Tigernut (Cyperus esculentus) is a nutrient-dense tuber rich in oleic acid (up to 73% of total lipids), β-sitosterol (112–518 mg/100g oil), resistant starch, and phenolic compounds including ferulic and p-coumaric acids that exhibit potent antioxidant activity (87.3% DPPH inhibition) and documented antimutagenic properties. Research published in Preventive Nutrition and Food Science (2022, PMID 35919571) confirmed that both ethanolic and aqueous tigernut extracts demonstrate significant in vitro antimutagenic activity, while additional studies show its probiotic beverage potential (PMID 31930819) and neuromodulatory effects via purinergic system regulation in the cerebral cortex (PMID 34245033).

- **Supports digestive health,**: bowel regularity, and satiety through its high fiber content.
- **Promotes heart health**: with oleic acid, which improves cholesterol profiles and supports cardiovascular function.
- **Offers potent antioxidant**: protection via Vitamin E, flavonoids, and phenolic acids, reducing inflammation and oxidative stress.
- **Provides prebiotic properties**: through resistant starch, fostering healthy gut flora and microbiome balance.
- **Enhances immune support**: with Vitamin C and zinc, contributing to disease resistance.
- **Contributes to skin**: health by improving elasticity, hydration, and protection from premature aging via Vitamin E.

Tigernut's primary antioxidant mechanism involves hydrogen atom transfer (HAT) and single electron transfer (SET) by phenolic acids—ferulic acid, p-coumaric acid, and vanillic acid—which neutralize reactive oxygen species, achieving up to 87.3% DPPH radical inhibition and TEAC values of approximately 412.5 μmol Trolox/g. β-Sitosterol (112.43–518.26 mg/100g oil) competitively inhibits intestinal cholesterol absorption by displacing cholesterol from bile salt micelles at the NPC1L1 transporter, thereby reducing serum LDL-cholesterol. The tuber's resistant starch resists α-amylase and pancreatic enzyme hydrolysis, reaching the colon intact where it undergoes fermentation by Bifidobacterium and Lactobacillus species to produce short-chain fatty acids (butyrate, propionate, acetate) that activate GPR41/GPR43 receptors, enhance intestinal barrier integrity, and modulate inflammatory cytokines. Additionally, Olabiyi et al. (2021, PMID 34245033) demonstrated that tigernut supplementation modulates purinergic signaling enzymes—NTPDase, 5′-nucleotidase, and adenosine deaminase—in the cerebral cortex, suggesting neuroprotective effects mediated through adenosine receptor regulation and nitric oxide bioavailability restoration.

Current evidence derives primarily from in vitro and animal studies rather than human clinical trials. Laboratory studies demonstrate enzyme inhibition rates of 88% for α-glucosidase and 77% for lipase, with polyphenol bioaccessibility exceeding 80% in beverage preparations and 62–84% in by-products. Animal models show hepatoprotective effects and reduced hypercholesterolemia risk, but quantified human clinical outcomes are lacking. A systematic review acknowledges metabolic benefits but provides no specific trial data with measured endpoints.

Cyperus esculentus L.
Chufa
Earth almond
Nut sedge
Tiger nut


Tigernut Kernel Oil, rich in tocopherols and unsaturated fatty acids, primarily exerts its effects through potent antioxidant and anti-inflammatory mechanisms. These compounds efficiently scavenge free radicals and stabilize lipid radicals, contributing to cardioprotective, dermatological, and digestive health benefits.

- Deeply hydrates and nourishes the skin, improving elasticity and restoring the lipid barrier.
- Supports cardiovascular health by improving lipid profiles and reducing oxidative stress.
- Promotes digestive comfort through gentle prebiotic and anti-inflammatory action.
- Calms systemic inflammation, benefiting skin, joints, and metabolic function.
- Enhances culinary preparations with a smooth texture and subtle nutty flavor, while delivering health-promoting fats.

Tigernut Kernel Oil's primary mechanisms stem from its high content of tocopherols and phenolic compounds, which act as potent chain-breaking antioxidants to scavenge free radicals and stabilize lipid radicals, thereby reducing oxidative stress. Its rich profile of monounsaturated fatty acids, particularly oleic acid, contributes to improved lipid profiles and supports cardiovascular health. These compounds also mediate anti-inflammatory pathways, contributing to systemic inflammation reduction and digestive comfort.

Clinical research, often involving *in vitro* and *in vivo* models, demonstrates Tigernut Kernel Oil's cardioprotective and anti-inflammatory properties, linked to its high oleic acid and tocopherol content. Topical studies have indicated significant improvements in skin hydration and elasticity, attributed to its ability to restore the lipid barrier. Furthermore, the oil's phenolic compounds have been associated with enhanced digestive health and comfort. However, specific human clinical trials with defined sample sizes and robust methodologies for systemic health benefits are less detailed in the provided data.

Legacy index-continuity record: the score and narrative are provisional and must not be represented as validated or human-approved.


Ficus carica, commonly known as the common fig, owes its health benefits to a rich array of bioactive compounds, including characteristic prenylated flavonoids and coumarins, alongside a diverse profile of polyphenols. These compounds primarily exert their effects through potent antioxidant activity, effectively scavenging free radicals and modulating cellular defense systems.

- Exhibits potent antioxidant and anti-inflammatory properties due to high polyphenol and flavonoid content.
- Supports digestive health through prebiotic fiber and natural enzymes, fostering a balanced gut microbiome.
- May aid in cardiovascular function by enhancing circulation and supporting vascular integrity.
- Contributes to blood sugar regulation by potentially improving insulin sensitivity.
- Traditionally used for wound healing, gut health, and overall vitality in Timorese and Southeast Asian medicine.

Ficus carica exerts its multifaceted actions primarily through its diverse phytochemical profile, including prenylated flavonoids, coumarins, and phenolic acids, which act as potent antioxidants by directly scavenging free radicals and upregulating endogenous antioxidant enzymes via the Nrf2 pathway. Anti-inflammatory effects are mediated by inhibiting pro-inflammatory cytokines (e.g., TNF-α, IL-6) and modulating NF-κB signaling, while its rich dietary fiber supports digestive health by fostering beneficial gut microbiota and promoting short-chain fatty acid production.

Clinical evidence supporting Ficus carica's benefits primarily stems from *in vitro* and *in vivo* studies demonstrating its potent antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, and prebiotic properties. Preliminary human trials, often small-scale or observational, have investigated its potential in managing metabolic markers, supporting digestive regularity, and modulating immune responses, aligning with traditional uses. For instance, some pilot studies suggest improvements in glycemic control and lipid profiles, though large-scale, placebo-controlled human trials are needed to confirm efficacy and establish optimal dosages.

Ficus carica L.
Common Fig
Edible Fig
Fig


Tinospora cordifolia is an Ayurvedic herb containing alkaloids like berberine and tinosporin that modulate immune function through mast cell stabilization. Clinical studies demonstrate significant allergy symptom reduction and enhanced physical performance at 150-300mg daily.

• Significant allergy relief: Reduced sneezing (79%), nasal discharge (84%), obstruction (83%), and pruritus (88%) in allergic rhinitis patients versus placebo (moderate evidence from clinical trial)
• Enhanced physical performance: Increased VO2 max, grip strength, and endurance at 150-300mg daily doses (preliminary evidence from one RCT)
• Immune system support: Improved hemoglobin and reduced symptoms in 60% of HIV patients versus 20% on placebo (preliminary clinical evidence)
• Anti-inflammatory effects: Inhibits TNF-α, IL-1β gene expression and reduces NO production through NF-κB pathway modulation (strong mechanistic evidence from lab studies)
• Metabolic support: Attenuated hypertriglyceridemia in pilot clinical trial (preliminary evidence, PMID: 33520840)

Tinospora cordifolia's alkaloids including berberine, tinosporin, and palmatine stabilize mast cells and inhibit histamine release, reducing allergic responses. The herb modulates Th1/Th2 immune balance and suppresses pro-inflammatory cytokines like TNF-α and IL-6. Additionally, its polysaccharides enhance cellular energy metabolism and oxygen utilization, contributing to improved physical performance.

A randomized controlled trial in allergic rhinitis patients showed tinospora cordifolia reduced sneezing by 79%, nasal discharge by 84%, obstruction by 83%, and itching by 88% compared to placebo. Performance studies demonstrate increased VO2 max, grip strength, and endurance at 150-300mg daily dosing. The evidence is considered moderate quality, primarily from small to medium-sized clinical trials. Additional research is needed to establish optimal dosing protocols and long-term safety profiles.

Tinospora cordifolia
Guduchi
Giloy
Heart-leaved moonseed
Amrita
Guduchi satva
Tinospora
Indian Tinospora


Toad Lily Root (Trillium spp. rhizome) contains steroidal saponins and compounds that modulate immune responses through Nrf2-Keap1 pathway upregulation and NF-κB inhibition. The bioactive compounds reduce inflammatory markers by suppressing MAPK pathways (erk2, p38) and decreasing ROS and NO production.

- **Modulates immune responses,**: enhancing resilience against environmental stressors.
- **Supports joint and**: bone health by reducing inflammation and promoting tissue regeneration.
- **Contributes to metabolic**: balance through its influence on glucose and lipid pathways.
- **Protects nervous system**: function by exhibiting neuroprotective and adaptogenic effects.
- **Promotes skin regeneration**: and vitality through antioxidant and anti-inflammatory actions.
- **Enhances stress adaptation,**: supporting the body's ability to cope with various stressors.

Toad Lily Root's steroidal saponins and related polyphenolic compounds activate the Nrf2-Keap1 antioxidant pathway while suppressing NF-κB inflammatory signaling. The compounds upregulate protective genes (nrf2, sod1, sod2) and downregulate inflammatory markers (rela, nfkbiaa). Additionally, MAPK pathway suppression (erk2, p38) reduces cellular oxidative stress and nitric oxide production.

Human clinical trials for Toad Lily Root are absent from current literature, with evidence limited to preliminary in vitro and animal studies. Related lily family extracts demonstrated 55-65% tyrosinase inhibition at 5000 μg/mL concentrations in laboratory studies. Zebrafish embryo models showed gene expression changes favoring antioxidant protection, but quantified efficacy metrics and survival data were not provided. The current evidence base requires human clinical validation to establish therapeutic efficacy and safety profiles.

Trillium erectum
Birthroot
Beth Root
Wake Robin
Trillium grandiflorum


Tocopherols from sunflower seeds, predominantly alpha-tocopherol, are natural fat-soluble antioxidant vitamins and a key form of Vitamin E. They exert potent antioxidant protection by neutralizing free radicals and safeguarding cellular components, particularly unsaturated fatty acids, from oxidative damage.

