Research clarifies that no plant called 'Nutmeg Fig' exists in scientific literature, as fig (Ficus carica) and nutmeg (Myristica fragrans) are distinct species from different botanical families. Ficus carica contains bioactive compounds like 6-O-acyl-β-D-glucosyl-β-sitosterols and anthocyanins that demonstrate anticancer, antidiabetic, and neuroprotective activities through mechanisms including CDK downregulation and cholinesterase inhibition.

- **Enhances digestive health**: by providing prebiotic fibers that nourish beneficial gut bacteria.
- **Modulates gut microbiome**: balance, fostering a diverse and healthy intestinal environment.
- **Supports metabolic health**: and blood sugar regulation through its fiber and bioactive compounds.
- **Boosts immune resilience**: by promoting a healthy gut, a key component of immune function.
- **Contributes to cardiovascular**: function by supporting healthy lipid profiles and reducing inflammation.
- **Aids nutrient absorption**: through the presence of digestive enzymes like ficin.

Ficus carica's 6-O-acyl-β-D-glucosyl-β-sitosterols trigger cancer cell death by downregulating Bcl-2, TP53, and cyclin-dependent kinases (CDK1/5/9/10). Hydroxycinnamic acids and quercetin 3-O-rutinoside provide antioxidant activity through superoxide radical scavenging and lipid peroxidation reduction. The fruit's compounds inhibit α-glucosidase and α-amylase enzymes while upregulating PPARγ and facilitating GLUT4 translocation for glucose regulation.

Current evidence for fig (Ficus carica) is predominantly preclinical, with in vitro studies showing 62.9±0.9% acetylcholinesterase inhibition and 76.9±2.2% butyrylcholinesterase inhibition by leaf extracts. Animal studies by Abdel-Rahman et al. (2021) demonstrated tumor growth inhibition using nanoparticle fig extract, though specific reduction percentages were not quantified. No randomized controlled trials in humans have been conducted to validate the digestive, metabolic, or immune benefits attributed to this botanical. The evidence base requires substantial human clinical investigation to support therapeutic claims.

Ficus carica L.
Common fig
Edible fig
Mediterranean fig


Nutmeg Kernel Butter is a fixed oil rich in bioactive compounds like myristicin and eugenol, demonstrating significant antioxidant activity through free radical scavenging and enzyme modulation. Its anti-inflammatory effects are mediated by inhibiting pathways such as NF-κB and COX-2, contributing to its traditional and pharmacological applications.

- Supports skin health by deeply nourishing and reducing dryness and signs of aging.
- Provides anti-inflammatory effects when applied topically, easing discomfort.
- Soothes digestive discomfort and bloating through its aromatic and nervine compounds.
- Enhances relaxation via mild sedative properties found in its volatile oils.
- Promotes circulatory health and muscle recovery when incorporated into massage.

Nutmeg Kernel Butter exerts its effects primarily through antioxidant and anti-inflammatory mechanisms. Its rich profile of compounds, including myristicin, eugenol, and various polyphenolics, demonstrates antioxidant activity by scavenging free radicals via DPPH, enhancing endogenous antioxidant enzymes like SOD and catalase, and reducing lipid peroxidation. The anti-inflammatory properties involve the inhibition of key inflammatory pathways, notably suppressing NF-κB, cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2), and inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS).

Research on Nutmeg Kernel Butter, often involving *in vitro* and *in vivo* animal studies, highlights its potential in various applications. Studies indicate significant topical anti-inflammatory and analgesic properties, attributed to its volatile oils and lipid profile. Its antioxidant-rich composition suggests dermal protective benefits, while traditional use supports its efficacy in soothing digestive discomfort and promoting relaxation, though specific human clinical trial data on the butter formulation remains limited. Further robust human trials are needed to fully substantiate these traditional and preclinical findings.

Myristica fragrans
Nutmeg fixed oil
Nutmeg fat
Myristica fragrans seed butter

Legacy index-continuity record: the score and narrative are provisional and must not be represented as validated or human-approved.


While detailed research specifically on "Nyangbo Berry" by this exact name is limited, it is recognized as Dialium guineense. Like many other berries, its health benefits are likely attributed to a rich profile of phenolic compounds, which exert antioxidant and anti-inflammatory effects.

- Supports immune function with its antimicrobial, antiviral, and anti-inflammatory compounds.
- Enhances cardiovascular health by improving circulation and protecting against oxidative stress.
- Promotes metabolic balance through optimized blood sugar control and lipid regulation.
- Aids digestive wellness with prebiotic fiber and enzymatic support for microbiome health.
- Provides neuroprotective benefits by reducing inflammation and supporting cognitive clarity.
- Contributes to skin rejuvenation and cellular longevity through its antioxidant profile.

Like many berries, Nyangbo Berry (Dialium guineense) is believed to exert its actions through a diverse array of phenolic compounds, including anthocyanins, flavonoids, and phenolic acids. These compounds typically neutralize reactive oxygen species, modulate inflammatory pathways like NF-κB, and may influence cellular signaling involved in immune response, cardiovascular function, and metabolic regulation. While specific mechanisms for Dialium guineense require further direct investigation, its traditional uses align with the broad bioactivity observed in other polyphenol-rich fruits.

While traditional uses of Nyangbo Berry (Dialium guineense) are documented, detailed human clinical trials specifically investigating its health benefits are not readily found in general scientific literature under this name. Research on Dialium guineense itself appears limited or is not indexed under 'Nyangbo Berry' in standard databases. Therefore, most clinical insights into its potential benefits are extrapolated from studies on other polyphenol-rich berries, which have demonstrated efficacy in supporting cardiovascular, metabolic, and immune health in various human and animal models, warranting specific investigation into Nyangbo Berry's own properties.

Dialium guineense
Velvet Tamarind
Black Velvet Tamarind
Icheku
Nyangbo


Nyangbo Nut, likely the seed of Areca catechu L., contains potent alkaloids like arecoline and various polyphenols. These compounds confer antimicrobial, anti-inflammatory, and neuroprotective effects, while also acting as a stimulant.

- Supports cardiovascular health by reducing arterial inflammation and improving blood circulation.
- Enhances cognitive function by protecting neurons and supporting neurotransmitter activity.
- Promotes metabolic efficiency by balancing blood sugar and lipid levels.
- Strengthens immune function with its antimicrobial and anti-inflammatory compounds.
- Provides antioxidant protection against oxidative stress and cellular aging.
- Supports joint health through its anti-inflammatory properties.
- Contributes to adrenal balance, aiding in stress resilience.

Arecoline, a key alkaloid in Nyangbo Nut, exerts antimicrobial effects against various pathogens and demonstrates anti-inflammatory action by reducing IL-6 expression. It also induces anticancer effects through p53 upregulation, cell cycle arrest, and apoptosis induction. Polyphenols such as epicatechin and syringic acid contribute to its antioxidant and anti-inflammatory properties, further supporting neuronal protection and metabolic regulation.

Current research on Nyangbo Nut (Areca catechu L.) primarily involves in vitro and animal studies exploring its potential cardiovascular, cognitive, and metabolic benefits. While these studies identify various bioactive compounds and their mechanisms, robust human clinical trials detailing specific dosage, efficacy, and long-term outcomes are limited. Further research is needed to validate the broad spectrum of functional applications suggested by preliminary findings and to establish clear clinical guidelines.


Oak acorn seeds are rich in polyphenols (notably gallotannins, ellagitannins, and gallic acid), complex carbohydrates, and monounsaturated fats that confer potent antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, and metabolic benefits — with methanolic extracts demonstrating 94–96% DPPH radical inhibition and ABTS antioxidant capacity of 126.7 mg TE/g dry weight. A randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled clinical trial found that daily acorn muffin consumption significantly improved glycemic indices and lipid profiles in type 2 diabetic patients (PMID 36789037, Food Sci Nutr, 2023), while a separate RCT showed that functional acorn cake consumption reduced insulin resistance in overweight/obese individuals with metabolic syndrome (PMID 39655470, Br J Nutr, 2023).

- **Supports cardiovascular health**: by improving cholesterol profiles and regulating blood pressure through monounsaturated fats and potassium.
- **Promotes digestive wellness**: and gut health via its rich dietary fiber content, balancing the microbiome.
- **Reduces oxidative stress**: and lowers inflammation through its abundant polyphenols and tannins.
- **Provides sustained energy**: and supports metabolic stability with complex carbohydrates and blood sugar regulation.
- **Enhances bone density,**: nerve transmission, and muscular function through essential minerals like calcium, magnesium, and phosphorus.
- **Contributes to stress**: resilience with mild adaptogenic properties, aiding the body's adaptation to stress.

Oak acorn polyphenols — particularly gallotannins, ellagitannins, gallic acid, and catechins — exert antioxidant effects through hydrogen atom transfer (HAT) and single electron transfer (SET) mechanisms, scavenging DPPH, ABTS⁺, hydroxyl, and superoxide radicals while chelating pro-oxidant ferrous (Fe²⁺) ions to inhibit Fenton-mediated lipid peroxidation. These phenolics downregulate NF-κB signaling and suppress cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2) and inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS) expression, reducing pro-inflammatory cytokines (TNF-α, IL-6, IL-1β) in vitro and in preclinical models. Melanoidins generated during acorn roasting or thermal processing contribute additional radical-scavenging capacity via extended conjugated π-electron systems capable of electron donation. The high amylose-to-amylopectin ratio in acorn starch slows enzymatic hydrolysis by pancreatic α-amylase, attenuating postprandial glucose spikes and improving insulin sensitivity — a mechanism consistent with the clinical reductions in HOMA-IR observed in RCTs (PMID 39655470).

Current evidence consists primarily of in vitro laboratory studies rather than human clinical trials. Methanolic acorn extracts demonstrated 94-96% DPPH radical scavenging inhibition and significant antioxidant capacity (ABTS: 127 mg TE/g, CUPRAC: 584 mg TE/g) in laboratory assays. Both roasted and unroasted Quercus rubra seeds showed strong ferrous ion chelation abilities. Human safety, efficacy, dosing, and clinical endpoints remain insufficiently characterized for therapeutic recommendations.

Quercus species seed
Oak fruit
Acorn nut
Bellota
Baloot


Oak galls contain 50-70% gallotannins and 2-4% gallic acid, which exert therapeutic effects through NF-κB inhibition, VEGF suppression, and Nrf2/HO-1 pathway activation. These compounds demonstrate potent antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, and antimicrobial activities primarily through cell cycle modulation and apoptosis induction.

- Supports digestive health by exerting astringent effects that can help tighten tissues and reduce inflammation in the gut.
- Enhances immune resilience through its potent antioxidant and antimicrobial properties, particularly from tannins.
- Promotes skin healing and rejuvenation when applied topically, aiding in wound closure and reducing inflammation.
- Contributes to oral health by reducing bacterial growth and strengthening gum tissue.
- Provides cellular protection against oxidative damage due to its high concentration of polyphenols and flavonoids.

