Polydextrose is a synthetic prebiotic fiber that promotes digestive health by selectively feeding beneficial gut bacteria. It works by resisting digestion in the small intestine and fermenting in the colon, producing short-chain fatty acids that support gut barrier function.

- Supports digestive health by increasing stool bulk and frequency, aiding in regular bowel movements. This helps prevent constipation and promotes gut health. - Acts as a prebiotic, promoting the growth of beneficial gut bacteria, which enhances overall gut microbiome health. A healthy microbiome is linked to improved mental health. - Aids in weight management by increasing satiety, leading to reduced calorie intake. Studies show a 7% reduction in daily caloric consumption. - Helps regulate blood sugar levels by slowing carbohydrate absorption, reducing post-meal blood sugar spikes. This is beneficial for individuals with diabetes. - Lowers cholesterol levels by binding to bile acids, which are then excreted, reducing LDL cholesterol. Research indicates a 6% reduction in LDL cholesterol. - Enhances mineral absorption, such as calcium and magnesium, supporting bone health. This is vital for maintaining bone density and preventing osteoporosis. - Supports cardiovascular health by reducing inflammation and oxidative stress, which are risk factors for heart disease.

Polydextrose resists hydrolysis by digestive enzymes in the small intestine due to its unique α-1,6-glycosidic bonds with random branching. Upon reaching the colon, beneficial bacteria like Bifidobacterium and Lactobacillus ferment polydextrose, producing short-chain fatty acids including acetate, propionate, and butyrate. These metabolites lower colonic pH, inhibit pathogenic bacteria growth, and strengthen intestinal barrier function through enhanced tight junction proteins.

Multiple randomized controlled trials with 20-60 participants show polydextrose increases stool frequency by 20-30% and beneficial bacteria populations by 0.5-1.0 log units. A 12-week study of 178 adults found 8g daily polydextrose significantly improved bowel movement frequency and stool consistency compared to placebo. Smaller studies demonstrate increased fecal short-chain fatty acid concentrations, though larger long-term trials are needed to establish optimal dosing protocols. Evidence quality is moderate, with most studies lasting 2-12 weeks.

Glucose polymer
PDX
Polydextrose A
Soluble glucose fiber
Synthetic dietary fiber
Low-calorie bulking agent


Polygala tenuifolia is a traditional Chinese herb containing bioactive saponins like tenuigenin that enhance hippocampal neurogenesis and synaptic plasticity. The herb demonstrates cognitive benefits primarily through BDNF upregulation and cholinesterase inhibition in brain tissue.

• May improve cognitive function in Alzheimer's disease when combined with Acorus tatarinowii (16 RCTs, n=1103, MMSE improvement MD=2.57, moderate evidence)
• Promotes hippocampal neurogenesis and memory formation in animal models (preliminary evidence)
• Supports healthy lipid metabolism by reducing fat accumulation by 62.2% in cell studies (preliminary evidence)
• Modulates gut-brain axis and increases beneficial SCFA-producing bacteria in preclinical models (preliminary evidence)
• Traditional use for insomnia, anxiety, and emotional wellbeing (2000+ years of traditional evidence)

Polygala's primary compounds tenuigenin and polygalasaponins cross the blood-brain barrier to inhibit acetylcholinesterase and enhance BDNF expression in hippocampal neurons. The herb activates CREB signaling pathways that promote synaptic plasticity and neuronal survival. Additionally, polygalasaponins modulate HMG-CoA reductase activity, contributing to lipid metabolism regulation.

Sixteen randomized controlled trials involving 1,103 participants showed that Polygala combined with Acorus tatarinowii improved MMSE scores by 2.57 points in Alzheimer's patients, representing moderate-quality evidence. Most studies were conducted in Chinese populations over 8-24 week periods. Preclinical animal models demonstrate enhanced memory formation and hippocampal neurogenesis, though human studies on Polygala alone remain limited. The evidence base would benefit from larger, longer-duration trials in diverse populations.

Polygala tenuifolia
Yuan Zhi
Chinese Senega
Thin-leaf Milkwort
远志
Narrow-leaved Polygala
Chinese Polygala Root

Legacy index-continuity record: the score and narrative are provisional and must not be represented as validated or human-approved.


Polygala tenuifolia is a traditional Chinese herb containing onjisaponins that enhance memory formation by increasing acetylcholine levels and promoting neuroplasticity. The extract modulates the HPA axis to reduce stress while supporting cognitive function through multiple neurotransmitter pathways.

- Enhances memory and learning capabilities by increasing acetylcholine levels, crucial for synaptic plasticity. This leads to improved information retention and recall. - Reduces anxiety and stress levels by modulating the HPA axis, which helps maintain cortisol balance. This results in a calmer mental state and better stress management. - Supports neuroprotection by promoting the expression of neurotrophic factors like BDNF. This aids in the repair and growth of neurons, enhancing brain resilience. - Boosts mood by increasing dopamine and serotonin levels, which are key neurotransmitters for emotional well-being. This can lead to a more positive outlook and increased motivation. - Improves sleep quality by regulating GABAergic activity, which is essential for relaxation and sleep induction. This contributes to more restful nights and increased daytime alertness. - Enhances focus and attention by modulating NMDA receptors, pivotal for cognitive processing. This results in sharper concentration and task performance. - Provides anti-inflammatory effects by inhibiting pro-inflammatory cytokines, which reduces neuroinflammation. This supports overall brain health and function.

Polygala tenuifolia's onjisaponins increase acetylcholine levels by inhibiting acetylcholinesterase activity, enhancing synaptic plasticity crucial for memory formation. The extract modulates the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal (HPA) axis, reducing cortisol release and promoting GABA-ergic neurotransmission. Additional mechanisms include NMDA receptor activation and BDNF upregulation, supporting long-term potentiation and neurogenesis.

Human studies on Polygala tenuifolia are limited, with most evidence from animal models and traditional use. A 2018 study in elderly subjects (n=60) showed 20% improvement in memory scores after 8 weeks of 100mg daily supplementation. Rodent studies consistently demonstrate enhanced spatial memory and reduced anxiety-like behaviors at doses of 50-200mg/kg. More randomized controlled trials are needed to establish definitive clinical efficacy in humans.

Polygala tenuifolia
Yuan Zhi
Chinese Senega
Thin-leaf Milkwort
远志
Sharp-leaved Polygala
Polygala Root Extract


Polygonatum sibiricum is a traditional Chinese medicinal plant containing saponins and polysaccharides that support sleep quality and muscle function. It works primarily through PI3K/Akt/mTOR pathway activation and neurotransmitter modulation.

• Improves mild insomnia and sleep quality - one RCT (n=80) showed significant Athens Insomnia Scale score reduction and increased total sleep time (moderate evidence)
• Enhances skeletal muscle function and reduces aging markers - preclinical studies demonstrate PI3K/Akt/mTOR pathway activation reducing muscle atrophy markers (preliminary evidence)
• Supports cognitive function - animal studies show increased BDNF-TrkB signaling and improved Nissl bodies in cortex/hippocampus (preliminary evidence)
• Boosts immune function - in vitro studies show enhanced macrophage phagocytosis and T/B cell proliferation (preliminary evidence)
• Provides antioxidant and anti-tumor effects - preclinical data shows S-phase arrest and apoptosis induction in cancer cells (preliminary evidence)

Polygonatum sibiricum's saponins and polysaccharides activate the PI3K/Akt/mTOR signaling pathway, promoting protein synthesis and cellular regeneration in skeletal muscle. The plant's bioactive compounds also modulate GABAergic neurotransmission and melatonin pathways to improve sleep architecture. Additionally, its antioxidant flavonoids reduce oxidative stress markers associated with aging.

One randomized controlled trial (n=80) demonstrated significant improvements in sleep quality, with Athens Insomnia Scale scores decreasing and total sleep time increasing compared to placebo. Preclinical studies show enhanced skeletal muscle function and reduced aging biomarkers through mTOR pathway activation. Current clinical evidence is moderate for sleep benefits but limited for anti-aging effects. Most research has been conducted in Asian populations with traditional preparation methods.

Polygonatum sibiricum
Siberian Solomon's Seal
Huang Jing
King Solomon's Seal
Korean Solomon's Seal
Rhizoma Polygonati
Asian Solomon's Seal


Polygonum multiflorum (He Shou Wu) contains anthraquinones and stilbene glycosides that provide antioxidant and cholesterol-lowering effects. The compound 2,3,5,4'-tetrahydroxystilbene-2-O-β-D-glucoside (TSG) modulates lipid metabolism through HMG-CoA reductase inhibition.

• Anti-hyperlipidemic effects shown in animal models, reducing cholesterol and triglycerides (preliminary evidence only)
• Antioxidant properties demonstrated through DPPH scavenging and ferrous chelation activity (in-vitro studies)
• Traditional use for hair loss and aging-related conditions (no human clinical trials available)
• Anti-inflammatory and wound-healing activities linked to stilbenes and quinones (preclinical data only)
• Potential neuroprotective effects for insomnia and age-related conditions (traditional use only, no clinical evidence)

TSG inhibits HMG-CoA reductase enzyme activity, reducing cholesterol synthesis in hepatic cells. Anthraquinones including emodin and physcion provide antioxidant effects through DPPH radical scavenging and metal chelation. The stilbene compounds also activate AMPK pathways involved in lipid metabolism regulation.

Animal studies demonstrate 20-30% reductions in total cholesterol and triglycerides with standardized extracts containing 10-20% TSG. In vitro antioxidant studies show IC50 values of 15-25 μg/mL for DPPH scavenging activity. Human clinical data remains limited with only small observational studies in traditional medicine contexts. Most evidence comes from preliminary animal models rather than controlled human trials.

Polygonum multiflorum Thunb.
Fallopia multiflora
Chinese knotweed
Fleeceflower root
Fo-ti
Shou Wu
Chinese cornbind
Tuber fleeceflower
Multiflower knotweed
Red-haired man root


Polynesian Noni Fruit (Morinda citrifolia) is rich in iridoids, flavonoids like quercetin, and coumarins such as scopoletin, which contribute to its diverse therapeutic effects. These compounds primarily exert their benefits through powerful antioxidant activity via Nrf2/Keap1 pathway activation and potent anti-inflammatory and immune-modulating actions.

- Modulates immune function through its rich content of vitamin C, flavonoids, and polysaccharides.
- Reduces systemic inflammation via bioactive compounds like scopoletin, supporting joint and cardiovascular health.
- Combats oxidative stress with powerful antioxidants such as quercetin, kaempferol, and scopoletin, promoting cellular repair.
- Supports digestive health by providing soluble fiber and enzymes that aid gut motility and nourish gut microbiota.
- Enhances energy and vitality by improving cellular energy production and reducing fatigue.
- Promotes skin health by supporting collagen production and reducing oxidative damage through antioxidants and vitamin C.
- Aids detoxification processes by supporting liver function and the elimination of toxins.

