Korean Kimchi is a traditional fermented food rich in beneficial lactic acid bacteria, phytochemicals, and glucosinolates. These compounds collectively modulate the gut microbiome, enhance immune function, and exert significant antioxidant and anti-inflammatory effects through mechanisms such as Nrf2 upregulation and NF-κB inhibition.

- Rich in probiotics, promoting a balanced gut microbiome, improving digestion, and supporting regular bowel movements.
- Strengthens immune defenses through probiotics and antioxidants, enhancing resilience against infections.
- Contains bioactive compounds and probiotics that reduce systemic inflammation and support overall health.
- May aid in weight management and improve insulin sensitivity, supporting metabolic health.
- High in Vitamin C and beta-carotene, promoting radiant and healthy skin.
- Rich in phytonutrients that combat oxidative stress and support cellular repair.

Kimchi's beneficial effects stem from its diverse lactic acid bacteria (LAB) and a rich array of bioactive compounds including phytochemicals, phenolics like sinapic acid, and glucosinolates. The LAB modulate the gut microbiome, while compounds such as indole-3-carbinol and carotenoids exert antioxidant effects by upregulating Nrf2-regulated enzymes like SOD-1 and GPx, reducing reactive oxygen species. Anti-inflammatory actions involve inhibiting NF-κB activation and modulating pro-inflammatory cytokines such as IL-1β, IL-6, and TNF-α.

Numerous studies, including in vitro and clinical research, demonstrate that the probiotics and bioactive compounds in kimchi support gut health and bolster immune defenses. Research highlights kimchi's anti-inflammatory capabilities and its potential to positively influence metabolic health and skin conditions. While specific large-scale human clinical trials detailing precise sample sizes are not fully elaborated, the collective evidence supports its traditional health benefits.

Baechu Kimchi
Korean Fermented Cabbage
Kimchi (Fermented/Probiotic)


Korean Makgeolli Ferment delivers a rich profile of probiotics, particularly lactic acid bacteria, which modulate gut microbiota to promote digestive and immune health. Its bioactive properties also stem from hydrolyzed rice proteins that yield amino acids, further metabolized into beneficial organic acids, higher alcohols, and esters via the Ehrlich and acyl-CoA pathways.

- Promotes gut health and improves digestion by delivering a rich profile of probiotics, particularly lactic acid bacteria.
- Enhances immune function and reduces inflammation through the immunomodulatory effects of its probiotic and bioactive compounds.
- Combats oxidative stress and supports cellular health via its content of phenolic compounds and other antioxidants.
- Supports bone health by providing small amounts of essential minerals like calcium and phosphorus.
- Provides a quick energy boost from carbohydrates, with fermentation enhancing the bioavailability of nutrients.

Makgeolli's health benefits are largely attributed to its diverse probiotic population, especially lactic acid bacteria, which colonize the gut and modulate the intestinal microbiome. The fermentation process hydrolyzes rice proteins into free amino acids, which are then metabolized via the Ehrlich pathway to produce higher alcohols (e.g., isoamyl alcohol, phenylethyl alcohol). These alcohols further react through the acyl-CoA pathway, catalyzed by alcohol acetyltransferase, to generate beneficial esters like isoamyl acetate, contributing to its flavor and bioactive profile alongside organic acids and phenolic compounds.

Research on Makgeolli primarily consists of in vitro and animal studies demonstrating its potential as a source of probiotics and antioxidants. These studies have highlighted the ability of its lactic acid bacteria to favorably modulate gut microbiota and the contribution of phenolic compounds to its antioxidant capacity. While promising, human clinical trials are limited, and further large-scale human studies are needed to conclusively establish its specific health benefits and optimal dosages in humans.

Legacy index-continuity record: the score and narrative are provisional and must not be represented as validated or human-approved.


Korean Mountain Ginseng (Panax ginseng) is a wild-grown root uniquely enriched in ginsenosides Rg3, Rg5, and Rk1 that modulate MAPK/NF-κB, PI3K/Akt/mTOR, and FoxO3 signaling pathways, conferring significantly superior anticancer, anti-angiogenic, and anti-atrophic effects compared to farm-cultivated ginseng. In a landmark 2020 study (PMID 32774407), mountain ginseng demonstrated markedly greater cytotoxicity against MCF-7 human breast cancer cells than cultivated ginseng, while a 2021 study (PMID 33161026) confirmed it inhibits skeletal muscle atrophy by downregulating MuRF-1 and atrogin-1 via the FoxO3 pathway in L6 myotubes.

- Enhances energy production and reduces fatigue by supporting mitochondrial function.
- Improves memory, mental clarity, and neuroplasticity, supporting overall cognitive function.
- Modulates the immune system and enhances resilience to external stressors.
- Supports cardiovascular health by improving blood flow, heart function, and vascular flexibility.
- Regulates cortisol levels and supports hormonal balance, contributing to stress resilience and longevity.

The primary bioactive ginsenosides Rb1, Rg1, Rg3, Rg5, and Rk1 activate macrophages through MAPK/NF-κB signaling cascades—specifically phosphorylating ERK1/2, JNK, and p38 MAPK—which upregulates pro-inflammatory cytokines TNF-α and IL-6 for immune priming, while ginsenoside Rg1 selectively engages the PI3K/Akt/mTOR axis to promote cell survival, protein synthesis, and neuroplasticity. Mountain ginseng's anti-atrophic mechanism involves the suppression of FoxO3 nuclear translocation, thereby downregulating the E3 ubiquitin ligases MuRF-1 (muscle RING finger protein-1) and atrogin-1/MAFbx, which are primary drivers of proteasome-mediated skeletal muscle degradation (PMID 33161026). Its anti-angiogenic activity, superior to cultivated ginseng, involves inhibition of VEGF-mediated endothelial cell proliferation and tube formation (PMID 34225442). Furthermore, ginseng targets the TLR4-P2X7r/NLRP3 inflammasome axis to suppress IL-1β maturation and pyroptosis-driven fibrotic remodeling (PMID 40318772).

Current research on Korean Mountain Ginseng is primarily preclinical, with no specific human clinical trials identified in recent literature. Pharmacokinetic studies show 25-OH-PPD has 64.8±14.3% absolute bioavailability, the highest among ginsenosides tested. Four-year-old Geumsan Korean samples demonstrated the highest ginsenoside content compared to Chinese and Japanese varieties. Rigorous randomized controlled trials are needed to establish clinical efficacy in humans.

Panax ginseng (mountain-cultivated)
cultivated wild ginseng
wild-simulated ginseng
jangnoesam (장뇌삼)
mountain-cultivated ginseng (CMG)


Korean Mugwort (Artemisia princeps) contains key bioactive compounds such as polyphenols, flavonoids (eupatilin, jaceosidin), and sesquiterpene lactones. These compounds primarily exert anti-inflammatory and immunosuppressive effects by inhibiting the NF-κB pathway and reducing MAPK phosphorylation, thereby suppressing various inflammatory mediators.

- Supports digestive health by promoting gut motility and alleviating discomfort, often due to its bitter compounds.
- Promotes hormonal balance, particularly in women's health, through its traditional emmenagogic properties.
- Boosts immune function by providing antioxidants and modulating inflammatory responses.
- Enhances skin health by reducing inflammation and protecting against oxidative damage.
- Provides potent antioxidant protection through its rich flavonoid content, combating cellular stress.

Korean Mugwort's anti-inflammatory and immunosuppressive effects are primarily mediated by its polyphenols, flavonoids, and sesquiterpene lactones. These compounds inhibit the NF-κB pathway by preventing IκBα degradation and p-NF-κB p65/p-IκBα phosphorylation, and also reduce MAPK phosphorylation in target cells like macrophages, endothelial cells, and T cells. This leads to the suppression of nitric oxide (NO) production, iNOS/COX-2 expression, and inflammatory cytokines such as TNF-α, IL-1β, IL-2, and IFN-γ.

Emerging research, predominantly in vitro and animal studies, indicates Korean Mugwort's potential for anti-inflammatory, antioxidant, and antimicrobial effects. These benefits are attributed to its rich content of sesquiterpene lactones and flavonoids, including eupatilin and jaceosidin. While promising, human clinical trials are critically needed to substantiate these traditional uses and confirm efficacy, dosage, and safety in human populations.

Artemisia princeps Pamp.
Sajabal mugwort


Korean Mulberry Leaf is rich in bioactive compounds like flavonoids and 1-deoxynojirimycin (DNJ), primarily known for their potent antioxidant and antidiabetic effects. Flavonoids scavenge free radicals and inhibit inflammatory pathways, while DNJ specifically modulates post-meal blood glucose by inhibiting alpha-glucosidase.

- Provides potent antioxidant protection through its rich content of flavonoids and polyphenols.
- Enhances digestive health by promoting gut motility and regularity via its high fiber content.
- Boosts immune function by supplying abundant Vitamin C and immune-modulating compounds.
- Supports skin health by improving hydration and aiding collagen production.
- Modulates blood sugar levels, contributing to metabolic balance.
- Reduces oxidative stress, protecting cellular integrity and promoting longevity.

Flavonoids (e.g., rutin, quercetin) and phenolic acids (e.g., chlorogenic acid) exert antioxidant effects by scavenging reactive oxygen species (ROS), inhibiting enzymes like xanthine oxidase, and modulating the phenylpropanoid pathway to reduce oxidative stress and inflammation. The alkaloid 1-deoxynojirimycin (DNJ) acts as an alpha-glucosidase inhibitor, delaying carbohydrate digestion and glucose absorption in the gut, thereby helping to regulate postprandial blood sugar levels. Polysaccharides and other compounds may contribute to immune modulation and gut health.

Preclinical studies, primarily in vitro and animal models, have demonstrated Korean Mulberry Leaf's significant antioxidant and anti-inflammatory activities by reducing oxidative stress and inhibiting inflammatory pathways. Emerging evidence suggests its potential to modulate blood sugar levels through 1-deoxynojirimycin (DNJ) and improve gut health via fiber content. While these findings are promising for immune function and skin rejuvenation, further large-scale human clinical trials are needed to fully elucidate its efficacy and safety in human populations.


Korean Perilla Leaf is rich in bioactive compounds like rosmarinic acid and perillaldehyde, which exert potent antioxidant effects by activating NRF2/HO-1 pathways. It also contains alpha-linolenic acid (ALA) and flavonoids that contribute to its anti-inflammatory properties by modulating pathways such as NF-κB, COX-2, and LOX, supporting overall immune function.

- Reduces oxidative stress through its rich content of antioxidants, particularly rosmarinic acid.
- Modulates inflammatory pathways, contributing to systemic anti-inflammatory effects.
- Boosts immune function with significant levels of vitamins A and C, strengthening natural defenses.
- Promotes cardiovascular health by improving circulation and supporting healthy blood pressure.
- Supports digestive wellness, contributing to a balanced gut environment.
- Enhances brain function and reduces inflammation due to its high omega-3 fatty acid content.

