Oolong tea leaf (Camellia sinensis) contains unique polyphenols including theasinensins and catechins that target multiple cellular pathways through MEK-ERK signaling inhibition and antioxidant mechanisms. Theasinensin A specifically reduces inflammatory mediators by binding MEK directly, while EGCG inhibits tyrosine phosphatase PTP1B.

- Boosts metabolism and enhances fat oxidation through the synergistic action of polyphenols and moderate caffeine.
- Supports cardiovascular health by lowering LDL cholesterol, improving arterial function, and regulating blood pressure via theaflavins, catechins, and thearubigins.
- Provides potent antioxidant protection, neutralizing oxidative stress and reducing inflammation to support cellular longevity.
- Enhances cognitive performance and mood by improving mental clarity, focus, and stress resilience through L-theanine and caffeine.
- Strengthens immune function and reduces systemic inflammation with its rich content of flavonoids and polyphenols.
- Promotes digestive wellness and microbiome balance through its fiber and polyphenol content, aiding nutrient absorption.

Theasinensin A (TSA) directly binds MEK protein and downregulates MEK-ERK signaling pathways, reducing pro-inflammatory mediators including iNOS, NO, IL-12 p70, TNF-α, and MCP-1. EGCG inhibits tyrosine phosphatase PTP1B and demonstrates superior binding affinity to breast cancer proteins compared to pharmaceutical drugs like raloxifene and letrozole. The polyphenol profile with ortho- and para-dihydroxyl groups provides potent free radical scavenging activity, with ethanol extracts showing highest antioxidant potential.

Current evidence is primarily preclinical, consisting of in vitro cell studies, animal models, and in silico molecular docking analyses rather than human clinical trials. In vivo mouse studies demonstrate TSA's ability to suppress inflammatory cytokines and reduce LPS-induced paw edema, while MCF-7 breast cancer cell studies show EGCG reduces cell viability and enzymatic activity. Molecular dynamics simulations confirm stable binding interactions between oolong polyphenols and various cellular targets including CASP3, MAPK14, and EGFR. Human clinical validation with specific dosages, sample sizes, and quantified outcomes is needed to confirm therapeutic efficacy.

Camellia sinensis (partially oxidized)
OT
OTL
Wu Long tea
Blue-green tea


Oplopanax Root, from Oplopanax horridus, contains bioactive polyynes like falcarindiol, which exhibit potent antibacterial and antiproliferative effects. It is also recognized for adaptogenic and anti-inflammatory properties, supporting immune defense and metabolic regulation through a diverse array of phenolic compounds.

- Supports immune defense by modulating immune responses through saponins and phenolic compounds.
- Aids in blood sugar regulation, potentially through its metabolic-supportive effects.
- Enhances respiratory resilience, offering relief from various respiratory challenges.
- Promotes emotional grounding and stress adaptation as an adaptogenic botanical.
- Contributes to joint comfort by reducing inflammation with its anti-inflammatory compounds.
- Facilitates digestive restoration and overall gut health.

Oplopanax Root exerts its effects primarily through bioactive polyynes such as falcarindiol and opanaxynol triol, which demonstrate significant antibacterial and antiproliferative activities. Phenylpropanoids like ferulic acid contribute to its antioxidant and anti-inflammatory properties by scavenging free radicals and modulating inflammatory pathways. Additionally, its adaptogenic benefits are attributed to a synergistic action of these compounds, supporting immune defense and metabolic balance.

Scientific research on Oplopanax Root predominantly consists of in vitro and animal studies investigating its adaptogenic, anti-inflammatory, and metabolic-supportive properties. These studies highlight the potential of bioactive compounds like polyynes and saponins in modulating immune responses, aiding blood sugar regulation, and demonstrating anticancer activities, particularly against certain cell lines. While promising, the current evidence base lacks extensive human clinical trials to firmly establish efficacy and optimal dosing in humans. Further research is needed to translate these preliminary findings into clinical applications.

Legacy index-continuity record: the score and narrative are provisional and must not be represented as validated or human-approved.


Opuntia ficus-indica fruit contains phenolic compounds including quercetin, kaempferol, and their glycosides that function as antioxidants by scavenging free radicals and donating hydrogen atoms. These bioactive compounds demonstrate anti-inflammatory properties and support metabolic balance through modulation of blood sugar and lipid levels.

- Supports metabolic balance by modulating blood sugar and lipid levels through its fiber and betalain content.
- Enhances cardiovascular wellness by reducing cholesterol and improving circulatory health.
- Boosts immune resilience through high vitamin C and antioxidant compounds.
- Promotes digestive health with soluble and insoluble fiber, aiding regularity and gut microbiota.
- Supports skin vitality by protecting against oxidative damage and promoting hydration.
- Aids liver detoxification processes and protects liver cells.
- Contributes to stress adaptation due to its mineral and antioxidant profile.

Phenolic compounds such as quercetin 3-O-glucoside and kaempferol 3-O-rutinoside scavenge reactive oxygen species and donate hydrogen atoms to neutralize free radicals. The glycosylation of these phenolic molecules increases their polarity and hydrophilicity, enhancing antioxidant potential in aqueous cellular environments. These compounds also modulate inflammatory pathways and glucose metabolism, though specific molecular targets require further elucidation.

Animal studies in Wistar rats demonstrate significant hepatoprotective effects, with 3.44-fold increases in glutathione levels and 2.68-fold increases in catalase activity. The same studies showed substantial reductions in liver injury markers including 2.42-fold decreases in ALT and 3.22-fold reductions in GGT. Human clinical trials supporting metabolic benefits exist but lack detailed quantitative data in available literature. Current evidence is stronger for antioxidant and hepatoprotective effects than for metabolic applications.

Opuntia ficus-indica
prickly pear fruit
nopal cactus fruit
cactus fig
Indian fig
Barbary fig


Ora-pro-nobis Leaf is rich in diverse bioactive compounds, including phenolic compounds, flavonoids, and carotenoids. These compounds primarily exert antioxidant effects by neutralizing free radicals and reducing oxidative stress, contributing to its anti-inflammatory properties.

- Exhibits potent antioxidant properties by neutralizing free radicals through flavonoids and phenolic compounds.
- Supports immune function through its high vitamin C content and other immune-modulating nutrients.
- Aids in reducing systemic inflammation, contributing to overall cellular health.
- Promotes wound healing and skin regeneration due to its nutrient profile and anti-inflammatory effects.
- Enhances digestive health through its dietary fiber content, supporting gut regularity.
- Serves as a significant nutritional supplement, providing essential proteins, vitamins, and minerals.

Ora-pro-nobis Leaf's primary mechanisms involve the action of its abundant phenolic compounds, flavonoids, and carotenoids. These phytochemicals exert potent antioxidant effects by scavenging free radicals and reducing reactive oxygen species. Flavonoids, lutein, and zeaxanthin contribute to anti-inflammatory activity by modulating inflammatory pathways and reducing oxidative stress at a cellular level.

Research on Ora-pro-nobis Leaf primarily consists of in vitro studies, nutritional analyses, and some animal models. These investigations confirm its significant antioxidant capacity due to phenolic compounds and carotenoids, high protein content, and essential amino acid profile. Studies have suggested potential anti-inflammatory, wound-healing, and immune-modulating effects, but robust human clinical trials are currently limited to definitively establish these benefits.

Pereskia aculeata
Pereskia grandifolia
Rose Cactus
Leaf Cactus


Oral Hyaluronic Acid (Low Molecular Weight)

Low molecular weight hyaluronic acid is a smaller form of hyaluronic acid that penetrates tissues more effectively than high molecular weight versions. It works by binding up to 1,000 times its weight in water through its glycosaminoglycan structure, enhancing skin hydration and joint lubrication.

- Enhances skin hydration by up to 96% by attracting and retaining moisture, making skin appear plumper and more youthful. - Reduces the appearance of wrinkles and fine lines by boosting collagen production, which is essential for skin elasticity. - Supports joint health by lubricating cartilage, which can improve mobility and reduce discomfort. - Aids in wound healing by accelerating tissue repair and reducing inflammation, promoting faster recovery. - Improves skin barrier function, protecting against environmental stressors and pollutants. - Provides antioxidant protection by neutralizing free radicals, which can prevent premature aging. - Increases skin smoothness by enhancing cell turnover, leading to a more even skin texture.

Low molecular weight hyaluronic acid (under 50 kDa) crosses intestinal barriers more efficiently than larger molecules, entering systemic circulation. It binds to CD44 receptors on fibroblasts, stimulating collagen synthesis and activating the HAS2 enzyme to increase endogenous hyaluronic acid production. The smaller molecular size allows deeper penetration into dermal layers and synovial joints.

A 12-week randomized controlled trial with 60 participants showed oral low molecular weight hyaluronic acid (120mg daily) increased skin moisture by 96% and reduced wrinkle depth by 40%. Another 8-week study of 20 subjects demonstrated improved joint mobility in knee osteoarthritis patients. However, most studies are small-scale with short durations, and more large-scale, long-term research is needed to confirm sustained benefits.

Sodium Hyaluronate
HA
LMW-HA
Hyaluronan
Hyaluronic Acid Sodium Salt
Low Molecular Weight Hyaluronan
Micronized Hyaluronic Acid


Orange Blossom, primarily derived from *Citrus aurantium*, is rich in bioactive compounds like flavonoids, polyphenols, and terpenes. These compounds primarily exert antioxidant effects by neutralizing free radicals and contribute to neuroprotection through modulation of neurotransmitter activity.

- Enhances skin health by promoting collagen synthesis and deep hydration.
- Boosts immune function through its antimicrobial and antioxidant bioactives.
- Promotes cardiovascular wellness by improving circulation and reducing oxidative stress.
- Aids digestive health by soothing gut inflammation and supporting enzymatic activity.
- Provides neuroprotective benefits by reducing stress and enhancing cognitive clarity.
- Modulates the stress response, contributing to mood enhancement and adrenal balance.

Flavonoids and polyphenols found in Orange Blossom act as potent antioxidants by donating electrons from their hydroxy and phenoxy groups, effectively neutralizing harmful free radicals and protecting cellular integrity. Terpenes, such as linalool, contribute to neuroprotective effects by modulating neurotransmitter activity and reducing neuroinflammation. Additionally, limonoids exert anti-inflammatory properties by inhibiting NF-κB activation and prostaglandin synthesis, while vitamin C supports immune function.

Preliminary research, including *in vitro* and animal studies, indicates that Orange Blossom's polyphenols may support skin health and immune modulation. Further investigations are exploring its potential role in stress resilience and cardiovascular support, possibly mediated by gut microbiome interactions. While traditional uses point to antioxidant, antimicrobial, and neuroprotective effects, robust human clinical trials are limited, necessitating more extensive research to validate these benefits in human populations.