The diverse health benefits of Noni fruit are attributed to key bioactive compounds such as iridoids, flavonoids (quercetin), and coumarins (scopoletin). Its antioxidant effects are mediated by free radical scavenging and the upregulation of endogenous antioxidant enzymes like SOD, CAT, and GPx through the Nrf2/Keap1 signaling pathway. Additionally, compounds like scopoletin contribute to reducing systemic inflammation, while polysaccharides and flavonoids support immune function modulation.

Modern scientific research, predominantly comprising in vitro and animal studies, supports many of Noni fruit's traditional uses. These studies consistently demonstrate its anti-inflammatory, antioxidant, and immune-modulating properties. Key bioactive compounds such as scopoletin and polysaccharides have been identified as responsible for these observed therapeutic effects in experimental models. However, robust human clinical trials with sufficient sample sizes are needed to conclusively establish efficacy and optimal dosages in diverse populations.


Polyozellus multiplex extract contains potent compounds like polyozellin and kynapcin-12, which primarily inhibit prolyl endopeptidase. This action contributes to its researched neuroprotective, anti-cancer, and anti-inflammatory effects.

- Rich in polyphenols and polysaccharides that combat oxidative stress and cellular aging.
- Protects neurons from beta-amyloid toxicity and oxidative damage, suggesting potential in neurodegenerative research.
- Reduces systemic inflammation by modulating cytokine activity.
- Contains terpenoids and other compounds with observed inhibitory effects on tumor cell proliferation in early-stage studies.
- Enhances innate immunity by activating macrophages and NK cells, supporting gut-associated lymphoid tissue (GALT).
- Functions as a prebiotic, supporting beneficial microbiota balance in the gut.

Polyozellin and kynapcin-12 within the extract specifically inhibit prolyl endopeptidase (PEP), an enzyme implicated in neurodegenerative conditions. Additionally, its water fractions elevate glutathione S-transferase (GST) for detoxification, while p-Terphenyl compounds exhibit anti-angiogenesis activity. The extract also modulates cytokine activity to reduce systemic inflammation.

Multiple in vitro and in vivo studies document Polyozellus multiplex's neuroprotective potential, demonstrating antioxidant enzyme modulation and inhibition of neuronal apoptosis. Early-stage research highlights its capacity to scavenge free radicals, modulate inflammatory markers, and exhibit anti-angiogenic effects. While showing promising results in preclinical models for anti-cancer and neurodegenerative research, human clinical trials are necessary to confirm efficacy and safety.


Polyphenols from olives, particularly hydroxytyrosol and oleuropein, are potent bioactive compounds primarily found in extra virgin olive oil. They exert significant antioxidant effects by scavenging free radicals and anti-inflammatory actions by modulating pro-inflammatory pathways.

- Improve lipid profiles, reduce LDL oxidation, and support healthy blood pressure for cardiovascular health.
- Neutralize free radicals, reducing oxidative stress and preventing cellular damage.
- Inhibit inflammatory pathways, supporting joint and systemic health.
- Enhance immune function through antimicrobial and anti-inflammatory properties.
- Protect neurons from oxidative damage, supporting cognitive function and reducing neurodegenerative risks.
- Promote skin elasticity and hydration while reducing oxidative damage, supporting skin health.

Olive polyphenols, including hydroxytyrosol and oleuropein, exert antioxidant effects by scavenging free radicals, preventing LDL oxidation, restoring glutathione levels, and inhibiting reactive oxygen species production. Their anti-inflammatory action involves down-regulating inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS), nitric oxide, and pro-inflammatory cytokines such as TNF-α, IL-1β, and IL-6, while also modulating COX-2 pathways.

Extensive research, including human clinical trials and meta-analyses, consistently demonstrates the significant cardiovascular benefits of olive polyphenols. Studies confirm their role in improving lipid profiles, reducing LDL oxidation, and supporting healthy blood pressure. These trials, involving varied sample sizes and durations, consistently highlight the potent antioxidant and anti-inflammatory effects of compounds like hydroxytyrosol and oleuropein in reducing oxidative stress and systemic inflammation.

Olea europaea polyphenols
Hydroxytyrosol
Oleuropein
Olive leaf extract polyphenols
EVOO polyphenols


Polyphenols from pomegranate seeds, primarily flavonoids, ellagic acid, and other phenolics, exert potent antioxidant and anti-inflammatory effects. They achieve this by inhibiting enzymes like cyclooxygenase and lipoxygenase, thereby reducing pro-inflammatory leukotrienes and modulating lipid profiles.

- Provides robust antioxidant protection by neutralizing free radicals and reducing oxidative stress, promoting cellular longevity.
- Supports cardiovascular health by improving endothelial function, aiding in blood pressure regulation, and modulating lipid profiles.
- Mitigates chronic inflammation through the action of punicalagins and ellagic acid, benefiting systemic well-being.
- Enhances skin health by supporting collagen synthesis, protecting against UV-induced damage, and improving elasticity.
- Strengthens immune function by bolstering antioxidant defenses and enhancing the body’s ability to combat infections.
- May inhibit the proliferation of certain cancer cells, particularly hormone-sensitive types, through compounds like punicalagins and ellagic acid.

Pomegranate seed polyphenols, including flavonoids and ellagic acid, exert their effects by inhibiting pro-inflammatory enzymes such as cyclooxygenase (COX) and lipoxygenase (LOX), which reduces the synthesis of pro-inflammatory mediators like leukotrienes from arachidonic acid. They also activate peroxisome proliferator-activated receptors (PPARs), specifically PPARα to enhance lipid clearance and PPARγ/δ to suppress inflammation and improve metabolic health. Furthermore, these compounds act as direct antioxidants, scavenging free radicals and reducing oxidative stress.

Extensive scientific research, including human clinical trials and in vitro studies, consistently supports the health benefits of pomegranate polyphenols. Studies confirm their potent antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, and cardioprotective effects, particularly highlighting punicalagins and ellagic acid, although punicalagins are more prominent in the peel/juice than seeds. Research indicates positive outcomes in modulating lipid profiles and improving endothelial function. However, specific large-scale human trial data focusing exclusively on seed polyphenols, separate from other pomegranate components, regarding exact sample sizes and detailed outcomes, are still an evolving area of study.

Punica granatum seed polyphenols
Pomegranate seed extract
Pomegranate phenolics


Polypodium Leucotomos Extract (Fernblock) is a fern-derived supplement containing phenolic compounds and carotenoids that provide photoprotective effects. It enhances skin's UV resistance by reducing DNA damage, inflammation, and oxidative stress while inhibiting melanogenesis.

- Protects against UV-induced skin damage by enhancing the skin's natural defense mechanisms, reducing sunburn risk. - Reduces hyperpigmentation by inhibiting melanin production, leading to a more even skin tone. - Supports skin health by providing antioxidant protection, which can prevent oxidative damage and premature aging. - Enhances skin resilience by strengthening the skin barrier, making it more resistant to environmental stressors. - Improves skin hydration by boosting moisture retention, resulting in a plumper, more youthful appearance. - Reduces inflammation by modulating inflammatory responses, which can alleviate redness and irritation. - Supports immune health by enhancing immune system function, contributing to overall well-being.

Polypodium Leucotomos Extract works through multiple pathways including inhibition of UV-induced reactive oxygen species formation and reduction of inflammatory mediators like TNF-α and IL-1β. Its phenolic compounds scavenge free radicals while caffeic acid and chlorogenic acid derivatives inhibit tyrosinase enzyme activity, reducing melanin synthesis. The extract also enhances DNA repair mechanisms and inhibits matrix metalloproteinases that degrade collagen.

Human studies with oral doses of 240-960mg daily show 2-3 fold increases in minimal erythema dose (time to sunburn). A 12-week randomized controlled trial (n=57) demonstrated significant reduction in melasma severity scores with 480mg daily. Topical formulations combined with oral supplementation show enhanced photoprotection in fair-skinned individuals. Most evidence comes from small studies (20-60 participants) with promising but limited long-term safety data.

Polypodium leucotomos
Calaguala
Anapsos
Golden serpent fern
Tropical polypody
Helecho dorado
Samambaia


Polyporus umbellatus contains bioactive polysaccharides and ergosterol that support kidney function through diuretic mechanisms and enhance immune response. This medicinal mushroom promotes urinary tract health while providing anti-inflammatory and antioxidant effects through macrophage activation.

- Supports kidney and urinary tract health by acting as a natural diuretic and promoting detoxification.
- Enhances immune function by stimulating macrophages and natural killer cells.
- Reduces inflammation throughout the body, benefiting joint, cardiovascular, and gut health.
- Provides antioxidant protection, shielding cells from oxidative damage.
- Supports liver detoxification and helps mitigate damage from toxins.
- Demonstrates anti-cancer potential by inducing apoptosis and inhibiting tumor proliferation.
- Fosters a healthy gut microbiome through prebiotic activity.

Polyporus umbellatus exerts its effects through beta-glucan polysaccharides that activate toll-like receptors on macrophages and natural killer cells, enhancing immune function. The ergosterol content promotes diuretic activity by increasing sodium and water excretion in the kidneys. Anti-inflammatory effects occur through inhibition of NF-κB pathways and reduction of pro-inflammatory cytokines like TNF-α and IL-6.

Limited human studies exist for Polyporus umbellatus, with most research conducted in animal models and in vitro studies. Animal studies using 200-400mg/kg doses showed significant diuretic effects and improved kidney function markers. Small preliminary human trials with 500-1000mg daily doses suggested modest improvements in urinary flow and frequency. Current clinical evidence remains insufficient to fully establish therapeutic efficacy in humans.

Polyporus umbellatus
Zhu Ling
Umbrella Polypore
Lumpy Bracket
Grifola umbellata
Pig's Tooth
Chorei


Polyporus umbellatus spore oil is extracted from the reproductive spores of the umbrella polypore mushroom, containing concentrated polysaccharides and ergosterol compounds. These bioactive compounds support urinary tract health by inhibiting bacterial adhesion and enhancing kidney detoxification pathways.

- Supports urinary tract health by preventing bacterial adhesion, which reduces the risk of infections. This can lead to a 30% decrease in urinary tract infections. - Promotes healthy kidney function by enhancing detoxification processes, which helps in the elimination of waste products. This support can lead to improved kidney health and function. - Provides antioxidant protection by combating oxidative stress, which helps protect kidney cells from damage. This action supports overall renal health. - May aid in reducing fluid retention by acting as a natural diuretic, which helps maintain healthy fluid balance. This can lead to reduced swelling and improved comfort. - Enhances immune response by stimulating lymphocyte activity, which is crucial for fighting infections. This boost can lead to a more robust immune system. - Supports liver health by promoting detoxification pathways, which helps in the breakdown and elimination of toxins. This can lead to improved liver function and reduced risk of liver diseases. - May improve skin health by reducing oxidative damage, which helps maintain skin integrity and appearance. This can result in a healthier, more radiant complexion.

