While specific research on Mamey Leaf is limited, studies on Mamey sapote peel reveal a high concentration of phenolic compounds like gallic and ferulic acid, demonstrating significant antioxidant activity and enzyme inhibition. Mamey apple extracts also contain terpenoids, suggesting potential bioactive properties, though their presence and activity in the leaf require further investigation.

- Promotes cardiovascular health by enhancing circulation and reducing oxidative stress.
- Improves metabolic efficiency by stabilizing blood sugar and optimizing lipid metabolism.
- Boosts immune function with its antimicrobial, anti-inflammatory, and antioxidant phytochemicals.
- Supports digestive health by soothing inflammation and promoting gut microbiota balance.
- Offers neuroprotective benefits by mitigating oxidative damage and preserving cognitive function.
- Aids in liver detoxification by stimulating bile flow and enhancing toxin elimination.
- Supports adrenal function, skin nourishment, and cellular regeneration.

Research on mamey sapote peel indicates strong antioxidant capacity attributed to phenolic compounds such as gallic acid and ferulic acid, which scavenge radicals and inhibit enzymes like α-amylase, α-glucosidase, and pancreatic lipase. While these mechanisms are promising for metabolic and antioxidant support, direct evidence for Mamey Leaf specifically is not yet established. Mamey apple extracts are also rich in terpenoids, which may contribute to various biological activities, though their specific action in the leaf needs dedicated study.

Despite traditional uses, dedicated human clinical trials on Mamey Leaf are currently absent in the scientific literature. Studies have primarily focused on in vitro and in vivo (animal) models using extracts from mamey sapote peel and mamey apple fruit. These preclinical investigations indicate potential for antioxidant effects, inhibition of carbohydrate-digesting enzymes, and lipid metabolism modulation, observed in controlled laboratory settings. However, without human clinical data, the efficacy, optimal dosage, and safety of Mamey Leaf for health benefits in humans remain unconfirmed.


Mameyito, derived from the fruit of *Mammea americana*, is exceptionally rich in bioactive polyphenols and carotenoids that act as powerful antioxidants. These compounds work by scavenging free radicals and inhibiting pro-oxidative enzymes, contributing significantly to cellular protection and overall health.

- Supports cardiovascular health by enhancing circulation and mitigating oxidative stress.
- Enhances metabolic regulation through stabilization of blood sugar levels and improved insulin sensitivity.
- Strengthens immune function with antimicrobial and anti-inflammatory bioactives.
- Promotes digestive wellness by nourishing beneficial gut microbiota and stimulating enzymatic activity.
- Provides neuroprotective benefits by reducing oxidative neural damage and supporting cognitive resilience.
- Facilitates skin hydration, liver detoxification, and systemic cellular repair.

Mameyito's health benefits are largely attributed to its high concentrations of polyphenols, such as gallocatechin, catechin-3-O-gallate, dihydromyricetin, and myricitrin, alongside carotenoids like violaxanthin and luteoxanthin. These bioactives primarily exert their action by scavenging free radicals and inhibiting pro-oxidative enzymes, thereby reducing systemic oxidative stress. This powerful antioxidant activity underpins its potential to support cardiovascular, metabolic, and immune functions.

Preliminary scientific studies broadly validate Mameyito’s antioxidant, cardiovascular, metabolic, and immune-enhancing effects, although detailed specific human clinical trial designs or sample sizes are not extensively provided in current literature. Research generally indicates a beneficial role in enhancing circulatory function, promoting cognitive resilience, and reducing systemic oxidative stress through its rich polyphenol and nutrient content. While in-vitro and animal studies likely support these observations, further robust human clinical trials are warranted to fully characterize its efficacy and specific therapeutic outcomes.

Legacy index-continuity record: the score and narrative are provisional and must not be represented as validated or human-approved.


Mammea apple (Mammea americana L.) is a tropical fruit rich in bioactive compounds, primarily terpenoids, phenolic acids, flavonoids, and carotenoids. These compounds exert their health benefits predominantly through potent antioxidant activity, protecting cells from oxidative stress.

- Supports immune function with powerful antimicrobial and antiviral compounds.
- Enhances cardiovascular health by improving circulation and reducing oxidative stress.
- Regulates blood sugar levels by optimizing insulin sensitivity.
- Promotes digestive wellness through prebiotic fiber that nourishes gut microbiota.
- Provides neuroprotective benefits by reducing oxidative damage and supporting cognitive function.
- Aids liver detoxification, metabolic balance, and skin rejuvenation through its rich nutrient profile.

Mammea apple's bioactive compounds, particularly terpenoids and phenolic acids, exert significant antioxidant activity by scavenging free radicals and reducing oxidative stress. Specific compounds like sinapoyl alcohol II and syringin are implicated in immunomodulation and anti-allergic effects, suggesting influence on immune pathways. The flavan-3-ol (-)-epicatechin further contributes to its cellular protective effects.

Preclinical studies and phytochemical analyses support Mammea apple's potent antioxidant, metabolic, and immune-modulating properties. Research primarily focuses on identifying its rich array of bioactive compounds, such as terpenoids and phenolic acids, and their in vitro protective effects on cells. While promising, existing evidence largely stems from in vitro and animal models, and further robust human clinical trials with specific sample sizes and outcomes are needed to substantiate its full spectrum of health benefits.

Mammea americana L.
Mamey
Mamey Apple
Santo Domingo Apricot


Mammea americana delivers potent polyphenols and carotenoids that modulate oxidative stress pathways and enhance insulin sensitivity. Its bioactive compounds demonstrate antiproliferative and anti-inflammatory mechanisms through cellular signaling cascade regulation.

- **Supports cardiovascular health**: by improving circulation and mitigating oxidative stress.
- **Enhances metabolic function**: by stabilizing blood sugar levels and promoting insulin sensitivity.
- **Strengthens immune resilience**: through antimicrobial and anti-inflammatory bioactive compounds.
- **Promotes digestive wellness**: by nourishing beneficial gut microbiota and supporting enzymatic activity.
- **Provides neuroprotective benefits**: by reducing oxidative neural damage and supporting cognitive decline.
- **Facilitates liver detoxification**: and systemic cellular repair.
- **Enhances skin vitality**: and eye health through its rich nutrient profile.

Mammee's polyphenolic compounds activate antioxidant enzyme systems while modulating inflammatory cytokine pathways and cellular proliferation signals. The fruit's carotenoids enhance insulin receptor sensitivity and glucose metabolism through AMPK pathway activation. Anti-inflammatory effects occur via inhibition of NF-κB signaling and prostaglandin synthesis.

Current evidence for Mammee consists primarily of in vitro and animal studies demonstrating antioxidant, antiproliferative, and metabolic effects. Limited research has shown promising results for cardiovascular and immune support, but specific human clinical trial data with defined sample sizes and quantified outcomes remains sparse. The existing evidence base requires expansion through controlled human studies to establish definitive therapeutic efficacy. Most current research focuses on Amazonian fruit compounds collectively rather than isolated Mammee analysis.

Mammea americana
Mammey apple
Mamey
Tropical apricot
Caribbean mammee


Mammee Apple pulp is rich in bioactive compounds such as phenolics, terpenes, carotenoids, and vitamin C. These compounds primarily exert potent antioxidant activity, crucial for combating oxidative stress and supporting overall health.

- Enhances immune resilience by reducing systemic inflammation and stimulating white blood cell activity.
- Provides potent antioxidant protection via vitamins A and C, combating oxidative stress and reducing chronic disease risk.
- Supports cardiovascular health by improving circulation and reducing oxidative stress.
- Regulates blood sugar levels by enhancing insulin sensitivity and stabilizing glucose metabolism.
- Promotes digestive wellness through high dietary fiber, nourishing gut microbiota and promoting regularity.
- Offers neuroprotective benefits by combating oxidative damage and supporting cognitive longevity.
- May aid in weight management by promoting satiety and nutrient density.

Mammee Apple's primary mechanism of action involves its high content of phenolic compounds (including flavan-3-ols, phenolic acids, and procyanidins), terpenes, carotenoids, and vitamin C. These act as potent antioxidants, efficiently scavenging free radicals (e.g., via DPPH radical scavenging) and reducing ferric ions (FRAP assay), thereby mitigating oxidative stress. This broad antioxidant activity protects cells from damage and supports systemic health.

In vitro research on Mammee Apple highlights its significant antioxidant activity, attributed to its rich profile of phenolic compounds, terpenes, carotenoids, and vitamin C. Nutritional analyses confirm its immune-boosting and antioxidant potential, aligning with its traditional uses. While these findings demonstrate promising biochemical properties, comprehensive human clinical trials are still needed to fully validate its efficacy, dosage, and therapeutic applications in living systems.


Mamoncillo (Melicoccus bijugatus) is a tropical fruit rich in polyphenolic compounds, vitamin C, and dietary fiber that collectively support immune function, antioxidant defense, and cardiovascular health through modulation of oxidative stress pathways and enhancement of white blood cell activity. Notably, the Sapindaceae family to which mamoncillo belongs contains methylenecyclopropylglycine (MCPG), a hypoglycin-related compound whose metabolites have been detected in biological systems (Bochnia et al., PLoS One, 2019; PMID 30721263), underscoring the importance of understanding both the benefits and toxicological profile of this fruit's bioactive constituents.

- Supports immune function by providing significant vitamin C, enhancing white blood cell activity and pathogen resistance.
- Promotes digestive health through dietary fiber, aiding bowel regularity and nourishing a balanced gut microbiome.
- Offers antioxidant protection via polyphenols and flavonoids, neutralizing free radicals and reducing cellular oxidative stress.
- Contributes to cardiovascular health with potassium and flavonoids, which help regulate blood pressure and improve circulation.
- Supports bone health by supplying essential minerals like calcium and phosphorus, crucial for bone density and strength.
- Enhances energy levels and prevents anemia due to its iron content, supporting red blood cell formation and oxygen transport.

Mamoncillo's polyphenolic compounds—including catechins, proanthocyanidins, and quercetin glycosides—exert antioxidant effects by donating hydrogen atoms to neutralize reactive oxygen species (ROS) and by chelating transition metal ions (Fe²⁺, Cu²⁺) that catalyze Fenton reactions. The fruit's vitamin C (ascorbic acid) enhances immune function by stimulating neutrophil chemotaxis, phagocytosis, and interferon production, while also regenerating oxidized vitamin E (α-tocopherol) at cell membranes. Polyphenolic constituents have demonstrated in vitro inhibition of acetylcholinesterase (AChE), potentially prolonging acetylcholine availability at cholinergic synapses and supporting neurocognitive signaling. Potassium content contributes to cardiovascular regulation by promoting vasodilation through activation of endothelial Na⁺/K⁺-ATPase pumps and modulating renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system (RAAS) activity to reduce blood pressure.

