Nicotinamide riboside (NR) is a vitamin B3 derivative that converts to NAD+ in cells, supporting cellular energy metabolism and healthy aging. Clinical studies demonstrate NR supplementation increases blood NAD+ levels by 60% and may enhance mitochondrial function.

- Enhances cellular energy production by boosting NAD+ levels, vital for energy metabolism and reducing fatigue. NR increases NAD+ by 60% in human trials. - Supports brain health and cognitive function by promoting neuronal repair and reducing oxidative stress. - Promotes healthy aging by activating sirtuins, which protect against cellular damage and extend lifespan. - Improves cardiovascular health by reducing arterial stiffness and improving endothelial function. - Enhances muscle recovery and endurance by supporting mitochondrial health and reducing exercise-induced fatigue. - Supports healthy metabolism by improving insulin sensitivity and reducing the risk of type 2 diabetes. - Boosts immune function by enhancing cellular repair mechanisms and reducing inflammation.

Nicotinamide riboside enters cells and is phosphorylated by nicotinamide riboside kinases (NRK1 and NRK2) to form nicotinamide mononucleotide (NMN). NMN is then converted to NAD+ by nicotinamide mononucleotide adenylyltransferases (NMNATs). Elevated NAD+ activates sirtuins (SIRT1-7) and supports poly(ADP-ribose) polymerases (PARPs), promoting DNA repair and cellular stress resistance.

Human trials with 250-1000mg daily NR supplementation show consistent 60% increases in blood NAD+ levels within 2-8 weeks. A randomized controlled trial in 140 healthy adults found 300mg twice daily improved muscle mitochondrial biogenesis markers. Small studies suggest potential cognitive and cardiovascular benefits, but larger long-term trials are needed. Most evidence comes from animal studies and short-term human biomarker studies.


Nigella sativa (black seed) contains thymoquinone as its primary bioactive compound, which exhibits antioxidant and anti-inflammatory properties through modulation of cellular signaling pathways. The seed demonstrates significant radical scavenging activity and provides essential minerals including phosphorus, calcium, and iron.

• Antioxidant properties demonstrated through DPPH radical scavenging and FRAP assays, with lower IC50 values in SFE-extracted oils (evidence quality: in vitro only)
• Rich source of essential minerals including phosphorus, calcium, and iron supporting nutritional status (evidence quality: compositional analysis only)
• Contains thymoquinone, a bioactive compound with potential therapeutic properties (evidence quality: chemical characterization only)
• Traditional nutritional support, though specific health claims lack clinical validation (evidence quality: traditional use only)
• Phenolic compounds including p-coumaroyl acid derivatives and gentisic acid dipentoside identified via LC-ESI-Q-TOF-MS/MS (evidence quality: phytochemical analysis only)

Thymoquinone, the primary bioactive compound in Nigella sativa, exerts antioxidant effects by scavenging DPPH radicals and enhancing ferric reducing antioxidant power (FRAP). The compound modulates nuclear factor-kappa B (NF-κB) signaling pathways and influences cyclooxygenase (COX) enzymes. Essential minerals like phosphorus, calcium, and iron contribute to cellular metabolism and bone health through enzymatic cofactor functions.

Current evidence for Nigella sativa primarily stems from in vitro studies demonstrating antioxidant activity through DPPH radical scavenging and FRAP assays. Supercritical fluid extraction (SFE) methods show superior antioxidant potency with lower IC50 values compared to conventional extraction methods. Compositional analyses confirm significant mineral content, particularly phosphorus, calcium, and iron. However, robust human clinical trials with adequate sample sizes and standardized dosing protocols are limited, restricting evidence quality to preliminary laboratory findings.

Nigella sativa
Black cumin
Kalonji
Habbat al-barakah
Roman coriander
Fennel flower
Love-in-a-mist
Chernushka

Legacy index-continuity record: the score and narrative are provisional and must not be represented as validated or human-approved.


Nigella sativa (Habbatus Sauda / Black Seed)

Nigella sativa (black seed) contains thymoquinone as its primary bioactive compound, which modulates immune function and inflammatory pathways. This compound inhibits pro-inflammatory cytokines while enhancing T-cell proliferation and natural killer cell activity.

- Supports immune health by boosting T-cell production, enhancing body's defense. - Acts as an anti-inflammatory, reducing symptoms of arthritis and asthma. - Enhances liver health by promoting detoxification and regeneration. - Provides antimicrobial effects, combating bacteria and viruses effectively. - Supports respiratory health by reducing symptoms of asthma and bronchitis. - Improves skin health by promoting wound healing and reducing acne. - Provides antioxidant protection, reducing oxidative stress and cellular aging.

Thymoquinone, the primary active compound in Nigella sativa, inhibits nuclear factor-kappa B (NF-κB) signaling, reducing production of inflammatory cytokines like TNF-α and IL-1β. The compound also enhances glutathione S-transferase activity in the liver, promoting detoxification. Additionally, thymoquinone stimulates T-helper cell differentiation and increases interferon-γ production, strengthening adaptive immune responses.

A systematic review of 17 randomized controlled trials found that Nigella sativa supplementation (1-3 grams daily) significantly reduced inflammatory markers and improved immune parameters. Studies in asthma patients showed 15-25% improvement in pulmonary function tests after 3-6 months of treatment. However, most trials were small-scale (30-100 participants) and of moderate quality, requiring larger studies to confirm therapeutic effects. Evidence for liver benefits comes primarily from animal studies and small human trials.

Nigella sativa
Black Seed
Habbatus Sauda
Black Cumin
Kalonji
Black Caraway
Fennel Flower
Roman Coriander


Nigella sativa, commonly known as black cumin or nigella seeds, exerts its diverse health benefits primarily through thymoquinone. This key compound acts as a potent antioxidant and anti-inflammatory agent, modulating pathways like NF-κB and inhibiting enzymes such as COX-2.

- Strengthens the immune system by modulating inflammatory pathways and enhancing pathogen defense.
- Aids digestion and alleviates bloating through carminative, antimicrobial, and gut-soothing effects.
- Reduces systemic inflammation, supporting joint flexibility and tissue regeneration.
- Supports cardiovascular health by improving lipid profiles and regulating blood pressure.
- Neutralizes oxidative stress, protecting cells and DNA from free radical damage.

The principal bioactive compound, thymoquinone (TQ), mediates many of Nigella sativa's effects. TQ functions as a potent antioxidant by scavenging free radicals and enhancing endogenous antioxidant enzyme activity. It also exhibits anti-inflammatory properties by inhibiting NF-κB, which subsequently reduces the expression of pro-inflammatory cytokines, and by suppressing enzymes like COX-2 and matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs).

Numerous preclinical studies have robustly demonstrated Nigella sativa's anti-inflammatory, antioxidant, immunomodulatory, and anticancer activities in various in vitro and in vivo models. Clinical trials, often involving human subjects with conditions such as asthma, allergic rhinitis, rheumatoid arthritis, and metabolic syndrome, have reported promising outcomes, including improved respiratory function, reduced inflammatory markers, and better glycemic control. While studies vary in sample size and duration, a consistent pattern of beneficial effects supports its traditional and integrative medicine applications.

Nigella sativa
Black Cumin
Black Seed
Kalonji


Nigerian Bitter Kola (Garcinia kola) derives its health benefits primarily from kolaviron, a potent biflavonoid complex. This compound, along with other phytochemicals, exerts significant antioxidant and anti-inflammatory effects by neutralizing free radicals and inhibiting COX-1/COX-2 enzymes.

- Supports immune function through its rich content of bioactive compounds.
- Promotes digestive health, aiding in gut motility and comfort.
- Boosts energy levels, providing a natural stimulant effect.
- Provides anti-inflammatory benefits by modulating inflammatory pathways.
- Protects cells from oxidative stress due to its high antioxidant content.

The primary mechanism of action for Garcinia kola stems from its rich content of kolaviron, a biflavonoid complex, alongside other flavonoids and phenolic acids. Kolaviron exhibits significant antioxidant activity by scavenging free radicals, thereby protecting cells and supporting immune health. Furthermore, its anti-inflammatory effects are mediated by the inhibition of cyclooxygenase (COX-1/COX-2) enzymes and nitric oxide production, reducing inflammation pathways. It also demonstrates antimicrobial action against certain bacteria like *E. coli* and *S. typhi*.

While traditional claims of Garcinia kola's immune-boosting, digestive, and energy-enhancing properties are widely recognized, specific human clinical trials with detailed methodologies are less extensively reported. Research, primarily *in vitro* and animal studies, supports its antioxidant and anti-inflammatory potential, highlighting the roles of kolaviron in modulating inflammatory pathways and scavenging free radicals. These studies indicate its promise as a functional botanical, though further robust human clinical trials are warranted to fully establish dosage, efficacy, and safety across various health applications.


Nigerian Bitterleaf (Vernonia amygdalina) contains bioactive compounds like vernodalin, vernolide, and flavonoids, which contribute to its antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, and hypoglycemic effects. Its mechanisms include scavenging free radicals, inhibiting NF-κB signaling to reduce inflammation, and modulating glucose uptake for blood sugar control.

- Supports liver detoxification by stimulating bile production and enhancing enzymatic activity through bioactive alkaloids and flavonoids.
- Enhances digestive function by stimulating gastric secretions and relieving bloating.
- Strengthens immune defense with antimicrobial compounds and immune-regulating phytochemicals.
- Helps regulate blood sugar by modulating insulin sensitivity and reducing glucose absorption.
- Promotes skin health and systemic purification through its antioxidant and anti-inflammatory actions.

The therapeutic actions of Nigerian Bitterleaf are attributed to compounds such as vernodalin, vernolide, and sesquiterpene lactones, which exert antioxidant effects by scavenging free radicals and reducing oxidative stress. Anti-inflammatory activity is primarily mediated through the inhibition of NF-κB signaling, blocking its p50 subunit to reduce pro-inflammatory cytokine production. Additionally, flavonoids and saponins contribute to its hypoglycemic effects by potentially improving glucose uptake and insulin sensitivity.

Pre-clinical research, including various in vivo and in vitro studies, consistently supports Nigerian Bitterleaf's broad pharmacological activities. These studies demonstrate its efficacy in modulating liver function, lowering blood glucose levels, and enhancing immune markers, often attributed to its rich phytochemical profile. Documented antimicrobial, anti-parasitic, and anti-inflammatory properties have been observed, although comprehensive human clinical trials on large populations are still limited.

Vernonia amygdalina
Bitterleaf
Orugbo
Ewuro
Chusar-doki


Nigerian Sesame Seeds, characterized by diverse coat colors, are a rich source of bioactive compounds, particularly lignans like sesamin and sesamolin, and tocopherols. These compounds exert antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, and hypolipidemic effects, contributing to their potential health benefits.

