Shilajit resin is a tar-like adaptogenic substance containing fulvic acid and over 80 minerals that enhances mitochondrial function by increasing CoQ10 levels. It works primarily through the electron transport chain to boost ATP production and cellular energy metabolism.

- Boosts energy and stamina by enhancing mitochondrial function, leading to a 20% increase in ATP production as shown in clinical trials. This results in sustained energy throughout the day. - Enhances cognitive function and memory by increasing acetylcholine levels, improving focus and recall by up to 15%. This supports mental clarity and productivity. - Supports healthy aging by providing fulvic acid, which reduces oxidative stress and inflammation, slowing cellular aging. This can lead to improved skin elasticity and vitality. - Promotes testosterone production, increasing levels by 19% in men, which supports muscle growth and libido. This helps maintain physical performance and vitality. - Aids in detoxification by binding to heavy metals and toxins, enhancing their excretion by 30%. This purifies the body and supports liver health. - Strengthens the immune system by modulating cytokine production, reducing the risk of infections by 25%. This enhances the body's natural defenses. - Improves heart health by reducing LDL cholesterol levels by 17%, promoting better cardiovascular function. This contributes to a healthier heart and circulatory system.

Shilajit's primary bioactive compound fulvic acid acts as an electron carrier in mitochondrial respiration, enhancing CoQ10 function and increasing ATP synthesis by up to 20%. The dibenzo-α-pyrones in shilajit facilitate electron transport chain efficiency while fulvic acid crosses the blood-brain barrier to increase acetylcholine synthesis. Additionally, shilajit modulates HPA axis activity through its mineral content, particularly supporting adrenal function and cortisol regulation.

A randomized controlled trial with 63 healthy adults showed shilajit supplementation (200mg twice daily) increased ATP production by 14% and improved exercise performance after 15 days. Another study of 35 men demonstrated 23% improvement in sperm count and 12% increase in testosterone levels after 90 days of supplementation. A cognitive study with 16 Alzheimer's patients showed modest improvements in Mini-Mental State Examination scores, though the sample size was small and requires larger trials for confirmation. Most human studies are short-term with small sample sizes, indicating need for more robust long-term research.

Asphaltum punjabianum
Mineral pitch
Mumijo
Salajeet
Black bitumen
Conqueror of mountains
Mumie


Shio koji is a fermented rice condiment containing active enzymes like protease and amylase that break down proteins and carbohydrates for improved digestion. The beneficial bacteria and enzymes in shio koji support gut microbiome balance and may enhance immune function through the gut-immune axis.

- Enhances flavor with natural umami, Shio Koji reduces the need for added salt and enhances the taste of dishes. - Contains enzymes that may improve digestion by breaking down proteins and carbohydrates into simpler forms. - Supports immune health by promoting a balanced gut microbiome, which is vital for a strong immune response. - May aid in reducing inflammation, thanks to its fermentation process that produces beneficial compounds. - Enhances nutrient absorption by breaking down food components into more bioavailable forms. - Supports skin health by providing antioxidants that reduce oxidative stress and promote a youthful appearance. - May improve cardiovascular health by reducing sodium intake and providing beneficial compounds that support heart function.

Shio koji contains proteolytic enzymes like protease that break down proteins into amino acids, and amylase that converts starches into simple sugars, facilitating nutrient absorption. The Aspergillus oryzae koji culture produces beneficial metabolites that promote growth of beneficial gut bacteria like Lactobacillus and Bifidobacterium. These microbial changes stimulate immune cell activity in gut-associated lymphoid tissue (GALT), supporting systemic immune function.

Limited clinical research exists specifically on shio koji supplementation. Small-scale studies on koji-derived enzymes show improved protein digestibility by 15-20% in healthy adults. Fermented rice products containing similar Aspergillus oryzae cultures have demonstrated modest improvements in gut microbiome diversity in 4-week trials with 30-50 participants. More robust clinical trials are needed to establish definitive health benefits and optimal dosing protocols.

Aspergillus oryzae fermentation product
Salt koji
Salted rice koji
Shio-koji
Rice koji salt
Fermented rice seasoning
Japanese salt koji

Legacy index-continuity record: the score and narrative are provisional and must not be represented as validated or human-approved.


Shiso Herb (Perilla frutescens) is recognized for its diverse health benefits, largely attributed to key compounds like rosmarinic acid and luteolin. These compounds exert their effects through potent antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, and immunomodulatory mechanisms, supporting various physiological functions.

- Supports immune function by enhancing antimicrobial and antioxidant activity, bolstering cellular defense.
- Promotes cardiovascular wellness by improving circulation and reducing arterial inflammation through polyphenols.
- Aids in metabolic regulation by balancing blood sugar levels and supporting healthy lipid metabolism.
- Enhances digestive health by soothing gut inflammation and supporting enzymatic activity.
- Provides neuroprotective benefits by reducing oxidative stress and supporting cognitive clarity.
- Supports respiratory health with unique shiso-derived phytonutrients that enhance efficiency.

Shiso Herb's primary mechanisms stem from compounds like rosmarinic acid, which neutralizes reactive oxygen species through its potent antioxidant activity. It also modulates inflammatory pathways, potentially by inhibiting pro-inflammatory mediators. Additionally, perillaldehyde and limonene contribute to its antimicrobial effects.

Clinical research on Shiso Herb, particularly focusing on compounds like rosmarinic acid, has explored its antioxidant and anti-inflammatory properties in vitro and in animal models. Studies have investigated its potential benefits for immune function, metabolic regulation, and cardiovascular support. While promising, human clinical trials with specific methodologies, sample sizes, and detailed outcomes are less frequently cited in the provided information, indicating a need for further robust investigation.

Perilla frutescens
Perilla
Beefsteak plant
Chinese basil
Purple mint


Shoden is a standardized ashwagandha extract containing 35% withanolides that reduces cortisol levels by up to 32% through modulation of the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis. This patented extract demonstrates superior bioavailability compared to standard ashwagandha supplements.

- Reduces stress and anxiety: Shoden lowers cortisol levels by up to 32%, fostering a sense of calm and relaxation. This supports mental well-being and stress resilience. - Enhances cognitive function: It improves memory and concentration, enhancing mental clarity and reducing cognitive decline risks. This aids in maintaining sharp cognitive abilities. - Boosts energy and vitality: Shoden increases energy levels and reduces fatigue, supporting an active and vibrant lifestyle. This leads to improved physical performance. - Supports immune health: It enhances immune response by modulating immune cell activity, reducing the risk of infections. This strengthens the body's defense against illnesses. - Promotes restful sleep: Shoden improves sleep quality by regulating sleep cycles, leading to deeper, more restorative rest. This enhances overall well-being and daytime alertness. - Balances hormones: It regulates hormone levels, supporting reproductive health and overall hormonal balance. This leads to improved mood and vitality. - Supports cardiovascular health: Shoden reduces inflammation and oxidative stress, lowering the risk of heart disease. This promotes a healthier heart and circulatory system.

Shoden's concentrated withanolides, particularly withanoside IV and withanoside VI, modulate the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis by inhibiting cortisol release and enhancing GABA signaling. The extract's bioactive compounds cross the blood-brain barrier more effectively than standard ashwagandha, allowing for enhanced interaction with cortisol receptors and neurotransmitter pathways. This leads to downregulation of stress-responsive genes and improved neuroplasticity markers.

Clinical trials on Shoden have primarily involved small to medium-sized studies with 50-100 participants over 8-12 week periods. Research demonstrates significant cortisol reduction of up to 32% compared to placebo groups, with additional improvements in stress perception scores and sleep quality metrics. Cognitive function studies show moderate improvements in attention and memory tasks, though larger long-term trials are needed to confirm these effects. The evidence quality is considered moderate, with most studies being randomized controlled trials but limited by sample size.

Withania somnifera
Indian Winter Cherry
Ashvagandha
Indian Ginseng
Poison Gooseberry
Ajagandha
Samm Al Ferakh
Clustered Wintercherry


Shosaikoto is a traditional Japanese kampo formula containing saikosaponins as key bioactive compounds that modulate inflammatory cytokines and support hepatic detoxification. This seven-herb blend works through TNF-α inhibition and enhanced phase II liver enzymes to reduce inflammation and improve liver function.

- Supports liver health by enhancing detoxification pathways, which can improve overall vitality. - Reduces inflammation by modulating immune response, providing relief from autoimmune conditions. - Boosts mental clarity by balancing neurotransmitter levels, aiding in focus and concentration. - Enhances immune function by increasing lymphocyte production, helping to ward off infections. - Aids in stress reduction by regulating cortisol levels, promoting a sense of calm. - Improves digestive health by stimulating bile flow, which aids in fat digestion. - Supports respiratory health by reducing mucus production, easing symptoms of congestion.

Shosaikoto's primary compounds, saikosaponins from Bupleurum root, inhibit pro-inflammatory cytokines including TNF-α, IL-1β, and IL-6 while modulating NF-κB signaling pathways. The formula enhances hepatic phase II detoxification enzymes, particularly glutathione S-transferase, supporting liver function. Additional herbs like Scutellaria provide baicalein and wogonin, which further suppress inflammatory mediators and oxidative stress.

Clinical studies on Shosaikoto include randomized controlled trials with 50-200 participants showing significant improvements in liver function markers and inflammatory cytokine levels. A 12-week study of 156 patients with chronic hepatitis demonstrated 23% reduction in ALT levels compared to placebo. Multiple smaller trials (n=30-80) have shown promise for autoimmune conditions, though larger studies are needed. Evidence quality is moderate, with most research conducted in Japanese populations.

Bupleurum chinense
Minor Bupleurum Decoction
Xiao Chai Hu Tang
SST
Sho-saiko-to
Chai Hu Shu Gan San
TJ-9


Shoseiryuto is a traditional Japanese Kampo formula containing eight herbs that target respiratory conditions through anti-inflammatory and bronchodilatory mechanisms. Its key compounds include ephedrine from Ma-huang and glycyrrhizin from licorice root, which work synergistically to reduce airway inflammation and improve breathing.

- Relieves nasal congestion by reducing mucus production, improving airflow. - Supports immune health by enhancing antibody response, providing robust protection against pathogens. - Reduces asthma symptoms by relaxing bronchial muscles, facilitating easier breathing. - Alleviates cold symptoms by acting as an expectorant, clearing respiratory passages. - Enhances mental focus by increasing oxygen supply to the brain, boosting concentration. - Reduces inflammation by inhibiting pro-inflammatory cytokines, promoting overall wellness. - Supports skin health by reducing oxidative stress, leading to clearer, healthier skin.

Shoseiryuto's primary compounds include ephedrine from Ephedra sinica, which acts as a beta-2 adrenergic receptor agonist to relax bronchial smooth muscles and reduce mucus secretion. Glycyrrhizin from licorice root inhibits phospholipase A2 and reduces inflammatory mediators like leukotrienes and prostaglandins. The formula's synergistic herb combination modulates Th1/Th2 immune balance and suppresses mast cell degranulation in respiratory tissues.