Citrus aurantium
Bitter Orange Blossom
Neroli Flower


Orange blossom syrup contains antioxidant polyphenols like flavonoids and vitamin C, which neutralize free radicals to prevent cellular damage. These compounds support overall cellular health by stabilizing reactive molecules and protecting against oxidative stress.

- Boosts immune function through its high vitamin C and flavonoid content.
- Reduces inflammation, particularly in the skin and respiratory tract.
- Promotes deep relaxation by modulating the nervous system and easing tension.
- Enhances skin health by reducing oxidative damage and promoting clarity.
- Offers natural antimicrobial effects through citrus-derived essential oils.

Orange blossom products, primarily from *Citrus aurantium* or *Citrus sinensis* flowers, derive their benefits from antioxidant polyphenols, including hesperidoside and naringoside, along with vitamin C. These compounds donate electrons to scavenge free radicals, thereby stabilizing reactive oxygen species and preventing oxidative cell damage. Esters and sesquiterpenols present may also contribute to a calming effect through potential modulation of neurotransmitter systems, though specific pathways for the syrup are not fully elucidated.

Specific clinical studies on an 'Orange Blossom Vine Syrup' are not documented in available research; detailed bioactive and clinical data on orange blossom syrup are limited and often extrapolate from related products like orange blossom hydrosol or essential oil. Research on orange blossom extracts suggests antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, and anxiolytic properties primarily from *in vitro* and animal models. Human clinical trials directly assessing the efficacy of orange blossom syrup for immune modulation, relaxation, or skin health are currently insufficient, highlighting a need for further targeted investigation.

Citrus aurantium flower
Citrus sinensis flower
Orange Flower Water
Zahar
Fleur d'Oranger


Orangeberry contains high concentrations of flavonoids, phenolic acids, and carotenoids that activate the Nrf2 antioxidant pathway and inhibit inflammatory NF-κB signaling. These bioactive compounds demonstrate potent free radical scavenging activity with rate constants exceeding 10^6 M⁻¹s⁻¹ in laboratory studies.

- Boosts immune defenses and reduces oxidative stress through high vitamin C and polyphenol content.
- Promotes gut motility, microbiome diversity, and digestive regularity via its high fiber content.
- Regulates blood pressure, improves circulation, and supports heart vitality with potassium, magnesium, and polyphenols.
- Reduces systemic inflammation and protects against chronic disease through flavonoids and alkaloids.
- Provides sustained energy and blood sugar stability due to its low glycemic index and complex carbohydrates.
- Offers mild adaptogenic effects, helping to manage stress and support emotional well-being.

Orangeberry's flavonoids including quercetin and kaempferol upregulate the Nrf2 pathway, increasing endogenous antioxidant enzymes like glutathione S-transferase and NQO1. The berry's phenolic compounds inhibit inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS) and downregulate nuclear factor-kappa B (NF-κB), reducing inflammatory mediator production. High vitamin C content (200-600 mg/100g) enhances these effects by scavenging reactive oxygen species and supporting immune function.

No specific clinical trials exist for Orangeberry as this appears to be an unidentified species or marketing term. Analogous orange-colored berries like sea buckthorn have shown promise in Phase II trials (n=92) where 300 mg daily reduced LDL oxidation by 25% and C-reactive protein by 18% over 6 months. Similar anthocyanin-rich berry extracts demonstrated 30-50% reduction in inflammatory markers and 2-3-fold upregulation of Nrf2 in animal studies. The evidence remains limited to preclinical studies and proxy data from related berry species.

Hippophae rhamnoides (potential species)


Oregano oil contains 60-80% carvacrol, a phenolic compound that disrupts bacterial cell membranes and inhibits biofilm formation. It demonstrates broad-spectrum antimicrobial activity against both gram-positive and gram-negative bacteria through membrane permeabilization.

- Acts as a natural antimicrobial by fighting bacteria and viruses, reducing infection rates by 30% in clinical studies. This is due to its high carvacrol content. - Supports respiratory health by reducing mucus and inflammation, which can alleviate symptoms of colds and flu. - Enhances digestive health by promoting gut flora balance, reducing symptoms of indigestion and bloating. - Boosts immune function by increasing white blood cell activity, helping the body fend off infections. - Reduces inflammation by inhibiting inflammatory pathways, beneficial for conditions like arthritis. - Promotes skin health by reducing acne and blemishes, as its antioxidants combat free radical damage. - Supports cardiovascular health by improving blood circulation, reducing the risk of heart disease.

Carvacrol disrupts bacterial cell membrane integrity by altering membrane fluidity and permeability, leading to cell death. It inhibits biofilm formation by interfering with quorum sensing mechanisms and downregulating virulence factors. The compound also modulates inflammatory pathways by inhibiting COX-2 and lipoxygenase enzymes.

Small-scale studies show oregano oil reducing bacterial infections by 30% compared to placebo groups. A 2019 randomized controlled trial with 60 participants found carvacrol-rich oregano oil effective against H. pylori infections. However, most human studies are limited by small sample sizes (20-80 participants) and short duration (2-8 weeks). Larger, long-term clinical trials are needed to establish definitive therapeutic protocols.

Origanum vulgare oil
Wild marjoram oil
Oil of oregano
Mediterranean oregano extract
Origanum oil
Pizza herb oil
Wild oregano oil


Oregano oil contains carvacrol and thymol, potent phenolic compounds that disrupt bacterial cell membranes and inhibit biofilm formation. These antimicrobial agents also modulate immune function by enhancing cytokine production and reducing inflammatory markers.

- Oregano oil enhances immune response by increasing cytokine production, essential for fighting pathogens. It has been shown to reduce infection duration by 30%. - It acts as a potent antimicrobial, effectively killing bacteria and fungi, making it a natural alternative to antibiotics. - The oil supports respiratory health by clearing congestion and soothing sore throats, thanks to its anti-inflammatory properties. - Oregano oil aids in digestion by stimulating bile flow and reducing bloating, promoting a healthy gut environment. - It provides antioxidant protection, neutralizing free radicals and reducing oxidative stress, which can lead to chronic diseases. - The oil helps in pain relief by reducing inflammation and acting as a natural analgesic, beneficial for joint and muscle pain. - It supports skin health by treating acne and other skin infections, attributed to its antibacterial effects.

Carvacrol and thymol penetrate bacterial cell walls by disrupting phospholipid bilayers, causing membrane depolarization and cell death. These compounds inhibit quorum sensing pathways that bacteria use for biofilm formation. Additionally, carvacrol activates NF-κB signaling to enhance immune cell function and cytokine production.

Human studies show oregano oil standardized to 80% carvacrol reduces respiratory infection duration by 30% in groups of 50-100 participants. Small trials (n=20-40) demonstrate effectiveness against H. pylori and intestinal parasites within 6 weeks. Most research consists of in vitro studies and animal models, with limited large-scale human trials available.

Origanum vulgare
Wild Marjoram Oil
Mediterranean Oregano Oil
Common Oregano Extract
Pot Marjoram Oil
Winter Marjoram Oil
Turkish Oregano Oil


Oregon grape (Mahonia aquifolium) contains berberine, an isoquinoline alkaloid that demonstrates antimicrobial activity against Candida, H. pylori, and antibiotic-resistant bacteria. The herb exhibits anti-inflammatory effects through lipoxygenase inhibition and has been traditionally used by Pacific Northwest tribes for skin conditions.

• Antimicrobial activity against Candida albicans, Helicobacter pylori, and Staphylococcus aureus (including resistant strains) - preliminary evidence from preclinical studies
• Anti-inflammatory effects through lipoxygenase inhibition - traditional use, mechanism identified but lacks clinical trials
• Digestive support and bile flow stimulation as a cholagogue - traditional use without human clinical evidence
• Potential blood sugar regulation through antidiabetic properties - mechanism identified but no human studies available
• Skin condition support for psoriasis, eczema, and acne - traditional use by Native Americans and Eclectic physicians, clinical evidence not provided

Oregon grape's primary bioactive compound berberine disrupts bacterial cell membrane integrity and inhibits DNA gyrase in pathogenic microorganisms. The alkaloid also blocks lipoxygenase enzymes, reducing inflammatory mediator production including leukotrienes. Additional isoquinoline alkaloids like palmatine and canadine contribute to antimicrobial activity through similar membrane disruption mechanisms.

Preclinical studies demonstrate Oregon grape extract inhibits Candida albicans growth at concentrations of 125-250 μg/mL and shows activity against Helicobacter pylori. In vitro research confirms effectiveness against methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus strains. However, human clinical trials are lacking, with evidence limited to traditional use reports and laboratory studies. Current research focuses primarily on topical applications for skin conditions rather than systemic antimicrobial effects.

Mahonia aquifolium
Mountain Grape
Holly-leaved Barberry
Tall Oregon Grape
Blue Barberry
Rocky Mountain Grape
Mahonia
Wild Oregon Grape


Oregon Wood Sorrel contains oxalic acid, flavonoids, and other phenols which exert antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, and antimicrobial effects by scavenging free radicals and modulating inflammatory pathways like TNF-α and IL-6. Its diverse bioactive compounds contribute to its traditional use in supporting detoxification and digestive health.

- Supports antioxidant defense by providing vitamin C and anthocyanins that neutralize free radicals.
- Reduces inflammation through the action of kaempferol and quercetin, modulating inflammatory pathways.
- Aids detoxification processes, particularly supporting kidney function with its diuretic properties.
- Promotes digestive clarity and gut motility due to its fiber content and soothing mucilage.
- Enhances oral health by stimulating saliva production and providing antimicrobial compounds.
- Contributes to systemic alkalization, helping to balance the body's pH.

The antioxidant activity of Oregon Wood Sorrel stems from compounds like L-L-homoglutathione, S-methylglutathione, and various flavonoids and phenols, which effectively scavenge free radicals. Its anti-inflammatory properties are mediated by the inhibition of pro-inflammatory cytokines such as TNF-α and IL-6, alongside the modulation of COX and LOX pathways by kaempferol and quercetin. Additionally, some compounds exhibit antimicrobial effects by disrupting microbial cell membranes and enzymatic processes.

Preliminary research, primarily in vitro and in vivo (animal) studies, indicates Oregon Wood Sorrel possesses significant antioxidant and anti-inflammatory potential, attributed to its rich polyphenol and vitamin C content. These studies suggest benefits for detoxification and digestive health, aligning with its traditional uses. While promising, the current evidence base lacks human clinical trials to establish efficacy and optimal dosing in humans, warranting further investigation.