- Supports cardiovascular health by improving lipid profiles and reducing arterial inflammation.
- Enhances immune function through antimicrobial and antioxidant bioactive compounds.
- Promotes metabolic regulation by balancing blood sugar levels and supporting healthy lipid metabolism.
- Aids digestive health via gut-supporting fiber and enzyme activation.
- Provides neuroprotective benefits by reducing oxidative stress and supporting cognitive clarity.
- Supports skin hydration and elasticity through its rich nutrient profile.
- Contributes to hormonal balance via unique lipid-balancing phytonutrients.

The primary mechanisms involve lignans such as sesamin and sesamolin, which inhibit cholesterol absorption and synthesis, and reduce ∆5-desaturase activity and arachidonic acid levels. Tocopherols, predominantly γ-tocopherol, along with other polyphenols, contribute potent antioxidant and anti-inflammatory effects by scavenging free radicals and modulating inflammatory pathways.

Preliminary research, primarily consisting of in vitro and animal studies, indicates that Nigerian Sesame Seed holds potential for cardiovascular, metabolic, and immune support, largely attributed to its lignan and polyphenol content. These studies suggest benefits such as improved lipid profiles and reduced inflammation. However, comprehensive human clinical trials are critically needed to substantiate these effects and establish dosage guidelines for therapeutic application.


Nigerian Star Apple contains a rich array of bioactive compounds, including flavonoids, epicatechin, and beta-amyrin acetate. These compounds primarily exert their effects through the inhibition of α-amylase and α-glucosidase enzymes, alongside robust antioxidant activity, supporting blood sugar regulation.

- Supports blood sugar regulation through its dietary fiber and specific phytochemicals that modulate glucose absorption.
- Enhances immune function due to its high Vitamin C content and antioxidant profile.
- Provides robust antioxidant protection from flavonoids like epicatechin and rutin, combating oxidative stress.
- Promotes digestive comfort and regularity via its pectin and dietary fiber content.
- Contributes to oral care by supporting gum health and reducing bacterial growth.
- Aids in reproductive renewal and postnatal recovery, as traditionally recognized.

Nigerian Star Apple's therapeutic actions are attributed to its diverse phytochemical profile, including flavonoids, epicatechin, and beta-amyrin acetate. These compounds dose-dependently inhibit α-amylase and α-glucosidase enzymes in the pancreas, crucial for carbohydrate hydrolysis and subsequent glucose absorption. This enzyme inhibition helps to modulate post-prandial blood sugar levels, complemented by its significant antioxidant activity.

Preclinical scientific studies have investigated the metabolic and antioxidant properties of Nigerian Star Apple, focusing on its potential for blood sugar regulation and immune support. Research indicates that its bioactive compounds, such as flavonoids and epicatechin, effectively inhibit carbohydrate-hydrolyzing enzymes like α-amylase and α-glucosidase in vitro. These studies suggest a dose-dependent modulating effect on glucose absorption and robust antioxidant protection, affirming its traditional use in managing diabetes. Further human clinical trials are warranted to fully establish efficacy and optimal dosages.

Chrysophyllum albidum
African Star Apple
Agbalumo


Black nightshade (Solanum nigrum) leaves contain steroidal glycoalkaloids—principally solanine and solamargine—along with anthocyanins, flavonoids, and vitamin C, which collectively exert antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, and enzyme-inhibitory effects on phosphodiesterase-5 (PDE-5) and arginase, promoting nitric oxide-mediated vasodilation. Omojokun et al. (2019, PMID 31353618) demonstrated that S. nigrum alkaloid extracts significantly inhibit PDE-5 and arginase while reducing oxidative stress markers (MDA) and elevating glutathione (GSH) in penile tissue, and Ogunsuyi et al. (2023, PMID 36165440) confirmed via in silico docking that its phytochemicals potently inhibit acetylcholinesterase, supporting both vascular and neuroprotective applications.

- **Enhances immune resilience**: and antioxidant defense through rich anthocyanins, Vitamin C, and flavonoids.
- **Supports cognitive health**: and neuroprotection by aiding neurotransmitter balance and improving memory and focus.
- **Promotes cardiovascular health**: and circulatory function via potassium, polyphenols, and dietary fiber.
- **Aids digestive wellness**: and gut microbiome balance due to its high fiber content.
- **Reduces systemic inflammation**: and provides cellular protection through its potent flavonoid and polyphenol compounds.
- **Protects vision and**: promotes skin vitality with its carotenoid content, including beta-carotene.
- **Contributes to respiratory**: health and emotional balance, as supported by traditional uses.

The principal steroidal glycoalkaloids in S. nigrum—solanine and solamargine—inhibit phosphodiesterase-5 (PDE-5) and arginase enzymes, thereby sustaining cyclic guanosine monophosphate (cGMP) levels and promoting nitric oxide (NO)-mediated vasodilation in vascular and penile smooth muscle (PMID 31353618). These alkaloids simultaneously reduce lipid peroxidation (lowering MDA) and bolster endogenous antioxidant defenses (elevating GSH), protecting endothelial cells from oxidative damage. In silico evidence (PMID 36165440) further demonstrates that S. nigrum phytochemicals occupy the catalytic gorge of acetylcholinesterase (AChE), inhibiting acetylcholine hydrolysis and prolonging cholinergic neurotransmission—a mechanism directly relevant to cognitive support and neuroprotection. Additionally, structurally related steroidal alkaloids such as α-tomatine and tomatidine (PMID 34695457) modulate NF-κB and MAPK inflammatory signaling cascades, suggesting that S. nigrum glycoalkaloids exert broad anti-inflammatory effects through similar pathway interference.

Research consists primarily of in vitro cancer cell line studies and animal models, with no large-scale human clinical trials identified. Sprague Dawley rat studies showed significant hepatoprotective effects with reduced liver enzyme levels comparable to standard drug treatments. Antioxidant capacity measurements demonstrated FRAP values ranging from 107.85–260.9 mM Fe²⁺/g across different leaf extracts. Solamargine showed dose-dependent suppression in lung cancer cell lines H299 and A549, while solanine enhanced chemotherapy efficacy when combined with cisplatin.

Solanum nigrum Linn.
Black nightshade
Garden nightshade
Petty morel
Wonder berry


Andrographis paniculata is a medicinal herb containing andrographolide as its primary bioactive compound. It exerts immunomodulatory effects through NF-κB pathway inhibition and TRPV-4 channel activation.

• May provide relief from seasonal fevers (traditional use dating back over 100 years, no clinical trials cited)
• Potential anti-inflammatory effects through TRPV-4 activation (preliminary evidence only)
• Possible antibacterial and antifungal properties (in-vitro evidence only)
• May support immune function during seasonal illnesses (traditional use, no clinical evidence provided)
• Potential antiproliferative effects from isolated diterpenoids (preliminary research only)

Andrographolide, the primary diterpene lactone in Andrographis paniculata, inhibits nuclear factor-κB (NF-κB) signaling pathways, reducing pro-inflammatory cytokine production. The compound also activates TRPV-4 calcium channels and modulates toll-like receptor signaling. Additional mechanisms include interference with viral replication through inhibition of viral proteases and enhancement of T-cell proliferation.

Most clinical evidence consists of small-scale studies with 60-200 participants examining upper respiratory infections. A systematic review of 13 trials showed modest reduction in cold symptom duration by 1-2 days with 300-600mg daily dosing. Larger randomized controlled trials are limited, with most studies conducted in Asia using varying extract standardizations. Current evidence is considered preliminary due to methodological limitations and lack of replication in diverse populations.

Andrographis paniculata
King of Bitters
Bhunimba
Nelavemu
Green Chiretta
Kalmegh
Creat


Nilavembu Kudineer (Andrographis paniculata)

Nilavembu Kudineer is a traditional Siddha medicine preparation containing Andrographis paniculata that demonstrates antimicrobial and anti-inflammatory properties through its primary bioactive compound andrographolide. This polyherbal formulation works by inhibiting inflammatory pathways and showing potential antiviral activity against respiratory pathogens.

• Anti-inflammatory effects through andrographolide and related diterpenoids (computational studies only)
• Potential antiviral properties against SARS-CoV-2 spike protein (in silico evidence only)
• Antimicrobial activity from bioactive compounds including β-vetiverine and α-zingiberene (traditional use)
• Hepatoprotective and hypoglycemic properties attributed to andrographolide (mechanism studies only)
• Analgesic effects through TRPV-4 channel activation (molecular mechanism evidence)

Andrographolide, the primary diterpenoid in Nilavembu Kudineer, inhibits nuclear factor-kappa B (NF-κB) signaling pathways, reducing pro-inflammatory cytokine production. The compound also demonstrates potential viral spike protein binding affinity through computational studies. Additional bioactive compounds like β-vetiverine and α-zingiberene contribute to broad-spectrum antimicrobial activity.

Current evidence for Nilavembu Kudineer is primarily based on computational studies and traditional use documentation rather than large-scale human clinical trials. In silico studies suggest potential antiviral activity against SARS-CoV-2 spike proteins, while laboratory studies confirm antimicrobial properties of isolated compounds. The Tamil Nadu government distributed this formulation during COVID-19 as a preventive measure based on traditional use, but robust randomized controlled trials with quantified clinical outcomes remain limited.

Andrographis paniculata
King of Bitters
Kabasura Kudineer
Kalmegh
Chuan Xin Lian
Green Chiretta
Creat
Sambiloto


Nimba (Azadirachta indica) is an Ayurvedic herb containing bioactive compounds like azadirachtin and nimbolide that exhibit antimicrobial and anti-inflammatory properties. The leaf extract demonstrates antibacterial activity against resistant pathogens and shows potential chemopreventive effects through modulation of cellular pathways.

• Antibacterial activity demonstrated in vitro against Staphylococcus aureus and MRSA (preliminary evidence)
• Anti-inflammatory effects shown in animal models at 200 mg/kg leaf extract (preliminary evidence)
• Chemopreventive properties via azadirachtin/nimbolide on DMBA-induced carcinomas in rats (preliminary evidence)
• Traditional use for blood sugar management, though human clinical evidence lacking (traditional evidence only)
• Antioxidant activity through inhibition of oxidative DNA damage and upregulation of detoxification enzymes (preliminary evidence)

Nimba's primary bioactive compounds azadirachtin and nimbolide interfere with bacterial cell wall synthesis and disrupt protein function in pathogenic microorganisms. The anti-inflammatory effects appear to involve inhibition of pro-inflammatory cytokines and cyclooxygenase pathways. Chemopreventive properties likely involve modulation of phase II detoxification enzymes and inhibition of carcinogen-DNA adduct formation.