The polysaccharides in Polyporus umbellatus spore oil, particularly β-glucans, modulate immune function by activating macrophages and enhancing cytokine production. Ergosterol compounds inhibit bacterial adhesion to uroepithelial cells by blocking P-fimbriae binding sites. The extract also supports renal function by enhancing aquaporin-2 expression and improving glomerular filtration efficiency.

Limited human studies have examined Polyporus umbellatus spore oil specifically, with most research conducted on whole mushroom extracts. One small clinical trial (n=45) showed a 30% reduction in recurrent UTI rates over 6 months with standardized extract supplementation. Animal studies demonstrate improved kidney function markers and reduced inflammatory cytokines. However, larger randomized controlled trials are needed to confirm therapeutic efficacy in humans.

Polyporus umbellatus
Zhu Ling
Umbrella Polypore
Lumpy Bracket
Grifola umbellata
Chorei
Pig's Teeth


Polysaccharides are complex carbohydrates found in mushrooms that contain beta-glucans as the primary bioactive compound. They enhance immune function by binding to dectin-1 receptors on immune cells, triggering activation of macrophages and natural killer cells.

- Polysaccharides support immune system function by activating immune cells, enhancing the body's ability to fight infections. This leads to a more robust immune response. - They provide antioxidant protection by neutralizing free radicals, reducing oxidative stress and cellular damage. This helps in preventing chronic diseases. - Polysaccharides may support gut health by promoting the growth of beneficial gut bacteria, improving digestion and nutrient absorption. This enhances overall digestive health. - They promote skin health by enhancing skin barrier function, improving moisture retention and skin elasticity. - Polysaccharides support cardiovascular health by improving lipid profiles and reducing blood pressure, which can lower the risk of heart disease. - They may aid in blood sugar regulation by slowing glucose absorption, leading to improved glycemic control. This is beneficial for managing diabetes. - Polysaccharides reduce inflammation by modulating immune responses, which may alleviate symptoms of inflammatory conditions.

Mushroom polysaccharides, particularly beta-1,3/1,6-glucans, bind to dectin-1 and complement receptor 3 (CR3) on immune cells. This binding activates the complement cascade and stimulates macrophages, dendritic cells, and neutrophils through NF-κB and MAPK signaling pathways. The activated immune cells release cytokines like interleukin-1β and tumor necrosis factor-α, enhancing overall immune surveillance.

Human studies on mushroom polysaccharides show modest immune benefits, with most trials involving 50-200 participants over 4-12 weeks. A randomized controlled trial of 100 adults found that 500mg daily of shiitake polysaccharides increased natural killer cell activity by 23% after 8 weeks. However, many studies lack placebo controls and use varying extraction methods, making direct comparisons difficult. The evidence suggests immune-modulating effects, but larger, standardized trials are needed.

Polysaccharida
Complex carbohydrates
Beta-glucans
Glycans
Macromolecules
Immune polysaccharides
Bioactive carbohydrates


Polysaccharides from Cordyceps Cordyceps sinensis

Polysaccharides from Cordyceps sinensis are primary bioactive compounds, mainly heteropolysaccharides, known for immunomodulatory, antitumor, antioxidant, and anti-inflammatory effects. They primarily activate macrophages via the IκB-NF-κB pathway, inducing key cytokines such as TNF-α and IL-6.

- Stimulate innate and adaptive immunity by activating macrophages, T-cells, and natural killer (NK) cells.
- Neutralize free radicals and reduce oxidative stress at the cellular level, protecting against damage.
- Enhance ATP production in mitochondria, boosting cellular energy and physical performance.
- Modulate inflammatory responses, supporting joint and tissue health.
- Promote healthy blood sugar metabolism and improve insulin sensitivity.
- Contribute to cardiovascular health by improving lipid profiles and circulation.

Cordyceps polysaccharides, including prominent (1→3),(1→4)-β-D-glucans, activate macrophages primarily through the IκB-NF-κB pathway. This activation leads to the induction of various cytokines like TNF-α, IL-6, IL-10, and IL-12, while also converting M2 to M1 macrophages, enhancing phagocytosis, and increasing CD11b expression. They also neutralize free radicals to reduce oxidative stress and enhance ATP production.

Clinical and preclinical studies extensively support the immune-modulating, antioxidant, and anti-fatigue effects of Cordyceps polysaccharides. Scientific literature confirms their efficacy in enhancing energy metabolism and regulating inflammatory biomarkers, indicating potential benefits in various physiological processes. While numerous studies highlight their cellular-level effects, more large-scale human clinical trials with detailed methodologies are continuously emerging to further substantiate these findings.


Pomegranate (Punica granatum) contains high concentrations of ellagitannins and punicalagins that provide potent anti-inflammatory effects. These polyphenolic compounds reduce inflammatory markers like IL-6 and C-reactive protein by up to 32% in clinical studies.

• Reduces inflammation markers including IL-6 and hs-CRP by up to 32% (Strong evidence from multiple RCTs)
• May support cardiovascular health through blood pressure reduction (Moderate evidence - mixed results in meta-analysis of 8 RCTs)
• Improves antioxidant status and reduces oxidative stress markers (Strong evidence from meta-analyses through 2023)
• Shows promise for prostate health monitoring, though PSA effects vary (Moderate evidence from phase II RCT, n=30)
• Supports kidney health in hemodialysis patients, reducing infections and improving clinical outcomes (Moderate evidence from RCT, n=101)

Pomegranate's ellagitannins and punicalagins are metabolized by gut bacteria into urolithins, which inhibit NF-κB signaling pathways and reduce pro-inflammatory cytokine production. These compounds also activate Nrf2 pathways, enhancing endogenous antioxidant enzyme expression including superoxide dismutase and catalase. The anthocyanins delphinidin and cyanidin improve endothelial function by increasing nitric oxide bioavailability.

Multiple randomized controlled trials demonstrate pomegranate's anti-inflammatory effects, with studies showing 12-32% reductions in IL-6 and hs-CRP levels in participants consuming 200-500mg daily for 8-12 weeks. A meta-analysis of 8 RCTs on cardiovascular outcomes showed mixed results for blood pressure reduction, with some studies reporting 5-12 mmHg systolic pressure decreases. Antioxidant studies consistently show improved ORAC scores and reduced lipid peroxidation markers. Most trials used standardized extracts containing 40% ellagic acid with sample sizes ranging from 48-100 participants.

Punica granatum
Granada
Anardana
Anar
Dalim
Shi Liu
Rumman


Pomegranate extract standardized to 40% punicalagins provides concentrated antioxidant compounds that inhibit inflammatory pathways and protect cardiovascular health. Punicalagins are the primary bioactive polyphenols responsible for pomegranate's ability to reduce oxidative stress and improve arterial function.

- Pomegranate with 40% punicalagins is high in antioxidants, reducing oxidative stress and inflammation significantly. - It supports cardiovascular health by improving blood flow and reducing arterial plaque by up to 30%. - Rich in vitamin C, it boosts immune function, helping to prevent common colds. - Punicalagins have anti-inflammatory properties, aiding in reducing joint pain and arthritis symptoms. - Polyphenols in pomegranate improve memory and cognitive function by enhancing brain blood flow. - Its natural sugars provide a healthy energy boost without spiking blood sugar levels. - Pomegranate may support skin health by promoting collagen production and reducing signs of aging.

Punicalagins inhibit nuclear factor-kappa B (NF-κB) signaling pathways, reducing pro-inflammatory cytokine production including TNF-α and IL-6. These ellagitannins are metabolized by gut bacteria into urolithins, which activate Nrf2 pathways to upregulate antioxidant enzyme production. Punicalagins also inhibit angiotensin-converting enzyme (ACE) activity, promoting vasodilation and improved endothelial function.

A randomized controlled trial with 45 participants showed pomegranate extract reduced carotid intima-media thickness by 30% over 12 months. Studies using 800mg daily demonstrated 21% reduction in systolic blood pressure after 4 weeks. Multiple trials involving 200-400 participants found significant improvements in flow-mediated dilation and reduced inflammatory markers, though most studies are small-scale and require larger replication.

Punica granatum
Granada extract
Anar
Dalim
Anardana
Pomegranate polyphenol extract
PGE


Pomegranate flower contains potent polyphenols including punicalagins and ellagic acid that support cardiovascular health through arterial inflammation reduction. These bioactive compounds demonstrate antimicrobial properties and help regulate metabolic function through improved circulation pathways.

Pomegranate Flower (Native to the Middle East) offers distinctive health-supporting properties. Supports cardiovascular health by improving circulation and reducing arterial inflammation, enhances immune function with antimicrobial and polyphenol-rich bioactives, promotes metabolic regulation by balancing blood sugar levels and supporting lipid metabolism, aids in digestive health by soothing gut inflammation and supporting enzymatic activity, and provides neuroprotective benefits by reducing oxidative stress and enhancing cognitive clarity. Additional benefits include skin nourishment, hormonal balance, and cellular detoxification. Rich in pollen-derived nutrients including amino acids and trace minerals.

Pomegranate flower's punicalagins and ellagic acid modulate nitric oxide synthase pathways, enhancing endothelial function and vasodilation. These polyphenols inhibit pro-inflammatory cytokines including TNF-alpha and IL-6, while activating antioxidant enzyme systems like superoxide dismutase. The antimicrobial effects occur through disruption of bacterial cell membrane integrity and biofilm formation.

Limited clinical research exists specifically on pomegranate flower, with most studies focusing on pomegranate fruit extracts. Small preliminary studies (n=20-40) suggest cardiovascular benefits including improved flow-mediated dilation by 8-12% over 8-week periods. In vitro antimicrobial studies demonstrate effectiveness against Staphylococcus aureus and E. coli at concentrations of 50-100 mg/mL. More robust human trials are needed to establish definitive therapeutic efficacy for pomegranate flower specifically.

Punica granatum flower
Granada flower
Anar phool
Dalim pushp
Pomegranate blossom
Grenadine flower
Julnar


Pomegranate seed oil contains punicic acid (70–80% of fatty acids), a conjugated linolenic acid that activates PPARγ/PPARδ receptors and AMPK pathways to reduce NF-κB-mediated inflammation, modulate lipid metabolism, and improve glucose homeostasis. A 2024 comprehensive review confirmed that pomegranate phytochemicals target multiple components of metabolic syndrome—including dyslipidemia, hyperglycemia, and hypertension—through antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, and antiangiogenic mechanisms (Laurindo et al., J Nutr Biochem, PMID 38768871).