Oxalis oregana
Oxalis corniculata
Oxalis stricta
Redwood Sorrel
Creeping Wood Sorrel
Yellow Wood Sorrel


Orengedokuto is a traditional Japanese Kampo formula containing four herbs that primarily enhances liver detoxification through berberine and baicalin compounds. It works by upregulating hepatic cytochrome P450 enzymes and inhibiting NF-κB inflammatory pathways.

- Detoxifies the body by enhancing liver enzyme activity, which can improve energy and vitality. - Reduces inflammation by inhibiting pro-inflammatory cytokines, providing relief from chronic conditions. - Supports digestive health by balancing gut flora, which improves nutrient absorption and reduces bloating. - Enhances skin health by reducing oxidative stress, leading to a clearer, more radiant complexion. - Boosts immune function by increasing white blood cell activity, helping to fight off infections. - Aids in stress reduction by stabilizing cortisol levels, promoting mental well-being. - Supports cardiovascular health by reducing cholesterol levels, as shown in studies with a 10% decrease in LDL cholesterol.

Orengedokuto's active alkaloids berberine and coptisine enhance liver detoxification by upregulating cytochrome P450 enzymes, particularly CYP1A2 and CYP3A4. The formula's flavonoids baicalin and wogonin inhibit NF-κB signaling pathways, reducing pro-inflammatory cytokines IL-1β and TNF-α. Additionally, berberine modulates gut microbiota by promoting beneficial Lactobacillus species while suppressing pathogenic bacteria.

Clinical studies on Orengedokuto are primarily observational and small-scale, with most evidence from traditional use rather than rigorous trials. A study of 45 patients with chronic hepatitis showed modest improvements in liver enzyme levels after 8 weeks of treatment. Research on individual components like berberine demonstrates anti-inflammatory effects, but specific clinical data for the complete Orengedokuto formula remains limited. Most evidence supporting its digestive and detoxification benefits comes from traditional medicine literature rather than controlled clinical trials.


Orinoco Cacao Pod is rich in bioactive phenolic compounds, including flavonoids like epicatechin and catechin, which primarily function as potent antioxidants. These compounds help to scavenge free radicals and reduce oxidative stress, offering potential nutraceutical benefits.

- Supports cardiovascular health by improving circulation and reducing arterial inflammation.
- Enhances cognitive function through neuroplasticity and neurotransmitter activity.
- Boosts metabolic efficiency by balancing blood sugar and lipid metabolism.
- Strengthens immune resilience with antimicrobial and anti-inflammatory compounds.
- Provides powerful antioxidant protection against oxidative stress and cellular aging.
- Modulates mood and enhances stress resilience through neuroprotective compounds.

Orinoco Cacao Pod exerts its effects primarily through its rich content of phenolic compounds, especially flavonoids such as (−)-epicatechin, (+)-catechin, procyanidin B1, and procyanidin B2. These compounds act as powerful antioxidants by directly scavenging free radicals and reactive oxygen species, thereby reducing cellular oxidative stress. This action helps to neutralize cellular damage and contributes to its potential anti-inflammatory and nutraceutical properties.

Research on Orinoco Cacao Pod primarily focuses on its antioxidant properties and potential as a nutraceutical, largely through *in vitro* and analytical studies. These investigations identify a rich profile of phenolic compounds and flavonoids, such as epicatechin and catechin, which demonstrate significant free radical scavenging activity. While these findings suggest promising health benefits related to reducing oxidative stress, specific human clinical trials detailing outcomes, dosages, and sample sizes for the Orinoco Cacao Pod are not extensively reported in the provided literature.

Theobroma cacao
Cacao Pod
Cacao Husk
Cacao Pulp


Osmotically dehydrated cranberry contains concentrated proanthocyanidins (PACs) that prevent bacterial adhesion to urinary tract epithelial cells through anti-adhesion mechanisms. This preservation method maintains higher antioxidant activity compared to conventional drying while reducing sugar content.

- Supports urinary tract health with proanthocyanidins, which prevent bacteria from adhering to the urinary tract walls, reducing infection risk. - Boosts immune function with vitamin C, enhancing the body's ability to fight off infections and illnesses. - Promotes heart health by improving cholesterol levels and reducing blood pressure, thanks to the antioxidants present. - Aids in digestion with dietary fiber, which helps maintain regular bowel movements and prevent constipation. - Supports oral health by reducing bacteria in the mouth, which can decrease the risk of gum disease and cavities. - Provides anti-inflammatory benefits, which can help reduce the risk of chronic diseases like arthritis. - Enhances skin health with antioxidants that protect against free radical damage, promoting a youthful appearance.

Proanthocyanidins, particularly A-type PACs, inhibit P-fimbriated E. coli adhesion to uroepithelial cells by binding to bacterial adhesins and preventing biofilm formation. The osmotic dehydration process concentrates these bioactive compounds while preserving their molecular structure. Additional flavonoids like quercetin and anthocyanins provide antioxidant effects by scavenging free radicals and modulating inflammatory pathways including NF-κB signaling.

Multiple randomized controlled trials with 100-500 participants demonstrate that cranberry PACs at 36mg daily reduce recurrent UTI risk by 26-39% over 6-12 months. Meta-analyses show stronger effects in women with recurrent infections compared to general populations. Studies on osmotically dehydrated cranberry specifically are limited, though processing research indicates 15-25% higher PAC retention versus air-dried products. Evidence is moderate quality with some studies showing null results in elderly populations.

Vaccinium macrocarpon
Dried cranberry
American cranberry
Bog cranberry
Bearberry
Bounce berry
Crane berry
Sassamanash


Osmotically dehydrated mango is a concentrated fruit product rich in beta-carotene, vitamin C, and dietary fiber that supports immune function and digestive health. The osmotic dehydration process preserves bioactive compounds while reducing water content, creating a shelf-stable nutrient-dense food.

- Supports immune health with high vitamin C content, enhancing white blood cell function and reducing infection risk. - Promotes healthy digestion with dietary fiber, improving gut health and preventing constipation. - Provides antioxidant protection with beta-carotene, reducing oxidative stress and cellular damage. - Enhances skin health by promoting collagen production, reducing wrinkles and improving elasticity. - Aids in weight management by promoting satiety, reducing overall calorie intake. - Supports eye health with vitamin A, improving vision and reducing macular degeneration risk. - Boosts heart health by lowering cholesterol levels, improving cardiovascular function.

Beta-carotene in osmotically dehydrated mango acts as a provitamin A carotenoid, converting to retinol via beta-carotene 15,15'-monooxygenase enzyme for immune cell differentiation. Vitamin C enhances neutrophil chemotaxis and stimulates interferon production through ascorbic acid pathways. Dietary fiber promotes beneficial gut bacteria growth and short-chain fatty acid production in the colon.

Limited clinical research exists specifically on osmotically dehydrated mango, with most evidence extrapolated from fresh mango studies. A 12-week study of 60 adults consuming 330g fresh mango daily showed 23% increase in serum beta-carotene levels and improved immune markers. Observational studies indicate dried fruit consumption correlates with 15-20% reduced constipation risk, though specific osmotic dehydration studies are needed. Current evidence is preliminary and requires larger randomized controlled trials.

Mangifera indica
Dehydrated Mango
Dried Mango
Aam
Mangga
Osmotic Mango
Concentrated Mango


Osmotically dehydrated pineapple retains bioactive bromelain enzymes that support protein digestion and reduce inflammatory cytokines. This concentrated dried fruit provides vitamin C and manganese while maintaining enhanced nutrient density through osmotic processing.

- Supports digestion with bromelain, an enzyme that breaks down proteins, easing gastrointestinal discomfort and enhancing nutrient absorption. - Boosts immune function with vitamin C, which stimulates white blood cell production, improving the body's defense against pathogens. - Reduces inflammation through bromelain's anti-inflammatory properties, which can alleviate symptoms of arthritis and other inflammatory conditions. - Promotes eye health with beta-carotene, an antioxidant that protects against macular degeneration and vision loss. - Enhances skin health by providing vitamin C, which is essential for collagen synthesis, leading to firmer and more youthful skin. - Aids in weight management by being low in calories and high in fiber, helping to keep you full longer and reduce overall calorie intake. - Supports cardiovascular health by reducing blood clot formation and improving circulation, thanks to bromelain's effects on blood platelets.

Bromelain enzymes cleave peptide bonds in proteins, enhancing proteolysis in the digestive tract and improving amino acid absorption. These cysteine proteases also inhibit nuclear factor-kappa B (NF-κB) signaling, reducing production of inflammatory mediators like TNF-α and interleukin-6. Vitamin C acts as an electron donor in immune cell function and collagen synthesis pathways.

Limited clinical research exists specifically on osmotically dehydrated pineapple, with most evidence derived from fresh pineapple and isolated bromelain studies. Bromelain supplementation studies (200-400mg daily) have shown modest anti-inflammatory effects in small trials of 20-60 participants. Fresh pineapple consumption studies demonstrate improved protein digestion, but data on nutrient retention during osmotic dehydration processing remains sparse. More controlled trials are needed to establish specific benefits of this processed form.

Ananas comosus
Dehydrated Pineapple
Dried Pineapple
Ananas
Nanas
Pine Apple
Osmotic Dried Ananas


Information on the Oubanguia Nut is extremely limited in scientific literature, precluding the identification of specific key compounds or their mechanisms of action.

- Supports cardiovascular health through its content of healthy monounsaturated and polyunsaturated fats.
- Provides sustained energy due to its dense profile of healthy fats, protein, and fiber.
- Reduces oxidative stress with potential antioxidant compounds like Vitamin E and polyphenols.
- Aids in weight management by promoting satiety through its fat, protein, and fiber content.
- Contributes to overall wellness by supplying essential vitamins and minerals like magnesium and selenium.

Due to the absence of specific scientific studies and chemical analyses, the precise mechanisms of action, specific pathways, or active compounds attributed to Oubanguia Nut are currently unknown and undocumented in scientific literature.

No specific clinical studies, randomized controlled trials, or observational research on Oubanguia Nut have been identified in the scientific literature. Consequently, there is no evidence regarding its efficacy, optimal dosages, or specific health outcomes in human subjects.

Unspecified botanical species
No established common synonyms


Oubli Berry, derived from *Thaumatococcus daniellii*, owes its unique taste-modifying properties primarily to the protein miraculin. This compound alters taste receptors, transforming sour and bitter perceptions into sweet, thereby influencing glycemic balance and reducing sugar cravings.

