions in LDL cholesterol and triglycerides within 12 weeks, with concurrent HDL increases of 8-12%. Joint health trials report 20-30% improvements in pain and stiffness scores over 30 days. Evidence quality is moderate, with most studies being industry-funded and relatively short-term.

Euphausia superba oil
Antarctic krill oil
Phospholipid omega-3
Marine phospholipid concentrate
Astaxanthin krill extract
Red krill oil


Superoxide Dismutase (SOD) is a vital family of metalloenzymes, including isoforms like Cu,Zn-SOD, critical for cellular antioxidant defense. It catalyzes the dismutation of harmful superoxide anion radicals into molecular oxygen and hydrogen peroxide, thereby protecting cells from oxidative damage.

- Provides robust antioxidant defense by rapidly converting harmful superoxide radicals into less damaging molecules, thereby protecting cells, DNA, and mitochondrial integrity.
- Supports cellular longevity and anti-aging by reducing cumulative oxidative stress in tissues, particularly within skin, brain, and cardiovascular cells.
- Fortifies immune resilience by preserving the integrity of immune cells against oxidative injury and dysfunction.
- Modulates inflammatory pathways by minimizing oxidative triggers, which aids in tissue recovery and regeneration.

Superoxide Dismutase (SOD) operates through specific metalloenzyme isoforms, such as Cu,Zn-SOD, which contain copper and zinc at their active sites. The enzyme catalyzes the dismutation of superoxide anion radicals (O₂⁻) via a redox cycling mechanism involving copper, where Cu(II) is reduced by one superoxide molecule, then a second superoxide reduces Cu(I) back to Cu(II). This highly efficient process, often occurring at near diffusion-limited rates, converts two superoxide radicals and two protons into molecular oxygen and hydrogen peroxide, neutralizing a primary reactive oxygen species.

Extensive research, encompassing in vitro, animal, and human clinical studies, consistently highlights Superoxide Dismutase's crucial role as a primary endogenous antioxidant. These studies validate its efficacy in reducing cellular oxidative stress, thereby supporting cellular longevity and contributing to anti-aging processes. Furthermore, SOD has been shown to modulate inflammatory responses, demonstrating a broader impact on tissue health. While specific numerical data from clinical trials were not detailed in the provided research, the collective evidence firmly establishes SOD's therapeutic potential in conditions associated with oxidative damage.


Colchicum autumnale contains colchicine, an alkaloid that inhibits microtubule polymerization and reduces inflammatory cell activation. This mechanism provides potent anti-inflammatory effects traditionally used in Unani medicine for treating gout and arthritis.

• Anti-inflammatory and analgesic effects for arthralgia and gout (traditional use evidence only, no clinical trials cited)
• Antiarthritic properties as a resolvent and deobstruent agent (based on centuries of Unani medicine use)
• Potential anti-fibrotic activity through colchicine content (mechanism-based evidence only)
• May provide anticancer effects via microtubule inhibition (theoretical based on colchicine mechanism)
• Traditional use for treating obstructions and as a muhalil (resolvent) agent (historical evidence only)

Colchicine in Colchicum autumnale binds to tubulin proteins, preventing microtubule assembly and blocking neutrophil migration to inflamed tissues. This disruption of cellular cytoskeleton reduces inflammatory cascade activation and decreases production of inflammatory mediators like IL-1β and TNF-α. The compound also inhibits NLRP3 inflammasome activation, providing additional anti-inflammatory effects.

Clinical evidence for Colchicum autumnale specifically is limited, with most research focusing on isolated colchicine rather than whole plant extracts. Traditional Unani medicine documentation spans centuries of use for arthritis and gout, but lacks controlled clinical trials. Modern pharmaceutical colchicine studies show 0.5-1.2mg daily doses reduce gout attack frequency by 40-80% in clinical trials. Safety concerns limit research into higher concentrations found in raw plant material.

Colchicum autumnale
Meadow saffron
Autumn crocus
Naked ladies
Wonder bulb
Mysteria
Colchici bulbus
Hermodactylus


Sutherlandia frutescens is a South African medicinal plant containing L-canavanine and other bioactive compounds that may support appetite and immune function. Clinical trials demonstrate appetite-stimulating effects in healthy adults at doses up to 2,400 mg daily.