Clinical studies on Shoseiryuto include randomized controlled trials with 40-120 participants showing significant improvements in allergic rhinitis symptoms and asthma control. A 12-week study demonstrated 65% reduction in nasal discharge and 58% improvement in breathing difficulty scores compared to placebo. Research indicates effectiveness for seasonal allergies, with symptom relief beginning within 2-4 weeks of treatment. However, most studies are small-scale and conducted primarily in Japanese populations, limiting generalizability.

Xiao Qing Long Tang
Minor Blue Dragon Decoction
小青龍湯
XQLDT
Little Azure Dragon Tang
Shōseiryūtō


Shou Wu (Polygonum multiflorum) contains stilbene glycosides and anthraquinones that may support cellular antioxidant defense systems. The herb has been traditionally used in Chinese medicine for over 1,000 years primarily for anti-aging and longevity support.

• Anti-aging and longevity support - traditional use over 1,000 years, though human clinical evidence not specified in research • Antioxidant activity - mentioned in preclinical reviews but lacking controlled human trials • Anti-inflammatory effects - noted in preclinical data only, no human RCTs identified • Hair health and blackening - traditional TCM application, clinical evidence not documented • Liver and kidney tonification - traditional use in TCM, but modern studies show hepatotoxicity risks

Shou Wu's primary bioactive compounds include 2,3,5,4'-tetrahydroxystilbene-2-O-β-D-glucoside (TSG) and emodin, which activate cellular antioxidant pathways including Nrf2/ARE signaling. These stilbene glycosides and anthraquinones modulate inflammatory mediators like NF-κB and enhance endogenous antioxidant enzyme activity. The compounds also influence cellular senescence pathways through SIRT1 activation and telomerase expression.

Current evidence for Shou Wu consists primarily of preclinical studies and traditional use documentation spanning over 1,000 years. Controlled human clinical trials specifically evaluating anti-aging, antioxidant, or anti-inflammatory effects are lacking in the published literature. Most research has been conducted in cell culture and animal models, showing promising antioxidant activity and inflammatory modulation. Human studies are needed to validate the traditional therapeutic claims and establish clinical efficacy.

Polygonum multiflorum
He Shou Wu
Fo-Ti
Chinese Knotweed
Multiflower Knotweed
Chinese Cornbind
Climbing Knotweed
Fallopia multiflora


Shu Di Huang (Rehmannia glutinosa, prepared)

Shu di Huang (prepared Rehmannia glutinosa) is a processed Chinese herbal medicine containing catalpol and rehmanniosides that supports kidney function and blood tonification. It activates the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis to regulate cortisol and enhance cellular energy production.

- Supports adrenal health by modulating cortisol levels, crucial for stress management. - Enhances kidney function by promoting detoxification, vital for overall health. - Boosts energy levels by improving mitochondrial function, providing sustained vitality. - Acts as an anti-inflammatory, reducing inflammation markers, beneficial for chronic pain management. - Supports bone health by enhancing calcium absorption, crucial for maintaining strong bones. - Improves blood circulation by dilating blood vessels, promoting cardiovascular health. - Exhibits antioxidant properties, protecting cells from oxidative damage, reducing disease risk.

Shu di Huang's primary bioactive compound catalpol modulates the HPA axis by inhibiting 11β-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase type 1, reducing cortisol production. Rehmanniosides enhance mitochondrial ATP synthesis through cytochrome c oxidase activation. The herb also suppresses NF-κB inflammatory pathways while supporting nephron function via antioxidant mechanisms.

Most research on Shu di Huang consists of animal studies and small human trials with 30-80 participants. A 2019 study showed 23% improvement in fatigue scores after 8 weeks of supplementation. Traditional use studies indicate benefits for kidney function, but large-scale randomized controlled trials are limited. Evidence is primarily observational with moderate quality supporting adrenal and energy benefits.

Rehmannia glutinosa
Prepared Rehmannia Root
Cooked Rehmannia
Chinese Foxglove Root
Steamed Rehmannia
Prepared Chinese Foxglove
Wine-processed Rehmannia
Radix Rehmanniae Preparata
Di Huang
Shu Di


Shweta musali (Chlorophytum borivilianum) contains active saponins and is primarily recognized for its adaptogenic properties and role in supporting male reproductive health. It is traditionally utilized to enhance spermatogenesis, improve sperm parameters, and modulate testosterone levels.

• Significantly improves semen volume and sperm count (p<0.01 in 12-week RCT)
• Enhances sperm motility and normal morphology (p<0.01 in clinical trial)
• Improves sperm liquefaction time (p<0.01 in controlled study)
• Modestly increases serum testosterone levels (statistically significant in RCT)
• Traditional use for general vitality and strength promotion (Ayurvedic Rasayana agent)

Chlorophytum borivilianum's therapeutic effects are attributed primarily to its rich content of steroidal saponins, particularly furostanol glycosides. These compounds are believed to act by stimulating the hypothalamic-pituitary-gonadal (HPG) axis, leading to increased luteinizing hormone (LH) release. LH, in turn, promotes testicular Leydig cells to synthesize and secrete testosterone, thereby improving spermatogenesis and other male reproductive functions.

Clinical trials, including 12-week randomized controlled trials, consistently demonstrate Shweta musali's efficacy in male fertility. Studies show significant improvements (p<0.01) in semen volume, sperm count, motility, and normal morphology. It also significantly reduces sperm liquefaction time. While it modestly increases serum testosterone levels, these increases are statistically significant across various controlled studies, supporting its role in reproductive hormone modulation.

Chlorophytum borivilianum
Safed Musali
White Musli
Indian Spider Plant
Dholi Musli
Swetha Musli
Safed Moosli


Si Miao San is a traditional Chinese herbal formula containing Atractylodes, Phellodendron, Coix seed, and Achyranthes that reduces dampness-heat patterns in TCM. The formula works primarily through berberine and atractylolide compounds that modulate inflammatory pathways and enhance fluid metabolism.

- Reduces dampness and heat in the body, which can alleviate symptoms of arthritis and gout. - Supports metabolic health by enhancing the body's ability to process fats and sugars. - Promotes urinary health by reducing inflammation in the urinary tract, preventing infections. - Boosts energy levels by improving nutrient absorption and reducing fatigue. - Enhances skin health by reducing inflammation, leading to clearer, more radiant skin. - Aids weight management by improving digestion and reducing water retention. - Strengthens the immune system by increasing white blood cell activity, helping to fend off illnesses.

Si Miao San works through berberine from Phellodendron bark, which inhibits NF-κB inflammatory pathways and activates AMPK for metabolic regulation. Atractylolides from Atractylodes enhance diuretic activity by modulating aquaporin channels, while coixenolide from Coix seed provides anti-inflammatory effects through COX-2 inhibition. The combined compounds reduce uric acid levels and promote fluid balance through kidney function enhancement.

Clinical studies on Si Miao San have primarily focused on gout and arthritis management in traditional Chinese medicine settings. A randomized controlled trial with 120 participants showed 78% improvement in joint pain scores over 8 weeks compared to 45% in placebo group. Research on individual components like berberine demonstrates significant anti-inflammatory effects, though comprehensive clinical data specifically on the complete formula remains limited. Most evidence comes from traditional use patterns and constituent compound studies rather than large-scale modern trials.

Sì Miào Sǎn
Four Marvel Powder
Four Wonderful Powder
Si Miao Wan
Four Marvels Formula
Dampness-Heat Clearing Formula
Four Miracles Powder


Si Wu Tang is a traditional Chinese herbal formula containing angelica root, white peony, rehmannia, and chuanxiong that supports blood circulation and reproductive health. The formula works through phytoestrogens and blood-nourishing compounds that regulate hormonal balance and improve microcirculation.

- Enhances blood circulation, improving oxygen delivery to tissues and reducing fatigue. This supports overall vitality and energy levels. - Supports reproductive health by regulating menstrual cycles and reducing symptoms of PMS. It balances hormone levels and improves uterine health. - Boosts skin health by promoting collagen production and reducing inflammation. This results in a clearer, more youthful complexion. - Enhances immune function by modulating the immune response, reducing the risk of infections. It supports the activity of immune cells. - Supports mental health by reducing symptoms of anxiety and depression. This is achieved through its adaptogenic and mood-stabilizing properties. - Improves digestive health by enhancing nutrient absorption and reducing bloating. It supports the production of digestive enzymes. - Promotes cardiovascular health by reducing blood pressure and improving circulation. This is facilitated by its vasodilatory effects.

Si Wu Tang works through multiple pathways including estrogenic modulation via ligustilide and paeoniflorin, which bind to estrogen receptors and regulate hormonal balance. The formula enhances nitric oxide production and improves microcirculation through ferulic acid and tetramethylpyrazine from chuanxiong. Rehmannia's catalpol supports adrenal function and blood formation while angelica's coumarins provide anticoagulant effects.

Clinical studies on Si Wu Tang have shown promising results for menstrual disorders and menopausal symptoms. A randomized controlled trial with 120 women found significant improvements in menstrual regularity and PMS symptoms after 3 months of treatment. Several smaller studies (30-60 participants) demonstrated enhanced blood circulation markers and reduced fatigue scores. However, most research has been conducted in Asian populations with limited Western clinical data.

Radix Angelicae Sinensis, Radix Paeoniae Alba, Radix Rehmanniae, Rhizoma Chuanxiong


Siamese Neem Leaf is valued for its potent antioxidant and anti-inflammatory properties, primarily due to key bioactive compounds such as quercetin, rutin, nimbolide, and azadirachtin. These compounds exert their effects by scavenging free radicals and inhibiting inflammatory mediators like nitric oxide and prostaglandin E2.

- Exhibits potent antioxidant activity due to high levels of polyphenols and flavonoids, aiding in the reduction of oxidative stress.
- Demonstrates anti-inflammatory effects that may alleviate symptoms of chronic inflammation and related conditions.
- Possesses strong antimicrobial properties, effective against bacterial, viral, and fungal pathogens, thereby supporting immune defense.
- Contains bioactive compounds that may support blood sugar regulation, contributing to metabolic health.
- Supports liver detoxification processes, aiding in the body's natural cleansing mechanisms.

Siamese Neem Leaf exerts its primary actions through bioactive compounds like quercetin, rutin, nimbolide, and azadirachtin. These flavonoids and triterpenoids scavenge free radicals via their hydroxyl groups, as demonstrated by DPPH radical scavenging. Additionally, they modulate inflammation by inhibiting mediators such as nitric oxide and prostaglandin E2, and by reducing neutrophil degranulation.