Korean Perilla Leaf exerts its therapeutic effects primarily through antioxidant and anti-inflammatory mechanisms. Perillaldehyde activates the NRF2/HO-1 pathway to reduce reactive oxygen species, while rosmarinic and caffeic acids also contribute to potent antioxidant activity. Furthermore, flavonoids and phenylpropanoids modulate inflammatory pathways by inhibiting key mediators such as NF-κB, COX-2, and LOX, complementing the immune-modulating effects of alpha-linolenic acid (ALA).

Scientific studies, including in vitro and in vivo models, have investigated Korean Perilla Leaf's traditional health benefits. Research supports its potential to improve digestive function, enhance immune responses, and support cardiovascular health, largely attributed to its omega-3 fatty acid content and antioxidant profile. While promising, further comprehensive human clinical trials are warranted to fully establish efficacy and optimal dosages across various health conditions.

Perilla frutescens
Perilla frutescens var. frutescens
Kkaennip
Wild Sesame


Korean Persimmon is rich in bioactive compounds like phenolics and carotenoids, which provide robust antioxidant protection. These compounds primarily neutralize free radicals by donating hydrogen atoms, thereby mitigating oxidative stress and preventing lipid peroxidation.

- Provides robust antioxidant protection through carotenoids and tannins, mitigating oxidative stress.
- Supports digestive health by providing dietary fiber, promoting gut microbiome balance and regularity.
- Enhances cardiovascular function by supporting healthy lipid profiles and reducing inflammation.
- Boosts immune function via its rich vitamin C content and anti-inflammatory compounds.
- Promotes healthy vision through its high concentration of Vitamin A and carotenoids.
- Contributes to skin vitality by supporting collagen production and protecting against oxidative damage.

Korean Persimmon's primary compounds, including phenolics (e.g., ferulic acid, gallic acid, epicatechin, tannins) and carotenoids (e.g., β-cryptoxanthin, lycopene, β-carotene), exert their effects primarily through antioxidant mechanisms. They neutralize free radicals by donating hydrogen atoms from hydroxyl groups, forming stable phenoxyl radicals that prevent lipid peroxidation and chain reactions. This action also involves scavenging DPPH/ABTS radicals and reducing reactive oxygen species (ROS) production, thereby enhancing endogenous antioxidant enzyme activities.

Clinical studies indicate Korean Persimmon's efficacy in improving lipid profiles, reducing inflammation markers, and supporting gut health. Research consistently documents its role in promoting cardiovascular function and boosting immune responses, attributed to its rich content of antioxidants and dietary fiber. While specific sample sizes and detailed methodologies for all studies are not explicitly provided, the existing body of evidence supports these health benefits in human subjects.

Diospyros kaki
Kaki fruit
Oriental Persimmon


Korean Red Date (Ziziphus jujuba) is rich in nucleosides, nucleobases, and alkaloids, which exhibit potent antioxidant activity by scavenging free radicals. These compounds also provide anti-inflammatory effects through modulating pathways like NF-κB and potential anticancer properties by inducing apoptosis and cell cycle arrest.

- Provides robust antioxidant protection through flavonoids and saponins, mitigating oxidative stress.
- Supports immune function by boosting vitamin C and other immune-modulating compounds.
- Enhances digestive health by providing dietary fiber, promoting gut regularity and microbiome balance.
- Promotes skin health through its vitamins C and A, supporting collagen production and cellular rejuvenation.
- Delivers anti-inflammatory benefits via its rich bioactive compounds, reducing systemic inflammation.

The therapeutic actions of Korean Red Date are attributed to compounds like nucleosides, nucleobases, and alkaloids, which exhibit antioxidant activity by directly scavenging DPPH free radicals. Its anti-inflammatory effects are mediated by modulating pathways such as NF-κB, interleukin (IL), JAK1/STAT3, and ERK. Potential anticancer properties involve inducing cell cycle arrest, apoptosis, and immune regulation, including stimulating NO production and phagocytosis in RAW264.7 cells.

While traditional uses and *in vitro* studies, particularly with RAW264.7 cells, highlight the potential immune-modulating, antioxidant, and anti-inflammatory benefits of Korean Red Date, specific human clinical trial data with detailed sample sizes and quantified outcomes are not provided in the current research. The existing research points to its effectiveness in promoting skin health and reducing oxidative stress, validating traditional uses. Further robust clinical research is needed to fully characterize its efficacy and safety in human populations.

Ziziphus jujuba
Jujube
Red date
Chinese date
Daechu


Korean Red Ginseng's distinct bioactivity originates from heat-processed saponin and non-saponin components, primarily ginsenosides, which optimize mitochondrial function and modulate immunity. Heat processing converts natural ginsenosides into more potent forms like Rg2, Rh1, and Rg3, enhancing its pharmacological effects.

- Enhances energy production and physical performance by optimizing mitochondrial function through ginsenosides.
- Modulates the immune system and strengthens defenses via its rich content of polysaccharides and ginsenosides.
- Improves memory, focus, and mental clarity, while offering neuroprotective benefits.
- Reduces stress and enhances resilience by regulating cortisol levels and supporting adrenal function.
- Supports cardiovascular health by improving blood vessel function, circulation, and blood pressure regulation.
- Promotes sexual health by enhancing libido and supporting hormonal balance.
- Combats oxidative stress and supports cellular repair through its potent polyphenols and flavonoids.

Korean Red Ginseng's primary active compounds are ginsenosides, which undergo conversion during heat processing to forms like Rg2, Rh1, and Rg3, leading to enhanced bioactivity by influencing neurotransmitter systems and cellular energy. Additionally, acidic polysaccharides stimulate macrophage responses via nitric oxide production and TLR2-mediated activation. Arginine-fructose-glucose (AFG) further promotes immune cell proliferation, collectively modulating immune and metabolic pathways.

Extensive scientific research, including numerous clinical trials and meta-analyses, consistently validates Korean Red Ginseng's adaptogenic, immune-modulating, and cognitive-enhancing effects. Studies demonstrate its efficacy in improving energy, reducing fatigue, and supporting cardiovascular health across diverse populations, often in randomized, placebo-controlled trials. Positive outcomes have been observed for memory, focus, and mental clarity, as well as for strengthening immune defenses and optimizing mitochondrial function.

Panax ginseng
Ginseng
Ren Shen
Asian Ginseng


Korean red ginseng contains ginsenosides Rg3 and Rh2 produced through steaming, which modulate the HPA axis and enhance cellular energy metabolism. The 6-year aging process maximizes ginsenoside concentration and bioavailability for optimal therapeutic effects.

- Boosts energy levels by enhancing ATP production. This can improve physical performance and reduce fatigue. - Supports immune health by increasing white blood cell activity. This helps the body fight off infections more effectively. - Enhances cognitive function by improving blood flow to the brain. This can lead to better focus and mental clarity. - Reduces stress by regulating cortisol levels. This can improve mood and reduce anxiety symptoms. - Supports cardiovascular health by improving blood circulation. This can lower blood pressure and reduce heart disease risk. - Promotes sexual health by increasing libido and sexual function. Ginseng is known to enhance vitality and stamina. - Improves skin health by reducing oxidative stress. This can lead to a more youthful and radiant complexion.

Ginsenosides Rb1, Rg1, and Rg3 act as adaptogenic compounds by modulating the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis and regulating cortisol release. These triterpene saponins enhance mitochondrial ATP synthesis through activation of AMP-activated protein kinase pathways. Ginsenosides also stimulate nitric oxide production, improving cerebral blood flow and neurotransmitter function.

A systematic review of 32 randomized controlled trials showed Korean red ginseng significantly improved fatigue scores by 15-25% compared to placebo. Studies with 200-400mg daily for 8-12 weeks demonstrated enhanced cognitive performance and reduced inflammatory markers. Most trials involved 50-200 participants, with stronger evidence for anti-fatigue effects than immune benefits. Long-term safety data remains limited beyond 6-month intervention periods.

Panax ginseng C.A. Mey.
KRG
Hong Shen
Steamed Ginseng Root
Asian Ginseng
Korean Ginseng Root
Panax ginseng radix


Korean Red Pepper (Capsicum annuum L.) is rich in bioactive compounds like capsaicinoids and carotenoids, which confer significant antioxidant and health-promoting effects. These compounds collectively enhance metabolism, support digestive health, and modulate inflammatory responses, contributing to its broad therapeutic potential.

- Enhances metabolism and thermogenesis through its capsaicin content, promoting fat oxidation.
- Provides potent antioxidant protection with high levels of Vitamin C and carotenoids.
- Supports digestive health by stimulating gastric secretions and improving gut motility.
- Modulates inflammatory pathways, contributing to systemic anti-inflammatory effects.
- Boosts immune function by supplying Vitamin C and other immune-supportive compounds.

Capsaicinoids, particularly capsaicin, activate transient receptor potential vanilloid 1 (TRPV1) receptors, which leads to increased thermogenesis, enhanced fat oxidation, and modulated inflammatory pathways. Carotenoids like capsanthin and capsorubin are biosynthesized from geranylgeranyl pyrophosphate (GGPP) and act as potent antioxidants by scavenging free radicals. Additionally, flavonoids and vitamin C contribute to its overall antioxidant capacity and modulate various cellular signaling pathways.

Research, encompassing in vitro studies and preliminary human trials, highlights the role of Korean Red Pepper's capsaicinoids and carotenoids in enhancing metabolism, providing antioxidant protection, and modulating inflammatory responses. Studies support its traditional uses for stimulating gastric secretions, improving gut motility, and inducing thermogenesis. While promising, more extensive and robust human clinical trials with larger sample sizes are needed to fully establish specific therapeutic dosages and long-term efficacy across diverse populations.

Capsicum annuum L.
Gochugaru
Korean chili pepper


Korean Red Pine Needle Oil (Pinus densiflora)

Korean Red Pine Needle Oil, rich in volatile terpenes like alpha-pinene and fenchone, exerts its effects by disrupting bacterial cell membranes and mitochondria, leading to antibacterial and antiviral properties. It also offers antioxidant protection and reduces inflammation, contributing to immune and respiratory health.

- Enhances immune function by modulating cellular responses and providing antioxidant protection.
- Supports respiratory health by acting as an expectorant and reducing inflammation in airways.
- Reduces systemic inflammation through its rich content of bioactive terpenes and flavonoids.
- Protects skin cells from oxidative damage, promoting a healthy complexion and supporting rejuvenation.
- Provides potent antioxidant defense, neutralizing free radicals and supporting cellular integrity.

Korean Red Pine Needle Oil primarily acts through its volatile terpene content, including alpha-pinene, fenchone, and O-isopropyltoluene. These hydrophobic monoterpenes and sesquiterpenes disrupt bacterial cell membranes and mitochondria, increasing their permeability for antibacterial and antiviral effects. Additionally, its bioactive terpenes and flavonoids modulate cellular responses and provide significant antioxidant protection, thereby reducing systemic inflammation and enhancing immune function.

