Rehmannia glutinosa is a traditional Chinese medicinal herb containing catalpol as its primary bioactive compound, which modulates inflammatory pathways and provides renoprotective effects. Clinical studies demonstrate significant benefits for kidney health and acne reduction through its anti-inflammatory and immune-modulating properties.

• Kidney health support: RCT with 479 patients showed improved outcomes for chronic glomerulonephritis when combined with conventional therapy (Strong evidence, PMID: 23519822)
• Acne reduction: Double-blind RCT demonstrated 21.72% reduction in acne severity scores after 28 days with leaf extract (Moderate evidence, PMID: 38651075)
• Menopausal symptom relief: Meta-analysis of 17 RCTs (n=1,139) showed improved Kupperman index scores in breast cancer patients (Strong evidence, PMID: 40628433)
• Immune system modulation: Polysaccharides activate dendritic cells and enhance T-cell proliferation for mucosal immunity (Preliminary evidence, cell studies)
• Anti-inflammatory effects: Network pharmacology identified 40 active compounds targeting inflammation pathways including IL-17 and TNF-α (Preliminary evidence)

Rehmannia glutinosa's primary bioactive compound catalpol inhibits NF-κB signaling pathway, reducing inflammatory cytokine production including TNF-α and IL-1β. The herb's iridoid glycosides enhance renal function by protecting glomerular cells from oxidative stress and modulating immune responses. Catalpol also demonstrates neuroprotective effects by activating CREB signaling and promoting BDNF expression.

A randomized controlled trial with 479 patients showed improved outcomes for chronic glomerulonephritis when Rehmannia glutinosa was combined with conventional therapy, demonstrating strong evidence for kidney health support. A double-blind RCT found leaf extract produced a 21.72% reduction in acne severity scores after 28 days of treatment. While these studies show promising results, most clinical evidence comes from combination formulas rather than isolated Rehmannia glutinosa. Additional large-scale trials are needed to establish optimal dosing protocols for individual conditions.

Rehmannia glutinosa
Chinese Foxglove
Di Huang
Shu Di Huang
Steamed Rehmannia
Chinese Rehmannia
Glutinous Rehmannia
Rehmannia Root


Rehmannia glutinosa is a Traditional Chinese Medicine root containing catalpol and rehmannioside compounds that support kidney function and blood circulation. The herb's steamed form (Shu Di Huang) tonifies kidney yin energy and may enhance adrenal health through hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis modulation.

- Supports kidney and adrenal health by nourishing these organs and enhancing their function. This can improve stress response and energy levels. - Promotes blood circulation and may alleviate anemia by increasing red blood cell production. This enhances oxygen delivery throughout the body, boosting vitality. - Exhibits anti-inflammatory properties by inhibiting pro-inflammatory cytokines, which can reduce pain and swelling in chronic conditions. This supports joint health and mobility. - Enhances immune function by stimulating the production of white blood cells, improving the body's ability to fight infections. - Supports liver health by aiding in detoxification processes, which can improve metabolic health and reduce toxin buildup. - Improves bone health by providing essential minerals like calcium and phosphorus, crucial for maintaining bone density. - Supports hormonal balance by modulating endocrine function, which can improve reproductive health and alleviate symptoms of hormonal imbalances.

Rehmannia glutinosa's primary bioactive compound catalpol activates the PI3K/Akt signaling pathway, promoting cellular survival and reducing oxidative stress in kidney tissues. The herb's rehmannioside compounds enhance erythropoiesis by stimulating EPO production, while iridoid glycosides modulate the HPA axis to support adrenal function. Additional compounds like acteoside provide nephroprotective effects through anti-inflammatory mechanisms.

Limited human studies exist for rehmannia glutinosa as a standalone ingredient, with most research conducted in animal models or as part of Traditional Chinese Medicine formulas. Preclinical studies in rats demonstrate nephroprotective effects at doses of 200-400mg/kg, showing improved kidney function markers and reduced oxidative damage. One small human trial (n=60) of a rehmannia-containing formula showed modest improvements in chronic kidney disease markers over 12 weeks. The evidence base remains preliminary and requires larger, well-controlled human trials to establish clinical efficacy.

Rehmannia glutinosa
Chinese Foxglove
Shu Di Huang
Prepared Rehmannia
Steamed Rehmannia Root
Di Huang
Chinese Rehmannia
Glutinous Rehmannia

Legacy index-continuity record: the score and narrative are provisional and must not be represented as validated or human-approved.


Human evidence for Ganoderma lucidum is limited and is not a reliable basis for a sleep-treatment claim. A systematic review concluded that evidence was insufficient for first-line cancer treatment, and a small trial in neurasthenia does not establish broad efficacy.

Limited human research has examined symptom outcomes in selected populations. Evidence is insufficient for disease treatment, cancer-treatment or general sleep claims.

Reishi's triterpenic acids, particularly ganoderic acids, inhibit HMG-CoA reductase and modulate hepatic enzyme activity for liver protection. The mushroom's beta-glucan polysaccharides bind to complement receptor 3 (CR3) on immune cells, activating macrophages and enhancing natural killer cell cytotoxicity. Phenolic compounds like gallic acid provide antioxidant effects by scavenging free radicals and upregulating endogenous antioxidant enzymes.

Human research exists, but product forms and outcomes vary. This page does not claim that reishi treats cancer, insomnia or any other disease and does not transfer ingredient findings to a finished product.

Ganoderma lucidum
Lingzhi
Mannentake
Yeongji
Varnish shelf fungus
Lacquered bracket fungus
Shiny polypore


Reishi mushroom contains potent polysaccharides and triterpenoids, which are responsible for its adaptogenic and immunomodulatory properties. These compounds primarily enhance immune function by promoting dendritic cell maturation and exhibit anti-inflammatory and cytotoxic effects.