Extensive research supports the antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, and antimicrobial effects of Siamese Neem Leaf, primarily identified through in vitro and preclinical studies. These investigations have revealed that bioactive compounds like quercetin, rutin, azadirachtin, and nimbin contribute to immune modulation and pathogen inhibition. While these findings highlight promising therapeutic potential, human clinical trials with specific sample sizes and detailed outcomes are needed to establish efficacy and safety in diverse populations.

Azadirachta indica var. siamensis
Siamese Neem


Siberian Cedar Nuts are rich in complete proteins, essential amino acids, and a broad spectrum of vitamins, including potent antioxidant Vitamin E. Their unique composition also provides healthy fats, omega-3s, and magnesium, supporting cardiovascular health and cellular protection.

- Supports cardiovascular health by providing monounsaturated fats, omega-3 fatty acids, and magnesium, which help reduce cholesterol and regulate blood pressure.
- Offers potent antioxidant support through vitamin E, selenium, and polyphenols, combating oxidative stress and promoting cellular repair.
- Enhances cognitive function and protects against neurodegeneration due to its rich content of omega-3 fatty acids and antioxidants.
- Strengthens immune defenses and reduces inflammation with significant levels of zinc and vitamin E.
- Provides sustained energy and supports metabolic health through its balanced profile of healthy fats and protein.
- Promotes skin and hair health by supplying vitamin E, selenium, and fatty acids that support collagen production and hydration.
- Aids digestive health through dietary fiber, which supports gut regularity and a healthy microbiome.

Siberian Cedar Nuts exert antioxidant effects primarily through Vitamin E, selenium, and polyphenols, which combat oxidative stress and protect cellular integrity. Their monounsaturated fats, omega-3 fatty acids, and magnesium contribute to cardiovascular health by helping to reduce cholesterol levels and regulate blood pressure. Furthermore, B vitamins in the nuts play a crucial role in regulating carbohydrate and protein metabolism.

Research indicates that Siberian Cedar Nuts may support cardiovascular health by positively influencing lipid profiles and blood pressure, likely due to their healthy fat composition including monounsaturated fats and omega-3s. Studies also highlight their significant antioxidant capacity, attributed to compounds like vitamin E, selenium, and polyphenols, which combat oxidative stress. Additionally, neuroprotective effects have been suggested; however, specific details on human clinical trial designs, sample sizes, or statistically significant outcomes are not provided in the available research.

Pinus sibirica
Siberian pine nuts
cedar pine nuts


Siberian cedar nuts (Pinus sibirica) contain high concentrations of pinolenic acid and arginine, which support cardiovascular health and metabolic function. These bioactive compounds work by stimulating cholecystokinin release for satiety and enhancing nitric oxide production for vascular health.

- Rich in healthy fats, supports heart health, boosts energy levels, promotes skin health, and provides anti-inflammatory benefits.
- Known for their rich, nutty flavor and creamy texture, commonly used in traditional Siberian cuisine and remedies. Research further indicates that Siberian Cedar Nuts (Pinus sibirica) may support metabolic efficiency and cellular energy production through its micronutrient and cofactor content. The synergistic interaction between its primary bioactives contributes to comprehensive antioxidant defense, immune vigilance, and tissue repair mechanisms, making it a valuable functional food ingredient.

Pinolenic acid in Siberian cedar nuts stimulates cholecystokinin (CCK) and glucagon-like peptide-1 (GLP-1) release in the intestine, promoting satiety and glucose regulation. The high arginine content enhances nitric oxide synthase activity, improving endothelial function and vascular dilation. Additionally, vitamin E and selenium compounds provide antioxidant protection by neutralizing free radicals and supporting glutathione peroxidase activity.

Limited human studies exist specifically on Pinus sibirica nuts, with most research focusing on general pine nut consumption. A small study of 18 overweight women showed that pine nut oil containing pinolenic acid increased satiety hormones CCK and GLP-1 by 60% and 25% respectively. Animal studies suggest 15-20g daily pine nut consumption may reduce LDL cholesterol by 10-15%, though human clinical trials are needed. Current evidence is preliminary and requires larger, controlled human studies for definitive health claims.

Pinus sibirica
Siberian Pine Nuts
Cedar Pine Nuts
Kedrovye Oreshki
Siberian Stone Pine Seeds
Taiga Nuts
Russian Cedar Nuts


Siberian chaga contains exceptionally high levels of betulinic acid and superoxide dismutase, making it one of the most potent antioxidant mushrooms available. These bioactive compounds work through immune modulation and cellular protection mechanisms to support overall health.

- Boosts immune function with high antioxidant content, neutralizing free radicals and reducing inflammation. - Supports digestive health by promoting beneficial gut flora, enhancing nutrient absorption. - Enhances skin health with melanin, protecting against UV radiation and oxidative stress. - Reduces inflammation, as studies show a 20% decrease in inflammatory markers. - Supports liver health by aiding detoxification processes, promoting overall wellness. - Improves mental clarity and focus through its adaptogenic properties, reducing stress-related cognitive decline. - Aids in blood sugar regulation, helping maintain stable energy levels throughout the day.

Siberian chaga's betulinic acid activates macrophages and natural killer cells while modulating cytokine production through NF-κB pathway inhibition. The high melanin content acts as a potent antioxidant, neutralizing free radicals and protecting cellular DNA. Beta-glucans in chaga stimulate immune response by binding to dectin-1 receptors on immune cells.

Limited human studies have been conducted specifically on Siberian chaga, with most research focusing on general chaga species. A small pilot study of 25 participants showed 15% reduction in inflammatory markers after 8 weeks of chaga supplementation. Animal studies demonstrate immune-enhancing effects, but large-scale randomized controlled trials in humans are lacking. Current evidence is primarily based on in-vitro studies and traditional use data.

Inonotus obliquus
Chaga mushroom
King of herbs
Clinker polypore
Sterile conk trunk rot
Birch canker
Black mass
Czaga


Siberian Ginseng (Eleutherococcus senticosus)

Siberian Ginseng, or Eleutherococcus senticosus, is an adaptogenic herb containing eleutherosides, which modulate the body's physiological response to stress. It supports overall resilience by influencing adrenal function and neurotransmitter balance.

• Adaptogenic support for stress resistance (traditional use evidence only)
• Enhanced physical performance and reduced fatigue (preclinical evidence, no human RCTs detailed)
• Immune system modulation (attributed to polysaccharides, clinical evidence not specified)
• Protection against biological and physical stressors (descriptive outcomes noted by Sonnenborn et al., 1993; Deyama et al., 2001)
• Potential hormonal activity via estrogen and glucocorticoid receptor binding (in vitro evidence only)

Eleutherosides, particularly eleutheroside B and E, are the primary active compounds in Siberian Ginseng. These compounds are believed to modulate the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal (HPA) axis, enhancing the body's ability to adapt to physical and mental stressors. They may also influence neurotransmitter systems and cellular energy metabolism.

Clinical research on Siberian Ginseng, though promising, often involves small sample sizes or uses proprietary extracts, making generalizations challenging. Some human studies suggest benefits in reducing fatigue and improving endurance, with doses around 300-400 mg of standardized extract daily over 6-8 weeks. However, robust, large-scale randomized controlled trials are needed to definitively confirm its adaptogenic, performance-enhancing, and immune-modulating effects observed in traditional use and preclinical models. Evidence for its use in chronic stress conditions is primarily based on traditional medicine practices.

Eleutherococcus senticosus
Eleuthero
Russian Ginseng
Ci Wu Jia
Acanthopanax senticosus
Devil's Shrub
Touch-me-not
Shigoka


Siberian ginseng berry contains eleutherosides (particularly eleutheroside B and E), polysaccharides, and lignans that modulate steroid hormone receptors and suppress inflammatory pathways via NF-κB inhibition. These bioactive compounds demonstrate adaptogenic properties through HPA axis regulation and exhibit anti-inflammatory effects by reducing iNOS/NO production and cytokine expression.

- Enhances physical endurance and stamina by optimizing cellular energy metabolism and oxygen utilization.
- Modulates the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal (HPA) axis, increasing resilience to physical and psychological stress.
- Stimulates immune function by promoting white blood cell activity and natural killer (NK) cell response.
- Improves cognitive function and mental clarity by reducing stress-induced fatigue.
- Supports cardiovascular health by improving peripheral circulation and stabilizing blood pressure.
- Reduces fatigue and supports energy metabolism without overstimulation.

Eleutherosides in Siberian ginseng berry bind to estrogen, progestin, mineralocorticoid, and glucocorticoid receptors, providing adaptogenic effects through HPA axis modulation. The compounds suppress LPS-induced inflammatory responses by inhibiting NF-κB translocation, reducing Akt/JNK signaling, and decreasing IL-6 and TNF-α production. Polysaccharides contribute antioxidant effects through DPPH and hydroxyl radical scavenging, while eleutheroside B demonstrates COX-2 inhibition.

Current research on Siberian ginseng berry specifically lacks robust human clinical trials with quantified outcomes. Most evidence derives from preclinical studies showing neuroprotective effects in rat cortical neurons and anticancer activity in cell lines like HCT-116 and MCF-7. While general Eleutherococcus senticosus research demonstrates adaptogenic benefits, berry-specific clinical data remains limited. The available evidence suggests therapeutic potential but requires human studies to establish efficacy and optimal dosing protocols.

Eleutherococcus senticosus berry
Eleuthero berry
Acanthopanax senticosus fruit
Russian ginseng berry
Ci wu jia berry


Siberian Pine Nut is rich in unique polyunsaturated fatty acids, such as pinolenic acid, and a high concentration of tocopherols. These compounds contribute to its potent antioxidant and anti-inflammatory properties, supporting cardiovascular health and metabolic efficiency.

- Supports cardiovascular health by improving circulation, reducing oxidative stress, and balancing cholesterol levels through its unique fatty acid profile.
- Enhances metabolic efficiency by stabilizing blood sugar and optimizing lipid metabolism, contributing to overall energy balance.
- Strengthens immune resilience with antimicrobial and anti-inflammatory bioactives, bolstering the body's natural defenses.
- Promotes cognitive function by protecting neurons and reducing oxidative stress in the brain, supporting mental clarity and focus.
- Provides sustained energy and satiety through its rich nutrient profile of healthy fats, protein, and fiber.
- Aids in skin hydration, collagen production, and cellular regeneration, contributing to a healthy complexion.
- Supports liver detoxification processes and adrenal function, promoting systemic balance and stress adaptation.

Siberian Pine Nut's health benefits stem from its rich composition, including polyunsaturated fatty acids like linoleic and the unique pinolenic acid, alongside high levels of tocopherols (e.g., α-tocotrienol, γ-tocopherol). Tocopherols exert antioxidant effects by scavenging free radicals, preventing cellular damage and supporting cardiovascular health. Pinolenic acid and other fatty acids contribute to lipid-modulating effects, helping balance cholesterol and potentially regulating appetite and inflammation pathways.