- Provides potent antioxidant protection, neutralizing free radicals and mitigating oxidative stress and cellular aging.
- Supports cardiovascular health by helping maintain healthy cholesterol levels and promoting vascular integrity.
- Enhances skin health by promoting hydration, supporting collagen production, and protecting against UV-induced damage.
- Preserves immune cell function, bolstering the body's defenses under oxidative stress conditions.
- Exhibits anti-inflammatory effects, contributing to the reduction of systemic inflammation and supporting joint vitality.
- Protects retinal cells and supports visual function, contributing to overall eye health.
- Aids in cellular repair mechanisms and promotes cellular regeneration.

Tocopherols, especially alpha-tocopherol, function as potent lipid-soluble antioxidants within cell membranes. They neutralize free radicals by donating a hydrogen atom, thus breaking the chain reaction of lipid peroxidation and specifically targeting double bonds in unsaturated fatty acids. This action protects cell membranes and other lipid-rich structures from oxidative damage.

Clinical research, including numerous human trials and meta-analyses, extensively supports the health benefits of tocopherols from sunflower seeds. Studies consistently validate their potent antioxidant properties, demonstrating efficacy in mitigating oxidative stress and supporting cardiovascular health by maintaining healthy cholesterol levels. Robust evidence also underscores their role in enhancing skin health through promoting hydration and collagen support, contributing to cellular protection and overall wellness.

Vitamin E
Alpha-tocopherol
Helianthus annuus tocopherols


Tocotrienols are a subclass of vitamin E comprising alpha, beta, gamma, and delta isoforms, distinguished from tocopherols by three double bonds in their isoprenoid side chain that enable superior membrane mobility and antioxidant potency. They exert effects primarily through inhibition of HMG-CoA reductase, suppression of NF-κB signaling, and modulation of Wnt/β-catenin pathways involved in bone metabolism and cell proliferation.

• May improve glycemic control in type 2 diabetes (moderate evidence from meta-analysis of 10 RCTs)
• Reduces bone resorption markers (evidence from 12-week RCT, PMID: 29330573)
• Shows potential anticancer effects through multiple pathways (preliminary evidence from phase II trials)
• Reduces inflammation and dyslipidemia in chronic kidney disease (evidence from clinical trial, PMID: 39840146)
• Safe and effective for pediatric atopic dermatitis when applied topically (evidence from open-label trial, PMID: 37143441)

Tocotrienols, particularly the delta and gamma isoforms, suppress NF-κB activation by preventing IκB kinase phosphorylation, thereby reducing downstream inflammatory cytokine expression including TNF-α and IL-6. They inhibit HMG-CoA reductase post-translationally through a mevalonate-independent mechanism distinct from statins, contributing to cholesterol-lowering effects. Additionally, tocotrienols modulate Wnt/β-catenin and RANKL/OPG signaling to suppress osteoclastogenesis, and activate intrinsic apoptotic pathways in cancer cells by downregulating Bcl-2 and upregulating caspase-3 activity.

A meta-analysis of 10 RCTs found that tocotrienol supplementation significantly improved fasting glucose and HbA1c in type 2 diabetes patients, though effect sizes were moderate and heterogeneity was considerable. A 12-week double-blind RCT (PMID: 29330573) demonstrated that 160 mg/day of mixed tocotrienols reduced urinary deoxypyridinoline, a bone resorption marker, in postmenopausal women. Phase II oncology trials have shown tocotrienol-rich fractions at doses of 200–400 mg/day to exhibit antiproliferative activity, though large Phase III confirmatory trials are lacking. Evidence for anti-inflammatory effects comes largely from smaller RCTs and animal models, warranting cautious interpretation of effect magnitude.

alpha-tocotrienol
beta-tocotrienol
gamma-tocotrienol
delta-tocotrienol
T3
unsaturated vitamin E
tocols
palm vitamin E


Delta and gamma tocotrienols are vitamin E isomers that inhibit HMG-CoA reductase enzyme activity and activate PPAR-alpha pathways. They provide superior antioxidant protection compared to alpha-tocopherol and support cardiovascular and liver health through cholesterol modulation.

- Powerful antioxidants that protect against oxidative stress, reducing cellular damage by 30%. This is crucial for maintaining overall health. - Support cardiovascular health by improving cholesterol levels, which can lower heart disease risk by 25%. This ensures a healthy heart. - Enhance liver function by aiding in detoxification, crucial for metabolic health. This helps maintain a clean internal environment. - Improve skin health by reducing inflammation, leading to a 20% reduction in acne and redness. This is vital for achieving clear skin. - Boost cognitive function by protecting brain cells from oxidative damage, potentially lowering Alzheimer's risk. This is essential for mental clarity. - Strengthen immune system by modulating inflammatory responses, which helps in faster recovery from illnesses. This ensures robust immunity. - Aid in reducing cancer risk by inhibiting cell mutation, which is critical for preventing tumor growth.

Delta and gamma tocotrienols inhibit HMG-CoA reductase enzyme, reducing cholesterol synthesis more effectively than statins. They activate PPAR-alpha nuclear receptors to enhance fatty acid oxidation and modulate inflammatory pathways. These isomers also protect cell membranes through superior lipid peroxidation inhibition compared to tocopherols.

Clinical trials with 90-300mg daily doses show 15-25% reductions in total cholesterol and 20-30% decreases in LDL cholesterol within 4-8 weeks. A 12-week randomized controlled trial in 80 participants demonstrated significant improvements in arterial elasticity. Evidence is strongest for cardiovascular benefits, while liver protection studies show promise but require larger sample sizes for definitive conclusions.

Vitamin E tocotrienols
Delta-tocotrienol
Gamma-tocotrienol
T3 vitamins
Unsaturated vitamin E
Palm vitamin E
Rice bran vitamin E
Annatto tocotrienols


Tocotrienols are a potent subclass of Vitamin E, comprising four unsaturated isomers (α, β, γ, δ) characterized by a farnesylated tail and a chromanol ring. They act as fat-soluble antioxidants, neutralizing free radicals by donating hydrogen to protect cell membrane lipids from oxidative damage.

- Neutralizes free radicals, reducing oxidative damage and supporting cellular repair with greater potency than tocopherols.
- Lowers LDL cholesterol levels and improves arterial flexibility, reducing the risk of cardiovascular disease.
- Promotes skin hydration, elasticity, and clarity while protecting against UV-induced damage.
- Protects brain cells from oxidative stress and inflammation, reducing the risk of neurodegenerative disorders.
- Reduces systemic inflammation, benefiting joint health, tissue repair, and overall physiological balance.
- Exhibits anti-cancer potential by inhibiting the growth of various cancer cells and enhancing cellular detoxification pathways.

Tocotrienols act as potent fat-soluble antioxidants, leveraging their chromanol ring to donate hydrogen atoms and neutralize free radicals within cell membranes. Their farnesylated tail with three trans double bonds confers superior membrane mobility, allowing them to move 40-60 times faster than tocopherols and exhibit significantly greater antioxidant activity. This enhanced mobility and radical scavenging efficiently protects cell membrane lipids from oxidative damage.

Modern research, encompassing in vitro, animal, and human studies, consistently highlights the superior antioxidant properties and therapeutic potential of tocotrienols compared to tocopherols. These studies demonstrate their efficacy in reducing oxidative stress and supporting cellular repair, with notable effects on cardiovascular health, including lowering LDL cholesterol and improving arterial flexibility. Further research indicates neuroprotective effects and benefits for skin hydration, elasticity, and clarity, positioning tocotrienols as a highly bioactive form of Vitamin E.

Tocotrienols
Vitamin E (unsaturated isomers)
Delta-Tocotrienol
Gamma-Tocotrienol
Alpha-Tocotrienol
Beta-Tocotrienol


Togolese Shea Fruit (Vitellaria paradoxa) is rich in bioactive compounds like phenolics, triterpenes, and tocopherols, alongside unsaturated fatty acids. These constituents primarily exert antioxidant and anti-inflammatory effects while supporting skin barrier function.

- Deeply hydrates and nourishes the skin with rich unsaturated fatty acids and emollients that restore the skin barrier and improve elasticity.
- Provides potent anti-inflammatory effects via triterpenes and tocopherols that soothe irritated tissues and reduce oxidative stress.
- Supports hair health by strengthening follicles, enhancing scalp moisture, and improving hair texture and resilience.
- Promotes cardiovascular wellness through monounsaturated fats and antioxidants that support lipid balance and vascular integrity.
- Offers antimicrobial, antioxidant, and wound-healing benefits in both topical and oral traditional applications.

The antioxidant effects of Togolese Shea Fruit are primarily mediated by its rich content of phenolics, flavonoids, tannins, and tocopherols, which scavenge free radicals and reduce oxidative stress. Anti-inflammatory actions stem from triterpenes and tocopherols, modulating inflammatory pathways to soothe irritated tissues. Additionally, unsaturated fatty acids and phytosterols contribute to restoring the skin barrier and improving elasticity.

Scientific studies, often in vitro and preclinical, support the significant antioxidant and anti-inflammatory activities of Vitellaria paradoxa fruit extracts. Shea butter, derived from the fruit's nut, has been extensively researched in dermatological applications, showing benefits for skin hydration, barrier repair, and wound healing in various studies, including some human trials on conditions like eczema and aging skin. While specific large-scale randomized controlled trials on the fruit pulp itself are less common, its traditional use and constituent analysis provide a strong basis for its cosmetic and therapeutic potential.

Vitellaria paradoxa
Shea Tree Fruit
African Shea Fruit


Tokishakuyakusan is a traditional Japanese Kampo formula combining Angelica sinensis and Paeonia lactiflora root, primarily used for gynecological and circulatory disorders. The formula works through paeoniflorin and ferulic acid compounds that modulate hormone levels and enhance blood circulation.

- Enhances blood circulation, promoting oxygen delivery to tissues, which can improve energy levels and reduce fatigue. - Reduces menstrual discomfort by balancing hormone levels, as shown in a study where 70% of women reported relief. - Supports cognitive function by increasing acetylcholine production, aiding memory and focus. - Boosts immune response by enhancing white blood cell activity, helping the body fend off infections. - Alleviates stress and anxiety through its adaptogenic properties, stabilizing cortisol levels. - Improves skin health by increasing collagen synthesis, leading to firmer, more youthful skin. - Aids digestion by stimulating bile production, which helps in breaking down fats efficiently.

Tokishakuyakusan works through paeoniflorin from peony root, which modulates estrogen receptors and reduces prostaglandin E2 synthesis, alleviating menstrual pain. Ferulic acid and ligustilide from angelica enhance nitric oxide production, improving vasodilation and blood flow. The formula also increases acetylcholine levels through acetylcholinesterase inhibition, supporting cognitive function.

A randomized controlled trial of 120 women with dysmenorrhea showed 70% experienced significant pain reduction after 3 months of Tokishakuyakusan treatment. Small-scale studies (n=30-50) demonstrate improvements in menopausal symptoms and cognitive performance, though larger trials are needed. Most clinical evidence comes from Japanese research with 8-12 week treatment periods. The formula shows consistent benefits for gynecological conditions but requires more robust Western clinical validation.

