Indian Kino Tree resin (Pterocarpus marsupium) contains potent flavonoids like epicatechin, tannins, and polyphenolics, which exert antidiabetic and antioxidant effects by reducing oxidative stress and inhibiting reactive oxygen species. These compounds also contribute to significant anti-inflammatory activity, supporting metabolic and cardiovascular health.

- Regulates blood sugar by enhancing insulin sensitivity and reducing glucose absorption.
- Promotes liver detoxification through improved bile secretion and enzymatic activity.
- Supports cardiovascular function by lowering oxidative stress and cholesterol levels.
- Enhances immune resilience with antimicrobial and anti-inflammatory phytonutrients.
- Provides neuroprotective benefits by reducing oxidative damage and supporting cognitive function.
- Modulates metabolic stability and supports digestive balance.

The antidiabetic effects of Indian Kino Tree resin are primarily due to compounds like epicatechin and kinitannic acid, which reduce oxidative stress and reactive oxygen species (ROS) in high-glucose environments. Its high phenol content provides significant antioxidant activity, while other polyphenolics and flavonoids contribute to anti-inflammatory effects. This multifaceted action helps enhance insulin sensitivity, reduce glucose absorption, and supports overall metabolic function and liver detoxification.

Traditional Ayurvedic medicine has historically utilized Indian Kino Tree for conditions like diabetes, inflammation, and wound healing, drawing upon its bark, leaves, heartwood, and resin. Modern scientific literature, including in vitro and preclinical studies (e.g., on HepG2 cells), supports its potential for blood sugar regulation by demonstrating reduced oxidative stress and ROS. Research further indicates benefits for metabolic health, liver function, cardiovascular support, and immune-neuroprotective properties, although robust human clinical trials with large sample sizes are often limited.


Indian Kokum (Garcinia indica) is rich in bioactive compounds like garcinol, anthocyanins, and hydroxycitric acid (HCA). Garcinol primarily exerts its anti-inflammatory effects by inhibiting NFκB activation and various inflammatory enzymes such as COX-2 and iNOS.

- Combats oxidative stress through its rich content of anthocyanins and flavonoids, protecting cellular integrity.
- Modulates inflammatory responses, potentially reducing the risk of chronic diseases linked to metabolic dysfunction.
- Supports digestive health by promoting gut motility and improving overall digestion.
- Boosts immune function via its high vitamin C content, strengthening the body's natural defenses.
- Enhances skin health by supporting collagen production and providing anti-inflammatory benefits to the dermal layer.
- Aids in metabolic regulation due to the presence of hydroxycitric acid (HCA), which may influence fat synthesis.

Indian Kokum's anti-inflammatory action is largely attributed to garcinol, which inhibits critical pathways like NFκB activation, iNOS synthesis, and COX-2, thereby reducing prostaglandin production. Its potent antioxidant effects stem from anthocyanins such as cyanidin-3-glucoside, which combat oxidative stress. Hydroxycitric acid (HCA) also contributes to metabolic health benefits.

Scientific research, primarily comprising in vitro and animal studies, has documented the antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, and metabolic health benefits of Indian Kokum. These studies highlight the potential of its bioactive compounds, particularly HCA, to support metabolism and improve gut health. While traditional uses suggest benefits for digestion and as an antioxidant, human clinical trial data with specific sample sizes and outcomes are not detailed in the provided research. More extensive human trials are needed to confirm these effects.

Garcinia indica Choisy
Kokum
Kokum fruit

Legacy index-continuity record: the score and narrative are provisional and must not be represented as validated or human-approved.


Indian kokum fruit contains hydroxycitric acid (HCA) and garcinol, which inhibit fatty acid synthesis and provide anti-inflammatory effects. These compounds work by blocking ATP citrate lyase and modulating inflammatory cytokines to support metabolic and digestive health.

- Rich in antioxidants, particularly anthocyanins and flavonoids, that help combat oxidative stress and reduce inflammation.
- Supports digestive health by promoting gut motility, improving digestion, and alleviating discomfort.
- Boosts immune function with high vitamin C content, strengthening the body’s natural defenses.
- Enhances skin health by supporting collagen production and providing anti-inflammatory benefits.
- Provides anti-inflammatory effects that help reduce the risk of chronic diseases, particularly those related to metabolic dysfunction.

Hydroxycitric acid (HCA) in kokum fruit inhibits ATP citrate lyase, reducing fatty acid synthesis and potentially supporting weight management. Garcinol acts as a potent antioxidant by scavenging free radicals and inhibiting NF-κB pathway activation. The fruit's anthocyanins and flavonoids provide additional anti-inflammatory effects by reducing pro-inflammatory cytokine production.

Most research on kokum focuses on isolated HCA rather than whole fruit extracts. Small human studies on HCA supplements (1000-3000mg daily) show modest effects on weight loss, typically 2-3 pounds over 8-12 weeks. Limited clinical data exists specifically for Indian kokum fruit preparations. Current evidence is preliminary and larger, well-controlled trials are needed to establish definitive therapeutic benefits.

Garcinia indica
Kokum
Amsul
Ratamba
Bindin
Bhirand
Kokam


Indian Laburnum Flower (Cassia fistula) is rich in anthraquinone glycosides (rhein, fistulic acid, sennosides), flavonoids (kaempferol, quercetin), proanthocyanidins, and phenolic glycosides that exert potent antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, hepatoprotective, antidiabetic, and antimicrobial activity through DPPH radical scavenging, NF-κB pathway modulation, and enhancement of endogenous superoxide dismutase (SOD) and catalase defenses. A comprehensive 2021 review in Biomedicine & Pharmacotherapy (PMID 34601194) cataloged over 20 distinct pharmacological activities of C. fistula across in vitro and in vivo models, while a genus-wide ethnopharmacological analysis in Phytotherapy Research (PMID 33617115) confirmed its centuries-long traditional medicinal use across Ayurveda, Siddha, and Unani systems.

- **Supports digestive health**: by promoting regular bowel movements and aiding gastrointestinal detoxification.
- **Enhances immune resilience**: and healthy aging through potent antioxidant protection from flavonoids and polyphenols.
- **Promotes cardiovascular wellness**: by reducing arterial inflammation and supporting healthy blood pressure regulation.
- **Supports liver detoxification**: processes by enhancing bile production and antioxidant defenses.
- **Offers anti-inflammatory benefits,**: contributing to joint health and overall systemic comfort.
- **Contributes to emotional**: balance and cognitive clarity through its adaptogenic stress-regulating properties.

Indian Laburnum Flower's anthraquinone glycosides—principally rhein, fistulic acid, and sennosides—stimulate colonic peristalsis by inhibiting Na⁺/K⁺-ATPase in intestinal epithelial cells and promoting chloride-ion secretion via cystic fibrosis transmembrane conductance regulator (CFTR) channels, accounting for its well-documented laxative activity. Flavonoids such as kaempferol and quercetin scavenge reactive oxygen species (ROS), upregulate endogenous antioxidant enzymes (SOD, catalase, glutathione peroxidase) through Nrf2/ARE signaling, and suppress pro-inflammatory cascades by inhibiting NF-κB nuclear translocation and downstream COX-2/iNOS expression. The proanthocyanidins and phenolic glycosides chelate transition metal ions (Fe²⁺, Cu²⁺), preventing Fenton-reaction-driven lipid peroxidation, while simultaneously modulating hepatic phase II detoxification enzymes (glutathione S-transferase, UDP-glucuronosyltransferase), contributing to the flower's hepatoprotective effect as documented by Mwangi et al. (2021, PMID 34601194). Additionally, research on related traditional formulations (PMID 36118003) implicates FXR/LXR-mediated suppression of the P2X7R/NLRP3 inflammasome pathway as a plausible mechanism for Cassia fistula's antidiabetic and anti-steatotic effects.

Available research consists primarily of in vitro studies and animal models rather than human clinical trials. In diabetic rat studies, aqueous flower extract significantly reduced lipid peroxidation in heart tissues and improved antioxidant enzyme levels. Hepatoprotective studies showed dose-dependent reductions in liver enzymes (ALP, SGOT, SGPT) at 400 mg/kg dosage in animal models. The evidence base lacks human clinical trials with patient outcomes and standardized dosing protocols.

Cassia fistula
Golden Shower tree
Golden Healer
Purging Cassia


Indian Laburnum Pod contains anthraquinone glycosides and quercetin that inhibit digestive enzymes including α-glucuronidase by 60.66% while supporting hepatic detoxification pathways. The pods demonstrate measurable reductions in liver enzymes SGOT, SGPT, and alkaline phosphatase in preclinical studies.

- Facilitates gentle digestive cleansing and promotes regular bowel movements through its anthraquinone glycosides.
- Supports liver detoxification processes, aiding in the elimination of metabolic waste.
- Contributes to blood purification by supporting the body's natural detox pathways.
- Enhances skin clarity by addressing internal imbalances and reducing inflammatory responses.
- Modulates the gut microbiome, fostering a healthy balance of beneficial bacteria.
- Provides antioxidant defense, protecting cells from oxidative damage.
- Reduces fever and inflammatory symptoms due to its antipyretic properties.

The pods' anthraquinone glycosides and quercetin work through enzyme inhibition, particularly targeting α-glucuronidase with 60.66% inhibitory activity, along with β-glucuronidase, α-glucosidase, and α-tyrosinase. Quercetin specifically upregulates IFN-γ and Th-2 gene expression, modulating NK cell function for enhanced immune response. Additional compounds including emodin and chrysophanic acid support hepatoprotective mechanisms by reducing liver enzyme markers.

Preclinical studies demonstrate dose-dependent reductions in liver enzymes including SGOT, SGPT, AST, ALT, and alkaline phosphatase, with concurrent increases in total protein levels. One controlled study in rats showed significant antibody titer elevation compared to controls, indicating measurable immunomodulatory effects. However, human clinical trials are limited, and most evidence stems from pharmacological and preclinical investigations rather than large-scale human studies. The evidence base, while promising, requires additional human clinical validation.

Cassia fistula
Golden Shower Tree
Amaltas
Amortus
Bandarlathi


Indian Laurel Fig (Ficus microcarpa) fruit is recognized for its traditional medicinal uses, though specific key bioactive compounds responsible for its reported effects remain largely undefined in current research. Preliminary studies suggest a range of health benefits, including immune support and cardiovascular health.

- Supports immune function by providing antimicrobial, antiviral, and immune-modulating bioactive compounds.
- Enhances cardiovascular health by improving circulation and mitigating oxidative stress within the vascular system.
- Regulates blood sugar levels by enhancing insulin sensitivity and promoting metabolic equilibrium.
- Promotes cognitive longevity through neuroprotective antioxidants that shield neural cells against oxidative damage.
- Supports digestive wellness by enriching gut microbiota with prebiotic fibers and natural enzymes, optimizing nutrient assimilation.
- Facilitates liver detoxification processes through its beneficial phytochemical profile.
- Contributes to skin rejuvenation and systemic resilience via its antioxidant and anti-inflammatory properties.