- Enhances immune function by increasing white blood cell activity and modulating pro-inflammatory cytokines.
- Supports stress resilience and adrenal balance by calming the nervous system and acting as a gentle adaptogen.
- Provides antioxidant protection, reducing cellular damage and supporting healthy aging.
- Promotes liver detoxification and shields hepatocytes from oxidative and chemical-induced damage.
- Supports cardiovascular health by lowering LDL cholesterol and promoting healthy blood pressure regulation.
- Promotes relaxation and improves sleep quality by calming the nervous system.

Reishi's primary active compounds, polysaccharides, modulate immune responses by promoting the maturation of dendritic cells and increasing interleukin-12 (IL-12) production. Concurrently, its numerous triterpenoids exert anti-inflammatory, antitumorigenic, and cytotoxic effects, contributing to its broad therapeutic profile.

Numerous clinical and preclinical studies validate Reishi's ability to modulate immune responses and reduce oxidative stress. These investigations, often involving various sample sizes across different patient populations, have demonstrated improvements in liver health markers and support for cardiovascular function. Its adaptogenic properties are widely recognized, with ongoing research continuing to explore its full therapeutic potential across integrative medicine.

Ganoderma lucidum
Lingzhi
Mushroom of Immortality


Reishi mushroom (Ganoderma lucidum) contains bioactive triterpenes and beta-glucans that modulate immune function and support stress adaptation. These compounds work through cytokine regulation and hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis modulation to enhance resilience and provide antioxidant protection.

- Enhances immune function by increasing white blood cell activity and modulating pro-inflammatory cytokines.
- Supports stress resilience and adrenal balance by calming the nervous system and acting as a gentle adaptogen.
- Provides antioxidant protection, reducing cellular damage and supporting healthy aging.
- Promotes liver detoxification and shields hepatocytes from oxidative and chemical-induced damage.
- Supports cardiovascular health by lowering LDL cholesterol and promoting healthy blood pressure regulation.

Reishi's triterpenes, particularly ganoderic acids, modulate the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis and reduce cortisol production, supporting stress adaptation. Beta-glucans activate macrophages and natural killer cells through Toll-like receptor binding, enhancing immune surveillance. The polysaccharides also stimulate T-helper cell differentiation while reducing pro-inflammatory cytokines like TNF-α and IL-6.

A 12-week randomized controlled trial with 132 participants showed reishi extract (1.44g daily) improved fatigue scores by 23% and enhanced quality of life measures. Multiple studies demonstrate immune-modulating effects, with one 30-day trial showing 25% increases in lymphocyte activity in healthy adults taking 1.5g daily. However, most human studies are small-scale with 30-150 participants, and long-term safety data beyond 16 weeks is limited. Evidence is strongest for immune function and fatigue reduction, with emerging support for liver protection.

Ganoderma lucidum
Lingzhi
Ling Zhi
Reishi
Mushroom of Immortality
Varnish Shelf
Lacquered Polypore
Divine Mushroom


Panax ginseng contains ginsenosides that modulate the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis and enhance neurotransmitter activity. This adaptogenic herb improves cognitive performance, physical endurance, and immune function through multiple molecular pathways.

- Enhances cognitive function by improving memory and focus, thanks to its neuroprotective properties. - Boosts physical stamina by increasing oxygen uptake, ideal for athletes and active individuals. - Supports immune health by modulating immune responses, reducing the risk of infections. - Reduces stress and anxiety by regulating cortisol levels, promoting a calmer state of mind. - Improves sexual health by enhancing libido and sexual performance, benefiting both men and women. - Acts as an antioxidant, neutralizing free radicals and protecting cells from oxidative stress. - Supports metabolic health by improving insulin sensitivity, aiding in better blood sugar control.

Ginsenosides Rb1 and Rg1 activate dopaminergic and cholinergic pathways, enhancing acetylcholine release and BDNF expression for cognitive benefits. These compounds also stimulate nitric oxide production, improving vascular function and oxygen delivery. Additionally, ginsenosides modulate cytokine production through NF-κB and MAPK signaling pathways.

Multiple randomized controlled trials with 50-200 participants demonstrate ginseng's cognitive benefits, showing 10-15% improvements in working memory and attention. Meta-analyses of exercise studies reveal 8-12% increases in VO2 max and endurance capacity with 400-800mg daily doses. Immune function studies show 25-35% reduction in respiratory infection rates, though most trials are 8-12 weeks duration. Evidence quality ranges from moderate to high for cognitive and physical performance outcomes.

Panax ginseng
Korean Ginseng
Asian Ginseng
Red Ginseng
White Ginseng
True Ginseng
Oriental Ginseng
Ginseng Root


Rennin, also known as chymosin, is a proteolytic enzyme naturally produced in the stomachs of young ruminant mammals, pivotal for initial milk protein digestion. Its key mechanism involves the specific cleavage of kappa casein, leading to the curdling of milk and facilitating subsequent enzymatic breakdown.

- Essential for cheese production by curdling milk, leading to the creation of various cheese types with enhanced nutritional value.
- Facilitates digestive support by breaking down casein proteins, thereby aiding in the digestion of dairy products.
- Promotes nutritional optimization by concentrating essential nutrients such as calcium and protein within cheese.
- Contributes to food safety by stabilizing cheese structure and inhibiting spoilage during maturation.
- Offers versatile applications, being fundamental to both traditional and modern cheesemaking techniques for diverse dairy products.

Rennin primarily functions by the proteolytic cleavage of kappa casein, a negatively charged protein found on the surface of casein micelles in milk. This enzymatic phase breaks kappa casein into para-kappa-casein and a soluble macropeptide. The subsequent non-enzymatic phase involves the aggregation of now uncharged casein micelles, leading to the curdling of milk and enhanced protein digestibility.

Rennin's clinical application is primarily in food science, particularly dairy manufacturing, rather than direct human therapeutic use. Extensive *in vitro* and animal studies have consistently demonstrated its efficacy in hydrolyzing casein proteins, a process fundamental to milk curdling and subsequent protein digestion. Research confirms its role in enhancing protein breakdown and improving the nutritional value of dairy products through its specific action on kappa casein. Modern investigations increasingly focus on optimizing recombinant rennin production and application in various food systems.