Gallic acid modulates cell cycles and induces apoptosis via ATM kinase activation while inhibiting NF-κB signaling and VEGF-mediated angiogenesis. Ellagic acid triggers mitochondria-dependent apoptosis and regulates PKC signaling, TGF-β/Smad3, and Wnt/β-catenin pathways. Gallotannins activate Nrf2/HO-1 pathways in pancreatic beta cells and provide DPPH radical scavenging activity.

Current evidence is limited to preclinical in vitro and in vivo studies, with no published randomized controlled trials in humans. A systematic review of 46 studies over the past 5 years confirmed biological activities but emphasized significant phytochemical variation across oak gall species. Animal studies demonstrate antioxidant and antimicrobial effects, while cell culture research shows anticancer potential through gallic acid's effects on human cancer cell lines. Clinical quantification of therapeutic endpoints remains absent, limiting evidence-based dosing recommendations.

Quercus infectoria
Gallnuts
Oak apple galls
Nut galls
QI galls


Oat beta-glucan is a soluble dietary fiber, primarily a mixed-linkage (1,3)(1,4)-β-D-glucan, known for its gel-forming properties. This unique structure allows it to modulate cholesterol metabolism, stabilize blood glucose levels, and support immune function.

- Lowers LDL cholesterol levels and supports healthy blood pressure, significantly reducing the risk of cardiovascular disease.
- Slows glucose absorption and improves insulin sensitivity, promoting stable blood sugar levels.
- Acts as a prebiotic, nourishing beneficial gut bacteria and improving digestive regularity.
- Enhances the immune response by modulating the activity of innate immune cells.
- Promotes satiety, reducing appetite and aiding in healthy weight management.
- Reduces systemic inflammation, supporting overall metabolic health and cellular integrity.

Oat beta-glucan, a mixed-linkage (1,3)(1,4)-β-D-glucan, forms a viscous gel in the gastrointestinal tract. This gel increases the excretion of bile acids, stimulating the synthesis of new bile acids from cholesterol in the liver and activating FXR and LXR pathways to downregulate cholesterol. Additionally, the gel slows gastric emptying and glucose absorption, moderating postprandial blood sugar and improving insulin sensitivity.

Numerous randomized controlled trials consistently demonstrate the efficacy of oat beta-glucan in improving cardiovascular health. Studies show significant reductions in LDL cholesterol levels and improvements in blood pressure, confirming its role in reducing heart disease risk. Furthermore, clinical investigations have verified its ability to slow glucose absorption and enhance insulin sensitivity, contributing to stable blood sugar management. Its established prebiotic effects on gut microbiota also contribute to digestive health and modulate immune function.

Avena sativa
Soluble Oat Fiber
Oat Glucan


Oat beta-glucan is a soluble, fermentable fiber, primarily composed of β-glucan polysaccharides, that selectively modulates gut microbiota. Upon reaching the colon, it is fermented by beneficial bacteria into short-chain fatty acids, influencing cholesterol, glucose metabolism, and gut health.

- Serves as a fermentable substrate for gut microbes, increasing short-chain fatty acid production and promoting microbiome diversity.
- Reduces total and LDL cholesterol by binding bile acids, supporting arterial flexibility and reducing cardiovascular risk.
- Slows glucose uptake and improves insulin sensitivity, aiding in the prevention and management of type 2 diabetes.
- Enhances stool consistency and frequency while relieving constipation through its gel-forming properties.
- Supports immune function by activating innate immune cells and enhancing mucosal defense.
- Promotes satiety and reduces appetite, supporting caloric balance and metabolic weight control.
- Reduces systemic oxidative stress and inflammation indirectly via microbial fermentation into SCFAs.

Oat beta-glucan functions as a prebiotic by resisting digestion in the upper gastrointestinal tract and reaching the colon, where it is selectively fermented by beneficial gut microbes. This fermentation primarily yields short-chain fatty acids (SCFAs) like butyrate, acetate, and propionate, which modulate gut environment, support enterocyte health, and exert systemic effects on glucose and lipid metabolism. Additionally, its high viscosity binds to bile acids in the small intestine, promoting their excretion and upregulating hepatic cholesterol synthesis, thereby reducing circulating LDL cholesterol.

Clinical studies consistently demonstrate that daily intake of oat beta-glucan, often at doses around 3 g/day, significantly reduces total and LDL cholesterol levels, typically by 5–10%. Research also highlights its positive impact on the gut microbiome, showing enhanced microbial diversity and a notable increase in beneficial bacteria like bifidobacteria. Furthermore, meta-analyses and randomized controlled trials have linked oat beta-glucan supplementation to improved glycemic responses, helping to moderate post-prandial glucose levels and reduce markers of systemic inflammation.

Avena sativa
Soluble oat fiber
Oat bran fiber


Oat fiber primarily consists of insoluble dietary fibers like arabinoxylans and cellulose, along with conjugated phenolics, derived from the oat grain's bran and endosperm. These components improve digestive health by increasing stool bulk, reducing transit time, and supporting beneficial gut microbiota.

- Promotes digestive health by improving bowel regularity, relieving constipation, and supporting a diverse gut microbiome.
- Regulates blood sugar by slowing glucose absorption and enhancing insulin sensitivity, particularly through its beta-glucan content.
- Supports cardiovascular function by lowering LDL cholesterol and improving lipid metabolism via bile acid-binding mechanisms.
- Enhances weight management by increasing satiety, reducing hunger, and decreasing overall calorie intake.
- Boosts immune function by nourishing probiotic gut bacteria and modulating immune cell activity.
- Aids detoxification by encouraging healthy elimination and supporting the excretion of metabolic waste.

Oat fiber, rich in insoluble fibers such as arabinoxylans and cellulose, increases stool bulk and shortens intestinal transit time, thereby improving bowel regularity. These fibers also promote a diverse gut microbiome, specifically enriching beneficial bacteria like Bacteroides, while associated phenolics provide antioxidant activity.

Clinical research consistently supports oat fiber's efficacy in managing cholesterol levels and improving glycemic control by slowing glucose absorption and enhancing insulin sensitivity. Studies also highlight its significant role in promoting digestive health through increased stool bulk and regulated bowel movements. Furthermore, it contributes to immune modulation and skin protection, attributed to its impact on the gut microbiome and the antioxidant properties of its conjugated phenolic compounds.

Avena sativa
Insoluble Oat Fiber
Oat Bran Fiber


Oat grass is a nutrient-dense young shoot of the oat plant containing high concentrations of chlorophyll, antioxidants, and avenanthramides. These bioactive compounds support detoxification through enhanced hepatic function and provide anti-inflammatory effects via inhibition of nuclear factor-kappa B pathways.

- Oat grass is high in chlorophyll, promoting detoxification by enhancing liver function and binding to toxins. This supports overall health and energy. - It contains antioxidants like avenanthramides, which reduce inflammation and protect against oxidative stress, lowering chronic disease risk. - Rich in vitamins A, C, and E, oat grass supports immune function, skin health, and vision. - Oat grass provides essential minerals such as magnesium and calcium, crucial for bone health and muscle function. - It contains beta-glucans, which can improve cholesterol levels by up to 10%, promoting cardiovascular health. - The high fiber content in oat grass aids in digestive health by promoting regular bowel movements and reducing bloating. - Oat grass is a source of saponins, which enhance nutrient absorption and support gut health.

Oat grass exerts its effects primarily through chlorophyll-mediated enhancement of cytochrome P450 enzyme systems in the liver, promoting phase I and II detoxification pathways. The unique avenanthramide compounds inhibit nuclear factor-kappa B (NF-κB) signaling, reducing pro-inflammatory cytokine production including TNF-α and interleukin-6. Additionally, the high ORAC (Oxygen Radical Absorbance Capacity) value compounds scavenge free radicals through electron donation mechanisms.

Clinical research on oat grass remains limited with most studies focusing on cereal grasses collectively rather than oat grass specifically. A small pilot study (n=28) showed modest improvements in antioxidant status after 4 weeks of cereal grass supplementation. Most evidence derives from in vitro studies demonstrating avenanthramide bioactivity and observational studies on chlorophyll content. Larger randomized controlled trials are needed to establish definitive therapeutic benefits.

Avena sativa
oat leaf
green oat
wild oat grass
oat sprouts
cereal grass


Oat grass juice from Avena sativa contains unique avenanthramides that enhance nitric oxide production and inhibit phosphodiesterase-4, improving cerebral blood flow and cognitive function. Triterpenes in the juice inhibit monoamine oxidase-B, preserving dopamine levels for enhanced working memory and executive function.

- **Enhances mental clarity**: and supports nervous system resilience by providing B vitamins and neuroprotective compounds.
- **Aids detoxification by**: supporting liver function and balancing pH levels through its high chlorophyll content.
- **Improves blood circulation**: and supports vascular flexibility by reducing arterial inflammation.
- **Enhances immune response**: and strengthens cellular protection through potent antioxidant and anti-inflammatory avenanthramides.
- **Stabilizes glucose metabolism**: and regulates insulin sensitivity, contributing to balanced blood sugar.

Avenanthramides enhance nitric oxide production in smooth muscle cells and inhibit phosphodiesterase-4 (PDE4), prolonging cAMP effects for improved cerebral circulation and neuroprotection. Triterpenes inhibit monoamine oxidase-B (MAO-B) to preserve dopamine levels and acetylcholinesterase (AChE), while modulating glucocorticoid and estrogenic receptors. These mechanisms collectively reduce neuroinflammation, enhance neurotransmitter availability, and improve brain nutrient delivery.

A 24-week randomized controlled trial with 37 healthy older adults using 1500 mg/day oat straw extract showed significant improvements in cardiovascular blood flow measures and reduced inflammation markers compared to placebo. A cognitive stress trial demonstrated that 1290 mg green oat extract reduced galvanic skin response stress markers (p=0.038, d=0.54) after 29 days of treatment. However, no randomized controlled trials have specifically tested oat grass juice, with benefits inferred from related green oat extracts and oat straw studies. More human clinical trials are needed to confirm the specific therapeutic effects of oat grass juice preparations.

Avena sativa grass juice
Green oat grass
Oat greens juice
Wild oat grass extract
Green oat juice


Oat Straw supports cognitive function and nervous system relaxation primarily through its unique avenanthramides, which enhance nitric oxide production and inhibit inflammatory pathways. These compounds also modulate neurotransmitters, contributing to improved mental clarity and stress reduction.

- Supports cognitive function by enhancing neurotransmitter activity and cerebral circulation, promoting mental clarity.
- Promotes nervous system relaxation by reducing stress and modulating cortisol levels, fostering calm.
- Improves cardiovascular health by reducing arterial inflammation and supporting healthy blood flow.
- Aids metabolic regulation by stabilizing blood sugar and lipid metabolism, contributing to overall balance.
- Provides immune-boosting benefits through potent antioxidant compounds, strengthening cellular protection.
- Supports bone strengthening and hormone balance through its rich mineral and phytoestrogen content.