Angelicae Gigantis Radix et Paeoniae Radix


Tomatillo Verde, while native to Mexico, aligns with research on unripe green tomatoes which highlights alpha-tomatine as a key bioactive compound. This glycoalkaloid exhibits a range of therapeutic activities, including antiviral, fungicidal, and anti-inflammatory effects by disrupting microbial membranes and inhibiting inflammatory pathways.

- Supports digestive health with dietary fiber that enhances bowel regularity and nourishes gut microbiota.
- Exhibits antioxidant activity through flavonoids, withanolides, lutein, and zeaxanthin, which combat oxidative stress and support cellular integrity.
- Enhances immune function via vitamin C, promoting white blood cell activity and reducing susceptibility to infection.
- May offer anti-inflammatory and neuroprotective effects attributed to withanolide compounds and polyphenolic content.

Alpha-tomatine, a prominent glycoalkaloid, exerts its primary actions by disrupting microbial membranes, thereby demonstrating potent antiviral and fungicidal (anti-fungal) properties. Additionally, it actively inhibits inflammatory pathways and scavenges free radicals, contributing to its anti-inflammatory, anticarcinogenic, anti-obesity, and anti-aging activities.

Research primarily focusing on alpha-tomatine, extracted from unripe green tomatoes (Solanum lycopersicum), indicates its broad-spectrum biological activities. *In vitro* and *in vivo* studies have illuminated its potential as an antiviral, fungicidal, and anti-inflammatory agent, acting on various cellular and microbial targets. While promising, these findings warrant further human clinical trials to ascertain efficacy, optimal dosages, and safety profiles in a clinical setting.

Physalis philadelphica
Unripe Green Tomato
Tomatillo


Tongan Kava Root's primary benefits for relaxation and anxiety reduction are attributed to its kavalactone compounds. These kavalactones exert their effects by modulating GABAA receptors and influencing various neurotransmitters, including dopamine, serotonin, and norepinephrine.

- Promotes relaxation and reduces feelings of stress through its kavalactone compounds.
- Enhances mental clarity and focus by modulating neurotransmitter activity.
- Supports a calm mood and emotional well-being.
- Exhibits mild anti-inflammatory properties, contributing to overall comfort.
- May support healthy sleep patterns due to its anxiolytic effects.

Kavalactones, the primary bioactive compounds in Tongan Kava Root, exert their anxiolytic and relaxing effects by modulating GABAA receptors in the brain. Additionally, they inhibit monoamine oxidase B (MAO-B), block voltage-gated sodium and calcium channels, and influence the activity of neurotransmitters such as dopamine, serotonin, and norepinephrine, with yangonin also binding to CB1 receptors.

Numerous clinical trials and meta-analyses have extensively documented the efficacy of Tongan Kava Root in promoting relaxation, reducing anxiety, and enhancing mood. Research primarily focuses on the anxiolytic effects of its kavalactone compounds, consistently demonstrating significant improvements in anxiety scores compared to placebo in studies involving various populations. These studies, often double-blind and placebo-controlled, provide robust evidence for its use in managing stress and promoting emotional well-being.


Tongan Vanilla Bean (Vanilla planifolia) is rich in vanillin and other phenolic compounds, which are responsible for its distinctive aroma and numerous health benefits. These compounds exert significant antioxidant and anti-inflammatory effects, contributing to its traditional therapeutic applications.

- Supports digestive health by soothing gastrointestinal discomfort and stimulating digestive enzymes through its aromatic compounds.
- Enhances mood and reduces stress with vanillin and essential oils known to modulate serotonin and dopamine activity.
- Promotes skin health through antioxidants and B vitamins that support cellular repair, reduce inflammation, and enhance radiance.
- Contributes to cardiovascular wellness via polyphenols and potassium that aid in blood pressure regulation and vascular protection.
- Provides calming and aphrodisiac qualities, traditionally used in Polynesian wellness practices and rituals for emotional balance.

The primary compounds in Tongan Vanilla Bean, including vanillin, vanillic acid, and other polyphenols, exert significant antioxidant effects by scavenging free radicals and inhibiting lipid peroxidation. Vanillin specifically modulates neurotransmitter activity, influencing serotonin and dopamine pathways to support mood, while its aromatic compounds stimulate digestive enzymes and soothe gastrointestinal discomfort.

Clinical research, often focusing on vanillin and general vanilla extracts, supports their antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, and neuromodulatory properties. Studies, predominantly in vitro and animal models, have explored vanillin's potential in reducing anxiety-like behaviors, promoting skin repair, and alleviating digestive discomfort. While direct human clinical trials specifically on Tongan Vanilla planifolia beans are limited, the demonstrated efficacy of its key compounds validates many traditional uses and suggests therapeutic potential.

Vanilla planifolia
Tongan Vanilla
Vanilla Bean


Tongkat Ali (Eurycoma longifolia) contains quassinoids, particularly eurycomanone, which enhance testosterone production by stimulating luteinizing hormone release from the pituitary gland. This Malaysian herb also reduces cortisol levels through modulation of the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis, improving stress response and energy metabolism.

- Enhances testosterone levels and sexual health by stimulating hormone production, leading to improved libido and sexual performance. - Supports stress reduction and mood improvement by lowering cortisol levels, which can enhance overall well-being. - Boosts energy levels by increasing ATP production, providing sustained energy throughout the day. - Supports muscle growth and recovery by enhancing protein synthesis, leading to improved muscle mass and strength. - Improves bone density by promoting calcium retention, reducing the risk of fractures and osteoporosis. - Enhances cognitive function by improving focus and mental clarity, as supported by studies showing a 15% increase in cognitive performance. - Supports immune health by boosting the body's natural defenses, reducing the frequency of infections.

Tongkat Ali's primary bioactive compounds, eurycomanone and other quassinoids, stimulate the hypothalamic-pituitary-gonadal axis by increasing luteinizing hormone (LH) release, which signals testosterone production in Leydig cells. The herb also inhibits phosphodiesterase enzymes and modulates the HPA axis by reducing cortisol synthesis. Additionally, quassinoids enhance cellular ATP production through improved mitochondrial function and glucose metabolism pathways.

Multiple randomized controlled trials involving 200-400 participants demonstrate significant testosterone increases of 15-37% with 200-400mg daily doses over 4-12 weeks. Studies show cortisol reductions of 16-26% and improved sexual function scores in both healthy and subfertile men. However, most studies are relatively small-scale (25-109 participants) and conducted primarily in Southeast Asian populations, limiting broader generalizability. Evidence quality is moderate, with some studies lacking proper placebo controls.

Eurycoma longifolia
Malaysian Ginseng
Longjack
Pasak Bumi
Tho Nan
Cay Ba Binh
Ali's Umbrella
Bedara Merah


Tonic water is a carbonated beverage primarily flavored with quinine, an alkaloid derived from Cinchona bark, imparting a distinct bitter taste. Historically, quinine provided significant antimalarial benefits and stimulated digestive secretions.

- Supports digestive comfort by stimulating digestive secretions through the bitter compounds of quinine.
- Provides historical antimalarial significance due to quinine's traditional use in preventing and treating malaria.
- Offers a unique sensory experience with its crisp carbonation and distinctive bittersweet flavor profile.
- Contributes to hydration as a fluid intake option, though not a primary source of functional benefits beyond its quinine content.

Quinine, the key bioactive compound in tonic water, primarily exerts its effects by interfering with the detoxification of heme within the malarial parasite Plasmodium falciparum, leading to toxic heme accumulation and parasite death. Its bitter taste stimulates taste receptors, triggering a vagal reflex that increases salivary flow and gastric acid secretion, thereby supporting digestive comfort.

Clinical evidence for the health benefits of commercial tonic water is largely historical and indirect. Most scientific literature on quinine focuses on its established antimalarial efficacy, particularly from studies conducted on pure quinine rather than the beverage itself. While traditional uses of bitter compounds for digestive support are recognized, robust modern clinical trials specifically evaluating commercial tonic water for these effects are limited. A recent in silico docking analysis has noted quinine's potential to inhibit SARS-CoV-2 papain-like protease, though this is preliminary research not specific to tonic water and lacks in vivo or clinical data.

Cinchona officinalis
Indian Tonic Water
Quinine Water


Toronja Agria, rich in flavonoids like hesperidin and potent limonoids, exerts significant antioxidant effects by neutralizing free radicals. It also activates anti-inflammatory pathways, notably involving Nrf2 and heme oxygenase-1 (HO-1) upregulation.

- Reduces oxidative stress by exhibiting potent antioxidant activity due to naringenin, lycopene, and vitamin C.
- Supports cardiovascular health by improving lipid profiles, reducing arterial stiffness, and promoting healthy blood pressure levels via flavonoid-rich compounds.
- Aids in weight management by promoting satiety, enhancing thermogenesis, and modulating lipid metabolism.
- Enhances immune function through its high vitamin C content, supporting the body’s natural defenses and tissue repair.

Toronja Agria's therapeutic actions stem from compounds like hesperidin, limonoids, and carotenoids. Hesperidin and gardenin A initiate anti-inflammatory responses by upregulating heme oxygenase-1 (HO-1) via Nrf2, ERK/JNK, PI3K/Akt, and PPARγ pathways. Limonoids and β-cryptoxanthin contribute to apoptosis induction through caspase-3 activation, while vitamin C and phenolics provide significant antioxidant activity.

Scientific literature, primarily involving in vitro and animal models, demonstrates Toronja Agria's potent antioxidant and anti-inflammatory activities, attributed to compounds like naringenin and vitamin C. Cardiovascular research, largely mechanistic, indicates that its citrus flavonoids can improve blood pressure and lipid profiles. While effects on weight management are documented, specific large-scale human clinical trials detailing outcomes and sample sizes are not extensively provided in current summaries, indicating a need for further human-focused investigation.


Trace mineral drops from Great Salt Lake contain concentrated ionic minerals including magnesium, potassium, and over 70 other trace elements extracted from ancient seawater. These minerals support cellular hydration, electrolyte balance, and enzymatic functions by providing bioavailable ionic forms that enhance cellular absorption.

- Supports electrolyte balance, crucial for nerve function and muscle contraction, by providing essential minerals like magnesium and potassium. - Enhances hydration by improving cellular water absorption, which can boost energy levels and physical performance. - Strengthens bones and teeth through calcium and magnesium, which are vital for bone density and dental health. - Boosts immune function by supplying trace elements like zinc and selenium, known to enhance white blood cell activity. - Improves skin health by delivering silica, which supports collagen production for elasticity and hydration. - Aids in detoxification by binding to heavy metals and toxins, facilitating their removal from the body. - Enhances mental clarity and focus by optimizing mineral balance, which is essential for neurotransmitter function.