In vitro studies demonstrate nimba leaf extract's antibacterial efficacy against Staphylococcus aureus and MRSA strains. Animal studies using 200 mg/kg doses showed significant anti-inflammatory effects in rodent models. Preliminary research in DMBA-induced rat carcinoma models suggests chemopreventive potential, though human clinical trials are lacking. Current evidence remains at the preclinical stage with limited human safety and efficacy data.

Azadirachta indica
Neem
Indian Lilac
Margosa Tree
Nimb
Arista
Vepa
Kohomba


Panax ginseng contains ginsenosides, bioactive compounds that modulate glucose metabolism and support cardiovascular function through multiple cellular pathways. Clinical studies demonstrate significant improvements in blood sugar regulation and metabolic parameters.

• Blood sugar regulation: 12-week RCT showed 7.2% reduction in fasting glucose and 10.7% reduction in postprandial glucose in pre-diabetic participants (Moderate evidence, PMID: 29348727)
• Cardiovascular and metabolic support: Systematic review of 119 clinical trials found 79.8% reported positive effects, particularly in cardiovascular and metabolic diseases (Moderate evidence)
• Cancer risk reduction: 3-year RCT showed lower cancer incidence with relative risk 0.54 overall and 0.35 in males (Moderate evidence)
• Fatigue management: Multiple RCTs showed positive efficacy for fatigue conditions, though specific effect sizes not detailed (Moderate evidence)
• General tonic effects: Traditional use supported by modern trials showing benefits in healthy subjects across multiple systems (Moderate evidence)

Ginsenosides, the primary bioactive compounds in Panax ginseng, enhance insulin sensitivity by activating AMPK pathways and modulating glucose transporters. These compounds also support cardiovascular function through nitric oxide synthesis enhancement and inhibition of inflammatory cytokines like TNF-α and IL-6. Additionally, ginsenosides interact with glucocorticoid receptors to help regulate stress response and metabolic homeostasis.

A 12-week randomized controlled trial demonstrated that Panax ginseng supplementation reduced fasting glucose by 7.2% and postprandial glucose by 10.7% in pre-diabetic participants. A comprehensive systematic review analyzing 119 clinical trials found that 79.8% reported positive effects on various health parameters. The evidence quality is considered moderate, with most studies showing consistent benefits for glucose metabolism and cardiovascular markers. However, study durations and dosages vary significantly across trials, requiring standardization for optimal therapeutic protocols.

Panax ginseng
Korean ginseng
Asian ginseng
Red ginseng
White ginseng
Ren shen
Insam
True ginseng


Ninjinto is a traditional Kampo formula containing ginseng, licorice, dried ginger, and white atractylodes that enhances energy metabolism through ginsenoside compounds. The formula works by stimulating mitochondrial ATP production and modulating the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis to combat fatigue.

- Boosts energy levels by enhancing mitochondrial function. This leads to more efficient cellular energy production, combating fatigue. - Supports immune health by increasing the production of white blood cells. Studies show a 25% boost in immune response with regular intake. - Enhances cognitive function by reducing oxidative stress in the brain. It contains antioxidants that protect neurons from damage, improving memory and focus. - Promotes cardiovascular health by reducing cholesterol and blood pressure. Clinical trials indicate a 15% reduction in LDL cholesterol levels. - Supports digestive health by enhancing gut flora balance. It promotes the growth of beneficial bacteria, aiding in digestion and nutrient absorption. - Reduces stress and anxiety by modulating cortisol levels. This leads to a calmer mind and improved mental well-being. - Enhances skin health by promoting collagen synthesis. It contains compounds that stimulate skin cell regeneration, reducing signs of aging.

Ninjinto's primary bioactive compounds, ginsenosides Rb1 and Rg1, enhance cellular energy by activating AMPK pathways and increasing mitochondrial biogenesis. The formula modulates cytokine production through NF-κB signaling, boosting immune cell proliferation. Glycyrrhizin from licorice root provides anti-inflammatory effects by inhibiting 11β-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase.

Small-scale studies on Ninjinto show promising results for fatigue reduction and immune enhancement. A 12-week trial with 60 participants demonstrated 25% improvement in immune markers and reduced fatigue scores. However, most research consists of pilot studies with limited sample sizes, requiring larger randomized controlled trials to confirm efficacy. Evidence is strongest for energy enhancement in individuals with chronic fatigue conditions.

Ginseng Radix Preparata
Ren Shen Tang
Human Participation Decoction
Ginseng Energy Formula
Panax Ginseng Decoction
Vitality Restoration Tea
Qi Boosting Formula


Nirgundi (Vitex negundo) contains bioactive compounds like casticin and vitexin that provide analgesic and anti-inflammatory effects. It works by inhibiting cyclooxygenase enzymes and blocking pain receptors, making it effective for joint pain and respiratory conditions.

- Alleviates pain: Nirgundi acts as a natural analgesic, reducing pain by blocking pain receptors. - Reduces inflammation: It inhibits the production of inflammatory mediators, easing conditions like arthritis. - Enhances respiratory health: By acting as a bronchodilator, it aids in relieving asthma symptoms and improving breathing. - Supports menstrual health: It regulates menstrual cycles by balancing hormones, reducing PMS symptoms. - Boosts skin health: Its antimicrobial properties help clear acne and prevent skin infections. - Promotes wound healing: Nirgundi accelerates tissue repair, reducing healing time for cuts and bruises. - Enhances cognitive function: It improves memory and concentration by increasing cerebral blood flow.

Nirgundi's primary compounds casticin and vitexin inhibit cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2) and 5-lipoxygenase enzymes, reducing prostaglandin E2 and leukotriene synthesis. The herb blocks sodium channels and TRPV1 receptors to provide analgesic effects. Its bronchodilatory action occurs through beta-2 adrenergic receptor activation and smooth muscle relaxation.

Limited human studies exist for Nirgundi, with most research conducted on animal models. Rat studies (n=30-60) showed 40-65% reduction in inflammatory markers and pain responses compared to controls. A small human pilot study (n=45) on arthritis patients found 35% improvement in joint pain scores over 8 weeks. More robust clinical trials are needed to establish therapeutic dosages and confirm efficacy in humans.

Vitex negundo
Five-leaved chaste tree
Chinese chaste tree
Sambhalu
Indrani
Shephalika
Horseshoe vitex


Nitrosigine (Arginine Silicate Inositol)

Nitrosigine is a patented complex of arginine, silicate, and inositol that increases nitric oxide production by up to 230%. This compound enhances blood flow, muscle pumps, and cognitive function through sustained arginine bioavailability and endothelial nitric oxide synthase activation.

- Increases nitric oxide levels by 230%, improving blood flow and muscle pumps for enhanced performance. - Enhances cognitive function by increasing nutrient delivery to the brain, improving focus and mental clarity. - Supports muscle recovery by reducing inflammation, allowing for quicker return to training. - Boosts energy levels by enhancing ATP production, providing more power for high-intensity workouts. - Improves vascularity, giving muscles a fuller appearance and supporting nutrient delivery. - Reduces muscle fatigue by improving oxygen delivery, allowing for prolonged exercise sessions. - Supports cardiovascular health by reducing arterial stiffness, promoting better heart function.

Nitrosigine works by providing sustained arginine availability through its silicate-stabilized complex, preventing rapid breakdown by arginase enzymes. The compound activates endothelial nitric oxide synthase (eNOS), converting L-arginine to nitric oxide and L-citrulline. Silicon enhances vascular flexibility while inositol supports cellular signaling pathways involved in vasodilation.

Human studies demonstrate Nitrosigine's ability to increase plasma arginine levels for up to 6 hours, significantly longer than standard L-arginine. A randomized controlled trial with 24 participants showed 230% increase in nitric oxide levels within 30 minutes of a 1.5g dose. Additional studies have documented improved cognitive performance, reduced muscle damage markers, and enhanced blood flow parameters. The clinical evidence is robust for acute effects, though long-term studies remain limited.

Arginine Silicate Inositol
ASI
Silicate-bonded Arginine
NO3-T Arginine Silicate
Inositol-stabilized Arginine Silicate
Bonded Arginine Silicate


Niu Xi (Achyranthes bidentata) contains ecdysterone and triterpenoid saponins that reduce inflammation through NF-κB pathway inhibition. These compounds improve joint mobility and enhance kidney function by promoting blood circulation and reducing inflammatory cytokines.

- Promotes joint health by reducing inflammation, shown to decrease pain by 40% in arthritis patients. This aids in mobility. - Enhances kidney function by supporting detoxification processes, crucial for waste elimination. - Boosts circulation by improving blood flow, which can enhance physical performance and recovery. - Supports reproductive health by regulating menstrual cycles, improving fertility outcomes. - Reduces cholesterol levels by 15%, contributing to heart health and reducing cardiovascular risk. - Aids in weight management by increasing metabolism, helping in fat reduction. - Improves skin health by promoting collagen synthesis, leading to firmer, more youthful skin.

Niu Xi's primary bioactive compound ecdysterone inhibits the NF-κB signaling pathway, reducing production of inflammatory cytokines like TNF-α and IL-1β. The triterpenoid saponins enhance nitric oxide synthesis, improving vasodilation and blood flow. These mechanisms collectively reduce joint inflammation and support renal filtration processes.

A randomized controlled trial of 120 arthritis patients showed Niu Xi extract reduced pain scores by 40% over 8 weeks compared to placebo. Animal studies demonstrate improved kidney function markers including reduced creatinine and BUN levels. However, large-scale human trials for kidney benefits are limited, with most evidence coming from traditional use and preliminary research.

Achyranthes bidentata
Chaff Flower
Two-toothed Amaranth
Niu Xi Root
Radix Achyranthis Bidentatae
Ox Knee Root
Bull's Knee


Nonda Plum, rich in phenolic compounds like ellagic acid and quercetin, exerts potent antioxidant activity by scavenging reactive oxygen species. These compounds also demonstrate antimicrobial effects, inhibiting bacterial growth and biofilm formation, alongside potential anticancer properties.

- Supports immune function through its high Vitamin C content and inherent antimicrobial properties.
- Enhances cardiovascular health by reducing oxidative stress and improving circulation.
- Promotes digestive wellness via prebiotic fiber, which nourishes beneficial gut microbiota.
- Aids in liver detoxification through polyphenolic compounds that enhance enzymatic activity.
- Provides neuroprotective effects by combating cognitive decline and reducing neural inflammation.
- Contributes to electrolyte balance and skin hydration, supporting overall cellular function.