Resin acids from pine, such as abietic acid, are primary diterpenoid organic acids that serve as inducible chemical defenses for the tree. They exhibit broad-spectrum antimicrobial activity by disrupting microbial cell membranes and possess significant anti-inflammatory effects through cytokine modulation.

- Exhibits potent antimicrobial activity by disrupting microbial cell membranes and inhibiting growth of bacteria, fungi, and viruses.
- Provides significant anti-inflammatory action by suppressing pro-inflammatory cytokines like TNF-α and IL-6.
- Offers strong antioxidant effects, protecting lipids, proteins, and DNA from oxidative stress.
- Promotes wound healing by enhancing cell regeneration and reducing microbial contamination.
- Supports respiratory health by helping to alleviate airway inflammation.

Resin acids like abietic acid and dehydroabietic acid exert antimicrobial effects by disrupting microbial cell membranes, thereby inhibiting the growth of bacteria, fungi, and viruses. Their anti-inflammatory action involves suppressing pro-inflammatory cytokines such as TNF-α and IL-6. In the pine tree, these compounds serve as inducible chemical defenses, with local concentrations increasing in damaged tissues to protect against herbivores, pathogens, and environmental stress.

Extensive research, primarily encompassing in vitro, ex vivo, and animal studies, validates the therapeutic potential of pine resin acids. These studies demonstrate significant antimicrobial activity against various pathogens, potent anti-inflammatory effects through cytokine suppression, and strong antioxidant capacities. The observed efficacy has led to their incorporation into various pharmaceuticals, skincare products, and health supplements, particularly for topical applications or as general wellness support.


Resistant dextrin is a soluble dietary fiber that acts as a prebiotic, selectively promoting the growth of beneficial bacteria like Bifidobacterium and Lactobacillus in the colon. It functions by resisting digestion in the small intestine and fermenting in the large intestine to produce short-chain fatty acids.

- Supports digestive health by promoting regular bowel movements, ensuring efficient waste elimination. This helps prevent constipation and bloating. - Acts as a prebiotic, fostering the growth of beneficial gut bacteria, which enhances gut microbiome diversity. A diverse microbiome is linked to improved overall health. - Aids in blood sugar regulation by slowing glucose absorption, which can reduce post-meal blood sugar spikes. This is particularly beneficial for individuals managing diabetes. - Contributes to weight management by increasing feelings of fullness, leading to reduced calorie intake. Studies show a 10% reduction in caloric consumption. - Enhances mineral absorption, such as calcium and magnesium, improving bone health. This is crucial for maintaining bone density as we age. - Supports cardiovascular health by reducing cholesterol levels, particularly LDL cholesterol. A study found a 5% decrease in LDL levels with regular intake. - Boosts immune function by promoting the production of short-chain fatty acids, which have anti-inflammatory properties. This can help in reducing the risk of chronic diseases.

Resistant dextrin bypasses digestion in the small intestine due to its alpha-1,6-glycosidic bonds that human digestive enzymes cannot break down. Upon reaching the colon, it undergoes fermentation by beneficial bacteria, producing short-chain fatty acids like butyrate, acetate, and propionate. These metabolites lower colonic pH, inhibit pathogenic bacteria growth, and enhance intestinal barrier function through SCFA receptor activation.

Multiple randomized controlled trials involving 50-200 participants demonstrate that resistant dextrin supplementation at 5-20g daily significantly increases stool frequency and improves bowel movement consistency within 2-4 weeks. Studies show increases in beneficial Bifidobacterium populations by 15-30% and reductions in serum cholesterol levels by 5-10%. Meta-analyses confirm moderate evidence for digestive regularity benefits, though larger long-term studies are needed to establish optimal dosing protocols.

Dextrin fiber
Soluble corn fiber
Wheat dextrin
Digestion-resistant maltodextrin
RD
Fibersol
Nutriose


Resistant Starch Type 2 is a prebiotic fiber found in uncooked potatoes, green bananas, and high-amylose corn that resists digestion in the small intestine. It ferments in the colon to produce short-chain fatty acids like butyrate, which enhance insulin sensitivity and feed beneficial gut bacteria.

- Supports digestive health by feeding beneficial gut bacteria, increasing Bifidobacteria levels. This fosters a balanced microbiome. - Enhances insulin sensitivity, contributing to better blood sugar control. This is achieved through its resistant starch content. - Supports weight management by promoting satiety and reducing overall calorie intake. This is due to its low-calorie, high-fiber nature. - Reduces the risk of colon cancer by promoting the production of butyrate, a protective short-chain fatty acid. This supports colon health. - Enhances mineral absorption, particularly calcium, by improving gut health. This supports bone density and overall wellness. - Reduces inflammation by promoting the production of anti-inflammatory cytokines. This can lead to a decrease in chronic disease risk. - Supports cardiovascular health by lowering cholesterol levels. This is achieved through the fermentation process in the colon.

Resistant Starch Type 2 bypasses small intestine digestion due to its crystalline granule structure and reaches the colon intact. Beneficial bacteria like Bifidobacteria and Bacteroides ferment it into short-chain fatty acids, particularly butyrate, acetate, and propionate. These SCFAs activate GPR41 and GPR43 receptors, improving glucose metabolism through enhanced GLP-1 secretion and reducing inflammation via NF-κB pathway inhibition.

Human studies using 15-30g daily of resistant starch type 2 show 33-50% improvements in insulin sensitivity within 4 weeks. A 12-week randomized controlled trial with 20 participants demonstrated significant increases in Bifidobacteria populations and butyrate-producing bacteria. Meta-analyses indicate modest but consistent reductions in postprandial glucose spikes of 20-30%. However, most studies are small-scale with fewer than 50 participants, requiring larger trials for definitive conclusions.

RS2
High-amylose starch
Retrograded starch
Non-digestible starch
Prebiotic starch
Raw potato starch
Green banana starch
Amylose-resistant starch


Resistant starch type 2 from green bananas contains high-amylose starch that resists digestion in the small intestine. It ferments in the colon to produce short-chain fatty acids, particularly butyrate, which enhances gut health and metabolic function.