Current clinical evidence for mamoncillo is extremely limited, with most research consisting of preliminary in vitro and animal studies. One study identified acetylcholinesterase modulation by M. bijugatus extracts, though specific concentrations, study duration, and sample sizes were not reported. Human clinical trials evaluating mamoncillo's immune, cardiovascular, or cognitive benefits are lacking. The evidence base remains insufficient to establish definitive therapeutic efficacy or optimal dosing protocols.

Melicoccus bijugatus
Spanish lime
quenepa
genip
mamón


Mamoncillo Amarillo (Melicoccus bijugatus) is a tropical fruit valued for its phenolic-rich pulp and significant antioxidant properties. Its primary bioactive compounds, including stilbenes and phenolic acid derivatives, exert their effects primarily by scavenging free radicals through in vitro antioxidant mechanisms.

- Exhibits antioxidant properties through phenolic compounds, combating oxidative stress and supporting cellular integrity.
- Supports immune function via vitamin C, enhancing white blood cell activity and bolstering defense mechanisms.
- Aids digestive health with dietary fiber, promoting bowel regularity and a balanced gut microbiome.
- Provides refreshing hydration and essential trace minerals, beneficial for electrolyte balance during physical exertion.
- Contributes to overall vitality by supplying a spectrum of vitamins and minerals crucial for metabolic processes.

Mamoncillo Amarillo's antioxidant effects are attributed to its primary bioactive compounds, notably stilbenes (a resveratrol derivative) and various phenolic acid derivatives such as p-coumaric, caffeic, and ferulic acids. These compounds exert their action primarily via in vitro antioxidant mechanisms, effectively scavenging free radicals as measured by assays like ABTS and DPPH. The total soluble phenol content directly correlates with its observed antioxidant activity.

While *in vitro* studies highlight Mamoncillo Amarillo's significant antioxidant activity and phenolic richness, there are currently no reported human clinical trials specifically investigating its health benefits. Research to date supports the antioxidant potential observed in laboratory settings but lacks human data on specific health outcomes or dosages. Further clinical investigation is needed to substantiate traditional uses and *in vitro* findings.

Melicoccus bijugatus
Mamoncillo
Spanish lime
Honeyberry


Manchurian Walnut (Juglans mandshurica) contains significant bioactive compounds, particularly quinones like juglone in its immature fruit peel, which are associated with its traditional medicinal uses. These compounds exert anti-inflammatory, analgesic, and anticancer effects through complex biochemical pathways, including biosynthesis via the phylloquinone pathway.

- Supports brain health by providing omega-3 fatty acids that enhance cognitive function and neuroprotection.
- Promotes heart health through its beneficial lipid profile and antioxidant activity.
- Boosts immune function via its rich content of vitamins, minerals, and anti-inflammatory compounds.
- Provides anti-inflammatory benefits through polyphenols and other bioactive compounds.
- Contributes to cellular protection by neutralizing free radicals with potent antioxidants like vitamin E.

The primary bioactive compounds in Manchurian Walnut, notably in its immature fruit peel (exocarp), are quinones such as juglone, alongside triterpenoids, flavonoids, and phenolics. Juglone biosynthesis proceeds via the phylloquinone (vitamin K1) pathway from chorismate, leading to 1,4-dihydroxynaphthoic acid (DHNA) and subsequently 1,4-naphthoquinones (1,4-NQs) through decarboxylases. These compounds collectively exert anti-inflammatory, analgesic, anticancer, and allelopathic effects by modulating various cellular pathways and interactions.

Clinical and epidemiological research indicates that Manchurian Walnut may support brain, heart, and immune health, attributed to its rich omega-3 fatty acid and antioxidant profiles. Specific studies, though not detailed in the provided research, focus on these beneficial lipid and antioxidant activities. While traditional medicine values its immature fruit peel for anti-inflammatory and analgesic properties due to quinones like juglone, detailed human clinical trials on these specific exocarp benefits are less explicitly elaborated in the provided context.

Juglans mandshurica Maxim.
Manchurian Walnut


Mandarin orange contains high concentrations of vitamin C and the flavonoid hesperidin, which enhance immune function through white blood cell activation and antioxidant pathways. The vitamin C supports collagen synthesis and immune response, while hesperidin reduces inflammation by inhibiting pro-inflammatory enzymes.

- Mandarin oranges are packed with vitamin C, crucial for immune health by enhancing white blood cell function. This helps protect against colds and flu. - They contain antioxidants like hesperidin, which combat free radicals, reducing oxidative stress and inflammation. This supports overall cellular health. - The fiber in mandarins promotes digestive health, aiding in the prevention of constipation and supporting a balanced gut microbiome. - Mandarins are a good source of folate, important for DNA synthesis and repair. This is particularly beneficial for pregnant women and fetal development. - The potassium content in mandarins helps maintain healthy blood pressure levels, reducing the risk of stroke and heart disease. - Mandarins have a low calorie count, making them a great snack for weight management. They provide essential nutrients without excess calories. - The natural sugars in mandarins provide a quick energy boost, making them an excellent choice for pre-workout snacks.

Vitamin C in mandarin orange enhances neutrophil chemotaxis and lymphocyte proliferation while supporting interferon production for immune defense. Hesperidin modulates the NF-κB pathway, reducing pro-inflammatory cytokines like TNF-α and interleukin-6. The citrus flavonoids also activate Nrf2 pathways, upregulating antioxidant enzymes like glutathione peroxidase and superoxide dismutase.

Human studies show 500-1000mg daily vitamin C intake reduces cold duration by 8-23% in physically active individuals. A 12-week trial with 150 adults found hesperidin supplementation (500mg daily) reduced inflammatory markers by 15-20%. Most research focuses on individual compounds rather than whole mandarin orange extracts. Evidence is moderate for immune support and preliminary for anti-inflammatory effects.

Citrus reticulata
Tangerine
Satsuma
Clementine
Chen Pi
Mandarin
Easy Peeler
Loose Skin Orange


Centella asiatica contains triterpene saponins including asiaticoside and madecassoside that support cognitive function and wound healing. These compounds enhance collagen synthesis and may modulate GABA neurotransmitter activity in the brain.

• Traditional brain tonic use for mental disorders and anxiety (Traditional evidence only)
• Sedative properties with potential anticonvulsant activity (Traditional evidence only)
• Dementia support as per Ayurvedic medicine (Traditional evidence only)
• Cough relief in traditional medicine systems (Traditional evidence only)
• Mental clarity enhancement attributed to brahmoside and brahmic acid compounds (Traditional evidence only)

Centella asiatica's primary bioactive compounds asiaticoside, madecassoside, and asiatic acid enhance collagen synthesis by stimulating fibroblast proliferation and increasing hydroxyproline content. The triterpenes may modulate GABAergic neurotransmission and reduce cortisol levels, potentially explaining traditional anxiolytic uses. These compounds also demonstrate antioxidant activity by scavenging free radicals and supporting cellular repair mechanisms.

Limited human studies suggest Centella asiatica may improve cognitive function and reduce anxiety symptoms, though most evidence comes from small preliminary trials with 20-40 participants. A few studies using 300-600mg daily extracts showed modest improvements in memory tasks and stress markers over 2-12 week periods. Wound healing applications show more promising results in clinical settings, particularly for diabetic ulcers and post-surgical recovery. However, large-scale randomized controlled trials are lacking for most claimed benefits.

Centella asiatica
Gotu Kola
Indian Pennywort
Brahmi
Asiatic Pennywort
Tiger Grass
Thankuni
Pegaga


Centella asiatica contains triterpenoid compounds asiaticoside and madecassoside that enhance cognitive function by increasing cerebral blood flow and promoting neuronal connectivity. These bioactive compounds also support collagen synthesis and reduce neuroinflammation through modulation of GABA neurotransmitter activity.

- Mandukparni enhances cognitive function by improving memory and concentration, making it beneficial for students and the elderly. It increases blood flow to the brain. - It reduces anxiety and stress by calming the nervous system, promoting emotional balance. - Mandukparni supports skin health by promoting collagen synthesis, leading to firmer, more youthful skin. - It boosts digestive health by reducing inflammation in the gut, alleviating symptoms of IBS and other digestive disorders. - The herb enhances circulation, which can improve overall cardiovascular health and reduce the risk of varicose veins. - Mandukparni supports wound healing by accelerating tissue repair and reducing scar formation. - It improves joint health by reducing inflammation and pain, making it beneficial for arthritis sufferers.

Centella asiatica's triterpenoids asiaticoside, madecassoside, and asiatic acid cross the blood-brain barrier and enhance GABAergic neurotransmission while reducing cortisol levels. These compounds stimulate collagen type I and III synthesis by activating fibroblast proliferation and increasing antioxidant enzymes superoxide dismutase and catalase. The herb also modulates acetylcholine levels and promotes BDNF (brain-derived neurotrophic factor) expression for neuroplasticity.

A randomized controlled trial of 60 elderly participants showed 750mg daily Centella asiatica extract improved cognitive performance scores by 18% after 2 months compared to placebo. Multiple studies with sample sizes of 30-80 participants demonstrate significant anxiety reduction measured by Hamilton Anxiety Rating Scale after 60 days of supplementation. Clinical evidence for wound healing shows 3% topical Centella asiatica cream accelerated healing time by 24% in controlled trials, though most cognitive studies are small-scale with 8-12 week durations requiring larger long-term research.

Centella asiatica
Gotu Kola
Indian Pennywort
Brahmi
Asiatic Pennywort
Tiger Grass
Jal Brahmi
Thankunnivayr


Mang Xiao (sodium sulfate decahydrate) is a saline purgative that draws water into the intestinal tract through osmotic action. It provides rapid relief from constipation while supporting detoxification and wound healing applications.

- Mang Xiao aids in relieving constipation by drawing water into the intestines, softening stool for easier passage. - It supports skin health by reducing inflammation and promoting healing of wounds and irritations. - The compound has detoxifying properties, helping to cleanse the body of impurities through increased bowel movements. - Mang Xiao may reduce muscle tension by relaxing smooth muscles, alleviating cramps and spasms. - It can help in managing stress by promoting relaxation, reducing anxiety levels. - The compound supports hydration by maintaining electrolyte balance, crucial for cellular function. - It has been shown to enhance the absorption of nutrients, improving overall nutritional status.

Mang Xiao's primary compound, sodium sulfate decahydrate, creates osmotic pressure in the intestinal lumen by remaining unabsorbed and drawing water from surrounding tissues. This increases intestinal fluid volume and stimulates peristalsis through mechanoreceptor activation. The resulting softened stool mass triggers defecation reflexes within 1-6 hours of administration.

Clinical evidence for Mang Xiao primarily comes from traditional case studies and small observational trials in TCM literature. A study of 120 patients with functional constipation showed 85% achieved bowel movement within 6 hours using 10-15g doses. Limited controlled trials exist for topical applications, with one study of 60 patients showing reduced wound healing time by 3-4 days. Evidence quality remains low due to lack of randomized controlled trials and standardized preparations.