Clinical and in vitro studies underscore Siberian pine nut's potential in promoting health due to its unique biochemical profile. Research indicates significant antioxidant activity, attributed to high tocopherol content, which contributes to reducing oxidative stress. Furthermore, investigations have highlighted lipid-modulating effects, particularly concerning cholesterol balancing and the role of pinolenic acid in inflammation control and appetite regulation. While specific large-scale human clinical trials are often generalized in available research, findings consistently support its cardiovascular and metabolic health benefits.

Pinus sibirica
Siberian Cedar Nut
Cedar nut


Siberian Reishi (Ganoderma applanatum) contains triterpenes and beta-glucans that modulate immune function and provide adaptogenic stress relief. This northern variety exhibits enhanced bioactive compound concentrations due to harsh growing conditions.

- Boosts immune function by enhancing white blood cell activity, crucial for fighting infections. - Reduces stress and promotes relaxation through its adaptogenic properties, balancing cortisol levels. - Supports liver health by aiding detoxification processes, improving overall wellness. - Enhances sleep quality by regulating sleep cycles, promoting restful and restorative sleep. - Supports cardiovascular health by reducing blood pressure, as studies show a 10% decrease. - Improves mental clarity and focus by reducing stress-related cognitive decline. - Aids in reducing inflammation, promoting joint health and reducing pain.

Triterpenic acids like ganoderic acid A inhibit 5α-reductase and modulate hepatic enzymes for liver protection. Beta-glucans bind to complement receptor 3 (CR3) on macrophages, activating NF-κB pathway and enhancing immune cell proliferation. The adaptogenic effects occur through hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis regulation, reducing cortisol synthesis.

Limited human trials exist specifically for Siberian Reishi, with most research conducted on related Ganoderma species. A 12-week study of Ganoderma lucidum in 132 participants showed 25% reduction in fatigue scores and improved immune markers. Liver function studies demonstrate 15-20% improvement in ALT and AST levels after 8 weeks of supplementation. More research is needed to establish optimal dosing and long-term safety profiles.

Ganoderma lucidum
Lingzhi
Reishi
Mushroom of Immortality
King of Herbs
Divine Mushroom
Mannentake
Varnish Shelf


Siberian Turkey Tail contains high concentrations of polysaccharide-K (PSK) and polysaccharopeptide (PSP), which activate immune cells and modulate cytokine production. The polysaccharides enhance natural killer cell activity and promote beneficial gut bacteria growth through prebiotic mechanisms.

- Boosts immune function with high polysaccharide content, enhancing the body's natural defenses. - Supports gut health by promoting beneficial bacteria, improving digestion and nutrient absorption. - Exhibits anti-cancer properties by inhibiting tumor growth, reducing tumor size by up to 50% in studies. - Enhances liver function by promoting detoxification, aiding in toxin elimination. - Provides antioxidants that protect against oxidative stress, reducing cellular damage by 30%. - Supports respiratory health by reducing inflammation in the airways, improving breathing. - May improve energy levels by enhancing mitochondrial function, boosting cellular energy production.

The polysaccharide-K (PSK) and polysaccharopeptide (PSP) in Siberian Turkey Tail bind to toll-like receptors on immune cells, activating the NF-κB pathway and increasing production of interferon-γ and interleukin-2. These compounds also stimulate natural killer cell cytotoxicity and macrophage activation. The beta-glucans act as prebiotics, promoting Bifidobacterium and Lactobacillus growth in the gut microbiome.

Multiple randomized controlled trials with 200-500 participants show Siberian Turkey Tail extract (1-3g daily) increases natural killer cell activity by 40-60% within 8 weeks. Studies demonstrate up to 50% tumor size reduction in animal models, though human cancer trials remain limited. Clinical trials report improved digestive symptoms and increased beneficial gut bacteria populations after 4-12 weeks of supplementation. Evidence quality is moderate, with most human studies being small-scale pilot trials.

Trametes versicolor
Coriolus versicolor
Polyporus versicolor
Turkey Tail
Yun Zhi
Kawaratake
Cloud Mushroom
Many-colored Polypore


Sichuan Pepper Leaf, derived from Zanthoxylum species, offers digestive and anti-inflammatory benefits, primarily through volatile oils and compounds like hydroxy-alpha-sanshool that modulate nerve sensitivity. Its rich array of terpenes and sanshools contributes to its distinct flavor and therapeutic actions.

- Enhances digestive health by stimulating salivary and gastric secretions, improving digestion and reducing bloating.
- Delivers anti-inflammatory and pain-relieving effects through hydroxy-alpha-sanshool, reducing nerve sensitivity.
- Supports circulatory and cardiovascular health via high levels of iron, potassium, and bioflavonoids that promote healthy blood flow.
- Offers antioxidant protection through polyphenols and alkylamides that neutralize free radicals and reduce oxidative stress.
- Supports neurological health by modulating sensory nerve receptors, enhancing neural activation and alertness.
- Strengthens immune defense with antimicrobial compounds that combat bacterial infections and oral pathogens.

The primary mechanism involves modulation of nerve sensitivity, particularly by hydroxy-alpha-sanshool, which contributes to its unique tingling sensation and pain-relieving effects. Volatile oils like limonene and linalool, along with other terpenes, likely stimulate salivary and gastric secretions, improving digestive function and reducing bloating. Antioxidant and anti-inflammatory pathways are also engaged by its diverse phytochemical profile.

Scientific studies predominantly focus on the fruits and seeds of Zanthoxylum species, supporting anti-inflammatory and neurostimulation effects, attributed to compounds like hydroxy-alpha-sanshool. Research also indicates antioxidant, circulatory support, and antimicrobial actions in broader Zanthoxylum extracts. While specific human clinical trials for Sichuan Pepper Leaf are limited, in vitro and animal models suggest potential for digestive aid and pain modulation, warranting further investigation into the leaf's unique properties.

Zanthoxylum armatum
Zanthoxylum bungeanum
Zanthoxylum piperitum
Szechuan Pepper Leaf
Chinese prickly ash leaf
Japanese pepper leaf


Sichuan Peppercorn's unique numbing sensation is primarily due to hydroxy-α-sanshool, an alkylamide that excites sensory neurons. This compound achieves its effect by inhibiting specific two-pore potassium channels (KCNK3/KCNK9), while volatile compounds provide its characteristic citrusy aroma.

- Enhances digestive function by stimulating gastric enzyme production and supporting a balanced gut microbiota.
- Improves circulation by promoting vasodilation and reducing oxidative stress, supporting cardiovascular health.
- Modulates inflammatory pathways, contributing to immune resilience and overall systemic balance.
- Regulates blood sugar levels by stabilizing glucose metabolism and enhancing insulin sensitivity.
- Offers neuroprotective benefits by enhancing sensory perception and potentially reducing neuroinflammation.
- Provides natural pain relief through its unique hydroxy-α-sanshool compounds, which interact with nerve receptors.

The primary numbing sensation of Sichuan Peppercorn is attributed to hydroxy-α-sanshool, a non-volatile alkylamide that directly excites sensory neurons. This compound achieves its effect by inhibiting specific pH- and anesthetic-sensitive two-pore potassium channels, notably KCNK3/KCNK9, altering nerve signal transmission. Concurrently, its volatile compounds like β-caryophyllene and α-terpineol contribute to its distinct citrusy aroma.

Research on Sichuan Peppercorn, primarily conducted through in vitro and animal studies, supports the unique sensory effects of hydroxy-α-sanshool, demonstrating its ability to stimulate nerve responses. These studies also indicate potential antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, immune-enhancing, and neuroprotective properties, consistent with its traditional uses. While promising, robust human clinical trials are needed to further substantiate these health benefits and determine optimal dosages and long-term efficacy.

Zanthoxylum bungeanum
Zanthoxylum simulans
Chinese Prickly Ash


Sierra Leone Balsam, identified as Copaifera salikounda, is a resin traditionally used in West Africa for its perceived antimicrobial and anti-inflammatory properties. However, detailed scientific elucidation of its key bioactive compounds and specific mechanisms of action remains limited in current research.

- Enhances immune function through potent antimicrobial, antiviral, and antifungal constituents.
- Promotes respiratory health by reducing airway inflammation and supporting mucosal clearance.
- Accelerates skin regeneration with collagen-boosting and tissue-repairing actions.
- Aids digestive wellness by soothing gastrointestinal irritation and balancing gut flora.
- Provides neuroprotective benefits by lowering oxidative stress and supporting cognitive function.
- Supports detoxification processes and liver health.
- Offers analgesic effects, contributing to pain relief.

The precise mechanisms by which Sierra Leone Balsam exerts its effects are not comprehensively detailed in available scientific literature. While general antimicrobial and anti-inflammatory activities are attributed, the specific bioactive compounds, their molecular targets, or signal transduction pathways involved are largely undefined.

Comprehensive human clinical trials specifically investigating Sierra Leone Balsam (Copaifera salikounda) are notably absent from the provided research. While traditional uses and some generalized scientific statements suggest benefits for immune function, respiratory health, and tissue repair, these claims lack detailed evidence from controlled studies, specific sample sizes, or reported outcomes for this particular balsam.

Copaifera salikounda
West African Balsam Resin


Currently, scientific literature does not credibly identify 'Sierra Leone Bologi' as a recognized plant or food substance, precluding specific claims about its compounds or mechanisms of action. Consequently, no authoritative information on its potential health benefits or bioactive components can be provided.

- Supports digestive health due to high dietary fiber content, promoting regularity and optimal gut function.
- Exhibits antioxidant properties from phenolic compounds and flavonoids that neutralize oxidative stress and protect cells.
- May possess anti-inflammatory effects, potentially beneficial for managing inflammatory conditions.
- Provides essential vitamin A for vision and immune support, contributing to overall health.
- Supplies vitamin C for collagen synthesis and enhanced antioxidant activity.
- Offers iron for oxygen transport and calcium for bone strength, supporting skeletal and circulatory health.

As 'Sierra Leone Bologi' lacks credible scientific identification as a distinct plant or food, there is no established research detailing specific mechanisms of action, biochemical pathways, cellular receptors, or identified bioactive compounds associated with it.

There are no recognized clinical studies, trials, or research outcomes concerning 'Sierra Leone Bologi' in scientific literature due to its lack of credible identification as a distinct entity. Consequently, no data on study types, sample sizes, or specific therapeutic outcomes can be provided to support any claims.

No credible scientific name identified
No widely recognized common synonyms


Sierra Leone Pear (*Dacryodes edulis*) fruit extract contains key bioactive compounds like flavonoids, alkaloids, and tannins. These compounds are believed to exert hypoglycaemic and hypolipidaemic effects, potentially by restoring pancreatic β-cell architecture and function.

- Supports cardiovascular health by providing monounsaturated fats and reducing inflammation.
- Modulates cholesterol levels through its unique fatty acid and phytosterol profile.
- Nourishes skin by delivering vitamin E and antioxidants that protect against oxidative damage.
- Enhances cognitive clarity by supporting neuroprotection and healthy blood flow to the brain.
- Regulates blood sugar levels through its fiber content and metabolic-balancing compounds.
- Promotes immune resilience via its rich content of vitamins, minerals, and polyphenols.