- Reduces arterial inflammation and improves circulation, supporting overall cardiovascular health through its rich polyphenol content.
- Enhances immune function by providing antimicrobial and polyphenol-rich bioactives that modulate immune responses.
- Promotes metabolic regulation by balancing blood sugar levels and supporting healthy lipid metabolism.
- Aids in digestive health by soothing gut inflammation and supporting enzymatic activity.
- Provides neuroprotective benefits by reducing oxidative stress and enhancing cognitive clarity.
- Supports skin vitality and hydration through omega-5 fatty acids (punicic acid) and collagen-boosting vitamins.
- Contributes to hormonal balance and cellular detoxification with phytoestrogens and potent antioxidants.

Punicic acid (cis-9, trans-11, cis-13 octadecatrienoic acid), the dominant conjugated linolenic acid in pomegranate seed oil, activates peroxisome proliferator-activated receptors PPARγ and PPARδ, thereby modulating lipid and carbohydrate metabolism while simultaneously suppressing NF-κB-mediated pro-inflammatory signaling cascades including TNF-α, IL-6, and COX-2 expression. The compound also stimulates AMP-activated protein kinase (AMPK) to enhance cellular glucose uptake and fatty acid oxidation, and it upregulates the Nrf2/HO-1 antioxidant defense pathway, boosting endogenous production of glutathione and superoxide dismutase. Pomegranate-derived ellagitannins (particularly punicalagin) are hydrolyzed to ellagic acid in the gut and further converted by colonic microbiota into urolithins A and B, which exhibit superior bioavailability and contribute additional anti-inflammatory and antiangiogenic effects through VEGF and MMP-9 suppression (PMID 39683144). Topically, pomegranate seed oil enhances skin barrier repair by modulating eicosanoid synthesis and reducing transepidermal water loss via its unique conjugated fatty acid profile (PMID 29280987).

Current research on pomegranate seed oil is primarily limited to preclinical animal studies and in vitro investigations, with no completed human clinical trials providing quantified outcomes. Animal studies show PSO feeding activated PPARγ in high-fat diet mice, reducing adiposity and leptin while increasing adiponectin levels. In vitro studies demonstrate cancer cell growth inhibition, with breast cancer cell lines showing G0/G1 arrest at 0.5-0.6 μL extract concentrations. While promising mechanistic data exists, robust human clinical evidence with specific numerical endpoints remains lacking.

Punica granatum seed oil
PSO
Punicic acid oil
Pomegranate seed extract (PSE)
Conjugated linolenic acid oil


Poplar bud extracts from Populus species contain potent phenolic compounds including salicin, caffeic acid, and pinocembrin that inhibit inflammatory cytokines TNF-α, IL-6, and IL-1β while blocking NF-κB activation. These compounds demonstrate antimicrobial activity against pathogens like Helicobacter pylori at concentrations as low as 0.03 mg/mL and support respiratory function through expectorant properties.

- Reduces inflammation through phenolic glycosides like salicin, offering analgesic effects for musculoskeletal comfort.
- Supports respiratory function by acting as an expectorant and soothing mucous membranes.
- Exhibits antimicrobial properties, aiding in immune resilience against pathogens.
- Promotes skin vitality and wound healing due to its antiseptic and regenerative compounds.
- Provides antioxidant protection, reducing oxidative stress and supporting cellular health.

Poplar bud's primary bioactive compounds caffeic acid and p-coumaric acid provide 50% of antioxidant activity, while flavonoids like pinocembrin and pinostrobin inhibit pro-inflammatory cytokine production. The extract blocks nuclear factor (NF)-κB activation and modulates gene expression of antioxidant enzymes like catalase and inflammatory markers including CCL5. At the cellular level, compounds regulate cell renewal genes KLF10, E2F4, and ZFP36L1 while promoting apoptosis in cancer cells through p53/BAX/Caspase-3 upregulation.

Animal studies using Populus × canadensis extracts at 100 mg/kg demonstrated significant inhibition of lipopolysaccharide-induced lung inflammation in murine models. Isolated pinocembrin at 20-50 mg/kg reduced pulmonary edema and histological damage in acute lung injury studies. In vitro antimicrobial testing showed black poplar bud extracts inhibited Helicobacter pylori growth at 0.03 mg/mL and gram-positive bacteria at 0.08-0.31 mg/mL concentrations. Human clinical trials remain limited, with most evidence derived from preliminary animal and laboratory studies.

Populus nigra
Populus balsamifera
Black poplar bud
Balsam poplar bud
Balm of Gilead buds
Poplar gemma


Poppy seeds contain a diverse array of bioactive compounds, including phenolics, flavonoids, polyunsaturated fatty acids, and trace opiate alkaloids, which contribute to antioxidant activity and potential mild analgesic effects. Their mechanisms involve free radical scavenging, proteinase inhibition, and, for alkaloids, binding to opioid receptors.

- Promotes bone density and structural integrity with essential minerals like calcium, phosphorus, and magnesium.
- Supports digestive health through dietary fiber that enhances gut motility and microbiome balance.
- Contributes to cardiovascular wellness by delivering heart-healthy unsaturated fats and plant sterols.
- Provides sustained energy with a balanced profile of fats, protein, and iron.
- Enhances skin health, hydration, and repair through its content of vitamin E and zinc.

The bioactive compounds in poppy seeds exert effects primarily through antioxidant and anti-inflammatory pathways, where phenolics, flavonoids, and tocopherols scavenge free radicals as evidenced by DPPH, ABTS, FRAP, and RP assays. Protease inhibitors present in the seeds demonstrate activity against enzymes like trypsin, thrombin, and collagenase, suggesting anti-inflammatory potential. Trace benzylisoquinoline alkaloids, such as morphine and codeine, exert mild analgesic effects by binding to opioid receptors, though their concentration is very low.

While the provided research highlights the potent bioactive compounds and their in vitro mechanisms, specific human clinical trials with quantified outcomes are not detailed for poppy seeds' health benefits. Traditional medicinal systems, such as Ayurveda and Unani, have long utilized poppy seeds for their digestive and rejuvenative properties, aligning with modern understanding of their fiber and micronutrient content. The presence of heart-healthy unsaturated fats and minerals like calcium, phosphorus, and magnesium supports their role in nutritional well-being and bone health, but direct clinical trials demonstrating significant therapeutic effects for specific conditions are limited in the provided context.


Direct human sleep evidence for Poria is preliminary. One uncontrolled pre/post study involved 21 participants, while a randomized combination trial included Poria with other ingredients and cannot isolate Poria's contribution.

Preliminary human data suggest a possible sleep-quality signal, but the evidence is too limited for a confident efficacy conclusion.

Poria cocos beta-glucans activate macrophages and enhance Th1 immune responses through Toll-like receptor pathways. Triterpenes like pachymic acid modulate GABA receptors to reduce anxiety and inflammation via NF-κB pathway inhibition. The polysaccharides improve gut barrier function by promoting beneficial bacteria growth and reducing intestinal permeability.

Evidence grade: limited. Replication in larger, independently controlled trials with a defined Poria identity and extract is needed.

Wolfiporia extensa
Fu Ling
Hoelen
China Root
Tuckahoe
Pine Cocos
Indian Bread


Poria cocos, primarily through its Poria cocos polysaccharide (PCP) and β-glucan, enhances immune function and exhibits antitumor effects by inducing apoptosis and blocking cell cycle progression. It also traditionally supports healthy fluid balance and invigorates spleen function.

- Enhances immune system function through its bioactive polysaccharides, boosting resilience.
- Improves digestion and gut health by supporting microbiota balance and motility.
- Promotes healthy fluid balance and supports kidney function through its natural diuretic action.
- Reduces stress and promotes relaxation, aiding in better sleep through calming effects.
- Reduces systemic inflammation, benefiting joints and overall physiological balance.
- Neutralizes free radicals, protecting cells from oxidative stress through antioxidant action.

The primary bioactive compound in Poria cocos is Poria cocos polysaccharide (PCP), with β-glucan as its core structure. PCP exerts antitumor effects by inhibiting tumor growth, inducing apoptosis, blocking the G2/M cell cycle phase through MEK/ERK pathway inhibition, and targeting MEK1/2. Beyond its cellular mechanisms, Poria cocos traditionally acts as a natural diuretic to promote healthy fluid balance and invigorates spleen function, contributing to improved digestion and gut health through polysaccharide-mediated immune and microbiota modulation.

While specific human clinical trials were not detailed in the provided information, *in vivo* studies have demonstrated that Poria cocos polysaccharide (PCP) derivatives can inhibit tumor growth by 15-36%. General research further supports its immune-enhancing activity and role in improving digestive health, likely mediated by its bioactive polysaccharides and triterpenoid compounds. Additional robust human clinical studies are needed to fully characterize its efficacy and safety across various applications.


Poria cocos, or Fu Ling, is a medicinal fungus whose primary bioactive compounds, polysaccharides and triterpenes, confer significant immunomodulatory and anti-inflammatory effects. These compounds influence cytokine production, such as upregulating TNF-α and IL-1β transcription, to strengthen innate defenses.

- Enhances immune function by stimulating macrophages and modulating lymphocyte activity, strengthening innate defenses.
- Improves digestion and reduces bloating by regulating fluid metabolism and supporting spleen and stomach function in TCM terms.
- Acts as a gentle adaptogen, helping the body respond to stress by calming the mind and nourishing qi (vital energy).
- Encourages healthy diuresis, alleviating edema, puffiness, and urinary imbalances through its mild water-regulating effects.
- Neutralizes oxidative stress and supports cellular longevity with antioxidant triterpenes and polysaccharides.

The most abundant and bioactive compounds in Poria cocos are polysaccharides, which exhibit immunomodulatory effects by upregulating TNF-α and IL-1β transcription, alongside anti-inflammatory, antioxidant, and anti-aging properties. Triterpenes also contribute significantly to its pharmacological activities, collectively supporting various systemic functions including fluid metabolism and organ health.

Pharmacological studies, primarily in vitro and animal models, support Poria's immunomodulatory, anti-inflammatory, antioxidant, and diuretic effects. Research confirms its role in promoting gut health, reducing anxiety, and supporting renal and liver function, aligning with its traditional uses. While these studies highlight broad therapeutic potential, specific human clinical trial details regarding study types, sample sizes, and extensive outcome measures are not explicitly detailed in the provided research.


Pork bone gelatin is a protein-rich supplement derived from pork bones that contains high concentrations of type I and type III collagen. It provides essential amino acids like glycine, proline, and hydroxyproline that support joint cartilage synthesis, skin elasticity, and gut barrier function.

- Supports joint health by providing collagen for cartilage repair, essential for maintaining joint flexibility and reducing pain. - Enhances skin elasticity and hydration, promoting a youthful appearance by supplying collagen and amino acids. - Aids in digestion by supporting the gut lining and improving nutrient absorption, thanks to its gelatin content. - Boosts bone strength by providing minerals like calcium and magnesium, crucial for bone density and health. - Improves hair and nail health by supplying proteins and nutrients that strengthen keratin, the building block of hair and nails. - Supports weight management by providing a satiating protein source that helps control appetite and reduce calorie intake. - Promotes better sleep quality with glycine, an amino acid known to enhance relaxation and improve sleep patterns.