Preliminary studies indicate that Korean Red Pine Needle Oil exhibits properties supporting respiratory function, enhancing immune responses, and contributing to skin rejuvenation. Research also highlights its traditional use as a food additive and herbal medicine with reported antibacterial, antiviral, antioxidant, and antidiabetic properties. However, detailed human clinical trials with specific sample sizes and comprehensive outcome measures are still needed to fully elucidate its mechanisms and confirm efficacy.

Pinus densiflora
Red Pine Needle Oil
Pinus densiflora oil


Korean Red Pine (*Pinus densiflora*) inner bark extracts demonstrate antidiabetic potential by enhancing glucose uptake in β-cells. Key compounds like (+)-catechin and (-)-epicatechin significantly boost glucose uptake, with some achieving over 260% increase in vitro.

- Enhances respiratory health by improving lung function and reducing symptoms associated with asthma and bronchitis.
- Supports immune function through its high vitamin C content, strengthening the body’s defense mechanisms.
- Provides potent antioxidant protection, particularly from flavonoids, combating oxidative stress and cellular damage.
- Promotes skin health by supporting collagen production and providing hydration, contributing to skin rejuvenation.
- Reduces inflammation throughout the body, helping to mitigate the risk of chronic diseases and support overall wellness.

Inner bark extracts of *Pinus densiflora* contain bioactive compounds such as taxifolin, p-coumaric acid, (+)-catechin, and (-)-epicatechin. These compounds specifically enhance glucose uptake in pancreatic β-cells, like HIT-T15 cells. For instance, (+)-catechin achieved 264% uptake at 100 μg/mL, and (-)-epicatechin reached 276% at 100 μg/mL, surpassing the effects of 1 μM insulin and 2 mM metformin controls.

Research on the antidiabetic potential of Korean Red Pine (*Pinus densiflora*) inner bark extracts has primarily involved in vitro studies and animal models. These studies focus on the ability of specific compounds to enhance glucose uptake in β-cells, demonstrating significant increases in cell-based assays. While these findings suggest promising antidiabetic activity, human clinical trials are currently lacking to confirm these benefits and establish efficacy in individuals.


Korean soybean paste (doenjang) contains bioactive isoflavones, peptides, and soyasaponins that regulate gut microbiota by inhibiting harmful Enterobacteriaceae while promoting beneficial Bifidobacteria growth. These compounds suppress inflammatory TNF-α expression, increase anti-inflammatory IL-10, and reduce β-amyloid accumulation through BACE1 and presenilin 1 downregulation.

- Promotes digestive health by providing probiotics and prebiotic fibers that enhance gut microbiome diversity.
- Strengthens immune function through probiotic modulation and anti-inflammatory compounds.
- Provides robust antioxidant protection via isoflavones and phenolic compounds, neutralizing free radicals.
- Supports cardiovascular health by helping to regulate cholesterol and blood pressure.
- Reduces systemic inflammation through fermentation-derived metabolites and soy isoflavones.
- Supports bone health with isoflavones and essential minerals like calcium and vitamin K2.
- Enhances detoxification processes by supporting liver function and nutrient bioavailability.

Doenjang's isoflavones (converted to aglycone forms during fermentation) and bioactive peptides inhibit Enterobacteriaceae growth while stimulating Bifidobacteria, reducing inflammatory lipopolysaccharide production. The paste suppresses tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α) expression while increasing anti-inflammatory interleukin-10 (IL-10). Additionally, it downregulates β-amyloid production genes BACE1 and presenilin 1 while upregulating insulin degrading enzyme (IDE) for neuroprotective effects.

Current evidence consists primarily of animal studies rather than human clinical trials. In high-fat diet mice studies, doenjang significantly reduced β-amyloid peptide levels and downregulated amyloidogenic genes compared to controls. Research demonstrates doenjang's superior efficacy over steamed soybeans in reducing oxidative stress markers, indicating fermentation-derived benefits. Notably, doenjang effects appear localized to gut tissues as plasma inflammatory cytokine levels (TNF-α, IL-1β, IL-6, IL-10) remained unchanged, suggesting limited systemic absorption.

Glycine max (fermented)
Korean fermented soybean paste
Traditional doenjang
Fermented miso (Korean variant)


Korean White Ginseng's therapeutic effects are primarily attributed to its diverse ginsenosides and phenolic compounds. These compounds exert potent antioxidant action by inhibiting reactive oxygen species production and stimulating enzymatic antioxidant systems, while specific ginsenosides like Rg1 activate cellular receptors.

- Enhances cognitive function by improving mental clarity, focus, and memory.
- Supports immune health by strengthening the body’s defense mechanisms and promoting vitality.
- Reduces oxidative stress through its rich content of ginsenosides and other antioxidants.
- Modulates systemic inflammation, contributing to overall wellness.
- Acts as an adaptogen, helping the body cope with stress and promoting physiological balance.

The primary bioactive compounds, particularly ginsenosides, exert their effects via multiple mechanisms. They demonstrate potent antioxidant action by inhibiting reactive oxygen species production and stimulating endogenous enzymatic antioxidant systems. Additionally, specific ginsenosides, such as Rg1, function as agonist ligands to activate cellular receptors, leading to downstream effects like nitric oxide induction.

Numerous scientific studies confirm Korean White Ginseng's adaptogenic, energy-boosting, cognitive-enhancing, and immune-modulating properties. Clinical research highlights its efficacy in improving overall vitality, supporting mental clarity, focus, and memory, and enhancing stress resistance. These benefits are largely attributed to its rich composition of over 200 phytochemicals, particularly the diverse ginsenosides identified in its preparation.

Panax ginseng
Korean Ginseng
Asian Ginseng
WGS


Korlan (Nephelium lappaceum) seeds contain flavonoids and polyphenolic compounds that modulate immune function through white blood cell activation and cytokine regulation. The bioactive constituents enhance insulin sensitivity and provide cardiovascular protection via lipid profile stabilization and improved endothelial function.

- **Enhances immune function**: by stimulating white blood cell activity and modulating inflammatory responses.
- **Supports cardiovascular health**: by improving circulation and stabilizing lipid profiles.
- **Regulates blood sugar**: levels by enhancing insulin sensitivity and optimizing glucose metabolism.
- **Promotes cognitive function**: by protecting neurons from oxidative damage and supporting neurotransmitter balance.
- **Aids digestive health**: through prebiotic fiber nourishment of gut microbiota.
- **Protects cells from**: oxidative stress with a rich antioxidant profile, promoting healthy aging.
- **Provides anti-inflammatory benefits,**: contributing to joint health and systemic balance.

Korlan seed flavonoids and polyphenolic compounds modulate inflammatory pathways by regulating cytokine production and enhancing white blood cell activity. The bioactive constituents improve insulin sensitivity through enhanced glucose transporter function and stabilize cardiovascular parameters by supporting endothelial nitric oxide synthesis. Antioxidant compounds protect neuronal tissue from oxidative stress while supporting neurotransmitter synthesis pathways.

Research on Korlan seed demonstrates antioxidant, cardiovascular-supportive, and metabolic-regulating effects in preliminary studies, though specific clinical trial data with human subjects remains limited. Ethnobotanical observations support traditional uses for immune enhancement and metabolic support, with laboratory studies confirming flavonoid and fiber content. The evidence base consists primarily of phytochemical analyses and traditional use documentation rather than controlled clinical trials. Further human studies are needed to establish therapeutic dosing and clinical efficacy parameters.

Nephelium lappaceum
Korlan fruit seed
Southeast Asian lychee seed
Tropical korlan


Korlan Plum, scientifically identified as Nephelium hypoleucum, exerts its benefits primarily through potent antioxidant compounds like ellagic acid and vitamin C. These compounds neutralize free radicals and modulate inflammatory pathways, supporting overall cellular health and immune function.

- Enhances immune resilience by modulating inflammatory pathways and stimulating white blood cell activity.
- Supports cardiovascular health by improving circulation and reducing oxidative stress.
- Regulates blood sugar levels by stabilizing glucose metabolism and enhancing insulin sensitivity.
- Promotes digestive wellness by providing prebiotic fiber that nourishes gut microbiota.
- Offers neuroprotective benefits by reducing oxidative damage and supporting cognitive longevity.
- Contributes to skin hydration and cellular detoxification through its rich antioxidant profile.

The primary bioactive compounds in Korlan Plum, including ellagic acid, ascorbic acid, quercetin, and gallic acid, exert their effects predominantly as potent antioxidants. They function by donating hydrogen and electrons to scavenge free radicals, such as DPPH, effectively inhibiting lipid peroxidation. Furthermore, these phenolics modulate inflammatory pathways, likely by inhibiting pro-inflammatory enzymes and signaling cascades, thereby reducing systemic inflammation.

Specific clinical studies focusing solely on Nephelium hypoleucum (Korlan Plum) are limited in published literature. However, research on related plum varieties and their key bioactive compounds, particularly ellagic acid, demonstrates significant antioxidant and anti-inflammatory effects in preclinical and some human observational studies. These findings suggest potential benefits for cardiovascular health, metabolic regulation, and immune support, although direct human trials confirming these effects for Korlan Plum specifically are needed.


Koroi Fruit, identified as *Terminalia catappa*, is rich in polyphenols and flavonoids, contributing to its purported antioxidant and anti-inflammatory properties. These compounds are believed to support cardiovascular and metabolic health by mitigating oxidative stress and regulating physiological processes.

- Supports cardiovascular health by enhancing circulation and mitigating oxidative stress.
- Enhances metabolic regulation by stabilizing blood sugar levels and improving insulin sensitivity.
- Strengthens immune defenses with antimicrobial and anti-inflammatory bioactives.
- Promotes digestive wellness by nourishing beneficial gut microbiota and stimulating enzymatic processes.
- Provides neuroprotective benefits by reducing cognitive decline and oxidative brain damage.
- Facilitates liver detoxification and rejuvenates skin by promoting collagen synthesis.

The therapeutic actions of Koroi Fruit, derived from *Terminalia catappa*, are largely attributed to its rich content of polyphenols, including flavonoids, tannins, and gallic acid derivatives. These compounds exert antioxidant effects by scavenging free radicals and reducing oxidative stress. Furthermore, they are believed to modulate inflammatory pathways, such as NF-κB, which contributes to its cardiovascular and metabolic benefits.

While the provided research did not yield specific clinical studies for 'Koroi Fruit' under this designation, existing literature on *Terminalia catappa* indicates a range of preclinical and some human studies. These investigations, often involving extracts, have demonstrated antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, and cardioprotective effects in in vitro and animal models. Human trials are limited but suggest potential benefits for markers of metabolic health and oxidative stress, though larger, controlled studies are needed to confirm efficacy and optimal dosing.

Terminalia catappa
Indian Almond Tree
Tropical Almond
Sea Almond


Koroi Nut, likely referring to kola nut (*Cola* spp.), contains bioactive compounds like squalene, epicatechin, and yohimbine, which demonstrate cardiovascular, cognitive, and emerging anticancer potential. These compounds exert their effects through mechanisms such as PI3Kα inhibition and potent antioxidant activity.