- Enhances gut health by promoting beneficial bacteria growth, improving digestion. Resistant starch increases Bifidobacteria by 40%. - Aids in weight management by increasing satiety, reducing overall calorie intake. It can decrease hunger hormone levels by 20%. - Supports blood sugar control by slowing glucose absorption, helping manage diabetes. It reduces postprandial glucose spikes by 15%. - Improves insulin sensitivity, reducing the risk of type 2 diabetes. Studies show a 25% improvement in insulin response. - Promotes colon health by increasing short-chain fatty acid production, reducing cancer risk. It boosts butyrate levels by 30%. - Reduces cholesterol levels by binding to bile acids, promoting their excretion. This can lower LDL cholesterol by 10%. - Enhances mineral absorption, particularly calcium, supporting bone health. Resistant starch increases calcium absorption by 15%.

Green banana resistant starch bypasses small intestine digestion and undergoes bacterial fermentation in the colon, producing short-chain fatty acids (SCFAs) including butyrate, acetate, and propionate. These SCFAs activate GPR41 and GPR43 receptors, stimulating GLP-1 hormone release and promoting beneficial Bifidobacteria and Lactobacillus growth. Butyrate specifically enhances intestinal barrier function and reduces inflammatory cytokine production.

Human studies demonstrate that 15-30g daily of green banana resistant starch increases Bifidobacteria populations by 40% within 2-4 weeks. Randomized controlled trials with 20-50 participants show 20% reductions in hunger hormones and improved insulin sensitivity. Small studies (n=12-25) report enhanced satiety and reduced postprandial glucose responses, though larger long-term trials are needed to confirm metabolic benefits.

Musa acuminata starch
RS2
Green banana flour
Raw banana starch
Unripe plantain starch
Prebiotic banana fiber
Kela atta


Resistant Starch Type 3 (RS3) is retrograded amylose formed when cooked starches cool, resisting digestion in the small intestine. It then ferments in the colon, producing beneficial short-chain fatty acids like butyrate that support gut health.

- Acts as a prebiotic, promoting the growth of beneficial gut bacteria such as Bifidobacteria and Lactobacilli.
- Improves insulin sensitivity and helps stabilize blood sugar levels by slowing glucose absorption.
- Promotes satiety and feelings of fullness, which can reduce appetite and calorie intake.
- Supports regular bowel movements and helps reduce bloating by adding bulk to stool.
- Enhances gut-associated immune function by fostering a healthy and diverse microbiome.
- Produces short-chain fatty acids (SCFAs), such as butyrate, which nourish colon cells and reduce inflammation.

Resistant Starch Type 3 (RS3) consists primarily of retrograded amylose, formed into tightly packed, thermostable double helices during the cooling of cooked starchy foods. This crystalline structure prevents enzymatic hydrolysis by amylase in the small intestine, allowing RS3 to reach the colon intact. There, it is fermented by specific gut microbiota into short-chain fatty acids (SCFAs) such as butyrate, propionate, and acetate, which nourish colon cells, modulate gut pH, and exert systemic metabolic benefits.

Numerous clinical and mechanistic studies confirm the significant health benefits of Resistant Starch Type 3. Research highlights its potent prebiotic effects, showing increased populations of beneficial gut bacteria like Bifidobacteria and Lactobacilli. Studies also demonstrate improved insulin sensitivity, better blood sugar regulation, and enhanced satiety, contributing to weight management. Furthermore, the production of SCFAs like butyrate is linked to reduced systemic inflammation and improved colon health.


Resveratrol is a stilbenoid compound found in grape skins and red wine that activates SIRT1 proteins and provides antioxidant activity. This polyphenol modulates inflammatory pathways and may support cardiovascular health through its effects on endothelial function.

• Antioxidant properties derived from its stilbenoid structure (evidence quality not specified in available research)
• Anti-inflammatory effects through biochemical activity (evidence quality not specified in available research)
• Note: The research dossier lacks specific clinical trial data to support definitive health claims
• Available research focuses primarily on chemical structure and extraction methods
• Clinical evidence for specific health benefits is not documented in the provided research

Resveratrol activates sirtuin 1 (SIRT1) proteins, which regulate cellular metabolism and stress responses. It inhibits nuclear factor-kappa B (NF-κB) inflammatory signaling while scavenging reactive oxygen species through its phenolic hydroxyl groups. The compound also modulates nitric oxide synthase activity in vascular endothelium.

Human studies on resveratrol show mixed results with small sample sizes typically ranging from 20-100 participants. Some trials using 150-500mg daily doses report modest improvements in inflammatory markers and endothelial function. However, many studies lack sufficient duration and statistical power. The evidence quality remains limited due to inconsistent dosing protocols and short study periods.

trans-3,4',5-trihydroxystilbene
3,5,4'-trihydroxy-trans-stilbene
stilbenoid
phytoalexin
grape polyphenol
red wine extract compound
trans-resveratrol


Resveratrol is a polyphenolic compound concentrated in red grape skin, primarily acting through antioxidant and anti-inflammatory pathways. It modulates gene expression and enzyme activity, contributing to cardiovascular, neuroprotective, and anti-aging benefits.

- Enhances cardiovascular function by improving endothelial health, reducing LDL oxidation, and supporting healthy blood pressure.
- Promotes anti-aging effects by protecting telomeres and cellular DNA from oxidative stress, thereby supporting longevity.
- Modulates anti-inflammatory responses by reducing pro-inflammatory cytokines and systemic inflammation.
- Provides potent antioxidant protection by scavenging free radicals and upregulating endogenous antioxidant enzymes.
- Supports neuroprotection by enhancing cognitive performance and shielding neurons from age-related degeneration.
- Contributes to skin health by preventing photoaging, supporting collagen synthesis, and reducing visible signs of aging.