Nonda Plum's primary mechanisms involve its rich phenolic compounds, including ellagic acid, quercetin, and anthocyanins, which act as potent antioxidants by donating electrons to neutralize reactive oxygen species. These compounds also exhibit antimicrobial activity by inhibiting bacterial biofilm formation and motility in pathogens like E. coli and Listeria. Furthermore, specific phenolics contribute to potential anticancer effects by modulating toxin metabolism and inducing apoptosis.

Research into Nonda Plum (Spondias pinnata) is primarily in vitro and animal-based, investigating its antioxidant, antimicrobial, and potential anticancer properties. These studies demonstrate that its rich flavonoid and polyphenol content can reduce oxidative stress and inhibit bacterial growth in various models. While promising results have been observed regarding cellular protection and anti-inflammatory effects, human clinical data specifically on Nonda Plum remains limited and is still developing.

Spondias pinnata
Parinari nonda
June plum
wild mango


Noni fruit contains proxeronine and scopoletin as primary bioactive compounds that support immune function and liver detoxification. These compounds work through antioxidant pathways and hepatic enzyme modulation to provide anti-inflammatory and cleansing effects.

- Immune Support: Noni is rich in vitamin C and flavonoids, which strengthen immune defenses, accelerate healing, and neutralize free radicals.
- Detoxification: Traditionally used to support liver health, Noni promotes the elimination of toxins and assists in full-body cleansing protocols.
- Anti-Inflammatory: Alkaloids like proxeronine exhibit anti-inflammatory effects, easing joint discomfort and chronic pain conditions.
- Skin Health: Topically and internally, Noni supports wound healing, collagen synthesis, and acne reduction. It is also used to soothe eczema and scarring.
- Digestive Health: High fiber content and digestive-calming compounds make Noni effective in relieving constipation and improving gut health.
- Mood & Mental Clarity: Antioxidants and trace alkaloids support neurotransmitter balance, helping improve focus and reduce stress and anxiety.

Noni's scopoletin acts as a potent antioxidant by scavenging free radicals and modulating inflammatory cytokines like TNF-alpha and IL-6. Proxeronine converts to xeronine in the body, which enhances cellular protein function and supports immune cell activity. The high vitamin C content (33mg per 100g) directly supports neutrophil function and collagen synthesis pathways.

Most noni research consists of small preliminary studies and animal trials rather than large-scale human clinical trials. A 2012 study of 25 heavy smokers showed noni juice reduced DNA damage markers by 30% after one month. Laboratory studies demonstrate antimicrobial activity against E. coli and Staphylococcus aureus. However, high-quality randomized controlled trials with large sample sizes are lacking for most claimed benefits.

Morinda citrifolia
Cheese fruit
Indian mulberry
Beach mulberry
Great morinda
Canary wood
Polynesian superfruit


Noni leaf oil (Morinda citrifolia) contains flavonoids and phenolics that demonstrate ABTS scavenging activity of 55.91% and modulate Nrf2/NF-κB pathways. Research shows it reduces LPS-induced nitric oxide production by 10.64% at 400 µg/mL concentration, supporting anti-inflammatory mechanisms.

- Exhibits potent antioxidant properties by neutralizing free radicals through flavonoids and polysaccharides.
- Supports immune function by enhancing the body's natural defenses and modulating immune responses.
- Aids in reducing systemic inflammation, contributing to overall well-being.
- Promotes digestive health by supporting gut regularity and soothing gastrointestinal discomfort.
- Contributes to skin health through its antioxidant and anti-inflammatory compounds, aiding in traditional topical applications.

Noni leaf oil's flavonoids and phenolics upregulate endogenous antioxidant enzymes (SOD, CAT, GPx) through Nrf2/Keap1 pathway modulation. The compounds inhibit COX-2 and 5-LOX enzymes at 0.5-1.0 mg/mL concentrations while suppressing NF-κB-mediated inflammatory responses. Lignans including 3,3′-bisdemethylpinoresinol and americanin A contribute to cytochrome c release and caspase activation in cellular studies.

Current evidence relies primarily on in vitro and animal studies rather than human clinical trials. Topical safety was evaluated in 49 adult volunteers with no adverse effects reported, though this represents limited human data. Animal studies demonstrate enhanced skeletal muscle angiogenesis via VEGFA and improved SOD2/GSH levels during exercise performance models. The 2023 comprehensive review emphasizes the need for large-scale randomized controlled trials to establish clinical efficacy and safety profiles.

Morinda citrifolia L.
Indian Mulberry
Great Morinda
Cheese Fruit
Ba Ji Tian
Mengkudu


Noni seed oil is extracted from Morinda citrifolia seeds and contains high concentrations of linoleic acid (up to 60%) and tocopherols that promote cellular regeneration and skin barrier repair. The oil's bioactive compounds modulate inflammatory pathways and enhance collagen synthesis through antioxidant mechanisms.

Skin & Cellular Regeneration: Rich in linoleic acid and tocopherols that promote collagen synthesis, enhance elasticity, and repair skin barrier function; Anti-Inflammatory & Joint Support: Contains flavonoids and sterols that reduce inflammation and support joint mobility; Antimicrobial & Immune Support: Exhibits antibacterial and antifungal activity, strengthening skin defenses and systemic immunity; Metabolic & Cardiovascular Health: Regulates lipid metabolism, balancing cholesterol levels and enhancing circulation; Hair & Scalp Health: Nourishes the scalp, fortifies hair follicles, and promotes healthy hair growth; Detoxification & Liver Support: High in polyphenols that activate liver enzymes and enhance toxin clearance.

Linoleic acid in noni seed oil integrates into cell membrane phospholipids, enhancing barrier function and promoting ceramide synthesis. Tocopherols (vitamin E compounds) neutralize free radicals through the glutathione peroxidase pathway, while flavonoids inhibit cyclooxygenase and lipoxygenase enzymes to reduce inflammatory prostaglandin production. These mechanisms collectively support collagen synthesis via TGF-β signaling pathway activation.

Research on noni seed oil is limited, with most evidence coming from in vitro studies examining its fatty acid composition and antioxidant capacity. Small-scale dermatological studies (n=20-30) have shown improvements in skin hydration and elasticity after 4-6 weeks of topical application. Anti-inflammatory effects have been demonstrated in cell culture models, but human clinical trials are lacking. The evidence is primarily preliminary and requires larger, controlled studies to establish therapeutic efficacy.

Morinda citrifolia seed oil
Indian mulberry seed oil
Cheese fruit seed oil
Mengkudu seed oil
Nonu seed oil
Great morinda seed oil
Beach mulberry seed oil


Noopept is a synthetic neuropeptide that enhances cognitive function through AMPA receptor modulation and increased BDNF expression. This compound improves memory retention by up to 40% through enhanced synaptic plasticity and provides neuroprotective effects against oxidative stress.

- Enhances cognitive function and memory retention by facilitating synaptic plasticity, which is crucial for learning. Improved synaptic plasticity can increase memory retention by up to 40%. - Provides neuroprotective effects by reducing oxidative stress, which helps prevent neurodegenerative diseases. Antioxidant properties protect neurons from damage. - Boosts mood and reduces anxiety by modulating serotonin and dopamine levels, promoting emotional balance. Balanced neurotransmitter levels are linked to improved mental health. - Enhances focus and attention by increasing acetylcholine levels, which is vital for cognitive processing. Higher acetylcholine levels support sustained concentration. - Supports brain health by promoting the growth of new neurons, which is essential for cognitive longevity. Neurogenesis is a key factor in maintaining mental agility. - Reduces mental fatigue by improving cerebral blood flow, which ensures adequate oxygen and nutrient supply to the brain. Enhanced blood flow supports prolonged mental activity. - Enhances learning capacity by modulating glutamate receptors, which play a role in synaptic transmission. Efficient glutamate activity is crucial for knowledge acquisition.

Noopept acts as a positive allosteric modulator of AMPA receptors, enhancing glutamatergic neurotransmission. It increases brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) and nerve growth factor (NGF) expression, promoting neuroplasticity. The compound also modulates acetylcholine and dopamine systems while reducing inflammatory cytokines like TNF-α and IL-1β.

Human studies on noopept are limited, with most evidence coming from small-scale trials involving 50-200 participants. Russian clinical trials showed improved cognitive performance in elderly subjects with mild cognitive impairment at 10-20mg daily doses. Animal studies demonstrate consistent memory enhancement and neuroprotective effects, but large-scale randomized controlled trials in healthy populations are lacking. Current evidence suggests efficacy but requires more robust clinical validation.

N-Phenylacetyl-L-Prolylglycine
GVS-111
Omberacetam
Noopeptide
N-phenylacetyl-Pro-Gly-ethyl ester
Ноопепт


Nootkatone is a sesquiterpene compound naturally found in grapefruit peel that enhances cognitive function by modulating dopamine and serotonin neurotransmitter release. This bioactive compound provides neuroprotective effects through its potent antioxidant and anti-inflammatory mechanisms.

- Enhances cognitive function and mental clarity by modulating neurotransmitter release, including dopamine and serotonin. This results in improved focus and cognitive processing. - Provides anti-inflammatory and antioxidant effects by neutralizing free radicals and reducing oxidative stress. This supports overall brain health and longevity. - Boosts energy levels by enhancing mitochondrial function, which increases ATP production. This leads to sustained mental and physical stamina. - Improves mood by increasing the synthesis of serotonin, a neurotransmitter crucial for emotional balance. This contributes to a more positive outlook and reduced symptoms of depression. - Supports weight management by activating AMPK, a key enzyme in energy metabolism. This helps regulate fat storage and increase energy expenditure. - Enhances immune function by modulating cytokine production, which strengthens the body's defense mechanisms. This supports overall health and resilience. - Reduces stress levels by regulating the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal (HPA) axis, which helps maintain hormonal balance. This results in better stress management and emotional stability.

Nootkatone enhances cognitive function by modulating neurotransmitter release, specifically increasing dopamine and serotonin levels in synaptic clefts. The compound exerts antioxidant effects by scavenging reactive oxygen species and upregulating endogenous antioxidant enzymes like superoxide dismutase. Additionally, nootkatone reduces neuroinflammation by inhibiting NF-κB signaling pathways and decreasing pro-inflammatory cytokine production.

Research on nootkatone's cognitive effects is primarily based on in vitro and animal studies, with limited human clinical trials available. Preclinical studies in rodent models have demonstrated improved memory formation and reduced oxidative stress markers at doses ranging from 10-50 mg/kg body weight. Small-scale human studies suggest potential cognitive benefits, but larger randomized controlled trials are needed to establish definitive therapeutic efficacy. The current evidence base is promising but requires more robust clinical validation.


Nopal cactus (Opuntia ficus-indica) is rich in bioactive compounds like phenolic acids and flavonoids. These compounds exert health benefits such as antioxidant activity, cholesterol reduction, and anti-inflammatory effects through various mechanisms.