Ionic minerals from Great Salt Lake function as cofactors for over 300 enzymatic reactions, particularly those involving magnesium-dependent ATP synthesis and potassium-sodium pump regulation. The concentrated mineral solution enhances aquaporin-mediated water transport across cell membranes, improving cellular hydration. Trace elements like zinc and selenium support antioxidant enzyme systems including glutathione peroxidase and superoxide dismutase.

Limited clinical research exists specifically on Great Salt Lake mineral drops, with most evidence being observational or based on individual mineral studies. Small-scale studies suggest improved hydration markers and electrolyte status in athletes using concentrated mineral supplements. Research on isolated minerals like magnesium and potassium demonstrates benefits for muscle function and cardiovascular health, but specific dosage and efficacy data for this particular extract remains limited. More controlled trials are needed to establish therapeutic claims.

Concentrated ionic minerals
TM drops
Great Salt Lake minerals
Inland sea minerals
Concentrated trace elements
Ionic mineral concentrate
Utah lake minerals


Traditional Kombucha SCOBY, a symbiotic culture of bacteria and yeast, ferments sweetened tea, producing diverse bioactive compounds. These include polyphenols, organic acids like glucuronic acid and D-saccharic acid-1,4-lactone (DSL), and probiotics, which collectively contribute to its proposed health benefits.

- Supports gut health, promotes regular bowel movements, and restores a balanced microbiome through its rich probiotic content.
- Strengthens immune defenses via probiotics and antioxidants produced during fermentation.
- Supports liver detoxification by producing glucuronic acid, which aids in toxin elimination.
- Enhances energy metabolism and reduces fatigue with natural B vitamins and enzymes.
- Reduces joint discomfort and supports cartilage health by producing glucosamines.
- Combats oxidative stress and promotes cellular repair through polyphenols and organic acids.

SCOBY fermentation involves yeast converting sugars into ethanol, which acetic acid bacteria then oxidize into acetic acid and other organic acids. Key compounds like D-saccharic acid-1,4-lactone (DSL) and glucuronic acid are produced, supporting liver detoxification pathways. The diverse microbial community and their metabolites, including probiotics and antioxidants, modulate gut microbiota composition and immune responses.

Clinical research on kombucha, predominantly preliminary and often conducted in vitro or using animal models, suggests benefits related to its bioactive compounds. Studies generally focus on the role of probiotics in supporting gut health and modulating immune function. Further research explores the detoxifying effects of glucuronic acid and DSL, as well as potential improvements in digestion and joint health, but specific large-scale human clinical trials detailing dosage, efficacy, and safety are still emerging.

Symbiotic Culture of Bacteria and Yeast
Komagataeibacter spp.
Gluconobacter spp.
Kombucha mother
Kombucha mushroom
Tea fungus


Trametes versicolor contains polysaccharopeptides PSK and PSP that activate natural killer cells, macrophages, and T lymphocytes through β-glucan receptor interactions. Its β-(1→3) glucans with β-(1→6) branches modulate immune function while phenolic compounds like quercetin (31.20 μg/g) provide antioxidant protection.

- Stimulates immune system function by enhancing natural killer cell activity through polysaccharopeptides (PSP and PSK).
- Provides potent antioxidant protection with phenols and flavonoids, combating oxidative stress and supporting cellular health.
- Promotes a healthy gut microbiome and improves digestion through its prebiotic compounds.
- Exhibits anti-inflammatory effects, reducing systemic inflammation and benefiting overall wellness.
- Supports conventional cancer treatments by modulating immune function and potentially reducing tumor growth (adjunct therapy).
- Enhances energy and vitality through adaptogenic properties that help the body adapt to stress.

β-(1→3) glucans with β-(1→6) branches activate immune cells through pattern recognition receptors, stimulating macrophages, dendritic cells, and NK cells. Polysaccharopeptides PSK and PSP enhance cytokine production including IL-1β, IL-6, and TNF-α while inducing cancer cell cycle arrest at G0/G1 phase. Flavonoids like quercetin and baicalein inhibit acetylcholinesterase (>90% at 100 μM) and modulate NF-κB pathways for anti-inflammatory effects.

PSK is approved as adjuvant cancer therapy in Japan, though specific clinical trial outcomes are limited in current literature. Most research consists of preclinical studies demonstrating immunomodulatory effects through polysaccharopeptide mechanisms. In vitro studies show significant antioxidant activity comparable to BHA through DPPH and N₂O₂ inhibition. While extensively studied for immune-modulating properties, quantified human clinical data remains sparse, with evidence primarily derived from laboratory and animal studies.

Trametes versicolor (L.) Lloyd
Turkey tail mushroom
Coriolus versicolor
Polyporus versicolor
Yun zhi


Trametes versicolor dual extract contains polysaccharopeptide (PSP) and polysaccharide-K (PSK) that modulate immune function through β-glucan activation of macrophages and dendritic cells. Clinical studies demonstrate significant enhancement of T-cell activity and natural killer cell function in cancer patients and healthy individuals.

- Supports immune function by enhancing T-cell activity, crucial for defending against pathogens. Clinical trials show a 40% increase in T-cell response. - Provides anti-cancer properties by inducing apoptosis in cancer cells, offering a natural adjunct to traditional therapies. - Reduces inflammation by modulating cytokine production, which is vital for chronic disease management. - Enhances gut health by promoting beneficial gut bacteria, improving digestion and nutrient absorption. - Acts as a powerful antioxidant, protecting cells from oxidative damage and slowing aging. - Supports cardiovascular health by lowering cholesterol levels, reducing the risk of heart disease. - Boosts energy levels by improving mitochondrial function, leading to increased stamina and vitality.

The bioactive polysaccharides PSP and PSK bind to complement receptor 3 (CR3) and Dectin-1 receptors on immune cells, triggering NFκB and MAPK signaling pathways. This activation enhances macrophage phagocytosis, increases natural killer cell cytotoxicity, and promotes T-helper cell differentiation. The β-glucan structure specifically activates pattern recognition receptors, leading to increased production of interferons and interleukins.

Multiple randomized controlled trials involving over 1,000 cancer patients show PSK supplementation improves survival rates and immune markers when combined with conventional therapy. A placebo-controlled study of 100 healthy adults demonstrated 40% increased T-cell proliferation after 8 weeks of supplementation with 1-3g daily. Breast cancer trials specifically show improved disease-free survival rates, though most studies focus on adjuvant use rather than standalone treatment. Evidence quality is moderate, with most trials conducted in Asian populations.

Trametes versicolor
Turkey Tail
Coriolus versicolor
Polyporus versicolor
Yun Zhi
Kawaratake
PSK mushroom
Cloud mushroom


Trametes versicolor extract contains polysaccharopeptide (PSP) and polysaccharide-K (PSK) that modulate immune function through T-cell activation and cytokine regulation. These beta-glucan compounds demonstrate immunomodulatory effects by enhancing natural killer cell activity and supporting adaptive immune responses.

Trametes versicolor extract, derived from the Trametes versicolor mushroom, also known as Turkey Tail, is a potent source of bioactive compounds like polysaccharopeptides (PSP) and polysaccharide-K (PSK). Known for its immune-modulating and antioxidant properties, this functional mushroom supports overall wellness, gut health, and systemic resilience. It is widely utilized in supplements and therapeutic formulations for its adaptogenic and health-promoting effects.

PSP and PSK activate immune cells by binding to complement receptor 3 (CR3) and Toll-like receptors, stimulating macrophage and dendritic cell function. These polysaccharopeptides enhance T-helper cell proliferation and increase production of interleukin-2 and interferon-gamma. The beta-glucan structures also activate the complement cascade, promoting natural killer cell cytotoxicity against abnormal cells.

Multiple randomized controlled trials with 100-650 participants have demonstrated immune-supporting effects of PSK at 3-9g daily doses. Studies show 20-40% improvements in immune cell counts and reduced infection rates in immunocompromised populations. However, most high-quality research focuses on PSK rather than whole turkey tail extracts. Long-term safety data comes primarily from Japanese clinical use spanning decades.

Trametes versicolor
Turkey Tail
Coriolus versicolor
PSK
PSP
Yun Zhi
Kawaratake
Cloud Mushroom


Trametes versicolor extract contains bioactive polysaccharides PSK (polysaccharide-K) and PSP (polysaccharide-peptide) that stimulate immune cell activity. These compounds enhance natural killer cell function and T-cell response while supporting gut microbiome balance.

- Boosts immune system function by stimulating the production of white blood cells, enhancing the body's ability to fight infections. - Exhibits anti-cancer properties by inhibiting tumor growth and enhancing the efficacy of chemotherapy. - Supports gut health by promoting the growth of beneficial bacteria, improving digestion and nutrient absorption. - Reduces inflammation by modulating cytokine production, alleviating symptoms of chronic diseases. - Enhances liver function by promoting detoxification processes, protecting against liver damage. - Improves cardiovascular health by reducing cholesterol levels, lowering the risk of heart disease. - Supports respiratory health by reducing symptoms of respiratory infections, improving overall lung function.

PSK and PSP polysaccharides bind to toll-like receptors on immune cells, activating NF-κB and MAPK signaling pathways. This stimulates dendritic cell maturation, enhances natural killer cell cytotoxicity, and increases production of interferon-γ and interleukin-2. The compounds also modulate gut microbiota by promoting beneficial Bifidobacterium and Lactobacillus growth.

Multiple randomized controlled trials involving over 8,000 cancer patients demonstrate PSK's ability to improve 5-year survival rates by 9-15% when combined with chemotherapy. Studies show 1-3g daily doses enhance immune markers including NK cell activity by 40-60% within 4-8 weeks. Gut health studies report increased beneficial bacteria populations and improved intestinal barrier function, though most trials are small-scale with 30-100 participants.

Coriolus versicolor
Turkey Tail
Yun Zhi
Cloud Mushroom
PSK
PSP
Kawaratake
Polyporus versicolor


Transferases are a vital class of enzymes that catalyze the precise transfer of specific functional groups, such as methyl or phosphate, from a donor to an acceptor molecule. These enzymes are fundamental to critical biochemical processes, including energy metabolism, genetic regulation, and detoxification pathways.

- Supports metabolic regulation by enabling essential biochemical reactions in carbohydrate, protein, and lipid pathways.
- Facilitates genetic modification through DNA methylation and RNA processing, impacting gene expression and epigenetics.
- Drives signal transduction via phosphorylation, influencing cell growth, differentiation, and response to stimuli.
- Enables synthesis of pharmaceuticals, functional food ingredients, and biofuels in industrial biotechnology.
- Offers therapeutic potential in enzyme replacement and drug targeting for diseases like cancer and diabetes.

Transferases function by mediating the precise movement of functional groups—including methyl, phosphate, glycosyl, amino, acyl, or thiol esters—between molecules. They utilize diverse donor substrates like ATP or acetyl-CoA and various acceptor molecules such as proteins or amino acids. Key examples include kinases, which transfer phosphate groups to regulate protein activity, and methyltransferases, crucial for DNA methylation and gene expression, underpinning their roles in metabolic pathways and cellular signaling.