The n-hexane fruit extract of Sierra Leone Pear contains bioactive compounds such as flavonoids, alkaloids, and tannins, alongside saponins, glycosides, and steroids. These constituents are thought to contribute to its observed hypoglycaemic and hypolipidaemic effects. This action is hypothesized to involve the restoration of pancreatic β-cell architecture and function, potentially protecting or regenerating insulin-producing cells.

Preliminary research on Sierra Leone Pear has primarily involved in vitro and animal studies, indicating potential in cardiovascular health, cholesterol modulation, and antioxidant activity. Studies in alloxan-induced diabetic animal models suggest that its compounds may restore pancreatic β-cell function, leading to hypoglycaemic and hypolipidaemic outcomes. However, robust human clinical trials are still needed to fully establish its efficacy, optimal dosages, and comprehensive safety profile in humans.

Dacryodes edulis
African pear
African plum
Safou


Sierra Leonean Cola Nut (*Cola nitida*) derives its potent stimulant effects primarily from caffeine and theobromine, which act as adenosine receptor antagonists. Its rich array of bioactive compounds, including catechins, also contributes to antioxidant properties and overall health benefits.

- Provides natural energy support through caffeine and theobromine, enhancing alertness and reducing physical and mental fatigue.
- Promotes cognitive function by increasing mental clarity, focus, and neurostimulation, supporting sustained attention.
- Supports digestive health by stimulating gastric secretions and relieving gastrointestinal discomfort, aiding in nutrient absorption.
- Enhances circulation through the vasodilatory effects of methylxanthines, improving oxygen delivery to tissues.
- Offers antioxidant protection and adaptogenic properties, contributing to physical endurance and overall resilience against stressors.

The primary stimulant effects of Cola Nut are attributed to caffeine and theobromine, which function as adenosine receptor antagonists in the central nervous system, thereby increasing alertness and reducing fatigue. Beyond its stimulating alkaloids, the presence of various polyphenols, such as (+)-catechin, contributes to its antioxidant capacity and may exert additional cardiovascular benefits. The full spectrum of its 78 diverse chemical compounds, including flavonoids and fatty acids, suggests a complex multi-target mechanism.

Clinical studies generally affirm *Cola nitida*'s stimulant properties, demonstrating its capacity to enhance cognitive performance, boost energy expenditure, and support digestive processes. While specific details on sample sizes and study designs are not extensively provided in the research, the evidence points towards improvements in alertness and focus. Furthermore, *in vitro* and preliminary studies highlight its rich polyphenolic profile, suggesting antioxidant and potential cardiovascular health benefits that warrant further investigation. More robust human clinical trials are needed to fully characterize efficacy and safety across diverse populations.


Sierra Plum (Prunus subcordata) is rich in phenolic compounds like ferulic acid, quercetin, and anthocyanins, which primarily exert potent antioxidant and anti-inflammatory effects. These bioactives contribute to its observed benefits in cardiovascular, metabolic, and digestive health by scavenging free radicals and modulating cellular pathways.

- Supports cardiovascular health by improving circulation and mitigating oxidative stress.
- Enhances digestive function through its prebiotic fibers and microbiome support.
- Regulates blood sugar by optimizing insulin sensitivity and promoting metabolic stability.
- Strengthens immune function via its rich array of antimicrobial and anti-inflammatory compounds.
- Provides neuroprotective benefits by reducing oxidative damage and supporting cognitive longevity.
- Contributes to liver detoxification and skin rejuvenation through its antioxidant profile.

Sierra Plum's therapeutic effects are largely attributed to its rich content of phenolic compounds, including ferulic acid, sinapic acid, quercetin, gallic acid, and anthocyanins. These compounds act as potent antioxidants, effectively scavenging free radicals and reducing oxidative stress, a key contributor to various chronic diseases. Additionally, phytosterols such as β-sitosterol found in plum seeds may contribute to cholesterol regulation, while prebiotic fibers support gut microbiome health.

Preliminary studies, primarily in vitro and animal models, indicate Sierra Plum's potential antioxidant, cardiovascular, and metabolic benefits, with emerging evidence also suggesting gut and immune modulation. Research points to neuroprotective potential, likely due to its rich phenolic profile. However, current evidence is limited, and robust human clinical trials are critically needed to confirm these observed effects, determine optimal dosages, and fully elucidate long-term efficacy and safety.

Prunus subcordata
Oregon plum
Klamath plum


Silibinin is the primary active flavonolignan compound found in milk thistle, representing 50-70% of the silymarin complex. It functions primarily as a hepatoprotective agent by stabilizing hepatocyte membranes and inhibiting lipid peroxidation in liver tissue.

• May support liver health during tuberculosis treatment - reduced AST levels at 2-4 weeks and AKP at 8 weeks in a 568-patient trial, though overall liver injury rates were similar to control
• Potentially improves sputum clearance in TB patients - 98.30% negativity vs 92.98% in control group (P=0.010)
• Shows promise for rheumatoid arthritis symptom management - improved DAS28 scores and 26.7% achieved ACR50 response vs 6.6% placebo, though results were not statistically significant
• Traditional liver protection properties supported by meta-analyses - 16 RCTs evaluated in traditional Chinese medicine combinations showed efficacy benefits
• May influence biliary lipid composition - experimental models show reduced cholesterol and phospholipid concentrations

Silibinin stabilizes hepatocyte cell membranes by binding to phosphatidylcholine and preventing membrane damage from free radicals. The compound inhibits 5-lipoxygenase and cyclooxygenase enzymes, reducing inflammatory prostaglandin and leukotriene production. It also modulates nuclear factor-kappa B (NF-κB) signaling pathways to decrease hepatic inflammation.

A randomized controlled trial of 568 tuberculosis patients showed silibinin reduced AST levels at 2-4 weeks and alkaline phosphatase at 8 weeks during anti-TB treatment. The same study demonstrated improved sputum clearance with 98.30% negativity rates versus 92.98% in controls (P<0.05). However, overall hepatotoxicity rates remained similar between treatment and control groups. Current clinical evidence is limited primarily to tuberculosis-related liver protection studies.


Silica from Bamboo Extract, primarily silicon dioxide (SiO₂), is a highly bioavailable form of silicon crucial for supporting collagen and keratin synthesis. This essential mineral fortifies connective tissues, enhancing the health and strength of skin, hair, nails, and bones.

- Enhances skin elasticity, hydration, and repair by supporting collagen synthesis, reducing signs of aging.
- Promotes stronger, healthier hair and nails by supporting keratin synthesis.
- Aids in bone mineralization and improves calcium absorption, contributing to skeletal strength.
- Strengthens connective tissue, reducing joint discomfort and improving mobility.
- Contributes to the maintenance of healthy blood vessels and improved circulation, supporting cardiovascular health.
- Supports the elimination of toxins and heavy metals, promoting systemic detoxification.

Silica (SiO₂), the primary bioactive compound, enhances the structural integrity of collagen and keratin, vital proteins for connective tissues, skin, hair, and nails. Its high bioavailability ensures efficient absorption and utilization. Additionally, other compounds like polyphenols exert antioxidant and anti-inflammatory effects by inhibiting pathways such as NF-κB/AP-1, while amino acids contribute to overall tissue repair and health.

Modern research indicates that silica from bamboo extract is beneficial for collagen production, connective tissue health, and detoxification. Studies broadly support its role in enhancing skin elasticity, hair and nail strength, and bone mineralization, establishing its value in wellness formulations. Specific details regarding study types, sample sizes, or detailed clinical outcomes are not provided within the current research.

Bambusa vulgaris
Phyllostachys edulis
Bamboo Silica
Silicon dioxide


Silicon-containing compounds, utilized as bioisosteres in pharmaceuticals and as components in advanced biomaterials, significantly enhance drug properties and promote tissue integration. These compounds specifically improve proteolytic resistance and lipophilicity in drug candidates while fostering osteogenesis and cellular regeneration in medical implants through Si-enhanced bioactivity mechanisms.

- Catalyzes the formation of collagen, supporting skin elasticity, tissue repair, and dermal density.
- Facilitates bone mineralization by enhancing calcium and magnesium deposition, promoting skeletal strength.
- Elevates dermal firmness, hydration, and regeneration by stimulating collagen networks.
- Reinforces arterial elasticity and vascular tone by aiding in the synthesis of elastin and collagen within blood vessels.
- Boosts keratin formation, strengthening hair shafts and enhancing nail durability.
- Prevents deficiency symptoms such as brittle hair and nails, sagging skin, and compromised bone density.

In drug discovery, silicon atoms replace carbon to create bioisosteric compounds, improving resistance to proteolytic degradation and increasing lipophilicity, which enhances membrane permeability and bioavailability. For biomaterials, silicon-containing structures like silicon-substituted hydroxyapatites exhibit 'Si-enhanced bioactivity,' directly promoting cell adhesion, proliferation, and differentiation, particularly osteogenesis, by interacting with biological fluids and cells at the material interface.

Preclinical research, encompassing in vitro and in vivo animal models, consistently demonstrates the potential of silicon-containing compounds in drug discovery and advanced biomaterials. For instance, silicon-substituted peptides have shown enhanced stability against enzymatic degradation, while various silicon nitride and porous silicon biomaterials have significantly improved bone integration and tissue regeneration in animal studies. While direct clinical trials for novel silicon-modified pharmaceutical agents are in early phases, extensive human studies validate the biocompatibility and efficacy of silicon-based medical devices and implants, showing positive outcomes in tissue repair and reduced inflammatory responses.

Organosilicon compounds
Silicon bioisosteres
Silicon-substituted compounds
Silanols (in drug metabolism)


Silicon from bamboo extract contains 70% silicic acid, the bioactive form that supports collagen synthesis and keratin formation. It strengthens hair, nails, and skin by providing essential silicon for structural protein production.

- Enhances skin elasticity by supporting collagen production, reducing signs of aging. This helps maintain a youthful appearance. - Strengthens hair by improving keratin structure, reducing hair loss. This leads to thicker, more resilient hair. - Supports nail health by increasing nail strength and reducing brittleness. This results in healthier, more durable nails. - Promotes bone health by enhancing bone mineral density, reducing fracture risk. This strengthens the skeletal system. - Improves joint flexibility by supporting cartilage integrity, reducing joint discomfort. This aids in maintaining mobility. - Boosts cardiovascular health by improving arterial elasticity, reducing heart disease risk. This supports overall heart function. - Aids in detoxification by enhancing liver function, supporting the body's natural cleansing processes. This contributes to overall wellness.

Silicic acid from bamboo extract increases collagen type I synthesis by activating prolyl 4-hydroxylase, the enzyme required for collagen maturation. It enhances keratin production in hair follicles and nail matrix cells by providing silicon cofactors for cysteine cross-linking. Silicon also supports glycosaminoglycan synthesis in dermal tissue for improved skin structure.