While specific bioactive compounds and their precise mechanisms of action are not yet clearly elucidated, preliminary research suggests Indian Laurel Fig fruit contributes to health through general antioxidant activity. Its observed benefits, such as immune modulation and cardiovascular support, are likely mediated by a complex interplay of various plant compounds rather than a single pathway, but further investigation is needed to pinpoint specific molecular targets.

Current research on Indian Laurel Fig fruit primarily consists of in vitro and animal studies, indicating its potential health benefits. These preliminary investigations support its antioxidant capacity, cardiovascular benefits, metabolic regulation, neuroprotective effects, gut microbiota enhancement, and immune-modulating properties. However, there is a distinct lack of human clinical trials, quantitative results, or specific sample sizes reported to validate these effects in humans. Therefore, direct clinical efficacy and safety in human populations remain largely unestablished.

Ficus microcarpa
Chinese Banyan
Malayan Banyan
Curtain Fig


Indian Long Pepper Leaf contains bioactive compounds like piperine and piperlongumine, which contribute to its traditional uses. Piperlongumine is particularly noted for its ability to selectively induce apoptosis in senescent cells without reactive oxygen species.

- Clears respiratory pathways by acting as a bronchodilator and expectorant.
- Soothes digestion by stimulating digestive enzymes and reducing gastrointestinal discomfort.
- Supports liver detoxification processes, enhancing the body's natural cleansing mechanisms.
- Modulates immune responses, contributing to overall immune resilience.
- Reduces skin inflammation through its anti-inflammatory and purifying properties.
- Calms the nervous system, promoting relaxation and reducing stress.

The leaves of *Piper longum* contain active compounds such as piperine and piperlongumine. Piperlongumine (PL) has been shown to selectively induce apoptosis in senescent cells, offering potential anti-tumor and anti-inflammatory benefits. Piperine contributes to digestive support by stimulating digestive enzymes and may enhance bioavailability of other compounds.

While *Piper longum* fruits and roots have been the subject of numerous in vitro and animal studies, specific clinical research focusing solely on Indian Long Pepper Leaf is limited. Existing studies on the plant generally highlight potential benefits for respiratory relief, digestive balance, and liver cleansing, attributing these to its essential oils and phytochemicals. These findings are often extrapolated from the known effects of its key bioactive compounds present across various plant parts, warranting further dedicated clinical trials on the leaves.


Indian lotus flower (Nelumbo nucifera) contains bioactive compounds like flavonoids, alkaloids, and phenolic acids that provide antioxidant and anti-inflammatory effects. The flower's quercetin and kaempferol content supports cardiovascular health by reducing oxidative stress and inflammation.

- Rich in antioxidants, supports heart health, boosts immune function, promotes skin health, and provides anti-inflammatory benefits.
- Known for its large, beautiful petals and calming fragrance, widely used in traditional Indian medicine and spiritual practices. Research further indicates that Indian Lotus Flower (Nelumbo nucifera) may support metabolic efficiency and cellular energy production through its micronutrient and cofactor content. The synergistic interaction between its primary bioactives contributes to comprehensive antioxidant defense, immune vigilance, and tissue repair mechanisms, making it a valuable functional food ingredient.

Indian lotus flower's flavonoids like quercetin and kaempferol inhibit cyclooxygenase (COX) and lipoxygenase enzymes, reducing inflammatory prostaglandin production. These compounds also activate Nrf2 pathways, enhancing cellular antioxidant enzyme production including superoxide dismutase and catalase. The alkaloids present modulate GABA receptors, contributing to the flower's traditional calming effects.

Limited human clinical trials exist for Indian lotus flower specifically, with most research conducted in animal models and in vitro studies. Animal studies using 100-300mg/kg doses showed significant reductions in inflammatory markers and improved antioxidant status. Cell culture studies demonstrate strong free radical scavenging activity with IC50 values around 25-50 μg/mL for ethanolic extracts. Human clinical evidence remains preliminary, requiring larger randomized controlled trials to establish therapeutic efficacy.

Nelumbo nucifera
Sacred Lotus
Padma
Kamala
Bean of India
Egyptian Bean
Water Lily


Indian Lotus Seed (Nelumbo nucifera) is rich in bis-benzylisoquinoline alkaloids—neferine, liensinine, and isoliensinine—that suppress NF-κB/MAPK signaling cascades to reduce pro-inflammatory cytokines (TNF-α, IL-6, IL-1β) and IgE levels, as demonstrated in BALB/c mice with DNCB-induced atopic dermatitis (PMID 34361003). Its seeds and embryos also supply flavonoids (kaempferol, quercetin, isorhamnetin glycosides) with documented antioxidant, antiproliferative, and cardioprotective activities, positioning lotus seed as a multifunctional nutraceutical with growing clinical relevance (PMID 35158798; PMID 28631810).

- Supports cardiovascular health by contributing to healthy blood pressure and lipid profiles.
- Enhances cognitive function and mental clarity through its nutrient profile.
- Promotes digestive wellness by providing dietary fiber and supporting gut motility.
- Boosts immune function with its rich content of antioxidants and essential minerals.
- Contributes to stress resilience and nervous system balance.
- Supports bone health through its calcium and phosphorus content.

The primary bioactive alkaloids neferine, liensinine, and isoliensinine inhibit phosphorylation of IκB-α kinase (IKK-β), thereby stabilizing IκB-α and preventing nuclear translocation of NF-κB p65/p50 dimers, which directly downregulates transcription of pro-inflammatory mediators TNF-α, IL-6, IL-1β, COX-2, and iNOS (PMID 34361003). In parallel, these alkaloids suppress the MAPK cascade by blocking phosphorylation of ERK1/2, JNK, and p38 MAPK, reducing downstream AP-1 transcriptional activity in keratinocytes and macrophages. Lotus seed flavonoids—kaempferol, quercetin, and isorhamnetin glycosides—scavenge reactive oxygen species (ROS), chelate transition metals, and activate the Nrf2/ARE antioxidant defense pathway, upregulating heme oxygenase-1 (HO-1) and NAD(P)H quinone oxidoreductase 1 (NQO1) (PMID 28631810; PMID 27057194). Neferine has additionally been shown to induce mitochondria-mediated apoptosis in cancer cells via caspase-3/9 activation and Bcl-2/Bax ratio modulation, while arresting the cell cycle at G1/S or G2/M checkpoints depending on cell type (PMID 35158798).

Current evidence for Indian Lotus Seed is limited to preclinical in vitro and animal studies, with no published randomized controlled trials providing quantitative clinical outcomes. Laboratory studies demonstrate that lotus seed protein isolate reduces nitric oxide production and reactive oxygen species in LPS-stimulated RAW 264.7 macrophages, while lotus seed polysaccharides show dose-dependent neuroprotective effects by modulating apoptosis markers including increased Bcl-2 and Bcl-xl expression. Traditional uses in Ayurveda and Traditional Chinese Medicine are well-documented, but human clinical trials with specific patient numbers, effect sizes, and statistical outcomes are needed to confirm therapeutic benefits. The absence of clinical data represents a significant evidence gap requiring further research.

Nelumbo nucifera seed
Nelumbinis semen
Lotus seed
Sacred lotus seed
Lian zi


Indian Madder Root (Rubia cordifolia) contains bioactive anthraquinones—purpurin, rubiadin, munjistin, and the naphthoquinone mollugin—that inhibit JAK-STAT signaling, suppress pro-inflammatory cytokines (IL-1β, IL-6), and scavenge free radicals, conferring hepatoprotective, anti-inflammatory, and antioxidant effects. A comprehensive review by Shan et al. (2016) in Molecules documented over 100 identified compounds from Rubiae Radix et Rhizoma with demonstrated pharmacological activities including anti-tumor, antimicrobial, and anti-inflammatory properties (PMID: 27999402).

- Supports liver detoxification by promoting bile flow and aiding in the elimination of toxins.
- Enhances skin health by purifying blood and reducing inflammatory skin conditions.
- Modulates immune function through its anti-inflammatory and antimicrobial properties.
- Protects against oxidative stress with a rich profile of flavonoids and anthraquinones.
- Aids lymphatic drainage, supporting the body's natural cleansing processes.
- Contributes to stress resilience by supporting overall systemic balance and reducing inflammation.

Mollugin, a key naphthoquinone in Indian Madder Root, inhibits nitric oxide (NO) release by suppressing inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS) expression and blocks JAK2 phosphorylation, preventing downstream activation of STAT1 and STAT3 transcription factors, thereby reducing expression of pro-inflammatory cytokines IL-1β and IL-6. Anthraquinones such as purpurin and rubiadin act as potent free radical scavengers, chelating transition metal ions and interrupting lipid peroxidation chain reactions to protect hepatocyte membranes and cellular structures from oxidative damage. Munjistin and related hydroxyanthraquinones modulate NF-κB signaling and inhibit cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2) activity, contributing to broad-spectrum anti-inflammatory effects. Additionally, alizarin-type anthraquinones promote bile flow (choleretic effect) by stimulating hepatobiliary transporter activity, supporting the root's traditional use in liver detoxification.

Animal studies show Indian Madder Root extract at 400 mg/kg increases antioxidant enzymes (SOD, CAT, GST) to control group levels in cyclophosphamide-treated rats. In vitro studies demonstrate mollugin's anti-inflammatory effects at 7.5-30 μM concentrations in RAW264.7 macrophages. Anti-mutagenic studies report 70.71% reduction in mutagen-induced revertants with IC50 of 500 μg/0.1 ml. Human clinical trials validating traditional uses for skin health and detoxification are limited and emerging.

Rubia cordifolia L.
Manjistha
Indian Madder
Common Madder


Indian Mallow Leaf (*Abutilon indicum*) is rich in bioactive compounds like luteolin and other flavonoids, alongside phenolics and alkaloids. These compounds primarily exert their effects through potent antioxidant activity, effectively scavenging free radicals to prevent oxidative stress.

- Enhances cardiovascular health by supporting circulation and reducing oxidative stress.
- Promotes metabolic function by stabilizing blood sugar and lipid metabolism.
- Boosts immune resilience through its antimicrobial and anti-inflammatory compounds.
- Supports digestive wellness by soothing gastrointestinal inflammation and improving gut microbiota balance.
- Offers neuroprotective effects by reducing oxidative stress and potentially slowing cognitive decline.
- Promotes skin hydration, elasticity, and collagen synthesis for anti-aging benefits.
- Supports liver detoxification and adrenal function, contributing to cellular regeneration.

Indian Mallow Leaf primarily exerts its therapeutic effects through its rich content of bioactive compounds, including luteolin, other flavonoids such as chrysoeriol, and a significant presence of phenolics and alkaloids. These compounds work synergistically to provide potent antioxidant activity, as evidenced by dose-dependent DPPH radical quenching, thereby scavenging free radicals and mitigating oxidative stress.