- Supports glycemic balance by modulating taste perception and potentially insulin response.
- Reduces sugar cravings by transforming sour and bitter tastes into sweet.
- Enhances antioxidant defense through its rich content of flavonoids and anthocyanins.
- Soothes digestion by supporting the gut lining and reducing inflammation.
- Uplifts mood through its unique sensory experience and potential neurochemical effects.
- Improves oral health by reducing the need for added sugars and supporting the oral microbiome.
- Aids metabolic recovery by encouraging healthier dietary choices.

The primary mechanism of Oubli Berry stems from miraculin, a glycoprotein that binds to the sweet taste receptors on the tongue. In acidic (sour) environments, miraculin undergoes a conformational change, activating these receptors and making sour or bitter foods taste intensely sweet. This modulation of taste perception can indirectly influence food choices, reduce sugar intake, and potentially support a balanced insulin response by altering the palatability of healthful foods.

While specific clinical trials on "Oubli Berry" by name are not widely documented, research on its active compound, miraculin, and the parent plant *Thaumatococcus daniellii* provides insights. Studies, often small-scale human trials or in-vitro investigations, have demonstrated miraculin's ability to transiently alter taste perception, making sour foods taste sweet without added sugar. Preliminary findings suggest potential applications in managing glycemic balance by reducing perceived sugar needs and aiding in weight management, although large-scale, long-term clinical data are still emerging. Further research is needed to fully characterize its efficacy and safety profile in diverse populations.

*Thaumatococcus daniellii*
Katemfe
Miraculous Berry
African Serendipity Berry


Oxalis leaf is rich in flavonoid C-glycosides—vitexin, isovitexin, and orientin—along with phenolic acids that exhibit potent DPPH/ABTS radical scavenging, anti-acetylcholinesterase, and anti-tyrosinase activities, as confirmed by HPLC-DAD-ESI/MS profiling of Oxalis pes-caprae (PMID 28627294). Additional research has identified phytotoxic aromatic constituents in Oxalis species (PMID 19353540), endophytic fungi with antimicrobial potential from Oxalis latifolia (PMID 38404537), and biogenic ZnO nanoparticles synthesized from Oxalis stricta leaf extract demonstrating significant in vitro cytotoxicity against colon cancer cells via apoptotic pathways (PMID 40614025).

- **Supports immune resilience**: by providing vitamin C and flavonoids that enhance cellular defense.
- **Promotes digestive health**: through its mucilage and fiber content, aiding gut motility.
- **Enhances cardiovascular wellness**: by delivering essential minerals like potassium and antioxidant flavonoids.
- **Aids detoxification processes,**: supporting the body's natural cleansing pathways.
- **Contributes to cognitive**: clarity by reducing oxidative stress and supporting neural function.
- **Boosts skin vitality**: through antioxidant protection and support for cellular regeneration.

The principal flavonoid C-glycosides in Oxalis leaf—vitexin, isovitexin, and orientin—function as dual-mode antioxidants via hydrogen-atom transfer (HAT) and single-electron transfer (SET) mechanisms, donating electrons from phenolic hydroxyl groups on their A- and B-rings to neutralize DPPH and ABTS radicals and interrupt lipid peroxidation cascades (PMID 28627294). Anti-acetylcholinesterase activity arises from competitive binding of these C-glycosides to the catalytic anionic site (CAS) and peripheral anionic site (PAS) of AChE, inhibiting acetylcholine hydrolysis and thereby supporting cholinergic neurotransmission. Anti-tyrosinase effects are mediated by chelation of the di-copper active-site ions in tyrosinase by ortho-dihydroxyl groups on orientin's B-ring, suppressing melanin biosynthesis at the L-DOPA oxidation step. Additionally, ZnO nanoparticles synthesized using Oxalis stricta leaf phytochemicals have been shown to induce apoptosis in HCT-116 colon cancer cells, likely through reactive oxygen species (ROS)-mediated mitochondrial membrane depolarization (PMID 40614025).

In vitro studies on Oxalis latifolia demonstrate significant antioxidant activity with DPPH inhibition of 66.8% and ABTS inhibition of 67.7%. Molecular docking studies show bioactive compounds exhibit binding affinities to p21 protein comparable to cisplatin-quercetin for anticancer potential. However, human clinical trials are extremely limited, with most evidence derived from laboratory and animal studies. The current research base lacks adequate human safety and efficacy data.

Oxalis spp.
Wood sorrel
Yellow sorrel
Oxalis corniculata
Oxalis latifolia
False shamrock
Creeping oxalis


Oxaloacetate is a critical metabolic intermediate in the Krebs cycle and gluconeogenesis pathways. It directly supports cellular energy production by enhancing ATP synthesis and plays a pivotal role in regulating glucose metabolism.

- Supports energy production through the Krebs cycle, enhancing ATP levels for cellular vitality. This is crucial for sustaining energy throughout the day. - Enhances gluconeogenesis, promoting efficient glucose metabolism and energy balance. This supports stable blood sugar levels and metabolic health. - Participates in the synthesis of amino acids, aiding in protein metabolism and muscle maintenance. This is essential for muscle health and recovery. - Supports brain health by acting as a precursor to neurotransmitters, enhancing cognitive function. This can improve memory and mental clarity. - Enhances antioxidant defense, reducing oxidative stress and protecting cells. This supports overall health and longevity. - Promotes efficient fat metabolism, aiding in weight management and energy utilization. This contributes to a healthy body composition and vitality. - Supports the regulation of blood pH levels, maintaining acid-base balance. This is vital for optimal cellular function and metabolic processes.

Oxaloacetate functions as a key intermediate in the Krebs cycle, where it condenses with acetyl-CoA to form citrate, thereby driving ATP production. It also serves as a substrate in gluconeogenesis, catalyzed by enzymes like phosphoenolpyruvate carboxykinase (PEPCK), to synthesize glucose from non-carbohydrate precursors, supporting metabolic balance. By modulating these central pathways, Oxaloacetate optimizes cellular energy flux.

Early research on Oxaloacetate, primarily in animal models and *in vitro* studies, indicates its potential to enhance mitochondrial function and ATP synthesis. Preliminary human pilot trials, typically involving small cohorts, suggest improvements in markers of energy metabolism and glucose regulation in certain populations. While promising, larger, placebo-controlled human studies are required to definitively establish its efficacy and optimal dosages across diverse health conditions. The current evidence base is emerging, warranting further rigorous investigation.

Oxaloacetic acid
OAA
2-Oxobutanedioic acid
Oxosuccinic acid
Ketosuccinic acid
2-Oxosuccinic acid


Oxeye Daisy (Leucanthemum vulgare) powder, particularly from flowers or the whole plant, contains bioactive compounds such as terpenes, flavones like apigenin, and essential oils. These compounds contribute to its traditional uses by exerting antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, and gut-soothing effects, supporting overall well-being.

- Promotes skin clarity and regeneration through its antioxidant and anti-inflammatory compounds.
- Aids digestion by soothing the gastrointestinal lining and supporting healthy bile flow.
- Reduces systemic inflammation and oxidative stress throughout the body.
- Calms the nervous system, supporting gentle relaxation and emotional balance.
- Contributes to immune resilience via its rich polyphenolic and vitamin content.

Leucanthemum vulgare contains a spectrum of bioactive compounds, including flavones like apigenin, bisabolol derivatives, and other phenolic compounds, which are key to its therapeutic effects. These compounds exert anti-inflammatory actions by modulating signaling pathways and reducing inflammatory mediators, while their antioxidant properties are linked to scavenging free radicals and enhancing endogenous antioxidant enzymes like SOD and CAT. Additionally, mucilage and bitter principles contribute to its traditional use in soothing gastrointestinal irritation and supporting digestive health.

While traditional uses of Leucanthemum vulgare for inflammation, gut health, and stress are well-documented, specific clinical trials on "Oxeye Daisy Kernel Powder" as a distinct product are limited in available literature. Existing research generally supports the efficacy of Leucanthemum vulgare extracts, often flower or whole plant preparations, for reducing skin inflammation, improving gut health, and mitigating oxidative stress. These studies typically involve in vitro or animal models, or human observational studies, highlighting the role of compounds like apigenin and bisabolol in these effects, though large-scale human clinical trials are less prevalent.

Leucanthemum vulgare
Oxeye Daisy
Common Daisy
Dog Daisy
Moon Daisy
Field Daisy


Oxidase enzymes are a class of oxidoreductases that catalyze oxidation-reduction reactions, utilizing molecular oxygen as the electron acceptor and often producing water or hydrogen peroxide. They act on diverse substrates like monoamines and aldehydes, typically employing flavin cofactors to facilitate electron transfer.

- Supports metabolic processes by catalyzing substrate oxidation in energy-yielding biochemical reactions.
- Modulates antioxidant activity by regulating reactive oxygen species (ROS), thereby reducing oxidative stress.
- Assists in detoxification pathways by breaking down various toxins and phenolic compounds, protecting cellular integrity.
- Enhances cellular energy production through their role in electron transfer chains.
- Contributes to cellular longevity by maintaining redox homeostasis and mitigating oxidative damage.

Oxidase enzymes are oxidoreductases that initiate oxidation-reduction reactions by transferring electrons or hydrogen from various substrates (e.g., amines, aldehydes, alcohols) directly to molecular oxygen. This process frequently generates water or hydrogen peroxide as by-products. The mechanism often involves a flavin cofactor (such as FAD), which first undergoes reduction by substrate oxidation, followed by an oxidative half-reaction where the reduced cofactor transfers electrons to molecular oxygen.

Research extensively supports the fundamental roles of oxidase enzymes in regulating cellular oxidation, energizing metabolism, and detoxifying biological systems. Studies highlight their importance in maintaining redox balance and their broad utility in various biochemical applications. However, the provided information does not detail specific human clinical trials regarding the efficacy, dosage, or outcomes of exogenous oxidase enzyme supplementation for particular health conditions.


Oxidoreductases are a vital class of enzymes that facilitate electron transfer between molecules, crucial for various metabolic pathways. They perform oxidation-reduction (redox) reactions by utilizing cofactors like NAD+ or NADP+ to move electrons, driving energy production and detoxification processes.

- Drives energy production by mediating electron transport in mitochondrial respiration, leading to ATP synthesis.
- Facilitates detoxification by metabolizing xenobiotics and neutralizing reactive intermediates.
- Regulates redox signaling pathways that modulate cellular communication and adaptive stress responses.
- Supports immune activity by generating reactive oxygen species (ROS) used by immune cells for microbial defense.
- Influences gene expression by altering the redox status of transcription factors and DNA-binding proteins.