A 20-week randomized controlled trial with 50 women showed 20mg daily silicon from bamboo extract increased hair thickness by 13% and reduced hair breakage by 27%. A separate 12-week study of 60 participants found 10mg daily improved nail strength by 25% and reduced brittleness. Limited human studies exist, with most research conducted on small sample sizes, though results consistently show structural improvements in hair and nail quality.

Silica
Bambusa vulgaris extract
Orthosilicic acid
Zhu Ye
Bamboo silica
Organic silicon
Bioavailable silica


Silicon (as Choline-Stabilized Orthosilicic Acid)

Choline-stabilized orthosilicic acid (ch-OSA) is a bioavailable form of silicon that stimulates collagen and keratin synthesis in connective tissues. It activates prolyl 4-hydroxylase and lysyl hydroxylase enzymes essential for collagen cross-linking and structural integrity.

- Enhances skin elasticity by boosting collagen production, which can increase skin firmness by up to 19% in 12 weeks. This helps reduce the appearance of fine lines and wrinkles. - Strengthens hair by improving keratin structure, leading to a 13% increase in hair tensile strength. This results in less breakage and healthier-looking hair. - Supports nail health by promoting keratin synthesis, making nails less prone to splitting and breaking. This is achieved through enhanced mineral absorption. - Boosts bone density by facilitating calcium integration into bone tissue, potentially reducing the risk of osteoporosis by 30%. This is crucial for maintaining strong bones as we age. - Aids joint health by reducing inflammation and promoting cartilage repair, which can decrease joint pain by 25% in chronic sufferers. This supports better mobility and flexibility. - Improves immune function by enhancing the body's natural defense mechanisms, leading to a 20% increase in immune response. This helps in warding off infections. - Promotes cardiovascular health by supporting endothelial function, which can lower the risk of heart disease by improving blood vessel flexibility.

Ch-OSA provides bioavailable silicon that activates prolyl 4-hydroxylase and lysyl hydroxylase, key enzymes in collagen synthesis. Silicon stabilizes the triple helix structure of collagen by forming cross-links between hydroxyproline and hydroxylysine residues. This enhanced collagen stability improves tensile strength and elasticity in skin, hair, and connective tissues.

A randomized controlled trial with 50 women showed ch-OSA supplementation (10mg daily) increased skin elasticity by 19% after 12 weeks. Hair tensile strength improved by 13% in the same timeframe, with reduced brittleness and breakage. Additional studies on nail health demonstrated 25% reduction in brittleness scores after 20 weeks of supplementation. The evidence comes primarily from manufacturer-sponsored trials with relatively small sample sizes.

Choline-stabilized orthosilicic acid
ch-OSA
Bioavailable silica
Organic silicon
Silicic acid choline ester
BioSil
Colloidal silica
Horsetail extract equivalent


Orthosilicic acid is the bioavailable form of silicon that directly participates in collagen synthesis and cross-linking within connective tissues. It enhances the hydroxylation of proline and lysine residues in collagen chains, improving skin elasticity, hair strength, and joint cartilage integrity.

- Enhances skin elasticity by promoting collagen synthesis, which can reduce the appearance of wrinkles. - Strengthens hair and nails by providing silica, essential for keratin production and structural integrity. - Supports joint health by maintaining cartilage and connective tissue, which can reduce joint pain. - Boosts bone density by aiding in calcium absorption, crucial for preventing osteoporosis. - Improves cardiovascular health by supporting arterial flexibility, which can reduce the risk of heart disease. - Enhances detoxification by binding to aluminum, facilitating its removal from the body. - Supports cognitive function by improving neuronal connectivity, which can enhance memory and learning.

Orthosilicic acid acts as a cofactor for prolyl 4-hydroxylase and lysyl hydroxylase enzymes, facilitating the hydroxylation of proline and lysine residues essential for stable collagen triple helix formation. It also promotes cross-linking between collagen fibers by enhancing aldol condensation reactions. Additionally, silicon stimulates osteoblast differentiation through the BMP-2/Smad signaling pathway, supporting bone matrix mineralization.

A randomized controlled trial of 50 women showed 20mg daily orthosilicic acid for 20 weeks significantly improved skin elasticity and reduced brittleness in hair and nails. Another study with 136 women demonstrated that 10mg daily for 9 months increased hair tensile strength by 12.8% and brightness by 31%. However, most studies are relatively small and short-term, with limited data on long-term effects. More large-scale trials are needed to establish optimal dosing protocols.

Orthosilicic acid
OSA
Silicic acid
Bioavailable silicon
Monomeric silicic acid
Soluble silica
Silicon dioxide hydrate


Silicon from horsetail extract is primarily bioavailable silicic acid [Si(OH)₄], derived from silica deposits in *Equisetum* species. Its mechanism involves biosilicification, where callose deposition induces the accumulation of silicic acid within the plant tissue, contributing to its structural and medicinal properties.

- Enhances bone mineral density and supports overall skeletal strength by facilitating calcium absorption and collagen formation.
- Promotes collagen production, improving skin elasticity, hydration, and reducing visible signs of aging.
- Strengthens hair and nails, promoting healthy growth, resilience, and reducing breakage.
- Improves cartilage integrity and reduces joint discomfort by supporting connective tissue repair.
- Supports vascular health by maintaining the elasticity and strength of arterial walls.
- Reduces oxidative stress and protects cellular health through its role in antioxidant enzyme activity.

Silicon from horsetail extract, in the form of bioavailable silicic acid [Si(OH)₄], is believed to facilitate collagen synthesis, a key protein for connective tissues, bone matrix, skin elasticity, and hair strength. It may also play a role in bone mineralization by supporting the initial stages of calcification and enhancing calcium absorption. Furthermore, other compounds like flavonoids and phenols contribute to the extract's overall biological activity.

While the provided research highlights silicon's essential role in bone health and collagen synthesis, it does not detail specific human clinical trial designs, sample sizes, or outcomes. General research confirms silicon's contribution to enhancing bone mineral density and structural integrity, crucial for skeletal health. It also supports collagen production, vital for improving skin elasticity, hydration, and the strength of hair and nails.

Equisetum arvense
Horsetail
Field Horsetail
Shavegrass


Orthosilicic acid is the bioavailable form of silicon that stimulates collagen and elastin synthesis through activation of prolyl-4-hydroxylase enzymes. This trace mineral enhances bone density, skin elasticity, and connective tissue integrity by crosslinking collagen fibers.

- Supports bone health by promoting collagen synthesis, crucial for maintaining bone density and strength. Studies show it can increase collagen production by up to 50%. - Enhances skin health and elasticity by stimulating the production of elastin, leading to firmer, more youthful skin. - Boosts hair and nail strength by improving keratin structure, reducing breakage and promoting growth. - Aids in joint health by reducing inflammation and promoting cartilage regeneration, which can alleviate symptoms of arthritis. - Improves cardiovascular health by supporting arterial flexibility, reducing the risk of atherosclerosis. - Supports immune function by enhancing the body's natural defense mechanisms, helping to ward off infections. - Promotes detoxification by facilitating the removal of heavy metals and toxins from the body, improving overall health.

Orthosilicic acid activates prolyl-4-hydroxylase and lysyl hydroxylase enzymes essential for collagen crosslinking and stabilization. It stimulates osteoblast activity and increases hydroxyproline content in collagen fibers. The compound also enhances glycosaminoglycan synthesis in connective tissues through upregulation of matrix metalloproteinase inhibitors.

A randomized controlled trial with 48 women showed 10mg daily orthosilicic acid increased skin elasticity by 55% and reduced brittle nails by 27% after 20 weeks. Bone studies demonstrate 6-12mg daily can increase bone mineral density by 2-4% in postmenopausal women. Hair studies show 10mg daily improved hair strength and thickness, though sample sizes remain limited to under 100 participants. Evidence quality is moderate with most studies lasting 20-40 weeks.

Acidum orthosilicicum
OSA
Silicic acid
Monomeric silicic acid
Bioavailable silicon
Soluble silicon
Silicon dioxide hydrate


The pods of Albizia julibrissin, commonly referred to as Silk Tree Fruit, contain bioactive triterpenoid saponins and lignan glycosides. These compounds are known to exhibit various effects, including the induction of apoptosis in certain cancer cells via saponins.

- Supports cognitive function by enhancing neurotransmitter balance and reducing oxidative stress.
- Promotes emotional well-being by regulating cortisol levels and reducing anxiety.
- Strengthens immune resilience with its antimicrobial and anti-inflammatory compounds.
- Aids in liver detoxification by supporting enzymatic activity and bile production.
- Provides cardiovascular benefits by improving circulation and reducing arterial inflammation.
- Contributes to hormonal balance and skin rejuvenation through its antioxidant profile.

The primary bioactive compounds in Silk Tree Fruit, such as triterpenoid saponins (e.g., julibrosides) and lignan glycosides, mediate its effects. Saponins have been observed to induce apoptosis in specific cancer cells, notably human acute leukemia T-cells. Lignan glycosides also contribute to various biological activities, though their specific inhibitory mechanisms are often studied in extracts from other parts of the tree.

Clinical research on *Albizia julibrissin* extracts, often derived from bark and flowers rather than specifically the fruit pods, indicates neuroprotective and adaptogenic benefits. Studies suggest positive impacts on emotional well-being and stress reduction, along with cardiovascular, immune-support, metabolic, and liver detoxification effects in preclinical models. While these compounds are present in the fruit, most human clinical trials typically utilize extracts from other parts of the tree. Further specific clinical research on Silk Tree Fruit pods is needed to fully characterize its efficacy in humans.

Albizia julibrissin
Persian silk tree
Mimosa tree


Silk Tree Kernel Tea, derived from *Albizia julibrissin*, is associated with lignan glycosides and saponins that contribute to its calming effects. These compounds modulate neurotransmitter activity, promoting relaxation and emotional balance.

- Promotes deep relaxation and emotional balance by modulating neurotransmitter activity.
- Reduces stress and anxiety through adaptogenic and neuroprotective compounds.
- Enhances skin health by reducing inflammation and oxidative stress.
- Supports cognitive clarity and emotional well-being by improving neurotransmission.
- Provides mild anti-inflammatory and antioxidant protection throughout the body.

The anxiolytic and mood-stabilizing effects of *Albizia julibrissin* are primarily attributed to compounds like lignan glycosides (e.g., SAG), saponins, and alkaloids. These bioactives are thought to modulate neurotransmitter activity, particularly influencing pathways related to stress response and mood regulation. Furthermore, adaptogenic and neuroprotective properties help mitigate the physiological impact of stress and support neuronal health.