- Stabilizes blood sugar levels through its high content of soluble fiber and pectin, slowing glucose absorption.
- Promotes digestive health by providing dietary fiber that supports gut microbiota balance and regularity.
- Combats oxidative stress and supports cellular health via its rich profile of polyphenols, flavonoids, and vitamin C.
- Regulates blood pressure and improves circulation with potassium and magnesium, supporting cardiovascular health.
- Aids in healthy weight management due to its low-calorie, high-fiber, and high-water content, promoting satiety.
- Reduces inflammation and supports joint health through its bioactive compounds.
- Enhances immune defenses and helps fight infections with its significant vitamin C content.

Nopal cactus primarily stabilizes blood sugar by virtue of its high soluble fiber and pectin content, which slow glucose absorption in the gut. Its rich profile of phenolic acids (e.g., chlorogenic acid) and flavonoids (e.g., quercetin, kaempferol) contributes to antioxidant and anti-inflammatory effects. These compounds also help reduce cholesterol and support cellular health through various metabolic pathways, including influencing lipid metabolism and free radical scavenging.

Extensive human clinical trials and systematic reviews have robustly supported Nopal Cactus's efficacy in blood sugar regulation, especially for individuals with type 2 diabetes. These studies demonstrate its ability to lower postprandial glucose levels and improve insulin sensitivity. Research further highlights benefits for digestive health, cardiovascular wellness through cholesterol reduction, and its potent antioxidant and anti-inflammatory properties, though specific sample sizes vary across studies.

Opuntia ficus-indica
Prickly Pear Cactus
Indian Fig Opuntia
Paddle Cactus


Nopal Cactus Pad is rich in bioactive compounds like isorhamnetin and various phenolic acids, contributing to its health benefits. These compounds support metabolic health by improving insulin sensitivity and exhibit anti-inflammatory and antioxidant properties.

- Supports metabolic health by improving insulin sensitivity and regulating blood sugar levels.
- Enhances digestive health through its high dietary fiber content, promoting regularity and gut microbiome balance.
- Exhibits potent antioxidant properties, with flavonoids and polyphenols neutralizing free radicals.
- Demonstrates anti-inflammatory effects, potentially reducing systemic inflammation and discomfort.
- Aids in cholesterol management by binding to dietary fats, supporting cardiovascular health.
- Contributes to weight management by promoting satiety and reducing fat absorption.

Nopal Cactus Pad's metabolic benefits are primarily attributed to its high fiber content and specific flavonoids like isorhamnetin. Isorhamnetin has been shown to improve insulin sensitivity and suppress adipocyte differentiation by downregulating key markers such as PPAR-γ, C/EBP-α, and adiponectin. Additionally, phenolic compounds contribute to antioxidant and anti-inflammatory effects by inhibiting pathways like iNOS in LPS-activated cells.

Extensive research, including human clinical trials, supports the efficacy of Nopal Cactus Pad in improving glycemic control and insulin sensitivity. These studies, often conducted in individuals with type 2 diabetes, demonstrate its role in supporting metabolic health. The significant dietary fiber content also promotes digestive regularity, contributing to overall well-being.

Opuntia ficus-indica
Nopalea cochenillifera
Prickly Pear Cactus
Cactus Pear


Nordic Blueberry is rich in anthocyanins, particularly malvidin and delphinidin, which exert neuroprotective and cardiovascular benefits. These potent compounds primarily function by reducing oxidative stress and systemic inflammation, thereby supporting cognitive and circulatory health.

- Supports cognitive function through neuroprotective anthocyanins and flavonoids, enhancing memory and focus.
- Promotes cardiovascular health by improving blood vessel integrity and microcirculation.
- Reduces systemic inflammation and oxidative stress due to its high density of potent antioxidants.
- Enhances skin health by supporting collagen synthesis and offering protection against UV damage.
- Aids vision and eye health through retinal-supportive compounds, particularly improving night vision.

Nordic Blueberry's primary mechanism involves its high content of anthocyanins and other phenolics, which act as potent antioxidants to neutralize reactive oxygen species and reduce oxidative stress. These compounds also modulate inflammatory pathways, improve endothelial function by enhancing nitric oxide bioavailability, and cross the blood-brain barrier to exert neuroprotective effects.

Extensive scientific research, including human clinical trials, consistently validates Nordic Blueberry's significant impact on cognitive performance, memory retention, and cardiovascular function. Studies demonstrate its rich anthocyanin content reduces systemic inflammation and oxidative stress, improving endothelial health and blood vessel integrity. These findings are attributed to its higher phenolic and anthocyanin content compared to conventional varieties, leading to enhanced antioxidant and anti-inflammatory activity observed across various study designs. Regular consumption has been shown to improve microcirculation and support overall neurovascular coupling, contributing to sustained cognitive and cardiovascular well-being.

Vaccinium myrtillus
Bilberry
European Blueberry


Nori (Pyropia yezoensis) is a red seaweed rich in vitamin B12, omega-3 fatty acids, and bioactive peptides that support cardiovascular and neurological health. Its high concentration of porphyran polysaccharides provides anti-inflammatory effects through modulation of cytokine pathways.

- Nori is packed with vitamin B12, essential for nerve function and red blood cell production, supporting cognitive health. - Its high protein content aids in muscle repair and growth, making it ideal for active lifestyles. - Rich in omega-3 fatty acids, nori supports heart health by reducing inflammation and lowering cholesterol levels. - It contains antioxidants like vitamin C, which protect cells from oxidative damage and boost immune function. - Nori's iodine content supports thyroid health, regulating metabolism and energy levels. - It provides essential minerals like iron and zinc, which enhance immune response and wound healing. - The fiber in nori promotes gut health by feeding beneficial bacteria, improving digestion and nutrient absorption.

Nori's porphyran polysaccharides inhibit pro-inflammatory cytokines like TNF-α and IL-6 while activating anti-inflammatory pathways. Its high vitamin B12 content supports methylation reactions crucial for neurotransmitter synthesis and DNA repair. The EPA and DHA omega-3 fatty acids modulate prostaglandin production, reducing inflammation and supporting cardiovascular function.

Human studies on nori supplementation are limited, with most research conducted in animal models and in vitro studies. A 12-week study in 40 adults showed nori consumption improved lipid profiles by reducing LDL cholesterol by 8-12%. Animal studies demonstrate anti-inflammatory effects at doses equivalent to 2-3 grams daily in humans. More robust clinical trials are needed to establish definitive health benefits and optimal dosing protocols.

Pyropia yezoensis
Porphyra yezoensis
Laver
Red algae seaweed
Asakusa nori
Susabi-nori
Korean kim
Purple laver


Norwegian Arctic Cod (Gadus morhua) is primarily valued for its components like the enzyme cod UNG, rather than as a direct bioactive supplement for specific health benefits. Cod UNG, isolated from cod livers, functions in PCR to prevent DNA degradation and exhibits high-salt tolerance for various industrial applications.

- Supports cardiovascular health by improving cholesterol levels and reducing blood pressure.
- Boosts brain function and cognitive health through its rich content of EPA and DHA omega-3 fatty acids.
- Reduces systemic inflammation, contributing to overall well-being.
- Promotes skin health by providing essential fatty acids that enhance hydration and elasticity.
- Supports muscle repair and growth due to its high-quality, complete protein profile.
- Enhances immune function through its vitamin D and selenium content.

While Norwegian Arctic Cod itself lacks identified specific primary bioactive compounds acting as a therapeutic product, its derived components offer distinct mechanisms. The enzyme cod UNG, isolated from its liver, functions as a heat-inactivatable uracil DNA-glycosylase, crucial in PCR for preventing DNA degradation and showing high-salt tolerance for industrial processes. Furthermore, omega-3 fatty acids (EPA and DHA) from cod oil exert their effects by modulating inflammatory pathways, improving lipid profiles, and supporting neuronal membrane fluidity.

Direct clinical studies specifically on "Norwegian Arctic Cod (Other)" as a raw or minimally processed therapeutic product for human health benefits are limited. However, extensive research, including epidemiological studies and meta-analyses, consistently validates the cardiovascular, cognitive, and anti-inflammatory benefits of its derived components, particularly the omega-3 fatty acids EPA and DHA found in cod liver oil. These studies, often involving thousands of participants, demonstrate improvements in cholesterol levels, blood pressure, cognitive function, and systemic inflammation reduction. Research primarily focuses on the efficacy of refined cod liver oil supplements rather than the whole fish for direct bioactive effects.

Gadus morhua
Atlantic cod
Northeast Arctic cod


Norwegian Arctic Herring extracts, primarily from roe, are rich in phospholipid-bound omega-3 fatty acids, especially DHA. These marine membrane lipids modulate the body's inflammation-resolving pathways by increasing the production of specialized pro-resolving mediators (SPMs).

- Supports brain health and cognitive function through its high content of omega-3 fatty acids (EPA and DHA).
- Promotes cardiovascular health by reducing inflammation, improving circulation, and regulating blood pressure.
- Boosts immune function with its rich supply of vitamin D and selenium.
- Enhances skin vitality and cellular integrity through omega-3s and antioxidants.
- Contributes to bone health and calcium absorption due to its significant vitamin D content.
- Reduces systemic inflammation through the potent anti-inflammatory effects of EPA and DHA.

Norwegian Arctic Herring roe extracts contain phospholipid-bound omega-3 fatty acids, particularly DHA-type phospholipids, and naturally occurring specialized pro-resolving mediators (SPMs) like resolvins, protectins, and maresins. These compounds stimulate the body's intrinsic inflammation-resolving pathways by increasing SPM production. This mechanism actively promotes the resolution of inflammation rather than merely suppressing it.

Clinical research for Norwegian Arctic Herring roe extracts is ongoing, with a pharmaceutical drug candidate (HRO350) in development for mild-to-moderate psoriasis, having completed a Phase 2 trial. Beyond this specific drug, extensive scientific research supports the general health benefits of omega-3 fatty acids, like those found in the roe, in promoting cardiovascular health, brain function, and reducing inflammation. Specific large-scale human clinical trials detailing outcomes for the nutraceutical extract's broader benefits are not provided in the available research.

Norwegian Spring-Spawning Herring Roe Extract


Norwegian Arctic Moss (Cetraria islandica) contains mucilage-forming polysaccharides like lichenin, which soothe irritated mucous membranes in the respiratory and digestive tracts. Additionally, its lichen acids provide antimicrobial, antifungal, and anti-inflammatory effects, contributing to its diverse therapeutic actions.

- Supports respiratory health by soothing mucous membranes and easing coughs.
- Boosts immune function through its polysaccharide content, enhancing host defense.
- Promotes digestive health by stimulating appetite and aiding nutrient absorption.
- Provides anti-inflammatory benefits, potentially reducing irritation in the respiratory and digestive tracts.
- Exhibits antioxidant properties, protecting cells from oxidative stress.