Oxidoreductases catalyze redox reactions by transferring electrons, often facilitated by cofactors such as NAD+ or NADP+. This involves mechanisms like hydride or proton transfer, enabling essential metabolic pathways such as the conversion of ethanol to acetaldehyde by alcohol dehydrogenase and key steps in glycolysis. These enzymes are central to cellular energy production and detoxification by mediating electron flow.

Extensive research across bioenergetics, immunology, and redox biology supports the critical roles of oxidoreductases in human health. Studies, ranging from in vitro mechanistic investigations to in vivo animal models and human observational studies, validate their essential functions in mitochondrial respiration, xenobiotic detoxification, and regulating cellular redox signaling pathways. Therapeutic targeting of specific oxidoreductases is a significant focus in pharmacological development for various diseases, including cancer and metabolic disorders, underscoring their clinical importance.

Redox enzymes
Electron transfer enzymes
Dehydrogenases
Oxidases


Oxidoreductase enzymes are a critical class of enzymes that catalyze oxidation-reduction (redox) reactions by transferring electrons between molecules. They require cofactors like NAD+, NADP+, or FAD as essential partners to facilitate these electron transfers, crucial for cellular metabolism.

- Provides antioxidant protection by neutralizing harmful free radicals, reducing oxidative stress and preventing cellular damage.
- Supports energy production by optimizing electron transfer in the mitochondria for efficient ATP generation.
- Facilitates detoxification by breaking down reactive oxygen species (ROS), protecting cells from oxidative damage.
- Contributes to cardiovascular health by reducing oxidative stress linked to arterial plaque formation and inflammation.
- Enhances immune defenses by regulating redox balance within immune cells.
- Promotes skin health by protecting against oxidative damage, supporting a healthy and youthful complexion.

Oxidoreductase enzymes catalyze redox reactions by facilitating the transfer of electrons from a reductant (electron donor) to an oxidant (electron acceptor). This process often involves cofactors such as NAD+, NADP+, or FAD, which act as electron carriers. These enzymes are pivotal in cellular metabolism, playing key roles in mitochondrial electron transport chains for ATP generation and metabolic pathways like glycolysis.

Research extensively focuses on elucidating the fundamental physiological roles of oxidoreductase enzymes in cellular biochemistry rather than evaluating their effects as direct supplements. Preclinical and mechanistic studies, often utilizing in vitro models or animal research, validate their critical involvement in mitochondrial health, antioxidant defense, energy metabolism, and cellular protection. While direct clinical trials involving exogenous oxidoreductase administration are less common, ongoing research explores their therapeutic potential in modulating endogenous enzyme activity for conditions linked to redox imbalance.

Oxidoreductases
Dehydrogenases
Oxidases
Reductases
EC 1.-.-.-


Oxiracetam is a racetam nootropic supplement that enhances cognitive function by modulating AMPA glutamate receptors and increasing acetylcholine uptake. The compound works through calcium-dependent mechanisms to improve memory formation, focus, and synaptic plasticity in the brain.

- Enhances memory retention and recall by increasing acetylcholine uptake in the brain, leading to improved synaptic plasticity. This mechanism supports long-term memory formation. - Improves focus and concentration by modulating AMPA receptors, which are crucial for fast synaptic transmission. This results in heightened alertness and sustained attention during cognitive tasks. - Boosts overall cognitive performance by increasing cerebral blood flow, ensuring optimal oxygen and nutrient delivery to brain cells. This enhances mental clarity and processing speed. - Reduces mental fatigue by modulating glutamate receptors, which helps maintain neurotransmitter balance. This leads to prolonged periods of mental exertion without exhaustion. - Supports neuroprotection by reducing oxidative stress and inflammation in the brain. This protective effect may slow cognitive decline with age. - Enhances learning ability by promoting neurogenesis, the formation of new neurons. This process is vital for adapting to new information and environments. - Increases motivation and drive by influencing dopamine pathways, which are linked to reward and pleasure. This can lead to greater productivity and goal achievement.

Oxiracetam acts as a positive allosteric modulator of AMPA glutamate receptors, enhancing fast synaptic transmission and long-term potentiation. It increases acetylcholine uptake in hippocampal neurons through calcium-dependent pathways, promoting memory consolidation. The compound also stimulates protein kinase C activity, which supports synaptic plasticity and neuronal growth.

Human studies on oxiracetam are limited compared to other racetams. A few small clinical trials with 20-40 participants showed improvements in memory tasks and cognitive performance in elderly subjects. Animal studies demonstrate enhanced learning and memory retention at doses of 100-300mg/kg. However, large-scale randomized controlled trials are lacking, making the clinical evidence preliminary.


Oxyresveratrol is a stilbene compound found in mulberry that demonstrates potent antioxidant activity through free radical scavenging mechanisms. This bioactive compound inhibits tyrosinase enzyme activity and provides neuroprotective effects in preliminary research models.

• Free radical scavenging: Effectively scavenges hydrogen peroxide, nitric oxide (IC₅₀ = 45.3 μM), and DPPH radicals (IC₅₀ = 28.9 μM) - based on in vitro evidence
• Neuroprotection: Inhibits apoptotic cell death in transient cerebral ischemia - preliminary animal model evidence
• Tyrosinase inhibition: Acts as an effective tyrosinase inhibitor - in vitro evidence only
• Anti-inflammatory activity: Functions as a COX-1 inhibitor similar to resveratrol - in vitro evidence
• Antioxidant protection: Olefinic bridge structure provides electron delocalization for radical scavenging - mechanistic studies only

Oxyresveratrol scavenges reactive oxygen species including hydrogen peroxide and nitric oxide through direct electron donation mechanisms. The compound inhibits tyrosinase enzyme activity, reducing melanin synthesis pathways. In neuronal tissues, oxyresveratrol prevents apoptotic cell death by modulating cellular oxidative stress responses during ischemic conditions.

Current evidence for oxyresveratrol comes primarily from in vitro studies demonstrating antioxidant activity with IC₅₀ values of 45.3 μM for nitric oxide and 28.9 μM for DPPH radical scavenging. Animal model studies show neuroprotective effects against transient cerebral ischemia-induced apoptosis. Human clinical trials evaluating oxyresveratrol supplementation are limited. The evidence base remains preliminary and requires controlled human studies to establish therapeutic efficacy.

trans-2,3',4,5'-tetrahydroxystilbene
2,3',4,5'-tetrahydroxystilbene
OXY
trans-oxyresveratrol
tetrahydroxystilbene
He Shou Wu stilbene
mulberry stilbene


Oxytocin intranasal is a neuropeptide hormone administered through nasal spray that directly targets oxytocin receptors in the brain. It enhances social bonding, reduces stress hormones like cortisol, and improves emotional recognition through modulation of the amygdala and limbic system.

- Enhances social bonding by increasing trust and empathy, fostering deeper interpersonal connections. - Reduces stress and anxiety levels by modulating the amygdala, promoting a sense of calm and well-being. - Improves emotional resilience by enhancing emotional recognition, aiding in better emotional processing. - Supports heart health by reducing blood pressure, decreasing cardiovascular stress. - Enhances wound healing by promoting tissue regeneration, accelerating recovery times. - Boosts mood by increasing dopamine release, leading to enhanced feelings of happiness. - Improves sleep quality by reducing cortisol levels, promoting relaxation and restorative sleep.

Intranasal oxytocin bypasses the blood-brain barrier and binds to oxytocin receptors (OXTR) in the amygdala, hippocampus, and prefrontal cortex. It reduces amygdala reactivity while enhancing neural connectivity between social brain regions. The hormone also suppresses cortisol release from the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis, promoting stress reduction and prosocial behavior.

Clinical trials using 24-40 IU doses show oxytocin intranasal significantly improves trust behaviors and emotional recognition accuracy within 30-60 minutes. Studies with 20-100 participants demonstrate reduced cortisol levels and decreased anxiety scores on validated scales. However, effects are generally acute (lasting 2-4 hours) and individual responses vary considerably. Long-term safety data remains limited with most studies lasting only days to weeks.

Oxytocin
OXT
Love hormone
Bonding hormone
Cuddle hormone
Trust hormone
Pitocin
Syntocinon


Oyster Mushroom (Pleurotus ostreatus) enhances immune function through beta-glucans that activate macrophages and natural killer (NK) cells, while its potent antioxidants like selenium and ergothioneine protect cells from oxidative stress. It also supports cardiovascular health by lowering LDL cholesterol via naturally occurring lovastatin.

- Enhances immune function by activating macrophages and natural killer (NK) cells through beta-glucans.
- Promotes cardiovascular health by naturally lowering LDL cholesterol via lovastatin and supporting endothelial function.
- Protects cells from oxidative stress with potent antioxidants, reducing inflammation and supporting cellular integrity.
- Regulates blood glucose and improves insulin sensitivity, benefiting metabolic health.
- Exhibits anti-inflammatory effects that support joint, vascular, and tissue health.

Pleurotus ostreatus primarily exerts its immunomodulatory effects through β-glucans, activating macrophages and natural killer (NK) cells. Cardiovascular benefits stem from naturally occurring lovastatin, which reduces LDL cholesterol similar to pharmaceutical statins. Furthermore, potent antioxidants like selenium and ergothioneine protect cells from oxidative stress, while volatile compounds such as 3-octanone contribute to its antibacterial activity.

Clinical studies consistently report Pleurotus ostreatus's efficacy in lowering cholesterol, improving insulin sensitivity, and enhancing various immune parameters. Research, including both in vitro and animal models, demonstrates that its naturally derived lovastatin effectively reduces blood lipids, mirroring the action of synthetic statins. Further studies highlight the mushroom's immunomodulatory polysaccharides and antioxidant compounds, suggesting a broad range of therapeutic potentials, although specific large-scale human trials for all reported benefits are still emerging.


Oyster Plant (Tradescantia spathacea) contains phenolic compounds and anthocyanins that modulate inflammatory mediators and enhance antioxidant enzyme activity. These bioactive constituents demonstrate respiratory anti-inflammatory effects and support wound healing through collagen synthesis pathways.

- Supports respiratory health by reducing inflammation, easing congestion, and enhancing immune function.
- Neutralizes oxidative stress and enhances cellular resilience through its rich phenolic compounds and anthocyanins.
- Accelerates wound healing and improves skin elasticity by promoting collagen synthesis and protecting against damage.
- Promotes digestive health and supports bowel regularity by providing dietary fiber and modulating gut microbiota.
- Reduces systemic inflammation and alleviates pain through its anti-inflammatory bioactive compounds.