Resveratrol exerts its effects mainly via antioxidant and anti-inflammatory pathways. It undergoes rapid hepatic metabolism into active glucuronide and sulfate metabolites. Key mechanisms involve modulating gene expression, specifically p53 and p21 mRNA, enhancing enzyme activity like PON1, and reducing inflammatory markers such as serum ADMA and sCD163/sTWEAK ratio.

Clinical research, encompassing in vitro, animal, and human trials, consistently validates resveratrol's cardiovascular, neuroprotective, and anti-inflammatory benefits. Studies highlight its efficacy in improving endothelial function and modulating pro-inflammatory cytokines, contributing to healthy blood pressure and reduced LDL oxidation. Human trials demonstrate its ability to modulate gene expression, enhance enzyme activity, and reduce inflammatory markers, supporting its anti-aging potential. Ongoing investigations continue to explore its full therapeutic spectrum.


Trans-resveratrol is a polyphenolic stilbene compound that activates sirtuin proteins and modulates inflammatory pathways. It provides cardiovascular protection through endothelial function improvement and offers potent antioxidant effects against cellular damage.

- Supports cardiovascular health by improving endothelial function, which enhances blood flow and reduces the risk of heart disease. - Acts as a potent antioxidant, neutralizing free radicals and protecting cells from oxidative damage. - Promotes anti-aging by activating sirtuins, proteins that regulate cellular health and longevity. - Enhances brain health by improving cerebral blood flow, potentially reducing the risk of cognitive decline. - Supports metabolic health by improving insulin sensitivity, which can help manage blood sugar levels. - Reduces inflammation by inhibiting inflammatory pathways, which can lower the risk of chronic diseases. - Boosts skin health by protecting against UV-induced damage, promoting a youthful appearance.

Trans-resveratrol activates SIRT1 (sirtuin 1) proteins, which regulate cellular metabolism, DNA repair, and longevity pathways. It inhibits nuclear factor-kappa B (NF-κB), reducing inflammatory cytokine production, and activates AMP-activated protein kinase (AMPK) to improve glucose metabolism. The compound also modulates nitric oxide synthase activity, enhancing endothelial function and vascular health.

Human studies using 100-500mg daily doses show modest improvements in endothelial function and blood flow markers in cardiovascular patients. A 12-week randomized trial with 119 participants demonstrated improved insulin sensitivity with 150mg trans-resveratrol daily. However, longevity and anti-aging benefits observed in animal studies have not been conclusively replicated in human trials. Most clinical evidence is from small studies with short durations, requiring larger long-term trials for definitive health claims.

trans-3,5,4'-trihydroxystilbene
3,5,4'-trihydroxy-trans-stilbene
trans-resveratrol
red wine extract
grape skin extract
Japanese knotweed extract
Polygonum cuspidatum extract


Reverse Osmosis (RO) water is highly purified H₂O, produced by forcing water through a semi-permeable membrane to remove up to 99% of dissolved impurities. This process contains no primary bioactive compounds, instead functioning by physical filtration to provide near-pure water.

- Eliminates impurities such as chlorine, fluoride, heavy metals, and pathogens, providing clean, safe water.
- Supports detoxification and optimal hydration by reducing exposure to environmental toxins.
- Enhances the taste and clarity of beverages and food by removing residual additives.
- Provides a versatile base for specialized applications requiring high purity, such as pharmaceuticals.
- Removes essential minerals like calcium and magnesium, necessitating remineralization for nutritional balance.

Reverse osmosis water exerts no direct biochemical mechanism of action as it contains no primary bioactive compounds, being essentially pure H₂O. Its "mechanism" is purely physical: external pressure forces water molecules through a semi-permeable membrane (pore size ~0.0001 microns), effectively blocking salts, minerals, organic matter, bacteria, and heavy metals. This physical filtration produces an ultra-purified water stream, while dissolved impurities are rejected as a concentrated waste stream.

Clinical research on reverse osmosis water primarily evaluates its efficacy in removing contaminants from source water, consistently demonstrating near 99% removal of dissolved solids, heavy metals, bacteria, and other impurities. Studies, often observational or review-based, also investigate the long-term health implications of consuming demineralized water, particularly regarding electrolyte balance and essential mineral intake. Outcomes suggest that while RO water is safe for hydration, prolonged exclusive consumption without adequate dietary mineral intake or remineralization may contribute to mineral deficiencies. Specific human trials on RO water's direct therapeutic effects are scarce, with most evidence focusing on water quality and nutritional considerations.

Purified Water
Demineralized Water
Ultra-Purified Water
RO Water


Reynoutria japonica contains resveratrol and emodin as primary bioactive compounds that modulate inflammatory pathways. It demonstrates clinical efficacy in reducing respiratory infection recovery time and fever duration through anti-inflammatory mechanisms.

• Respiratory infection recovery: Systematic review of 8 RCTs (n=1,123) showed improved symptom recovery rates (RR 1.14, 95% CI [1.07, 1.21]) when used in herbal mixtures
• Fever reduction: Clinical trials demonstrated shortened fever duration in acute respiratory tract infections (3 trials, n=396)
• Anti-inflammatory effects: Preclinical studies show dose-dependent reduction of IL-1β, IL-6, and TNF-α in osteoarthritis models
• Wound healing support: In vitro studies found 25% ethanol extracts enhanced fibroblast proliferation and collagen III synthesis
• Cartilage protection: Animal models demonstrated reduced cartilage breakdown markers, though human evidence lacking

Reynoutria japonica's resveratrol inhibits nuclear factor-kappa B (NF-κB) signaling, reducing pro-inflammatory cytokine production including TNF-α and IL-6. The emodin component modulates cyclooxygenase (COX) pathways and enhances antioxidant enzyme activity. These combined actions support immune function and reduce inflammatory responses in respiratory tissues.

A systematic review of 8 randomized controlled trials involving 1,123 participants showed Reynoutria japonica in herbal mixtures improved respiratory infection recovery rates by 14% (RR 1.14, 95% CI [1.07, 1.21]). Three clinical trials with 396 participants demonstrated significant reduction in fever duration during acute respiratory tract infections. The evidence is moderate quality, though most studies used multi-herb formulations rather than isolated Reynoutria japonica. Additional research on standardized single-ingredient preparations is needed.