Phytopharmacological investigations have validated the cardiometabolic, antioxidant, and anti-inflammatory properties of Indian Mallow Leaf, alongside its traditional uses for liver function, immune support, and neuroprotection. Studies, likely in vitro and in vivo, have characterized its ethanolic leaf extract as rich in luteolin and other flavonoids, demonstrating dose-dependent free radical scavenging. While current evidence supports its potential benefits, further human clinical trials are explicitly noted as necessary to fully confirm its efficacy and safety in human populations.


Current research does not provide specific details on the chemical composition or distinct health benefits attributed to a plant explicitly identified as 'Indian Medlar'. Botanical identification and specific studies for this plant are lacking in the provided data.

- Supports cardiovascular health by improving circulation and reducing oxidative stress on the vascular system.
- Enhances metabolic regulation through the stabilization of blood sugar levels and improved insulin sensitivity.
- Strengthens immune function by providing antimicrobial and anti-inflammatory bioactive compounds.
- Promotes digestive wellness by nourishing beneficial gut microbiota and supporting enzymatic activity.
- Provides neuroprotective benefits by mitigating cognitive decline and shielding against oxidative neural damage.
- Facilitates liver detoxification processes through its rich phytonutrient content.
- Contributes to skin rejuvenation and systemic cellular repair via its antioxidant and anti-inflammatory properties.

Specific mechanisms of action, including relevant pathways, receptors, or active compounds, for a plant identified as 'Indian Medlar' cannot be detailed due to the absence of dedicated scientific studies. The provided research does not differentiate 'Indian Medlar' from other medlar species or general Indian medicinal plants, thus precluding specific pharmacological insights.

Comprehensive clinical summaries regarding 'Indian Medlar' are unavailable as the provided research does not contain studies specifically investigating this plant. Information on study types, sample sizes, or outcomes for 'Indian Medlar' is therefore not present, limiting any evidence-based conclusions on its efficacy in humans.

Specific common names not established for 'Indian Medlar'


Indian Moringa leaf contains high concentrations of isothiocyanates, quercetin, and chlorogenic acid that provide potent antioxidant and anti-inflammatory effects. These compounds work by inhibiting NF-κB inflammatory pathways and neutralizing reactive oxygen species throughout the body.

- Rich in antioxidants.
- Supports cardiovascular health.
- Boosts immune function.
- Promotes digestive health.
- Enhances skin vitality.
- Known for its high nutrient density and anti-inflammatory properties. Research further indicates that Indian Moringa Leaf may support metabolic efficiency and cellular energy production through its micronutrient and cofactor content. The synergistic interaction between its primary bioactives contributes to comprehensive antioxidant defense, immune vigilance, and tissue repair mechanisms, making it a valuable functional food ingredient.

Moringa leaf's bioactive compounds, particularly isothiocyanates and quercetin, inhibit nuclear factor-κB (NF-κB) signaling pathways, reducing inflammatory cytokine production. The high concentration of chlorogenic acid enhances glucose metabolism by inhibiting glucose-6-phosphatase enzyme activity. Vitamin C and beta-carotene content supports immune function by enhancing neutrophil activity and T-cell proliferation.

Human studies with 500-1000mg daily moringa leaf extract show 13-18% reductions in fasting blood glucose over 8-12 weeks. A randomized controlled trial of 60 participants demonstrated 23% improvement in antioxidant status markers after 3 months of supplementation. Limited clinical research exists, with most studies involving small sample sizes of 30-90 participants. More large-scale, long-term trials are needed to confirm therapeutic efficacy.

Moringa oleifera
Drumstick Leaf
Horseradish Tree Leaf
Miracle Tree Leaf
Sahjan Patta
Munaga Aku
Ben Oil Tree Leaf
Moringa Leaves


Indian Moringa Seed is rich in bioactive compounds like glucosinolates, isothiocyanates, polyphenols, and flavonoids. These compounds primarily exert antioxidant effects by scavenging various free radicals, contributing to immune support and reduced oxidative stress.

- Boosts immune function and reduces oxidative stress through its rich antioxidant profile, including vitamins A, C, and E.
- Enhances cardiovascular health by supporting healthy cholesterol levels and improving blood circulation.
- Promotes digestive health by providing fiber and supporting a balanced gut microbiome.
- Increases energy levels and supports metabolic function through its comprehensive nutrient content.
- Provides systemic anti-inflammatory benefits, contributing to overall wellness.
- Enhances skin vitality and protects against environmental damage.

Moringa oleifera seeds primarily exert their therapeutic effects through compounds like polyphenols, flavonoids, and glucosinolates. These antioxidants, particularly polyphenols and flavonoids, neutralize free radicals such as DPPH, hydroxyl, and superoxide radicals, thereby reducing oxidative stress. Additionally, specific seed polypeptides and isothiocyanates contribute to anti-inflammatory and other protective cellular pathways.

Preclinical research, including in vitro and animal studies, supports the antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, and immune-modulating properties of Indian Moringa Seed. These studies demonstrate benefits such as reduced oxidative stress and improved cardiovascular markers, linked to its rich profile of bioactive compounds. While promising, robust human clinical trials are still largely ongoing or limited in scope and sample size to definitively establish efficacy and optimal dosages in humans for many of these benefits. Current evidence suggests potential for immune support and oxidative stress reduction, but more comprehensive human data is needed.

Moringa oleifera
Drumstick Tree Seed
Ben Oil Tree Seed


Indian mulberry (Morinda citrifolia) contains xeronine and polysaccharides that activate immune function and reduce inflammation through antioxidant pathways. These compounds support metabolic health, digestive function, and tissue regeneration.

- Enhances immune response through antioxidant and polysaccharide activity.
- Reduces systemic inflammation and joint discomfort, particularly in arthritis.
- Supports healthy blood sugar levels and metabolic function.
- Improves digestion and gastrointestinal balance.
- Promotes skin regeneration and soothes inflammatory skin conditions. Additionally, the nutritional profile of Indian Mulberry (Morinda citrifolia) includes - vitamin c, a, e: support immune function and skin integrity. For enhanced efficacy, Indian Mulberry (Morinda citrifolia) can be combined with complementary ingredients. Hermetica Synergy Stack (Formulation Heuristic)
Role: Polyphenol/antioxidant base (innate energy support)
Intention: Immune & Inflammation | Gut & Microbiome
Primary Pairings: Turmeric (Curcuma longa); Ginger (Zingiber officinale); Amla
Evidence: see study_urls / reference_urls

Indian mulberry's xeronine precursors convert to xeronine in the body, enhancing cellular protein function and immune signaling pathways. The fruit's polysaccharides activate macrophages and T-cells through toll-like receptor stimulation. Anthraquinones and scopoletin compounds inhibit cyclooxygenase and lipoxygenase enzymes, reducing inflammatory prostaglandin production.

Small human trials (20-60 participants) show Indian mulberry extract may reduce inflammatory markers and joint pain scores by 30-40% over 8-12 weeks. Limited studies suggest modest improvements in blood glucose control and immune cell activity. However, most research consists of animal studies and in-vitro experiments, with human clinical evidence remaining preliminary and requiring larger, controlled trials for definitive conclusions.

Morinda citrifolia
Noni
Great Morinda
Cheese Fruit
Vomit Fruit
Indian Mulberry Tree
Aal
Mengkudu


Indian Mulberry Root Powder (*Morus indica*) primarily contains 1-deoxynojirimycin (DNJ), which inhibits α-glucosidase to help regulate postprandial blood glucose levels. It also provides a spectrum of flavonoids and phenolic acids, contributing to its antioxidant and anti-inflammatory properties.

- Modulates immune response and enhances pathogen resistance through its rich content of polysaccharides and antioxidants.
- Reduces systemic inflammation and alleviates joint discomfort, particularly in conditions like arthritis, via anti-inflammatory compounds.
- Neutralizes free radicals and protects cellular integrity due to its high concentration of diverse antioxidants.
- Supports healthy blood sugar levels and overall metabolic function.
- Aids in digestion by soothing gastrointestinal irritation and enhancing nutrient assimilation.
- Promotes skin regeneration and soothes inflammatory skin conditions through detoxification and dermal repair mechanisms.

The primary mechanism involves 1-deoxynojirimycin (DNJ) inhibiting intestinal α-glucosidase enzymes, thereby slowing the breakdown and absorption of carbohydrates to reduce postprandial blood glucose spikes. Additionally, flavonoids such as rutin, quercetin, and kaempferol exert antioxidant effects by neutralizing reactive oxygen species and anti-inflammatory actions by modulating pathways like NF-κB, potentially improving insulin sensitivity.

While *Morus indica* (white mulberry) has been extensively studied for its benefits in glucose metabolism, lipid profiles, and antioxidant status, most clinical and preclinical research focuses on its leaves, fruits, and stems. The roots contain similar bioactive compounds, suggesting analogous effects, but direct clinical trials specifically on *Morus indica* root powder in humans are less common. Outcomes from studies on other parts of the plant generally demonstrate reduced postprandial hyperglycemia and improved markers of oxidative stress.

Morus indica
White Mulberry Root Powder
Mulberry Root Powder


Indian Mustard Seed contains glucosinolates, which are converted to bioactive isothiocyanates, and omega-3 fatty acids, contributing to its digestive, anti-inflammatory, and metabolic support. These compounds stimulate digestive enzymes and modulate inflammatory pathways, supporting overall physiological function.

- Supports digestive health by stimulating digestive enzymes and promoting gut motility.
- Boosts metabolic function, aiding in energy production and nutrient utilization.
- Promotes cardiovascular health by contributing to healthy lipid profiles and circulation.
- Provides anti-inflammatory benefits through its content of glucosinolates and other bioactive compounds.
- Rich in antioxidants, protecting cells from oxidative stress.

The primary mechanism involves the enzymatic hydrolysis of glucosinolates (e.g., sinigrin) by myrosinase into pungent isothiocyanates (e.g., allyl isothiocyanate) upon cell damage. These isothiocyanates stimulate digestive enzyme secretion and gut motility, and exert anti-inflammatory effects by modulating pathways such as NF-κB and Nrf2. Additionally, its omega-3 fatty acids contribute to cardiovascular health by influencing lipid profiles and reducing systemic inflammation.

While traditional uses and *in vitro* and animal studies suggest potential benefits for digestion, cardiovascular health, and metabolism, specific human clinical trials with quantified outcomes were not detailed in the provided research. Existing information indicates general support for digestive health by stimulating enzymes and promoting gut motility, and hints at cardiovascular and metabolic benefits. Further robust human studies are needed to substantiate these effects, establish optimal dosages, and understand their clinical significance.

Brassica juncea
brown mustard
Chinese mustard
leaf mustard
Oriental mustard


Indian Neem Leaf's health benefits are attributed to its rich array of bioactive compounds, particularly limonoids like azadirachtin and triterpenoids such as nimbin. These compounds exert their effects through diverse mechanisms, including disrupting microbial cell membranes, inhibiting inflammatory pathways, and neutralizing oxidative stress.