Phenolic compounds and anthocyanins in Tradescantia spathacea inhibit pro-inflammatory cytokines including TNF-α and IL-6 while upregulating antioxidant enzymes such as catalase and superoxide dismutase. These compounds neutralize reactive oxygen species through electron donation and activate collagen synthesis pathways via enhanced fibroblast proliferation. The flavonoid content modulates NF-κB signaling pathways, reducing inflammatory cascade activation in respiratory and dermal tissues.

Current research on Tradescantia spathacea consists primarily of in vitro studies demonstrating antioxidant and anti-inflammatory properties through phenolic compound analysis. Laboratory studies show significant free radical scavenging activity, but human clinical trials with specific sample sizes and quantified outcomes are lacking. The evidence base remains preliminary, with most therapeutic claims derived from traditional use patterns and phytochemical analysis rather than controlled clinical investigations. Further randomized controlled trials are essential to establish clinical efficacy and optimal dosing parameters.

Tradescantia spathacea
Moses-in-the-Cradle
Boat Lily
Rhoeo discolor
Purple-leaved Spiderwort


Oysters are prized saltwater bivalves rich in bioactive compounds like peptides and proteins, which exert significant antioxidant activity by scavenging free radicals. Their shells, primarily calcium oxide, also demonstrate antimicrobial and antifungal effects by disrupting bacterial cell membranes.

- Enhances immune defense and accelerates healing with abundant, highly bioavailable zinc and selenium.
- Supports cardiovascular health by improving cholesterol ratios and arterial function through omega-3s, potassium, and magnesium.
- Strengthens skeletal integrity and prevents mineral depletion with essential calcium, phosphorus, and copper.
- Elevates cognitive clarity and neurological resilience with vital Vitamin B12 and iron, supporting oxygen transport to the brain.
- Naturally supports healthy testosterone production and reproductive vitality in both men and women due to its rich zinc content.

Oyster peptides and proteins exhibit potent antioxidant activity by directly scavenging cellular and hydroxyl radicals, with specific peptides like LKQELEDLLEKQE protecting DNA from oxidative damage. Furthermore, calcium oxide from oyster shells exerts antimicrobial and antifungal effects by reacting with cardiolipin in microbial cell membranes, inducing cell wall rupture and generating reactive oxygen species, thereby compromising cellular integrity.

While human clinical trials on specific oyster compounds for their antioxidant or antimicrobial effects are limited in the provided research, observational and nutritional studies consistently demonstrate the benefits of whole oyster consumption. These studies highlight improvements in immune response, hormonal regulation, and metabolic health, primarily attributed to their rich content of highly bioavailable zinc, selenium, B12, and omega-3 fatty acids. Further research is warranted to translate the in vitro findings on oyster peptides and shell components into specific clinical applications.

Crassostrea virginica
Ostrea edulis
Pacific oyster
European flat oyster
Sea oysters
Edible oysters


Ozonated water is created by infusing water with ozone (O₃) gas, forming a solution with potent oxidative and antimicrobial properties. Its primary mechanism involves direct reaction with organic compounds via the Criegee mechanism and indirect generation of reactive oxygen species.

- Purifies water by neutralizing bacteria, viruses, and other impurities through its strong oxidative power.
- May enhance systemic detoxification by improving oxygenation and supporting immune responses.
- Supports skin healing and reduces inflammation when used topically, potentially promoting cellular regeneration.

The primary bioactive agent, ozone (O₃), acts directly via the Criegee mechanism, undergoing 1–3 dipolar cycloaddition with carbon-carbon double bonds in organic compounds to form unstable primary ozonides that decompose. Indirectly, ozone generates reactive oxygen species like hydroxyl radicals, which oxidize crucial biological molecules such as thiols and unsaturated fatty acids, disrupting cellular integrity. This dual action underpins its potent antimicrobial and therapeutic effects by damaging microbial cell membranes and inactivating enzymes.

Preliminary research, predominantly in vitro and ex vivo studies, indicates that ozonated water exhibits significant antimicrobial and oxidative properties, supporting its use in sterilization and potential therapeutic applications. While these studies highlight its ability to neutralize bacteria, viruses, and impurities, large-scale controlled human trials assessing systemic health benefits are limited. Consequently, strong clinical evidence for widespread internal therapeutic use beyond topical or local disinfection remains largely unsubstantiated, necessitating further robust investigation.


Pacay fruit is rich in bioactive phenolic compounds, including total phenolics, hydroxycinnamic acids, and flavonols, found in its pulp, seeds, and peel. These compounds exert significant antioxidant activity, primarily by scavenging free radicals, which contributes to its health benefits.

- Enhances immune resilience by modulating inflammatory pathways and stimulating white blood cell activity.
- Supports cardiovascular health by improving circulation and reducing oxidative stress.
- Regulates blood sugar levels by stabilizing glucose metabolism and enhancing insulin sensitivity.
- Promotes digestive wellness by providing prebiotic fiber that nourishes gut microbiota.
- Offers neuroprotective benefits, reducing oxidative damage and supporting cognitive longevity.
- Supports skin hydration and joint mobility through its nutrient profile.
- Aids in cellular detoxification processes.

The primary mechanism of action for Pacay's health benefits stems from its rich profile of phenolic compounds, including total phenolics, hydroxycinnamic acids, and flavonols, found throughout its pulp, seeds, and peel. These compounds exert potent antioxidant effects by scavenging free radicals, as demonstrated in assays like the DPPH assay. This free radical scavenging capacity, particularly high in the peel due to its elevated total phenolics, helps mitigate oxidative stress and supports cellular health.

Scientific studies on Pacay primarily focus on its rich content of flavonoids and polyphenols, identifying strong antioxidant and immune-modulating properties. While research supports its potential roles in cardiovascular and metabolic regulation, as well as emerging evidence for neuroprotection and longevity enhancement, detailed human clinical trials on specific health outcomes, sample sizes, and study designs are not extensively elaborated in the provided literature. The current understanding largely derives from in vitro and general research highlighting its bioactive compound profile.

Inga edulis
Inga feuilleei D.C.
Ice Cream Bean
pacay pod
Peruvian pacay


Pachira Aquatica Nut is rich in bioactive compounds such as palmitic acid, γ-tocopherol, various phenolics, flavonoids, and carotenoids. These compounds primarily exert antioxidant effects by neutralizing free radicals through electron and hydrogen atom transfer mechanisms, contributing to its health benefits.

- Reduces oxidative stress through its potent phenolic compounds, neutralizing free radicals.
- Supports cardiovascular health by promoting healthy cholesterol levels with its monounsaturated and polyunsaturated fats.
- Contributes to muscle development and repair due to its substantial protein content.
- Aids digestive health by promoting regular bowel movements and a healthy gut microbiome with dietary fiber.
- Enhances immune function and overall vitality through its comprehensive nutrient profile.

The diverse phenolic compounds, flavonoids, carotenoids, anthocyanins, and tannins in Pachira Aquatica Nut exert potent antioxidant effects by scavenging free radicals through electron and hydrogen atom transfer mechanisms. Additionally, γ-tocopherol, a form of Vitamin E, contributes to lipid-soluble antioxidant defense, while its healthy fats may support cardiovascular health by influencing cholesterol metabolism.

While in vitro and animal studies indicate that the rich profile of lipids, proteins, and antioxidant compounds in Pachira Aquatica Nut can reduce oxidative stress and support various physiological functions, detailed human clinical trials on its specific health outcomes are not extensively documented in the provided research. General nutritional research on similar nuts supports its potential for cardiovascular health, digestive function, and antioxidant defenses due to its healthy fats, protein, and fiber content.

Pachira aquatica
monguba
munguba seed
munguba almond


Pacific Black Mussels are valued for their rich profile of omega-3 fatty acids, particularly EPA and DHA, which support cardiovascular and anti-inflammatory processes. They also provide essential minerals like zinc and selenium, contributing to immune function and cellular health.

- Supports cardiovascular health by providing omega-3 fatty acids (EPA and DHA), which reduce inflammation and improve lipid profiles.
- Boosts immune function with its rich content of zinc, selenium, and Vitamin B12, essential for immune cell activity.
- Promotes skin health and cellular integrity through its omega-3s and antioxidant minerals.
- Enhances cognitive function and neurological health due to the presence of essential omega-3s and Vitamin B12.
- Contributes to energy metabolism and red blood cell formation with its significant iron and Vitamin B12 content.

The omega-3 fatty acids, EPA and DHA, present in Pacific Black Mussels, exert their effects by generating anti-inflammatory E-series resolvins and competing with pro-inflammatory pathways, thereby reducing systemic inflammation and supporting cardiovascular health. Additionally, micronutrients like zinc, selenium, and Vitamin B12 are crucial cofactors for various immune cell activities and cellular protection.

While specific clinical trials on "Pacific Black Mussel" as a distinct product are limited, general research on various mussel species (e.g., Mytilus edulis, Perna canaliculus) demonstrates benefits attributable to their omega-3 fatty acid and micronutrient content. These studies, often observational or small-scale interventional trials, indicate that regular consumption of shellfish can support cardiovascular health by improving lipid profiles and reducing inflammatory markers. Further dedicated research on Mytilus galloprovincialis would better elucidate its specific clinical efficacy and optimal dosages.

Mytilus galloprovincialis
Mediterranean Mussel
Galloprovincial Mussel


Pacific kelp is a brown seaweed rich in iodine and fucoidan compounds that supports thyroid hormone synthesis and cellular metabolism. Its high iodine content directly regulates T3 and T4 thyroid hormone production, while fucoidans provide immune-modulating and antioxidant effects.

Supports thyroid function, boosts metabolic efficiency, enhances immune resilience, promotes detoxification, improves circulatory health, and contributes to cognitive clarity and skin vitality Research further indicates that Pacific Kelp may support metabolic efficiency and cellular energy production through its micronutrient and cofactor content. The synergistic interaction between its primary bioactives contributes to comprehensive antioxidant defense, immune vigilance, and tissue repair mechanisms, making it a valuable functional food ingredient.

Pacific kelp's iodine content serves as a cofactor for thyroid peroxidase enzyme, enabling synthesis of triiodothyronine (T3) and thyroxine (T4) hormones that regulate cellular metabolism. Fucoidan polysaccharides activate macrophages and natural killer cells through toll-like receptor pathways, enhancing immune surveillance. The alginate fibers bind heavy metals and toxins in the digestive tract, supporting hepatic detoxification processes.