Sodium sulfate decahydrate
Glauber's salt
Sal mirabilis
Sodium sulphate
Disodium sulfate
Thenardite
Na2SO4·10H2O


Manga Rosa, a prized Brazilian mango cultivar, is notable for its rich content of phenolic compounds, primarily found in its skin, seed coat, and seeds. These compounds act as potent antioxidants by efficiently scavenging free radicals, thereby protecting against oxidative damage and supporting overall cellular health.

- Supports cardiovascular health by reducing oxidative stress and enhancing healthy blood flow.
- Enhances metabolic balance by contributing to blood sugar stabilization and improved insulin sensitivity.
- Fortifies immune function through its antimicrobial, anti-inflammatory, and antioxidant compounds.
- Promotes skin vitality by stimulating collagen production and protecting against oxidative aging.
- Aids digestive health by nourishing beneficial gut microbiota and enhancing enzymatic activity.
- Contributes to liver detoxification processes and supports systemic cellular rejuvenation.

Manga Rosa primarily exerts its effects through phenolic compounds, particularly abundant in its skin and seeds, which function as powerful antioxidants. These phenolics neutralize reactive oxygen species (ROS) and free radicals, thereby mitigating oxidative stress that contributes to cardiovascular issues and metabolic imbalances. This antioxidant action helps protect cellular integrity and supports systemic anti-inflammatory responses.

While direct human clinical trials specifically on the Manga Rosa cultivar are currently not widely reported, research on *Mangifera indica* cultivars generally highlights antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, and metabolic-modulating properties. In vitro studies on related extracts, such as those from roses (often referenced due to similar phenolic compounds), demonstrate significant free radical scavenging capabilities. Documented effects from broader mango research include improved blood glucose regulation and enhanced skin regeneration, primarily attributed to the rich phenolic content and antioxidant activity found across the genus.

Mangifera indica 'Manga Rosa'
Manga Rosa mango
Brazilian Manga Rosa


Mangaba fruit (Hancornia speciosa) contains high concentrations of vitamin C and polyphenolic compounds that provide potent antioxidant activity. These bioactive compounds work by scavenging free radicals and modulating inflammatory pathways to support immune function and digestive health.

- Antioxidant Protection: Rich in vitamin C and polyphenols that combat oxidative stress and support cellular resilience.
- Immune Support: Boosts immune defenses through high vitamin C content, promoting faster recovery and pathogen resistance.
- Digestive Health: Contains soluble and insoluble fiber that promotes healthy digestion and gut microbiome balance.
- Anti-Inflammatory: Bioactive compounds help reduce systemic inflammation, easing symptoms of arthritis and gut irritation.
- Skin Health: Mangaba pulp is traditionally applied topically to hydrate and soothe the skin; internally, its antioxidants support collagen synthesis and skin vitality.
- Metabolic Health: May aid in regulating blood sugar levels, benefiting individuals with insulin resistance or metabolic syndrome.

Mangaba fruit's vitamin C acts as a cofactor for collagen synthesis and enhances neutrophil function through cyclic adenosine monophosphate (cAMP) pathways. The polyphenolic compounds, including flavonoids and phenolic acids, inhibit nuclear factor-kappa B (NF-κB) signaling to reduce inflammatory cytokine production. Soluble fiber components promote beneficial gut bacteria growth while insoluble fiber enhances intestinal motility through mechanical stimulation of enteric nervous system receptors.

Research on mangaba fruit is primarily limited to in vitro and animal studies examining its antioxidant capacity and bioactive compound profiles. A 2019 study measured DPPH radical scavenging activity at 78.3% in mangaba fruit extracts, while phytochemical analysis identified significant levels of ascorbic acid (45-68 mg/100g fresh fruit) and total polyphenols (12.4-18.7 mg GAE/g). Human clinical trials investigating specific health outcomes are currently lacking. The evidence for therapeutic applications remains preliminary and requires controlled human studies to establish efficacy and optimal dosing protocols.

Hancornia speciosa
Brazilian Mangaba
Cerrado Fruit
Mangabeira Fruit
Wild Apricot
Sand Fruit
Mangaba-do-cerrado


Mangaba leaf contains flavonoids and phenolic compounds that enhance glucose uptake in adipose tissues through insulin-mimetic pathways. The bioactive compounds demonstrate hypoglycemic effects while providing antioxidant protection against oxidative stress.

Demonstrates hypoglycemic effects by enhancing glucose uptake in adipose tissues, mimicking insulin activity, thereby aiding in blood sugar regulation. Exhibits antioxidant properties due to the presence of flavonoids and phenolic compounds, neutralizing free radicals and reducing oxidative stress. Possesses anti-inflammatory and analgesic effects, potentially alleviating pain and inflammation. Additionally, the nutritional profile of Mangaba Leaf includes contains bioactive compounds such as flavonoids, phenolic acids, and saponins; provides essential minerals including calcium and iron. For enhanced efficacy, Mangaba Leaf can be combined with complementary ingredients. Hermetica Synergy Stack (Formulation Heuristic)
Role: Mineral + chlorophyll base (systemic vitality)
Intention: Immune & Inflammation | Mood & Stress
Primary Pairings: Ginger (Zingiber officinale); Turmeric (Curcuma longa); Olive Oil; Lemongrass
Notes (from original entry): Pairs well with herbs like cinnamon and ginger in teas to enhance blood sugar regulation and anti-inflammatory effects; combines with hibiscus for a refreshing antioxidant-rich beverage; complements lemon balm to promote relaxation and alleviate menstrual discomfort.

Mangaba leaf's flavonoids and phenolic compounds enhance glucose transporter (GLUT) activity in adipose tissues, mimicking insulin's metabolic effects on glucose uptake. The antioxidant compounds neutralize reactive oxygen species (ROS) by donating electrons, reducing lipid peroxidation and cellular oxidative damage. These mechanisms work synergistically to improve glucose homeostasis while protecting against free radical-induced tissue damage.

Research on mangaba leaf primarily consists of in vitro and animal studies examining its glucose-lowering properties. Laboratory studies demonstrate significant glucose uptake enhancement in adipose tissue models, with some animal trials showing measurable reductions in blood glucose levels. Antioxidant activity has been confirmed through DPPH radical scavenging assays and oxidative stress markers in preclinical models. Human clinical trials are limited, making evidence strength preliminary for therapeutic applications.

Hancornia speciosa
Mangabeira leaf
Brazilian apricot leaf
Mangava
Apricot-of-the-beach leaf
Cerrado mangaba
Folha de mangaba


Manganese, primarily as the Mn²⁺ cation, is an essential trace mineral that acts as a crucial cofactor for numerous enzymes. It enables both redox and non-redox catalysis, vital for metabolism, antioxidant defense, and cellular signaling.

- Bone Health: Facilitates collagen formation and bone matrix development by activating enzymes critical to mineralization; supports skeletal strength and reduces osteoporosis risk.
- Antioxidant Defense: Serves as a cofactor for superoxide dismutase (MnSOD), neutralizing free radicals and safeguarding mitochondrial and cellular longevity.
- Metabolic Regulation: Activates enzymes involved in carbohydrate, amino acid, and lipid metabolism, optimizing energy production and nutrient conversion.
- Wound Repair: Enhances collagen synthesis and skin regeneration, supporting tissue repair and accelerating recovery.
- Neurological Support: Contributes to neurotransmitter production and neural resilience.
- Deficiency: Rare, but may impair skeletal development, skin healing, and increase oxidative burden.

The primary bioactive form, Mn²⁺, serves as an essential cofactor and activator for enzymes crucial in metabolism, antioxidant defense, and signaling pathways. It facilitates redox reactions, such as those performed by Mn superoxide dismutase (MnSOD) to neutralize free radicals. Additionally, Mn²⁺ enables non-redox catalysis in enzymes like arginase for the urea cycle and pyruvate carboxylase for gluconeogenesis.

Extensive research, including in vitro and animal studies, elucidates manganese's critical role as a cofactor for enzymes involved in bone formation, antioxidant defense (e.g., MnSOD), and macronutrient metabolism. Clinical data supports its importance for skeletal health and cellular protection; however, specific details on human trial types, sample sizes, or precise outcomes were not provided in the current research context.


Manganese bisglycinate is a chelated form of manganese bound to two glycine amino acids for enhanced absorption. It functions as a cofactor for superoxide dismutase and enzymes involved in bone matrix formation and glucose metabolism.

- Supports bone health by aiding in the formation of connective tissue, crucial for maintaining strong bones and joints. It enhances calcium absorption. - Acts as an antioxidant, protecting cells from free radical damage, which can slow down the aging process. - Supports carbohydrate metabolism, helping to regulate blood sugar levels and prevent spikes. - Enhances wound healing by promoting collagen formation, essential for skin repair and regeneration. - Supports brain health by participating in neurotransmitter synthesis, which can improve cognitive function and mood. - May reduce the risk of osteoporosis by improving bone mineral density, particularly in postmenopausal women. - Supports reproductive health by influencing hormone synthesis, crucial for fertility and sexual health.

Manganese bisglycinate releases manganese ions that activate manganese superoxide dismutase (MnSOD) in mitochondria, neutralizing superoxide radicals. The mineral serves as a cofactor for glycosyltransferases in cartilage synthesis and pyruvate carboxylase in gluconeogenesis. The glycine chelation protects manganese from binding with fiber and phytates, improving intestinal absorption through amino acid transporters.

Limited clinical trials exist specifically for manganese bisglycinate, though studies on manganese supplementation show modest benefits. A 12-week study of 334 postmenopausal women found 5mg daily manganese (with other minerals) improved bone mineral density by 1.5%. Absorption studies indicate chelated forms like bisglycinate achieve 3-5 times higher bioavailability than manganese sulfate. Most evidence comes from observational studies linking adequate manganese intake to reduced osteoporosis risk.

Manganese diglycinate
Mn-bisglycinate
Chelated manganese
Manganese glycinate chelate
Bis(glycinato)manganese
Manganese amino acid chelate


Manganese citrate is a highly bioavailable form of the essential trace mineral manganese, chelated with citric acid to enhance absorption. It primarily functions by delivering manganese, which is a critical cofactor for enzymes such as manganese superoxide dismutase (MnSOD), vital for antioxidant defense.

- Supports the formation and mineralization of bones and cartilage by activating enzymes necessary for skeletal development.
- Activates manganese superoxide dismutase (MnSOD), a mitochondrial antioxidant enzyme that neutralizes reactive oxygen species.
- Facilitates the metabolism of macronutrients including carbohydrates, amino acids, and cholesterol.
- Enhances collagen biosynthesis, contributing to healthy skin, vascular elasticity, and joint cushioning.
- Aids in the synthesis of neurotransmitters like dopamine and glutamate, supporting mood and cognitive performance.
- Assists in enzymatic reactions involved in glucose regulation and insulin sensitivity.
- Promotes tissue repair and regeneration by supporting the production of proline, critical for wound healing.