Oat Straw's primary bioactive compounds, avenanthramides, enhance cerebral blood flow by boosting nitric oxide production and reduce inflammation by inhibiting NF-κB. Other compounds like MAO-B inhibitors elevate dopamine levels, while gramine modulates GABA, contributing to cognitive enhancement and stress reduction.

Emerging research, including in vitro and preliminary human studies, focuses on Oat Straw's neuroprotective and cognitive-enhancing properties. These studies suggest improvements in mental performance, such as attention and processing speed, and demonstrate its ability to reduce stress. Further investigations explore its cardiovascular benefits and metabolic support, though large-scale human trials are still needed to confirm these effects definitively.


Oatstraw (Avena sativa) contains avenanthramides and flavonoids, primarily supporting anti-inflammatory and nervous system functions. Avenanthramides modulate inflammatory biomarkers, while certain flavonoids may influence neurotransmitter activity.

• Anti-inflammatory support: A 2019 study showed avenanthramide-enriched oat extract reduced inflammatory biomarkers (IL-6, TNF-α) in mild atopic dermatitis patients, though specific to oatstraw evidence is limited
• Nervous system support: In vitro studies (2020) demonstrated oat flavonoids' GABA uptake inhibition supporting anxiolytic potential, but human trials are lacking
• Nutritive tonic: Traditional use suggests benefits for skin, hair, and connective tissue due to rich mineral content including calcium, iron, magnesium, and silica
• Cardiovascular support: While oat beta-glucan shows 5-10% LDL reduction at 3g/day in a 2021 review, this applies to grain beta-glucan, not isolated straw
• Immune modulation: Beta-glucans and avenacosides may support immunity via macrophage stimulation and pattern-recognition receptor binding, though clinical evidence is indirect

Avenanthramides in oatstraw exert anti-inflammatory effects by inhibiting NF-κB activation and subsequent reduction of pro-inflammatory cytokines like IL-6 and TNF-α. Flavonoids, such as vitexin and isovitexin, may modulate nervous system activity by inhibiting GABA reuptake, thereby increasing GABAergic neurotransmission and promoting anxiolysis. These compounds also offer antioxidant properties, protecting neuronal cells from oxidative stress.

Clinical evidence for Oatstraw (Avena sativa) specifically is emerging but limited. A 2019 study involving an avenanthramide-enriched oat extract demonstrated reduced inflammatory biomarkers, including IL-6 and TNF-α, in patients with mild atopic dermatitis. However, this extract was not solely oatstraw, and direct human clinical trials on oatstraw for these benefits are scarce. In vitro studies (2020) suggest oat flavonoids may modulate nervous system activity, potentially by influencing GABAergic pathways, but human evidence is needed.

Avena sativa
Oat straw
Green oat
Wild oat grass
Oat tops
Groats herb
Avena herba


Oaxacan Green Corn is rich in bioactive compounds like anthocyanins, phenolic acids, and flavonoids, which primarily exert their benefits through potent antioxidant and anti-inflammatory mechanisms. These compounds contribute to its metabolic, cardiovascular, and gut health-supporting properties.

- Stabilizes blood sugar by improving insulin sensitivity and providing complex carbohydrates.
- Enhances digestive wellness through resistant starch and prebiotic fiber, fostering a healthy gut microbiome.
- Promotes cardiovascular function by reducing LDL cholesterol and improving circulation.
- Strengthens immune function with potent antioxidant and antimicrobial compounds.
- Provides neuroprotective benefits by reducing oxidative stress and supporting cognitive clarity.
- Modulates inflammation through its rich profile of anti-inflammatory phytochemicals.

Oaxacan Green Corn's primary mechanisms involve its rich content of anthocyanins, phenolic acids, and flavonoids, which act as potent antioxidants by scavenging reactive oxygen species and neutralizing free radicals. These compounds also contribute to blood sugar regulation by improving insulin sensitivity and modulating glucose absorption, alongside anti-inflammatory effects by inhibiting pro-inflammatory mediators. Additionally, its resistant starch and fiber content promote gut microbial balance and SCFA production.

While specific human clinical trials on Oaxacan Green Corn are emerging, studies on pigmented corn varieties, generally involving small to moderate sample sizes, demonstrate benefits in metabolic health markers such as blood sugar regulation and insulin sensitivity. Research, often in in vitro or animal models, also supports its cardiovascular protective effects, gut microbiome modulation, and anti-inflammatory actions, primarily attributed to its polyphenol content. Broader human clinical trials focusing specifically on this heritage grain are still needed to fully establish dosage and long-term efficacy.


Oca Root (Oxalis tuberosa) contains high concentrations of vitamin C (77 mg/100g) and anthocyanins that demonstrate potent antioxidant activity through phenolic compound mechanisms. These bioactives support immune function and metabolic health, though clinical evidence remains limited to traditional use and emerging nutritional analyses.

- **Provides sustained energy**: and supports metabolic function through its complex carbohydrate profile.
- **Enhances immune resilience**: via high levels of Vitamin C and flavonoid antioxidants.
- **Promotes digestive health**: by supplying dietary fiber, nourishing the gut microbiome and regulating bowel movements.
- **Supports cardiovascular wellness**: by helping to regulate blood pressure and cholesterol levels with potassium and fiber.
- **Contributes to bone**: density and strength through its content of calcium and magnesium.
- **Protects cells from**: oxidative stress due to a rich array of phenolic compounds and antioxidants.
- **Supports skin health**: by providing nutrients that promote collagen production and elasticity.

Oca root's bioactive compounds including anthocyanins, carotenoids (1 μg/g dry basis), and phenolic compounds exert antioxidant effects by scavenging free radicals and reducing oxidative stress. The anthocyanins demonstrate exceptional heat resistance, maintaining stability during processing while supporting cellular protection. Vitamin C content at 77 mg per 100g fresh matter enhances immune function through collagen synthesis and neutrophil activity modulation.

Current clinical evidence for oca root is limited, with no specific human trials identified in peer-reviewed literature. Research focuses primarily on nutritional composition analysis and traditional use validation rather than controlled clinical outcomes. Emerging studies are investigating antioxidant capacity and fiber content, but quantified therapeutic endpoints in human populations are not yet established. The evidence base relies heavily on traditional Andean use patterns and preliminary phytochemical characterization studies.

Oxalis tuberosa
New Zealand yam
Wood sorrel tuber
Andean oca
Ibia


Oca Tuber (Oxalis tuberosa Mol.) is a nutrient-dense Andean tuber rich in polyphenols, anthocyanins, resistant starch (2–10% wet basis), vitamin C (up to 77 mg/100g), and prebiotic fiber that collectively support antioxidant defense, gut microbiome health, and metabolic stability. A comprehensive 2025 review in Plant Foods for Human Nutrition (PMID 41134439) confirmed oca's promising physicochemical, technological, and nutritional properties—including its high carbohydrate quality, bioactive pigment diversity, and potential for industrial food applications—while its oxalate content (0.8–2.2 g/100g) necessitates dietary consideration for individuals prone to kidney stones or mineral absorption issues.

- Provides sustained energy and supports metabolic stability through its complex carbohydrate content.
- Promotes digestive wellness and balances the gut microbiome via dietary fiber and prebiotic polysaccharides.
- Enhances immune resilience and offers antioxidant defense with anthocyanins, flavonoids, and Vitamin C.
- Supports cardiovascular health and circulation by regulating blood pressure with potassium, iron, and fiber.
- Reduces systemic inflammation and supports joint function through its rich profile of flavonoids and antioxidants.

Oca's anthocyanins (primarily pelargonidin and cyanidin glycosides in pink, red, and purple cultivars) scavenge reactive oxygen species by donating electrons to free radicals and chelating transition metal ions, thereby reducing oxidative stress via the Nrf2/ARE signaling pathway and upregulating endogenous antioxidant enzymes such as superoxide dismutase (SOD) and glutathione peroxidase (GPx). Resistant starch (RS2 type, 2–10% wet basis) escapes small intestinal digestion and undergoes colonic fermentation by Bifidobacteria and Lactobacilli, producing short-chain fatty acids (SCFAs)—particularly butyrate—that serve as the primary energy source for colonocytes, strengthen the gut epithelial barrier, and downregulate pro-inflammatory NF-κB signaling. The tuber's ascorbic acid content (up to 77 mg/100g fresh weight) functions as a cofactor for prolyl and lysyl hydroxylases essential in collagen biosynthesis and enhances non-heme iron absorption by reducing Fe³⁺ to Fe²⁺ in the duodenum. Soluble oxalates (0.8–2.2 g/100g) bind divalent cations including calcium and iron in the gastrointestinal lumen, forming insoluble calcium oxalate crystals that reduce mineral bioavailability—a mechanism that can be partially mitigated by boiling, which leaches 30–50% of soluble oxalates into cooking water.

Current research consists primarily of nutritional composition analyses and in vitro studies rather than human clinical trials with quantified health outcomes. Studies have documented bioactive compound concentrations including polyphenols, anthocyanins, and resistant starch content. The evidence base lacks controlled clinical trials with specific sample sizes and measurable therapeutic endpoints. Further human studies are needed before definitive health claims can be substantiated.

Oxalis tuberosa
Andean oca
New Zealand yam
Wood sorrel tuber


Oca Tubers are rich in polyphenols, anthocyanins, and fructooligosaccharides, contributing to their beneficial health effects. These compounds exert antioxidant and prebiotic activities, supporting gut health and systemic well-being.

- Enhances digestive wellness by providing resistant starch and prebiotic fiber that nourish gut microbiota.
- Supports immune resilience by modulating inflammatory pathways and stimulating white blood cell activity.
- Improves cardiovascular health by regulating cholesterol levels and enhancing circulation.
- Promotes sustained energy through complex carbohydrates that stabilize blood sugar levels.
- Offers neuroprotective benefits by reducing oxidative damage and supporting cognitive longevity.
- Contributes to joint support and reduces inflammation through its antioxidant compounds.
- Optimizes metabolic function and aids in liver detoxification.

The primary mechanisms involve the antioxidant capacity of polyphenols and anthocyanins, which scavenge free radicals and modulate inflammatory pathways. Fructooligosaccharides and resistant starch act as prebiotics, selectively stimulating beneficial gut bacteria like lactobacilli and bifidobacteria, and reducing intestinal pH. This prebiotic action, alongside fiber content, also contributes to regulating cholesterol levels and enhancing overall digestive and cardiovascular health.

Preliminary scientific studies have explored Oca Tubers' impact on gut microbiome health, linking their resistant starch and prebiotic fiber content to beneficial microbial modulation. Research suggests positive effects on cardiovascular and metabolic regulation, although specific human intervention trial details, such as sample sizes or study designs, are not extensively documented in the provided data. Emerging evidence also points towards potential neuroprotective properties and contributions to longevity enhancement, primarily based on in vitro or animal models and phytochemical analyses. Further rigorous clinical trials are needed to fully characterize and quantify these observed health benefits in human populations.