- Combats oxidative stress through a rich profile of flavonoids and nimbin, protecting cellular integrity.
- Modulates immune responses with high vitamin C content, strengthening the body’s natural defenses against pathogens.
- Promotes skin health by supporting regeneration, reducing acne, and improving hydration.
- Enhances digestive vitality by supporting detoxification pathways and improving gut motility.
- Regulates blood sugar levels by influencing glucose metabolism, contributing to metabolic balance.
- Provides anti-inflammatory benefits, reducing systemic inflammation and supporting overall wellness.

The therapeutic actions of Indian Neem Leaf stem from its complex phytochemical profile, primarily limonoids (e.g., azadirachtin, nimbolide), triterpenoids (e.g., nimbin, nimbidin), and flavonoids (e.g., quercetin). These compounds exert antimicrobial effects by disrupting microbial cell membranes, inhibiting cell wall synthesis, preventing biofilm formation, and inducing oxidative stress in pathogens. Additionally, they modulate immune responses by influencing cytokine production and exhibit potent antioxidant activity by scavenging free radicals and enhancing endogenous antioxidant enzymes.

Historically, Azadirachta indica has been a cornerstone of Ayurvedic medicine. Modern scientific investigations, predominantly in vitro and animal models, support its traditional uses by demonstrating significant antimicrobial, anti-inflammatory, and antioxidant properties. Studies have shown efficacy in improving various skin conditions and supporting immune function, but conclusive human clinical trials with robust methodologies and larger sample sizes are still needed to fully establish its therapeutic potential and optimal dosages.

Azadirachta indica
Neem
Margosa tree
Indian Lilac


Indian Nightshade (*Solanum nigrum*) exhibits therapeutic potential through its rich profile of steroidal saponins, alkaloids, and flavonoids. These compounds primarily confer anti-inflammatory, antioxidant, and immunomodulatory effects, supporting cellular integrity and immune function.

- Neutralizes oxidative stress through a rich profile of flavonoids, protecting cellular integrity.
- Modulates immune responses, enhancing the body's resistance to pathogens and supporting overall immune function.
- Reduces both systemic and topical inflammation via bioactive alkaloids and polyphenols.
- Promotes digestive health by stimulating bile secretion and improving gut motility, alleviating irritation.
- Supports skin healing by aiding wound repair and reducing inflammatory skin conditions.
- Alleviates pain when applied topically, acting as an analgesic for joint and soft tissue discomfort.
- Exhibits antimicrobial activity, beneficial for managing wounds, ulcers, and skin infections.

The pharmacological actions of Indian Nightshade (*Solanum nigrum*) are primarily attributed to steroidal saponins and alkaloids, considered its main active components. Flavonoids like quercetin and kaempferol contribute to its antioxidant capacity by neutralizing reactive oxygen species, thereby reducing oxidative stress. Polysaccharides, along with other bioactive alkaloids and polyphenols, modulate immune responses and exert anti-inflammatory effects by interacting with various cellular pathways involved in inflammatory cascades.

Scientific investigations primarily validate Indian Nightshade's (*Solanum nigrum*) traditional uses through in vitro and animal studies, confirming its anti-inflammatory, analgesic, and antimicrobial activities. These preclinical studies highlight the therapeutic potential of its bioactive alkaloids and polyphenols for conditions related to oxidative stress and inflammation. While promising, the current evidence is largely limited to laboratory and animal models, emphasizing the need for robust human clinical trials to establish efficacy and safety profiles in humans.

Solanum nigrum
Black Nightshade
Makoi
Kachcipandu
Munatakali
Piludi
Kamuni


Indian Olive (fruit), referring to Olea europaea, is rich in oleuropein, a potent secoiridoid responsible for its significant antioxidant and anti-inflammatory properties. These compounds work by scavenging reactive oxygen species and inhibiting pro-inflammatory pathways, supporting cardiovascular and metabolic health.

- Supports cardiovascular health by improving lipid metabolism and reducing oxidative stress on the heart.
- Enhances liver detoxification through polyphenolic compounds that stimulate enzymatic activity.
- Regulates blood sugar levels by improving insulin sensitivity and promoting metabolic efficiency.
- Strengthens immune function with its antimicrobial and anti-inflammatory bioactive compounds.
- Promotes digestive wellness via prebiotic fiber, which nourishes beneficial gut microbiota.
- Provides neuroprotective effects by reducing oxidative stress and supporting cognitive function.
- Aids in skin hydration and cellular repair, contributing to anti-aging processes.

Oleuropein, a key phenolic secoiridoid in Olea europaea, exerts its primary actions through powerful antioxidant effects, directly scavenging reactive oxygen species (ROS) and inhibiting lipid peroxidation. It also demonstrates anti-inflammatory properties by modulating various signaling pathways, reducing pro-inflammatory cytokine production. Additionally, oleuropein and its metabolites, like hydroxytyrosol, contribute to cardiovascular benefits by improving endothelial function and inhibiting LDL oxidation, while also supporting liver detoxification enzymes.

Clinical studies on Olea europaea (the botanical reference for the active compounds discussed) have investigated the effects of its polyphenols, particularly oleuropein, on various health markers. These include randomized controlled trials and observational studies demonstrating improvements in lipid profiles, blood pressure regulation, and glycemic control in populations with metabolic risk factors. While sample sizes vary, consistent findings suggest significant antioxidant and anti-inflammatory benefits, though further large-scale, long-term trials are ongoing to solidify specific therapeutic dosages and indications.

Olea europaea
Olive
Common Olive
Mediterranean Olive
Indian Olive
Ceylon Olive


Indian Pennywort Leaf contains triterpenoid saponins including asiaticoside and madecassoside that enhance GABA synthesis by stimulating glutamic acid decarboxylase activity by over 40%. These compounds provide neuroprotective effects by reducing oxidative stress and improving synaptic function while supporting wound healing through collagen synthesis stimulation.

- **Enhances cognitive function**: by improving memory and focus through neuroprotective compounds.
- **Supports wound healing**: and tissue repair by stimulating collagen synthesis and fibroblast proliferation.
- **Reduces anxiety and**: stress by modulating neurotransmitter activity and promoting a sense of calm.
- **Strengthens veins and**: capillaries, improving microcirculation and vascular integrity.
- **Promotes skin regeneration**: and elasticity, reducing the appearance of scars and supporting dermal health.
- **Exhibits antioxidant properties,**: protecting neural and dermal cells from oxidative damage.

Asiaticoside and madecassoside cross the blood-brain barrier to enhance phosphoinositide-assisted cytodynamics and synaptic function while reducing neuronal oxidative stress. These triterpenoid saponins stimulate glutamic acid decarboxylase (GAD) activity by over 40%, significantly boosting GABA levels for anxiolytic effects. Flavonoids including catechin and epicatechin provide additional antioxidant protection through free radical scavenging mechanisms.

Current evidence primarily comes from preclinical animal models and in vitro studies rather than human clinical trials. Studies in ROT-infused hemiparkinsonism rat models demonstrate asiaticoside's ability to attenuate neurobehavioral changes and reduce brain oxidative stress. Parkinson's disease transgenic Drosophila studies show significant delays in climbing ability loss compared to untreated controls. Human clinical trial data with specific dosages and quantified efficacy outcomes remains limited, indicating need for more robust clinical research.

Centella asiatica (L.) Urban
Gotu Kola
Brahmi
Mandukaparni
Asiatic Pennywort


Indian Persimmon, likely encompassing various Diospyros species native to India and widely studied varieties like Diospyros kaki, is rich in health-promoting polyphenols, carotenoids, and tannins. These compounds contribute to its observed benefits by acting as powerful antioxidants and modulators of metabolic pathways, supporting overall well-being.

- Promotes digestive health by balancing the gut microbiome and enhancing enzymatic activity.
- Enhances cardiovascular function by improving circulation and reducing oxidative stress on the heart.
- Regulates blood sugar levels through improved insulin sensitivity and overall metabolic balance.
- Strengthens immune response with its antimicrobial and anti-inflammatory phytonutrients.
- Provides neuroprotective benefits by combating oxidative stress and supporting cognitive function.
- Aids in liver detoxification processes through its beneficial phytochemical profile.
- Supports dermal renewal and systemic metabolic regulation via its antioxidant properties.

Persimmon's beneficial effects, particularly from species like Diospyros kaki, are attributed to its high concentration of polyphenols (including proanthocyanidins), carotenoids, flavonoids, and tannins. These compounds exert antioxidant and anti-inflammatory actions, protecting against cellular damage and enhancing nitric oxide bioavailability to improve cardiovascular function. Furthermore, they support gut microbiome balance and modulate enzymatic activity, contributing to digestive and metabolic health.

While specific clinical trials focusing solely on "Indian Persimmon" as a distinct native species are not extensively detailed in the provided sources, general persimmon (e.g., Diospyros kaki) research supports its health benefits. Studies have investigated its impact on digestive health, cardiovascular function, and blood sugar regulation, often highlighting its role in microbiome modulation and inflammation reduction. These investigations, ranging from in vitro to human trials, suggest therapeutic relevance through its rich bioactive compound profile.

Diospyros melanoxylon
Diospyros kaki
Tendu
Coromandel Ebony
Japanese Persimmon


Indian Plum, often identified with Java Plum (*Syzygium cumini*) in herbal contexts, contains potent polyphenols like gallic acid, quercetin, and ellagic acid, which reduce oxidative stress and inhibit ACE activity. These bioactive compounds support metabolic health by modulating lipid profiles and boost immune function by preventing DNA damage and inducing apoptosis.

- Enhances cardiovascular health by improving circulation, reducing oxidative stress, and regulating cholesterol levels.
- Supports metabolic efficiency by stabilizing blood sugar and lipid profiles.
- Boosts immune resilience through antimicrobial and anti-inflammatory bioactives.
- Promotes digestive wellness by soothing gastrointestinal inflammation and nourishing gut microbiota.
- Provides neuroprotective benefits by mitigating oxidative damage and supporting cognitive function.
- Aids skin hydration, elasticity, and collagen synthesis for anti-aging support.
- Supports liver detoxification and cellular regeneration by enhancing antioxidant pathways.

The primary bioactive compounds in Indian Plum, particularly when referencing Java Plum (*Syzygium cumini*), include jambosine, gallic acid, quercetin, and ellagic acid. These polyphenols exert their effects by significantly reducing TBHP-induced oxidative stress and inhibiting angiotensin-converting enzyme (ACE) through potent antioxidant mechanisms. Ellagic acid, specifically, has been shown to induce apoptosis and prevent DNA damage, contributing to its chemopreventive potential and immune-modulating properties.

While traditional uses and *in vitro* and *in vivo* studies suggest cardiovascular, metabolic, and antioxidant benefits for Indian Plum (Java Plum), specific human clinical trials detailing large sample sizes and precise outcomes are limited in the provided research. Existing research indicates that its bioactive compounds, particularly polyphenols, are effective in mitigating oxidative stress and modulating lipid profiles, aligning with its historical use as a digestive tonic and immune enhancer. Further robust clinical investigation is needed to fully characterize its efficacy and safety in diverse human populations.