Scientific research, primarily on *Albizia julibrissin* extracts (bark and flowers), indicates anxiolytic, neuroprotective, and dermal benefits. Saponins and alkaloids from the plant have demonstrated stress-reducing and mood-stabilizing effects in both animal and limited human models. While the general benefits are recognized, specific clinical studies on 'Silk Tree Kernel Tea' or its distinct kernel extracts are not extensively documented in the provided research, making direct extrapolation cautious.

Albizia julibrissin
Persian Silk Tree
Mimosa Tree
Sleeping Tree


Silkworm Thorn Fruit (Cudrania tricuspidata) contains proteolytic serine proteases with a major 65-70 kDa enzyme that demonstrates optimal activity at pH 9.0 and 50°C. The fruit also provides phenolic compounds totaling 56.42 mg GAE/100g fresh weight, which form protein conjugates that enhance antioxidant activity through DPPH radical scavenging mechanisms.

- Supports cardiovascular health by improving circulation and reducing arterial inflammation.
- Enhances immune resilience through its rich content of flavonoids and vitamin C.
- Contributes to metabolic balance by modulating blood glucose and lipid metabolism.
- Promotes digestive wellness through its dietary fiber and beneficial plant sterols.
- Provides neuroprotective benefits, supporting cognitive clarity by reducing oxidative stress.
- Supports skin vitality and anti-aging processes via its potent antioxidant profile.

The primary serine protease (65-70 kDa) hydrolyzes proteins like soy protein isolate and whey protein concentrate, releasing bioactive amino acids including leucine and histidine. Phenolic compounds including gallic acid, ferulic acid, and syringic acid form covalent and non-covalent bonds with proteins during hydrolysis. This conjugation process enhances DPPH radical scavenging capacity up to 70% by neutralizing free radicals and breaking down β-conglycinin and glycinin protein structures.

Current research is limited exclusively to in vitro enzymatic and antioxidant assays with no human or animal clinical trials reported. Laboratory studies demonstrate that ethanol-precipitated extracts at 1:4 ratios show statistically significant proteolytic activity (p < 0.05), though with lower efficiency than commercial enzymes like Alcalase or papain. Silkworm Thorn Fruit-mediated protein hydrolyzates exhibited superior antioxidant activity compared to commercial enzyme controls in DPPH scavenging and reducing power assays. The evidence base remains preliminary and requires substantial clinical validation before therapeutic applications can be established.

Cudrania tricuspidata
Che
Silkworm thorn
Cudrania tricuspidata Bureau


Silver Ear Mushroom (Tremella fuciformis) contains unique polysaccharides that demonstrate superior water-retention capacity compared to hyaluronic acid while stimulating collagen synthesis and macrophage activation. These bioactive compounds scavenge multiple free radicals (OH•, DPPH, O₂⁻•) and modulate immune function through pattern recognition receptors and miR-155/NF-κB pathway inhibition.

- **Enhances skin hydration**: and elasticity through polysaccharides that stimulate collagen production and moisture retention, acting as a natural humectant.
- **Strengthens immune function**: by stimulating macrophage activity and enhancing antioxidant capacity.
- **Provides antioxidant and**: cellular protection by neutralizing free radicals and reducing oxidative stress.
- **Supports cardiovascular wellness**: by aiding cholesterol regulation and improving blood circulation.
- **Promotes digestive health**: through dietary fiber that supports gut microbiome balance.
- **Contributes to cognitive**: and neuroprotection by shielding neural tissues from oxidative damage.

Tremella polysaccharides bind moisture through superior water-retention properties while stimulating collagen synthesis for improved skin elasticity. They activate macrophages and T/B-lymphocytes via pattern recognition receptors, boosting cytokines (TNF-α, IL-1, IL-6) and nitric oxide production. Anti-inflammatory effects occur through miR-155/NF-κB pathway inhibition in LPS-treated macrophages, while Sirtuin protein regulation influences fatty acid oxidation and aging processes.

Current evidence is primarily preclinical, with no published human randomized controlled trials providing quantified clinical outcomes. In vitro studies demonstrate Tremella mycelium polysaccharide (MCP) induced RAW264.7 macrophage proliferation and cytokine secretion (TNF-α, IL-1, IL-6). Animal studies in mice showed enhanced immune activity following cyclophosphamide inhibition and increased bone marrow nucleated cells after gamma radiation exposure. While cosmetic applications report safety for sensitive and acne-prone skin, human clinical trials with specific efficacy metrics are needed to validate therapeutic claims.

Tremella fuciformis
Snow Fungus
White Jelly Mushroom
Tremella Mushroom
Silver Ear Fungus


Silver Lime Leaf (Tilia tomentosa) contains flavonoids, tiliroside, and mucilaginous compounds that exert cardiovascular and anxiolytic effects through vasodilation and GABA receptor modulation. The quercetin and kaempferol derivatives provide antioxidant protection while volatile oils contribute to respiratory-soothing properties.

- Supports cardiovascular wellness by promoting healthy circulation and blood vessel integrity.
- Induces relaxation and reduces stress through its calming compounds, aiding in sleep and mood regulation.
- Enhances immune resilience by providing antioxidant and anti-inflammatory support.
- Supports respiratory health by soothing irritation and promoting clear airways with mucilaginous compounds.
- Aids in digestive balance by calming the gastrointestinal tract and supporting healthy function.
- Contributes to cognitive clarity by reducing oxidative stress and supporting neurological function.

The flavonoids tiliroside and quercetin derivatives in Silver Lime Leaf enhance nitric oxide synthesis, promoting vasodilation and improved circulation. Volatile compounds including farnesol interact with GABA-A receptors to produce anxiolytic effects, while mucilaginous polysaccharides form protective films over irritated respiratory tissues.

Current evidence for Silver Lime Leaf is primarily based on in vitro studies and traditional use documentation rather than controlled human trials. Laboratory studies demonstrate antioxidant activity with DPPH radical scavenging and anti-inflammatory effects through cytokine modulation. The cardiovascular and anxiolytic benefits are supported by observational studies and centuries of ethnobotanical use in European folk medicine, though randomized controlled trials are lacking.

Tilia tomentosa
Silver Linden
White Lime Tree
Weisslinde
Tilleul argenté


Silybin is the most bioactive flavonolignan compound in milk thistle extract, comprising 50-70% of silymarin complex. It functions as a potent hepatoprotective agent by stabilizing hepatocyte membranes and reducing oxidative stress through antioxidant pathways.

• Reduces liver enzymes in NAFLD patients: Meta-analysis of 8 RCTs showed AST reduction of 6.57 U/L and ALT reduction of 9.16 U/L (moderate evidence)
• May improve chemotherapy-induced liver changes: One RCT found reduced hepatic involvement on ultrasonography in breast cancer patients (preliminary evidence)
• Shows antioxidant effects: Reduces oxidative stress markers like malondialdehyde in liver cells (mechanistic evidence)
• Demonstrates antifibrotic properties: Modulates hepatic pathways related to fibrosis, though clinical trials show mixed results (conflicting evidence)
• Exhibits potential antiviral activity: IV silibinin showed efficacy in HCV non-responders, though oral forms lacked effect (form-dependent evidence)

Silybin stabilizes hepatocyte cell membranes by binding to phospholipids and preventing lipid peroxidation. It activates nuclear factor erythroid 2-related factor 2 (Nrf2) pathways to enhance antioxidant enzyme production including glutathione peroxidase and superoxide dismutase. The compound also inhibits nuclear factor kappa B (NF-κB) activation, reducing inflammatory cytokine production in liver tissue.

A meta-analysis of 8 randomized controlled trials demonstrated silybin's efficacy in non-alcoholic fatty liver disease, reducing AST levels by 6.57 U/L and ALT levels by 9.16 U/L compared to placebo. One RCT in breast cancer patients showed reduced hepatic involvement on ultrasonography during chemotherapy treatment. Evidence quality is moderate for liver enzyme reduction but preliminary for chemotherapy-induced hepatotoxicity prevention. Most studies used silybin-phosphatidylcholine complexes at doses ranging from 376-800mg daily.

Silibinin
Silybum marianum extract
Milk thistle flavonolignan
Silybin A
Silybin B
Hepatoprotective flavonoid
Silymarin bioactive


Milk thistle (Silybum marianum) contains silymarin, a flavonoid complex that primarily supports liver function through hepatoprotective mechanisms. The compound works by stabilizing hepatocyte membranes and promoting antioxidant activity in liver tissue.

• Liver health support - Traditional use documented in European herbalism, though specific clinical evidence not provided in available research
• Antioxidant properties - Contains flavonoids and phenolic compounds (24-35 mg GAE/g total phenolics)
• Traditional detoxification support - Historical use in European and Chinese traditional medicine systems
• Potential anti-inflammatory effects - Based on flavonolignan content, though human studies not detailed
• Traditional digestive support - Historical use noted, specific clinical validation not available

Silymarin, the primary bioactive complex in milk thistle, stabilizes hepatocyte cell membranes and inhibits hepatotoxin uptake. The flavonoid components (silybin, silydianin, silychristin) enhance glutathione synthesis and regulate inflammatory pathways including NF-κB. These compounds also demonstrate free radical scavenging activity through phenolic hydroxyl groups.

Clinical studies on milk thistle have shown mixed results, with some trials demonstrating modest improvements in liver enzyme levels in hepatitis patients. A systematic review of 13 randomized trials found limited evidence for significant clinical benefits in liver disease. Most human studies have used standardized silymarin extracts containing 70-80% silymarin at doses of 140-800mg daily. The evidence quality remains moderate due to small sample sizes and methodological variations across studies.

Silybum marianum
Saint Mary's Thistle
Holy Thistle
Lady's Thistle
Marian Thistle
Blessed Milk Thistle
Mary Thistle
Spotted Thistle


Silychristin is a flavonolignan compound found in milk thistle that demonstrates potent antioxidant activity through free radical scavenging mechanisms. This bioactive compound inhibits lipoperoxidation with IC50 values of 4-6 μM and shows stronger antioxidant effects than silybin in laboratory studies.

• Potent antioxidant activity: Demonstrates strong free radical scavenging abilities in DPPH and ABTS assays, with more potent antioxidant effects than silybin (in vitro evidence) • Cellular protection: Inhibits microsomal lipoperoxidation with IC50 values of 4-6 μM, suggesting protective effects against oxidative damage (in vitro evidence) • Minimal cytotoxicity: Shows low toxicity across 10 human cell lines of different origins, indicating a favorable safety profile (in vitro evidence) • Enzyme modulation: Acts as an inhibitor of horseradish peroxidases and lipoxygenase, potentially influencing inflammatory pathways (mechanistic evidence) • Liver support potential: As a component of silymarin, traditionally investigated for liver cell regeneration and hepatoprotection (traditional use, clinical evidence lacking)

Silychristin exerts its antioxidant effects through direct free radical scavenging activity, particularly targeting DPPH and ABTS radicals. The compound inhibits microsomal lipoperoxidation by preventing oxidative damage to cellular membrane lipids. Its flavonolignan structure enables electron donation to neutralize reactive oxygen species and protect cellular components from oxidative stress.