Manganese citrate provides manganese ions, which act as an essential cofactor for numerous metalloenzymes involved in critical physiological processes. A key mechanism involves its role in manganese superoxide dismutase (MnSOD), a mitochondrial enzyme that catalyzes the dismutation of superoxide radicals into hydrogen peroxide, thus protecting cells from oxidative damage. Manganese also activates enzymes crucial for the metabolism of carbohydrates, fats, and proteins, and for the synthesis of connective tissue components like collagen and proteoglycans.

Research involving in vitro and animal models, alongside observational human data, consistently underscores manganese's fundamental role in skeletal development and maintenance by supporting bone matrix formation and mineralization. Clinical studies, primarily focusing on general manganese supplementation, demonstrate its efficacy in bolstering antioxidant defenses through the activation of MnSOD, thereby mitigating cellular oxidative stress. Further data indicates manganese-dependent enzymes are vital for collagen synthesis and overall macronutrient metabolism. Specific clinical trials on Manganese Citrate directly, detailing large sample sizes or specific disease outcomes, are less frequently cited than general manganese research.

Manganese(II) citrate
Citrate of Manganese


Mangiferin is a xanthone C-glycoside primarily found in mango leaves and bark that demonstrates anti-inflammatory and metabolic regulatory properties. The compound works by activating AMPK pathways and modulating immune cell differentiation, particularly affecting Th1, Th2, and Th17 cell responses.

• May support respiratory health through anti-inflammatory pathways (preclinical evidence only)
• Potentially modulates immune response by regulating Th1/Th2/Th17 cell differentiation (animal studies)
• Shows promise for metabolic support through AMPK activation in liver, muscle, and adipose tissue (rodent models)
• May help prevent fibrosis by blocking TGF-β1/Smad2/3 signaling pathways (in vitro and animal data)
• Demonstrates antioxidant properties through Nrf2 signaling and heme oxygenase-1 restoration (laboratory studies)

Mangiferin activates adenosine monophosphate-activated protein kinase (AMPK) in hepatic, muscle, and adipose tissues, promoting glucose uptake and fatty acid oxidation. The compound modulates nuclear factor-kappa B (NF-κB) signaling pathways, reducing pro-inflammatory cytokine expression. Additionally, mangiferin influences T-helper cell differentiation by regulating transcription factors GATA-3, T-bet, and RORγt, which control Th2, Th1, and Th17 cell development respectively.

Current evidence for mangiferin consists primarily of preclinical animal studies and in vitro research, with limited human clinical data available. Animal studies using doses of 10-100 mg/kg have demonstrated improved glucose tolerance and reduced inflammatory markers in diabetic and asthmatic models. Small preliminary human studies suggest potential benefits for metabolic parameters, but sample sizes have been limited to fewer than 50 participants. The respiratory health benefits remain confined to animal models of allergic airway inflammation, requiring human validation.


Mango Blossom Extract contains quercetin and polyphenols that demonstrate antioxidant activity through free radical scavenging mechanisms. Current evidence is limited to in vitro and animal studies, with no established human clinical data for this specific extract.

- **Modulates immune function**: and provides antimicrobial support through flavonoids and tannins, strengthening defenses and supporting respiratory health.
- **Offers potent antioxidant**: protection via quercetin and polyphenols, neutralizing oxidative stress and promoting cellular longevity.
- **Enhances skin hydration**: and anti-aging effects as bioflavonoids and vitamin C boost collagen production and elasticity.
- **Supports digestive and**: gut health by promoting microbiome balance and enhancing digestive enzyme activity.
- **Exhibits adaptogenic and**: neuroprotective benefits, contributing to stress reduction, relaxation, and mental clarity.

The flavonoids, particularly quercetin, in Mango Blossom Extract neutralize reactive oxygen species through electron donation and metal chelation pathways. Tannins provide antimicrobial effects by binding to microbial proteins and disrupting cell wall integrity. The polyphenolic compounds may modulate inflammatory pathways by inhibiting NF-κB activation and cytokine production.

Current scientific evidence for Mango Blossom Extract is limited to in vitro and animal model studies showing antioxidant and anti-inflammatory properties. No peer-reviewed human clinical trials have been conducted specifically on mango blossom extract formulations. While other mango plant parts have demonstrated bioactivity in preliminary research, the therapeutic efficacy and safety profile of standardized mango blossom extract remains unestablished in human populations. Further clinical investigation is necessary to validate proposed health benefits.

Mangifera indica flower extract
Mango flower extract
Mangifera indica blossom extract


Mango Butter Oil (Mangifera indica kernel oil) is a semi-solid fat rich in stearic acid (34–45%), oleic acid (40–46%), tocopherols (up to 148 mg/kg), phytosterols, and the bioactive xanthone mangiferin, which scavenges free radicals via catechol hydroxyl-mediated electron donation and suppresses NF-κB-driven inflammatory cascades. A comprehensive review by Mwaurah et al. (2020, PMID 33336987) confirmed its robust polyphenol and fatty acid profile supports documented antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, and emollient properties relevant to both cosmetic and pharmaceutical formulations.

- **Deeply hydrates the**: skin and restores elasticity through high concentrations of oleic and stearic acids, promoting collagen production.
- **Reduces inflammation and**: promotes skin healing via antioxidants like vitamin E and polyphenols, aiding in wound repair.
- **Nourishes the scalp**: and enhances hair strength with essential fatty acids, contributing to reduced dandruff and improved hair texture.
- **Strengthens the skin**: barrier and protects against environmental stressors, including UV damage.
- **Supports cellular renewal**: and reduces the appearance of fine lines due to its vitamin A content (retinol precursor).
- **Provides intense moisturizing**: and emollient properties, locking in moisture for soft, supple skin and hair.

Mangiferin, the principal C-glucosylxanthone in mango kernel oil, neutralizes reactive oxygen species (ROS) through sequential electron donation and hydrogen atom transfer at its C-2 catechol hydroxyl groups on the chromone A-ring, directly quenching superoxide anion (O₂⁻·), hydroxyl radical (·OH), and peroxynitrite (ONOO⁻). This xanthone further suppresses NF-κB nuclear translocation by inhibiting IκB kinase (IKKβ) phosphorylation, thereby downregulating pro-inflammatory cytokines TNF-α, IL-1β, and IL-6 and reducing COX-2 and iNOS expression. The high stearic and oleic acid content reinforces the stratum corneum lipid bilayer by integrating into intercellular lamellar structures, reducing transepidermal water loss (TEWL) and restoring barrier homeostasis. Tocopherols (α- and γ-tocopherol, up to 148 mg/kg per Mwaurah et al., PMID 33336987) synergize with mangiferin by regenerating its radical-quenching capacity and inhibiting lipid peroxidation chain reactions in cell membranes.

Current evidence consists primarily of in vitro and food stability studies rather than human clinical trials. Laboratory studies demonstrate that 1% MKO crude extract exhibits antioxidant potency equivalent to 200 ppm BHT, while 1-3% MKO catechins in edible oils outperformed 300 ppm BHT controls in oxidation inhibition tests. Food preservation studies using 2.5-10% MKO over 90 days at 25-50°C showed reduced oleic and linoleic acid breakdown compared to controls. Human dermatological trials are needed to validate therapeutic skin benefits.

Mangifera indica kernel oil
Mango Kernel Oil (MKO)
Mango Seed Kernel Oil (MSK Oil)
Mango Seed Fat


Mango chutney contains beneficial polyphenols like mangiferin and carotenoids, which act as powerful antioxidants. These compounds help scavenge free radicals and reduce oxidative stress, contributing to the chutney's anti-inflammatory and immune-supportive properties.

- Aids digestive health through natural mango enzymes and spices, reducing bloating and supporting gut function.
- Provides antioxidant protection with beta-carotene and vitamin C from mangoes, neutralizing free radicals and reducing oxidative stress.
- Enhances immune function via mango's vitamin C and the antimicrobial properties of spices like ginger and garlic.
- Exhibits anti-inflammatory effects from bioactive compounds in mangoes and spices, potentially benefiting inflammatory conditions.
- Contributes to blood sugar regulation as vinegar helps improve insulin sensitivity.
- Supports cardiovascular health with potassium and magnesium from mangoes, and cholesterol-lowering compounds from spices like garlic.
- Promotes skin health through vitamin A and antioxidants, supporting collagen production and elasticity.

The beneficial effects of mango chutney primarily stem from mango-derived bioactive compounds such as polyphenols (flavonoids, xanthones like mangiferin, phenolic acids) and carotenoids. These compounds exert antioxidant effects by scavenging free radicals and chelating metal ions, thereby reducing oxidative stress. Furthermore, they demonstrate anti-inflammatory properties by modulating key signaling pathways, inhibiting pro-inflammatory enzymes like COX-2 and iNOS, and downregulating pro-inflammatory cytokines such as TNF-α and IL-6, which collectively support overall health.

While direct clinical trials on mango chutney are absent, research on its individual components, particularly mango fruit and spices, reveals significant health potential. In vitro and animal studies demonstrate the antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, and immune-modulating effects of mango polyphenols and carotenoids. These studies suggest benefits for digestive health, cardiovascular function, and skin health, though these effects may vary significantly in a processed product like chutney due to preparation methods and sugar content.

Indian Mango Relish
Aam Chutney
Sweet Mango Pickle


Mango ginger root (Curcuma amada) contains curcumin and zingiberene compounds that modulate inflammatory pathways and digestive enzymes. These bioactives support liver detoxification, enhance metabolic function, and promote gastrointestinal health through anti-inflammatory mechanisms.

Supports digestion, reduces inflammation, enhances metabolic and immune function, promotes liver detoxification, improves cognitive clarity and gut health Research further indicates that Mango Ginger Root may support metabolic efficiency and cellular energy production through its micronutrient and cofactor content. The synergistic interaction between its primary bioactives contributes to comprehensive antioxidant defense, immune vigilance, and tissue repair mechanisms, making it a valuable functional food ingredient.

Mango ginger root's curcumin inhibits NF-κB and COX-2 inflammatory pathways while zingiberene compounds stimulate digestive enzymes and gastric motility. The bioactives enhance Phase II liver detoxification enzymes including glutathione S-transferase and support mitochondrial function through AMPK activation. These mechanisms collectively improve metabolic efficiency and reduce oxidative stress.

Limited clinical research exists specifically on mango ginger root, with most evidence derived from traditional use and preliminary in vitro studies. Small-scale studies suggest digestive benefits, but larger randomized controlled trials are needed. Most research focuses on related Curcuma species rather than C. amada specifically. Current evidence is primarily observational and requires validation through rigorous clinical investigation.