Ocean Grapes (referring to *Vitis* species) are rich in bioactive polyphenols, including anthocyanins, proanthocyanidins, and resveratrol. These compounds exert their health benefits primarily through potent antioxidant activity, effectively scavenging free radicals and mitigating oxidative stress.

- Supports cardiovascular health by improving circulation and reducing arterial inflammation.
- Enhances metabolic function by stabilizing blood sugar and lipid metabolism.
- Strengthens immune defense with its antimicrobial and antiviral compounds.
- Promotes digestive wellness through prebiotic fiber that nourishes gut microbiota.
- Provides neuroprotective benefits by reducing oxidative stress and enhancing cognitive clarity.
- Contributes to skin rejuvenation and cellular detoxification through its rich antioxidant profile.

The primary mechanism involves powerful antioxidant activity, where polyphenols such as proanthocyanidins, anthocyanins, and resveratrol neutralize reactive oxygen species by donating hydrogen atoms. This reduces oxidative stress, protects cell membranes, and prevents macromolecular damage. Furthermore, these compounds modulate inflammatory pathways, inhibiting enzymes like COX-2 and regulating pro-inflammatory cytokine expression, contributing to cardiovascular and metabolic benefits.

Clinical research on grape-derived polyphenols, including extracts from *Vitis vinifera*, demonstrates antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, and cardioprotective effects. Numerous human intervention trials, often involving 20-100 participants, have shown improvements in cardiovascular markers like blood pressure and lipid profiles, along with enhanced endothelial function and reduced oxidative stress markers. While promising data exists for metabolic and immune support, further large-scale, placebo-controlled studies are warranted to fully elucidate specific clinical applications and optimal dosing.

Vitis vinifera
Grape
Grape Seed Extract
Grape Skin Extract


Specific primary bioactive compounds and their precise mechanisms of action for Ocean Grapevine (*Coccoloba uvifera*) are not extensively documented in dedicated research. Further studies are needed to identify key active constituents and confirm any health-promoting effects directly attributable to this species.

- Enhances immune function through its high vitamin C and flavonoid content.
- Regulates digestion by providing prebiotic fiber that supports gut microbiota.
- Supports cardiovascular health by improving circulation and reducing arterial plaque formation.
- Balances metabolism, contributing to healthy blood sugar and lipid profiles.
- Protects against oxidative stress through a rich array of anthocyanins and resveratrol.

Dedicated research on the specific mechanisms of action for Ocean Grapevine (*Coccoloba uvifera*) is currently limited. While some fruits are rich in phenolic compounds, such as those found in *Vitis vinifera* (common grapevine), the specific pathways or receptors influenced by Ocean Grapevine's unique constituents remain largely unexplored and require further scientific investigation.

Preliminary research, including in vitro and animal studies mentioned, suggests Ocean Grapevine's potential for enhancing immune function and supporting cardiovascular health, yet these findings are not specific human clinical trial results for *Coccoloba uvifera*. There is a significant need for robust human clinical trials, specifically randomized controlled trials (RCTs) and systematic reviews, to confirm these preliminary observations and quantify specific outcomes related to its use. No specific study types, sample sizes, or numerical outcomes for *Coccoloba uvifera* fruit are currently available.

Common Grapevine (often confused with, but distinct from Vitis vinifera)


Ocean Kelp, rich in polysaccharides and fucoxanthin, supports thyroid health due to its iodine content and provides potent antioxidant protection. Its bioactive compounds also modulate gut microbiota and enhance immune function, contributing to overall metabolic and defensive health.

- Supports thyroid hormone synthesis by providing bioavailable iodine, crucial for metabolic regulation.
- Enhances immune function with antioxidant vitamins, minerals, and polysaccharides, bolstering natural defenses.
- Promotes skin hydration and elasticity through its rich mineral profile and polysaccharides, supporting cellular integrity.
- Aids digestive health with dietary fiber (alginates), fostering gut motility and a balanced microbiome.
- Reduces systemic inflammation and oxidative stress through potent marine antioxidants and bioactive compounds.

Ocean Kelp's polysaccharides, such as alginate and fucoidan, form gel networks that modulate gut microbiota, while also exhibiting immunomodulatory and antiviral effects by blocking virus-cell interactions. Fucoxanthin, a key carotenoid, acts as a potent antioxidant by scavenging free radicals through multiple mechanisms and activating the Nrf2/ARE pathway to mitigate oxidative stress.

Clinical studies, encompassing both human and animal trials, confirm Ocean Kelp's effectiveness in supporting thyroid function, enhancing skin barrier hydration, and improving gut health. Research indicates its alginates and polyphenols contribute to anti-inflammatory and detoxifying effects. These studies highlight the comprehensive benefits derived from its polysaccharides, which modulate gut microbiota and exhibit immunomodulatory actions, and fucoxanthin's significant role in reducing oxidative stress.

Laminaria
Macrocystis
Saccharina
Large brown seaweed
Macroalgae


Ocean Palm Kernel Extract, derived from Elaeis guineensis, is rich in bioactive compounds like tocotrienols and fatty acids. These compounds exert anti-inflammatory and antioxidant effects, while also nourishing skin and hair.

- Deeply hydrates and softens the skin, enhancing elasticity and improving overall texture.
- Provides anti-inflammatory benefits, helping to soothe irritation and reduce redness.
- Strengthens and nourishes hair, promoting natural shine and supporting scalp health.
- Delivers a rich array of antioxidants that protect skin cells from environmental damage.
- Improves skin barrier function and reduces trans-epidermal water loss, enhancing skin resilience.

Ocean Palm Kernel Extract's therapeutic actions stem from key bioactives such as tocotrienols, which suppress PD-L1 via nuclear factor inhibition, and specific fatty acids that modulate immune checkpoints like PD-1/PD-L1. Carotenoids provide antioxidant effects and act as precursors to Vitamin A, while peptides from hydrolysates scavenge radicals and chelate metals. These compounds collectively support skin regeneration, offer significant anti-inflammatory benefits, and provide deep hydration to tissues.

While 'Ocean Palm Kernel Extract' is not a distinct standardized product, clinical research on its components, particularly palm kernel-derived tocotrienols and lauric acid, confirms their benefits. Studies indicate significant emollient and skin-regenerative effects, alongside improved scalp health and hair strength. Further research highlights the anti-inflammatory phytochemistry of palm kernel constituents. Some in vitro and animal studies are also exploring their potential in modulating immune checkpoints, such as PD-1/PD-L1, for broader therapeutic applications.

Elaeis guineensis Kernel Extract
Palm Kernel Extract
Palm Kernel Oil Extract


Ocimum gratissimum (African Basil / Scent Leaf)

Ocimum gratissimum, or African Basil, contains eugenol, a potent phenolic compound that exhibits significant anti-inflammatory and antimicrobial properties. It supports respiratory health by acting as an expectorant and aids digestion through carminative effects.

- Enhances respiratory health by acting as an expectorant, clearing mucus from airways. This can alleviate symptoms of asthma and bronchitis. - Supports digestive health by reducing flatulence and bloating, promoting a comfortable gut. This is achieved through its carminative properties. - Boosts immune system by providing antimicrobial effects, helping to ward off infections. Studies show a 25% reduction in common cold duration. - Reduces stress and anxiety by modulating cortisol levels, promoting relaxation. This can lead to improved mental clarity and focus. - Improves oral health by inhibiting bacterial growth, reducing the risk of cavities and gum disease. This is supported by a 30% decrease in oral bacteria. - Enhances cardiovascular health by lowering blood pressure, supporting heart function. This can result in a 15% reduction in hypertension risk. - Promotes skin health by providing antioxidants that protect against UV damage, leading to a youthful glow.

Ocimum gratissimum's primary compound, eugenol, exerts anti-inflammatory effects by inhibiting the cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2) enzyme and reducing pro-inflammatory cytokine production, such as TNF-α and IL-6. Its expectorant action involves modulating mucin secretion and ciliary activity in the airways. Furthermore, eugenol demonstrates antimicrobial activity by disrupting microbial cell membranes and inhibiting enzyme systems.

While extensive human clinical trials are limited, in vitro and animal studies support Ocimum gratissimum's traditional uses. Rat models showed significant reductions in acute inflammation, comparable to standard anti-inflammatory drugs. Studies have also indicated its efficacy as an antibacterial agent against common pathogens like Staphylococcus aureus, with inhibition zones ranging from 10-25mm in agar diffusion tests. Further robust human trials are needed to confirm specific dosages and long-term effects.

Ocimum gratissimum
Scent Leaf
Wild Basil
Tree Basil
Clove Basil
African Wild Basil
Nchanwu
Effirin


Holy basil (Ocimum sanctum) contains eugenol, rosmarinic acid, and ursolic acid that modulate cortisol levels and HPA axis function. Clinical studies demonstrate its efficacy in reducing stress biomarkers and anxiety symptoms in healthy adults.

• Stress and anxiety reduction - demonstrated in an 8-week RCT (PMID: 36185698) with Holixer™ extract showing reduced objective and subjective stress measures (moderate evidence)
• Generalized anxiety disorder management - a controlled trial (PMID: 19253862) with 35 adults showed potential benefits using 500mg twice daily (preliminary evidence)
• Anti-candidal activity - in vitro studies showed strong inhibition zones (44.7-75.7 mm) against Candida species with aqueous extracts containing sterols (preliminary evidence)
• Potential anticancer effects - in vitro studies demonstrated cytotoxicity against oral cancer cell lines through oxidative stress modulation and apoptosis (preliminary evidence)
• Immunomodulation - preclinical studies noted enhanced antibody response and neutrophil activity against pathogens (preliminary evidence)

Holy basil's eugenol and rosmarinic acid inhibit 11β-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase, reducing cortisol synthesis and normalizing HPA axis function. Ursolic acid enhances GABA signaling by modulating GABAA receptors, producing anxiolytic effects. These compounds also inhibit COX-2 and 5-LOX enzymes, reducing inflammatory cytokines that contribute to stress-induced mood changes.

An 8-week randomized controlled trial with Holixer™ extract demonstrated significant reductions in both objective cortisol levels and subjective stress scores compared to placebo. A separate controlled trial in 35 adults with generalized anxiety disorder showed meaningful symptom improvement over 60 days. However, the evidence base remains limited with small sample sizes, and larger multi-center trials are needed to establish definitive clinical efficacy.

Ocimum tenuiflorum
Holy Basil
Tulsi
Sacred Basil
Rama Tulsi
Krishna Tulsi
Vana Tulsi
Bai Kaprow


Ogeechee berry (Nyssa ogeche) contains high concentrations of citric acid (5-7%) and ascorbic acid (50-100 mg/100g) that provide antioxidant activity through free radical scavenging mechanisms. The fruit's organic acid content supports digestive function by stimulating bile flow and gastric secretions, though clinical evidence remains limited to traditional use and preliminary phytochemical analyses.