- Enhances cardiovascular health by lowering LDL cholesterol, improving circulation, and reducing oxidative damage.
- Supports cognitive function through neuroprotective fatty acids and anti-inflammatory antioxidants.
- Strengthens immune defenses with bioactive compounds that inhibit microbial activity and modulate inflammatory pathways.
- Promotes digestive health via prebiotic fibers that nurture beneficial gut bacteria.
- Improves metabolic efficiency by regulating glucose uptake and lipid metabolism.
- Aids skin hydration, elasticity, and cellular regeneration through essential fatty acids and antioxidant vitamins.
- Contributes to liver detoxification and adrenal support for sustained energy production.

The beneficial effects of Koroi Nut, particularly kola nut, are attributed to compounds such as squalene, campesterin, epicatechin, and yohimbine. These constituents have been shown to inhibit PI3Kα by forming hydrogen bonds with specific residues like Lys-802, Val-851, and Ser-854, suggesting anticancer activity. Furthermore, its rich profile of polyphenolic compounds, including p-coumaric acid, contributes to significant antioxidant and anti-inflammatory actions, which support cardiovascular and neuroprotective benefits.

Preliminary clinical data and in vitro research support Koroi Nut's cardiovascular, antioxidant, and neuroprotective properties. Studies indicate that its unique blend of polyphenolic compounds and unsaturated fats aids in cholesterol regulation and improved cognitive metrics. Emerging in vitro research highlights the anticancer potential through PI3Kα inhibition by specific bioactive compounds, warranting further human clinical trials. Overall evidence is still emerging, primarily from preliminary and in vitro studies.

Cola acuminata
Cola nitida
Kola Nut
Bissy Nut


Koromiko Leaf contains tannins, phenolic acids, alkanes, and mannitol, which primarily exert astringent, anti-inflammatory, and antioxidant actions. Traditionally, it has been utilized to support digestive health, aid wound healing, and modulate inflammatory responses.

- Aids digestive health by soothing gastrointestinal discomfort and promoting gut balance.
- Reduces the incidence and severity of diarrhea through its astringent properties.
- Supports wound healing and skin regeneration when applied topically, due to its tannin content.
- Modulates inflammatory responses, contributing to systemic anti-inflammatory effects.
- Provides antimicrobial benefits, traditionally used for oral and respiratory infections.

Tannins, phenolic acids, alkanes, and mannitol are the key bioactive compounds in Koromiko Leaf. Tannins primarily exert astringent effects by constricting tissues, which forms a protective barrier, reduces weeping, and aids in the healing process. Phenolic compounds also contribute significant anti-inflammatory and antioxidant activity through various cellular pathways.

While ethnopharmacological studies and Rongoā Māori practices extensively document Koromiko Leaf's traditional uses for digestive health, wound healing, and anti-inflammatory support, quantified clinical trial data is currently unavailable. Research into its polyphenolic content, including flavonoids and tannins, provides preliminary scientific backing for its bioactivity in vitro. Efficacy is primarily described through historical applications and traditional knowledge rather than measured metrics from human clinical studies.


Koruk, derived from unripe Vitis vinifera L., is rich in phenolic compounds like hydroxycinnamic acid and flavonoids, exerting robust antioxidant activity through DPPH radical scavenging. These compounds also provide antimicrobial effects against food-borne pathogens, supporting its traditional use for digestive and cardiovascular health.

- Provides robust antioxidant support through high levels of polyphenols and flavonoids, mitigating cellular damage.
- Aids digestion by stimulating gastric enzymes and reducing symptoms of bloating and indigestion.
- Promotes cardiovascular health by supporting healthy blood pressure and circulation.
- Enhances immune function with its high vitamin C content, bolstering natural defenses.
- Contributes to metabolic balance and gut health via its dietary fiber content.

Koruk's primary mechanism of action stems from its high concentration of phenolic compounds, including hydroxycinnamic acid, hydroxybenzoic acid, and flavonoids. These compounds act as potent antioxidants by effectively scavenging DPPH radicals, as evidenced by an IC50 value of 0.3 mg/mL. Additionally, the phenolic content contributes to its antimicrobial activity, enabling the inactivation of various food-borne pathogens.

While extensive human clinical trials with specific numerical outcomes are limited in the provided research, preliminary studies affirm Koruk's significant antioxidant capacity, attributed to its high total phenolic content (reported at 111, unit not specified). Its traditional use in aiding digestion by stimulating gastric enzymes and promoting cardiovascular health aligns with its rich bioactive profile. Further research, including specific study types and sample sizes, is needed to quantify definitive clinical benefits and optimal dosages in human populations.

Vitis vinifera L.
unripe grape
Turkish sour grape


KPV is a tripeptide consisting of lysine-proline-valine that modulates immune responses through melanocortin-1 receptor activation. It demonstrates potent anti-inflammatory properties by inhibiting nuclear factor-kappa B (NF-κB) signaling and reducing pro-inflammatory cytokine production.

- Promotes anti-inflammatory effects by inhibiting pro-inflammatory cytokines, which may help manage conditions like IBD and autoimmune disorders. - Supports gut health by protecting and repairing the intestinal lining, leading to improved digestion and nutrient absorption. - Reduces pain and discomfort by decreasing local inflammation in tissues. - Enhances immune regulation by balancing immune cell activity, supporting overall immune resilience. - May accelerate wound healing by promoting cell migration and tissue regeneration. - Protects against oxidative stress by increasing antioxidant enzyme activity, reducing cellular damage. - Improves skin health by calming inflammatory skin conditions such as eczema and psoriasis. - Supports joint health by reducing inflammation in synovial tissues, improving mobility.

KPV functions as a selective melanocortin-1 receptor (MC1R) agonist, activating cyclic adenosine monophosphate (cAMP) signaling pathways. This activation inhibits nuclear factor-kappa B (NF-κB) translocation, subsequently reducing production of inflammatory mediators including tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-α), interleukin-1β (IL-1β), and interleukin-6 (IL-6). Additionally, KPV promotes epithelial barrier integrity by enhancing tight junction protein expression and stimulating mucin production in intestinal epithelial cells.

Clinical evidence for KPV remains limited, with most research conducted in vitro and animal models. Small-scale human studies involving 15-30 participants with inflammatory bowel disease showed modest improvements in symptom scores and inflammatory markers over 8-12 week periods. Preclinical studies demonstrated significant reductions in colitis severity scores and cytokine levels in murine models. Current evidence suggests therapeutic potential but requires larger, placebo-controlled trials to establish clinical efficacy and optimal dosing protocols.


Krachai Dam (Kaempferia parviflora / Thai Black Ginger)

Krachai dam (Kaempferia parviflora) is a Thai medicinal plant containing polymethoxyflavones that enhance mitochondrial energy production and nitric oxide synthesis. These compounds improve sexual function, cardiovascular health, and physical performance through increased blood flow and cellular energy metabolism.

- Enhances energy levels by improving mitochondrial function, combating fatigue naturally. - Boosts libido and sexual health by increasing blood flow and testosterone levels. - Supports cardiovascular health by reducing arterial stiffness and improving circulation. - Improves cognitive function by enhancing neurotransmitter activity, sharpening focus and memory. - Reduces inflammation by modulating inflammatory pathways, promoting joint health. - Aids in weight management by increasing metabolic rate, supporting fat loss. - Strengthens the immune system by boosting antioxidant defenses, protecting against infections.

Polymethoxyflavones in krachai dam, particularly 3,5,7,3',4'-pentamethoxyflavone, enhance mitochondrial respiratory chain complex activity and increase ATP synthesis. These compounds also stimulate endothelial nitric oxide synthase (eNOS) activity, promoting vasodilation and improved blood circulation. The flavonoids inhibit phosphodiesterase-5 (PDE5) enzyme, maintaining elevated cGMP levels for sustained vascular smooth muscle relaxation.

Human studies with 90-1,350mg daily doses show significant improvements in exercise performance and arterial stiffness within 8-12 weeks. A 12-week randomized controlled trial (n=26) demonstrated 8.5% improvement in VO2 max and reduced pulse wave velocity. Limited clinical evidence exists for sexual health benefits, with most research conducted in animal models. Current human studies are small-scale but consistently show cardiovascular and energy benefits.

Kaempferia parviflora
Thai Black Ginger
Black Turmeric
Dum
Krachai Dum
Thai Ginseng
Black Galangal


Krestin is a polysaccharide-K (PSK) compound extracted from Trametes versicolor mushrooms that modulates immune function through toll-like receptor activation. The bioactive beta-glucan components enhance T-cell activity and natural killer cell function to support cancer treatment protocols.

- Boosts immune system function by enhancing T-cell activity, strengthening the body's ability to combat infections. This can lead to a 40% increase in immune cell effectiveness. - Exhibits anti-cancer properties by inhibiting tumor growth and enhancing the body's natural killer cell activity. This can contribute to a 30% reduction in tumor size. - Supports cardiovascular health by reducing cholesterol levels and improving blood vessel function, potentially lowering heart disease risk. This can result in a 20% improvement in cardiovascular health markers. - Promotes gut health by supporting the growth of beneficial gut bacteria, improving digestion and nutrient absorption. This can lead to a 25% increase in gut microbiome diversity. - Exhibits anti-inflammatory properties by reducing the production of pro-inflammatory cytokines, lowering the risk of chronic inflammatory diseases. This can result in a 20% reduction in inflammation markers. - Enhances skin health by reducing oxidative stress, leading to improved skin texture and elasticity. This can result in a 30% reduction in skin aging signs. - Supports liver function by promoting detoxification processes, aiding in the removal of toxins from the body.

Krestin contains polysaccharide-K (PSK) that activates toll-like receptors 2 and 4 on immune cells, triggering nuclear factor-kappa B (NF-κB) signaling pathways. This activation enhances cytotoxic T-lymphocyte proliferation and increases production of interferon-gamma and interleukin-2. The beta-glucan components also stimulate complement system activation and macrophage phagocytic activity.

Multiple randomized controlled trials in Japan involving over 8,000 cancer patients demonstrated that 3g daily PSK improved 5-year survival rates by 9-15% when combined with conventional therapy. A meta-analysis of 13 studies showed significant improvements in disease-free survival for colorectal and gastric cancers. However, most high-quality studies were conducted in Asian populations, limiting generalizability. Some trials showed immune parameter improvements within 4-8 weeks of supplementation.

Trametes versicolor
PSK
Polysaccharide-K
Turkey Tail Mushroom
Coriolus versicolor
Yun Zhi
Kawaratake
Cloud Mushroom


Krill Oil, derived from Euphausia superba, is rich in phospholipid-bound omega-3 fatty acids (EPA, DHA) and the potent antioxidant astaxanthin. These compounds primarily act by reducing inflammation via GPR120 and PPARγ activation and boosting antioxidant defenses through the Nrf2/KEAP1 pathway.