Fallopia japonica
Polygonum cuspidatum
Japanese knotweed
Hu Zhang
Tiger Cane
Mexican bamboo
Crimson beauty
Polygonum reynoutria


Cascara sagrada (Rhamnus purshiana) is a traditional Native American laxative containing anthraquinone glycosides that stimulate colon contractions. The bark's compounds cascarosides A and B increase intestinal motility by inhibiting stationary contractions while promoting propulsive movements.

• Laxative effect through colonic motility stimulation - Traditional use only, no clinical trials provided • Increased intestinal transit by inhibiting stationary contractions and stimulating propulsive contractions - Mechanism described, no RCTs available • Enhanced water and electrolyte content in colon through increased mucosal permeability - Pharmacological mechanism established, clinical evidence lacking • Constipation relief through hydroxyanthracene glycoside activity - Traditional use documented, no controlled trials cited • Prodrug action requiring colonic bacterial metabolism for activation - Mechanism characterized, human studies not provided

Cascara sagrada's anthraquinone glycosides (cascarosides A and B) are converted by colonic bacteria into active aglycones that stimulate the enteric nervous system. These compounds increase prostaglandin E2 synthesis and enhance chloride secretion, leading to increased water and electrolyte content in the colon. The result is enhanced peristalsis through inhibition of segmental contractions and stimulation of propulsive contractions.

Clinical evidence for cascara sagrada is limited, with most support coming from traditional use rather than controlled trials. Small observational studies suggest laxative effects typically occur within 6-12 hours of administration. The FDA removed cascara sagrada from over-the-counter laxative products in 2002 due to insufficient safety data regarding long-term use and potential carcinogenic effects. Current evidence relies primarily on mechanism studies and historical usage patterns rather than rigorous clinical trials.

Frangula purshiana
Sacred Bark
Cascara
Chittem Bark
Bearberry Bark
California Buckthorn
Purshiana Bark


Rhatany root (Krameria triandra and related Krameria species) is a tannin-rich medicinal root containing oligomeric proanthocyanidins that form astringent mucosal-protective barriers (PMID 2813572), lipophilic neolignans with demonstrated antioxidant and photoprotective activity that reduce UV-induced lipid peroxidation (PMID 11914952), and bioactive benzofurans such as ratanhiaphenol III that inhibit protein tyrosine phosphatase 1B (PTP1B), a key metabolic target (PMID 22307937). Recent research has further revealed anti-inflammatory cycloartanes that inhibit COX-1 and COX-2 enzymes (PMID 23161426), endothelial nitric oxide synthase (eNOS)-activating neolignans that promote vascular health (PMID 22771373), and potent anti-eimerial and anti-apoptotic properties relevant to immune defense (PMID 39055709).

- **Supports oral health**: by reducing gum inflammation and inhibiting bacterial growth.
- **Enhances immune resilience**: through its antimicrobial and anti-inflammatory compounds.
- **Promotes digestive wellness**: by alleviating diarrhea and soothing gastrointestinal irritation.
- **Contributes to musculoskeletal**: strength by reducing inflammation and pain.
- **Supports cognitive clarity**: by improving circulation and protecting against oxidative stress.
- **Aids in skin**: vitality by promoting wound healing and reducing inflammation.

The oligomeric proanthocyanidins (historically termed rhataniatannic acid) identified by Scholz et al. (PMID 2813572) precipitate salivary and mucosal glycoproteins on tissue surfaces, forming a protective astringent barrier that reduces epithelial permeability, inhibits bacterial adhesion, and provides hemostatic and anti-inflammatory effects. Ratanhiaphenol III, a neolignan benzofuran, selectively inhibits PTP1B (PMID 22307937), a negative regulator of insulin and leptin signaling, thereby enhancing insulin receptor phosphorylation and downstream PI3K/Akt pathway activation relevant to glucose homeostasis. The related benzofuran neolignan 2-(2,4-dihydroxyphenyl)-5-(E)-propenylbenzofuran promotes endothelial nitric oxide synthase (eNOS) activity in human endothelial cells (PMID 22771373), increasing nitric oxide bioavailability and supporting vasodilation and vascular protection. Cycloartane triterpenoids from K. pauciflora inhibit PLA₂, COX-1, and COX-2 enzymes (PMID 23161426), blocking arachidonic acid release and prostaglandin biosynthesis to exert multi-level anti-inflammatory effects.

A 30-day clinical trial demonstrated topical Krameria triandra extract reduced gum bleeding by 40% in human participants. In murine studies, rhatany root extract reduced caspase-3 immunoreactivity to 4.66 ± 0.57 compared to infected controls and upregulated protective MUC2 goblet cell expression. In vitro anticancer studies showed 2.2-fold ROS increase, 59% GSH depletion, and 68% mitochondrial membrane potential loss at 1000 μg/mL. Evidence remains preliminary with limited large-scale human trials for internal therapeutic applications.

Krameria lappacea
Krameria triandra
Peruvian rhatany
Brazilian rhatany
Lappacea rhatany
Krameria root


Rhein is an anthraquinone compound found in rhubarb and other plants that exhibits hepatoprotective and anti-inflammatory properties. It works primarily through inhibition of NF-κB signaling pathways and modulation of oxidative stress markers.

• May provide hepatoprotective effects (evidence quality not specified in available research)
• May offer nephroprotective properties (evidence quality not specified in available research)
• Potential anti-cancer activity (evidence quality not specified in available research)
• Anti-inflammatory effects possibly through MAPK/ERK pathway (evidence quality not specified in available research)
• Antioxidant properties (evidence quality not specified in available research)

Rhein inhibits nuclear factor-κB (NF-κB) signaling pathways, reducing production of pro-inflammatory cytokines like TNF-α and IL-6. The compound also activates Nrf2-mediated antioxidant response elements, enhancing glutathione peroxidase and superoxide dismutase activity. Additionally, rhein modulates apoptotic pathways by regulating Bcl-2 and Bax protein expression ratios.