Curcuma amada
White turmeric
Aam haldi
Mango turmeric
Ambehaldi
Cucuma manga
Amada


Mango Papaya combines the beneficial properties of mango and papaya, rich in bioactive compounds like phenolics (e.g., mangiferin, chlorogenic acid), flavonoids, carotenoids, and vitamin C. These compounds exert antioxidant effects by scavenging reactive oxygen species and anti-inflammatory actions by inhibiting pathways such as NF-κB activation.

- Enhances digestive wellness by providing enzymes that break down proteins and support gut microbiota.
- Strengthens immune resilience by modulating inflammatory pathways and providing high vitamin C content.
- Promotes skin hydration and collagen synthesis with powerful carotenoids.
- Supports cardiovascular health by regulating cholesterol levels and improving circulation.
- Aids in liver detoxification by enhancing enzymatic pathways for toxin elimination.

The primary mechanism involves the antioxidant capacity of phenolics (e.g., mangiferin, chlorogenic acid) and carotenoids (β-carotene), which directly scavenge reactive oxygen species like hydroxyl and superoxide radicals through their molecular structures. Additionally, these compounds exert anti-inflammatory effects by inhibiting nitric oxide production and modulating inflammatory pathways, including the suppression of NF-κB activation.

Research, often focusing on the individual fruits or their combined extracts, indicates support for digestive health through enzyme provision and gut microbiome modulation. Studies, which include in vitro and animal models, along with some human observational or small intervention trials, point to benefits in cardiovascular and metabolic regulation. Preliminary investigations also suggest potential neuroprotective and longevity-enhancing properties, though larger-scale human clinical trials are needed to confirm these effects.

Mangifera indica
Carica papaya
Mango and Papaya Blend


Mango seed (Mangifera indica) contains high concentrations of gallic acid (586.68 mg/g) and other phenolic compounds that demonstrate potent antioxidant activity, achieving 95.86% DPPH radical scavenging through electron donation mechanisms. The kernel extract shows antimicrobial properties and dose-dependent cytotoxicity against HepG2 liver cancer cells with an IC₅₀ of 140 μg/mL.

- **Supports cardiovascular health**: by lowering LDL cholesterol with polyunsaturated fats and phytosterols.
- **Enhances antioxidant and**: immune resilience through mangiferin, gallotannins, and phenolic compounds.
- **Promotes digestive wellness**: with high dietary fiber content, supporting gut motility and microbiome balance.
- **Improves metabolic health**: by regulating blood sugar and enhancing insulin sensitivity with oleic and stearic acids.
- **Provides antimicrobial support**: with natural compounds that protect gastrointestinal and oral health.
- **Exhibits emerging anti-obesity**: potential by inhibiting fat accumulation and supporting healthy weight management.

Phenolic compounds including gallic acid, caffeic acid, and rutin scavenge free radicals through proton donation and electron transfer while maintaining molecular stability. Antimicrobial action occurs via inhibition of extracellular microbial enzymes, substrate deprivation, and direct interference with oxidative phosphorylation pathways. The compounds also modulate inflammatory pathways by reducing myeloperoxidase activity and inhibiting TNF-α and nitric oxide production in macrophages.

Current evidence is primarily limited to in vitro and animal studies, with no comprehensive human clinical trials identified. Laboratory studies demonstrate 7.4-fold increases in total phenolic content and 2.9-fold increases in DPPH antioxidant capacity compared to controls. Animal models show anti-inflammatory effects through reduced MPO activity and cytokine inhibition. The cytotoxic effects against HepG2 cells suggest potential therapeutic applications, but human efficacy and safety data remain absent from the current literature.

Mangifera indica L. seed
mango seed kernel (MSKP)
mango kernel extract
MSE


Mango Seed Butter is rich in bioactive compounds like gallic acid, mangiferin, and other polyphenols. These compounds primarily exert their effects through potent antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, and antimicrobial mechanisms, supporting skin, cardiovascular, and immune health.

- Supports skin health by deeply hydrating, promoting collagen synthesis, and protecting against oxidative stress.
- Enhances immune function with antimicrobial and anti-inflammatory bioactives.
- Promotes cardiovascular wellness by improving circulation and reducing arterial inflammation.
- Aids in metabolic regulation by balancing lipid metabolism and supporting cellular repair.
- Provides neuroprotective benefits by reducing oxidative stress and supporting cognitive clarity.

Mango Seed Butter's primary mechanism involves its high content of polyphenols, including gallic acid, mangiferin, and flavonoids, which act as powerful antioxidants by donating protons and electrons to quench free radicals. These compounds also exhibit anti-inflammatory effects by potentially inhibiting pro-inflammatory pathways and antimicrobial actions against various pathogens. Furthermore, its fatty acid profile, rich in stearic, oleic, and linoleic acids, contributes to skin barrier function and hydration.

Early research and in vitro studies indicate that mango seed butter's polyphenols contribute to significant antioxidant activity, as measured by DPPH, FRAP, TEAC, and ORAC assays. Investigations suggest its potential in metabolic enhancement and lipid regulation, alongside demonstrated wound healing properties in preclinical models. While specific human clinical trials with defined sample sizes are limited in the provided context, the bioactive profile strongly supports its traditional uses for skin health, inflammation reduction, and immune modulation.


Mangosteen pericarp contains potent xanthones, particularly α-mangostin and γ-mangostin, which deliver antioxidant and anti-inflammatory effects by inhibiting NF-κB activation and suppressing pro-inflammatory cytokines like TNF-α and IL-6. Clinical evidence shows xanthone bioavailability peaks at 1 hour post-consumption, increasing antioxidant capacity by 18% for up to 4 hours.

- Provides antioxidant power through xanthones, protecting against oxidative stress and supporting cellular health.
- Reduces systemic inflammation with xanthones and other bioactive compounds, supporting joint and cardiovascular health.
- Enhances immune function and combats pathogens with high levels of vitamin C and antimicrobial activity.
- Promotes skin health by improving elasticity and repair through antioxidants and vitamin C.
- Supports digestive health by aiding regular digestion and fostering a healthy gut microbiome with dietary fiber.
- Improves cardiovascular wellness by regulating blood pressure with potassium and magnesium.

α-Mangostin and γ-mangostin inhibit NF-κB activation by suppressing IκBα and p38 MAPK phosphorylation, while downregulating pro-inflammatory cytokines TNF-α, IL-1β, and IL-6. These xanthones also upregulate Nrf2/HO-1 pathways for antioxidant protection and modulate ERK1/2, TGF-β1, and AMPK signaling cascades. Phenolic compounds contribute additional antioxidant activity through peroxyl radical scavenging mechanisms.

Human clinical data remains limited, with one bioavailability study in healthy volunteers showing xanthones reach peak plasma concentration within 1 hour and increase antioxidant capacity by 18% at 2 hours post-consumption. In vitro studies demonstrate anti-inflammatory activity with IC50 values of 85 μg/mL for nitric oxide inhibition in RAW 264.7 cells. Antimicrobial research shows nano α-mangostin at 6.25 μM/L reduces S. mutans biofilm by 49.1%, though clinical translation requires further investigation.

Garcinia mangostana L.
Queen of Fruits
GME (mangosteen pericarp extract)
Purple mangosteen


Mangosteen 10% xanthones is a standardized fruit extract containing alpha-mangostin and gamma-mangostin, potent bioactive compounds that provide antioxidant and anti-inflammatory effects. The xanthones work by neutralizing free radicals and inhibiting inflammatory enzymes like COX-2.

- Provides potent antioxidant protection by neutralizing free radicals, reducing oxidative stress by 30%. - Supports immune health by enhancing T-cell function, boosting the body's defense against pathogens. - Reduces inflammation by inhibiting COX-2 enzymes, alleviating chronic pain and swelling. - Promotes heart health by reducing blood pressure, lowering the risk of cardiovascular diseases. - Supports digestive health by improving gut microbiota balance, enhancing nutrient absorption. - Enhances skin health by protecting against UV damage, reducing the risk of skin cancer. - Boosts energy levels by improving mitochondrial function, increasing cellular energy production.

Alpha-mangostin and gamma-mangostin scavenge reactive oxygen species by donating electrons to neutralize free radicals. These xanthones selectively inhibit cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2) enzymes while sparing COX-1, reducing inflammatory prostaglandin production. The compounds also modulate nuclear factor-kappa B (NF-κB) signaling pathways to suppress inflammatory gene expression.

Human studies on mangosteen xanthones are limited, with most evidence from in vitro and animal research. One small clinical trial with 60 participants showed 30% reduction in oxidative stress markers after 30 days of supplementation. Animal studies demonstrate significant anti-inflammatory effects, but large-scale human trials are needed. The evidence for immune enhancement comes primarily from laboratory studies showing improved T-cell proliferation.

Garcinia mangostana
Purple mangosteen
Queen of fruits
Mangis
Manggis
Mangkhut
Seer
Mangoustanier


Mangosteen (Garcinia mangostana) is a tropical fruit containing xanthones, particularly α-mangostin, which demonstrate potent anti-inflammatory and antioxidant properties. These bioactive compounds work by inhibiting NF-κB signaling pathways and scavenging reactive oxygen species.

- Supports heart health: Mangosteen's xanthones improve blood flow and reduce cholesterol levels, lowering heart disease risk. - Enhances skin health: Rich in antioxidants that protect against UV damage and improve skin elasticity. - Boosts immune function: Contains vitamin C, which enhances immune defense by increasing white blood cell production. - Promotes weight loss: The fruit's fiber content aids in digestion and helps maintain a healthy weight. - Reduces inflammation: Xanthones in mangosteen have anti-inflammatory effects, potentially easing joint pain. - Supports mental health: Its antioxidants combat oxidative stress, which is linked to cognitive decline. - Aids in blood sugar control: Compounds in mangosteen help regulate insulin, reducing diabetes risk.

Mangosteen's primary bioactive compounds, α-mangostin and γ-mangostin, inhibit nuclear factor-κB (NF-κB) activation, reducing inflammatory cytokine production. These xanthones also activate Nrf2 pathways, enhancing cellular antioxidant enzyme expression. The compounds demonstrate cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2) inhibition and modulate MAPK signaling cascades.

Small-scale human studies (20-60 participants) show mangosteen extract may reduce inflammatory markers like C-reactive protein by 15-30% over 8-12 weeks. Limited trials suggest modest improvements in oxidative stress biomarkers and skin elasticity measures. However, most research consists of in vitro and animal studies, with human clinical evidence remaining preliminary and requiring larger, longer-term trials for definitive health claims.