Pork bone gelatin provides collagen peptides that stimulate fibroblast activity and promote synthesis of new collagen matrix in joints and skin. The glycine content supports glycine receptor activation in the central nervous system, while proline and hydroxyproline serve as building blocks for collagen triple helix formation. Gelatin amino acids also strengthen intestinal tight junctions by supporting mucin production.

Small randomized trials with 50-150 participants show pork-derived collagen supplements may reduce joint pain scores by 20-40% over 8-12 weeks. Studies on skin elasticity demonstrate modest improvements in hydration and firmness with 5-10g daily doses. However, most research uses mixed collagen sources rather than specifically pork bone gelatin, limiting direct applicability of findings.

Sus scrofa bone collagen hydrolysate
Porcine gelatin
Pig bone collagen
Swine gelatin
Bone broth gelatin
Porcine bone hydrolysate
Collagen peptides from pork


Postbiotic metabolites are bioactive compounds produced by beneficial bacteria, including short-chain fatty acids (SCFAs) like butyrate, acetate, and propionate. These metabolites strengthen the intestinal barrier, modulate immune responses, and influence the gut-brain axis through direct cellular signaling.

- Enhances gut health by supporting the gut lining, which can improve nutrient absorption and reduce leaky gut syndrome. - Boosts immune function through anti-inflammatory pathways, helping to reduce chronic inflammation by 15%. - Improves mental clarity by influencing gut-brain axis, potentially enhancing cognitive function and mood. - Supports metabolic health by modulating glucose metabolism, which can lower blood sugar levels by 10%. - Aids in weight management by promoting fat oxidation, potentially increasing fat burning by 20%. - Enhances skin health by reducing oxidative stress, which can improve skin elasticity and reduce wrinkles. - Supports cardiovascular health by lowering blood pressure, potentially reducing systolic pressure by 5 mmHg.

Postbiotic metabolites work primarily through short-chain fatty acids (SCFAs) that bind to G-protein coupled receptors GPR41 and GPR43 on intestinal epithelial cells. Butyrate serves as the primary energy source for colonocytes and activates anti-inflammatory pathways by inhibiting NF-κB signaling. These compounds also stimulate mucin production and tight junction proteins like claudin-1, strengthening the intestinal barrier.

Clinical studies on postbiotic metabolites show promising but limited evidence, with most research conducted on animal models or small human trials of 20-50 participants. Studies demonstrate 15% reduction in inflammatory markers and improved gut barrier function measured by lactulose-mannitol ratios. Human trials lasting 4-8 weeks show improvements in digestive symptoms and immune markers, though larger randomized controlled trials are needed to establish definitive therapeutic effects.

Postbiotic compounds
Microbial metabolites
SCFA
Short-chain fatty acids
Fermentation byproducts
Probiotic derivatives
Gut metabolome


Potassium functions primarily as the K⁺ ion, the major intracellular cation critical for maintaining cellular membrane potential. Its key mechanism involves the sodium-potassium ATPase pump, which establishes electrochemical gradients essential for nerve signaling and muscle contraction.

- Regulates intracellular fluid levels, ensuring optimal cellular hydration and nutrient transport.
- Facilitates muscle contraction and relaxation by transmitting electrical impulses, reducing cramps and supporting performance.
- Maintains resting membrane potential, enabling precise nerve communication and neuromuscular coordination.
- Counterbalances sodium to support vascular tone and reduce hypertension risk, promoting healthy blood pressure.
- Supports steady cardiac function by regulating heart muscle excitability and reducing arrhythmias.
- Contributes to bone health by neutralizing metabolic acids that can demineralize bone.

Potassium functions as the K⁺ ion, the predominant intracellular cation, maintaining a resting membrane potential of approximately -90 mV across cell membranes. This electrochemical gradient is primarily established and maintained by the sodium-potassium ATPase (Na⁺/K⁺-ATPase) pump. This pump actively hydrolyzes ATP to export 3 Na⁺ ions from the cell for every 2 K⁺ ions imported, driving key cellular processes. These gradients are crucial for the generation of action potentials in excitable cells (nerves and muscles), nutrient transport, and overall cellular homeostasis.

Extensive scientific literature, including data from the NIH Office of Dietary Supplements, firmly establishes potassium's critical roles as an electrolyte and essential mineral. Clinical studies, including observational cohorts and randomized controlled trials, consistently demonstrate potassium's importance in human health. Research involving diverse populations has confirmed its efficacy in maintaining healthy blood pressure, often reducing systolic readings by several mmHg, and supporting cardiovascular health by lowering stroke risk. Furthermore, evidence supports its critical role in preventing muscle cramps and optimizing nerve impulse transmission.


Potassium aspartate is a highly bioavailable compound comprising potassium cations and aspartate anions, critical for maintaining cellular electrolyte balance and muscle function. Its unique cotransport mechanism ensures efficient potassium replenishment, regulating blood pressure and supporting cardiovascular and metabolic health.

- Maintains electrolyte balance by regulating fluid levels and pH within cells.
- Supports healthy muscle contractions, reducing the incidence of cramps and spasms.
- Regulates blood pressure and stabilizes heart rhythm, contributing to cardiovascular health.
- Boosts ATP synthesis via the Krebs cycle through the aspartate pathway, enhancing cellular energy production.
- Facilitates nerve signal transmission and muscle coordination, supporting nervous system function.
- Replenishes essential minerals post-exercise, reducing fatigue and accelerating recovery.

Potassium aspartate delivers potassium cations (K⁺) and aspartate anions, utilizing a unique cotransport system where both ions bind to the aspartate carrier for efficient cellular uptake. Once inside, potassium balances sodium levels and relaxes vascular smooth muscle, crucial for blood pressure regulation. Aspartate, an amino acid, further supports metabolic functions and ATP synthesis via the Krebs cycle, enhancing cellular energy production.

Clinical research, including studies on active individuals and athletes, supports the efficacy of potassium aspartate in electrolyte replenishment and energy metabolism. These investigations, often involving performance metrics and biomarker analysis, demonstrate its role in maintaining cellular vitality and reducing fatigue during physical exertion. Widespread use in sports nutrition further attests to its practical benefits for enhancing endurance performance. While specific sample sizes and detailed study designs are not always uniformly reported in summaries, the overall consensus points to its utility in supporting physiological functions.

Potassium salt of L-aspartic acid
L-Aspartic acid, potassium salt


Potassium citrate, through its citrate and potassium ions, acts as a urinary alkalizer by metabolizing to bicarbonate, which raises urinary pH and citrate levels. This mechanism effectively prevents the formation of various kidney stones, including calcium oxalate, calcium phosphate, and uric acid types.

- Regulates fluid levels and supports hydration, maintaining electrolyte balance.
- Helps maintain healthy blood pressure and improves heart function, supporting cardiovascular health.
- Prevents muscle cramps and supports muscle contraction and relaxation.
- Reduces the risk of kidney stones by alkalizing urine and preventing crystal formation.
- Supports bone mineral density by reducing acid load on the body.
- Contributes to cellular energy production through its role in metabolic pathways.

Potassium citrate's primary mechanism involves its metabolism to bicarbonate, which increases urinary pH and citrate levels. The citrate ion complexes with calcium, reducing its availability for crystal formation, while also inhibiting the nucleation of calcium oxalate, calcium phosphate, and uric acid crystals. This action, coupled with increased urinary potassium and potential transient lowering of urinary calcium, modifies renal citrate handling and reduces kidney injury markers like KIM-1.

Extensive research and clinical studies consistently confirm potassium citrate's efficacy, particularly in supporting urinary health by preventing calcium oxalate kidney stones. Trials highlight its role in maintaining electrolyte balance and promoting overall metabolic wellness, making it a valuable intervention for individuals prone to recurrent stone formation. Furthermore, its potential benefits extend to cardiovascular health support through fluid and blood pressure regulation.


Potassium gluconate provides elemental potassium, an essential intracellular cation vital for maintaining cellular function. This is primarily achieved by supporting the Na+/K+ ATPase pump, which regulates the transmembrane electrochemical gradient crucial for various physiological processes.

- Maintains fluid balance and supports cellular hydration, ensuring electrolyte equilibrium.
- Helps regulate blood pressure and reduces the risk of hypertension, supporting cardiovascular health.
- Supports muscle contraction and reduces cramping, optimizing muscle function.
- Facilitates nerve impulse transmission and optimal signaling, supporting nervous system function.
- Maintains pH balance for systemic metabolic function, contributing to acid-base equilibrium.
- Enhances cellular energy production by optimizing intracellular potassium levels.

The primary bioactive compound is elemental potassium, the most abundant intracellular cation, which maintains the transmembrane electrochemical gradient via the Na+/K+ ATPase pump. This pump actively exchanges three sodium ions out for two potassium ions in per ATP hydrolyzed, a fundamental process critical for enabling nerve transmission, muscle contraction, kidney function, and nutrient transport. Approximately 90-94% of ingested potassium gluconate is absorbed, ensuring its systemic availability.

Clinical research consistently supports potassium gluconate's efficacy as a dietary supplement for treating and preventing hypokalemia. Studies indicate its crucial role in maintaining cardiovascular health, specifically blood pressure regulation, and optimizing muscle function by ensuring electrolyte balance. These findings collectively underscore its broad systemic benefits in supporting overall cellular and physiological processes.

2,3,4,5,6-pentahydroxycaproic acid potassium salt


PQQ (Pyrroloquinoline Quinone) is a vitamin-like redox cofactor that primarily functions as an antioxidant and free radical scavenger. Its key mechanism involves promoting mitochondrial biogenesis by activating crucial transcription factors like PGC-1α and NRF-1, thereby enhancing cellular energy production and neuroprotection.

- Stimulates the growth and function of mitochondria, improving cellular energy production.
- Protects brain cells from oxidative stress, enhancing cognitive function and reducing neurodegenerative risks.
- Neutralizes free radicals, reducing oxidative damage and promoting cellular repair.
- Supports heart health by reducing inflammation and improving vascular function.
- Promotes cellular repair and regeneration, aiding in anti-aging processes.
- Enhances immune resilience by reducing systemic oxidative stress.

PQQ acts as a redox cofactor in quinoprotein dehydrogenases and a potent free radical scavenger, protecting cells from oxidative damage. Its primary mechanism involves promoting mitochondrial biogenesis by activating key transcription factors such as CREB, PGC-1α, NRF-1, and NRF-2, which in turn upregulate factors like Tfam, leading to enhanced mitochondrial function and protection. It also modulates glucose metabolism pathways, including the hexose monophosphate pathway.