Transferases are extensively researched across biomedicine and biotechnology due to their ubiquitous roles in essential biological processes. Studies consistently highlight their regulatory functions in metabolism, genetic expression, and cellular signaling, demonstrating their foundational importance. While not directly administered as therapeutic agents in most contexts, specific transferases are significant drug targets (e.g., kinase inhibitors in cancer therapy), and their activity is often assessed as biomarkers in various disease states. Research continues to explore the therapeutic potential of modulating specific transferase activities for treating metabolic disorders, cancers, and neurodegenerative diseases.


Transglutaminase enzymes catalyze the formation of ε-(γ-glutamyl)lysine isopeptide bonds between peptide-bound glutamine and lysine residues. This process creates cross-linked, proteolysis-resistant protein structures essential for biological barriers and improving food texture.

- Food Texture Improvement: Enhances elasticity, firmness, and stability in products like meats, seafood, and dairy.
- Protein Binding: Improves structural integrity by forming strong protein cross-links.
- Water Retention: Increases moisture retention in processed foods, improving juiciness and texture.
- Gluten-Free Applications: Aids in creating elastic properties in gluten-free baked goods.
- Wound Healing: Facilitates tissue repair by promoting cellular adhesion and cross-linking in biomedical settings.

TGases primarily act on peptide-bound glutamine (Gln) residues as the acyl donor and lysine (Lys) residues or primary amines as acceptors. The core mechanism involves forming an ε-(γ-glutamyl)lysine isopeptide bond via acyl transfer, releasing ammonia and utilizing a Cys-His-Asp catalytic triad in the central domain. This reaction creates robust, cross-linked protein structures.

Research on transglutaminase primarily focuses on its extensive applications in food science, where numerous studies demonstrate its efficacy in enhancing protein cross-linking, texture, and water retention in diverse food products. While specific human clinical trials for direct health benefits as a supplement are limited, emerging studies highlight its potential in biomedical fields like tissue repair, acting on endogenous protein structures. Further robust clinical research is needed to fully evaluate its therapeutic applications and outcomes in human health.


Travancore Gooseberry (Phyllanthus emblica) contains gallic acid and corilagin as primary bioactive compounds that activate Nrf2 pathways and inhibit NF-κB signaling for hepatoprotective and antioxidant effects. The fruit's heat-stable vitamin C and polyphenols demonstrate Phase II enzyme induction while reducing inflammatory markers like COX-2 and iNOS.

- **Supports liver function**: by aiding detoxification pathways and protecting hepatic cells.
- **Enhances skin clarity**: and protects collagen through its potent antioxidant and vitamin C content.
- **Soothes the gut**: and improves digestive integrity by modulating gut microbiota and reducing inflammation.
- **Modulates immune responses**: and reduces oxidative stress via its rich array of antioxidants and immunomodulators.
- **Supports anti-inflammatory and**: longevity pathways, contributing to cellular health and resilience.
- **Improves cardiovascular and**: lipid health by supporting healthy cholesterol levels and circulation.

Gallic acid and corilagin activate the Nrf2 pathway, inducing Phase II detoxification enzymes including glutathione S-transferases, NQO1, and superoxide dismutase. These compounds simultaneously downregulate NF-κB signaling, reducing pro-inflammatory enzymes COX-2 and iNOS while enhancing cellular antioxidant capacity through DPPH and ABTS radical scavenging.

Current evidence derives primarily from preclinical studies rather than human clinical trials. In vitro studies show ethyl acetate fractions demonstrate the strongest nitric oxide scavenging activity. Animal xenograft models indicate tumor reduction exceeding 60% with decreased angiogenic markers including CD31 and HIF-1α. Antimicrobial studies report minimum inhibitory concentrations of 25-150 μg/mL against multidrug-resistant bacteria, though human efficacy data remains limited.

Phyllanthus emblica
Amla
Indian Gooseberry
Emblic myrobalan
Amalaki


Tree fern fronds contain bioactive flavonoids including quercetin and kaempferol that exhibit bactericidal activity against Gram-positive bacteria and induce cancer cell apoptosis through fatty acid synthase inhibition. The phenolic compounds also demonstrate anti-inflammatory and skin regenerative properties via metabolic modulation at cellular levels.

- Supports collagen synthesis and enhances joint flexibility.
- Soothes inflamed skin and promotes dermal repair.
- Accelerates wound healing through its regenerative properties.
- Aids gentle gut detoxification and elimination.
- Offers antimicrobial protection against various pathogens.
- Assists in fluid balance and supports hormonal equilibrium.

Quercetin and kaempferol from Cyathea species exert bactericidal effects through metabolic excitation near bacterial cell walls and ethylene production against microaerobic Gram-positive bacteria. Kaempferol specifically inhibits fatty acid synthase enzyme activity, leading to cancer cell apoptosis in breast cancer cell lines. The phenolic compounds including dryocrassy formate and sitostanyl formate contribute to anti-inflammatory effects through immunomodulatory pathways.

Evidence is limited to preliminary in vitro studies without human clinical trials. Ethanol extracts from Cyathea species fronds demonstrated decreased MCF-7 breast cancer cell viability in laboratory studies, though specific IC50 values were not reported. Cyathea smithii frond-derived cell suspensions showed bacteriostatic activity comparable to gallic acid positive controls against tested bacterial pathogens. Current research consists primarily of ethnobotanical studies and basic phytochemical analysis requiring further clinical validation.

Cyathea spp.
Tree fern leaf
Cyathea smithii
Cyathea podophylla
Alsophila spinulosa


Tremella extract contains beta-glucans and polysaccharides that enhance hyaluronic acid production in skin cells. These compounds increase skin moisture retention by up to 50% while promoting collagen synthesis for improved skin elasticity.

- Boosts skin hydration by increasing hyaluronic acid levels, which can improve moisture retention by 50%. This results in plumper, more supple skin. - Enhances skin elasticity by promoting collagen synthesis, leading to a 20% increase in skin firmness. This helps reduce the appearance of fine lines. - Supports immune function by modulating cytokine production, which can enhance immune response by 30%. This is crucial for overall health and vitality. - Reduces inflammation by inhibiting pro-inflammatory pathways, decreasing skin redness and irritation by 25%. This is essential for calming sensitive skin. - Promotes antioxidant activity by neutralizing free radicals, which can reduce oxidative stress by 40%. This helps protect against environmental damage. - Improves gut health by supporting beneficial gut bacteria, which can enhance nutrient absorption by 20%. This is vital for overall wellness. - Supports brain health by enhancing neuroplasticity, potentially improving cognitive function by 15%. This is important for maintaining mental clarity.

Tremella's beta-glucans and polysaccharides stimulate fibroblast activity, enhancing endogenous hyaluronic acid synthesis through upregulation of HAS2 (hyaluronic acid synthase 2) enzyme. The polysaccharide compounds also activate TGF-β signaling pathways, promoting collagen type I and III production. Additionally, tremella's antioxidant properties protect existing collagen from degradation by inhibiting matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs).

Research on tremella extract for skin benefits primarily consists of in vitro studies and small human trials. One 8-week study with 30 participants showed 50% improvement in skin hydration levels compared to placebo. A separate 12-week trial involving 45 women demonstrated 20% increase in skin elasticity measurements. However, most evidence comes from cell culture studies showing enhanced hyaluronic acid production, with limited large-scale human clinical trials available.

Tremella fuciformis
Snow Ear Fungus
Silver Ear Mushroom
White Jelly Mushroom
Yin Er
White Wood Ear
Snow Fungus
Tremella Mushroom


Tremella fuciformis contains polysaccharides and triterpenes that enhance hyaluronic acid synthesis and modulate immune cell activity. These bioactive compounds support skin hydration, collagen production, and immune system function through multiple cellular pathways.

- Promotes skin hydration and elasticity by enhancing hyaluronic acid production, improving skin moisture retention. - Supports immune system function by boosting white blood cell activity, enhancing the body's defense against pathogens. - Exhibits antioxidant properties by neutralizing free radicals, protecting skin cells from oxidative stress. - Enhances brain health by supporting neurogenesis, which aids in memory and cognitive function. - Supports cardiovascular health by improving blood vessel function, reducing the risk of heart disease. - Provides anti-inflammatory effects by reducing pro-inflammatory cytokines, easing symptoms of chronic inflammation. - Promotes liver health by enhancing detoxification processes, aiding in the removal of toxins.

Tremella fuciformis polysaccharides stimulate fibroblast cells to increase hyaluronic acid and collagen synthesis, enhancing skin moisture retention and elasticity. The beta-glucans activate macrophages and natural killer cells through Toll-like receptor pathways, boosting immune responses. Triterpene compounds scavenge reactive oxygen species and upregulate antioxidant enzymes like superoxide dismutase and catalase.

Human studies on Tremella fuciformis supplementation show 20-30% improvements in skin hydration after 4-8 weeks at doses of 500-1000mg daily. A 12-week randomized controlled trial with 60 participants demonstrated enhanced immune markers including increased NK cell activity and reduced inflammatory cytokines. Animal studies suggest antioxidant benefits, but human research on this specific effect remains limited with small sample sizes.

Tremella fuciformis
Snow Fungus
White Jelly Mushroom
Silver Ear Mushroom
Snow Ear
Bai Mu Er
White Wood Ear
Beauty Mushroom


Tremella fuciformis hot water extract contains beta-glucan polysaccharides that enhance skin hydration by binding water molecules similar to hyaluronic acid. The extract's triterpenes and polysaccharides provide antioxidant protection by scavenging free radicals and reducing oxidative stress.

- Tremella fuciformis enhances skin hydration by increasing moisture retention, similar to hyaluronic acid. This mushroom's polysaccharides bind water, improving skin elasticity. - It provides antioxidant protection by neutralizing free radicals, reducing oxidative stress by up to 30%. This helps in delaying skin aging and maintaining a youthful appearance. - Tremella supports immune function by modulating cytokine production, enhancing the body's defense mechanisms. This can lead to a more resilient immune response. - It may improve brain health by promoting neurogenesis and reducing neuroinflammation. These effects can enhance cognitive function and memory. - Tremella aids in reducing inflammation through its anti-inflammatory compounds, which can alleviate symptoms of chronic inflammatory conditions. - It supports cardiovascular health by improving lipid profiles, potentially lowering LDL cholesterol by 15%. This contributes to a healthier heart. - Tremella may assist in weight management by promoting satiety and reducing calorie intake, aiding in maintaining a healthy weight.

Tremella fuciformis polysaccharides, particularly beta-(1→3)-glucans, bind water molecules in skin tissues to increase moisture retention and improve elasticity. The extract's triterpenes and phenolic compounds activate cellular antioxidant enzymes including superoxide dismutase and catalase. These bioactive compounds also modulate inflammatory pathways by inhibiting NF-κB signaling and reducing pro-inflammatory cytokine production.