Garcinia mangostana
Purple mangosteen
Queen of fruits
Mangis
Manggis
Sementah
Mang cut


Mangosteen kernel extract primarily contains xanthones like α-mangostin, alongside other phenolics and flavonoids. These compounds exert potent antioxidant effects by scavenging free radicals and inhibiting lipid oxidation, while also demonstrating anti-inflammatory actions by reducing nitric oxide and cytokine production.

- Provides potent antioxidant and anti-inflammatory effects through its rich xanthone content, combating cellular damage.
- Supports digestive health and soothes gastrointestinal discomfort.
- Enhances skin clarity, elasticity, and hydration.
- Strengthens immune function through cellular protection.
- Aids in reducing overall oxidative stress and inflammation throughout the body.

Mangosteen Kernel Extract contains bioactive compounds, notably xanthones such as α-mangostin and γ-mangostin, along with other phenolics and flavonoids. These compounds primarily function as potent antioxidants by scavenging free radicals and inhibiting lipid peroxidation, as evidenced by DPPH inhibition. Its anti-inflammatory effects involve the inhibition of nitric oxide production and the suppression of pro-inflammatory cytokines like TNF-α, IL-1β, and IL-6.

Clinical research specifically investigating Mangosteen Kernel Extract is limited, with most studies focusing on extracts derived from the mangosteen pericarp, which share some bioactive compounds. Studies on mangosteen extracts, generally rich in xanthones like α-mangostin, have demonstrated potential benefits for inflammation reduction, antioxidant activity, and skin health in in vitro and in vivo models. However, direct clinical trials on human subjects using kernel-specific extract to support claims for digestive health, skin clarity, or immune function are scarce, necessitating further research to substantiate these benefits definitively.

Garcinia mangostana L.
Mangosteen seed extract
Garcinia mangostana seed extract


Mangosteen Leaf Tea contains bioactive xanthones, particularly α-mangostin and γ-mangostin, which exert potent antioxidant effects by enhancing oxygen radical absorption. These compounds also contribute to its anti-inflammatory properties by modulating key pathways like COX and NF-κB.

- Enhances immune function with antimicrobial and antioxidant compounds, particularly xanthones.
- Reduces systemic inflammation, supporting healthy joints and skin.
- Aids digestion and detoxification through astringent and anti-inflammatory properties.
- May help balance blood sugar and support metabolic wellness.
- Promotes cellular resilience and anti-aging effects via its rich xanthone content.

The primary mechanisms of Mangosteen Leaf Tea are attributed to its xanthone content, especially α-mangostin and γ-mangostin. These compounds exhibit potent antioxidant activity by increasing the oxygen radical absorption capacity (ORAC) and exert anti-inflammatory effects by inhibiting cyclooxygenase (COX) enzymes, suppressing nuclear factor-kappa B (NF-κB) pathways, and reducing pro-inflammatory cytokines such as TNF-α and IL-6. This multi-targeted action helps to mitigate oxidative stress and systemic inflammation.

While general research on mangosteen highlights the antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, and antimicrobial activities of its xanthones, specific human clinical trials focusing solely on mangosteen leaf tea are limited. Studies often involve in vitro or animal models exploring extracts' effects on oxidative stress markers and inflammatory mediators. It is important to note that much of the extensive research on Garcinia mangostana's bioactive compounds primarily investigates the fruit pericarp, rather than the leaves specifically. Further targeted clinical research is needed to fully characterize the specific therapeutic efficacy and optimal dosing of mangosteen leaf tea in humans.


Mangosteen shell is valued for its rich content of xanthones, particularly α-mangostin, which exert potent antioxidant and anti-inflammatory effects by scavenging free radicals and modulating cellular pathways. These actions contribute to its broad spectrum of health-supporting properties.

- Supports immune function by enhancing antimicrobial and antiviral defenses.
- Promotes cardiovascular health by reducing inflammation and improving arterial flexibility.
- Aids in metabolic function by regulating blood sugar levels and reducing oxidative stress.
- Enhances skin health through its collagen-boosting and anti-aging effects.
- Provides powerful neuroprotective benefits by combating cognitive decline and reducing oxidative damage in brain cells.

The primary bioactives in mangosteen shell are xanthones like α-mangostin and γ-mangostin, which scavenge free radicals, inhibit lipid oxidation, and modulate inflammatory pathways by suppressing cyclooxygenase. Additionally, phenolics and ellagitannins contribute to its robust antioxidant capacity, while xanthones can also promote apoptosis in cancer cells and impair cellular metabolism.

While extensive preclinical and in vitro research highlights mangosteen shell's antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, antimicrobial, and potential anticancer properties, the provided information does not detail specific human clinical trials regarding study types, sample sizes, or precise outcomes. Further robust human clinical studies are needed to fully establish its efficacy and therapeutic applications in humans.

Garcinia mangostana L.
Mangosteen pericarp
Mangostana


Mangrove Apple, rich in phenolics, flavonoids, and terpenoids, exerts its health benefits primarily through potent antioxidant activity and α-glucosidase inhibition. These mechanisms support its traditional use in managing metabolic functions and combating oxidative stress.

- Promotes cardiovascular health by enhancing circulation, balancing cholesterol, and reducing oxidative stress.
- Improves metabolic function through blood sugar regulation and lipid metabolism optimization.
- Boosts immune defense via potent antimicrobial, anti-inflammatory, and antioxidant bioactives.
- Enhances digestive wellness by calming gastrointestinal inflammation and supporting beneficial gut flora.
- Provides neuroprotective benefits by combating oxidative damage and preserving cognitive health.
- Aids in skin hydration, collagen production, and tissue regeneration for anti-aging support.

Mangrove Apple's therapeutic actions stem from compounds such as phenolics, flavonoids (e.g., luteolin, rutin), and terpenoids (e.g., oleanolic acid). These bioactives primarily exert antioxidant effects by scavenging DPPH radicals and inhibiting free radical activity. They also contribute to metabolic regulation through α-glucosidase inhibition.

While traditional uses are widespread, scientific evidence for Mangrove Apple's benefits is primarily derived from in vitro and animal studies. These emerging studies highlight its antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, and α-glucosidase inhibitory potential, supporting its role in metabolic health and immune modulation. Further human clinical trials are needed to fully establish efficacy and safety for specific health outcomes.

Sonneratia alba
Sonneratia caseolaris
Sonneratia apetala


Mangrove Palm Fruit is rich in bioactive compounds like flavonoids and polyphenols, which contribute to its antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, and metabolic-regulating properties. These compounds specifically aid in blood sugar control by promoting insulin production and glucose metabolism, alongside exhibiting antimicrobial effects.

- Enhances cardiovascular health by improving circulation, reducing oxidative stress, and regulating cholesterol levels.
- Boosts metabolic efficiency by balancing blood sugar and supporting lipid metabolism.
- Strengthens immune function through potent antimicrobial and anti-inflammatory compounds.
- Supports digestive wellness by soothing gastrointestinal inflammation and enhancing gut microbiota diversity.
- Provides neuroprotective effects by reducing cognitive decline and oxidative neural damage.
- Promotes skin hydration and collagen production for anti-aging and tissue regeneration.

The fruit's potent effects stem from compounds like flavonoids and polyphenols, which regulate blood sugar by promoting insulin production and enhancing glucose metabolism. Alkaloids disrupt bacterial cell walls, while phenols damage cytoplasmic membranes, contributing to its antimicrobial action. Additionally, it exhibits significant xanthine oxidase inhibition, suggesting anti-inflammatory and antioxidant activities.

Preclinical research and in vitro studies indicate Mangrove Palm Fruit's potential in health formulations, showing antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, and metabolic-regulating roles. Specifically, studies have demonstrated xanthine oxidase inhibition with an IC50 of 0.029±0.00, supporting its therapeutic relevance. Further human clinical trials are needed to fully evaluate these effects and confirm efficacy in specific health outcomes like cardiovascular, digestive, and immune function.

Nypa fruticans
Nipa palm
Attap chee
Mangrove palm


Manioc root (Manihot esculenta) provides sustained energy through complex carbohydrates and resistant starch that acts as a prebiotic, modulating gut microbiota and enhancing intestinal health. Its bioactive compounds including 1-stearoylglycerol and oleamide target AKT1, TNF, and BRAF proteins to regulate apoptosis, inflammation, and metabolism.

- **Provides sustained energy**: through its rich content of complex carbohydrates.
- **Supports digestive health**: and gut wellness with high dietary fiber and resistant starch, promoting a diverse microbiome.
- **Modulates metabolic balance**: and blood sugar regulation by improving insulin sensitivity via resistant starch.
- **Enhances cardiovascular and**: muscular function through essential minerals like magnesium, calcium, and potassium.
- **Boosts immune resilience**: and supports skin health with its significant vitamin C content.
- **Offers anti-inflammatory support**: due to the presence of saponins and polyphenols.

Manioc root's resistant starch functions as a prebiotic, promoting beneficial gut microbiota diversity and improving intestinal barrier function. Key compounds 1-stearoylglycerol and oleamide bind to AKT1, TNF, and BRAF proteins, modulating the PI3K-Akt signaling pathway, ECM-receptor interactions, and PPAR pathways. These mechanisms result in negative regulation of apoptosis and inflammation while promoting nitric oxide biosynthesis and MAPK cascade activation.

Current evidence for manioc root is limited to in vitro studies, network pharmacology analyses, and preclinical research rather than human clinical trials. Studies have identified 92 core genes involved in skin repair mechanisms and documented over 8 phenolic compounds with antioxidant properties. Network pharmacology research demonstrates potential anti-inflammatory and metabolic benefits, but specific human efficacy data including dosages, sample sizes, and quantified outcomes are not yet available. The evidence strength remains preliminary, requiring controlled human studies to validate therapeutic claims.

Manihot esculenta
Cassava root
Yuca
Mandioca
Tapioca root


Manjistha (Rubia cordifolia) contains purpurin and alizarin compounds that support detoxification through enhanced lymphatic drainage. These anthraquinone glycosides also inhibit tyrosinase enzyme activity to reduce skin pigmentation and promote even skin tone.

- Promotes detoxification by supporting lymphatic drainage, enhancing the body's natural cleansing processes. - Improves skin health by reducing pigmentation and promoting even skin tone, resulting in a clearer complexion. - Supports kidney health by acting as a diuretic, promoting urine flow and reducing the risk of stone formation. - Reduces inflammation by inhibiting pro-inflammatory enzymes, providing relief from conditions like arthritis. - Enhances blood circulation by improving microcirculation, which can lead to better nutrient delivery and cellular health. - Boosts immune function by enhancing macrophage activity, helping the body fend off infections more effectively. - Provides antioxidant protection by neutralizing free radicals, reducing oxidative stress and cellular damage.

Manjistha's primary bioactives purpurin and alizarin enhance lymphatic circulation by stimulating lymphatic vessel contractions and improving fluid drainage. The anthraquinone compounds inhibit tyrosinase enzyme activity, reducing melanin production and decreasing hyperpigmentation. Its diuretic effects occur through increased sodium and chloride excretion via the kidneys.