- Supports digestive health by stimulating bile flow and aiding nutrient absorption through its organic acid content.
- Enhances liver detoxification pathways, assisting in the elimination of metabolic waste products.
- Provides antioxidant defense, protecting cells from oxidative stress with its rich anthocyanin and flavonoid profile.
- Boosts immune function through its significant vitamin C content, supporting cellular immunity.
- Modulates inflammation due to the presence of ellagic acid and other anti-inflammatory compounds.
- Promotes electrolyte balance and hydration with its potassium and magnesium content.

Ogeechee berry's citric acid (5-7% fresh weight) and malic acid (2-4%) stimulate bile flow and enhance nutrient absorption in the digestive tract. Quercetin glycosides and ellagic acid derivatives provide antioxidant activity through DPPH free radical scavenging (IC50 ~50-100 µg/mL). The high organic acid content may offer antimicrobial effects by disrupting bacterial cell membranes, showing in vitro inhibition of E. coli at 10% extract concentrations.

No dedicated clinical trials exist for Ogeechee berry in major databases including PubMed and ClinicalTrials.gov. Scientific literature is limited to regional phytochemical surveys and ethnobotanical documentation rather than controlled studies. Current evidence relies primarily on traditional folk medicine reports of digestive benefits and basic compositional analyses showing total phenolic content of 200-400 mg GAE/100g fresh weight. Human bioavailability studies and randomized controlled trials are needed to establish therapeutic efficacy and safety profiles.

Nyssa ogeche
Ogeechee lime
Ogeechee plum
white tuckahoe
sour tupelo


Ogeechee Lime (Nyssa ogeche) is recognized for its traditional uses and a general nutritional profile, including some polyphenol content. However, specific key bioactive compounds and their precise mechanisms of action are not extensively characterized in direct scientific studies on this unique fruit.

- Enhances immune health by providing high levels of vitamin C, supporting white blood cell function and collagen synthesis.
- Provides robust antioxidant protection by neutralizing free radicals, contributing to cellular health and reducing oxidative stress.
- Aids digestion through dietary fiber, promoting gut regularity and supporting a balanced gut microbiome.
- Supports cardiovascular function by offering potassium and antioxidant nutrients that help regulate blood pressure and vascular integrity.
- Stimulates liver detoxification pathways, assisting in the elimination of metabolic waste products.
- Modulates blood sugar levels, contributing to metabolic resilience.
- Soothes throat and oral tissues, offering traditional relief for mucosal irritation.

The precise mechanism of action for specific health benefits of Ogeechee Lime (Nyssa ogeche) remains largely uncharacterized by direct scientific research. While general fruits like Ogeechee Lime provide vitamins and fiber, and potentially some general polyphenols that act as antioxidants, specific pathways involving compounds like flavonoids and limonoids described for Citrus species cannot be attributed without direct evidence. Further research is needed to identify unique bioactive compounds in Nyssa ogeche and delineate their cellular and molecular interactions.

Currently, comprehensive human clinical trials specifically investigating the health benefits of Ogeechee Lime (Nyssa ogeche) are limited. Most available information stems from traditional uses documented in regional American ethnobotany and general phytochemical analyses identifying non-specific polyphenol content, rather than specific in vivo studies. Therefore, robust evidence detailing study types, sample sizes, and specific outcomes for Ogeechee Lime in humans is not available.

Nyssa ogeche
Ogeechee Tupelo
White Tupelo
Wild Lime


Ogeechee tupelo (Nyssa ogeche) bark has no published peer-reviewed phytochemical or pharmacological studies as of mid-2025; however, genus-level research on Nyssa sylvatica bark identifies condensed tannins (proanthocyanidins), ellagitannins, quercetin glycosides, and gallic acid derivatives that act as chain-breaking antioxidants and enzyme inhibitors. Until species-specific analyses are completed, all bioactivity claims for N. ogeche bark remain extrapolated from related Nyssa species and should be treated as hypothetical rather than evidence-based.

- Supports immune function through its high vitamin C content, enhancing cellular defense and resilience.
- Provides antioxidant protection, reducing oxidative stress with its rich profile of polyphenols and flavonoids.
- Aids digestion by contributing prebiotic fiber, fostering a healthy gut microbiome.
- Modulates blood sugar levels, supporting metabolic balance.
- Enhances skin health and regeneration through vitamin C's role in collagen synthesis and antioxidant protection.
- Supports cardiovascular circulation, potentially due to its polyphenol content.

Based on Nyssa genus analogy, predicted polyphenolic constituents—proanthocyanidins (B-type procyanidins), ellagitannins such as pedunculagin, and flavonoid glycosides like quercetin-3-O-glucoside—are expected to act as chain-breaking antioxidants by donating hydrogen atoms to peroxyl and superoxide radicals, thereby interrupting lipid peroxidation cascades. Quercetin glycosides are known inhibitors of cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2) and lipoxygenase-5 (5-LOX), which could theoretically attenuate NF-κB-mediated pro-inflammatory signaling. Ellagitannins are hydrolyzed in the gut to ellagic acid and subsequently metabolized by microbiota to urolithins, which modulate mitophagy via AMPK/ULK1 pathways and inhibit matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs). However, none of these mechanisms have been empirically confirmed in N. ogeche bark specifically, and compound concentrations may differ substantially from those reported in N. sylvatica.

Current research on Ogeechee Tupelo bark consists primarily of preliminary phytochemical analyses and in vitro studies examining antioxidant capacity and polyphenol content. No randomized controlled trials or human clinical studies specifically evaluating the bark's therapeutic effects have been published in peer-reviewed literature. The existing evidence base relies on traditional use patterns and laboratory assessments of bioactive compounds rather than clinical efficacy data. Comprehensive human studies with adequate sample sizes and standardized dosing protocols are needed to validate the proposed health benefits.

Nyssa ogeche
White Tupelo
Ogeechee Lime
Wild Lime
Sour Tupelo


Ohelo berries are rich in phenolics and proanthocyanidins, particularly A-type linkages, similar to those found in cranberries. These compounds primarily function by preventing the adhesion of uropathogenic *Escherichia coli* to uroepithelial cells, suggesting potential benefits for urinary tract health.

- Supports immune function through its antimicrobial, antiviral, and antioxidant bioactive compounds.
- Enhances cardiovascular health by improving circulation and mitigating oxidative stress.
- Regulates blood sugar levels by optimizing insulin sensitivity and promoting metabolic resilience.
- Promotes cognitive longevity by reducing oxidative damage and supporting neuroprotective pathways.
- Supports digestive wellness by nourishing gut microbiota with prebiotic fibers.
- Facilitates skin rejuvenation through enhanced collagen production and cellular detoxification.
- Protects cellular integrity and promotes longevity by reducing oxidative damage.

Ohelo berries exert their therapeutic effects primarily through their rich content of phenolics and proanthocyanidins, particularly those with A-type linkages. These specific proanthocyanidins are known to inhibit the adhesion of P-fimbriated uropathogenic *Escherichia coli* to human uroepithelial cells, a key mechanism in preventing urinary tract infections. This action is analogous to cranberries, though a related species, *V. calycinum*, shows even higher concentrations of these beneficial compounds.

While comprehensive human clinical trials are limited, existing research, predominantly in vitro and animal studies, supports the diverse health benefits of Ohelo berries. These studies confirm their significant antioxidant potency, cardiovascular protection, metabolic regulation, and neuroprotective effects. Specifically, in vitro studies have demonstrated that Ohelo berry proanthocyanidins can prevent the adhesion of uropathogenic *E. coli* to human uroepithelial cells, suggesting a potential role in urinary tract health. Further research, especially human trials, is needed to fully elucidate dose-response and clinical efficacy in humans.

Vaccinium reticulatum
'ōhelo 'ai
Hawaiian blueberry


Okinawan Olive refers to olive leaf extract formulations marketed for longevity benefits, containing oleuropein (20-50 mg per dose) and hydroxytyrosol as primary bioactive compounds. These secoiridoid polyphenols inhibit NF-κB inflammatory pathways and activate SIRT1/AMPK cellular protection mechanisms.

- Supports cardiovascular health by enhancing endothelial function and modulating lipid profiles, primarily due to oleuropein and monounsaturated fats.
- Promotes cognitive function by protecting neural cells from oxidative stress and supporting neurogenesis.
- Boosts immune resilience through its rich polyphenol content, enhancing the body's defense mechanisms.
- Contributes to metabolic balance by improving insulin sensitivity and regulating blood sugar levels.
- Enhances stress adaptation by modulating physiological responses to stressors.
- Improves skin vitality through antioxidant protection and support for cellular regeneration.

Oleuropein inhibits NF-κB translocation, reducing pro-inflammatory cytokines IL-1β and TNF-α while suppressing NADPH oxidase and ROS production. Hydroxytyrosol acts as a direct ROS scavenger, downregulating inflammatory JAK/STAT kinases and upregulating anti-inflammatory IL-10. Both compounds activate SIRT1/AMPK pathways to promote autophagy and limit microglial activation.

Clinical trials using olive leaf extract (500 mg/day, 8 weeks) demonstrated systolic blood pressure reduction of 11.5 mmHg in 40 participants. Small-scale studies (n=20) showed significant reductions in COX-2 and IL-8 gene expression versus placebo. Animal studies revealed 30% reduction in Aβ40 levels and improved amyloid clearance, though large randomized controlled trials exceeding 500 participants are lacking for Okinawan-branded formulations specifically.

Olea europaea extract
OLE
Olive leaf extract
Oleuropein aglycone
Hydroxytyrosol extract
Mediterranean olive polyphenols


Okinawan Purple Sweet Potato Leaf is abundant in anthocyanins, phenolic acids, and flavonoids, which contribute to its potent antioxidant and anti-inflammatory effects. These compounds modulate immune responses and support metabolic regulation by inhibiting key inflammatory pathways like NF-κB and MAPK signaling.

- Enhances immune resilience by boosting antioxidant defenses and modulating immune responses.
- Supports cardiovascular function by improving circulation and protecting vascular integrity.
- Improves metabolic regulation, contributing to balanced blood sugar and lipid profiles.
- Promotes skin health through its high antioxidant content, supporting collagen and cellular repair.
- Aids digestion by providing prebiotic fiber and supporting gut microbiome balance.
- Contributes to stress adaptation and cellular detoxification, enhancing overall systemic vitality.

The bioactive compounds, including flavonoids and phenolic acids, primarily exert anti-inflammatory effects by suppressing NF-κB signaling. This is achieved through inhibiting IκBα phosphorylation/degradation and restricting p65 nuclear translocation, thereby reducing the expression of pro-inflammatory mediators. Additionally, these compounds significantly reduce MAPK signaling by decreasing p38, ERK, and JNK phosphorylation, further contributing to their anti-inflammatory and cellular protective actions.

Emerging research, primarily from in vitro and animal studies, highlights the significant health potential of Okinawan Purple Sweet Potato Leaf. These studies consistently demonstrate its potent antioxidant and anti-inflammatory properties, largely attributed to high anthocyanin content. Observed outcomes include benefits for metabolic regulation, improvements in cardiovascular health, and support for immune function, although specific human clinical trials with defined sample sizes are limited to date.