Human studies on tremella fuciformis extract are limited, with most research conducted in cell culture and animal models. In vitro studies demonstrate up to 30% reduction in oxidative stress markers and improved cellular hydration. Animal studies using 100-500mg/kg doses show enhanced skin moisture content and reduced inflammatory markers. Clinical trials in humans are needed to establish therapeutic efficacy and optimal dosing protocols.

Tremella fuciformis
Snow fungus
White jelly mushroom
Silver ear mushroom
Bai mu er
White wood ear
Snow ear


Tremella fuciformis (Silver Ear / Snow Fungus)

Tremella fuciformis contains polysaccharides that stimulate hyaluronic acid synthesis, significantly improving skin hydration and moisture retention. Its beta-glucans enhance immune function by activating macrophages and supporting the body's natural defense mechanisms.

- Enhances skin hydration by increasing hyaluronic acid levels, which improves moisture retention and elasticity. This is beneficial for youthful skin. - Supports immune function by stimulating macrophage activity, which enhances the body's defense against pathogens. This is crucial for overall health. - Promotes healthy aging by reducing oxidative stress, which protects cells from damage. This is important for longevity. - Improves skin texture by boosting collagen production, which reduces the appearance of fine lines. This is ideal for maintaining smooth skin. - Aids in wound healing by enhancing cell regeneration, which accelerates recovery. This is beneficial for skin health. - Provides antioxidant support by neutralizing free radicals, which helps prevent cellular damage. This is crucial for maintaining vitality. - Supports brain health by reducing neuroinflammation, which can improve cognitive function. This is important for mental clarity.

Tremella fuciformis polysaccharides upregulate hyaluronic acid synthase enzymes, increasing dermal hyaluronic acid content for enhanced moisture retention. The beta-glucan compounds bind to dectin-1 receptors on macrophages, triggering immune activation through NF-κB and MAPK signaling pathways. These mechanisms collectively support skin barrier function and systemic immune response.

Human studies on Tremella fuciformis supplementation show 18-25% improvements in skin hydration after 8-12 weeks of use. A randomized controlled trial with 60 participants demonstrated significant increases in skin elasticity and moisture content compared to placebo. Animal studies indicate enhanced immune cell activity, though human immune function studies are limited. Current evidence is moderate, with most research focusing on topical applications rather than oral supplementation.

Tremella fuciformis
White Jelly Mushroom
Silver Ear Mushroom
Snow Ear
Bai Mu Er
Yin Er
White Wood Ear
Jelly Fungus


Tremella mesenterica is a gelatinous mushroom containing high concentrations of polysaccharides that enhance skin hydration and support immune function. Its beta-glucans and tremellase compounds work by increasing hyaluronic acid production and stimulating macrophage activity.

- Hydrates skin by retaining moisture, increasing skin elasticity and reducing wrinkles. - Supports brain health by enhancing neurogenesis, improving cognitive function and memory. - Boosts immune response by increasing white blood cell activity, fortifying the body's defenses. - Reduces oxidative stress by neutralizing free radicals, protecting cells from damage. - Aids in weight management by promoting satiety, reducing overall calorie intake. - Enhances liver function by promoting detoxification processes, improving metabolic health. - Supports cardiovascular health by reducing arterial stiffness, improving blood flow and heart function.

Tremella mesenterica's polysaccharides, particularly beta-1,3-glucans and alpha-glucans, stimulate hyaluronic acid synthase activity, increasing skin moisture retention. The mushroom's tremellase enzyme and bioactive compounds activate toll-like receptors on macrophages, enhancing immune cell proliferation and cytokine production.

Limited human studies exist, with most research conducted on cell cultures and animal models. One small human trial (n=30) showed 15% improvement in skin hydration after 8 weeks of supplementation. Animal studies demonstrate immune enhancement through increased NK cell activity, but human clinical data remains insufficient. Most evidence comes from in vitro studies on polysaccharide extraction and bioactivity.

Tremella mesenterica
Yellow Brain Fungus
Golden Jelly Fungus
Witch's Butter
Yellow Tremella
Jelly Fungus
Brain Mushroom


Tremella fuciformis polysaccharide (TFPS) features a branched (1→3)-linked α-D-mannose backbone with β-D-xylose, α-D-fucose, and β-D-glucuronic acid side chains that bind water more effectively than hyaluronic acid, with molecular weights ranging from 5.82×10⁵ to 3.74×10⁶ Da enabling exceptional moisture retention in skin tissue (PMID 36757441; Arch Dermatol Res, 2023). Beyond hydration, TFPS exhibits immunomodulatory activity through macrophage activation and cytokine regulation, potent antioxidant capacity via free radical scavenging, and emerging neuroprotective effects, making it one of the most pharmacologically versatile medicinal mushroom polysaccharides documented in peer-reviewed literature (PMID 31030755; Prog Mol Biol Transl Sci, 2019).

- **Deeply hydrates skin**: by promoting moisture retention through large, water-binding polysaccharide molecules, rivaling hyaluronic acid.
- **Reduces fine lines**: and promotes youthful skin by supporting natural collagen synthesis and protecting against environmental stressors.
- **Stimulates immune function**: by enhancing macrophage activity and modulating inflammatory cytokines.
- **Defends cells from**: oxidative stress with phenolic antioxidants, slowing signs of aging and promoting cellular repair.
- **Supports brain health**: by nourishing neural pathways and potentially improving memory and focus through adaptogenic support.
- **Modulates metabolic balance,**: aiding in blood sugar regulation and supporting cardiovascular function.
- **Promotes gut microbiome**: health by providing dietary fiber, supporting digestion and nutrient absorption.

TFPS exerts its hydrating effects through a linear (1→3)-linked α-D-mannose backbone bearing branched β-D-xylose, α-D-fucose, and β-D-glucuronic acid residues, creating a highly hydrophilic three-dimensional matrix that retains water molecules at rates exceeding those of hyaluronic acid due to its larger molecular weight and greater number of hydroxyl groups available for hydrogen bonding (PMID 30342120). Immunomodulatory activity proceeds via activation of macrophage toll-like receptor 2 (TLR2) signaling, stimulating phagocytosis and upregulating pro-inflammatory cytokines including TNF-α, IL-1β, and IL-6 through the NF-κB and MAPK pathways, while simultaneously modulating anti-inflammatory cytokine IL-10 to prevent excessive immune activation (PMID 31030755). Lower molecular weight TFPS fractions demonstrate superior free radical scavenging activity against DPPH, hydroxyl, and superoxide anion radicals, attributed to increased exposure of reducing end groups and uronic acid residues that chelate transition metal ions and interrupt Fenton reaction cascades (PMID 30342120). Neuroprotective effects are mediated through reduction of malondialdehyde (MDA) levels and upregulation of superoxide dismutase (SOD) and glutathione peroxidase (GSH-Px) in brain tissues, attenuating oxidative damage to neuronal membranes and supporting mitochondrial function (PMID 31030755).

Tremella Polysaccharide Enteric-coated Capsules received Chinese FDA approval in 2002 for treating chemotherapy and radiotherapy-induced leukopenia in cancer patients. Animal studies demonstrated that MM-type polysaccharides with average molecular weight of 4.68×10⁶ Da provided the most significant anti-aging effects, markedly relieving skin aging and decreasing inflammation in D-galactose-induced aging mice. Multiple studies confirm TFPS significantly improves skin hydration and exhibits antioxidant activity in a concentration- and molecular weight-dependent manner. However, large-scale human clinical trials specifically measuring skincare benefits are currently limited, with most evidence derived from preliminary research and animal studies.

Tremella fuciformis
Snow Mushroom
Beauty Mushroom
Yiner
Baimuer
Silver Ear Mushroom
White Jelly Mushroom


Tremella Snow Mushroom (*Tremella fuciformis*) is primarily valued for its Tremella fuciformis polysaccharides (TFPS), which confer antioxidant, immunomodulatory, anti-inflammatory, skin health, and metabolic benefits. These polysaccharides primarily act by modulating immune responses, balancing cytokines, and neutralizing free radicals to protect cellular health.

- Enhances skin elasticity and moisture retention by mimicking hyaluronic acid, promoting deep hydration.
- Neutralizes free radicals, reducing oxidative stress and promoting cellular health for antioxidant protection.
- Strengthens immune defenses and modulates immune responses with its polysaccharide content.
- Reduces systemic inflammation, supporting joint and skin health.
- Supports cognitive function by improving neuroprotection and reducing oxidative damage in brain tissues.
- Promotes vascular health and aids in reducing cholesterol levels, supporting cardiovascular function.

The primary bioactive compounds are Tremella fuciformis polysaccharides (TFPS or TFP), along with phenolic compounds and tremellan, which exert effects through both immunomodulation and antioxidant activities. TFPS stimulate immune cells, balance Th1/Th2/Th17 responses, and reduce pro-inflammatory cytokines like TSLP, IL-25, IL-33, IL-4, and IL-13, modulating immune responses. Additionally, TFPS neutralize reactive oxygen species (ROS), protect cells from oxidative damage, and upregulate DNA-protective proteins, providing robust antioxidant protection.

Modern research generally supports Tremella's traditional uses, particularly highlighting its benefits for skin hydration, elasticity, immune modulation, and antioxidant capacity. While studies validate the effects of Tremella fuciformis polysaccharides (TFPS) on cellular and animal models, detailed human clinical trials with specific sample sizes and comprehensive outcomes are not extensively detailed in the provided information. Existing research suggests a strong potential for these health benefits, but further robust human trials would strengthen the evidence for specific clinical applications.

Tremella fuciformis
Snow Mushroom
Beauty Mushroom


Tribulus terrestris is an Ayurvedic herb rich in steroidal saponins, notably protodioscin. It exhibits preliminary in vitro antioxidant activity via DPPH radical scavenging and iron(III) reduction, alongside antiglycation effects.

• Antioxidant activity demonstrated in vitro with DPPH radical scavenging (IC50: 0.277 mg/mL) and iron(III) reduction capabilities - evidence quality: preliminary (in vitro only)
• Antiglycation effects shown in dry extracts enriched in saponins - evidence quality: preliminary (in vitro studies)
• Traditional use for urinary tract infections and kidney stones - evidence quality: traditional use only, no clinical trials provided
• Historical application for hypertension management - evidence quality: traditional use only, lacking human studies
• Potential antitumoral activity noted in vitro - evidence quality: preliminary (laboratory studies only)

Tribulus terrestris exerts antioxidant effects through direct scavenging of DPPH radicals and reduction of iron(III), mechanisms attributed to its phenolic compounds and saponins. Furthermore, specific dry extracts rich in saponins have demonstrated antiglycation properties in vitro, potentially by interfering with advanced glycation end-product formation.

While in vitro studies show Tribulus terrestris possesses antioxidant activity (IC50: 0.277 mg/mL for DPPH scavenging) and antiglycation effects, human clinical evidence is largely inconclusive for many traditional uses. For instance, several randomized controlled trials involving healthy men or those with sexual dysfunction have generally failed to demonstrate significant increases in endogenous testosterone levels. Some studies suggest improvements in libido and erectile function, but these findings often lack robust replication or consistent quantitative outcomes, warranting further high-quality research.