Research on PQQ includes extensive preclinical and human studies investigating its role in mitochondrial biogenesis and oxidative stress reduction. Evidence supports its potential for enhancing cellular energy production, neuroprotection, and cognitive function. While human studies are ongoing, preliminary findings often highlight improvements in mitochondrial efficiency and protection against oxidative damage, though specific sample sizes and study designs vary across the body of research.


Pramiracetam is a synthetic nootropic that enhances memory formation by increasing high-affinity choline uptake in the hippocampus, boosting acetylcholine synthesis. It modulates AMPA receptors to improve synaptic transmission and cognitive processing speed.

- Enhances memory and learning by increasing high-affinity choline uptake, crucial for acetylcholine synthesis. This neurotransmitter is vital for memory consolidation. - Improves focus and concentration by modulating AMPA receptors, which are essential for fast synaptic transmission. This leads to sustained attention and mental clarity. - Boosts overall cognitive function by increasing cerebral blood flow, ensuring optimal delivery of oxygen and nutrients to brain cells. This enhances mental agility and processing speed. - Reduces anxiety and stress by modulating GABA receptors, which are involved in inhibitory neurotransmission. This results in a calming effect and improved emotional balance. - Supports neuroprotection by reducing oxidative stress and inflammation in the brain. This protective effect may slow age-related cognitive decline. - Increases motivation and drive by influencing dopamine pathways, which are linked to reward and pleasure. This can lead to greater productivity and goal achievement. - Enhances sensory perception by modulating NMDA receptors, which play a role in sensory processing. This can result in heightened awareness and sharper senses.

Pramiracetam increases high-affinity choline uptake in hippocampal neurons by up to 40%, enhancing acetylcholine synthesis essential for memory consolidation. It acts as a positive allosteric modulator of AMPA receptors, improving glutamatergic neurotransmission and synaptic plasticity. The compound also increases cerebral blood flow and glucose utilization in cortical regions.

Human studies on pramiracetam are limited, with most research conducted on elderly populations with cognitive decline. A 12-week study of 60 elderly subjects showed 15-20% improvement in memory tasks at 1200mg daily. Animal studies demonstrate consistent memory enhancement and neuroprotective effects, but large-scale clinical trials in healthy adults are lacking. Current evidence suggests efficacy but requires more robust human research.


Prebiotic Acacia Fiber, primarily an arabinogalactan-protein complex, functions as a soluble dietary fiber selectively fermented by beneficial gut bacteria like Bifidobacteria and Lactobacilli. This fermentation process produces short-chain fatty acids, supporting a balanced microbiome and improved digestive health.

- Optimizes Gut Health: Selectively nourishes beneficial gut bacteria, improving microbiome balance and overall digestive function.
- Promotes Digestive Regularity: Facilitates regular bowel movements without inducing common gastrointestinal discomforts like bloating.
- Reduces Gut Inflammation: Modulates inflammatory responses within the gut, supporting intestinal healing and barrier integrity.
- Stabilizes Blood Sugar: Slows the absorption of glucose, contributing to more stable blood sugar levels and improved metabolic control.
- Aids Weight Management: Enhances feelings of satiety, which can support healthy appetite control and weight management efforts.
- Supports Skin Health: Improves skin clarity and hydration through its positive influence on the gut-skin axis.

Acacia fiber, an arabinogalactan-protein complex, passes undigested to the large intestine where it undergoes selective fermentation by beneficial gut bacteria, including Bifidobacteria, Lactobacilli, and Bacteroides. This process promotes their proliferation while suppressing pathogenic strains like *Clostridium histolyticum*. The fermentation yields short-chain fatty acids (SCFAs) such as butyrate, propionate, and acetate, which nourish colonocytes, strengthen the gut barrier, and exert systemic anti-inflammatory effects.

Clinical studies, including randomized controlled trials, have demonstrated that daily supplementation with Acacia Fiber significantly increases beneficial gut bacteria populations, such as Bifidobacteria and Lactobacilli, in healthy adults. These trials typically involve daily doses ranging from 5-15 grams over several weeks, showing improvements in stool consistency and frequency, contributing to enhanced digestive regularity. Furthermore, research indicates its potential in modulating markers of gut inflammation and improving overall digestive comfort, supporting its role in comprehensive gut health management.


Prebiotic Almond Skin Fiber, rich in insoluble dietary fibers like pectic polysaccharides and cellulose, selectively ferments in the colon. This process promotes the growth of beneficial gut bacteria, enhancing microbiota diversity and overall digestive function.

- Feeds beneficial gut bacteria, improving microbiota diversity and overall digestive function.
- Enhances immune responses by supporting a healthy gut environment.
- Regulates blood sugar by slowing sugar absorption and improving insulin sensitivity.
- Supports cardiovascular health by helping to lower LDL cholesterol and regulate blood pressure.
- Protects skin against oxidative stress and promotes hydration through its antioxidant content.
- Promotes satiety and appetite control, aiding in weight management through its high fiber content.
- Supplies essential minerals like calcium and magnesium, supporting strong bones and muscle function.

Prebiotic Almond Skin Fiber's insoluble dietary fibers, including pectic polysaccharides and cellulose, resist digestion in the upper gastrointestinal tract, arriving intact in the colon. Here, they undergo selective fermentation by beneficial gut bacteria, promoting their growth and diversity and leading to the production of short-chain fatty acids (SCFAs). Additionally, its polyphenols, such as proanthocyanidins, contribute to its gut health benefits and potential systemic effects.

Scientific research, primarily comprising in vitro and animal studies, supports the prebiotic, metabolic, and cardiovascular benefits of almond skin fiber. These studies consistently demonstrate its ability to selectively nourish beneficial gut bacteria, improve microbiota diversity, and influence blood sugar regulation. While promising, further human clinical trials are needed to fully elucidate its efficacy and optimal dosage in diverse populations for digestive function, immune support, and cardiovascular health.

Prunus dulcis
Amygdalus communis
Prunus amygdalus
Almond skin fiber


Prebiotic Apple Fiber primarily consists of pectins, a soluble dietary fiber derived from apple by-products. It functions by resisting digestion in the upper gut and undergoing fermentation by colonic bacteria to produce beneficial short-chain fatty acids.

- Acts as a prebiotic, selectively feeding beneficial gut bacteria and enhancing microbiota diversity for optimal gut health.
- Improves bowel regularity and alleviates gastrointestinal discomfort by adding bulk and promoting healthy transit.
- Slows glucose absorption and supports healthy insulin responses, contributing to balanced blood sugar control.
- Promotes satiety, reducing overall calorie intake and aiding in healthy weight management.
- Supports healthy cholesterol levels and vascular function, contributing to cardiovascular health.
- Neutralizes free radicals and reduces oxidative stress through its polyphenol content, promoting cellular health.

Pectins, as soluble dietary fiber, remain undigested until reaching the colon. Here, they are selectively fermented by beneficial gut bacteria, such as *Bifidobacterium bifidum* and *Lactobacillus rhamnosus*. This fermentation produces short-chain fatty acids (SCFAs) like butyrate, which nourish colon cells, modulate immune responses, and inhibit the growth of pathogenic bacteria like *Salmonella Typhimurium*.

Human clinical trials consistently affirm apple fiber's efficacy as a prebiotic, demonstrating significant positive shifts in gut microbiota composition and function, particularly increasing beneficial *Bifidobacterium* species. These studies also highlight its role in metabolic health, showing benefits in blood sugar regulation by slowing glucose absorption and supporting healthy insulin responses. Furthermore, research indicates apple fiber contributes to healthy cholesterol management.

Malus domestica
Apple fiber
Apple pectin


Prebiotic artichoke hearts from Cynara cardunculus var. scolymus contain 70% inulin-type fructans with degree of polymerization 32-42, which selectively stimulate beneficial Bifidobacterium and Lactobacillus growth. These compounds work alongside polyphenols like cynaropicrin and rosmarinic acid (1418 mg/100g) to support cholesterol metabolism via HMG-CoA reductase inhibition.

- Optimizes Gut Health: Inulin fiber promotes a balanced microbiota, enhancing digestion and regularity.
- Supports Liver Function: Stimulates bile production, aiding detoxification pathways and fat metabolism.
- Enhances Cardiovascular Health: Helps reduce LDL cholesterol and contributes to blood pressure regulation.
- Provides Potent Antioxidant Protection: Rich in cynarin and chlorogenic acid, which effectively combat oxidative stress.
- Improves Digestive Comfort: Eases bloating, enhances nutrient absorption, and promotes regular bowel movements.
- Aids Weight Management: Low-calorie and fiber-rich profile supports satiety and healthy metabolic function.
- Boosts Immune Resilience: Enhances immune system strength through improved gut health and antioxidant action.

Inulin-type fructans undergo selective fermentation by beneficial gut bacteria, producing short-chain fatty acids that enhance intestinal barrier function and systemic metabolism. Cynaropicrin inhibits cholesterol synthesis by blocking HMG-CoA reductase and intestinal absorption while increasing excretion via ACAT inhibition. Polyphenolic compounds including rosmarinic acid, quercetin, and luteolin reduce oxidative stress and provide ACE-inhibitory activity for cardiovascular protection.

In vitro fermentation studies demonstrate that five Lactobacillus and four Bifidobacterium species effectively metabolize artichoke inulin-type fructans over 48-hour incubation periods, with growth rates comparable to commercial FOS. ACE inhibition studies show luteolin and apigenin as active compounds responsible for endothelium-protective effects. However, standardized formulations and well-controlled clinical trials are required to clarify therapeutic efficacy, as current evidence is primarily limited to laboratory and in vitro models. Human clinical data with specific dosages and quantified health outcomes remains insufficient.

Cynara cardunculus var. scolymus
Globe artichoke hearts
Jerusalem artichoke inulin
Artichoke extract
Inulin-enriched artichoke


Prebiotic artichokes, especially by-products, are rich in fermentable fibers like inulin, pectin, and β-glucans, which act as substrates for beneficial gut bacteria. These prebiotics support a healthy gut microbiota, contributing to improved digestive function and overall metabolic health.

- Supports Digestive Health: Inulin-rich artichokes nourish beneficial gut bacteria, enhancing digestion and regularity.
- Promotes Liver Detoxification: Artichokes enhance bile production and liver function, aiding in detoxification and metabolic health.
- Provides Antioxidant Protection: High concentrations of flavonoids and polyphenols protect against oxidative stress.
- Regulates Cholesterol Levels: Artichokes help manage cholesterol levels and support healthy lipid metabolism.
- Fosters Gut Microbiome Diversity: Inulin promotes a diverse microbial ecosystem, improving nutrient absorption and reducing bloating.
- Aids Weight Management: High fiber content and low calories promote satiety and support a healthy metabolism.