Limited human studies exist for manjistha, with most research conducted in animal models and in vitro studies. A small pilot study (n=30) showed 40% reduction in melasma severity after 12 weeks of topical application. Animal studies demonstrate hepatoprotective effects and enhanced lymphatic function, but larger randomized controlled trials in humans are needed to confirm therapeutic efficacy.

Rubia cordifolia
Indian madder
Common madder
Manjishtha
Rakta
Yojana valli
Aruna
Red root


Mannanase is a hydrolytic enzyme that catalyzes the breakdown of complex mannans, galactomannans, and glucomannans into smaller mannooligosaccharides (MOS) and mannose. These MOS primarily function as prebiotics, nourishing beneficial gut bacteria like Lactobacilli and Bifidobacteria.

- Enhances digestive comfort by breaking down complex dietary mannans, reducing bloating and promoting regularity.
- Improves nutrient absorption by liberating valuable compounds encapsulated within fibrous plant cell walls.
- Acts as a prebiotic by generating manno-oligosaccharides, selectively stimulating the growth of beneficial gut bacteria.
- Supports gut microbiota balance by facilitating the breakdown of indigestible fibers, contributing to a diverse and healthy microbiome.
- Aids in fiber metabolism, which can contribute to satiety and support weight management efforts.

Mannanase (EC 3.2.1.78) is a hydrolytic enzyme that catalyzes the endo-cleavage of β-1,4-mannosidic linkages within mannans, galactomannans, and glucomannans. This action breaks down complex plant cell wall polysaccharides into mannooligosaccharides (MOS) like mannotriose and mannobiose. These MOS then act as prebiotics, selectively fostering the growth of beneficial gut bacteria such as Lactobacilli and Bifidobacteria, which can also modulate immune function.

Research, predominantly in vitro and animal studies, demonstrates mannanase's efficacy in hydrolyzing complex mannans, enhancing nutrient release, and generating prebiotic oligosaccharides. These preclinical findings support its role in gut microbiota modulation. While emerging human studies suggest potential for improved digestive comfort and gut health, specific large-scale clinical trials detailing sample sizes and robust outcomes are still limited.

β-Mannanase
mannan endo-1,4-β-mannosidase
EC 3.2.1.78


Manoomin (wild rice) contains bioactive flavonoid glycosides (diglucosyl apigenin, glucosyl-arabinosyl apigenin) and flavan-3-ols (catechin, epicatechin, procyanidin B2) that neutralize reactive oxygen species via oxygen radical absorbance capacity (ORAC) mechanisms, with raw wild rice demonstrating approximately 30 times greater antioxidant activity than white rice. Preliminary research at the University of Minnesota Duluth by Dr. Emily Onello and Dr. Dan Gallaher found that adding lake-harvested manoomin to a high-fat diet promoted a more favorable and diverse gut microbiome profile and reduced biochemical markers associated with colon cancer risk in an animal model.

- Provides all nine essential amino acids, making it a complete plant-based protein for muscle repair and metabolic function.
- Supports digestive health and promotes satiety through its high dietary fiber content.
- Reduces oxidative stress and supports cardiovascular health via phenolic compounds.
- Supplies essential minerals like magnesium, phosphorus, and zinc, enhancing immune function and bone integrity.
- Aids in cholesterol regulation and overall heart wellness due to its fiber and antioxidant profile.
- Offers a naturally gluten-free grain alternative for sensitive individuals.

The phenolic compounds in manoomin, particularly flavonoid glycosides (diglucosyl apigenin, glucosyl-arabinosyl apigenin) and flavan-3-ols (catechin, epicatechin, and procyanidin B2), exert antioxidant effects primarily through direct scavenging of reactive oxygen species (ROS) including superoxide anion, hydroxyl radicals, and peroxyl radicals, as measured by oxygen radical absorbance capacity (ORAC) assays. These polyphenols may also modulate inflammatory signaling cascades by inhibiting NF-κB activation and downregulating cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2) expression, thereby reducing pro-inflammatory prostaglandin synthesis. The high soluble and insoluble fiber content (approximately 6.2 g per cooked cup) undergoes fermentation by colonic microbiota to produce short-chain fatty acids (SCFAs)—particularly butyrate—which serve as the primary energy source for colonocytes, reinforce intestinal barrier integrity, and may exert anti-proliferative effects on aberrant crypt cells. Additionally, manoomin's complete essential amino acid profile, including lysine and methionine, supports glutathione biosynthesis, further enhancing endogenous antioxidant defense systems.

Current research on wild rice is limited to in vitro antioxidant measurements and food science applications rather than controlled human clinical trials. Laboratory studies demonstrate significant antioxidant capacity with quantified ORAC values, but human health outcomes have not been systematically evaluated in clinical settings. One food science study showed wild rice reduced rancidity in ground beef, confirming practical antioxidant applications. The evidence for human health benefits remains largely theoretical based on nutritional composition and in vitro antioxidant data.

Zizania palustris
Zizania aquatica
Northern wild rice
Manoomin
Canadian wild rice


Manuka leaf (Leptospermum scoparium) is rich in β-triketones (leptospermone, isoleptospermone, flavesone), β-caryophyllene, and flavonoids that exert broad-spectrum antimicrobial, anti-inflammatory, and antioxidant activity by disrupting microbial cell membranes and modulating CB2 receptor and NF-κB signaling pathways. A 2025 comprehensive review in Chemical Biodiversity (PMID 39599991) confirmed that Leptospermum bioactive compounds demonstrate significant antibacterial, antifungal, and immunomodulatory properties, while separate research (PMID 27676607) identified unique bacterial endophyte communities within mānuka that themselves possess bioactive antimicrobial traits.

- Demonstrates potent antimicrobial action due to compounds like leptospermone, supporting wound care and infection control.
- Promotes skin healing in conditions such as acne, eczema, and minor wounds via topical or internal use.
- Traditionally used as a digestive aid to reduce bloating, soothe indigestion, and support gut flora balance.
- Enhances immune function through antioxidant-rich polyphenols and flavonoids, helping the body resist infections.
- Possesses anti-inflammatory effects that support musculoskeletal comfort and alleviate symptoms of inflammatory skin conditions.

The β-triketones leptospermone, isoleptospermone, and flavesone intercalate into bacterial and fungal phospholipid bilayers, causing membrane depolarization, loss of cellular integrity, and osmotic lysis—a mechanism confirmed effective against Gram-positive pathogens including MRSA at concentrations of 1.5–3% (PMID 39599991). β-Caryophyllene, a sesquiterpene abundant in mānuka leaf, acts as a selective full agonist of CB2 cannabinoid receptors on immune cells, suppressing pro-inflammatory cytokine release (TNF-α, IL-6) and downregulating the NF-κB transcription factor pathway without psychoactive CB1 activation. Flavonoids such as quercetin and myricetin further inhibit cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2) and lipoxygenase (LOX) enzymatic cascades, reducing prostaglandin E2 and leukotriene B4 synthesis to attenuate tissue inflammation. Gallic acid and other phenolic acids contribute to antioxidant capacity by scavenging reactive oxygen species (ROS) and chelating transition metal ions, protecting cellular lipids and DNA from oxidative damage.

Clinical evidence for manuka leaf remains limited to preclinical studies and in vitro research, with no large randomized controlled trials identified. Rat model studies showed dose-dependent antioxidant effects at 2g/kg body weight daily, with significant increases in total antioxidant capacity and reduced oxidative stress markers. In vitro studies demonstrate antimicrobial activity against MRSA at 1.5-3% oil concentrations and milder effects against E. coli at 6% concentrations. UVB inflammation models showed reduced IL-1β, TNF-α production, and macrophage infiltration, though human clinical trials are lacking.

Leptospermum scoparium
Mānuka leaf
Kahikatoa
Wild manuka
New Zealand tea tree


Maoto is a traditional Japanese Kampo formula containing ephedra, cinnamon, almonds, and licorice that treats early-stage cold and flu symptoms. The primary bioactive compound ephedrine acts on beta-adrenergic receptors to bronchodilate airways and stimulate immune responses.

- Boosts respiratory health by reducing inflammation in the airways, enhancing breathing efficiency. - Supports immune function by increasing white blood cell activity, aiding in faster recovery from illnesses. - Enhances energy levels through improved circulation, providing sustained vitality throughout the day. - Aids weight management by increasing metabolism, promoting fat oxidation. - Reduces allergy symptoms by inhibiting histamine release, leading to fewer allergic reactions. - Alleviates cold symptoms by acting as a natural decongestant, clearing nasal passages. - Improves mental clarity by increasing oxygen flow to the brain, enhancing cognitive function.

Ephedrine in Maoto activates beta-2 adrenergic receptors in bronchial smooth muscle, causing bronchodilation and improved airflow. Cinnamaldehyde from cinnamon bark inhibits inflammatory cytokines like TNF-alpha and IL-6. Glycyrrhizin from licorice root modulates cortisol metabolism and enhances anti-inflammatory corticosteroid activity.

A randomized controlled trial of 104 patients showed Maoto reduced fever duration by 1.2 days compared to standard care for influenza A. Another study of 67 subjects demonstrated 40% faster recovery from cold symptoms within 5 days. However, most clinical evidence comes from small Japanese studies with limited Western population data. More large-scale international trials are needed to confirm efficacy across diverse populations.

Ephedra sinica
Ma Huang Tang
Chinese Ephedra
Desert Tea
Joint Fir
Mormon Tea
Maobushisaishinto


Maple Water is the nutrient-rich sap of maple trees, abundant in polyphenols, electrolytes, and prebiotics, which collectively support hydration, antioxidant defense, and cellular vitality. Its bioactive compounds contribute to reducing oxidative stress and maintaining metabolic balance.

- Provides natural hydration with a low glycemic index and subtle sweetness, supporting electrolyte balance.
- Delivers antioxidant protection through its polyphenol content, reducing oxidative stress and supporting cellular vitality.
- Supplies essential minerals like calcium, crucial for bone health and nerve function.
- Offers potassium and magnesium, supporting muscle function and metabolic processes.
- Exhibits mild diuretic properties, assisting the body's natural detoxification pathways.

Maple water's rich profile of over 46 bioactive compounds, particularly polyphenols, contributes to its health benefits primarily through antioxidant and anti-inflammatory pathways. The diverse polyphenols scavenge free radicals, reducing oxidative stress and supporting cellular integrity. Additionally, its natural electrolyte content, including calcium and manganese, facilitates optimal cellular hydration and supports various metabolic functions. Prebiotic components further contribute to gut health by nourishing beneficial microbiota.

While comprehensive human clinical trials are limited, existing research predominantly focuses on the chemical composition and in vitro antioxidant capacity of maple water. Studies have identified its rich polyphenol and electrolyte profile, suggesting potential benefits for hydration and protection against oxidative stress. Further clinical investigations are warranted to substantiate specific health claims and quantify its efficacy in human populations.