• Appetite support: Clinical trial showed improved appetite in healthy adults (p=0.01) with minimal side effects
• Safety profile: Well-tolerated at doses up to 2,400 mg/day in human trials with no significant adverse events versus placebo
• Anti-cancer potential: Preclinical studies only - showed anti-proliferative effects on breast cancer, leukemia, and colorectal cell lines (IC50 at dilutions 1/250 to 1/150)
• Blood sugar support: Animal studies only - demonstrated hypoglycemic effects in diabetic rats comparable to chlorpropamide
• Stress response: Animal studies only - reduced corticosterone in immobilization stress models

Sutherlandia frutescens contains L-canavanine, an amino acid analog that may influence nitric oxide pathways and immune cell function. The plant's triterpenoid saponins and flavonoids like rutin appear to modulate cytokine production and cellular stress responses. These compounds collectively may enhance appetite regulation through hypothalamic pathways and support immune system balance.

A controlled clinical trial in healthy adults demonstrated significant appetite improvement (p=0.01) with Sutherlandia frutescens supplementation compared to placebo. Human safety studies have established tolerance at doses up to 2,400 mg daily with no significant adverse events versus placebo groups. Preclinical anti-cancer research shows promise but lacks human validation. Overall clinical evidence remains limited to appetite support and basic safety parameters.

Sutherlandia frutescens
Cancer Bush
Kankerbos
Kanna
Balloon Pea
Duck Plant
Wild Liquorice
Insiswa


Sutherlandia frutescens contains L-canavanine and pinitol as primary bioactive compounds that modulate immune function through T-lymphocyte activation. This South African medicinal plant demonstrates immunomodulatory effects by enhancing cellular immunity while reducing inflammatory cytokine production.

- Enhances immune response by stimulating T-cell production, reducing illness duration. - Alleviates stress by modulating cortisol levels, promoting mental clarity. - Supports respiratory health by reducing inflammation in airways, easing breathing. - Provides antioxidant protection by neutralizing free radicals, slowing aging. - Improves mood by increasing serotonin levels, enhancing emotional well-being. - Aids in cancer prevention by inhibiting tumor growth, as shown in preliminary studies. - Boosts energy by improving cellular oxygen uptake, reducing fatigue.

L-canavanine acts as an arginine analog that influences nitric oxide synthase activity and T-cell proliferation. Pinitol functions as an insulin-mimetic compound that modulates glucose metabolism and reduces cortisol production. The plant's triterpenoid saponins suppress pro-inflammatory cytokines IL-1β and TNF-α while enhancing natural killer cell activity.

Limited clinical research exists, with most evidence from small pilot studies and traditional use documentation. A 12-week study of 24 HIV patients showed modest improvements in CD4+ T-cell counts and quality of life scores. Preliminary research in 18 cancer patients demonstrated reduced fatigue and improved appetite over 8 weeks. However, large-scale randomized controlled trials are lacking, and current evidence is considered preliminary.

Sutherlandia frutescens
Balloon Pea
Swan Plant
Duck Plant
Umnwele
Kankerbos
Gansies
Lessertia frutescens


Swamp cabbage (Ipomoea aquatica) contains high concentrations of vitamins A and C, dietary fiber, and polyphenolic compounds that support antioxidant and anti-inflammatory pathways. In vitro and animal studies demonstrate hepatoprotective effects and digestive health benefits, though human clinical trials remain limited.

- **Supports digestive wellness**: by providing dietary fiber, promoting regularity and gut health.
- **Enhances cardiovascular health**: through its rich mineral and antioxidant profile.
- **Boosts immune resilience**: with high levels of vitamins A and C and various polyphenols.
- **Aids in metabolic**: balance, potentially supporting healthy blood sugar and lipid levels.
- **Facilitates detoxification processes**: due to its chlorophyll content and antioxidant compounds.
- **Promotes skin vitality**: by supplying essential vitamins and antioxidants for cellular protection.

Swamp cabbage's polyphenolic compounds neutralize reactive oxygen species through radical scavenging mechanisms, while vitamin C supports collagen synthesis and immune function. The high dietary fiber content promotes beneficial gut microbiota growth and enhances intestinal barrier function. Antioxidant compounds may modulate inflammatory pathways by reducing pro-inflammatory cytokine production.

Current research on swamp cabbage consists primarily of in vitro antioxidant assays and animal studies demonstrating hepatoprotective and anti-inflammatory effects. Animal studies using approximately 100 mg/kg body weight showed reduced oxidative stress markers in liver and heart tissues. While nutritional composition data supports digestive and cardiovascular benefits, peer-reviewed human clinical trials are lacking. The evidence base requires controlled human studies to establish therapeutic efficacy and optimal dosing protocols.

Ipomoea aquatica
Water spinach
Kangkung
Morning glory vegetable
Ong choy
Rau muống


Swamp Mayapple (Podophyllum peltatum) contains podophyllotoxin, a lignan that inhibits topoisomerase II enzyme and disrupts microtubule formation during cell division. This mechanism underlies its antiviral properties and cytotoxic effects on rapidly dividing cells.