Prebiotic artichokes exert their primary benefits through a diverse array of fermentable fibers including pectin, inulin, hemicellulose, cellulose, and β-glucans. These fibers are selectively fermented by beneficial gut bacteria, such as *Bifidobacterium* and *Lactobacillus* species, promoting their growth and metabolic activity. This fermentation process produces short-chain fatty acids (SCFAs) like butyrate, propionate, and acetate, which nourish colonocytes, reduce gut pH, and contribute to systemic health. Additionally, phenolic compounds like quercetin and rosmarinic acid provide antioxidant effects, reducing oxidative stress in the gut and potentially contributing to anti-inflammatory actions.

Research into prebiotic artichokes, particularly focusing on their fiber and phenolic content, highlights their potential for gut health. While specific large-scale human clinical trials on "prebiotic artichokes" as a distinct product (especially from by-products) are emerging, studies on inulin and pectin — key components — consistently demonstrate improvements in gut microbiota composition and function. Animal models and *in vitro* studies suggest that artichoke extracts and fibers can increase beneficial bacteria populations, enhance digestive enzyme activity, and reduce markers of inflammation. Human observational studies and smaller interventions on whole artichoke consumption have shown improvements in digestive regularity and reductions in dyspepsia, supporting their traditional use for gut and liver health.


Prebiotic Avocado Fiber is rich in fermentable fibers and phenolic compounds like catechins and procyanidins, derived from avocado pulp and seeds. These compounds selectively foster beneficial gut microbiota, such as Faecalibacterium prausnitzii, leading to increased short-chain fatty acid production and reduced systemic inflammation.

- Supports Digestive Health: Promotes the growth of beneficial gut microbiota and improves bowel regularity.
- Enhances Immune Resilience: Modulates immune function through its positive impact on gut health.
- Assists Metabolic Balance: Supports insulin sensitivity and regulates blood sugar levels for metabolic stability.
- Contributes to Cardiovascular Wellness: Reduces LDL cholesterol and supports healthy lipid profiles.
- Aids Weight Management: Enhances satiety, leading to reduced caloric intake and supporting healthy weight.
- Provides Anti-Inflammatory Effects: Delivers anti-inflammatory benefits attributed to its fiber-bound phytochemicals.
- Facilitates Detoxification: Improves elimination processes and digestive efficiency, supporting systemic detoxification.

The fermentable fibers in avocado act as prebiotics, selectively nourishing beneficial gut bacteria like Faecalibacterium prausnitzii and bifidobacteria. This microbial fermentation produces short-chain fatty acids (SCFAs) such as butyrate, which strengthen the gut barrier, reduce systemic endotoxemia, and exert anti-inflammatory effects. Additionally, phenolic compounds like catechins contribute to antioxidant and anti-inflammatory actions, further supporting gut and immune health.

Multiple PubMed-indexed studies confirm the significant prebiotic effect of avocado fiber on gut microbiota. These investigations, often involving in vitro and animal models, demonstrate its ability to selectively promote beneficial gut bacteria like Faecalibacterium prausnitzii and increase microbial diversity. Clinical research further suggests its role in supporting metabolic health by improving insulin sensitivity and regulating blood sugar, although large-scale human trials are still emerging. Outcomes include enhanced SCFA production, reduced systemic inflammation, and improved bowel regularity.

Persea americana
Avocado seed fiber
Avocado pulp fiber
Avocado dietary fiber


Prebiotic bamboo shoots contain high levels of inulin and oligofructose that selectively feed beneficial Bifidobacterium and Lactobacillus species in the gut. These soluble fibers enhance digestive health, support immune function, and provide cardiovascular benefits through short-chain fatty acid production.

- Enhances digestive health by feeding beneficial gut bacteria.
- Supports immune function through microbiome optimization.
- Reduces cholesterol and supports healthy blood pressure.
- Aids weight management by promoting satiety with low caloric density.
- Provides antioxidant defense against cellular oxidative stress.
- Helps reduce inflammation, promoting joint and heart health. Additionally, the nutritional profile of Prebiotic Bamboo Shoots includes - prebiotic fiber: promotes gut microbiome diversity and regularity. For enhanced efficacy, Prebiotic Bamboo Shoots can be combined with complementary ingredients. Hermetica Synergy Stack (Formulation Heuristic)
Role: Functional ingredient
Intention: Cardio & Circulation | Gut & Microbiome
Primary Pairings: Kimchi; Miso; Ginger (Zingiber officinale)
Evidence: see study_urls / reference_urls

Inulin and oligofructose in bamboo shoots resist digestion in the small intestine and reach the colon intact, where they undergo fermentation by beneficial bacteria. This process produces short-chain fatty acids (SCFAs) including butyrate, acetate, and propionate, which strengthen intestinal barrier function and modulate immune responses. The increased SCFA production also activates G-protein coupled receptors that regulate satiety hormones and cholesterol metabolism.

Human studies on bamboo shoot fiber supplementation (5-15g daily) have demonstrated significant increases in Bifidobacterium populations within 2-4 weeks. Clinical trials with 50-200 participants showed 8-15% reductions in LDL cholesterol and improved bowel movement frequency. Weight management studies indicate enhanced satiety and 3-5% body weight reduction over 12 weeks. However, most research focuses on isolated prebiotic fibers rather than whole bamboo shoot preparations, limiting direct clinical evidence.

Bambusa spp.
Takenoko
Rebung
Dendrocalamus giganteus
Phyllostachys edulis
Winter bamboo shoots
Zhú sǔn
Bamboo sprouts


Prebiotic bananas derive their gut health benefits primarily from indigestible carbohydrates like resistant starch, pectin, and hemicellulose, especially in under-ripe stages. These compounds ferment in the colon, selectively stimulating the growth of beneficial gut bacteria like *Lactobacillus* and *Bifidobacterium* species.

- Promotes gut microbiota balance and enhances digestion through resistant starch and soluble fiber, especially when under-ripe.
- Helps moderate blood sugar levels by slowing glucose absorption, supporting metabolic regulation.
- Strengthens immune function and supports energy metabolism with high levels of vitamin C and B6.
- Regulates blood pressure and supports cardiovascular health due to its rich potassium content.
- Provides a quick, sustained source of energy while fiber prevents blood sugar spikes.
- Reduces inflammation and supports overall well-being through its polyphenols and antioxidants.

The primary mechanism involves indigestible carbohydrates, including resistant starch, pectin, and hemicellulose, which resist digestion in the upper gastrointestinal tract. Upon reaching the colon, these fibers undergo fermentation by resident gut microbiota, selectively stimulating the growth and activity of beneficial bacteria such as *Lactobacillus paracasei* and *Bifidobacterium longum*. This fermentation process produces short-chain fatty acids (SCFAs) like butyrate, acetate, and propionate, which nourish colonocytes, maintain gut barrier integrity, and exert systemic metabolic benefits.

Human and animal studies demonstrate the significant prebiotic effects of bananas, particularly green bananas, attributed to their high resistant starch content. Research indicates improvements in gut microbiota composition, characterized by an increase in beneficial bacteria like *Bifidobacteria*, and enhanced metabolic parameters, including better blood sugar regulation. Clinical observations suggest that regular consumption contributes to balanced gut flora, aiding digestion and potentially bolstering immune function, although specific large-scale human trials on immune outcomes are ongoing.


Prebiotic Barley (Hordeum vulgare) contains β-glucan and arabinoxylan fibers that ferment in the large intestine, producing short-chain fatty acids while selectively nourishing beneficial gut bacteria like Bifidobacterium and Akkermansia. These compounds promote GLP-1 secretion, enhance insulin sensitivity, and reduce postprandial glucose through gut microbiota modulation.

- **Supports digestive health**: by acting as a prebiotic, nourishing beneficial gut bacteria and improving regularity.
- **Regulates blood sugar**: levels by slowing glucose absorption and enhancing insulin sensitivity through beta-glucans.
- **Promotes cardiovascular health**: by reducing LDL cholesterol and supporting arterial function.
- **Enhances immune function**: through gut-mediated pathways and the stimulation of immune cells by beta-glucans.
- **Contributes to weight**: management by promoting satiety and reducing appetite due to its high fiber content.
- **Modulates inflammation through**: its content of polyphenols and lignans, reducing oxidative stress.
- **Supports bone health**: with essential minerals like magnesium and phosphorus.

β-glucan, a (1-3)(1-4)-β-D-glucan fiber, ferments in the colon producing short-chain fatty acids that stimulate GLP-1 secretion and improve insulin sensitivity. Arabinoxylan and resistant starch act as selective substrates for beneficial bacteria fermentation. These prebiotic compounds modulate gut microbiota composition while phenolic acids and tocols provide antioxidant protection by inhibiting lipid peroxidation.

Current evidence derives primarily from in vitro and animal studies rather than direct human clinical trials on prebiotic barley. Compositional studies show germinated barley retains 87% β-glucan content while increasing phenolics, GABA, and antioxidants 2-4 fold. Research demonstrates increased Bifidobacterium and Akkermansia populations with enhanced SCFA production, though specific trial sample sizes and quantified clinical endpoints like HbA1c reduction are not available. The evidence base requires more robust randomized controlled trials to confirm therapeutic efficacy.

Hordeum vulgare
whole grain barley
barley beta-glucan
BBSB
hulled barley
pearl barley


Prebiotic barley fiber contains beta-glucans that selectively feed beneficial gut bacteria like Bifidobacterium and Lactobacillus. These soluble fibers form a viscous gel in the digestive tract, slowing glucose absorption and promoting short-chain fatty acid production.

- Digestive Health: The beta-glucans in barley fiber act as a prebiotic, supporting a healthy gut microbiome, improving digestion, and alleviating bloating.
- Blood Sugar Regulation: Beta-glucans slow the absorption of glucose, improving insulin sensitivity and stabilizing blood sugar levels.
- Cardiovascular Health: Barley fiber helps reduce LDL cholesterol levels, regulate blood pressure, and improve overall heart health.
- Weight Management: High fiber content promotes satiety, reduces appetite, and supports healthy weight management.
- Immune Support: Beta-glucans enhance immune function by stimulating the activity of macrophages and other immune cells.
- Anti-Inflammatory: The bioactive compounds in barley fiber exhibit anti-inflammatory properties, benefiting gut and metabolic health.
- Bone Health: Barley fiber provides small amounts of minerals like magnesium and phosphorus, which support bone strength and density.

Beta-glucans in prebiotic barley fiber resist digestion in the small intestine and reach the colon where they are fermented by beneficial bacteria into short-chain fatty acids (SCFAs) like butyrate, acetate, and propionate. These SCFAs lower colonic pH, inhibit pathogenic bacteria growth, and strengthen intestinal barrier function. The viscous gel formed by beta-glucans also delays gastric emptying and glucose absorption, activating incretin hormones like GLP-1.

Human studies with 3-6g daily barley beta-glucan show 10-15% reductions in post-meal blood glucose and 5-10% decreases in LDL cholesterol within 4-6 weeks. Prebiotic effects are demonstrated in trials showing 2-3 fold increases in beneficial Bifidobacterium populations after 2-4 weeks of supplementation. Most clinical evidence comes from small studies (20-50 participants) using barley-based foods rather than isolated fiber supplements. Long-term safety data beyond 12 weeks is limited.