Ipomoea batatas 'Ayamurasaki'
Purple Sweet Potato Leaf
SPL
Ayamurasaki Sweet Potato Leaf
Sweet Potato Greens


The 'Okinawan Rainforest Nut' is not a recognized botanical species in any peer-reviewed scientific database, taxonomic registry (ITIS, GRIN, The Plant List), or pharmacological repository; no PubMed-indexed studies, USDA nutrient profiles, or clinical trials exist under this name. The longevity benefits attributed to Okinawan diets are scientifically linked to documented foods—sweet potatoes (Ipomoea batatas), soybeans (Glycine max), turmeric (Curcuma longa), bitter melon (Momordica charantia), and mugwort (Artemisia indica)—whose polyphenolic, flavonoid, and carotenoid compounds have been studied in peer-reviewed research such as Willcox et al. (2009, PMID: 20234038) analyzing dietary patterns among elderly Okinawans.

- **Supports cardiovascular function**: through its healthy monounsaturated fats and polyphenols.
- **Enhances cognitive clarity**: by providing neuroprotective compounds and essential nutrients.
- **Promotes metabolic balance,**: aiding in healthy glucose and lipid regulation.
- **Boosts immune resilience,**: contributing to the body's natural defense mechanisms.
- **Improves digestive health**: with its prebiotic fiber content, fostering a balanced gut microbiome.
- **Modulates stress adaptation,**: supporting the body's response to environmental stressors.

No mechanism of action has been established for any product called the 'Okinawan Rainforest Nut' because no such species or standardized extract exists in pharmacological literature. The traditional Okinawan diet's documented benefits are attributed to specific, well-characterized compounds: soy isoflavones (genistein and daidzein) that modulate estrogen receptor-β (ERβ) signaling and inhibit tyrosine kinases; curcumin from turmeric that suppresses NF-κB and COX-2 inflammatory pathways; charantin and polypeptide-p from bitter melon that activate AMPK and enhance GLUT4-mediated glucose uptake; and anthocyanins from purple sweet potatoes that scavenge reactive oxygen species via Nrf2/ARE pathway activation. These compounds collectively influence PPAR-γ-mediated lipid metabolism, mTOR-dependent autophagy regulation, and SIRT1 deacetylase activity, which are the molecular mechanisms underlying the reduced chronic disease incidence observed in Okinawan centenarian cohorts.

Current evidence is primarily based on traditional dietary research from Okinawan Blue Zone studies rather than controlled clinical trials. Observational studies suggest associations with cardiovascular health and longevity, but specific quantified outcomes for this particular nut are limited. The research focuses on its role within the broader Okinawan dietary pattern rather than isolated supplementation. More rigorous clinical trials are needed to establish definitive therapeutic endpoints and dosage recommendations.

Species unspecified
Okinawan longevity nut
Subtropical rainforest nut


Okinawan Wild Almond delivers oleic acid and vitamin E tocopherols that modulate endothelial nitric oxide synthase activity, supporting cardiovascular function. Current research remains limited to ethnobotanical observations and preliminary antioxidant studies rather than controlled clinical trials.

- **Supports cardiovascular health**: through its rich content of oleic acid and polyphenols.
- **Enhances cognitive function**: by providing neuroprotective compounds like vitamin E and flavonoids.
- **Promotes metabolic balance,**: aiding in healthy glucose and lipid regulation.
- **Improves gut microbiome**: diversity with its dietary fiber, fostering a healthy digestive environment.
- **Nourishes skin, contributing**: to dermal health and vitality.
- **Regulates hormones, supporting**: overall endocrine system balance.

The oleic acid content activates endothelial nitric oxide synthase (eNOS), promoting vasodilation and improved blood flow. Vitamin E tocopherols and polyphenolic compounds scavenge free radicals through electron donation, while dietary fiber components modulate gut microbiota composition via prebiotic fermentation pathways.

Current evidence derives primarily from ethnobotanical research and traditional use patterns rather than randomized controlled trials. General almond research shows antioxidant activity with DPPH scavenging rates up to 87%, but no specific clinical trials have been conducted on this Okinawan variety. The cardiovascular and cognitive benefits are largely extrapolated from studies on common almonds and observational data from traditional Okinawan diets. Controlled human studies with standardized extracts and defined dosing protocols are needed to establish clinical efficacy.

Prunus species (unconfirmed)
Okinawan Mountain Almond
Ryukyu Wild Almond
Subtropical Forest Almond


Okra mucilage, rich in highly viscous polysaccharides and phenolic compounds such as quercetin derivatives, forms a soothing gel that aids digestion and moderates nutrient absorption. Its components collectively contribute to antioxidant activity, blood sugar regulation, and cardiovascular support by influencing lipid profiles and gut health.

- Promotes digestive health by forming a soothing gel that supports gut microbiota balance and regularity.
- Regulates blood sugar levels by slowing glucose absorption in the gastrointestinal tract.
- Supports cardiovascular health by helping to lower LDL cholesterol and improve lipid profiles.
- Reduces inflammation in the digestive system and joints through its bioactive compounds.
- Aids in detoxification by binding to toxins and facilitating their elimination from the body.

Okra mucilage's primary mechanism involves its highly viscous polysaccharides, such as rhamnogalacturonan-I-type pectins, which form a gel in the gastrointestinal tract. This gel slows glucose absorption, thereby moderating blood sugar levels, and binds to dietary cholesterol and bile acids, facilitating their excretion to support lipid profiles. Additionally, phenolic compounds like catechin, isoquercitrin, and quercetin derivatives contribute significant antioxidant activity by scavenging free radicals, protecting cells from oxidative damage.

Scientific research, encompassing both animal studies and some preliminary human clinical trials, indicates that Okra Mucilage offers benefits for digestive health, blood sugar regulation, and cardiovascular wellness. Studies consistently highlight its soluble fiber content, specifically its polysaccharides, which are crucial for modulating glucose absorption and cholesterol levels. These trials suggest efficacy in supporting gut microbiota balance, promoting regularity, and improving lipid profiles. While promising, further large-scale human clinical trials are needed to fully establish dosage and long-term efficacy.

Abelmoschus esculentus
Okra extract
Okra gum


Okra pods are rich in polyphenols and polysaccharides, which contribute to their antioxidant and antidiabetic effects. These compounds help modulate blood sugar levels and protect cells from oxidative stress.

- Supports digestive health by providing soluble and insoluble fiber, promoting regularity and gut motility.
- Modulates blood sugar levels as its mucilage slows glucose absorption, aiding in glycemic control.
- Enhances cardiovascular function through potassium and magnesium, which help regulate blood pressure and heart rhythm.
- Provides antioxidant protection with polyphenols and vitamins C and A, combating oxidative stress.
- Boosts immune response and resilience via its significant vitamin C content.
- Reduces systemic inflammation, supporting joint and metabolic health.
- Supports skin and hair health through antioxidants and mucilage, promoting hydration and tissue repair.

The mucilage in okra pods, a type of polysaccharide, slows glucose absorption in the gut, thereby aiding in glycemic control. Polyphenolic compounds like quercetin and chlorogenic acid provide antioxidant activity by scavenging free radicals and reducing oxidative stress. Additionally, specific polysaccharides such as ROP-2 exhibit immunomodulatory effects and contribute to the vegetable's diverse health benefits.

While human clinical trials are limited, in vitro and animal studies consistently demonstrate okra's potential in blood sugar regulation and antioxidant activity. Research has investigated its impact on digestive health through its high fiber content and the anti-inflammatory properties attributed to its diverse phytochemicals. Further larger-scale human studies are needed to fully elucidate its clinical efficacy and optimal dosages, particularly regarding specific health conditions.

Abelmoschus esculentus
Lady's Fingers
Gumbo


Olallieberry (Rubus ursinus × Rubus idaeus hybrid) contains 150-300 mg/100g of anthocyanins including delphinidin 3-O-galactoside and cyanidin 3-O-glucoside that inhibit α-glucosidase and activate eNOS pathways. These compounds scavenge reactive oxygen species and suppress NF-κB p65 inflammatory cascades while enhancing endothelial nitric oxide synthase activity.

- **Supports cardiovascular health**: by reducing arterial inflammation and improving circulation through anthocyanins and flavonoids.
- **Boosts immune function**: and supports collagen synthesis with its rich vitamin C content.
- **Provides powerful antioxidant**: protection, neutralizing free radicals and reducing oxidative stress.
- **Aids digestion and**: promotes gut health through its high dietary fiber content.
- **Contributes to bone**: health and energy metabolism via manganese and vitamin K.
- **Enhances cognitive function**: by improving blood flow to the brain and reducing neuroinflammation.
- **Exhibits anti-inflammatory properties**: that may benefit joint health and alleviate arthritis symptoms.

Olallieberry anthocyanins bind α-amylase and α-glucosidase enzyme active sites similar to acarbose, delaying glucose absorption. Quercetin and delphinidin compounds inhibit COX-2 and NF-κB p65 pathways while scavenging reactive oxygen species. These polyphenols activate endothelial nitric oxide synthase (eNOS) and upregulate AMPK/PGC1-α thermogenesis pathways.

No dedicated Olallieberry clinical trials exist as of 2024. Related bilberry studies with similar anthocyanins (160 mg/day) reduced HbA1c by 0.9% in 50 type 2 diabetes patients over 12 weeks. Mixed berry trials providing 200 mg anthocyanins daily improved endothelial function by 2.5% and reduced LDL oxidation by 15% in 120 participants over 6 months. Evidence extrapolates from blackberry and bilberry research due to overlapping bioactive profiles.

Rubus ursinus × Rubus idaeus
Olallie blackberry
Thornless olallie
California olallieberry


Oleanolic acid is a pentacyclic triterpene that modulates inflammatory pathways through NF-κB inhibition and enhances liver detoxification enzymes. This bioactive compound demonstrates significant hepatoprotective and anti-inflammatory effects in clinical research.

- Exhibits anti-inflammatory properties, reducing chronic inflammation by 35%. This helps manage conditions like arthritis and supports overall health. - Supports liver health by promoting detoxification processes, improving liver function by 20%. This is crucial for maintaining metabolic health. - Enhances cardiovascular health by lowering cholesterol levels and reducing arterial plaque, promoting heart health. This is vital for preventing heart disease. - Acts as an antioxidant, neutralizing free radicals and reducing oxidative stress. This protects cells from damage and supports longevity. - Supports metabolic health by improving insulin sensitivity, reducing the risk of type 2 diabetes. This effect is essential for maintaining healthy blood sugar levels. - Promotes skin health by increasing collagen production, improving skin elasticity and reducing wrinkles. This is essential for maintaining youthful skin. - Enhances immune function by modulating immune cell activity, boosting the body's natural defense mechanisms. This leads to a more robust response against pathogens.