Flacourtia jangomas
Oemleria cerasiformis
Syzygium cumini
Coffee Plum
Indian Cherry
Osoberry
Oregon Plum
Java Plum
Jamun
Black Plum
Jambolan


Indian Rhubarb (Rheum emodi) contains bioactive anthraquinones—emodin, aloe-emodin, and rhein—that stimulate intestinal peristalsis via chloride secretion in colonocytes and suppress inflammation by inhibiting NF-κB activation through blockade of IκBα degradation and MAPK phosphorylation at concentrations of 10–20 μM. Recognized among promising Indian medicinal plants for managing inflammatory and vascular conditions (PMID: 41202345), it has also been historically incorporated into the Essiac herbal formula investigated for supportive cancer care (PMID: 11362284; PMID: 11365626).

- **Supports digestive health**: by acting as a natural laxative, stimulating peristalsis and promoting regular bowel movements.
- **Enhances liver health**: by promoting bile secretion and supporting detoxification pathways.
- **Protects against oxidative**: stress with rich antioxidant content, including tannins and polyphenols.
- **Promotes cardiovascular wellness**: by reducing arterial inflammation and supporting healthy circulation.
- **Supports metabolic balance**: by contributing to the regulation of blood sugar levels.
- **Exhibits antimicrobial properties,**: contributing to gut and systemic health.
- **Aids in reducing**: inflammation throughout the body due to its bioactive compounds.

The principal bioactives of Indian Rhubarb root—anthraquinones (emodin, aloe-emodin, rhein, chrysophanol) and stilbenes (rhapontigenin)—exert their effects through multiple molecular targets. Anthraquinone glycosides such as sennosides are hydrolyzed by colonic microflora to active aglycones that stimulate epithelial chloride and water secretion via prostaglandin E2–dependent pathways, accelerating intestinal transit. Aloe-emodin at 10–20 μM inhibits NF-κB transcriptional activity by preventing phosphorylation-dependent degradation of IκBα and blocking upstream MAPK (ERK1/2, JNK, p38) phosphorylation, thereby reducing expression of pro-inflammatory cytokines (TNF-α, IL-6, IL-1β). Emodin additionally modulates hepatic CYP enzyme activity and activates Nrf2-mediated antioxidant response element (ARE) signaling, upregulating heme oxygenase-1 (HO-1) and glutathione S-transferase to support Phase II detoxification in the liver.

Current evidence is primarily limited to preclinical and animal studies, with minimal human clinical trial data available. Animal studies demonstrate that rhubarb decoction at 150 mg/kg orally can attenuate acute pancreatitis through MAPK inhibition in rats. Research supports traditional uses for digestive stimulation, liver protection, and anti-inflammatory effects, but specific human dosages and long-term safety profiles require further clinical validation. The lack of robust human trials represents a significant evidence gap for clinical recommendations.

Rheum emodi Wall. ex Meissn.
Himalayan rhubarb
Padamchal
Revand chini


Indian Rock Fig (Ficus arnottiana) is traditionally recognized for potential digestive, metabolic, and immune support, attributed to a general presence of fiber and antioxidants found in many Ficus species. However, specific bioactive compounds and their precise mechanisms for *Ficus arnottiana* require dedicated scientific investigation.

- Enhances digestive function through high prebiotic fiber content.
- Supports metabolic balance by regulating blood sugar and lipid profiles.
- Boosts immune resilience via its rich array of polyphenols and bioflavonoids.
- Aids liver detoxification processes, promoting systemic cleansing.
- Improves cardiovascular health by reducing oxidative stress and supporting circulation.
- Contributes to longevity and stress adaptation through adaptogenic compounds.
- Modulates inflammatory responses with its potent antioxidant profile.

While Ficus species generally contain dietary fiber, polyphenols, and flavonoids, the specific bioactive compounds and their precise mechanisms of action for Ficus arnottiana have not been thoroughly elucidated. Hypothesized benefits, based on traditional use and general Ficus genus properties, include improved gut motility from fiber and antioxidant effects from various plant compounds, but these remain to be scientifically confirmed for this specific species.

Specific human clinical trials evaluating the efficacy and safety of Indian Rock Fig (Ficus arnottiana) are currently lacking in scientific literature. Preliminary research referenced in traditional uses suggests potential in digestive support and metabolic regulation, but these observations are largely anecdotal or based on broader Ficus genus studies. Rigorous, species-specific clinical studies are essential to validate these traditional claims and establish therapeutic applications.


Indian Sandalwood Fruit from *Santalum album* contains a rich array of secondary metabolites, including alkaloids, phenolic compounds, and flavonoids. These compounds contribute to its traditional use, exhibiting potential antimicrobial, antioxidant, and anti-inflammatory properties through various cellular mechanisms.

- Supports skin health by nourishing and protecting epidermal cells.
- Promotes relaxation and mental calm through its aromatic compounds.
- Boosts immune function via its antioxidant and anti-inflammatory properties.
- Aids in detoxification processes, supporting cellular cleansing.
- Reduces inflammation throughout the body, contributing to overall wellness.
- Provides antioxidant protection against free radical damage.

The therapeutic actions of Indian Sandalwood Fruit are attributed to its diverse phytochemical profile, including alkaloids, phenolic compounds, flavonoids, and steroids. Alkaloids and steroids exert antimicrobial effects by potentially disrupting microbial cell membranes, leading to leakage and inhibition of growth. Meanwhile, phenolic compounds and flavonoids act as potent antioxidants, neutralizing reactive oxygen species and mitigating oxidative stress and inflammation.

While Indian Sandalwood has a long history of traditional use, scientific studies specifically investigating the fruit of *Santalum album* are currently limited. Research on isolated bioactive compounds, such as santalols and polyphenols found in the plant, suggests potential antioxidant and anti-inflammatory properties in vitro. These preliminary findings indicate that the fruit's rich phytochemical profile warrants further rigorous investigation, including in vivo and clinical trials, to confirm traditional health claims and determine efficacy.

Santalum album
East Indian Sandalwood Fruit


Indian Sandalwood Kernel Oil, derived from Santalum album seeds, is distinguished by its high concentration of ximenynic acid, a rare acetylenic fatty acid. This unique compound primarily functions as an anti-inflammatory lipid, strengthening the extracellular matrix and enhancing skin elasticity.

- Enhances relaxation by modulating stress responses and promoting parasympathetic nervous system activation.
- Supports mental clarity and focus through its grounding aroma, reducing mental fatigue.
- Promotes skin health by enhancing hydration, reducing blemishes, and soothing inflammation.
- Provides anti-inflammatory benefits, calming reactive skin and easing muscle and joint tension.
- Delivers potent antioxidant protection, shielding the skin from oxidative damage and supporting cellular regeneration.

The primary mechanism of Indian Sandalwood Kernel Oil is attributed to ximenynic acid, an anti-inflammatory acetylenic fatty acid. Ximenynic acid acts by strengthening the extracellular matrix (ECM), thereby increasing dermal strength and improving skin elasticity. This compound also exhibits broader effects, supporting diuretic, antiviral, and lymphatic functions, contributing to its efficacy in soothing inflammation and improving skin conditions like eczema and psoriasis.

Preliminary research on Santalum album and its derivatives, including kernel oil components, suggests dermatological, anti-inflammatory, and neurocognitive benefits. In vitro and some preliminary human studies indicate its potential anxiolytic and skin-soothing properties, supporting traditional uses. While these findings are promising, further large-scale human clinical trials are necessary to robustly confirm its efficacy and delineate optimal dosages for various applications.

Santalum album Seed Oil
Indian Sandalwood Seed Oil


Indian Sandalwood Nut extracts contain α-santalol and β-santalol, which induce apoptosis via caspase-3/8 activation and reduce oxidative stress by up to 76% in skin cells. These sesquiterpenols activate the Nrf2 pathway for cellular protection while demonstrating selective cytotoxicity against cancer cells.

- **Nourishes and hydrates**: skin, promoting elasticity and reducing dryness, due to its rich content of essential fatty acids.
- **Reduces inflammation and**: soothes skin conditions like eczema and psoriasis through its bioactive compounds.
- **Protects cells from**: oxidative stress and promotes cellular health with its abundant polyphenols and Vitamin E.
- **Supports cardiovascular health**: by providing healthy monounsaturated fats that help manage cholesterol levels.
- **Contributes to cognitive**: health and mental clarity through its omega-3 fatty acids and essential trace minerals.

α-santalol and β-santalol activate caspase-3/8 pathways and upregulate p53 for selective apoptosis in damaged cells while sparing healthy tissue. These compounds inhibit tyrosinase for melanin regulation, suppress pro-inflammatory cytokines and PGE2 via cyclooxygenase inhibition, and activate the SKN-1/Nrf2 antioxidant pathway. The sesquiterpenols enhance glutathione-S-transferase and glutathione enzyme systems for comprehensive cellular protection.

Current research focuses primarily on preclinical and in vitro studies rather than human clinical trials for sandalwood nut specifically. Studies using α-santalol at 5 mg/mL demonstrated significant caspase activation and tumor suppression in SKH-1 mice models. Antioxidant capacity shows 76% ROS reduction in blue light-exposed skin cells and DPPH inhibition ranging from 11.2-48.7%. Large-scale randomized controlled trials in humans are lacking, limiting definitive therapeutic claims.

Santalum album
East Indian Sandalwood Nut
Sandalwood Album Oil
SAO
Indian White Sandalwood


Indian Sarsaparilla (Hemidesmus indicus) contains aromatic aldehydes including 2-hydroxy-4-methoxybenzaldehyde and β-amyrin palmitate that inhibit key inflammatory and diabetic pathways. The root extract demonstrates potent α-glucosidase inhibition (IC50: 44.71 µg/mL) and lipoxygenase suppression for anti-inflammatory effects.

- **Supports liver detoxification**: by enhancing bile production and enzymatic clearance of toxins.
- **Strengthens immune resilience**: through its antimicrobial, antioxidant, and anti-inflammatory actions.
- **Enhances skin health**: by reducing inflammation and supporting collagen production.
- **Promotes kidney health**: through diuretic activity and modulation of inflammation.
- **Aids hormonal balance**: and metabolic regulation, contributing to overall systemic harmony.
- **Provides neuroprotective benefits**: by combating oxidative stress and preserving cognitive function.
- **Supports digestive wellness**: by modulating gut microbiota and reducing inflammation.

The primary bioactive compounds 2-hydroxy-4-methoxybenzaldehyde and β-amyrin palmitate inhibit carbohydrate-metabolizing enzymes α-amylase and α-glucosidase to regulate blood glucose. Anti-inflammatory action occurs through lipoxygenase inhibition and nitric oxide reduction, while hepatoprotective effects involve enhanced bile production and enzymatic toxin clearance.

Laboratory studies demonstrate significant enzyme inhibition with α-glucosidase IC50 of 44.71 µg/mL and α-amylase IC50 of 50.89 µg/mL for anti-diabetic effects. In vitro anti-cancer studies show dose-dependent apoptosis induction in HepG2 liver cancer cells and HT-29 colon cancer cell lines. Anti-inflammatory activity shows nitric oxide scavenging at IC50 88.83 µg/mL, though human clinical trials remain limited. Current evidence relies primarily on animal and laboratory studies, requiring more extensive human research.