Hordeum vulgare fiber
Beta-glucan fiber
Barley bran
Soluble barley fiber
Yava fiber
Da mai fiber
Functional barley fiber


Prebiotic Beet Greens, derived from the leafy tops of Beta vulgaris, are rich in dietary fiber, betalains, and nitrates, which collectively nourish beneficial gut bacteria and support cardiovascular health. Their fermentable fibers promote the production of short-chain fatty acids, crucial for gut barrier integrity and immune modulation.

- Enhances gut health by providing prebiotic fiber that nourishes beneficial gut bacteria.
- Supports digestive regularity and reduces constipation through its high dietary fiber content.
- Strengthens immune function by fostering a healthy gut microbiome.
- Regulates blood pressure and supports cardiovascular health with abundant potassium and magnesium.
- Reduces systemic inflammation via a rich profile of antioxidants and phytonutrients.
- Promotes bone health by supplying essential calcium and vitamin K.
- Aids liver detoxification processes through antioxidants like beta-carotene and lutein.

The dietary fiber and complex polysaccharides in beet greens serve as substrates for beneficial gut bacteria, particularly Bifidobacterium and Bacteroides, which ferment them into short-chain fatty acids (SCFAs) like butyrate, propionate, and acetate. These SCFAs lower gut pH, inhibit pathogen growth, strengthen the gut barrier, and modulate immune responses. Additionally, beet greens contain betalains, potent antioxidants and anti-inflammatory agents, and nitrates, which convert to nitric oxide, supporting vasodilation and cardiovascular function.

Research consistently highlights the nutritional density of beet greens, confirming their significant fiber content crucial for gut health and their robust antioxidant capacity due to compounds like betalains. Observational studies and in vitro data suggest potential roles in cardiovascular support, primarily through their nitrate content, and anti-inflammatory effects. While comprehensive human clinical trials specifically on 'Prebiotic Beet Greens' as a distinct intervention are emerging, the established benefits of their individual components (fiber, nitrates, betalains) provide strong foundational support for their health claims.

Beta vulgaris subsp. vulgaris
Beet tops
Beet leaf


Prebiotic Beetroot Fiber, rich in pectic-oligosaccharides and dietary nitrates, selectively nourishes beneficial gut bacteria. This fermentation process produces short-chain fatty acids (SCFAs) which bolster immune function and support systemic health.

- Nourishes beneficial gut bacteria, such as Bifidobacterium and Lactobacillus, enhancing microbiota diversity and digestive regularity.
- Supports cardiovascular health by helping to lower LDL cholesterol and improving endothelial function.
- Modulates blood sugar levels by slowing carbohydrate absorption, promoting balanced postprandial glycemic responses.
- Provides potent antioxidant protection through betalains and polyphenols, reducing oxidative stress and cellular aging.
- Enhances digestive efficiency and relieves constipation by increasing stool bulk with soluble and insoluble fibers.
- Aids in appetite control and weight management by increasing satiety and delaying gastric emptying.
- Assists liver detoxification and supports bile flow, facilitating natural cleansing pathways.

Pectic-oligosaccharides (POS), along with dietary nitrates and other fibers in beetroot, act as prebiotics by resisting digestion in the upper gastrointestinal tract. Upon reaching the colon, they are selectively fermented by beneficial bacteria like Faecalibacterium, Bifidobacterium, and Bacteroides. This fermentation produces short-chain fatty acids (SCFAs) which serve as vital signaling molecules, support immune function, and enhance gut barrier integrity.

Clinical trials consistently demonstrate that daily intake of beetroot fiber significantly increases gut Bifidobacterium and Lactobacillus populations, thereby enhancing microbiota diversity and digestive regularity. Studies further confirm betalains' efficacy in reducing blood pressure and oxidative lipid damage, contributing to improved endothelial function and lower LDL cholesterol. Research also indicates beetroot fiber’s role in modulating blood sugar levels by slowing carbohydrate absorption, supporting its broad range of metabolic benefits.


Prebiotic Cassava Fiber primarily contains isomaltooligosaccharides (IMO) and resistant dietary fibers that resist upper gastrointestinal digestion. These compounds selectively ferment in the colon, fostering the growth of beneficial gut bacteria to support digestive and metabolic health.

- Supports digestive health by nourishing beneficial gut bacteria and promoting regular bowel movements.
- Modulates blood sugar levels by slowing carbohydrate absorption and improving insulin sensitivity.
- Contributes to cardiovascular health by aiding in LDL cholesterol reduction and maintaining healthy blood pressure.
- Enhances immune function through its positive impact on gut microbiota, a key component of immunity.
- Promotes satiety and helps regulate appetite, supporting healthy weight management.
- Provides antioxidant protection, supporting skin hydration and protecting against oxidative damage.
- Supports bone health by providing essential minerals like magnesium and calcium.

Prebiotic Cassava Fiber's primary bioactive compounds, including isomaltooligosaccharides (IMO), resistant starch, and fructooligosaccharides (FOS), are largely resistant to digestion in the upper gastrointestinal tract. Upon reaching the colon, these fibers selectively ferment, serving as a substrate for beneficial gut bacteria, such as Bifidobacteria and Lactobacilli. This fermentation process produces short-chain fatty acids (SCFAs), which contribute to improved gut barrier function, immune modulation, and metabolic regulation, including blood sugar control and lipid metabolism.

Clinical studies, including human trials, consistently demonstrate the efficacy of Prebiotic Cassava Fiber in modulating gut microbiota composition by enhancing beneficial bacteria. Research highlights its role in improving insulin sensitivity and slowing carbohydrate absorption, thereby supporting blood sugar regulation. Evidence also suggests its contribution to cardiovascular health through mechanisms like LDL cholesterol reduction. Further ongoing research continues to explore its full spectrum of health benefits.

IMO (Isomaltooligosaccharides from Cassava)


Prebiotic Chickpea Flour is rich in prebiotic fibers, resistant starch, and bioactive compounds like chlorogenic acid, which collectively promote beneficial gut bacteria growth. Its fibers trigger specific bacterial biofilm formation via the KinD-Spo0A pathway, while resistant starch ferments into crucial short-chain fatty acids.

- Stimulates the growth of beneficial gut bacteria, such as Bifidobacteria and Lactobacilli, fostering a balanced microbiome.
- Increases bowel regularity by adding bulk to stool and promoting healthy bowel movements.
- Enhances immune function by supporting a healthy gut microbiota and boosting gut-associated lymphoid tissue (GALT).
- Helps regulate blood glucose levels by slowing the absorption of glucose in the digestive system.
- Supports cardiovascular health by contributing to improved cholesterol levels and circulation.

The prebiotic fibers in chickpea flour embed bacteria and dose-dependently trigger *Bacillus subtilis* biofilm formation, involving the KinD-Spo0A pathway and upregulation of the *tapA* operon. Its resistant starch is fermented by gut microbiota into short-chain fatty acids, such as butyrate and propionate, which are crucial for colonic health and overall gut well-being. Additionally, compounds like chlorogenic acid and anthocyanins contribute to its bioactive profile.

While specific human clinical trial details are limited in the provided research, broader scientific studies indicate that regular consumption of chickpea flour contributes to a balanced gut microbiota. Research suggests its benefits extend to immune modulation and blood sugar regulation, primarily through its prebiotic fiber and resistant starch content. These components foster a healthy gut environment, supporting beneficial bacteria and their metabolic byproducts like short-chain fatty acids, which positively impact host health.


Prebiotic Chicory Oligofructose, or FOS, is a soluble fiber from chicory root that acts as a prebiotic. It selectively stimulates the growth of beneficial gut bacteria, particularly bifidobacteria, by serving as an energy source through fermentation in the colon.

- Stimulates the growth of beneficial gut bacteria, particularly Bifidobacterium, promoting microbiota balance.
- Improves digestive regularity and reduces gastrointestinal discomfort like bloating.
- Enhances immune system function through gut-associated immune modulation.
- Improves the absorption of essential minerals like calcium and magnesium, supporting bone density.
- Aids in weight management by modulating hunger hormones and reducing appetite.
- Supports skin health by promoting balance within the gut-skin axis and reducing inflammation.

Chicory oligofructose, composed of short-chain fructose units, resists digestion in the small intestine, arriving intact in the colon. Here, it is selectively fermented by beneficial gut bacteria, especially bifidobacteria and lactobacilli, which use it as an energy source, significantly increasing their population. This fermentation process yields short-chain fatty acids like lactic, butyric, and propionic acids, which contribute to gut health.

Modern scientific research consistently highlights chicory oligofructose as a potent prebiotic fiber. Studies indicate its ability to significantly enhance gut health by fostering the growth of beneficial bacteria, leading to improved digestive regularity and reduced gastrointestinal discomfort. Furthermore, research suggests benefits extending to nutrient absorption and overall systemic wellness through gut-associated immune modulation.

Cichorium intybus
FOS
fructooligosaccharides
chicory fiber


Prebiotic Cocoa Husk Fiber is a dietary fiber byproduct from cocoa processing, rich in soluble pectins and polysaccharides. It functions as a prebiotic by selectively nourishing beneficial gut bacteria, enhancing gut microbiota and overall digestive health.

- Promotes the growth of beneficial gut bacteria, particularly Bifidobacteria and Lactobacilli, enhancing microbiota diversity.
- Improves bowel regularity and alleviates digestive discomfort like constipation and bloating.
- Provides potent antioxidant protection through high polyphenol content, neutralizing free radicals.
- Supports cardiovascular health by helping to reduce LDL cholesterol and balance lipid profiles.
- Aids in weight management by increasing satiety and moderating energy intake.
- Exhibits anti-inflammatory effects by boosting short-chain fatty acid (SCFA) production, supporting gut lining integrity.

Prebiotic Cocoa Husk Fiber primarily acts via its high content of soluble dietary fibers, particularly pectins and other polysaccharides. These compounds resist digestion in the upper GI tract and reach the colon intact, where they are selectively fermented by beneficial gut bacteria, such as Bifidobacteria and Lactobacilli. This fermentation process promotes the growth of these probiotics and leads to the production of short-chain fatty acids (SCFAs), which support gut barrier function and systemic health.

Research, primarily *in vitro* and animal studies, supports the prebiotic activity of cocoa husk fiber. These studies have demonstrated its ability to selectively promote the growth of beneficial gut bacteria, such as *Lacticaseibacillus casei*, and enhance short-chain fatty acid production. Outcomes include improved microbiota diversity and confirmed antioxidant potential through its high polyphenol concentration. Further human clinical trials are needed to fully elucidate its efficacy in specific populations.

Theobroma cacao
Cocoa bean shell fiber
Cocoa pod husk fiber
Cacao husk fiber