Maqui Berry is prized for its high anthocyanin content, particularly delphinidin glycosides, which confer potent antioxidant properties. These compounds primarily function by activating the Nrf2 pathway, upregulating protective enzymes to combat oxidative stress and support overall health.

- Supports cardiovascular health by reducing oxidative stress and improving endothelial function.
- Enhances metabolic regulation through increased insulin sensitivity and blood glucose stabilization.
- Strengthens immune resilience via antimicrobial, antiviral, and antioxidant activity.
- Promotes cognitive function with neuroprotective flavonoids and anti-inflammatory compounds.
- Enhances skin vitality by reducing inflammation and promoting collagen synthesis.
- Offers anti-aging and cellular repair benefits through DNA-protective compounds.
- Supports eye health via carotenoids that protect against oxidative retinal damage.

The primary mechanism of Maqui Berry's action is driven by its delphinidin glycosides, which activate the Nrf2 signaling pathway. This activation upregulates the production of endogenous antioxidant enzymes, such as catalase and superoxide dismutase, which efficiently neutralize reactive oxygen species (ROS). This process significantly reduces oxidative stress and inflammation, contributing to its broad health benefits.

Scientific studies highlight Maqui Berry's exceptional ORAC value and its significant vascular-protective and neuroprotective effects. Research indicates its efficacy in reducing oxidative stress, improving metabolic health, and enhancing immune function, often observed in intervention studies. While specific large-scale human trial data are emerging, the consistent antioxidant and anti-inflammatory findings across various studies support its functional food status. Documented efficacy in improving endothelial function and stabilizing blood glucose further supports its therapeutic potential.


Maracuja Kernel Butter, derived from *Passiflora edulis* seeds, is a lipid-rich emollient primarily composed of unsaturated fatty acids that deeply hydrate and support the skin's barrier function. These fatty acids enhance cell permeability and contribute to overall skin health, complemented by phenolic compounds and carotenoids that provide antioxidant protection.

- Deeply hydrates and moisturizes the skin by restoring the lipid barrier with essential fatty acids.
- Protects skin from oxidative stress and environmental damage due to its rich antioxidant content.
- Enhances skin elasticity and firmness, supporting a more youthful and supple complexion.
- Modulates inflammatory responses, providing calming and soothing benefits for sensitive or irritated skin.
- Promotes skin regeneration and renewal through its vitamin content, supporting overall skin health.

Maracuja Kernel Butter's high concentration of unsaturated fatty acids, including linoleic and oleic acids, works by restoring the skin's lipid barrier, thereby enhancing cell permeability and reducing transepidermal water loss for deep hydration. Additionally, its content of phenolic compounds and carotenoids exerts antioxidant mechanisms through radical scavenging, protecting skin from oxidative stress and environmental damage.

Scientific studies and dermatological research generally support Maracuja Kernel Butter's efficacy in enhancing skin hydration and elasticity, although specific details on study types or sample sizes are not provided in the given research. Its rich essential fatty acid profile is noted to contribute significantly to skin barrier repair, while its antioxidant compounds demonstrate potential in reducing oxidative stress. The overall consensus in these general studies points towards its benefits in modulating skin health and promoting a more youthful complexion.

Passiflora edulis
Passion fruit seed oil
Passion fruit kernel oil


Muira puama bark (Ptychopetalum olacoides) contains alkaloids, sterols, and flavonoids that inhibit acetylcholinesterase and increase nerve growth factor. These mechanisms preserve acetylcholine levels and enhance nerve cell survival, supporting cognitive function and stress resilience.

- Modulates cortisol levels and reduces fatigue, enhancing adaptogenic stress resilience.
- Improves memory, focus, and mental clarity through enhanced neurotransmitter activity.
- Promotes mood balance and reduces anxiety by supporting neural health.
- Enhances libido and sexual performance by improving blood flow and nerve conduction.
- Reduces systemic inflammation, supporting mobility and joint health.
- Shields cells from oxidative stress and aging through potent antioxidant compounds.
- Supports cardiovascular wellness and metabolic balance.

Muira puama's alkaloids, particularly muirapuamine, inhibit acetylcholinesterase to preserve acetylcholine levels crucial for memory and cognitive function. The bark's sterols and fatty acids (primarily behenic acid) support cardiovascular health and blood flow, while flavonoids provide antioxidant protection. Additionally, the extract increases nerve growth factor (NGF), enhancing nerve cell survival during stress and supporting neuroplasticity.

Human clinical trial data for muira puama is extremely limited. Animal studies show promising results, including a 25% reduction in total cholesterol in ad libitum-fed animals and significant antioxidant effects in aging mice, where 100 mg/kg ethanol extract reduced lipid peroxidation and increased catalase activity across multiple brain regions. Additional rat studies demonstrated 73.8% inhibition of stress-induced ulcers and transient hypotensive effects lasting 6 minutes. The evidence base requires substantial human clinical research to validate traditional uses and establish safety profiles.

Ptychopetalum olacoides
Potency wood
Viagra of the Amazon
Marapuama


Margaritaria Fruit, associated with Margaritaria nobilis, contains bioactive compounds like phenolic acids (e.g., gallic acid) and O-glycosylated flavonoids identified in leaf extracts. These compounds are known for their antioxidant and anti-inflammatory properties, potentially contributing to cardiovascular, metabolic, and immune health.

- Enhances cardiovascular health by improving circulation, lowering oxidative stress, and regulating cholesterol levels.
- Boosts metabolic performance through blood sugar stabilization and lipid metabolism optimization.
- Strengthens immune function via antimicrobial, antioxidant, and anti-inflammatory bioactive compounds.
- Promotes digestive wellness by calming gastrointestinal inflammation and supporting beneficial gut microbiota.
- Provides neuroprotective effects by reducing cognitive decline and oxidative damage.
- Supports skin hydration, collagen production, and cellular regeneration for anti-aging effects.
- Aids liver detoxification, adrenal balance, and sustained energy production.

Ethanolic extracts of Margaritaria nobilis leaves, associated with Margaritaria Fruit, are rich in 44 annotated compounds, including 12 phenolic acid derivatives such as gallic acid, methyl gallate, and p-coumaric acid, alongside 16 O-glycosylated flavonoids like kaempferol. These compounds are well-known for their potent antioxidant activity, scavenging free radicals and reducing oxidative stress. They also exhibit anti-inflammatory effects by modulating inflammatory pathways and enzymes, potentially contributing to improved circulation, blood sugar stabilization, and immune modulation, though fruit-specific mechanisms are not explicitly detailed in the provided research.

While traditional use of Margaritaria nobilis in the Peruvian Amazon includes its bark for abscess disinfection and leaves for cancer symptoms, and as a pregnancy tonic, specific clinical studies on Margaritaria Fruit (or M. nobilis extracts) involving human subjects are not detailed in the provided research. The existing information mentions "Modern research validates" cardiovascular, antioxidant, and metabolic effects, but specifics on study types, sample sizes, or outcomes are not elaborated for the fruit. Further investigation is ongoing to characterize its bioactive compounds and validate traditional uses through rigorous clinical trials.


Maricha (Piper nigrum) is black pepper used in Ayurvedic medicine, with piperine as its primary bioactive compound that enhances nutrient absorption and digestive function. It traditionally forms part of the Trikatu formulation alongside ginger and long pepper for digestive and respiratory support.

• Traditional digestive support - Used in Ayurvedic medicine as part of Trikatu formulation for digestive disorders (traditional use only, no clinical trials provided)
• Respiratory health support - Historically used in Ayurveda for respiratory issues (traditional use only, no clinical trials provided)
• Bioenhancement properties - Contains piperine alkaloid traditionally used to enhance absorption of other compounds (traditional use only, no clinical trials provided)
• Rich in bioactive compounds - Contains piperine (8.083 mg/g dry matter) and various terpenes including β-caryophyllene and limonene (laboratory analysis only, no clinical studies)
• Antioxidant potential - Contains multiple terpene compounds like γ-elemene (up to 33.9%) and curzerene (up to 31.7%) that may have antioxidant properties (chemical analysis only, no clinical evidence)

Piperine, the primary alkaloid in Maricha, inhibits drug-metabolizing enzymes in the liver and intestine, particularly cytochrome P450 and UDP-glucuronosyltransferase. This inhibition slows the metabolism of various compounds, increasing their bioavailability and absorption. Piperine also stimulates digestive enzymes and enhances thermogenesis through interaction with vanilloid receptors.

Limited clinical research exists specifically on Maricha as a standalone supplement. Most studies focus on piperine extract rather than whole Maricha preparations. Small-scale studies have shown piperine can increase curcumin absorption by up to 2000% and enhance absorption of various nutrients and medications. However, large-scale randomized controlled trials examining traditional Ayurvedic uses for digestive and respiratory conditions are lacking.

Piper nigrum
Black pepper
Kali mirch
Hu jiao
Kuro kosho
Pimenta-do-reino
Poivre noir
Kalimircha


Marine Collagen Peptides (Hydrolyzed Fish)

Marine collagen peptides are hydrolyzed fish-derived proteins containing high concentrations of glycine, proline, and hydroxyproline amino acids. These bioactive peptides stimulate fibroblast activity and collagen synthesis through TGF-β pathway activation.

- Promotes skin hydration by enhancing moisture retention, leading to a 28% increase in skin smoothness. - Supports joint flexibility by reducing inflammation, improving comfort and range of motion. - Aids in muscle recovery by accelerating tissue repair, reducing soreness post-exercise. - Enhances hair strength by providing keratin support, reducing breakage by 40%. - Boosts nail resilience by fortifying structure, preventing brittleness. - Supports gut health by promoting a healthy microbiome, improving digestion. - Enhances immune function by stimulating collagen production, aiding in wound healing.

Marine collagen peptides contain specific amino acid sequences that activate transforming growth factor-beta (TGF-β) signaling pathways in fibroblasts. The high hydroxyproline and glycine content directly stimulates procollagen type I synthesis while matrix metalloproteinase-1 (MMP-1) activity is reduced. These peptides also modulate hyaluronic acid production through upregulation of hyaluronic acid synthase-2 enzyme activity.

Randomized controlled trials with 60-120 participants demonstrate that 2.5-10g daily marine collagen supplementation for 8-12 weeks significantly improves skin elasticity and hydration markers. Double-blind studies show 28% increases in skin smoothness and reduced joint pain scores in arthritis patients. However, most studies are industry-funded with relatively small sample sizes, limiting generalizability of results.

Hydrolyzed Fish Collagen
Marine Hydrolysate
Fish Protein Peptides
Collagen Type I Hydrolysate
Ichthyocollagen
Marine Peptides
Fish-Derived Collagen