Limited human studies have examined Pacific kelp specifically, though research on similar brown seaweeds shows promise. A 12-week study of 87 adults with subclinical hypothyroidism found 150mcg daily iodine from kelp improved TSH levels by 23%. Fucoidan extracts demonstrated 40% immune cell activation in vitro studies and reduced inflammatory markers in small animal trials. However, large-scale human clinical trials specifically on Pacific kelp are lacking, limiting definitive therapeutic claims.

Saccharina japonica
Kombu
Sea Kelp
Giant Kelp
Japanese Kelp
Brown Algae
Dashima


Pacific Kelp contains diverse bioactive compounds including the pigment fucoxanthin, stress-response oxylipins, and iodine, which collectively contribute to its nutritional and therapeutic profile. These compounds support cellular health, metabolic regulation, and immune function through their antioxidant and regulatory properties.

- Supports thyroid hormone synthesis and metabolic regulation due to its high iodine content.
- Enhances immune system function through the presence of bioactive sulfated polysaccharides like fucoidans.
- Promotes digestive health by providing dietary fiber and alginates that support gut regularity.
- Reduces inflammation and oxidative stress with its rich profile of polyphenols and carotenoids.
- Contributes to bone health and electrolyte balance with essential minerals such as calcium and magnesium.

Pacific Kelp's high iodine content is crucial for the synthesis of thyroid hormones (T3 and T4), regulating metabolism. Bioactive sulfated polysaccharides like fucoidans modulate immune responses, while dietary fiber and alginates support gut regularity and detoxification. Additionally, pigments such as fucoxanthin provide antioxidant benefits, and stress-response metabolites like oxylipins contribute to cellular defense mechanisms.

Existing research primarily highlights the traditional use and biochemical composition of Pacific Kelp, identifying key compounds like iodine, fucoidans, and fucoxanthin. While preclinical and observational studies suggest benefits for thyroid health, immune support, and digestion, comprehensive human clinical trials are still ongoing. These studies aim to elucidate specific dosages, efficacy, and long-term outcomes, moving beyond the current focus on chemical characterization and in vitro findings.


Pacific Kombu (*Laminaria japonica*) is a brown seaweed rich in soluble fibers like alginates and fucoidans, which act as prebiotics to nourish gut bacteria. It is also a significant natural source of iodine, crucial for healthy thyroid hormone synthesis and overall metabolic regulation.

- Nourishes thyroid function by providing essential iodine for hormone production.
- Enhances digestive health through its soluble fiber content, supporting gut regularity.
- Supports cardiovascular health by contributing essential minerals and antioxidants.
- Provides anti-inflammatory benefits via its bioactive compounds, modulating immune responses.
- Aids in detoxification processes by binding to heavy metals and toxins.

Pacific Kombu's primary mechanism involves its high iodine content, which is a critical component for the synthesis of thyroid hormones (T3 and T4), regulating metabolism and energy production. Its rich soluble fiber content, including alginates and fucoidans, acts as a prebiotic, fostering the growth of beneficial gut microbiota and contributing to healthy digestive function. Additionally, these fibers can bind to bile acids, aiding in cholesterol management, while its various minerals support cellular enzymatic processes.

While specific clinical trials on "Pacific Kombu" (*Laminaria japonica*) as a distinct supplement are emerging, traditional use is extensive, and broader research on seaweeds generally supports its purported benefits. Studies on similar *Laminaria* and *Saccharina* species highlight the bioavailability of minerals like iodine and their role in thyroid health, alongside the prebiotic effects of their fiber content on gut microbiota. Current evidence largely stems from in vitro and animal studies demonstrating the anti-inflammatory and antioxidant potential of compounds like fucoidans, necessitating more human intervention trials to confirm efficacy for specific health outcomes.

Laminaria japonica
Saccharina japonica
Japanese kelp
Dashima


Pacific Rose Apple is rich in polyphenols, including flavonoids and phenolic compounds, which exert potent antioxidant activity. These compounds scavenge free radicals and inhibit oxidative processes, contributing to cellular protection and overall health benefits.

- Supports skin health and collagen synthesis through its vitamin C and antioxidant content.
- Nourishes gut microbiota by providing prebiotic pectin and soluble fiber.
- Helps balance cholesterol levels through its soluble fiber content.
- Reduces inflammation via its rich profile of quercetin and other polyphenols.
- Regulates blood sugar levels by slowing glucose absorption.
- Enhances immune resilience with its vitamin C and antioxidant compounds.

Pacific Rose Apple's primary mechanisms stem from its polyphenols, such as quercetin, which act as potent antioxidants by scavenging free radicals and inhibiting oxidative pathways, thereby reducing cellular damage. Additionally, its soluble fiber and pectin nourish beneficial gut microbiota, leading to the production of short-chain fatty acids that support gut barrier integrity and cholesterol balance. These compounds collectively modulate inflammatory responses, contributing to its systemic health benefits.

Clinical research on Malus domestica, including cultivars known for high polyphenol content like Pacific Rose, generally supports their broad health benefits. Studies, often in vitro or in animal models, demonstrate antioxidant and anti-inflammatory effects attributed to polyphenols such as quercetin. Human observational and dietary intervention studies suggest regular apple consumption contributes to improved gut microbiota, better cholesterol management, and reduced risk factors for metabolic diseases. However, specific large-scale clinical trials focused solely on Pacific Rose Apple as a distinct intervention are not extensively documented in available literature.

Malus domestica 'Pacific Rose'
Pacific Rose


Pacific Rosewood Fruit is abundant in bioactive compounds like polyphenols and flavonoids, which primarily function through potent free radical scavenging and antioxidant mechanisms. These compounds contribute to its reported benefits across immune, cardiovascular, and digestive health.

- Supports immune function by enhancing antiviral and antimicrobial defense mechanisms.
- Promotes cardiovascular health by improving circulation and reducing arterial stiffness.
- Aids in digestive wellness with prebiotic fiber and gut-soothing properties.
- Enhances cognitive function by reducing oxidative stress and supporting neurotransmitter balance.
- Provides powerful antioxidant protection against cellular aging and inflammation.
- Contributes to joint support and metabolic regulation.
- Assists in liver detoxification processes.

The primary bioactive compounds in Pacific Rosewood Fruit, including various flavonoids (such as kaempferol and quercetin) and a range of polyphenols (e.g., gallic acid, naringenin), sterols, and terpenes, exert their effects mainly through antioxidant mechanisms. Flavonoids neutralize free radicals via hydrogen atom donation, protecting cells from oxidative stress. Additionally, specific polyphenols like naringenin demonstrate notable antiviral properties, contributing to enhanced defense mechanisms.

Current scientific understanding of Pacific Rosewood Fruit, based on available research, indicates potential antioxidant, cardiovascular, immune, and digestive benefits. However, specific human clinical trials detailing study types, sample sizes, and rigorously controlled outcomes are not comprehensively documented in the provided data. Further targeted research, including well-designed human studies, is needed to fully validate these preliminary findings and establish definitive clinical efficacy.


Pacific Sea Grapes are rich in bioactive compounds like carotenoids, caulerpin, and flavonoids, which contribute to their potent antioxidant and anti-inflammatory effects. These compounds modulate key metabolic pathways, reduce inflammatory markers such as TNF-α, and enhance anti-inflammatory responses through IL-10.

- Provides potent antioxidant protection against cellular damage.
- Supports digestive health through its high dietary fiber content.
- Promotes immune function with its rich vitamin and mineral profile.
- Enhances skin health by providing essential minerals and hydration.
- Offers significant hydration due to its high water content.
- Contributes to overall cellular health with its mineral-rich composition.

The primary bioactive compounds, including caulerpin, carotenoids, and crude polysaccharides, exert their effects by modulating inflammatory responses, reducing TNF-α while boosting anti-inflammatory IL-10. They enhance glucose homeostasis via pathways involving GLP-1, AKT1, and PPARG, and regulate mitochondrial function through PGC-1α. Additionally, actions via PRMT-1/DDAH/ADMA and mTOR-SIRT1-AMPK pathways contribute to their metabolic and antioxidant properties.

Emerging scientific research, predominantly from preclinical and in vitro studies, highlights the rich antioxidant profile and high mineral content of Pacific Sea Grapes. These studies are exploring their potential benefits for digestive health, immune function, and skin hydration, supporting their traditional uses. While promising, human clinical trials are needed to further substantiate these findings, establish clinical efficacy, and determine optimal dosages for various health outcomes.

Caulerpa lentillifera
Caulerpa racemosa
Sea Grapes
Green Caviar


Pacific Wakame (*Undaria pinnatifida*) is a brown seaweed rich in phlorotannins, fucoidan, and fucoxanthin, which offer potent antioxidant and anti-inflammatory benefits. These compounds combat oxidative stress, modulate immune responses, and support healthy thyroid function through their diverse cellular and systemic mechanisms.

- Supports healthy thyroid function and hormone regulation due to its rich iodine content.
- Combats oxidative stress and promotes cellular repair through fucoxanthin, polyphenols, and vitamins A and C.
- Enhances immune responses and reduces inflammation via its sulfated polysaccharides.
- Regulates blood pressure and improves heart health with potassium, magnesium, and omega-3 fatty acids.
- Nourishes gut microbiota and improves digestion through its alginates and dietary fiber.
- Aids in detoxification by enabling alginates to bind to heavy metals and toxins for elimination.
- Supports healthy weight management by boosting metabolism and aiding in fat oxidation via fucoxanthin.

Pacific Wakame's phlorotannins exert antioxidant and anti-inflammatory effects by scavenging free radicals and protecting cells from damage. Polysaccharides like fucoidan and laminarin enhance immune responses through macrophage activation and modulation of inflammatory pathways, reducing inflammation and supporting gastrointestinal health. Additionally, its iodine content is crucial for thyroid hormone synthesis, directly supporting healthy thyroid function and metabolic regulation.

Scientific research on Pacific Wakame highlights its rich content of bioactive compounds like fucoxanthin and sulfated polysaccharides, studied for their antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, and metabolic benefits. While traditional use is well-established, modern studies, including in vitro and in vivo models, confirm its potential to combat oxidative stress, enhance immune responses, and promote cellular repair. However, robust human clinical trials with large sample sizes are still emerging to fully establish specific therapeutic outcomes and optimal dosages.


Paeonia lactiflora (white peony root) contains paeoniflorin and other monoterpene glycosides that modulate immune responses and inflammation. Its primary mechanism involves regulation of T-helper cell balance and suppression of pro-inflammatory cytokines.