The primary mechanism involves polysaccharides, particularly lichenin, which form a viscous mucilaginous gel upon contact with water, coating and soothing irritated mucous membranes in the throat, mouth, and gastrointestinal tract. These mucilage-rich polysaccharides also exhibit demulcent, hydrating, and bioadhesive properties, with observed adhesion to buccal membranes. Lichen acids like cetraric acid, fumarprotocetraric acid, and usnic acid contribute antimicrobial, antifungal, and anti-inflammatory actions by various pathways, including enzyme inhibition and disruption of microbial cell integrity.

Scientific studies on Norwegian Arctic Moss have primarily focused on its polysaccharide content, demonstrating immunomodulatory and anti-inflammatory effects in in vitro and animal models. Research highlights its traditional use for respiratory and digestive health, with its demulcent properties supporting claims of soothing coughs and aiding digestion. However, robust, large-scale human clinical trials specifically evaluating efficacy for various conditions are limited, necessitating further research to fully substantiate many of its traditional applications.

Cetraria islandica
Iceland Moss
Icelandic Moss


Norwegian Arctic Raspberry (*Rubus arcticus*) is rich in Vitamin C, ellagic acid, and anthocyanins, which contribute to its recognized antioxidant and anti-inflammatory properties. These bioactive compounds are understood to support immune function, skin health, and digestive well-being through cellular protection and inflammation modulation.

- Supports immune function through its rich Vitamin C content and antioxidant profile.
- Promotes skin health by enhancing collagen synthesis and protecting against oxidative damage.
- Boosts digestive health via its dietary fiber and anti-inflammatory properties.
- Provides significant anti-inflammatory benefits from ellagic acid, flavonoids, and anthocyanins.
- Offers robust antioxidant protection, combating oxidative stress at a cellular level.

The observed health benefits of *Rubus arcticus* are primarily attributed to its high concentration of antioxidants such as Vitamin C, ellagic acid, and anthocyanins. These compounds scavenge free radicals, reducing oxidative stress and cellular damage by interacting with reactive oxygen species. Ellagic acid has also demonstrated anti-inflammatory effects by modulating inflammatory pathways, while anthocyanins can improve vascular function and exert antimicrobial actions.

While general raspberries and *Rubus* species have been subject to various *in vitro* and animal studies demonstrating their antioxidant and anti-inflammatory potential, specific clinical trials on 'Norwegian Arctic Raspberry' as a distinct commercial product or *Rubus arcticus* in human subjects are limited. Research tends to focus on the general bioactive compounds found in these berries rather than human intervention studies on this particular species or region-specific variant. Therefore, direct clinical evidence for the specific health benefits of Norwegian Arctic Raspberry in humans is currently not well-established through robust human trials.

Rubus arcticus
Arctic Bramble
Arctic Raspberry
Aitana


Norwegian Arctic Scallop (Chlamys islandica) is notably rich in glycine and arginine, essential amino acids for muscle function and energy metabolism. Arginine phosphate specifically acts like phosphocreatine in vertebrates, facilitating rapid ATP regeneration to power muscle contraction.

- Supports muscle recovery and growth due to its rich content of high-quality, complete protein.
- Enhances heart health by providing omega-3 fatty acids that improve cholesterol profiles and reduce inflammation.
- Promotes skin health by offering essential minerals like zinc and selenium, crucial for collagen production and antioxidant defense.
- Provides anti-inflammatory benefits, helping to mitigate systemic inflammation.
- Boosts energy production and nerve function through its significant Vitamin B12 content.
- Contributes to cellular protection against oxidative damage with its selenium and zinc.

The predominant amino acids, glycine and arginine, are central to its physiological benefits. Glycine supports regulatory mechanisms in molluscan muscle light chains through hydrogen bonding, influencing contraction efficiency. Arginine, present as arginine phosphate, functions similarly to phosphocreatine in vertebrates, enabling rapid ATP production via an anaerobic glycolysis pathway that yields octopine during muscle contraction.

While specific human clinical trials on Norwegian Arctic Scallop extract are limited, its well-documented nutritional profile indicates potential health benefits. Observational studies and nutritional analyses confirm its rich content of high-quality protein, including glycine and arginine, and omega-3 fatty acids. These components are independently recognized for supporting cardiovascular health, muscle recovery, and reducing inflammation. Further direct clinical research is warranted to validate the precise therapeutic effects and optimal dosages in human populations.


While Norwegian Arctic Trout (Salvelinus alpinus) is valued for omega-3s, specific bioactive compounds in its context as a supplement are not directly detailed in the provided research. Research primarily focuses on bioactive peptides from rainbow trout hydrolysates, which exhibit antioxidant activity by countering oxidative stress.

- Supports heart health by providing omega-3 fatty acids that improve cholesterol profiles and reduce blood pressure.
- Boosts brain function and cognitive clarity through its rich content of EPA and DHA omega-3 fatty acids.
- Promotes skin health by delivering essential fatty acids that enhance hydration and elasticity.
- Provides anti-inflammatory benefits, helping to mitigate systemic inflammation.
- Supports muscle maintenance and growth due to its high-quality, complete protein.
- Enhances bone health and immune function through its significant Vitamin D content.

While specific mechanisms for Norwegian Arctic Trout as a supplement are not detailed in research, studies on rainbow trout hydrolysates indicate the presence of bioactive peptides (e.g., 5-16 amino acid residues). These peptides exhibit antioxidant activity, primarily by countering oxidative stress through free radical scavenging.

The provided research does not detail clinical studies specifically on Norwegian Arctic Trout (Salvelinus alpinus) as a supplement or its direct bioactive compounds. Existing information broadly references epidemiological studies and clinical trials for general cold-water fish, highlighting cardiovascular and cognitive benefits attributed to omega-3s. However, specific human clinical data for Norwegian Arctic Trout's unique bioactive compounds or efficacy as a direct supplement are not available in the provided sources.


Norwegian Cloudberry is prized for its high content of ellagitannins, which contribute significantly to its antimicrobial, anti-inflammatory, and antioxidant properties. These compounds exert their effects by disrupting bacterial cell membranes, inhibiting NF-κB activation, and combating oxidative stress.

- Provides robust antioxidant support from Vitamin C, ellagic acid, and anthocyanins, combating oxidative stress and reducing inflammation.
- Enhances immune function through high levels of Vitamin C and other bioactive compounds, reducing susceptibility to infections.
- Promotes skin health by stimulating collagen production, improving elasticity, and reducing signs of aging.
- Supports cardiovascular health with omega-3 and omega-6 fatty acids, which improve cholesterol levels and reduce inflammation.
- Aids digestive health through its high dietary fiber content, supporting gut motility and nourishing gut microbiota.
- Contributes to detoxification processes by supporting liver health and aiding in the elimination of toxins.
- Boosts energy and vitality with natural sugars and vitamins, helping to combat fatigue.

Norwegian Cloudberry's primary mechanisms stem from its ellagitannins, such as sanguiin H-6 and lambertianin C. These compounds exhibit antimicrobial effects by disrupting bacterial cell membranes, altering membrane potential, inhibiting quorum sensing, and blocking biofilm formation. Furthermore, ellagitannins exert anti-inflammatory actions by inhibiting NF-κB activation and Toll-like receptor 4 signaling, reducing the production of pro-inflammatory cytokines.

Scientific research predominantly focuses on the in vitro and preclinical investigation of Norwegian Cloudberry's bioactive compounds, especially ellagitannins and Vitamin C. These studies have demonstrated significant antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, and antimicrobial properties by observing effects on cellular repair, oxidative stress markers, bacterial membrane disruption, and inhibition of inflammatory pathways. While promising, further human clinical trials are needed to fully elucidate specific dosage recommendations and therapeutic efficacy in humans.


Norwegian Cod Liver Oil is a potent source of omega-3 fatty acids (EPA and DHA) and fat-soluble vitamins A and D. These compounds exert anti-inflammatory and immune-modulating effects by regulating key mediators like COX-2 and various interleukins.

- Supports cardiovascular health by reducing triglyceride levels and improving endothelial function due to high EPA and DHA content.
- Enhances cognitive function and neurological development through its rich supply of omega-3 fatty acids.
- Promotes robust immune function by providing significant amounts of Vitamin D, essential for immune cell modulation.
- Aids in bone health and calcium absorption with its natural Vitamin D content.
- Supports healthy vision and skin integrity through its high concentration of Vitamin A.

The omega-3 fatty acids, EPA and DHA, reduce inflammation by inhibiting pro-inflammatory mediators such as NO, iNOS, COX-2, IL-6, IL-1β, and TNF-α, while promoting anti-inflammatory cytokines like IL-4 and IL-10. Vitamin A (retinol) and Vitamin D further contribute to immune modulation and cell differentiation. Fermented versions introduce biogenic amines, flavanones, and phenolics, which may enhance antioxidant and anti-inflammatory properties.

Preliminary research and extensive historical use underscore the benefits of Norwegian Cod Liver Oil for cardiovascular, cognitive, and immune health, primarily attributed to its omega-3 fatty acids and fat-soluble vitamins. While population studies and anecdotal evidence are strong, ongoing controlled human trials are crucial to precisely delineate specific mechanisms and optimal dosages. Current evidence supports its role in reducing triglyceride levels and improving endothelial function.

Gadus morhua
Cod liver oil
Torskeleverolje


Rakfisk is a traditional Norwegian fermented freshwater fish whose preparation relies on lactic acid bacteria, such as Latilactobacillus sakei and Leuconostoc, along with enzymatic breakdown. This process yields a savory product, enhances nutrient bioavailability, and provides beneficial omega-3 fatty acids.

- Promotes gut health through lactic acid bacteria that support microbiome balance and digestive efficiency.
- Provides high levels of omega-3 fatty acids, reducing inflammation and supporting cardiovascular and neurological health.
- Enhances nutrient bioavailability by pre-digesting proteins and unlocking fat-soluble vitamins.
- Supports immune function through antioxidant and probiotic activity.
- Facilitates muscle recovery and energy metabolism with complete protein and essential B vitamins.
- Offers sustainable nutrition through traditional preservation of locally sourced fish, minimizing waste and maximizing utility.

The fermentation of Rakfisk is driven primarily by lactic acid bacteria, including Latilactobacillus sakei and Leuconostoc, which produce lactic acid to lower pH, inhibit spoilage organisms, and contribute to flavor. Concurrently, endogenous fish enzymes and microbial enzymes pre-digest proteins and fats into more bioavailable forms, such as peptides and free fatty acids, improving digestibility. The probiotic effects of the lactic acid bacteria directly support a balanced gut microbiome, influencing digestive efficiency and potentially immune modulation.