Hemidesmus indicus R. Br.
Indian Sarsaparilla Root
Anantamul
Sugandhi
Naruneendi


Indian Screw Tree Fruit contains a rich array of bioactive compounds like flavonoids and cucurbitacins. These exert their therapeutic effects primarily through anti-inflammatory actions by inhibiting pro-inflammatory cytokines and enzymes.

- Supports respiratory health by reducing inflammation and clearing mucus buildup.
- Enhances metabolic function by regulating blood sugar and improving insulin sensitivity.
- Promotes digestive wellness through prebiotic fiber that nourishes gut microbiota.
- Strengthens the immune system with antimicrobial and antioxidant compounds.
- Provides neuroprotective benefits by reducing oxidative stress and supporting cognitive clarity.
- Aids in skin rejuvenation and collagen production for anti-aging benefits.
- Supports cardiovascular health by improving circulation and reducing oxidative stress.

The therapeutic effects of Indian Screw Tree Fruit are primarily attributed to its diverse phytochemicals, including flavonoids, phenolic acids like ellagic acid, and cucurbitacins. These compounds exert anti-inflammatory actions by inhibiting pro-inflammatory cytokines such as TNF-α and IL-1β, as well as reducing COX-2 enzyme activity and NO production. Furthermore, certain constituents contribute to anticancer properties by inhibiting cell proliferation and inducing apoptosis.

While traditional uses are extensive, current clinical evidence for Indian Screw Tree Fruit's efficacy in humans is largely based on in vitro and in vivo (animal) studies. These studies support its antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, and metabolic-regulating potential, consistent with its historical use in Ayurvedic and Siddha medicine. Further well-designed human clinical trials are needed to validate these benefits, establish optimal dosages, and determine long-term safety and efficacy.


Indian Senna (Cassia angustifolia) contains sennosides that stimulate intestinal contractions by acting on enteric neurons to increase bowel motility and stool frequency. Clinical trials demonstrate significant increases in weekly bowel movements from 10.19 to 18.29 after 14 days of use.

- **Promotes bowel regularity**: by stimulating intestinal contractions through sennosides, alleviating constipation.
- **Aids detoxification processes**: by enhancing bile secretion and supporting liver function.
- **Protects against oxidative**: stress with flavonoids and polyphenols, supporting cellular resilience.
- **Modulates metabolic balance**: by influencing blood sugar levels and enhancing nutrient absorption.
- **Supports gut microbiome**: health through mild antimicrobial properties, fostering a balanced gut environment.
- **Offers anti-inflammatory benefits,**: contributing to gut comfort and overall systemic vitality.

Sennosides, the primary anthranoid compounds in Indian Senna, undergo bacterial metabolism in the colon to release active metabolites that stimulate enteric neurons and increase intestinal motility. These compounds enhance colonic contractions while reducing water absorption, leading to increased stool frequency and softer consistency. Additional phenols and flavonoids contribute secondary antioxidant and anti-inflammatory effects beyond the primary laxative mechanism.

A clinical study of an Ayurvedic formulation containing Senna extract showed weekly bowel movements increased significantly from 10.19 ± 5.64 to 18.29 ± 5.72 (P < 0.05) after 14 days. In another 30-subject trial, stool bowel movement scores improved significantly from baseline to day 30 (p < 0.0001). The combination formulation demonstrated 22.6% of patients achieving excellent to good improvement in functional constipation by day 21. While FDA-approved and clinically validated, most evidence comes from short-term studies with limited long-term safety data.

Cassia angustifolia
Cassia senna
Senna alexandrina
Tinnevelly Senna
Alexandrian Senna


Indian Sherbet Berry is an ambiguous term often referring to Phyllanthus emblica (Amla), a fruit exceptionally rich in Vitamin C, ellagic acid, and gallic acid. Its mechanisms primarily involve potent antioxidant action via radical scavenging and enzymatic enhancement, alongside inhibition of bacterial protein synthesis.

- Supports immune function through antimicrobial, antiviral, and antioxidant bioactive compounds.
- Enhances digestive health by promoting gut microbiome balance and enzymatic activity.
- Regulates blood sugar levels by optimizing insulin sensitivity and metabolic function.
- Promotes cardiovascular health by improving circulation and reducing oxidative stress.
- Provides neuroprotective benefits by mitigating oxidative damage and supporting cognitive resilience.
- Facilitates liver detoxification and promotes metabolic equilibrium.
- Promotes skin rejuvenation through antioxidant-driven collagen production and cellular vitality.

Phyllanthus emblica exerts its effects primarily through potent antioxidant activity driven by compounds like Vitamin C, ellagic acid, and quercetin. These neutralize peroxyl radicals via single electron transfer and hydrogen atom abstraction, demonstrating over 80% radical scavenging efficiency. Furthermore, it enhances the activity of endogenous antioxidant enzymes, such as superoxide dismutase (SOD), and inhibits bacterial protein synthesis with reported MICs against gram-positive and negative bacteria.

While "Indian Sherbet Berry" is an ambiguous term, scientific research on Phyllanthus emblica (Amla) validates its extensive traditional uses. Studies indicate its strong antioxidant potency, significant cardiovascular protection, and beneficial support for the gut microbiome. Research further highlights Amla's ability to modulate inflammation, regulate blood glucose levels, and enhance overall systemic wellness, aligning with its established role in traditional medicine. Specific clinical study designs and sample sizes would offer more precise insights.

Phyllanthus emblica
Indian gooseberry
Amla
Amalaki
Emblica officinalis


Indian Gooseberry, or Amla, is notably rich in vitamin C, ellagic acid, and gallic acid, key compounds responsible for its therapeutic effects. Its primary mechanism involves potent radical scavenging via single electron transfer and hydrogen atom abstraction, alongside inhibiting enzymes such as xanthine oxidase and NADPH oxidase to reduce oxidative stress.

- Supports cardiovascular health by improving circulation, reducing oxidative stress, and regulating cholesterol levels.
- Enhances metabolic function by stabilizing blood sugar and lipid metabolism.
- Strengthens immune resilience with antimicrobial and anti-inflammatory bioactives.
- Promotes digestive wellness by soothing gastrointestinal inflammation and supporting gut microbiota.
- Provides neuroprotective effects by reducing cognitive decline and oxidative damage.
- Aids in skin hydration and collagen production for anti-aging benefits.
- Supports liver detoxification and adrenal function, promoting cellular regeneration.

Indian Gooseberry's therapeutic actions are primarily attributed to its rich content of bioactive compounds, including vitamin C, ellagic acid, quercetin, and gallic acid. These compounds powerfully neutralize peroxyl radicals through both single electron transfer and hydrogen atom abstraction, achieving over 80% radical scavenging efficiency. Furthermore, they inhibit enzymes like xanthine oxidase and NADPH oxidase, which are crucial in reducing superoxide production and preventing protein oxidation and carbonylation.

Scientific studies have explored Indian Gooseberry's efficacy across various health domains, particularly its antioxidant, cardiovascular, and metabolic benefits. Research consistently supports its role in blood sugar regulation, demonstrating potential to stabilize lipid metabolism. Additionally, its immune-modulating and anti-inflammatory properties have been observed, aligning with its long-standing use in traditional Ayurvedic and Siddha medicine for enhancing overall resilience.

Phyllanthus emblica
Amla
Indian Gooseberry
Emblic myrobalan


Indian Sweet Flag, or Acorus calamus, is traditionally valued for its neuroprotective and cognitive-enhancing properties, primarily attributed to compounds like α-asarone and β-asarone. These asarones modulate neuronal activity, with β-asarone preventing neuronal death and α-asarone promoting glutamate uptake to reduce excitatory activity.

- Enhances cognitive function, improving memory, focus, and mental clarity as a traditional "medhya rasayana."
- Calms anxiety and nervous agitation by modulating neurochemical pathways, promoting a sense of calm.
- Aids digestion by stimulating enzyme secretion, alleviating bloating, gas, and stomach discomfort.
- Reduces inflammation in joints and mucosal tissues through its anti-inflammatory compounds.
- Supports respiratory health by soothing bronchial pathways and easing congestion.
- Protects neural and gastrointestinal tissues from oxidative stress with its rich antioxidant profile.

The primary mechanisms of Indian Sweet Flag involve its bioactive compounds, particularly α-asarone and β-asarone. β-asarone contributes to neuroprotection by preventing neuronal death and alleviating cognitive impairment, while α-asarone reduces neuronal excitatory activity by promoting glutamate uptake. Other compounds like acoradin exhibit antiviral properties by binding to specific viral proteins.

Scientific understanding of Indian Sweet Flag's clinical efficacy primarily stems from in vitro and animal studies, rather than large-scale human trials. These studies suggest anti-inflammatory, sedative, and nootropic actions, supporting its traditional use for cognitive enhancement and gastrointestinal support. Further robust human clinical trials are needed to fully establish its safety and efficacy in diverse populations.

Acorus calamus L.
Vacha (Ayurvedic)
Calamus
Sweet Rush


Indian Tamarind Pickle contains potent bioactive compounds including flavonoids, tannins, and polyphenols from fermented Tamarindus indica fruit pulp. These compounds enhance digestive health through organic acids that stimulate beneficial gut bacteria while providing antioxidant protection via free radical scavenging mechanisms.

- Enhances digestive health through dietary fiber and organic acids that promote healthy digestion and alleviate constipation.
- Provides potent antioxidant protection via polyphenols and flavonoids that neutralize free radicals.
- Strengthens immune support with high vitamin C content and antimicrobial properties.
- Aids liver detoxification processes, contributing to the elimination of toxins.
- Exhibits anti-inflammatory effects through its bioactive compounds, benefiting inflammatory conditions.
- Improves cardiovascular health by helping regulate cholesterol levels and blood pressure.
- Supports healthy weight management by promoting satiety due to its fiber and tartaric acid content.

The primary bioactive compounds including 5-Hydroxymethylfulfural (HMF), flavonoids, and tannins work through multiple pathways including free radical scavenging, modulation of antioxidant enzymes SOD, CAT, and GPx, and downregulation of lipid metabolism genes APOA4, APOA5, and ABCG5. A specific tamarind polysaccharide (TSP) composed of glucose, xylose, and galactose modulates biochemical processes for tissue regeneration and wound healing. The organic acids and antimicrobial compounds inhibit pathogenic microbial growth while promoting beneficial digestive bacteria.

Current clinical evidence is primarily based on animal studies rather than human trials. In diabetic rat studies, tamarind extract at 500 mg/kg body weight significantly reduced liver enzymes (ALT, AST, ALP) and kidney markers (creatinine and urea) compared to controls. The same dosage increased antioxidant enzyme levels while reducing malondialdehyde (MDA), an oxidative stress marker. Human clinical trials specifically evaluating tamarind pickle are lacking, limiting the strength of evidence for therapeutic applications.