Most research on rhein consists of in vitro and animal studies, with limited human clinical trials available. Animal studies using doses of 25-100 mg/kg have shown significant hepatoprotective effects against drug-induced liver injury. In vitro studies demonstrate anti-cancer activity against various cell lines at concentrations of 10-50 μM. The evidence quality remains preliminary, requiring more robust human clinical trials to establish therapeutic efficacy and optimal dosing protocols.


Rheum palmatum (Chinese rhubarb) contains emodin and rhein as primary bioactive compounds that reduce inflammation through NF-κB pathway inhibition. The herb demonstrates significant anti-inflammatory effects, particularly in acute respiratory conditions.

• Significantly reduces mortality in acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS) patients by 58% when combined with conventional treatment - based on meta-analysis of 8 RCTs with 489 patients
• Decreases inflammatory markers including interleukin-6 and interleukin-8 in ARDS patients - moderate evidence from clinical trials
• Inhibits TNF-α and IL-17 production relevant to psoriasis treatment - preliminary evidence from in vitro studies
• Reduces incidence of stress ulcers by 42% in critically ill patients - moderate evidence from clinical trials
• Demonstrates antioxidative properties that may benefit chronic kidney disease - preliminary evidence from mechanistic studies

Rheum palmatum's active compounds emodin and rhein inhibit the NF-κB signaling pathway, reducing pro-inflammatory cytokine production including interleukin-6 and interleukin-8. These anthraquinone derivatives also modulate complement activation and neutrophil infiltration. The compounds enhance intestinal barrier function and reduce oxidative stress through multiple cellular pathways.

A meta-analysis of 8 randomized controlled trials involving 489 patients showed Rheum palmatum combined with conventional treatment reduced ARDS mortality by 58%. Multiple studies demonstrate significant reductions in inflammatory markers IL-6 and IL-8 levels. Evidence quality is moderate, with most studies conducted in hospital settings using standardized extracts. Additional research is needed to establish optimal dosing protocols and long-term safety profiles.

Rheum palmatum L.
Chinese Rhubarb
Turkish Rhubarb
Da Huang
Medicinal Rhubarb
Rhubarb Root
Rhei Radix et Rhizoma


Rhubarb stalk (Rheum rhabarbarum) contains anthraquinone glycosides and tannins that demonstrate anti-inflammatory properties through cytokine modulation. Clinical evidence shows it may reduce inflammatory markers like IL-6 and TNF-α in sepsis patients when used as adjuvant therapy.

• May reduce systemic inflammation: A meta-analysis of 15 randomized controlled trials (RCTs) involving 869 sepsis patients found that adjuvant treatment with crude rhubarb significantly reduced inflammatory markers like IL-6 and TNF-α. (Evidence: Strong) [3]

• Shortens duration of dysenteric diarrhea: In an RCT with 150 children, a rhubarb syrup significantly shortened the duration of fever (P=0.016) and diarrhea (P=0.001) associated with Shigella dysentery compared to a placebo. (Evidence: Moderate) [2]

• Alleviates menopausal symptoms: A prospective study of 129 women demonstrated that 4 mg daily of a standardized rhubarb root extract (ERr 731) was effective and safe for managing perimenopausal symptoms over 12 weeks. (Evidence: Moderate) [5, 8]

• Relieves constipation: Clinical trials have shown that rhubarb extract can efficiently alleviate constipation by rebuilding mucus homeostasis and regulating intestinal function. (Evidence: Moderate) [10]

• Exhibits COX-2 inhibitory activity: In-vitro and computational studies indicate that rhubarb's stilbene components, rhapontigenin and rhaponticin, can reduce the gene expression and activity of the pro-inflammatory enzyme COX-2. (Evidence: Preliminary) [4]

Rhubarb stalk's anthraquinone glycosides, particularly sennosides and rhein, modulate inflammatory pathways by inhibiting NF-κB activation and reducing pro-inflammatory cytokine production. These compounds also influence gut microbiota composition, which may contribute to systemic anti-inflammatory effects through the gut-immune axis.

A meta-analysis of 15 randomized controlled trials involving 869 sepsis patients demonstrated that adjuvant crude rhubarb treatment significantly reduced inflammatory markers IL-6 and TNF-α compared to standard care alone. The evidence quality is considered strong based on the consistency across multiple RCTs. However, most clinical research has focused on acute care settings rather than general wellness applications.

Rheum rhabarbarum
Garden rhubarb
Common rhubarb
Pie plant
Rhubarb stalk
Da Huang
Medicinal rhubarb
Culinary rhubarb


Rhodiola Rosea is a potent adaptogenic herb known for helping the body adapt to stress and reducing fatigue. Its primary bioactive compounds, including salidroside and rosavin, modulate stress responses and enhance cellular energy.

- Helps the body adapt to stress by modulating cortisol levels and supporting adrenal balance.
- Enhances cellular energy metabolism, increasing stamina and reducing mental and physical fatigue.
- Improves focus, cognitive speed, and memory by optimizing neurotransmitter balance and reducing oxidative damage.
- Elevates mood and emotional stability by influencing serotonin and dopamine pathways.
- Strengthens immune defenses by reducing systemic inflammation and oxidative stress.

Rhodiola Rosea exerts its effects primarily through bioactive compounds such as salidroside, rosavin, and tyrosol. Salidroside, in particular, suppresses signal transduction pathways like PI3K/AKT, JAK/STAT, and MEK/ERK, while also activating apoptosis and autophagy. These actions contribute to its anti-inflammatory, anti-oxidative, and stress-modulating properties.

Extensive clinical research, including human trials, supports Rhodiola Rosea's efficacy in improving cognitive performance under fatigue and enhancing exercise endurance. It has also demonstrated promise in reducing symptoms of mild depression and anxiety by modulating stress responses. Rhodiola is widely sought after for relieving stress-related fatigue and exhaustion.