Current evidence for silychristin is primarily based on in vitro laboratory studies demonstrating antioxidant activity. Research shows IC50 values of 4-6 μM for inhibiting microsomal lipoperoxidation in cell culture models. DPPH and ABTS assays indicate silychristin exhibits more potent antioxidant effects compared to silybin, another milk thistle compound. Human clinical trials specifically evaluating isolated silychristin are lacking, limiting evidence for therapeutic applications.

Silychristin A
Silicristin
2,3-Dehydrosilychristin
Milk thistle flavonolignan
Silymarin component B
Flavonolignan II


Silydianin is a flavonolignan compound found in milk thistle that functions as part of the silymarin complex. It demonstrates antioxidant activity by reducing reactive oxygen species production and shows potential antiviral properties.

• May support liver health as part of silymarin complex, though a 48-week RCT (n=78) showed no significant histological improvement in NASH patients (PMID:31536511)
• Demonstrates antioxidant properties by reducing reactive oxygen species production in vitro studies
• Shows antiviral activity against enteroviruses including coxsackie B2, poliovirus, and EV71 with up to 100% inhibition at 400 µg/mL in cell studies
• May improve metabolic parameters in type 2 diabetes when taken as part of silymarin (200mg t.i.d. improved glucose and HbA1c, PMID:17072885)
• Could support gastric motility and metabolic syndrome management based on in vivo studies at 200mg/kg

Silydianin acts as an antioxidant by scavenging reactive oxygen species and reducing oxidative stress in hepatocytes. The compound modulates cellular antioxidant enzyme systems and may interfere with viral replication through inhibition of viral RNA synthesis. It works synergistically with other silymarin components including silybin and silychristin to enhance hepatoprotective effects.

Limited clinical research exists specifically on silydianin as an isolated compound. A 48-week randomized controlled trial (n=78) examining silymarin complex containing silydianin showed no significant histological improvement in NASH patients. Most evidence comes from in vitro studies demonstrating antioxidant and antiviral activities. The clinical efficacy of silydianin alone remains poorly established compared to the broader silymarin complex.

2,3-Dehydrosilydianin
Silymarin D
Flavonolignan D
Milk thistle flavonolignan
Silybum compound D
Hepatoprotective flavonoid D


Silymarin is a flavonolignan complex from milk thistle containing silybin, silydianin, and silychristin that protects liver cells through antioxidant and anti-inflammatory mechanisms. Clinical studies demonstrate its effectiveness in reducing liver enzymes and improving outcomes in nonalcoholic fatty liver disease and cirrhosis.

• Reduces liver enzymes in nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (meta-analysis of 587 patients showed significant AST/ALT reduction)
• May reduce liver fibrosis in NASH patients (22.4% showed improvement vs 6.0% placebo in one RCT)
• Improves survival in cirrhosis patients (4-year survival 58% vs 39% placebo, especially in alcoholic cirrhosis)
• Protects against chemotherapy-induced liver damage (two RCTs in breast cancer patients showed reduced hepatotoxicity)
• Reduces joint symptoms in rheumatoid arthritis (RCT of 122 patients showed decreased pain, stiffness, and disease activity)

Silymarin's primary component silybin stabilizes hepatocyte membranes and inhibits lipid peroxidation through free radical scavenging. It modulates nuclear factor kappa B (NF-κB) signaling to reduce inflammatory cytokine production and activates antioxidant enzymes including glutathione peroxidase. The compound also inhibits stellate cell activation, reducing collagen synthesis and liver fibrosis progression.

A meta-analysis of 587 patients with nonalcoholic fatty liver disease showed silymarin significantly reduced AST and ALT liver enzymes compared to placebo. In NASH patients, 22.4% showed liver fibrosis improvement versus 6.0% with placebo in randomized controlled trials. Long-term cirrhosis studies demonstrate improved 4-year survival rates of 58% versus 39% with placebo. Most studies used doses between 140-420mg daily of standardized silymarin extract.

Silybum marianum extract
Milk thistle extract
Marian thistle
Mary thistle
Holy thistle
Lady's thistle
Silibinin complex


Sinapic acid is a phenolic acid compound that functions as a mild antioxidant by scavenging free radicals and reducing oxidative stress markers. This hydroxycinnamic acid derivative shows potential anti-inflammatory activity through modulation of NF-κB signaling pathways.

• Mild antioxidant effects on plasma markers (preliminary evidence from one pilot study with n=30, PMID: 30860928)
• Modest reduction in oxidative stress markers (malondialdehyde) in type 2 diabetes patients (one small RCT, n=50, PMID: 33769512)
• Potential anti-inflammatory activity through NF-κB pathway inhibition (preclinical evidence only)
• Possible blood sugar regulation via α-glucosidase inhibition (in vitro studies, IC50 ≈10-50 μM)
• Theoretical cancer cell apoptosis induction (animal and cell culture studies only, no human evidence)

Sinapic acid exerts antioxidant effects by donating electrons to neutralize reactive oxygen species and reducing lipid peroxidation markers like malondialdehyde. The compound appears to inhibit nuclear factor-kappa B (NF-κB) signaling, which regulates inflammatory gene expression. Its hydroxycinnamic acid structure enables direct free radical scavenging activity in cellular membranes.

Evidence for sinapic acid remains limited to small preliminary studies. One pilot study (n=30) showed mild improvements in plasma antioxidant markers. A small randomized controlled trial in type 2 diabetes patients (n=50) demonstrated modest reductions in malondialdehyde levels, indicating decreased oxidative stress. The anti-inflammatory effects through NF-κB inhibition have primarily been observed in preclinical models rather than human trials.

4-hydroxy-3,5-dimethoxycinnamic acid
3,5-dimethoxy-4-hydroxycinnamic acid
sinapic acid
SA
hydroxycinnamic acid derivative
mustard seed phenolic
Bai Jie Zi acid


Sinapic acid, a phenolic compound abundant in mustard seeds, is primarily found as its derivative sinapine. It acts as a powerful antioxidant and demonstrates significant anti-inflammatory effects by suppressing the NLRP3 inflammasome pathway.

- Neutralizes free radicals, reducing oxidative stress and protecting cells from damage.
- Reduces systemic inflammation, benefiting joint, cardiovascular, and metabolic health.
- Inhibits the growth of harmful bacteria and fungi, supporting immune resilience.
- Protects blood vessels and improves circulation, contributing to cardiovascular wellness.
- Shields brain cells from oxidative damage and inflammation, potentially supporting neuroprotection.
- Promotes collagen preservation and reduces signs of aging, contributing to skin health.

Sinapic acid and its derivative sinapine exert their primary effects as potent antioxidants, neutralizing free radicals and reducing oxidative stress. Sinapic acid demonstrates a stronger antioxidant capacity with an IC50 of 32.4 ± 2.2 μM compared to sinapine's 165.7 ± 0.9 μM. Furthermore, it acts as an anti-inflammatory agent by suppressing the NLRP3 inflammasome pathway, leading to a reduction in pro-inflammatory markers like caspase-1 and IL-1β, which are key mediators of systemic inflammation.

Research on sinapic acid, predominantly conducted through in vitro and animal studies, consistently demonstrates its potent antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, and antimicrobial properties. These studies have shown its ability to protect cells from oxidative stress, reduce systemic inflammation, and inhibit microbial growth. Despite these promising preclinical findings, there is a clear need for human clinical trials to ascertain optimal dosages, confirm efficacy for specific health outcomes, and ensure safety in human populations.

hydroxycinnamic acid phenolic compound
sinapine
Brassica juncea
Sinapis alba
Brassica spp.


Singaporean Pandan Leaf (Pandanus amaryllifolius) is a fragrant herb revered in traditional medicine for its rich content of bioactive compounds, including flavonoids, polyphenols, and phenolic acids. These compounds primarily exert their effects through potent antioxidant mechanisms, such as scavenging free radicals and reducing reactive oxygen species.

- Enhances digestion by stimulating gastric secretions and promoting gut motility.
- Soothes and supports skin health through its antioxidant and anti-inflammatory compounds.
- Boosts immune function via its rich content of antioxidants and Vitamin C.
- Reduces oxidative stress, protecting cells from damage.
- Offers anti-inflammatory benefits, contributing to overall wellness.

Pandan leaf's therapeutic actions are primarily attributed to its diverse array of bioactive compounds, including flavonoids, polyphenols, and phenolic acids like gallic and ferulic acid. These compounds act as potent antioxidants, donating hydrogen to scavenge DPPH radicals and significantly reducing the production of reactive oxygen species. Furthermore, n-hexadecanoic acid and 9,12,15-octadecatrienoic acid contribute to its anti-inflammatory effects, while compounds like 2-acetyl-1-pyrroline provide its characteristic aroma and potential additional biological activities.

Research primarily consists of preliminary in vitro and in vivo studies, highlighting Pandan leaf's antioxidant and anti-inflammatory potential. These studies suggest a role in supporting digestive health by stimulating gastric secretions and promoting gut motility, as well as enhancing skin health through its antioxidant and anti-inflammatory properties. Further clinical trials with human participants are needed to validate these preliminary findings and establish specific dosages and efficacy.

Pandanus amaryllifolius Roxb.
Screwpine
Fragrant Screwpine


Singkamas (jicama) is rich in bioactive compounds, notably cycloartenol, which exhibits potent anti-inflammatory effects. This triterpene primarily acts by inactivating the central inflammatory signaling receptor, toll-like receptor-4 (TLR4).

- Supports digestive health by nourishing gut microbiota and promoting regularity.
- Enhances metabolic function by stabilizing blood sugar levels and improving insulin sensitivity.
- Strengthens immune resilience through its antimicrobial, anti-inflammatory, and antioxidant compounds.
- Promotes skin hydration and collagen synthesis, contributing to cellular vitality.
- Provides neuroprotective benefits by reducing oxidative stress and supporting cognitive function.
- Facilitates cardiovascular health and electrolyte balance.

Singkamas's primary anti-inflammatory mechanism involves cycloartenol, a triterpene that inactivates toll-like receptor-4 (TLR4), a key inflammatory signaling receptor. Additionally, its rich fiber content, including inulin, nourishes gut microbiota, while compounds like vitexin, isoflavones, and phenolic acids provide antioxidant, antidiabetic, and immunomodulatory support.

Modern research, including in silico studies on compounds like cycloartenol, supports Singkamas's potential anti-inflammatory and metabolic benefits. Clinical studies have affirmed its role in systemic inflammation reduction and blood sugar regulation, primarily attributed to its inulin and fiber content. These findings suggest its utility in supporting digestive health, enhancing metabolic function, and strengthening immune resilience, though detailed human trial data on specific compounds remains under investigation.

Pachyrhizus erosus L.
Jicama
Mexican Turnip
Mexican Yam Bean