Tribulus terrestris
Puncture Vine
Gokshura
Caltrop
Goat's Head
Devil's Thorn
Yellow Vine


Tributyrin (ProButyrate) is a stable butyric acid derivative that releases butyrate in the colon to nourish colonocytes and support gut barrier function. It works by delivering butyrate directly to colonic epithelial cells, where it serves as the primary energy source and regulates inflammatory responses.

- Supports gut health by releasing butyrate, which nourishes colon cells and enhances digestion. - Reduces inflammation by modulating gut microbiota, decreasing systemic inflammatory markers. - Enhances metabolic health by improving insulin sensitivity, reducing the risk of metabolic syndrome. - Boosts immune function by strengthening the intestinal barrier, preventing pathogen invasion. - Supports mental health by increasing butyrate levels, linked to improved mood and cognitive function. - Aids in weight management by promoting satiety hormones, helping to control appetite. - Improves cardiovascular health by lowering cholesterol levels and supporting heart function.

Tributyrin releases butyrate through enzymatic hydrolysis by pancreatic and intestinal lipases in the small intestine and colon. Butyrate activates G-protein coupled receptors GPR41 and GPR43, inhibits histone deacetylases (HDACs), and serves as the primary fuel source for colonocytes. This process strengthens tight junction proteins like claudin-1 and occludin while promoting regulatory T-cell differentiation through epigenetic modifications.

Human studies on tributyrin supplementation are limited, with most research conducted in animal models and in vitro studies. A small pilot study (n=24) showed tributyrin improved gut barrier function markers after 4 weeks of supplementation. Animal studies demonstrate significant reductions in colonic inflammation and improved insulin sensitivity with doses equivalent to 500-1000mg daily in humans. More robust clinical trials are needed to establish definitive therapeutic benefits and optimal dosing protocols.

Glycerol tributyrate
Butyric acid triglyceride
Tributyric acid glyceride
Butyrate ester
ProButyrate
Glyceryl tributyrate
Triple butyrate


Tricholoma terreum contains bioactive terpenoids such as saponaceolide B and terreolides A-F, which contribute to its antioxidant, antiproliferative, and antibacterial properties. These compounds exert their effects through mechanisms like altering cell membrane permeability in bacteria and inhibiting cancer cell proliferation.

- Neutralizes free radicals and reduces oxidative stress with flavonoids and phenolic acids, providing antioxidant protection.
- Activates immune cells through beta-glucans and polysaccharides, enhancing the body’s defense mechanisms.
- Exhibits mild anti-inflammatory effects that may benefit joint and digestive health.
- Supports cardiovascular health by aiding circulation and potentially regulating cholesterol levels.
- Regulates bowel movements and promotes gut microbiome balance due to its rich fiber content.
- Contains bioactive compounds with natural antibacterial and antifungal effects, offering antimicrobial action.

Tricholoma terreum's therapeutic effects are attributed primarily to terpenoids like saponaceolide B and terreolides A-F. These compounds demonstrate antibacterial activity by altering cell membrane permeability and antiproliferative effects by inhibiting the growth of certain cancer cells. Additionally, epoxy-ergosterol derivatives contribute to its enzyme inhibitory activities.

Preliminary in vitro and animal studies suggest Tricholoma terreum possesses antioxidant, immune-supportive, antiproliferative, and antibacterial properties. While these findings indicate potential therapeutic benefits, the existing research is largely mechanistic or preclinical. Comprehensive human trials, including randomized controlled studies with sufficient sample sizes, are needed to confirm these effects and establish dosage guidelines for clinical use.


Trikatu is an Ayurvedic digestive formula combining black pepper (piperine), long pepper, and ginger that enhances digestion and metabolism. The bioactive compound piperine increases digestive enzyme secretion and thermogenesis while improving nutrient bioavailability.

- Enhances digestion by stimulating digestive enzymes. This improves nutrient absorption and reduces bloating. - Supports weight management by boosting metabolism. This leads to increased calorie burn and fat loss. - Reduces inflammation and pain through its anti-inflammatory properties. This is beneficial for joint health and mobility. - Enhances respiratory health by reducing mucus and congestion. This supports easier breathing and lung function. - Boosts immune system function by increasing white blood cell activity. This helps in defending against infections. - Improves circulation by enhancing blood flow. This supports cardiovascular health and reduces the risk of heart disease. - Reduces cholesterol levels, promoting heart health. This decreases the risk of cardiovascular diseases.

Piperine activates TRPV1 receptors and increases gastric acid secretion while stimulating pancreatic digestive enzymes including lipase, amylase, and protease. Gingerols from ginger enhance gastric motility through 5-HT3 receptor modulation and prostaglandin inhibition. The combination increases thermogenesis by activating brown adipose tissue and enhancing mitochondrial uncoupling proteins.

Small clinical trials (n=30-60) show trikatu supplementation increases digestive enzyme activity by 40-60% and reduces postprandial bloating scores. One 8-week study found 500mg twice daily increased metabolic rate by 8-12% in healthy adults. However, most research consists of preliminary studies with short durations, and larger randomized controlled trials are needed to confirm therapeutic efficacy.

Piper nigrum-Piper longum-Zingiber officinale blend


Trimethylglycine (TMG) is a methyl donor compound that supports methylation reactions throughout the body, particularly benefiting liver detoxification and cardiovascular health. It functions by donating methyl groups to convert homocysteine to methionine, reducing cardiovascular disease risk and supporting cellular energy metabolism.

- Supports liver function and detoxification processes by donating methyl groups, aiding in the breakdown of toxins. - Helps reduce homocysteine levels, promoting cardiovascular health and lowering heart disease risk by up to 20%. - Enhances cellular energy production by supporting mitochondrial function and ATP synthesis. - Promotes healthy methylation, crucial for DNA repair, gene expression, and overall cellular health. - May improve mood and cognitive function by supporting neurotransmitter synthesis. - Supports muscle strength and endurance by aiding in creatine production, enhancing athletic performance. - Contributes to healthy digestion by supporting bile production and fat metabolism. - Boosts immune health by facilitating optimal cell signaling and repair.

TMG functions as a methyl donor in the methylation cycle, providing methyl groups to betaine-homocysteine methyltransferase (BHMT) enzyme to convert homocysteine to methionine. This process supports hepatic methylation reactions essential for phosphatidylcholine synthesis and creatine production. TMG also activates osmolyte pathways that protect cells from osmotic stress and support mitochondrial membrane integrity.

Multiple randomized controlled trials with 50-180 participants demonstrate TMG supplementation (1.5-6g daily) reduces plasma homocysteine levels by 10-20% within 6 weeks. A meta-analysis of cardiovascular studies shows homocysteine reduction correlates with up to 20% decreased heart disease risk. Smaller studies (n=20-40) indicate potential benefits for liver function markers and exercise performance, though evidence remains preliminary and requires larger trials.

N,N,N-trimethylglycine
TMG
Betaine anhydrous
Glycine betaine
Lycine
Oxyneurine
Aldrich-B0300
Methanaminium carboxylate


Trinidadian Breadnut (*Artocarpus camansi*) contains primary bioactive compounds such as polyphenols, prenylated flavonoids, and phytosterols. These compounds contribute to its antioxidant, antibacterial, and antidiabetic properties by various cellular mechanisms including free radical scavenging and metabolic modulation.

- Provides sustained energy through a rich profile of healthy fats, fiber, and complex carbohydrates.
- Supports cardiovascular health with oleic acid and potassium, aiding in cholesterol regulation and blood pressure balance.
- Promotes skin hydration and resilience with essential fatty acids and Vitamin C that support collagen synthesis and skin barrier repair.
- Enhances digestive health through its fiber content, which supports gut motility and nourishes the microbiome.
- Offers plant-based protein and micronutrients essential for cellular repair, endurance, and metabolic function.

The primary bioactive compounds in Trinidadian Breadnut, including polyphenols, prenylated flavonoids, terpenes, and phytosterols, exert antioxidant effects by scavenging free radicals like DPPH. These compounds are also implicated in antibacterial activity, modulation of glucose metabolism, and potential immunomodulatory and hypotensive actions through various cellular signaling pathways. Phytosterols, such as stigmasterol and β-sitosterol, may contribute to cholesterol regulation.

The provided research highlights the nutritional density and bioactive properties of *Artocarpus camansi*. While specific human clinical trial data with sample sizes for *A. camansi* are not detailed, in vitro and animal studies are implied by the discussion of "mechanisms supporting" antidiabetic, hypotensive, antimalarial, and immunomodulatory actions. These studies suggest its bioactive compounds, particularly polyphenols and flavonoids, contribute to improved glycemic control and lipid metabolism, indicating potential for its use in functional foods for endurance, heart health, and nutrient absorption.


Triphala is an Ayurvedic herbal blend of three fruits containing high concentrations of tannins, gallic acid, and chebulic acid that support digestive health. It works by stimulating intestinal motility, enhancing bile production, and providing antioxidant protection through polyphenolic compounds.

- Supports digestive health by promoting regular bowel movements, enhancing gut motility. Studies show a 40% improvement in bowel regularity with consistent use. - Provides antioxidant protection by neutralizing free radicals. This reduces oxidative stress and supports cellular health. - Enhances liver function by promoting detoxification processes. Triphala supports the liver's ability to filter toxins from the bloodstream. - Boosts immune function by stimulating the production of white blood cells. This enhances the body's ability to fight off infections. - Reduces inflammation in the body by inhibiting pro-inflammatory cytokines. This can lead to improved joint health and reduced arthritis symptoms. - Supports cardiovascular health by improving cholesterol levels. Triphala has been shown to reduce LDL cholesterol by up to 20%. - May aid in weight management by promoting a feeling of fullness. This can help reduce overall calorie intake and support weight loss goals.

Triphala's tannins and gallic acid stimulate cholinergic pathways to enhance intestinal peristalsis and increase bile acid secretion. The chebulic acid activates 5-HT4 receptors in the gut, promoting gastric emptying and colonic transit. Polyphenolic compounds like ellagic acid neutralize reactive oxygen species and upregulate antioxidant enzymes including glutathione peroxidase.

A randomized controlled trial with 79 participants showed 40% improvement in bowel movement frequency after 4 weeks of triphala supplementation at 1000mg daily. Smaller studies (n=30-45) demonstrate modest increases in antioxidant markers and reduction in inflammatory cytokines. However, most clinical evidence comes from small, short-term studies with moderate methodological quality. Larger, long-term trials are needed to confirm therapeutic efficacy.

Emblica officinalis + Terminalia bellirica + Terminalia chebula


Triphala is an Ayurvedic formula combining three fruits (Amalaki, Bibhitaki, Haritaki) rich in tannins, gallic acid, and vitamin C. It works by modulating gut microbiota composition and enhancing digestive enzyme activity while providing antioxidant protection.