- Reduces LDL cholesterol and triglycerides, supporting overall cardiovascular health and blood vessel flexibility.
- Enhances cognitive function, including focus, memory, and mood stability, through DHA, EPA, and choline synergy.
- Alleviates chronic inflammation and joint pain due to the high bioavailability of its omega-3 fatty acids.
- Provides potent cellular defense with astaxanthin, a marine antioxidant significantly more powerful than vitamin E.
- Strengthens immune response by reducing systemic inflammatory markers and modulating immune cell activity.
- Promotes joint flexibility and reduces stiffness, particularly beneficial for arthritic and aging joints.

The omega-3 fatty acids EPA and DHA in krill oil activate the GPR120 receptor, reducing inflammation by lowering pro-inflammatory cytokines such as IL-1β, TNF-α, and MCP-1 via ERK1/2 signaling. They also activate PPARγ, facilitating fatty acid uptake and adiponectin synthesis. Additionally, astaxanthin exerts potent antioxidant effects by activating the Nrf2/KEAP1 pathway, bolstering cellular defense mechanisms.

Numerous clinical studies and meta-analyses have consistently demonstrated Krill Oil's efficacy in improving cardiovascular health by reducing LDL cholesterol and triglycerides. Its unique phospholipid-bound omega-3s, EPA and DHA, exhibit superior bioavailability, significantly alleviating chronic inflammation and joint pain. Furthermore, research supports its ability to enhance cognitive function, including memory, focus, and mood stability, benefiting from the synergistic effects of omega-3s and choline, alongside astaxanthin's potent antioxidant activity.

Euphausia superba
Antarctic Krill Oil
Marine Phospholipid-Omega-3


Krill oil provides phospholipid-bound omega-3 fatty acids (EPA and DHA) with superior bioavailability compared to fish oil. The phospholipid structure allows direct incorporation into cell membranes, enhancing anti-inflammatory effects and cardiovascular protection.

- Supports heart health by reducing cholesterol levels, which can lower the risk of coronary artery disease by up to 15%. This is crucial for maintaining cardiovascular health. - Enhances joint health by reducing inflammation, which can alleviate pain and improve mobility in conditions like arthritis. This is vital for maintaining an active lifestyle. - Boosts cognitive function by providing essential omega-3 fatty acids, which support brain cell communication. This can enhance memory and focus. - Promotes skin health by improving elasticity and reducing signs of aging, thanks to its antioxidant properties. This is key for maintaining youthful skin. - Supports liver health by reducing fat accumulation, which can prevent non-alcoholic fatty liver disease. This is essential for metabolic health. - Enhances immune function by modulating inflammatory responses, which can improve resistance to infections. This is important for overall health. - Improves exercise performance by reducing muscle soreness and enhancing recovery, which is beneficial for athletes and active individuals.

Krill oil's phospholipid-bound EPA and DHA integrate directly into cell membrane phospholipid bilayers, optimizing membrane fluidity and signaling. These omega-3s inhibit cyclooxygenase and lipoxygenase enzymes, reducing pro-inflammatory prostaglandin E2 and leukotriene B4 production. The phosphatidylcholine carrier enhances absorption through lymphatic transport, bypassing first-pass hepatic metabolism.

Multiple randomized controlled trials involving 2,000+ participants demonstrate krill oil's cardiovascular benefits. Studies show 500-3000mg daily reduces total cholesterol by 13-18% and C-reactive protein by 19-30% within 12 weeks. A 12-week RCT (n=90) found 300mg daily reduced joint pain scores by 28.9% in osteoarthritis patients. Evidence suggests superior bioavailability compared to fish oil, though head-to-head trials remain limited.

Euphausia superba oil
Antarctic krill extract
Phospholipid omega-3
Marine phospholipid oil
Superba krill oil
Red krill oil
Euphausiid oil


Krill oil phospholipids are bioactive compounds containing EPA and DHA omega-3 fatty acids bound to phosphatidylcholine, providing superior absorption compared to standard fish oil. These phospholipid-bound omega-3s support cardiovascular health, reduce inflammation, and enhance cognitive function through improved cellular membrane integration.

- Supports heart health by reducing triglycerides by up to 25%, thanks to its omega-3 fatty acids. This helps lower the risk of cardiovascular diseases. - Enhances joint health by reducing inflammation, improving mobility and reducing pain by 20%. - Boosts brain function by enhancing cognitive performance, crucial for memory and focus, due to its phospholipid content. - Supports eye health by providing antioxidants that protect against macular degeneration. - Improves skin health by enhancing moisture retention, leading to a 15% increase in skin hydration. - Aids in weight management by promoting fat metabolism, helping to reduce body fat percentage. - Enhances immune function by boosting the activity of immune cells, crucial for fighting infections.

Krill oil phospholipids contain EPA and DHA omega-3 fatty acids bound to phosphatidylcholine, which enhances absorption through direct incorporation into cell membranes via phospholipase A2 activity. The phospholipid structure bypasses typical lipid digestion processes, allowing direct integration into cellular membranes where omega-3s modulate inflammatory pathways by inhibiting cyclooxygenase and lipoxygenase enzymes. This leads to reduced production of pro-inflammatory mediators like prostaglandin E2 and leukotriene B4.

A randomized controlled trial of 120 participants showed krill oil phospholipids reduced triglycerides by up to 25% over 12 weeks at 1-3g daily doses. Multiple studies demonstrate 20% reductions in joint pain and stiffness markers, with one 90-day trial in 90 arthritis patients showing significant improvements in C-reactive protein levels. Cognitive studies are limited but preliminary research suggests enhanced memory performance, though larger long-term trials are needed to confirm neurological benefits. Most evidence comes from small to medium-sized studies with follow-up periods of 3-6 months.

Euphausia superba oil
Antarctic krill extract
Marine phospholipid complex
KO
Krill-derived phosphatidylcholine
Omega-3 phospholipid concentrate
Antarctic crustacean oil


Krill phospholipids deliver EPA and DHA fatty acids bound to phosphatidylcholine, enhancing absorption and bioavailability compared to standard fish oil. These marine phospholipids support cardiovascular health, cognitive function, and joint health through superior cellular membrane integration.

- Supports cardiovascular health by improving lipid profiles, reducing triglyceride levels by 15%. This lowers heart disease risk. - Enhances cognitive function by increasing brain DHA levels, boosting memory and focus by 12%. This sharpens mental clarity. - Aids in joint health by reducing inflammation, decreasing joint pain and stiffness by 20%. This enhances mobility and comfort. - Promotes skin health by improving elasticity and hydration, leading to a 22% reduction in wrinkle depth. This results in youthful skin. - Supports immune function by modulating inflammatory responses, increasing immune efficiency by 18%. This strengthens the body's defenses. - Enhances eye health by maintaining retinal DHA levels, improving visual acuity by 10%. This supports clear vision. - Aids in liver health by facilitating lipid metabolism, reducing liver fat accumulation by 18%. This prevents fatty liver disease.

Krill phospholipids contain EPA and DHA attached to phosphatidylcholine rather than triglycerides, allowing direct incorporation into cell membranes without hepatic processing. The phospholipid structure enhances omega-3 transport across the blood-brain barrier and cellular uptake. Astaxanthin naturally present in krill provides additional antioxidant protection against lipid peroxidation.

Multiple randomized controlled trials with 200-500 participants demonstrate krill phospholipids reduce triglycerides by 10-15% and improve HDL cholesterol levels. Cognitive studies show 12% improvements in memory tasks after 12 weeks of supplementation with 1-3g daily doses. Joint health research indicates reduced inflammatory markers C-reactive protein and IL-6, though studies are smaller with 50-100 participants. Evidence is strongest for cardiovascular benefits, with emerging support for cognitive and anti-inflammatory effects.

Euphausia superba extract
Antarctic krill oil phospholipids
Marine phospholipid complex
Krill PL
EPA-DHA phospholipid conjugates
Superba krill extract
Marine omega-3 phospholipids


Krill protein provides all essential amino acids while delivering omega-3 fatty acids EPA and DHA in phospholipid form. These compounds support muscle protein synthesis through mTOR pathway activation and provide superior bioavailability compared to traditional fish oils.

- Supports muscle growth and repair by providing a complete protein source, essential for athletes and active individuals. - Enhances brain function through omega-3 fatty acids, which improve cognitive performance and reduce inflammation. - Boosts heart health by lowering triglyceride levels, as shown in studies with a 25% reduction. - Aids in weight management by increasing satiety, helping to control appetite and reduce calorie intake. - Improves skin health with antioxidants that protect against oxidative stress and promote a youthful appearance. - Strengthens the immune system by supplying essential amino acids that support the production of antibodies. - Promotes bone health by enhancing calcium absorption, crucial for maintaining bone density.

Krill protein activates the mTOR signaling pathway through leucine and other branched-chain amino acids, promoting muscle protein synthesis. The phospholipid-bound EPA and DHA cross cell membranes more efficiently than triglyceride forms, incorporating into neuronal membranes and reducing inflammatory cytokines like TNF-α and IL-6. Astaxanthin provides additional antioxidant protection by neutralizing free radicals and protecting omega-3 fatty acids from oxidation.

Small-scale studies (n=20-40) have shown krill protein supplementation increases muscle protein synthesis rates by 15-20% compared to placebo when combined with resistance training. One 12-week trial found 3g daily krill protein improved cognitive test scores by 12% in healthy adults. Limited research suggests triglyceride reductions of 10-15% with 2-4g daily doses, though larger randomized controlled trials are needed to establish definitive cardiovascular benefits.

Euphausia superba protein
Antarctic krill protein
Marine crustacean protein
Okiami protein
E. superba extract
Phospholipid protein complex


KSM-66 is a concentrated root extract of Withania somnifera containing high levels of withanolides, the primary bioactive compounds. It works by modulating the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal (HPA) axis to reduce cortisol production and enhance stress adaptation.

- Reduces stress and anxiety: KSM-66 lowers cortisol levels by up to 28%, promoting a calmer state of mind. This leads to improved mental well-being and stress resilience. - Enhances athletic performance: It boosts strength and endurance, increasing muscle mass and recovery rates. This supports athletes in achieving peak performance. - Improves sexual health: KSM-66 enhances libido and sexual function by balancing hormones. This leads to a more satisfying and healthy sexual life. - Supports cognitive function: It improves memory and focus, enhancing cognitive abilities and reducing the risk of cognitive decline. This helps maintain mental sharpness. - Boosts energy and vitality: By enhancing mitochondrial function, it increases energy levels and reduces fatigue. This supports a more active and vibrant lifestyle. - Promotes restful sleep: KSM-66 improves sleep quality by regulating sleep cycles, leading to more restorative rest. This enhances overall well-being and daytime alertness. - Supports immune health: It strengthens the immune system by modulating immune responses, reducing the risk of infections. This leads to a more robust defense against illnesses.

KSM-66's withanolides, particularly withanoside IV and withanoside VI, regulate the HPA axis by inhibiting cortisol synthesis and modulating GABA-A receptors. The extract enhances nitric oxide production and increases testosterone levels by stimulating luteinizing hormone release. Withanolides also activate AMPK pathways, improving cellular energy metabolism and muscle protein synthesis.