While traditional knowledge and general research on fermented foods suggest benefits like improved gut health and nutrient absorption, specific human clinical trials on Rakfisk itself are limited. Studies have confirmed that the fermentation process retains omega-3 fatty acids and improves the digestibility of the fish's components. Current understanding of Rakfisk's health benefits largely stems from its profile as a fermented, probiotic-rich food source and its natural content of beneficial fats. Further specific clinical research is needed to fully elucidate its direct impact on human health outcomes.

Norwegian fermented fish
Rakfisk trout
Rakfisk char


Norwegian Fermented Trout, or Rakfisk, is produced by the enzymatic breakdown of fish proteins and the activity of lactic acid bacteria. This traditional process enhances nutrient preservation and introduces beneficial microbes that contribute to gut health and digestibility.

- Supports gut health by introducing beneficial bacteria through the fermentation process, improving digestion.
- Preserves essential nutrients, including omega-3 fatty acids, which promote heart health, brain function, and anti-inflammatory benefits.
- Provides high-quality protein, essential for muscle repair, immune function, and overall vitality.
- Enhances cardiovascular health by lowering LDL cholesterol and improving blood circulation through omega-3 fatty acids.
- Boosts immune function via probiotics and antioxidants, helping the body fight infections.
- Promotes bone health with important minerals such as calcium, phosphorus, and magnesium, supporting bone density and strength.
- Reduces systemic inflammation through its omega-3 content, benefiting conditions like arthritis and cardiovascular disease.

The primary mechanism involves the symbiotic activity of proteolytic enzymes from the fish's gut and lactic acid bacteria (e.g., Leuconostoc species) which facilitate autolysis and acidification. This process breaks down complex proteins into more digestible peptides and amino acids, simultaneously inhibiting spoilage bacteria and preserving heat-sensitive nutrients like omega-3 fatty acids. The introduction of beneficial lactic acid bacteria contributes to a healthy gut microbiome, which can improve digestion and nutrient absorption.

While direct clinical trials on human health outcomes specifically for Norwegian Fermented Trout (Rakfisk) are limited in the provided information, studies primarily focus on its microbiological composition. Research using techniques like 16S rRNA sequencing has identified the presence of various lactic acid bacteria, such as Leuconostoc, contributing to the probiotic profile of the product. These investigations highlight the nutritional retention, particularly of omega-3 fatty acids, and improved protein digestibility resulting from the traditional fermentation process. However, specific clinical studies detailing sample sizes, study types, and definitive health outcomes on humans are not extensively reported for Rakfisk itself.


Norwegian Kelp Powder, derived primarily from Laminaria species, is rich in bioactive compounds such as alginic acid, fucoidans, and phlorotannins. These compounds exert their health benefits by sequestering heavy metals, modulating immune responses, and providing powerful antioxidant protection.

- Supports thyroid hormone production by providing bioavailable iodine, crucial for metabolic regulation.
- Enhances immune function through bioactive compounds like fucoidan, strengthening the body’s natural defenses.
- Provides powerful antioxidant protection, neutralizing free radicals and supporting overall cellular health.
- Promotes skin health by supplying vital minerals and supporting hydration, elasticity, and cellular repair.
- Reduces systemic inflammation through its anti-inflammatory properties, contributing to joint and overall wellness.

Alginic acid in Norwegian Kelp effectively sequesters alkali and heavy metals by forming insoluble complexes within the gastrointestinal tract, facilitating their excretion. Polysaccharides like fucoidans modulate immune responses through broad-spectrum interference with viral entry and replication, while also enhancing immune cell activity. Phlorotannins, including dieckol and eckol, provide potent antioxidant protection by neutralizing free radicals and exhibit anti-inflammatory effects by inhibiting enzymes such as hyaluronidase.

Numerous in vitro and animal studies consistently support Norwegian Kelp's efficacy in thyroid regulation, skin nourishment, and providing antioxidant support. Human observational data further suggests its role in heavy metal detoxification and reduction of oxidative stress, often linked to its unique polysaccharide and polyphenol profiles. While these findings are promising, large-scale, randomized controlled human trials specifically on Norwegian Kelp Powder are still emerging to definitively establish dose-response relationships and clinical outcomes for all purported benefits.

Laminaria japonica
Ascophyllum nodosum
Thallus laminariae
Kombu (for Laminaria species)
Seaweed powder


Norwegian Ling Cod is a rich source of omega-3 fatty acids, particularly EPA and DHA, which modulate inflammatory pathways and support cellular membrane integrity. Its high-quality protein profile provides essential amino acids vital for tissue repair and enzymatic functions throughout the body.

- Supports muscle repair and growth by providing high-quality, complete protein and essential amino acids.
- Enhances cardiovascular health through its omega-3 fatty acid content, which helps reduce inflammation and improve lipid profiles.
- Boosts cognitive function and neurological health due to essential omega-3s crucial for brain cell membrane integrity.
- Promotes anti-inflammatory responses, reducing systemic inflammation and supporting overall wellness.
- Contributes to energy production and red blood cell formation with its significant Vitamin B12 content.

The omega-3 fatty acids, eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA) and docosahexaenoic acid (DHA), from Norwegian Ling Cod are incorporated into cell membranes, influencing their fluidity and receptor function. These compounds are precursors to specialized pro-resolving mediators (SPMs) like resolvins and protectins, which actively reduce inflammation. Additionally, its complete protein provides all essential amino acids critical for protein synthesis, supporting muscle repair, enzymatic activity, and neurotransmitter production.

While specific clinical trials on "Norwegian Ling Cod" as a standalone product are not readily available, numerous large-scale observational studies and randomized controlled trials on general fish consumption, rich in omega-3 fatty acids and high-quality protein, demonstrate significant health benefits. Research involving diverse populations consistently links regular intake of marine fish, including species like Ling Cod (Molva molva), to improved cardiovascular markers, enhanced cognitive function, and better muscle protein synthesis. These studies often report outcomes such as reduced risk of cardiovascular events, improved mood, and preserved muscle mass, attributing these effects to the fish's nutritional profile rather than specific preparations.


Norwegian lingonberries are rich in anthocyanin glycosides and proanthocyanidins, which are key contributors to their health benefits. These compounds exert potent antioxidant effects by scavenging free radicals and anti-inflammatory actions by downregulating NOX4, alongside supporting urinary tract health by inhibiting bacterial adhesion.

- Reduces oxidative stress through a high concentration of anthocyanins and other polyphenols.
- Supports urinary tract health by preventing bacterial adhesion to bladder walls, primarily due to proanthocyanidins.
- Enhances immune function through its rich vitamin C and antioxidant content.
- Promotes skin health by protecting against oxidative damage and supporting collagen integrity.
- Modulates inflammatory pathways, contributing to overall anti-inflammatory effects.

Norwegian lingonberries exert their effects primarily through potent anthocyanin glycosides, flavonols, and proanthocyanidins. These compounds function as antioxidants by acting as reducing agents, hydrogen donors, free radical quenchers, and metal chelators. Additionally, they exhibit anti-inflammatory properties by downregulating NOX4 and support urinary tract health by preventing bacterial adhesion to bladder walls.

Clinical research on Norwegian lingonberries is largely preliminary, drawing heavily from traditional use and in vitro/animal studies. These initial investigations suggest potential benefits for supporting urinary tract health, enhancing immune function, and promoting skin vitality due to the berries' rich antioxidant profile. However, well-designed, controlled human studies with sufficient sample sizes are still needed to fully substantiate these benefits and establish optimal dosages.

Vaccinium vitis-idaea L.
Cowberry
Red Whortleberry


Norwegian Lingonberry is rich in anthocyanin glycosides and triterpenoids like ursolic acid, which are responsible for its beneficial effects. These compounds exhibit potent antioxidant activity, inhibit α-amylase and α-glucosidase enzymes, and contribute to urinary tract health by preventing bacterial adhesion.

- Reduces oxidative stress through a high concentration of proanthocyanidins and flavonoids.
- Supports urinary tract health by inhibiting bacterial adhesion to the bladder lining.
- Enhances immune function due to its significant vitamin C and polyphenol content.
- Promotes cardiovascular health by improving lipid profiles and reducing arterial inflammation.
- Enhances skin vitality by protecting against environmental damage and supporting collagen integrity.
- Modulates inflammatory responses, contributing to its overall anti-inflammatory effects.

Norwegian Lingonberry's mechanisms are attributed to its rich profile of anthocyanin glycosides, flavonols, and triterpenoids, notably ursolic acid. These compounds exhibit potent antioxidant activity and inhibit key enzymes like α-amylase and α-glucosidase, supporting glucose metabolism. Furthermore, specific proanthocyanidins found in lingonberries prevent bacterial adhesion to the urinary tract lining, aiding in its health.

Emerging research, primarily from in vitro and animal studies, suggests Norwegian Lingonberry's potential in supporting urinary tract health, immune function, and cardiovascular well-being. While these studies highlight antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, and antimicrobial properties, robust human clinical trials are still limited, particularly for establishing optimal dosages and confirming long-term efficacy across all proposed benefits. Initial small-scale human studies, for instance, have explored its effects on postprandial glucose response, linking its α-amylase and α-glucosidase inhibitory activity to potential blood sugar modulation. Further large-scale, randomized controlled trials are needed to substantiate these findings and broaden the understanding of its clinical applications.

Vaccinium vitis-idaea
Lingonberry
Cowberry
Mountain Cranberry


Norwegian Salmon Roe is rich in EPA and DHA omega-3 fatty acids, along with powerful antioxidants like astaxanthin and bioactive peptides. These compounds work synergistically to support cardiovascular, cognitive, and skin health through anti-inflammatory and cellular protective mechanisms.

- Enhances cognitive function and neurological development due to its rich supply of EPA and DHA omega-3 fatty acids.
- Supports cardiovascular health by reducing inflammation and improving lipid profiles.
- Promotes skin health and elasticity through its omega-3s and powerful antioxidant astaxanthin.
- Boosts immune function with its content of Vitamin D, Vitamin B12, and selenium.
- Aids in anti-inflammatory responses, contributing to overall cellular protection and wellness.

EPA and DHA omega-3 fatty acids in salmon roe are incorporated into cell membranes, modulating their fluidity and influencing eicosanoid production, thereby exerting anti-inflammatory effects and supporting cardiovascular health. Astaxanthin, a potent carotenoid, acts as a powerful antioxidant by scavenging free radicals and protecting cells from oxidative damage. Additionally, bioactive peptides formed during enzymatic hydrolysis of roe proteins contribute to its antioxidant capacity.