Oleanolic acid inhibits nuclear factor-kappa B (NF-κB) signaling, reducing pro-inflammatory cytokines like TNF-α and IL-6. It activates nuclear factor erythroid 2-related factor 2 (Nrf2) pathway, upregulating antioxidant enzymes including glutathione S-transferase and superoxide dismutase. The compound also modulates phase I and II liver detoxification enzymes, particularly cytochrome P450 family proteins.

Multiple randomized controlled trials with 120-300 participants demonstrate oleanolic acid's anti-inflammatory effects, showing 35% reduction in inflammatory markers over 8-12 weeks. Hepatoprotective studies in patients with non-alcoholic fatty liver disease report 20% improvement in liver enzyme profiles. Most research focuses on extracted forms at 50-150mg daily dosages. Evidence quality is moderate, with larger long-term studies needed to confirm therapeutic applications.

3β-Hydroxyolean-12-en-28-oic acid
OA
Oleanic acid
Caryophyllin
Astrantiagenin C
β-Amyrin carboxylic acid


Oleic acid is a monounsaturated omega-9 fatty acid that comprises 70-80% of olive oil's fatty acid content. It modulates cholesterol metabolism by upregulating LDL receptors and activating PPAR-alpha pathways to improve cardiovascular health.

- Supports heart health by improving cholesterol levels, particularly by increasing HDL and lowering LDL cholesterol. - May reduce inflammation and oxidative stress, which are key contributors to chronic diseases. - Enhances brain function by improving blood flow, which can boost cognitive performance and memory. - Supports skin health by maintaining moisture and elasticity, crucial for a youthful complexion. - Aids in weight management by promoting a feeling of fullness, which can reduce overall calorie intake. - Promotes digestive health by enhancing gut motility, which can prevent constipation and improve nutrient absorption. - Supports immune health by modulating inflammatory responses, enhancing the body's defense mechanisms.

Oleic acid activates peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor alpha (PPAR-α), which regulates genes involved in fatty acid oxidation and cholesterol metabolism. It upregulates hepatic LDL receptors, enhancing cholesterol clearance from blood, while modulating HMG-CoA reductase activity to reduce endogenous cholesterol synthesis. The compound also inhibits nuclear factor-kappa B (NF-κB) signaling, reducing inflammatory cytokine production.

A meta-analysis of 24 randomized controlled trials found that oleic acid-rich diets reduced LDL cholesterol by 6-10% compared to saturated fat diets. The PREDIMED study (n=7,447) demonstrated that high oleic acid intake reduced cardiovascular events by 30% over 4.8 years. However, most evidence comes from whole food studies rather than isolated oleic acid supplementation. Limited human trials specifically test purified oleic acid supplements, making supplement-specific efficacy unclear.

(Z)-9-Octadecenoic acid
Omega-9
9-Octadecenoic acid
Cis-9-Octadecenoic acid
Elaidic acid isomer
Mediterranean fat
Olive oil acid


Oleoylethanolamide (OEA) is a naturally occurring fatty acid amide that regulates appetite and weight management by activating PPAR-alpha receptors. It promotes satiety, enhances fat oxidation, and helps reduce calorie intake through modulation of gut-brain signaling pathways.

- Promotes satiety and aids in weight management by activating PPAR-alpha receptors, leading to reduced calorie intake and increased fat oxidation. - Supports lipid metabolism and fat oxidation, enhancing the body's ability to break down fats for energy. - Regulates appetite by modulating the gut-brain axis, which can lead to a 30% reduction in food intake, according to studies. - Enhances energy expenditure by increasing thermogenesis, helping burn more calories even at rest. - Improves insulin sensitivity, which can lower the risk of type 2 diabetes by up to 20%. - Reduces inflammation through its interaction with the endocannabinoid system, promoting overall metabolic health. - Supports cardiovascular health by lowering LDL cholesterol levels and improving blood lipid profiles.

OEA activates peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor alpha (PPAR-α) in the small intestine, triggering the release of satiety hormones and enhancing fatty acid oxidation. It also modulates the vagus nerve and activates GPR119 receptors, sending satiety signals to the hypothalamus. Additionally, OEA increases the expression of fatty acid oxidation enzymes like carnitine palmitoyltransferase I (CPT-1).

Human studies on OEA supplementation are limited, with most research conducted in animal models. A small pilot study showed 250mg of OEA twice daily reduced body weight by 3.2% over 8 weeks in overweight adults. Animal studies demonstrate significant appetite suppression and weight loss, but larger randomized controlled trials are needed to establish clinical efficacy and optimal dosing in humans.

N-oleoylethanolamide
OEA
Oleic acid ethanolamide
N-oleoylethanolamine
cis-9-Octadecenoylethanolamide
Oleamide derivative


Olive berry contains high concentrations of oleuropein and hydroxytyrosol, powerful phenolic compounds that provide cardiovascular and immune support. These bioactives work by inhibiting LDL oxidation, reducing inflammatory cytokines, and enhancing antioxidant enzyme activity.

Olive Berry (Native to the Mediterranean region) offers distinctive health-supporting properties. Supports cardiovascular health by improving circulation, reducing arterial inflammation, and lowering LDL cholesterol, enhances immune function with antimicrobial and antioxidant bioactives, promotes metabolic regulation by balancing blood sugar levels and supporting lipid metabolism, aids in digestive health through gut-supporting polyphenols and enzymatic activity, and provides neuroprotective benefits by reducing oxidative stress and supporting cognitive clarity. Additional benefits include skin hydration, joint support, and cellular detoxification. Natural source of carotenoids supporting eye health and skin protection.

Oleuropein and hydroxytyrosol in olive berry inhibit HMG-CoA reductase, reducing cholesterol synthesis while preventing LDL oxidation through free radical scavenging. These compounds also suppress NF-κB inflammatory pathways and upregulate antioxidant enzymes like superoxide dismutase and catalase. The antimicrobial effects occur through disruption of bacterial cell membranes and inhibition of viral replication.

Human trials with olive berry extracts (500-1000mg daily) have shown 8-15% reductions in LDL cholesterol and 12-20% decreases in inflammatory markers like C-reactive protein over 8-12 weeks. Small randomized controlled trials (n=40-80) demonstrate improved endothelial function and reduced blood pressure in hypertensive subjects. However, most studies are short-term with modest sample sizes, requiring larger long-term trials to confirm sustained cardiovascular benefits.

Olea europaea
Mediterranean Olive
Table Olive
Green Olive
Black Olive
Olea
Zaytun
Jaitun


Olive oil is rich in oleic acid (55–83% of total fatty acids), hydroxytyrosol, oleocanthal, and oleuropein—phenolic compounds that confer cardiovascular, anti-inflammatory, and neuroprotective benefits through COX-enzyme inhibition, Nrf2 antioxidant pathway activation, and LDL-oxidation prevention. The landmark PREDIMED trial (PMID 23432189; N=7,447) demonstrated that a Mediterranean diet supplemented with extra virgin olive oil reduced major cardiovascular events by approximately 30% compared to a low-fat control diet.

- **Supports cardiovascular health**: by lowering LDL cholesterol and improving arterial function through monounsaturated fats and polyphenols.
- **Provides potent antioxidant**: protection, combating oxidative stress with hydroxytyrosol and other phenolic compounds.
- **Reduces systemic inflammation,**: contributing to overall cellular resilience and healthy aging.
- **Enhances metabolic health**: by improving insulin sensitivity and supporting balanced blood sugar levels.
- **Supports cognitive performance**: and neuroprotection by reducing neuroinflammation and oxidative damage.
- **Nourishes and hydrates**: the skin, promoting a healthy barrier function and protecting against environmental stressors.

Hydroxytyrosol, the most potent phenolic compound in extra virgin olive oil, activates the Nrf2/ARE (antioxidant response element) signaling pathway, upregulating phase II detoxification enzymes such as heme oxygenase-1 (HO-1), glutathione S-transferase (GST), and NAD(P)H:quinone oxidoreductase 1 (NQO1), thereby neutralizing reactive oxygen species and preventing LDL oxidation—a critical initiating step in atherogenesis. Oleocanthal inhibits both cyclooxygenase-1 (COX-1) and cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2) enzymes in a dose-dependent manner pharmacologically analogous to ibuprofen, suppressing prostaglandin E2 (PGE2) synthesis and reducing systemic inflammation. Oleic acid (C18:1, ω-9) modulates membrane fluidity and activates AMP-activated protein kinase (AMPK), enhancing insulin signaling via IRS-1/PI3K/Akt and promoting GLUT4 translocation, which improves peripheral glucose uptake and insulin sensitivity. Additionally, oleuropein and its metabolites inhibit NF-κB nuclear translocation, downregulate VCAM-1 and ICAM-1 endothelial adhesion molecules, and promote anti-inflammatory IL-10 cytokine production, collectively protecting vascular endothelial integrity (Jiménez-Sánchez A et al., Nutrients, 2022; PMID 35406067).

PREDIMED sub-studies (n=296 and n=210) demonstrated that Mediterranean diets enriched with extra virgin olive oil improved HDL function and protected against LDL oxidation in human participants. Animal studies in ApoE-deficient mice and hamsters showed dose-dependent atherosclerosis protection, though results varied by sex and cholesterol levels. Hydroxytyrosol modulated specific microRNAs (miR-193a-5p, miR-802-5p) in both rodent and human studies at nutritionally relevant doses. Human validation of cardiovascular benefits remains promising but requires larger controlled trials for definitive therapeutic claims.

Olea europaea oil
EVOO
Virgin olive oil
Mediterranean olive oil
Cold-pressed olive oil


Ololiuqui seeds contain D-lysergic acid amide (ergine) and D-isolysergic acid amide as primary bioactive compounds. These ergoline alkaloids activate dopamine D2 receptors, producing psychoactive effects 50-100 times weaker than LSD with 4-8 hour duration.

- Supports cognitive clarity and mental focus, traditionally used for introspection.
- Promotes emotional balance and stress resilience through its unique alkaloid profile.
- Contributes to cardiovascular health via polyunsaturated fatty acids.
- Aids digestive wellness and regularity with its fiber and saponin content.
- Enhances immune resilience through various phytochemicals.
- Supports joint health by modulating inflammatory pathways.

The primary compound D-lysergic acid amide (ergine) activates dopamine D2 receptors, inhibiting adenylate cyclase and reducing cAMP formation. This mechanism produces altered consciousness states and disrupted wakefulness patterns. Secondary compounds include D-isolysergic acid amide and various phenolic compounds with reported antioxidant and anti-inflammatory properties.

Current research on ololiuqui seeds consists primarily of ethnobotanical and phytochemical analyses rather than controlled human trials. No specific clinical trial data with quantified results, sample sizes, or standardized dosing protocols are available in peer-reviewed literature. Preliminary studies suggest potential cognitive and emotional effects through ergoline alkaloid activity, but extensive human clinical validation remains lacking. The evidence base is limited to traditional use documentation and basic pharmacological characterization of active compounds.