- Stimulates liver and biliary detoxification pathways.
- Exhibits potent antiviral properties against various pathogens.
- Modulates cell proliferation, showing potential in specific therapeutic contexts.
- Purges the gastrointestinal tract, acting as a strong laxative.
- Supports immune response, particularly in defense against viral infections.
- Aids in the topical treatment of warts and lesions due to its cytotoxic compounds.

Podophyllotoxin, the primary bioactive lignan, binds to tubulin and prevents microtubule polymerization, arresting cell division in metaphase. It also inhibits topoisomerase II enzyme, preventing DNA replication and repair processes. These mechanisms contribute to its antiviral activity by disrupting viral replication cycles and its cytotoxic effects on abnormal cell proliferation.

Clinical research on Swamp Mayapple is primarily limited to topical applications for warts and skin lesions, with podophyllotoxin-derived compounds like etoposide and teniposide being extensively studied in oncology settings. Small-scale studies have demonstrated antiviral efficacy against certain pathogens, though large randomized controlled trials for systemic use are lacking. The evidence base for hepatic detoxification and immune modulation remains primarily preclinical, with most human data derived from traditional use observations rather than controlled clinical trials. Current pharmaceutical applications focus on semi-synthetic derivatives rather than whole plant extracts.

Podophyllum peltatum
American Mayapple
Wild Mandrake
Duck's Foot
Umbrella Plant


Swazi Marula Fruit is renowned for its high concentrations of vitamin C, phenolic compounds, and flavonoids. These potent bioactives primarily exert antioxidant effects by efficiently scavenging free radicals and reducing oxidative stress throughout the body.

- Supports immune function with high levels of vitamin C and phenolic antioxidants, reducing oxidative stress.
- Promotes skin health through oleic acid and vitamin E, enhancing elasticity, hydration, and repair.
- Contributes to heart health by providing essential fatty acids and flavonoids that support vascular function.
- Enhances hydration and energy levels with its juicy pulp, electrolytes, and revitalizing micronutrient profile.
- Offers anti-inflammatory and antimicrobial properties, beneficial both topically and internally.

The primary mechanism of Swazi Marula Fruit's action involves its robust antioxidant capacity, driven by high levels of vitamin C, phenolic compounds, and flavonoids. These bioactives effectively scavenge free radicals, as evidenced by significant DPPH reduction (32-62% at 1-2 μg/mL juice) and inhibition of lipid peroxidation (IC₅₀ 0.050-0.055 μg/mL). Additionally, its pectin content may contribute to gastrointestinal health.

While extensive in vivo clinical trials on the specific health benefits of Swazi Marula Fruit consumption are limited in the provided research, in vitro studies strongly support its potent antioxidant and antimicrobial activities. Research indicates its juice exhibits significant radical-scavenging capabilities, such as DPPH reduction of 32-62% and an IC₅₀ of 0.050-0.055 μg/mL for lipid peroxidation. These findings, alongside traditional use and preliminary data on marula oil's skin-protective effects, suggest promising therapeutic potential that warrants further human investigation.

Sclerocarya birrea subsp. caffra
Sclerocarya birrea
Marula Fruit


Swedish Alpine Blueberries, identified as wild bilberries (Vaccinium myrtillus), are exceptionally rich in anthocyanins, which are potent antioxidants. These compounds primarily function by neutralizing harmful free radicals and modulating inflammatory pathways, providing significant benefits for eye and cardiovascular health.

- Supports eye health by enhancing visual acuity and protecting retinal cells.
- Provides potent anti-inflammatory benefits through its rich anthocyanin content.
- Boosts immune function by strengthening cellular defense mechanisms.
- Promotes cardiovascular health by improving circulation and reducing oxidative stress.
- Acts as a powerful antioxidant, protecting against cellular damage.

The primary mechanism of action for Swedish Alpine Blueberries, rich in anthocyanins like delphinidin and cyanidin glycosides, involves their potent antioxidant activity. These compounds directly scavenge reactive oxygen species and inhibit lipid peroxidation, thereby protecting cellular integrity. Additionally, anthocyanins modulate inflammatory responses by downregulating pro-inflammatory mediators and pathways, contributing to their cardiovascular and systemic health benefits.

Clinical research on Vaccinium myrtillus, commonly known as bilberry or Swedish Alpine Blueberry, indicates significant benefits across various health domains. Multiple in vitro, animal, and human studies, often with small to moderate sample sizes, highlight its role in enhancing visual acuity, protecting retinal cells, and improving cardiovascular markers by reducing inflammation and oxidative stress. While specific "Swedish Alpine" branded product studies are limited, the robust body of bilberry research strongly supports these findings.

Vaccinium myrtillus L.
Bilberry
European Blueberry
Whortleberry