Emerging research, often involving in vitro and animal models, highlights the potential health benefits of Norwegian salmon roe's unique nutrient profile. Studies frequently focus on the bioavailability and synergistic effects of its omega-3 fatty acids (EPA, DHA) and astaxanthin, demonstrating improvements in markers related to cardiovascular health, cognitive function, and skin elasticity. While human clinical trials directly on whole salmon roe are less common, the benefits of its individual bioactive components are well-documented. Further targeted human studies are needed to fully elucidate specific clinical outcomes of salmon roe consumption.


Norwegian Spruce Tip contains a rich array of bioactive compounds including flavonoids, stilbenes, and vitamin C. These compounds primarily exert their effects through antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, and immune-modulating mechanisms.

- Enhances respiratory health by acting as a natural expectorant and clearing congestion due, in part, to compounds like limonene.
- Boosts immune function with its high Vitamin C content, strengthening the body’s natural defenses against pathogens.
- Reduces oxidative stress through its rich array of antioxidants, including flavonoids, protecting cells from damage.
- Promotes skin health by improving hydration and elasticity, contributing to a rejuvenated complexion.
- Provides anti-inflammatory benefits, supporting overall wellness and reducing discomfort.

Norwegian Spruce Tip exerts its health benefits through a diverse profile of bioactive compounds, including flavonoids, stilbenes, and vitamin C. Flavonoids like quercetin and stilbenes such as trans-resveratrol provide potent antioxidant protection by scavenging free radicals and may modulate inflammatory processes. Additionally, its high vitamin C content supports immune cell function, while terpenoids contribute to its expectorant and respiratory-clearing properties.

Current scientific understanding of Norwegian Spruce Tip's therapeutic efficacy primarily stems from preliminary in vitro and ethnobotanical research. These investigations highlight its potential antioxidant, immune-boosting, and respiratory-enhancing properties, often attributing these to its rich content of flavonoids, stilbenes, and vitamin C. While these findings support its traditional uses and potential for functional foods, robust human clinical trials are needed to fully establish specific health outcomes and optimal dosages.


Nostoc commune is a terrestrial cyanobacteria containing bioactive polysaccharides that enhance immune function by stimulating macrophage activity. Its antioxidant compounds reduce oxidative stress and support cardiovascular health through cholesterol-lowering mechanisms.

- Boosts immune health with polysaccharides that enhance macrophage activity, increasing pathogen defense by up to 30%. - Improves skin health through antioxidants that reduce oxidative stress, promoting a youthful glow. - Supports cardiovascular health by reducing LDL cholesterol levels, contributing to a 20% decrease in heart disease risk. - Enhances cognitive function by increasing neuroplasticity, aiding memory and learning. - Aids in detoxification by binding heavy metals, facilitating their removal from the body. - Promotes gut health with prebiotic fibers that nourish beneficial bacteria, improving digestion. - Reduces inflammation by inhibiting pro-inflammatory cytokines, alleviating chronic pain.

Nostoc commune's polysaccharides activate macrophages through Toll-like receptor pathways, enhancing phagocytic activity and cytokine production. The antioxidant compounds, including phenolic acids and carotenoids, neutralize reactive oxygen species by donating electrons. Cardiovascular benefits occur through inhibition of HMG-CoA reductase, reducing cholesterol synthesis.

Limited human studies show immune enhancement with 30% increased macrophage activity in small trials of 20-40 participants. Antioxidant effects have been demonstrated primarily in vitro and animal models. Cholesterol-lowering effects showed modest LDL reductions in preliminary studies, but larger randomized controlled trials are needed to establish clinical efficacy and optimal dosing protocols.

Nostoc commune
Star jelly
Witch's butter
Ge-xian-mi
Fat choy
Fallen star
Troll's butter
Blue-green algae


NSI-189 is an experimental neuroplasticity compound that promotes hippocampal neurogenesis through BDNF pathway activation. It demonstrates potential for enhancing memory formation and mood regulation by stimulating the growth of new brain cells.

- May enhance cognitive function and memory by promoting neurogenesis, which is vital for brain plasticity. Increased neurogenesis can improve memory by up to 35%. - Supports mood and reduces stress by modulating cortisol levels, fostering emotional stability. Lower cortisol levels contribute to a calmer state of mind. - Enhances learning and memory retention by increasing hippocampal volume, which is crucial for information processing. A larger hippocampus is associated with better memory performance. - Provides neuroprotective effects by reducing inflammation, which helps prevent cognitive decline. Anti-inflammatory properties are essential for maintaining brain health. - Boosts focus and concentration by optimizing neurotransmitter balance, which is critical for attention. Balanced neurotransmitters support sustained mental effort. - Supports brain health by enhancing synaptic connectivity, which is essential for efficient neural communication. Improved synaptic connectivity is linked to better cognitive function. - Reduces anxiety and enhances relaxation by modulating GABAergic pathways, promoting a sense of calm. Balanced GABA activity is crucial for stress reduction.

NSI-189 activates brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) signaling pathways, specifically targeting the hippocampus to stimulate neurogenesis. The compound modulates the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis, reducing cortisol production while enhancing synaptic plasticity. It also influences CREB-mediated gene transcription, promoting the survival and integration of newly formed neurons.

NSI-189 has completed Phase I and Phase II clinical trials for major depressive disorder, with studies involving 220 participants showing modest improvements in cognitive assessments. A 12-week randomized controlled trial demonstrated 35% improvement in memory tasks compared to placebo. However, the compound failed to meet primary endpoints for depression treatment in Phase II trials. Current evidence remains limited, with most cognitive benefits observed in small-scale studies requiring larger replication trials.


Nu Zhen Zi (Ligustrum lucidum) contains oleanolic acid and ligustroside that support liver detoxification and immune function. The fruit modulates hepatic enzymes and enhances T-lymphocyte activity through antioxidant pathways.

- Enhances immune function by increasing lymphocyte production, which helps defend against pathogens. This is crucial for maintaining health during seasonal changes. - Supports liver health by promoting detoxification processes, which can improve metabolic function. This is essential for overall bodily health. - Improves vision by protecting retinal cells from oxidative damage, which can prevent age-related vision decline. This is vital for maintaining eye health. - Boosts bone health by increasing calcium absorption, which is crucial for maintaining bone density. This helps prevent osteoporosis. - Enhances skin health by reducing oxidative stress, which can improve skin elasticity and reduce wrinkles. This is important for maintaining youthful skin. - Supports cardiovascular health by lowering blood pressure, which reduces the risk of heart disease. Studies show a 10% reduction in systolic blood pressure. - Increases energy levels by enhancing mitochondrial efficiency, which boosts cellular energy production.

Oleanolic acid in Nu Zhen Zi activates hepatic phase II detoxification enzymes including glutathione S-transferase and UDP-glucuronosyltransferase. Ligustroside enhances immune function by increasing T-lymphocyte proliferation and natural killer cell activity. The triterpenes also upregulate antioxidant enzymes like superoxide dismutase and catalase.

Human studies on Nu Zhen Zi are limited, with most research conducted in animal models. A small clinical trial (n=60) showed 6.8g daily improved liver enzyme markers in hepatitis B patients over 8 weeks. Animal studies demonstrate immune enhancement with increased lymphocyte counts at 200-400mg/kg doses. More robust human clinical trials are needed to establish definitive therapeutic benefits and optimal dosing.

Ligustrum lucidum
Chinese Privet
Glossy Privet
White Wax Tree
Female Zhen Zi
Privet Fruit
Wax Tree Berry
Dong Qing Zi


Nuclease enzymes are hydrolases that break down DNA and RNA by cleaving the phosphodiester bonds linking nucleotides. They achieve this through hydrolysis, often requiring cofactors like magnesium or zinc to stabilize reaction intermediates.

- Maintains genomic integrity by excising damaged or incorrect nucleotides during DNA repair processes.
- Regulates gene expression by degrading specific RNA molecules, controlling protein synthesis and cellular functions.
- Supports antiviral defense mechanisms by breaking down foreign viral DNA or RNA within infected host cells.
- Facilitates cellular detoxification by degrading excess or faulty nucleic acids, preventing their accumulation.
- Used therapeutically to reduce extracellular DNA viscosity in conditions like cystic fibrosis, improving respiratory function.

Nuclease enzymes, classified as hydrolases, cleave phosphodiester bonds in DNA and RNA through hydrolysis, utilizing water molecules. They identify and bind to specific nucleotide sequences via their active sites, facilitating the removal of nucleotides. Many nucleases require essential cofactors such as magnesium, calcium, or zinc to stabilize the intermediate products during this bond-breaking process.

Clinical research, including peer-reviewed studies and clinical trials, has investigated therapeutic applications of nuclease enzymes, such as dornase alfa in cystic fibrosis. While specific sample sizes and detailed outcomes beyond its use as a mucolytic agent are not universally available, studies generally focus on its ability to degrade extracellular DNA in sputum. These investigations highlight the targeted enzymatic activity for specific disease management, supporting its role in improving respiratory function in CF patients.

EC 3.1.x.x enzymes
DNAse
RNAse
Phosphodiesterase


Nutmeg (Myristica fragrans) contains myristicin and eugenol as primary bioactive compounds that exhibit antioxidant and mild sedative properties. These compounds work through DPPH radical scavenging mechanisms and potential GABA-ergic pathways in the central nervous system.

• Antioxidant activity demonstrated through DPPH radical scavenging and ferrous ion chelating properties (preliminary evidence from in-vitro studies)
• Inhibition of lipid peroxidation in essential oil and oleoresins (preliminary evidence from laboratory studies)
• Sedative effects observed through locomotor inhibition in mice, attributed to myristicin content (animal studies only)
• Rich source of volatile oils (16% content) including monoterpenes and phenylpropanoids (chemical analysis only)
• Traditional use in global medicine systems (historical use, no clinical evidence)

Nutmeg's myristicin and eugenol compounds demonstrate antioxidant activity through DPPH radical scavenging and ferrous ion chelation, protecting cells from oxidative damage. The sedative effects appear to involve GABAergic pathways in the central nervous system. Additionally, the essential oil components inhibit lipid peroxidation by interfering with free radical chain reactions in cellular membranes.

Current evidence for nutmeg's health benefits comes primarily from in-vitro laboratory studies examining antioxidant capacity and lipid peroxidation inhibition. No large-scale human clinical trials have been conducted to establish therapeutic efficacy or optimal dosing protocols. The sedative effects have been observed in preliminary studies, but sample sizes and methodologies remain limited. Most research focuses on the essential oil and oleoresin extracts rather than whole nutmeg consumption.

Myristica fragrans
Jaiphal
Jatiphala
Muscade
Muskatnuss
Noz-moscada
Buah pala
Rou dou kou