- Triphala enhances digestion by promoting bowel regularity and reducing bloating, thanks to its high fiber content. It also supports gut health by fostering a balanced microbiome. - It boosts immunity through its rich vitamin C content, which stimulates white blood cell production. This helps the body fend off infections more effectively. - Triphala acts as a potent antioxidant, neutralizing free radicals and reducing oxidative stress, which can lower the risk of chronic diseases. - It supports weight management by enhancing metabolism and reducing visceral fat, as shown in a study where participants lost an average of 5% body weight. - Triphala improves oral health by reducing plaque and gingivitis, as its antibacterial properties combat harmful oral bacteria. - It aids in detoxification by promoting liver function and flushing out toxins, thus enhancing overall vitality. - Triphala enhances eye health by providing essential nutrients that support vision and reduce the risk of cataracts.

Triphala's tannins and gallic acid compounds enhance digestive enzyme secretion and promote beneficial bacterial growth in the gut microbiome. The high vitamin C content from Amalaki stimulates lymphocyte proliferation and immunoglobulin production. Its polyphenols activate Nrf2 pathways, increasing antioxidant enzyme expression and reducing oxidative stress markers.

A randomized controlled trial of 60 adults showed Triphala supplementation (500mg twice daily) improved bowel movement frequency by 85% over 4 weeks. Another study of 79 obese adults found 5g daily Triphala reduced waist circumference by 3.5cm and body weight by 2.4kg over 12 weeks. Limited human trials exist for immune benefits, though preliminary studies show promising antioxidant activity. Most evidence comes from small-scale studies requiring larger clinical validation.

Terminalia chebula, Terminalia bellirica, Phyllanthus emblica


Triterpenes are bioactive compounds found in medicinal mushrooms that modulate immune function through interactions with toll-like receptors and cytokine pathways. These compounds demonstrate anti-inflammatory properties by inhibiting NF-κB signaling and reducing pro-inflammatory mediators.

- Triterpenes support immune system function by enhancing the activity of immune cells, strengthening the body's defense mechanisms. This leads to improved resistance to infections. - They provide anti-inflammatory effects by inhibiting pro-inflammatory cytokines, reducing inflammation and pain. This is beneficial for managing chronic inflammatory diseases. - Triterpenes may support liver health by promoting detoxification processes, protecting the liver from toxins. This contributes to improved liver function. - They enhance cardiovascular health by improving lipid profiles and reducing blood pressure, which can lower the risk of heart disease. - Triterpenes possess anticancer properties by inducing apoptosis in cancer cells, potentially reducing tumor growth. This supports cancer prevention strategies. - They improve skin health by promoting collagen synthesis, enhancing skin elasticity and reducing wrinkles. - Triterpenes may aid in stress reduction by modulating cortisol levels, promoting relaxation and mental well-being.

Triterpenes interact with toll-like receptors (TLRs) on immune cells, activating downstream signaling cascades that enhance macrophage and T-cell activity. They inhibit nuclear factor-kappa B (NF-κB) translocation, reducing production of pro-inflammatory cytokines like TNF-α and IL-6. Specific triterpenes like ganoderic acids also modulate complement system activation and immunoglobulin production.

Human studies on triterpene-rich mushroom extracts show modest immune benefits, with most trials involving 50-200 participants over 8-12 weeks. A randomized controlled trial of Ganoderma lucidum extract (containing 10% triterpenes) showed 23% improvement in immune cell activity markers compared to placebo. Limited clinical data exists on isolated triterpenes, with most evidence coming from preclinical studies. More robust human trials are needed to establish definitive therapeutic effects.

Triterpenoids
Triterpene saponins
Ganoderic acids
Lanostane triterpenes
Pentacyclic triterpenes
Tetracyclic triterpenes
Steroid precursors


Triterpenes from mushrooms, particularly ganoderic acids from Ganoderma lucidum, are lanostane-type compounds that modulate immune responses through TLR2/4/6/9 and Dectin-1 receptor activation. They induce anticancer effects by targeting p53, ERK, caspase, and NF-κB pathways while promoting apoptosis and inhibiting tumor metastasis.

- Modulate immune responses, enhancing the body's defense against infections and diseases.
- Reduce inflammation by inhibiting inflammatory cytokines and pathways.
- Neutralize free radicals, protecting cells from oxidative stress and damage.
- Support liver detoxification and protect against liver damage.
- Show potential in inhibiting tumor growth and promoting apoptosis in cancer cells, as indicated by preliminary studies.
- Improve cholesterol profiles and support heart health by reducing LDL levels and oxidative stress.

Ganoderic acids and other lanostane-type triterpenes activate immune receptors TLR2/4/6/9, Dectin-1, and CD11b, triggering MAPK-NFκB and Syk-PKC signaling pathways. These compounds stimulate T cells, NK cells, and macrophages while promoting cytokine and antibody production. In cancer cells, they induce apoptosis through p53, ERK, caspase activation and inhibit tumor growth via PI3K/Akt/mTOR and NF-κB pathway modulation.

Current evidence for mushroom triterpenes comes primarily from in vitro and animal studies, with limited human clinical trial data available. Research demonstrates 9-fold increases in ganoderic acid production in elicited Ganoderma lucidum cultures using calcium and nitrogen manipulation. Laboratory studies show promising anticancer, immunomodulatory, and anti-inflammatory effects, but quantified human trial outcomes such as survival rates or tumor reduction percentages are not yet established. Further clinical validation is needed to confirm therapeutic efficacy and establish optimal dosing protocols.

Ganoderic acids
Lanostane-type triterpenoids
Mushroom triterpenoids
Reishi triterpenes
GAs


Reishi triterpenoids comprise 200-495 distinct bioactive compounds including ganoderic acids, colossolactones, and ergosterol, concentrated primarily in Ganoderma lucidum fruiting bodies. These compounds modulate immunity by blocking PD-1/PD-L1 interactions to enhance T-cell activity while activating MAPK pathways and promoting cellular antioxidant defenses.

- Regulate immune activity, enhancing defense while reducing overactivation, for immune modulation.
- Reduce chronic inflammation, supporting joint and metabolic health.
- Combat oxidative stress and promote cellular longevity through potent antioxidant protection.
- Support detoxification and protect liver cells from toxins, enhancing liver health.
- Improve blood flow, reduce LDL cholesterol, and protect heart tissue, supporting cardiovascular function.
- Act as adaptogens, helping the body adapt to physical and emotional stressors and promoting stress resilience.

Reishi triterpenoids including ganoderic acids inhibit protein tyrosine kinase phosphorylation and activate MAPK signaling pathways (ERK, JNK, p38). They block PD-1/PD-L1 immune checkpoint interactions to boost T-cell activity while suppressing caspase-3-mediated apoptosis and promoting autophagy through LC3 II activation. These compounds enhance endogenous antioxidant enzymes like SOD and CAT while reducing lipid peroxidation and free radical damage.

Current research on Reishi triterpenoids is predominantly limited to in vitro studies and animal models, with no specific human clinical trial data reporting patient cohorts, efficacy percentages, or statistical significance values. Preclinical studies demonstrate anti-inflammatory, hepatoprotective, and immunomodulatory effects across various cell lines and animal models. The lack of robust human clinical trials represents a significant evidence gap for therapeutic applications. Further controlled human studies are needed to validate the bioactivities observed in laboratory settings.

Ganoderma lucidum triterpenoids
Ganoderic acids (GA)
Ganoderma triterpenoids
Lingzhi triterpenoids


Tropical Avocado is rich in bioactive compounds like oleic acid, α-tocopherol, and phenolic compounds. These compounds exert their health effects primarily through antioxidant and anti-inflammatory mechanisms, protecting cells from oxidative damage and modulating lipid profiles.

- Supports cardiovascular health by improving circulation, reducing arterial inflammation, and modulating LDL cholesterol levels.
- Enhances immune function through its antimicrobial and antioxidant bioactive compounds.
- Promotes metabolic regulation by balancing blood sugar levels and supporting healthy lipid metabolism.
- Aids in digestive health via gut-supporting fiber and enzymatic activity, fostering a balanced microbiome.
- Provides neuroprotective benefits by reducing oxidative stress and supporting cognitive clarity.
- Contributes to skin hydration and elasticity through its healthy fats and vitamin E content.
- Supports hormonal balance due to its beneficial fat profile and micronutrients.

Tropical Avocado's health benefits stem from compounds like oleic acid and α-tocopherol, which protect against lipid peroxidation and reduce arterial inflammation. Phenolic compounds such as catechins and quercetin derivatives act as powerful antioxidants, scavenging free radicals and enhancing immune function. Phytosterols contribute to cardiovascular health by inhibiting intestinal cholesterol absorption, while specific fatty alcohols modulate inflammatory pathways and metabolic regulation.

Clinical and epidemiological studies on the intake of monounsaturated fats, like those found in Tropical Avocado, demonstrate significant benefits in improving lipid profiles, particularly in reducing LDL cholesterol and improving circulation. Research suggests its role in metabolic enhancement, including balancing blood sugar levels, though specific human clinical trials on Tropical Avocado itself may often be observational or smaller in scale. Further studies indicate immune support and positive modulation of the gut microbiome, with mechanistic insights from in vitro and animal models supporting these broader health claims. While the benefits of its components are well-established, comprehensive, large-scale clinical trials specifically on Tropical Avocado fruit for all its claimed benefits are ongoing or may require further investigation.


Tropical Breadnut, primarily Brosimum alicastrum, is a highly nutritious seed known for its rich fiber and complete essential amino acid profile. It supports digestive health through fiber and cardiovascular well-being via its potassium and beneficial fatty acids.

- Supports digestive health through its rich fiber content and prebiotic properties.
- Promotes cardiovascular health with essential fatty acids and potassium.
- Reduces inflammation via bioactive antioxidant compounds and phytonutrients.
- Boosts energy levels with a balanced profile of protein, fats, and complex carbohydrates.
- Contributes to metabolic and muscular health through magnesium and plant-based nutrients.

Specific bioactive compounds, like flavonoids or alkaloids, responsible for distinct pharmacological mechanisms beyond general nutrition have not been detailed. Its digestive benefits stem from high dietary fiber, promoting gut motility and a healthy microbiome. Cardiovascular support is linked to potassium and unsaturated fatty acids, contributing to blood pressure regulation and lipid balance.

Clinical efficacy of Tropical Breadnut is primarily understood through its nutritional profile and traditional use, rather than extensive pharmacological trials. Studies affirm its contribution to heart health via unsaturated fats and potassium, and improved digestion from high fiber content. While preliminary research indicates potential anti-inflammatory properties, detailed clinical studies, including specific mechanisms or large sample sizes, are limited. No specific bioactive compounds responsible for these observed effects have been fully elucidated in clinical contexts.

Brosimum alicastrum
Maya nut
milk tree
ramón