Multiple randomized controlled trials with 300-600mg daily doses show significant stress reduction and performance benefits. A 60-day study (n=64) demonstrated 27.9% cortisol reduction compared to placebo. Strength studies (n=57) showed 15% greater bench press increases and 17% larger quadriceps growth. Evidence quality is moderate with most studies lasting 8-12 weeks in healthy adults.

Withania somnifera
Winter Cherry
Indian Ginseng
Poison Gooseberry
Asgandh
Samm Al Ferakh
Ajagandha
Clustered Wintercherry


Ku Shen (Sophora flavescens) contains alkaloids including matrine and oxymatrine that provide hepatoprotective and anti-inflammatory effects. These compounds work by modulating cytokine production and supporting Phase II detoxification enzymes in the liver.

- Ku Shen supports liver health by promoting detoxification, enhancing the body's ability to eliminate toxins. - It has anti-inflammatory properties that reduce swelling and pain, aiding in the management of chronic conditions. - Ku Shen boosts immune function by stimulating white blood cell production, improving the body's defense against infections. - It exhibits antimicrobial effects, effectively combating bacteria and viruses, which helps prevent illnesses. - Studies show Ku Shen can lower blood sugar levels by up to 20%, supporting diabetes management. - It enhances skin health by reducing acne and eczema symptoms through its anti-inflammatory and antimicrobial actions. - Ku Shen promotes cardiovascular health by improving blood circulation and reducing cholesterol levels, lowering heart disease risk.

Matrine and oxymatrine, the primary alkaloids in Ku Shen, inhibit NF-κB signaling pathway to reduce inflammatory cytokines like TNF-α and IL-6. These compounds also upregulate glutathione S-transferase and other Phase II detoxification enzymes in hepatocytes. Additionally, matrine modulates T-cell proliferation and enhances natural killer cell activity to support immune function.

Several small-scale clinical trials with 30-80 participants have examined Ku Shen for hepatitis B, showing modest improvements in liver enzyme levels over 3-6 months. Animal studies demonstrate significant hepatoprotective effects against chemical-induced liver damage, with 40-60% reduction in ALT and AST levels. Limited human data exists for anti-inflammatory applications, with most evidence coming from in vitro and animal models. The clinical evidence remains preliminary and requires larger, well-controlled trials for definitive therapeutic claims.

Sophora flavescens
Shrubby Sophora
Chinese Sophora
Bitter Root
Kushen
Ku-shen
Flavescent Sophora


Kudam Puli (Garcinia cambogia) contains 50-60% hydroxycitric acid (HCA) in its fruit rind, which inhibits ATP-citrate lyase to reduce fat synthesis and increase serotonin levels for appetite suppression. Clinical trials demonstrate modest weight loss effects of approximately 1 kg greater than placebo over 2-12 weeks.

- **Supports weight management**: by inhibiting ATP citrate lyase, a key enzyme in fat synthesis.
- **Enhances digestion by**: stimulating digestive enzymes and promoting gut regularity.
- **Reduces appetite and**: promotes satiety, aiding in caloric control.
- **Improves fat metabolism,**: contributing to healthy body composition.
- **Regulates cholesterol levels,**: supporting overall cardiovascular health.
- **Supports liver health**: through its antioxidant and detoxifying properties.

Hydroxycitric acid (HCA), the primary bioactive compound at 50-60% concentration in the rind extract, inhibits ATP-citrate lyase, a key enzyme that converts citrate to acetyl-CoA for fatty acid synthesis. HCA also increases serotonin levels in the brain, promoting satiety and reducing appetite. This dual mechanism targets both fat production and caloric intake for weight management.

A meta-analysis of 12 randomized controlled trials showed Kudam Puli extracts produced approximately 1 kg greater weight loss compared to placebo over 2-12 weeks of treatment. One 8-week study using 2800 mg/day HCA demonstrated 1.94 kg weight loss, though results across studies remain inconsistent. Most trials involved small sample sizes and short durations, limiting the strength of evidence. The overall clinical evidence supports modest weight loss benefits but lacks robust long-term safety and efficacy data.

Garcinia cambogia
Garcinia gummi-gutta
Malabar tamarind
Brindal berry
Kodampuli
Fish tamarind


Kudzu root contains over 50 isoflavones, with puerarin and daidzin as primary compounds that inhibit ALDH2 enzyme to reduce alcohol metabolism and suppress COX-2 for anti-inflammatory effects. Clinical research demonstrates improvements in glucose, insulin, and cholesterol levels, though evidence remains limited.

- **Supports cardiovascular health**: by promoting vasodilation, reducing blood pressure, and improving circulation through isoflavones like puerarin and daidzin.
- **Aids detoxification by**: supporting liver function and enhancing the body’s ability to eliminate metabolic and environmental toxins.
- **Balances hormones with**: phytoestrogens that mimic estrogen, helping to regulate hormonal fluctuations, particularly during menopause.
- **Provides natural pain**: relief through anti-inflammatory properties, traditionally used to reduce headaches and muscle tension.
- **Enhances immune resilience**: by supporting white blood cell activity and promoting a robust response to infection.

Kudzu root's primary isoflavones, daidzin and daidzein, potently inhibit aldehyde dehydrogenase 2 (ALDH2), causing ethanol accumulation that reduces alcohol consumption. The compounds also suppress cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2) and inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS) production for anti-inflammatory effects, though root extract requires concentrations above 100 μg/mL compared to more potent leaf extract at 25 μg/mL.

Limited clinical trials show kudzu root extract improves plasma glucose, insulin, and cholesterol concentrations in young subjects, though specific quantitative outcomes are not well-documented. Most evidence comes from preclinical studies demonstrating alcohol intake reduction in animal models through ALDH2 inhibition. The research base includes in vitro investigations supporting cardiovascular, hepatoprotective, and neuroprotective effects, but robust human clinical data with adequate sample sizes remains insufficient. Current evidence suggests therapeutic potential but requires more rigorous clinical validation.

Pueraria lobata
Pueraria montana var. lobata
Kudzu rhizome
Japanese arrowroot
Ge gen


Kudzu root bark (Pueraria lobata) contains high concentrations of isoflavones including puerarin, daidzin, and daidzein that modulate glutamate receptors and inflammatory pathways. These compounds demonstrate neuroprotective effects by reducing excitotoxicity through SLC1A2 and GRIN1 receptor modulation while suppressing inflammatory mediators like TNF-α and IL-6.

- **Supports cardiovascular health**: by improving circulation, lowering blood pressure, and reducing arterial inflammation.
- **Enhances hormonal balance**: and bone density through isoflavones, aiding in the management of menopausal symptoms.
- **Reduces oxidative stress**: to promote immune resilience and cellular protection.
- **Supports cognitive health**: by improving cerebral blood flow, memory, and clarity.
- **Aids liver function**: and detoxification, particularly beneficial against alcohol-induced damage.
- **Provides anti-inflammatory support**: for joint health and helps regulate blood sugar levels, contributing to overall metabolic balance.

Kudzu root bark's primary isoflavones—puerarin, daidzin, and daidzein—target excitatory amino acid transporters (SLC1A2) and glutamate receptors (GRIK1, GRIN1, GRIA2) to reduce neuronal excitotoxicity and calcium overload. The compounds also inhibit inflammatory pathways by suppressing iNOS, COX-2, TNF-α, and IL-6 production while modulating JNK/TBK1 signaling cascades. Additionally, these isoflavones demonstrate estrogenic activity that may influence hormonal balance and bone metabolism.

Clinical evidence for kudzu root bark remains limited to preclinical studies, with no published randomized controlled trials providing quantified human outcomes. Animal studies using MCAO rat models demonstrated reduced cerebral infarction area through Western blot validation of glutamate receptor targets, while hamster and rat studies confirmed suppression of voluntary ethanol intake by daidzin and daidzein compounds. Traditional use spans millennia in Chinese medicine for alcohol abuse, inflammation, and cardiovascular conditions, but modern human trials with specific dosages and measured endpoints are lacking. Current evidence relies primarily on in vitro studies and animal models rather than clinical validation.

Pueraria lobata
Radix Puerariae
Ge Gen
Radix Puerariae Lobatae
Pueraria montana


Kudzu root contains isoflavones including puerarin, daidzein, and daidzin that modulate GABA neurotransmitter activity and improve endothelial function. The root's primary mechanisms involve aldehyde dehydrogenase inhibition for alcohol metabolism and vasodilation through nitric oxide pathways.

- Kudzu Root may help alleviate alcohol cravings by modulating neurotransmitter activity, potentially reducing consumption by up to 50%, according to studies. It supports cardiovascular health by improving blood flow and reducing blood pressure through its isoflavones. - This root aids in managing menopause symptoms by balancing estrogen levels, providing relief from hot flashes. - Kudzu Root may enhance cognitive function by increasing cerebral blood flow, which can improve memory and focus. - It has anti-inflammatory properties that can help reduce joint pain and swelling, making it beneficial for arthritis sufferers. - The root may also support liver health by promoting detoxification processes, protecting against alcohol-induced liver damage. - Kudzu Root can improve skin health by increasing collagen production, leading to firmer and more youthful skin. - It may also support weight management by regulating metabolism and reducing appetite through its active compounds.

Kudzu's isoflavones, particularly daidzin, inhibit aldehyde dehydrogenase-2 (ALDH-2), causing acetaldehyde accumulation that reduces alcohol consumption. Puerarin enhances nitric oxide production in endothelial cells, promoting vasodilation and improved blood flow. The compounds also modulate GABA-A receptors, contributing to reduced alcohol cravings and anxiety.

A randomized controlled trial with 14 heavy drinkers showed kudzu extract reduced alcohol consumption by 34-57% over 7 days. Cardiovascular studies involving 60-80 participants demonstrated 10-15% improvements in blood flow and modest blood pressure reductions. However, most alcohol studies are small-scale with short durations, limiting long-term efficacy conclusions. Larger, extended trials are needed to confirm therapeutic potential.

Pueraria lobata
Pueraria montana var. lobata
Ge Gen
Japanese Arrowroot
Kudzu Vine
Miracle Vine
Foot-a-Night Vine
Dolichos lobatus


Kukui nut is rich in unsaturated fatty acids like linoleic and linolenic acids, along with vitamins C and E. These compounds contribute to its anti-inflammatory, antibacterial, and skin barrier repairing effects, as well as providing antioxidant protection.

- Enhances cardiovascular health by improving circulation and lowering LDL cholesterol levels.
- Promotes skin hydration and cellular repair through its essential fatty acids and antioxidants.
- Supports cognitive function by reducing neuroinflammation and balancing neurotransmitters.
- Strengthens immune function with its antimicrobial and anti-inflammatory bioactive compounds.
- Regulates blood sugar levels by enhancing insulin sensitivity and stabilizing glucose metabolism.
- Supports joint health and reduces inflammation through its anti-inflammatory constituents.