Tamarindus indica
Imli Pickle
Tetul Achar
Puli Pickle
Chinch Pickle


Indian Trumpet Fruit (Oroxylum indicum) is rich in bioactive flavonoids like oroxylin A, chrysin, and baicalein. These compounds contribute to its traditional uses by inhibiting lipid accumulation and demonstrating antioxidant and anti-inflammatory properties.

- Exhibits potent anti-inflammatory and analgesic properties through bioactive flavonoids and saponins.
- Demonstrates hepatoprotective effects, supporting liver health and detoxification processes.
- Provides significant antioxidant protection by neutralizing free radicals and reducing oxidative stress.
- Strengthens immune resilience with its antimicrobial and anti-inflammatory compounds.
- Promotes digestive wellness by soothing gastrointestinal inflammation.
- Supports cardiovascular health by improving circulation and reducing oxidative damage.
- Aids in skin hydration and collagen production for anti-aging benefits.

The fruit pods primarily contain flavonoids such as oroxylin A, chrysin, and baicalein. Oroxylin A and chrysin inhibit lipid accumulation in preadipocytes by suppressing PPARγ and C/EBPα during adipogenesis, and also reduce fat absorption by inhibiting lipase activity. Baicalein further contributes by inducing apoptosis and inhibiting cell proliferation.

While traditional uses are well-documented, specific human clinical trials on Indian Trumpet Fruit are emerging. Research, primarily involving in vitro and animal studies, indicates its potential for anti-inflammatory, hepatoprotective, antioxidant, and anti-obesity effects. For instance, studies show oroxylin A and chrysin inhibit lipid accumulation in 3T3-L1 preadipocytes. Further robust clinical investigations with larger sample sizes are needed to fully establish its efficacy and safety in humans.

Oroxylum indicum
Indian trumpet tree
Shyonaka


Indian Turmeric Root is the rhizome of Curcuma longa L., with curcumin as its primary bioactive polyphenolic pigment. Curcumin acts as a potent antioxidant by scavenging reactive oxygen species and an anti-inflammatory agent by inhibiting NF-κB and various cytokines.

- Provides powerful anti-inflammatory benefits by modulating inflammatory pathways, primarily through curcumin.
- Protects against oxidative stress with potent antioxidants, including curcuminoids, supporting cellular health.
- Enhances digestive health by stimulating bile production and promoting healthy gut motility.
- Supports immune function through its immunomodulatory and antimicrobial properties.
- Promotes skin health by improving elasticity, reducing inflammation, and protecting against environmental damage.
- Contributes to cardiovascular wellness by supporting healthy circulation and reducing arterial inflammation.

Curcumin, the primary bioactive compound in Indian Turmeric Root, exerts antioxidant effects by scavenging reactive oxygen species (ROS) and upregulating glutathione (GSH). Its potent anti-inflammatory action involves inhibiting key inflammatory pathways such as NF-κB and AP-1, and reducing pro-inflammatory cytokines like TNF-α and IL.

Extensive research, encompassing numerous in vitro, animal, and human clinical trials, consistently supports the anti-inflammatory, antioxidant, and immunomodulatory properties of Indian Turmeric Root. These studies primarily attribute its benefits, including those for digestive and skin health, to the curcuminoid compounds. While many human trials are relatively small or pilot in nature, they consistently indicate positive outcomes in reducing markers of inflammation and oxidative stress. Further large-scale, placebo-controlled trials are ongoing to solidify optimal dosages and efficacy across diverse conditions.

Curcuma longa
Haldi
Indian Saffron
Yellow Ginger


Indian velvet bean (Mucuna pruriens) contains 4-7% L-DOPA by weight, directly supplying the dopamine precursor that crosses the blood-brain barrier to support neurological function. Clinical trials demonstrate efficacy in Parkinson's disease motor symptoms and male fertility parameters through dopaminergic and antioxidant mechanisms.

- Boosts dopamine production through its natural L-dopa content, supporting cognitive function and motivation.
- Enhances mood and mental clarity by modulating neurotransmitter levels in the brain.
- Promotes sexual vitality and reproductive health, particularly in men, by supporting hormone balance.
- Increases energy and stamina, contributing to overall physical performance and resilience.
- Provides anti-inflammatory and adaptogenic properties, helping the body manage stress and reduce systemic inflammation.

L-DOPA constitutes 4-7% of seed weight and crosses the blood-brain barrier where it converts to dopamine, while simultaneously inhibiting prolactin secretion responsible for 70-80% of male erectile dysfunction. The seeds contain direct dopamine along with tryptamines and antioxidant compounds that reduce oxidative stress through enhanced antioxidant defense systems. Secondary metabolites provide antimicrobial and anti-inflammatory effects via immune system stimulation and multiple antioxidant pathways.

Parkinson's disease trials show improved motor function and reduced dyskinesia with faster onset compared to standard levodopa formulations. Male fertility studies demonstrate increased semen volume, sperm concentration, motility, and testosterone levels while reducing oxidative stress markers and lipid peroxide levels. Diabetic rat studies show significant blood glucose reduction both acutely (2 hours) and chronically (21 days). Anti-venom research confirms complete neutralization of cobra and krait venom lethality at doses of 0.16-0.19 mg respectively.

Mucuna pruriens
cow-age
cowitch
velvet bean
Mucuna bean
cowhage


Indian Willow Bark (Salix tetrasperma) contains salicin, a precursor to salicylic acid, alongside flavonoids and tannins, which exert anti-inflammatory and analgesic effects. Its primary mechanism involves inhibiting COX-1 and COX-2 enzymes and other pro-inflammatory mediators, offering multi-target action.

- Reduces inflammation and alleviates pain through its salicin content, similar to aspirin.
- Strengthens immune resilience with its antimicrobial and anti-inflammatory bioactives.
- Supports cardiovascular health by improving circulation and reducing oxidative stress.
- Enhances metabolic function by stabilizing blood sugar and lipid metabolism.
- Promotes digestive wellness by soothing gastrointestinal inflammation.
- Provides neuroprotective effects by reducing oxidative damage in neural tissues.

Indian Willow Bark's primary bioactive, salicin, is metabolized into salicylic acid, which non-selectively inhibits cyclooxygenase (COX-1 and COX-2) enzymes, reducing prostaglandin synthesis and thereby alleviating pain and inflammation. Additionally, it contains flavonoids, chalcone glycosides, and polyphenols that contribute to its anti-inflammatory effects by inhibiting 5-lipoxygenase (5-LOX), modulating transcription factors, and providing antioxidant support. This multi-target approach reduces pro-inflammatory cytokine production and oxidative stress.

While specific clinical trials on Salix tetrasperma are less common, research on related Salix species, which share similar phytochemical profiles, supports the traditional uses of willow bark for pain and inflammation. Studies often demonstrate efficacy in chronic low back pain, osteoarthritis, and other inflammatory conditions, with extract doses typically standardized to salicin content. Emerging evidence also highlights its antioxidant properties, contributing to cardiovascular and metabolic health benefits, though more direct human clinical trials on S. tetrasperma are needed to fully elucidate its therapeutic potential.


Indigo berry, the fruit of Polygonum tinctorium (Japanese indigo), is rich in the iridoid glycoside aucubin and diverse polyphenols—including flavonoids, phenolic acids, and anthocyanins—that confer documented antioxidant, anticancer, and anti-inflammatory properties. Duan et al. (2019, PMID 31467086) demonstrated that aucubin isolated from indigo fruits protected mice against LPS-induced cardiac dysfunction by suppressing NF-κB signaling, while Jang et al. (2012, PMID 22644642) identified potent antioxidant and anticancer polyphenols in Polygonum tinctorium seeds and leaves.

- **May possess mild**: antimicrobial properties, primarily identified in seed extracts.
- **May exhibit preliminary**: anti-inflammatory effects based on phytochemical analysis.
- **Primarily studied for**: its phytochemical presence rather than direct nutritional benefits as a consumable fruit.

Aucubin, the principal bioactive iridoid glycoside in Polygonum tinctorium fruits, exerts cardioprotective and anti-inflammatory effects by directly inhibiting IκB kinase (IKK) phosphorylation, thereby preventing proteasomal degradation of the inhibitory protein IκBα and blocking nuclear translocation of the pro-inflammatory transcription factor NF-κB (PMID 31467086). This suppression of the IKK/IκBα/NF-κB axis reduces downstream expression of tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α), interleukin-6 (IL-6), and other pro-inflammatory cytokines implicated in endotoxemia-associated cardiac injury. Additionally, polyphenolic constituents—including flavonoid glycosides and phenolic acids identified in Polygonum tinctorium (PMID 22644642)—scavenge reactive oxygen species (ROS) and chelate transition metal ions, protecting cellular lipids, proteins, and DNA from oxidative damage. Anthocyanins present in the fruit further contribute to redox modulation by upregulating endogenous antioxidant enzymes such as superoxide dismutase (SOD) and catalase through Nrf2-ARE pathway activation.

Scientific studies on Indigofera species focus predominantly on phytochemical profiling and in vitro antimicrobial testing of seed extracts rather than clinical trials. No randomized controlled trials have been conducted specifically on Indigo Berry fruit consumption. Current evidence is limited to laboratory analysis of bioactive compounds and preliminary antimicrobial screening studies. The fruit's purported health benefits lack robust clinical validation.

Indigofera tinctoria fruit
Indigo plant berry
True indigo berry
Anil berry


Indigo Plant Pods, derived from *Indigofera tinctoria*, are rich in flavonol O-glycosides such as quercetin and kaempferol derivatives. These compounds contribute to its recognized antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, and antimicrobial properties.

- Purifies the blood and supports skin clarity, traditionally used to manage eczema, acne, and psoriasis.
- Exhibits strong antibacterial and antifungal activity, aiding in infection control and microbial balance.
- Reduces inflammation in joints and skin through its bioactive phytochemicals.
- Supports liver detoxification by stimulating enzymatic pathways and assisting in toxin elimination.
- Protects skin and internal tissues from oxidative stress with a rich profile of antioxidants.
- Aids respiratory health by relieving bronchial congestion and inflammation.

The primary bioactive compounds in Indigo Plant Pods, including flavonol O-glycosides like quercetin-3-O-β-D-glucopyranoside and kaempferol-3-O-α-L-rhamnoside, contribute to its therapeutic effects. These flavonoids, along with other phytochemicals such as alkaloids, tannins, and phenolics, exert antioxidant activity by scavenging free radicals. Additionally, they modulate inflammatory pathways and demonstrate antimicrobial effects against various pathogens, supporting infection control and reducing inflammation.

Scientific research on *Indigofera tinctoria*, including its pods and other aerial parts, predominantly consists of in vitro and animal models. These studies confirm significant antimicrobial, anti-inflammatory, and antioxidant effects. Specific activity has been noted in managing skin disorders and microbial infections, with some research highlighting its dermatological and hepatoprotective potential. However, detailed human clinical trials with specific outcomes or sample sizes relating directly to Indigo Plant Pods are not extensively provided in the current research.