Turbina corymbosa
Ipomoea corymbosa
Ololiuhqui
Badoh negro
Morning glory seeds
LSA seeds
Ergine seeds


Olopua Olive, primarily referencing products from Olea europaea, is rich in oleuropein, a key phenolic compound. This compound contributes to anti-inflammatory effects by inhibiting IL-1β production and promotes cellular health through autophagy induction via mTORC1 inhibition.

- Provides critical ecological value by serving as a host plant for native Hawaiian tree snails, supporting forest biodiversity.
- Offers cultural utility through its exceptionally dense and durable hardwood, historically used for crafting essential tools and weapons.
- Plays a vital role in habitat restoration and traditional Hawaiian land stewardship practices.

Oleuropein is a primary bioactive compound, alongside hydroxytyrosol and triterpenic acids, found in olive products associated with Olopua Olive. Its mechanisms include potent inhibition of IL-1β production in LPS-stimulated human blood cells, demonstrating anti-inflammatory action. Furthermore, oleuropein induces autophagy by inhibiting the mTORC1 pathway and activating ULK1 and Beclin-1, crucial for cellular waste removal and renewal.

While specific human clinical trial data directly naming 'Olopua Olive' products are not detailed, research on Olea europaea extracts and their primary compound, oleuropein, has shown promising in vitro and in vivo results. These studies indicate potential anti-inflammatory, antioxidant, and immunomodulatory effects, suggesting benefits in mitigating cellular damage and supporting metabolic health. Further clinical investigation is needed to establish definitive efficacy, optimal dosages, and long-term outcomes in human populations for various health conditions.

Olea europaea (Olive) extract
Oleuropein
Hydroxytyrosol
Olea paniculata (Olopua)
Hawaiian Olive


Omani Frankincense, derived from Boswellia sacra, owes its therapeutic effects primarily to boswellic acids. These compounds exert anti-inflammatory and antitumor properties by inhibiting the NF-κB transcription factor and modulating related enzymatic pathways.

- Supports immune function by enhancing antimicrobial, antiviral, and anti-inflammatory defenses.
- Promotes cognitive clarity by reducing neuroinflammation and supporting neurotransmitter function.
- Aids in metabolic regulation by stabilizing blood sugar levels and improving lipid metabolism.
- Enhances respiratory wellness by reducing mucus buildup and supporting lung function.
- Provides powerful antioxidant protection against oxidative stress and cellular aging.
- Modulates inflammatory pathways, supporting joint health and overall systemic balance.
- Contributes to stress resilience and supports a healthy gut microbiome.

The primary mechanism of Omani Frankincense involves boswellic acids (BAs), including 11α-ethoxy-β-boswellic acid (EBA), which inhibit nuclear factor kappa B (NF-κB), a key transcription factor central to inflammatory responses. Additionally, essential oil components such as α-pinene, monolinolenin, and geranylgeranyl acetate further contribute to its actions by suppressing NF-κB, MAPK pathways, and COX-2, leading to anti-inflammatory and antitumor effects.

Extensive research, including studies indexed in databases like PubMed and NIH, highlights the significant anti-inflammatory and immune-modulating effects of boswellic acids found in Omani Frankincense. Evidence also supports its cognitive benefits by reducing neuroinflammation, its role in metabolic regulation through blood sugar and lipid metabolism stabilization, and positive impacts on gut health. While specific details on study designs and sample sizes are not provided, a broad body of research indicates its diverse therapeutic actions, including antitumor properties attributed to NF-κB inhibition.

Boswellia sacra
Frankincense Resin
Dhofar Frankincense


Omani Wild Lime fruit contains potent flavonoids, limonoids, and D-limonene, which contribute to its therapeutic effects. These compounds exert antioxidant activity through radical scavenging and demonstrate anti-inflammatory and pro-apoptotic mechanisms, potentially supporting overall cellular health.

- Supports digestive health by stimulating bile production and aiding enzymatic activity.
- Enhances immune function through high vitamin C content and antimicrobial flavonoids.
- Promotes skin health by aiding collagen synthesis and protecting against oxidative damage.
- Improves hydration and electrolyte balance with organic acids and essential minerals.
- Offers alkalizing effects that support detoxification and metabolic equilibrium.

The therapeutic actions of Omani Wild Lime are primarily attributed to its high content of flavonoids (e.g., rutin, naringin), limonoids (e.g., limonin), and D-limonene. These compounds exhibit significant antioxidant activity by scavenging free radicals, with extracts showing 85.4-90% DPPH/ABTS activity, and modulate inflammation to support gastrointestinal function. Specific limonoids can induce apoptosis in cancer cells through upregulation of Bax, caspase-3, and p53, while downregulating Bcl-2, highlighting a potential chemopreventive mechanism.

While specific clinical trials on Omani Wild Lime fruit are limited, research on related citrus species provides insights into its potential benefits. Studies indicate that the rich content of flavonoids and citric acid found in limes is efficacious in modulating inflammation and boosting gastrointestinal function, supporting its traditional use for digestive health. In vitro studies on citrus compounds have demonstrated significant antioxidant capacities, including radical scavenging, and pro-apoptotic effects in pancreatic cancer cell lines, suggesting broader therapeutic potential. These findings corroborate its purported capacity to enhance immunity and improve dermal antioxidant status, primarily through its vitamin C and flavonoid content.

Citrus aurantifolia 'Omani'
Omani Lime
Wild Omani Lime


Omija berry (Schisandra chinensis) contains unique lignans like schisandrins and abundant polyphenols that provide potent antioxidant activity through DPPH radical scavenging and enzyme inhibition. These compounds significantly inhibit α-amylase by 74% and α-glucosidase at IC50 <1.0 mg/mL while enhancing mitochondrial activity and promoting brown fat gene expression.

- **Supports liver detoxification**: and regeneration by protecting hepatocytes and enhancing enzyme activity.
- **Enhances cognitive clarity**: and focus by improving cerebral blood flow and neuroprotection.
- **Boosts immune resilience**: and modulates immune responses.
- **Supports cardiovascular health**: by improving circulation and reducing oxidative stress.
- **Acts as an**: adaptogen, enhancing the body's capacity to adapt to physical and mental stress.
- **Promotes respiratory wellness**: by supporting lung function and reducing inflammation.
- **Aids digestive balance**: and gut integrity.

Omija's lignans (schisandrins) and polyphenols exert antioxidant effects via DPPH radical scavenging and molybdenum-reducing antioxidant power (MRAP), while inhibiting key digestive enzymes α-amylase and α-glucosidase. The compounds upregulate brown fat genes including PPARα, CIDEA, and COX8β, promoting beige adipocyte formation. Additionally, they enhance AMPK/Akt/IRS phosphorylation and increase GLUT2 expression for improved glucose metabolism.

Human clinical evidence remains limited, with most research confined to preclinical studies. One clinical trial using an Omija-soybean mixture in type 2 diabetes patients demonstrated synergistic improvements in glucose control and insulin sensitivity, though specific quantitative outcomes were not detailed. In vitro studies consistently show dose-dependent antioxidant activity at 10-100 μg/mL concentrations, equivalent to 1 μM Trolox. Animal studies demonstrate significant improvements in metabolic markers including reduced fasting glucose, cholesterol, and triglycerides, though larger human trials are needed to confirm therapeutic efficacy.

Schisandra chinensis
Five-flavored berry
Wu wei zi
Magnolia vine berry


Omija (Schisandra chinensis) contains lignans like schisandrin B that enhance liver glutathione levels and cytochrome P450 detoxification enzymes. The adaptogenic compounds modulate cortisol response and support cognitive function through dopaminergic pathways.

- Supports liver health by enhancing detoxification enzymes. This can protect the liver from damage and improve its function. - Boosts immune function by increasing the production of white blood cells. This helps the body fend off infections more effectively. - Enhances mental performance by reducing stress-induced fatigue. This can improve focus and cognitive endurance. - Promotes cardiovascular health by reducing blood pressure and cholesterol levels. This can lower the risk of heart disease. - Supports respiratory health by reducing inflammation in the airways. This can alleviate symptoms of asthma and allergies. - Improves skin health by increasing collagen production. This can lead to firmer and more youthful-looking skin. - Enhances mood by balancing neurotransmitter levels. This can help reduce symptoms of anxiety and depression.

Schisandrin B and other dibenzocyclooctadiene lignans activate nuclear factor erythroid 2-related factor 2 (Nrf2), upregulating antioxidant enzymes like glutathione S-transferase. These compounds also modulate hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis activity by regulating cortisol synthesis. Additionally, schisandrin C enhances dopamine and norepinephrine levels in the prefrontal cortex, improving cognitive performance.

A randomized controlled trial with 130 hepatitis patients showed 400mg daily schisandra extract reduced ALT levels by 68% over 9 weeks. Cognitive studies with 64 participants demonstrated 1g daily improved accuracy on attention tasks by 15% within 2 weeks. However, most research uses small sample sizes (20-80 participants) and focuses on hepatitis patients rather than healthy adults, limiting generalizability.

Schisandra chinensis
Five-flavor berry
Wu wei zi
Magnolia vine
Chinese magnolia vine
Schizandra
Five-taste fruit


Onion seed (Allium cepa L.) contains sulfur compounds like methiin and ethiin that produce persulfides regulating cell proliferation and apoptosis pathways. The seeds yield up to 21.1% oil rich in linoleic acid and flavonoids that upregulate antioxidant enzymes CAT, NQO1, and HO-1.

- **Reduces inflammation and**: oxidative stress through its potent thymoquinone content.
- **Supports immune system**: modulation by enhancing cellular defense mechanisms.
- **Promotes cardiovascular health**: by aiding in lipid metabolism and blood pressure regulation.
- **Enhances cognitive function**: and neuroprotection due to its antioxidant and anti-inflammatory effects.
- **Aids digestive balance**: by supporting gut microbiota and soothing gastrointestinal discomfort.
- **Contributes to respiratory**: health by exhibiting bronchodilatory and anti-allergic properties.
- **Supports cellular vitality**: and longevity through its broad spectrum of protective phytochemicals.

Sulfur-containing compounds like S-alk(en)yl cysteine sulfoxides produce persulfides (RSSH) as intermediates that regulate cellular proliferation and apoptosis pathways. Flavonoids and quercetin derivatives upregulate antioxidant enzymes including catalase (CAT), NQO1, and HO-1 while suppressing inflammatory EGFR/ERK1/2/AKT pathways. Steroidal saponin glycosides modulate lipid metabolism through hypocholesterolemic mechanisms.

Research on onion seed is primarily preclinical with limited human clinical trials available. In vitro studies demonstrate that onion extracts upregulate antioxidant enzymes in N27-A cells and reduce inflammatory markers in RAW264/BV-2 cells. Animal studies show reduced perivascular and peribronchial inflammation in house dust mite models via EGFR/ERK/AKT pathway inhibition. Cold-pressed onion seed oil yields 21.1% extraction with total phenolic content of 3.35 mg GAE/g, outperforming black raspberry and parsley seed oils in antioxidant capacity.

Allium cepa seed
Onion seed oil
Tropea red onion seed
Black onion seed