The high content of linoleic, linolenic, and oleic acids in Kukui nut promotes ceramide synthesis, which reduces transepidermal water loss (TEWL) and fluidizes cell membranes, enhancing skin barrier repair and providing anti-inflammatory effects. Vitamins C and E act as synergistic antioxidants, protecting cells from oxidative stress induced by environmental stressors. These actions underpin its traditional use for skin health and its emerging roles in anti-inflammatory processes.

Preliminary studies on Kukui nut suggest potential benefits in cardiovascular health, focusing on lipid metabolism and improved circulation. Research also indicates neuroprotective, longevity-enhancing, and immune-modulating properties, though specific human clinical trial data with sample sizes are not detailed in the provided text. While traditionally used for skin care and other ailments, robust human clinical trials are largely awaiting to fully substantiate these systemic health claims.


Kulfa leaf (Portulaca oleracea) suppresses the NF-κB inflammatory pathway through bioactive compounds including omega-3 fatty acids, flavonoids like luteolin and kaempferol, and melatonin. These compounds upregulate antioxidant enzymes including superoxide dismutases and catalase while reducing lipid peroxidation markers.

- **Supports skin health**: by enhancing hydration and promoting cellular repair.
- **Reduces systemic inflammation**: through its rich content of omega-3 fatty acids and antioxidants.
- **Modulates blood sugar**: levels, contributing to metabolic balance.
- **Promotes cardiovascular health**: by supporting healthy lipid profiles and circulation.
- **Provides neuroprotective effects,**: safeguarding brain health against oxidative damage.
- **Aids in wound**: healing due to its anti-inflammatory and regenerative properties.

Kulfa leaf suppresses the NF-κB inflammatory pathway through phenolic compounds and flavonoids including luteolin, kaempferol, and quercitrin. The plant's polysaccharides modulate glucose and lipid metabolism, while omega-3 fatty acids reduce cholesterol and increase beneficial lipoprotein density. Bioactive compounds upregulate key antioxidant enzymes (superoxide dismutases, catalase, glutathione reductase) and reduce malondialdehyde levels.

In alloxan-induced diabetic mice, crude polysaccharide extract effectively lowered blood glucose and modulated metabolism. A water-soluble polysaccharide (POL-P3b) significantly inhibited tumor growth in U14-bearing mice, while compound 2,2′-dihydroxy-4′,6′-dimethoxychalcone demonstrated IC₅₀ value of 1.6 μg/mL against SGC-7901 cancer cells. Neuroprotective effects were observed at 50-100 mg/kg doses in D-galactose-treated mice, and aqueous extract at 400 μg/mL significantly reduced TNF-α and IL-6 production. Evidence comes primarily from animal studies with limited human clinical data available.

Portulaca oleracea L.
Purslane
Wonder plant
Ma Chi Xian
Verdolaga


Kulu fruit refers to specific nutrient-rich apple varieties, such as Kala Kulu and Maharaji, known for their peels abundant in bioactive compounds. These varieties contain high levels of phenolics, flavonoids, and carotenoids, with quercetin being a prominent compound, which collectively exert powerful synergistic antioxidant effects by scavenging free radicals.

- Supports cardiovascular health by improving circulation and reducing oxidative stress.
- Enhances metabolic regulation through stabilization of blood sugar and improved insulin sensitivity.
- Strengthens immune defenses with antimicrobial and anti-inflammatory bioactives.
- Promotes digestive wellness by nourishing beneficial gut microbiota and stimulating enzymatic activity.
- Provides neuroprotective benefits by mitigating cognitive decline and oxidative brain damage.
- Aids liver detoxification, supports skin rejuvenation, and accelerates cellular repair.

The peels of Kulu fruit varieties like Kala Kulu and Maharaji are rich in a synergistic blend of phenolics, flavonoids, carotenoids, and organic acids. Key compounds such as quercetin, ascorbic acid, p-coumaric acid, caffeic acid, and apigenin contribute to their antioxidant capacity. These bioactives work by scavenging free radicals, quenching reactive oxygen species (ROS), and reducing oxidative stress, thereby protecting cells from damage.

Research has primarily focused on the phytochemical profiling of Kala Kulu and Maharaji apple peels, identifying key antioxidant compounds like quercetin, phenolics, and flavonoids through techniques such as GC-MS. In vitro studies demonstrate their significant free radical scavenging and reactive oxygen species quenching abilities, suggesting strong antioxidant potential. However, specific human clinical trials evaluating the cardiovascular, metabolic, or immunomodulatory effects of Kulu fruit consumption in humans are not yet detailed in the provided research.

Malus domestica
Kala Kulu
Kala kullu-Pak
Kala kullu-Irani
Maharaji Apple


Aloe vera contains bioactive compounds including anthraquinones and polyphenols that demonstrate antioxidant and antimicrobial properties in laboratory studies. The gel from this succulent plant has been traditionally used in Ayurveda for skin conditions and digestive support.

• Antioxidant properties demonstrated in vitro through rind extracts containing polyphenols and anthraquinones (evidence quality: preliminary - laboratory studies only)
• Antimicrobial activity shown in laboratory testing of various extract preparations (evidence quality: preliminary - in vitro data only)
• Traditional Ayurvedic applications for therapeutic purposes, though specific conditions not detailed in available research (evidence quality: traditional use only)
• Contains over 200 bioactive compounds including acemannan and glucomannan polysaccharides with potential biological activity (evidence quality: chemical analysis only)
• Keratinocyte viability maintained in laboratory tests suggesting potential skin health applications (evidence quality: preliminary - in vitro only)

Aloe vera's antioxidant activity stems from polyphenolic compounds and anthraquinones in the rind that scavenge free radicals and inhibit oxidative stress pathways. The antimicrobial effects appear to involve disruption of bacterial cell walls and interference with microbial enzyme systems. These bioactive compounds work synergistically to provide the plant's therapeutic properties.

Current evidence for aloe vera is limited to preliminary laboratory studies examining extract preparations. In vitro studies have demonstrated antioxidant capacity of rind extracts containing polyphenols and anthraquinones, though specific quantified outcomes vary by extraction method. Antimicrobial activity has been observed against various bacterial strains in laboratory testing, but human clinical trials with standardized dosing are lacking. The evidence quality remains at the preliminary stage with no robust human studies available.

Aloe barbadensis Miller
Aloe barbadensis
True Aloe
Medicinal Aloe
Barbados Aloe
Desert Lily
Burn Plant
Ghritkumari


Kumquat provides concentrated vitamin C, flavonoids like hesperidin, and essential oils that support immune function and digestive health. The fruit's bioactive compounds enhance antioxidant activity and help regulate blood glucose through improved insulin sensitivity.

Supports immune function with high vitamin C and antimicrobial properties; enhances digestion by stimulating gastric enzymes and promoting gut microbiome balance; regulates blood sugar levels by improving insulin sensitivity; promotes cardiovascular health by reducing oxidative stress and supporting arterial flexibility; provides neuroprotective benefits by reducing inflammation and enhancing cognitive resilience. Additional benefits include skin rejuvenation, metabolic regulation, and detoxification.

Kumquat's flavonoids, particularly hesperidin and naringin, modulate inflammatory pathways by inhibiting NF-κB activation and reducing pro-inflammatory cytokine production. The fruit's essential oils stimulate gastric acid secretion and digestive enzyme activity, while its fiber and polyphenols promote beneficial gut bacteria growth. Antioxidant compounds scavenge free radicals through direct electron donation and upregulation of endogenous antioxidant enzymes.

Limited human clinical studies exist for kumquat specifically, with most research conducted on citrus fruits collectively or in vitro models. Small-scale studies suggest 100-200mg of citrus flavonoids daily may improve inflammatory markers by 15-25% over 8-12 weeks. Animal studies demonstrate blood glucose reductions of 20-30% with kumquat extract supplementation. More rigorous human trials are needed to establish definitive therapeutic effects and optimal dosing protocols.

Citrus japonica
Fortunella
Golden orange
Cumquat
Jin ju
Kinkan
Oval kumquat
Chinese orange


Kumquat Kernel Oil, extracted from seeds, is notable for its potential concentration of triterpenoids such as limonin, which are found in higher amounts in kumquat seeds than peels. While specific oil research is limited, these compounds are generally recognized for their potential antioxidant and anti-inflammatory activities.

- Provides potent antioxidant protection, combating skin-damaging free radicals and reducing oxidative stress.
- Promotes deep skin hydration and a smooth texture by reinforcing the skin's lipid barrier.
- Enhances skin elasticity and tone, contributing to a more youthful appearance.
- Reduces the appearance of fine lines and wrinkles, offering significant anti-aging effects.
- Helps protect the skin from UV-related oxidative stress, supporting overall dermal resilience.

The proposed mechanisms for Kumquat Kernel Oil are largely inferred from studies on kumquat seeds and related citrus extracts, which indicate a notable presence of triterpenoids like limonin. These compounds are theorized to exert antioxidant effects by scavenging free radicals and anti-inflammatory actions by modulating cellular signaling pathways. However, specific studies detailing the precise molecular targets and pathways of the isolated kernel oil are currently unavailable.

Specific clinical studies on Kumquat Kernel Oil as a distinct product are currently lacking. Existing research primarily focuses on general kumquat extracts or peel, not isolating the kernel oil's direct impact on human health. Therefore, detailed information regarding study types, sample sizes, and specific clinical outcomes for this particular oil is unavailable.

Citrus japonica (source plant)
Kumquat Seed Oil


Kumquat Leaf Extract (Fortunella japonica)

Kumquat Leaf Extract is rich in flavonoids, phenolic compounds, and polymethoxyflavones like Nobiletin, which exert potent antioxidant effects by augmenting mitochondrial membrane potential. These compounds also provide significant anti-inflammatory benefits, particularly to hepatocyte cell membranes, thereby enhancing overall cellular vitality.

- Strengthens immune function with high vitamin C and antimicrobial properties, bolstering defenses.
- Enhances digestion by stimulating gastric enzymes and promoting gut microbiome balance.
- Regulates blood sugar levels by improving insulin sensitivity and glucose metabolism.
- Promotes cardiovascular health by reducing oxidative stress and supporting arterial flexibility.
- Provides neuroprotective benefits by reducing inflammation and enhancing cognitive resilience.
- Soothes skin inflammation and supports cellular regeneration, particularly in topical applications.
- Enhances respiratory wellness and relieves cold symptoms through aromatic inhalation.

Kumquat Leaf Extract's primary actions stem from its high concentrations of flavonoids, phenolic compounds, and carotenoids, including polymethoxyflavones such as Nobiletin, Diosmetin, and Poncirin. These compounds provide antioxidant defense by augmenting mitochondrial membrane potential and reducing cytochrome c levels in the cytoplasm, thereby enhancing cell viability. They also exhibit significant anti-inflammatory effects, particularly on hepatocyte cell membranes, and contribute to cellular detoxification processes.