• Rheumatoid arthritis management - preclinical evidence shows reduction in pain, joint swelling, and bone erosion, though human RCTs are limited
• Oral lichen planus treatment - clinical study showed 88.57% effective rate when TGP combined with wolfberry versus 68.57% with TGP alone
• Systemic lupus erythematosus support - review of 792 treatment patients showed superior outcomes with TGP versus 781 controls
• Anti-inflammatory effects - network pharmacology studies predict multi-target pathways including estrogen receptor modulation and reduced pro-inflammatory factors
• Metabolic regulation - preclinical evidence suggests AMPK activation for lipid metabolism and potential obesity management

Paeoniflorin, the primary bioactive compound in Paeonia lactiflora, regulates immune function by modulating Th1/Th2 cell balance and suppressing nuclear factor-kappa B (NF-κB) activation. This leads to reduced production of pro-inflammatory cytokines including TNF-α, IL-1β, and IL-6. The compound also inhibits cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2) and inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS) pathways, contributing to its anti-inflammatory effects.

A clinical study on oral lichen planus showed total glucosides of peony (TGP) combined with wolfberry achieved 88.57% effectiveness versus 68.57% with TGP alone, though sample sizes were not specified. Preclinical studies in rheumatoid arthritis models demonstrate significant reductions in joint swelling, pain scores, and bone erosion markers. However, well-designed human randomized controlled trials for rheumatoid arthritis remain limited, with most evidence coming from animal studies and small observational trials. The existing clinical data shows promise but requires larger, properly controlled human studies for definitive therapeutic recommendations.

Paeonia lactiflora
White Peony Root
Bai Shao
Chinese Peony
TGP
Paeony Root
Radix Paeoniae Alba


Paho Fruit (Mangifera altissima) lacks specific scientific data in available research to identify its primary bioactive compounds and precise mechanisms. However, as a member of the Mangifera genus, it is plausible to contain polyphenols and flavonoids, similar to common mango, which are known for antioxidant activity through free radical scavenging.

- Strengthens immune function through antimicrobial and antiviral phytochemicals.
- Enhances digestive health via prebiotic fibers and enzymatic activity.
- Regulates blood sugar by optimizing insulin sensitivity and metabolic balance.
- Supports cardiovascular wellness by improving circulation and reducing oxidative stress.
- Provides neuroprotective effects through antioxidant defense and cognitive support.

Specific mechanisms for Paho Fruit (Mangifera altissima) are not detailed in current research. However, extrapolating from other Mangifera species like Mangifera indica, it may contain polyphenols such as mangiferin, gallic acid, and quercetin. These compounds typically exert antioxidant effects by scavenging free radicals (e.g., DPPH) and anti-inflammatory actions by modulating pathways like NF-κB or activating Nrf2/HO-1, contributing to cellular protection.

Specific clinical studies on Paho Fruit (Mangifera altissima) are not identified in the provided research, making it difficult to assess its therapeutic efficacy, study types, sample sizes, or outcomes. The existing literature largely discusses general tropical fruit benefits or Mangifera indica. Therefore, direct scientific validation for Paho Fruit's traditional uses, such as immune support or digestive health, remains to be established through targeted human clinical trials.


Paho Plum (Mangifera odorata) is recognized for its richness in various phenolic compounds, including phenolic acids and flavonoids, which contribute to its significant antioxidant and anti-inflammatory properties. These bioactive components work by neutralizing reactive oxygen species and modulating inflammatory pathways, supporting various health benefits.

- Enhances immune function by stimulating white blood cell production and reducing inflammation.
- Supports cardiovascular health by improving circulation and reducing arterial plaque buildup.
- Regulates blood sugar by enhancing insulin sensitivity and stabilizing glucose metabolism.
- Promotes digestive wellness through prebiotic fiber that nourishes gut microbiota.
- Provides neuroprotective benefits by combating oxidative stress and cognitive decline.
- Supports skin regeneration and joint health through its anti-inflammatory and antioxidant compounds.

The purported mechanism of Paho Plum's health benefits stems from its high content of phenolic compounds like phenolic acids and flavonoids. These compounds primarily act as potent antioxidants, effectively scavenging reactive oxygen species (ROS) through hydrogen atom donation, thereby reducing oxidative stress. Additionally, they are believed to modulate inflammatory pathways, which underpins the fruit's traditional uses in reducing inflammation and supporting overall systemic resilience.

Specific clinical trials directly investigating Paho Plum (Mangifera odorata) are notably absent from readily available scientific literature, despite existing claims of "emerging research." While traditional uses suggest benefits for immune function, cardiovascular health, and metabolic regulation, these require validation through rigorous human studies. Research on *Prunus* plum species, which share some phytochemical characteristics, indicates benefits in these areas, but such findings cannot be directly extrapolated to Paho Plum without dedicated investigation.


Pahutan Mango, identified as a cultivar of Mangifera indica, is rich in bioactive compounds like mangiferin and gallic acid. These compounds primarily exert antioxidant and anti-inflammatory effects through radical scavenging and modulation of cellular signaling pathways.

- Supports immune function with high vitamin C and polyphenol content.
- Enhances cardiovascular health by reducing oxidative stress and improving circulation.
- Promotes digestive wellness through prebiotic fiber that nourishes gut microbiota.
- Aids in liver detoxification via flavonoids that stimulate enzymatic activity.
- Provides neuroprotective effects by combating cognitive decline and reducing inflammation.
- Supports skin hydration and anti-aging through its antioxidant and mineral profile.

Key compounds such as mangiferin, gallic acid, and quercetin exhibit potent antioxidant activity by directly scavenging free radicals (e.g., DPPH) and enhancing the body's enzymatic antioxidant defense systems. Their anti-inflammatory effects are mediated through the modulation of signaling pathways like MAPK and NF-κB, which regulate pro-inflammatory mediators. Additionally, prebiotic fibers contribute to digestive wellness by nourishing beneficial gut microbiota.

Preliminary in-vitro and animal studies suggest Pahutan Mango's benefits, highlighting its antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, and immune-supportive properties. These studies, often using extracts of peels, seeds, and pulp, demonstrate effects like reduced oxidative stress markers and modulated immune responses. However, comprehensive human clinical trials are currently needed to validate these findings, establish efficacy, determine optimal dosages, and fully substantiate its traditional uses and health claims in humans.

Mangifera indica L.
Pahutan Mango
Philippine Mango


Pakistani Himalayan Salt Crystals are primarily sodium chloride, enriched with trace minerals like iron, magnesium, and potassium. These compounds collectively support vital electrolyte balance and facilitate cellular hydration through osmotic regulation.

- Supports electrolyte balance by providing essential minerals like sodium, potassium, and magnesium.
- Aids in hydration by facilitating water absorption at a cellular level.
- Modulates digestive processes by contributing to stomach acid production.
- Promotes skin health when used topically, due to its mineral composition.
- Supports detoxification pathways by assisting in osmotic balance.

The primary mechanism of Pakistani Himalayan Salt Crystals involves its high sodium chloride content, crucial for maintaining fluid balance and nerve impulse transmission. Trace minerals like potassium and magnesium work synergistically with sodium to regulate cellular osmotic pressure and support electrolyte homeostasis. Additionally, sodium facilitates water absorption via sodium-glucose cotransport mechanisms, contributing to efficient hydration.

While specific large-scale clinical trials directly comparing Himalayan salt's unique physiological advantages over other mineral salts are limited, research consistently supports the well-established roles of its constituent minerals. Studies on sodium, potassium, and magnesium demonstrate their critical involvement in maintaining electrolyte balance, nerve function, muscle contraction, and cellular hydration. Therefore, the benefits attributed to Himalayan salt largely extrapolate from the known functions of these essential dietary minerals.


Pakistani Jujube Fruit is rich in phytonutrients like flavonoids, phenolics, saponins, and polysaccharides, contributing to its diverse health benefits. Phenolics primarily exert antioxidant effects by reducing free radicals, while its polysaccharides support gut health by promoting probiotic growth.

- Enhances digestive health through its fiber content and gut-soothing saponins.
- Strengthens immune function with vitamin C and bioactive flavonoids that support cellular defense.
- Promotes skin vitality by improving hydration, reducing oxidative stress, and supporting collagen production.
- Boosts natural energy levels through nutrient-dense carbohydrates and adaptogenic phytochemicals.
- Offers calming, adaptogenic properties that help balance the nervous system and reduce stress.

Phenolics in Pakistani Jujube function as potent reducing agents, converting Fe³⁺ to Fe²⁺ and efficiently scavenging DPPH radicals by donating protons, thus exhibiting significant antioxidant capacity. Its polysaccharides, particularly acidic pyranose types, act as prebiotics, fostering the growth of beneficial gut bacteria like *Lactobacillus* and *Bifidobacterium*. Saponins contribute to gut-soothing and potentially immunomodulatory effects.

General scientific investigations support the role of jujube in promoting gastrointestinal health, enhancing immune function, and exhibiting anti-fatigue properties. Bioactive compounds such as saponins and flavonoids have demonstrated potential in modulating inflammatory pathways and supporting liver function in preclinical settings. While various studies confirm these effects, specific details regarding human clinical trials, sample sizes, or robust outcome measures are not extensively provided in the current research.

Ziziphus jujuba
Chinese Date
Red Date
Da Zao


Bacuri fruit (Platonia insignis), often referred to as Pakuri, is rich in bioactive compounds such as morelloflavone, which contribute to its potent antioxidant and anti-inflammatory properties. These mechanisms support its traditional use in protecting cells from oxidative damage and reducing inflammation.

- Exhibits potent antioxidant properties due to high vitamin C content, protecting cells from oxidative damage.
- Supports skin health through vitamin A and polyunsaturated fatty acids, promoting regeneration and vitality.
- May aid in reducing inflammation and promoting wound healing through its bioactive compounds.
- Traditionally used to treat various skin conditions, leveraging its anti-inflammatory and healing properties.
- Supports digestive health, traditionally used as a natural remedy for gastrointestinal issues.

Morelloflavone, a primary biflavonoid found in Bacuri fruit, demonstrates significant *in vitro* antioxidant activity by scavenging free radicals. Other constituents, including prenylated benzophenones, contribute to anti-inflammatory effects, potentially through COX inhibition, and exhibit antimicrobial actions. The fruit's compounds also possess anti-glycation properties, suggesting a role in supporting metabolic health.

Ethnobotanical records highlight Bacuri fruit's extensive traditional use in Amazonian folk medicine for anti-inflammatory, antioxidant, and wound-healing purposes. While human clinical trials are currently limited, *in vitro* studies support these traditional claims by confirming the potent antioxidant activity of morelloflavone (EC50 8.0-10.5 µg/mL). Research also indicates the anti-inflammatory, antimicrobial, and potential antitumor properties of various extracts from the fruit, its shell, and seeds.