Indigofera tinctoria
True Indigo
Indigo Plant Seeds


Indole-3-carbinol (I3C) is a bioactive compound found in cruciferous vegetables that modulates estrogen metabolism and enhances detoxification pathways. It converts to diindolylmethane (DIM) in the stomach and supports healthy estrogen balance through cytochrome P450 enzyme activation.

- Indole-3-Carbinol (I3C) supports detoxification by enhancing liver enzyme activity, promoting the efficient elimination of toxins. This process is vital for maintaining liver health. - It exhibits anti-cancer properties, particularly against hormone-dependent cancers, by inducing apoptosis in cancer cells. Studies show a significant reduction in cancer cell proliferation. - I3C supports hormonal balance by influencing estrogen metabolism, promoting a healthy balance of estrogen metabolites. - It boosts immune function by enhancing the activity of natural killer cells, strengthening the body's defense against pathogens. - I3C promotes cardiovascular health by reducing oxidative stress and inflammation, which are risk factors for heart disease. - It supports digestive health by promoting a healthy gut microbiome, which is essential for nutrient absorption and overall health. - I3C aids in skin health by reducing oxidative damage, contributing to a clearer and more youthful complexion.

I3C activates aryl hydrocarbon receptor (AhR) pathways, inducing cytochrome P450 1A1 and 1A2 enzymes that promote beneficial estrogen metabolism toward 2-hydroxyestrone rather than 16α-hydroxyestrone. It also upregulates Phase II detoxification enzymes including glutathione S-transferase and UDP-glucuronosyltransferase. Additionally, I3C modulates cell cycle progression by affecting cyclin-dependent kinases and p53 tumor suppressor pathways.

Human studies using 200-400mg daily I3C have shown improved estrogen metabolite ratios within 4-12 weeks in women with hormonal imbalances. A randomized trial of 60 women found 300mg I3C significantly increased beneficial 2:16α-hydroxyestrone ratios compared to placebo. Smaller studies suggest potential benefits for cervical dysplasia and prostate health, though larger controlled trials are needed. Most clinical evidence comes from short-term studies with 30-100 participants.


Indonesian Black Pepper (Piper nigrum L.) is a tropical spice known for its bioactive compounds like piperine and essential oils, offering antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, and neuroprotective effects. Its primary compound, piperine, enhances nutrient bioavailability by increasing gut permeability and modulates various enzymes and signaling pathways.

- Provides antioxidant protection through flavonoids, combating oxidative stress and cellular damage.
- Supports digestive health by stimulating gastric enzymes and enhancing nutrient absorption.
- Boosts immune function with its vitamin C content, strengthening the body’s defense mechanisms.
- Enhances metabolism by increasing the bioavailability of other nutrients and promoting thermogenesis.
- Exerts anti-inflammatory effects, contributing to overall wellness and chronic disease prevention.

Piperine, the main alkaloid, primarily inhibits metabolizing enzymes such as MAO-B and BChE, and enhances drug/nutrient bioavailability by increasing gut permeability and membrane dynamics. It also crosses the blood-brain barrier to boost serotonin for mood improvement, activates Nrf2 for antioxidant defense, and downregulates NLRP3 inflammation.

Numerous studies, primarily in vitro and animal models, confirm the antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, and metabolism-boosting benefits of *Piper nigrum* and its key compound, piperine. Research highlights piperine's role in improving nutrient absorption, enhancing digestion, and supporting immune function, as well as its neuroprotective effects. Specific details on human clinical trial designs, sample sizes, and detailed outcomes are not provided in the source material, indicating a need for more direct human clinical evidence.


Indonesian Black Rice is a potent functional food, rich in anthocyanins like cyanidin-3-glucoside, which provide significant antioxidant and anti-inflammatory benefits. Its diverse phenolic compounds also contribute to its robust health-promoting properties, combatting oxidative stress.

- Provides potent antioxidant protection due to its high anthocyanin content, combatting oxidative stress.
- Supports cardiovascular health by reducing oxidative damage and potentially improving lipid profiles.
- Enhances digestive function through its significant dietary fiber content, promoting regularity and gut health.
- Modulates inflammatory pathways, contributing to overall anti-inflammatory effects.
- Boosts sustained energy levels due to its complex carbohydrate profile and essential micronutrients.

The primary mechanism involves potent antioxidant activity attributed to anthocyanins, particularly cyanidin-3-glucoside (comprising ~88% of anthocyanins) and peonidin-3-glucoside, which effectively scavenge free radicals and reduce oxidative stress. Phenolic acids like ferulic acid further contribute to its antioxidative and anti-inflammatory effects by modulating cellular signaling pathways and enzyme activities.

Preliminary research, primarily through *in vitro* and *in vivo* animal studies, highlights Indonesian Black Rice's potential for cardiovascular health by improving lipid profiles and reducing oxidative damage. Studies indicate significant digestive support and potent antioxidant activity, attributed to its high anthocyanin content, which can reach up to 456 mg/100g. While these findings are promising, robust human clinical trials are currently limited and are necessary to fully establish its therapeutic benefits and optimal dosages in humans.

Oryza sativa
Black rice
Forbidden rice
Javanese black rice


Indonesian breadfruit is a highly nutritious tropical fruit rich in predominant flavonoids and phenolic acids. These compounds, among over 70 phytochemicals, contribute to its therapeutic potential by supporting various physiological functions.

- Supports healthy digestion by providing dietary fiber, promoting gut motility.
- Enhances sustained energy levels due to its complex carbohydrate content.
- Promotes cardiovascular health through its potassium and fiber contributions.
- Supports skin health by providing essential vitamins and antioxidants.
- Contributes to metabolic balance as a nutrient-dense staple food.

Indonesian breadfruit exerts its therapeutic effects primarily through a diverse array of phytochemicals, including predominant flavonoids and phenolic acids such as cinnamic and chlorogenic acid. These compounds likely contribute to its health benefits via antioxidant and anti-inflammatory pathways. Tannins and terpenoids like limonene also add to its complex bioactive profile, supporting overall physiological function.

While Indonesian breadfruit has a long history as a staple food, specific human clinical studies on its functional health benefits are still emerging. Current understanding of its role in long-lasting energy, heart health, and digestive support is largely extrapolated from its rich nutritional composition and identified bioactive compounds. Further robust, controlled clinical trials are needed to definitively substantiate these benefits in human populations.


Indonesian Clove Bud is characterized by its high eugenol content, which acts as a potent free radical scavenger and antimicrobial agent. This key compound effectively protects cellular integrity and disrupts bacterial outer membranes.

- Combats oxidative stress with a high concentration of antioxidants, particularly eugenol, protecting cellular integrity.
- Supports digestive health by stimulating digestive enzymes and alleviating bloating and gas.
- Promotes oral health through its potent antimicrobial and analgesic properties, reducing bacteria and discomfort.
- Enhances immune function by modulating immune responses and providing vitamin C.
- Reduces inflammation throughout the body due to its eugenol content, supporting overall wellness.
- Exhibits broad-spectrum antimicrobial activity against various pathogens.

Eugenol, comprising 70–95% of clove bud essential oil, acts as a potent free radical scavenger through chelation, with IC50 values ranging from 4.4 to 130.5 μg/mL. Its antimicrobial activity is primarily mediated by breaking down bacterial outer membranes, affecting cellular integrity. Other compounds like β-caryophyllene and acetyleugenol also contribute to its anti-inflammatory effects.

Scientific studies, including *in vitro* and traditional use observations, consistently support the antioxidant, antimicrobial, and anti-inflammatory effects of Indonesian Clove Bud. Research highlights eugenol as the primary bioactive compound responsible for these benefits, particularly in supporting oral health and digestive functions. While specific human clinical trial data on sample sizes are not detailed in the provided content, the documented traditional uses and mechanistic studies underscore its therapeutic potential.


Indonesian Fermented Soy Sauce (Kecap Manis)

Kecap Manis contains fermentation-derived postbiotics like gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA) and organic acids, contributing to gut-friendly effects and natural preservation. The breakdown of soy proteins into glutamic acid during fermentation also creates its distinctive umami flavor.

- Supports gut microbiome balance by introducing probiotics that improve digestion and nutrient absorption.
- Provides antioxidant protection through polyphenols and flavonoids, combating oxidative stress and promoting cellular repair.
- Contributes to cardiovascular health with potassium and bioactive compounds that help regulate blood pressure and improve circulation.
- Enhances immune resilience through its probiotic content and antioxidant properties, reducing inflammation.
- Offers natural energy support from palm sugar, providing a sustained source of glucose without rapid spikes.
- Improves nutrient absorption by fermenting soybeans, increasing the bioavailability of amino acids and minerals.

The microbial fermentation of Kecap Manis generates beneficial postbiotics, including gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA), lactic acid, acetic acid, and antimicrobial peptides, which can modulate gut microbiota and provide natural preservative effects. Soy proteins are hydrolyzed into glutamic acid, directly contributing to its savory umami taste, while sugars from palm sugar participate in Maillard reactions that create complex aromas and flavors.

While direct human clinical trials specifically on Kecap Manis are limited, broader research on fermented soy products generally supports their potential health benefits. In vitro and animal studies often demonstrate that fermented soy can enhance gut microbiome diversity, exhibit antioxidant activity through polyphenols and flavonoids, and improve nutrient absorption. These general findings, though not specific to Kecap Manis, provide a scientific basis for the purported gut health and protective effects associated with fermented soy consumption.

Kecap manis
Sweet Soy Sauce
Indonesian Sweet Soy Sauce


Indonesian Mangosteen (*Garcinia mangostana* L.) is prized for its pericarp, which is exceptionally rich in xanthones, particularly α-mangostin. These powerful compounds contribute to its demonstrated antimicrobial, antioxidant, and anti-inflammatory properties by modulating various cellular pathways.

- Reduces oxidative stress through its high concentration of potent xanthone antioxidants.
- Modulates inflammatory pathways, contributing to overall cellular health.
- Supports robust immune function by providing Vitamin C and various phytonutrients.
- Promotes healthy skin by protecting against free radical damage and supporting cellular regeneration.
- Aids in digestive health due to its dietary fiber content and beneficial compounds.

The primary bioactive compounds, xanthones (e.g., α-mangostin), exert their effects by scavenging free radicals and modulating inflammatory pathways through inhibition of COX enzymes and reduction of pro-inflammatory cytokines. Furthermore, α-mangostin disrupts *Streptococcus mutans* biofilm mechanical stability, highlighting its antimicrobial potential. Other compounds like tannins and flavonoids also contribute to its overall therapeutic actions.

Research on Indonesian Mangosteen primarily highlights its rich xanthone content through extensive in vitro and animal studies demonstrating significant antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, and antimicrobial properties. Emerging human clinical trials support its potential for immune modulation and skin health, though robust, large-scale studies are still needed to fully establish efficacy across various conditions. These studies collectively indicate the fruit's therapeutic potential, particularly from its pericarp extracts.