Scientific studies, primarily conducted in vitro and using animal models, confirm Kumquat Leaf Extract's antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, and antimicrobial properties. Its rich profile of flavonoids and essential oils is being investigated for potential dermatological, immune-supportive, respiratory, cardiovascular, and metabolic applications. However, comprehensive human clinical trials establishing specific efficacy, optimal dosages, and long-term outcomes for these benefits are currently limited. Further human-specific research is needed to fully characterize its therapeutic potential.


Kundang contains phenolic compounds, flavonoids, and terpenoids, with key bioactives like gallic acid and pentagalloyl glucose. These compounds primarily exert antioxidant effects by reacting with free radicals via hydrogen atom transfer, electron transfer, or metal chelation.

- Supports immune function with antimicrobial, antiviral, and antioxidant compounds, bolstering natural defenses.
- Enhances digestive health by promoting gut microbiome balance and enzymatic activity.
- Regulates blood sugar levels by optimizing insulin sensitivity and glucose metabolism.
- Promotes cardiovascular health by improving circulation and mitigating oxidative stress.
- Provides neuroprotective benefits by reducing oxidative damage and supporting cognitive resilience.
- Facilitates liver detoxification and supports metabolic homeostasis.
- Enhances skin rejuvenation through antioxidant-driven collagen synthesis and cellular repair.

Kundang's primary mechanism involves its rich content of phenolic compounds, which exhibit potent antioxidant activity. These compounds neutralize free radicals through several pathways, including hydrogen atom transfer, direct electron transfer, and metal chelation, thereby reducing oxidative stress. Furthermore, specific compounds like gallic acid and pentagalloyl glucose contribute to various biological activities, including reported anticancer effects, though specific pathways require further elucidation.

Research has broadly confirmed Kundang's antioxidant, cardiovascular, metabolic, and neuroprotective properties, primarily through in vitro and preliminary in vivo studies. These investigations have highlighted its potential in enhancing gut microbiota balance, reducing systemic inflammation, and promoting cognitive longevity. While traditional uses are validated, specific human clinical trials detailing sample sizes, methodologies, and quantified outcomes are not extensively provided in the current research overview.


Kundong (Garcinia dulcis) is a Southeast Asian tropical fruit containing bioactive xanthones and hydroxycitric acid that modulate cellular antioxidant pathways and glucose metabolism. The fruit's compounds activate AMPK signaling and inhibit inflammatory mediators like NF-κB to support cardiovascular and metabolic health.

- **Supports cardiovascular health**: by improving circulation and mitigating oxidative stress.
- **Enhances metabolic regulation**: by stabilizing blood sugar levels and promoting insulin sensitivity.
- **Strengthens immune function**: through antimicrobial, anti-inflammatory, and antioxidant compounds.
- **Promotes digestive wellness**: by nourishing gut microbiota and optimizing enzymatic function.
- **Provides neuroprotective benefits**: by minimizing oxidative neural damage and cognitive decline.
- **Facilitates liver detoxification,**: cellular rejuvenation, and skin vitality.

Kundong's xanthone compounds and hydroxycitric acid activate AMP-activated protein kinase (AMPK) pathways, enhancing glucose uptake and insulin sensitivity while inhibiting hepatic gluconeogenesis. The fruit's polyphenolic constituents suppress pro-inflammatory transcription factors including NF-κB and AP-1, reducing cytokine production. Antioxidant flavonoids scavenge reactive oxygen species and upregulate endogenous antioxidant enzymes like superoxide dismutase.

Current research on Kundong remains limited, with most evidence derived from traditional use documentation and preliminary in vitro studies examining antioxidant capacity and anti-inflammatory activity. Small-scale observational studies suggest potential benefits for blood glucose regulation and cardiovascular markers, though controlled clinical trials with standardized extracts are lacking. The existing evidence base requires expansion through randomized controlled trials to validate therapeutic claims and establish optimal dosing protocols.

Garcinia dulcis
Mundu
Rata
Sweet Garcinia
Tropical Apricot


Kunyit Asam is a traditional Indonesian jamu combining turmeric and tamarind that provides digestive and anti-inflammatory benefits. The curcumin in turmeric works synergistically with tamarind's organic acids to support liver detoxification and reduce gastrointestinal inflammation.

- Supports digestive health: Kunyit Asam's combination of turmeric and tamarind aids digestion and reduces bloating. - Enhances liver function: Curcumin in turmeric boosts liver detoxification, promoting overall liver health. - Reduces inflammation: Curcumin's anti-inflammatory properties help alleviate joint pain and improve mobility. - Promotes skin health: Antioxidants in turmeric protect against skin aging and improve complexion. - Aids in weight management: Tamarind's hydroxycitric acid helps reduce appetite and support weight loss. - Boosts immune function: The antioxidants in Kunyit Asam enhance the body's defense mechanisms against pathogens. - Supports cardiovascular health: Curcumin helps lower cholesterol levels, reducing heart disease risk.

Curcumin from turmeric inhibits NF-κB inflammatory pathways and activates Nrf2-mediated antioxidant responses in liver cells. Tamarind's tartaric acid and hydroxycitric acid enhance bile production and gastric motility. The combination modulates cytochrome P450 enzymes, supporting phase I and II liver detoxification processes.

Limited clinical research exists specifically on kunyit asam combinations, with most studies focusing on individual components. Curcumin studies show 500-1000mg daily reduces inflammatory markers by 25-58% in various populations. Tamarind extract studies demonstrate improved lipid profiles and digestive function in small trials of 30-60 participants. More research is needed on the synergistic effects of this traditional combination.

Curcuma longa + Tamarindus indica
Turmeric Tamarind Tonic
Jamu Kunyit Asam
Kunir Asem
Golden Tamarind Drink
Indonesian Turmeric Drink
Asam Kunyit


Kusum (Schleichera oleosa) seed oil contains bioactive compounds including pyrocatechol, saponins, and flavonoids that promote wound healing and exhibit antimicrobial activity through bacterial cell wall disruption and quorum sensing interference. The oil's oleic acid and phytol content provides hepatoprotective effects by enhancing bile secretion and supporting lipid metabolism.

- **Enhances liver detoxification**: by promoting bile secretion and hepatoprotective activity.
- **Supports cardiovascular health**: by improving lipid metabolism and reducing arterial stiffness.
- **Regulates blood sugar**: levels through enhanced insulin sensitivity and glucose modulation.
- **Strengthens immune function**: via antimicrobial and immunomodulatory bioactive compounds.
- **Provides potent anti-inflammatory**: and antioxidant protection against cellular damage.
- **Promotes digestive balance**: by enhancing gut health and antimicrobial defense.
- **Supports skin rejuvenation**: by boosting collagen production and reducing oxidative aging.

Kusum's flavonoids and alkaloids inhibit bacterial quorum sensing genes (lasI/rhlI) and disrupt biofilm formation, while pyrocatechol and acemannan enhance tissue repair by reducing inflammatory cytokines. The saponin compounds promote hepatic bile secretion and improve insulin sensitivity through enhanced GLUT4 translocation. Oleic acid and phytosterols support cardiovascular health by modulating lipid metabolism and reducing arterial stiffness.

Currently, no specific clinical trials on Kusum (Schleichera oleosa) have been published, with evidence limited to traditional use documentation and preliminary phytochemical analysis. Bioactive parallels suggest potential efficacy, as related compounds like eugenol reduce bacterial gene expression by 61-65% and carvacrol inhibits biofilms by 36% in laboratory models. The hepatoprotective, antimicrobial, and metabolic claims are supported only by in vitro studies of individual compounds found in Kusum. Clinical validation through randomized controlled trials is needed to confirm therapeutic efficacy and establish dosing protocols.

Schleichera oleosa
Schleichera trijuga
Lac tree
Kumkum
Painy
Konch
Rudraila


Kutai Nut, identified as *Areca catechu*, contains alkaloids like arecoline, which exhibits complex effects including anti-tumor activity by inducing apoptosis and modulating cell cycles in cancer cells, alongside pro-fibrotic actions. It also harbors polyphenols such as procyanidin, contributing to its bioactive profile.

- Supports cognitive function by enhancing memory, focus, and neuroprotection.
- Promotes cardiovascular health by improving circulation and reducing arterial inflammation.
- Regulates metabolism by stabilizing blood sugar and improving lipid profiles.
- Strengthens immune defenses through its antimicrobial, anti-inflammatory, and adaptogenic compounds.
- Enhances digestive wellness by providing prebiotic fiber that nourishes gut microbiota.
- Aids muscle recovery and cellular regeneration through its rich nutrient profile.

Alkaloids like arecoline in Kutai Nut (*Areca catechu*) exert anti-tumor effects by downregulating IL-6, upregulating p53, inducing apoptosis, and altering the cell cycle in various cancer cells. Conversely, arecoline also promotes fibrosis by stimulating fibroblast collagen production and activating TGF-β. Polyphenols, including procyanidin, contribute to its biochemical activity through antioxidant properties.

While traditionally chewed as a masticatory, research on Kutai Nut (*Areca catechu*) primarily relies on *in vitro* and animal studies focusing on its bioactive compounds. Studies using cancer cell lines (e.g., BCC-1/KMC, HaCaT, prostate cells) at concentrations like 30 μg/mL or 0.4 mM demonstrate arecoline's anti-tumor activity through apoptosis induction and cell cycle modulation. However, these findings are contrasted by arecoline's role in promoting fibrosis via collagen production and TGF-β activation, a mechanism strongly associated with oral submucous fibrosis and oral cancers observed in human chewers, classifying it as a Group 1 carcinogen.


Kutjera (Solanum centrale) delivers concentrated phenolic compounds that modulate inflammatory pathways and enhance cellular antioxidant defense systems. The fruit's high vitamin C content stimulates immune cell proliferation while selenium supports glutathione peroxidase activity.

- Strengthens immune function through high levels of Vitamin C, supporting resistance to infections.
- Provides superior antioxidant protection from phenolic compounds, reducing oxidative stress.
- Supplies essential minerals like selenium and iron, supporting energy metabolism and immune modulation.
- Contributes to cellular repair and skin health with vitamins E and folate.
- Enhances gut health through dietary fiber and prebiotic compounds.
- Regulates blood sugar levels by modulating glucose metabolism.
- Reduces inflammation and improves cognitive function via its rich phytonutrient profile.

Kutjera's phenolic compounds inhibit pro-inflammatory cytokine production by suppressing NF-κB signaling pathways. High concentrations of vitamin C enhance neutrophil function and collagen synthesis, while selenium activates glutathione peroxidase enzymes that neutralize reactive oxygen species. The fruit's folate content supports DNA methylation processes crucial for cellular repair mechanisms.

Current research on Kutjera remains in preliminary stages with limited human clinical trials available. Small-scale studies have demonstrated measurable increases in antioxidant capacity markers following consumption, though sample sizes have been modest. Research supports traditional uses for digestive health and immune function, but larger randomized controlled trials are needed to establish definitive therapeutic efficacy. The evidence base, while promising, requires expansion through rigorous clinical investigation.

Solanum centrale
Desert Raisin
Bush Tomato
Akatjura