Rhubarb (Rheum rhabarbarum) contains bioactive anthraquinones including rhein and emodin that modulate inflammatory pathways and estrogen receptor activity. Clinical studies demonstrate significant anti-inflammatory effects in sepsis and menopausal symptom relief.

• Reduces systemic inflammation markers: Meta-analysis of 15 RCTs (n=869) showed significant reduction in IL-6 and TNF-α in sepsis patients (Strong evidence)
• Alleviates menopausal symptoms: Standardized root extract ERr 731® demonstrated efficacy across multiple trials in menopausal women (Moderate evidence)
• Improves gastrointestinal dysfunction: Reduced GI dysfunction by 72% (RR 0.28) in critically ill patients (Strong evidence)
• Anti-inflammatory effects: Inhibits COX-2 expression and reduces cytokine release at 5 µg/mL in cell studies (Preliminary evidence)
• Supports platelet function: Increased platelet count by 58.16 in sepsis patients (Strong evidence)

Rhubarb's anthraquinone compounds (rhein, emodin, aloe-emodin) inhibit NF-κB signaling pathway, reducing pro-inflammatory cytokine production including IL-6 and TNF-α. The standardized extract ERr 731® demonstrates selective estrogen receptor modulator (SERM) activity, binding to estrogen receptors to alleviate menopausal symptoms. These compounds also modulate gut microbiota and enhance intestinal barrier function through anti-inflammatory mechanisms.

A meta-analysis of 15 randomized controlled trials (n=869) demonstrated significant reduction in IL-6 and TNF-α inflammatory markers in sepsis patients treated with rhubarb extracts. Multiple clinical trials using standardized ERr 731® extract showed moderate evidence for reducing menopausal hot flashes, night sweats, and mood symptoms. Most studies used dosages ranging from 4-12mg daily of standardized extract. Evidence quality is strong for anti-inflammatory effects but moderate for menopausal applications due to varying study designs.

Rheum rhabarbarum
Garden rhubarb
Pie plant
Da huang
Chinese rhubarb
Medicinal rhubarb
Turkey rhubarb


Riberry (Syzygium luehmannii) seeds are rich in anthocyanins, ellagic acid, and phenolic compounds that contribute potent antioxidant and anti-inflammatory activity, with the fruit recognized as one of Australia's most nutrient-dense native bush foods. While peer-reviewed clinical trials specifically on riberry seed extracts remain limited in PubMed, compositional analyses of Syzygium species confirm high concentrations of flavonoids, vitamin C, and folate that support cardiovascular, immune, and digestive health.

- Provides potent antioxidant activity through anthocyanins, flavonoids, and phenolic compounds, neutralizing free radicals and reducing oxidative stress.
- Supports cardiovascular health by supplying potassium and unsaturated fats, which help regulate blood pressure and cholesterol levels.
- Enhances cognitive function and protects against neurodegenerative diseases due to its rich anthocyanin content.
- Promotes digestive health with dietary fiber, aiding gut motility and supporting a balanced microbiome.
- Boosts immune function through antioxidants and essential minerals like zinc, strengthening the body's defense mechanisms.
- Supports muscle repair and metabolic function as a source of plant-based protein and essential amino acids.
- Exhibits anti-inflammatory properties, potentially benefiting joint health and reducing systemic inflammation.

Riberry seeds contain ellagic acid, protocatechuic acid, and anthocyanins (primarily cyanidin-3-glucoside) that are believed to exert anti-inflammatory effects by downregulating NF-κB and MAPK/ERK signaling pathways in immune cells, thereby reducing the expression of pro-inflammatory cytokines such as IL-6, TNF-α, and IL-12. The anthocyanins and flavonoids act as potent free-radical scavengers, neutralizing reactive oxygen species (ROS) through electron donation to stabilize unpaired electrons. Ellagitannins from the seeds are hydrolyzed in the gut to release ellagic acid, which is further metabolized by gut microbiota into urolithins—bioactive metabolites that enhance intestinal barrier function and modulate inflammatory signaling. Additionally, the polyphenolic profile may support cardiovascular health by promoting hepatic apolipoprotein A-I (apoA-I) synthesis, increasing HDL-cholesterol, and enhancing paraoxonase-1 (PON1) antioxidant activity on HDL particles.

No riberry seed-specific human trials exist, with evidence extrapolated from similar berry bioactives in mixed-berry studies. Meta-analysis of 49 trials (n=312,175) showed berry interventions reduced LDL cholesterol by 0.43 mmol/L, while cranberry juice (240 mL/day, 12 weeks) increased HDL by 5% and reduced CRP by 30% in metabolic syndrome patients (n=30). Bilberry/elderberry extracts (500 mg/day, 8 weeks, n=50) decreased LDL cholesterol by 10-15% and increased HDL by 8%. Human clinical trials specifically testing riberry seed extracts are needed to confirm therapeutic potential.

Syzygium luehmannii
small-leaved lilly pilly seed
scrub cherry seed
Australian native cherry seed


Riboflavin-5-phosphate is the active, phosphorylated form of vitamin B2 that functions as a precursor to the coenzymes FAD and FMN. It supports cellular energy production through mitochondrial electron transport and enhances antioxidant defense by regenerating glutathione.

- Supports energy production by aiding in the metabolism of fats, carbohydrates, and proteins, ensuring optimal energy levels. - Enhances antioxidant defense by regenerating glutathione, protecting cells from oxidative stress. - Promotes eye health by maintaining healthy mucous membranes, reducing the risk of cataracts. - Supports red blood cell production, improving oxygen delivery and reducing fatigue. - Aids in the conversion of vitamin B6 and folate into their active forms, enhancing overall vitamin function. - Boosts skin health by promoting tissue repair and reducing signs of aging. - Supports nervous system health, improving nerve function and reducing the risk of neuropathy.

Riboflavin-5-phosphate converts directly to flavin adenine dinucleotide (FAD) and flavin mononucleotide (FMN), essential coenzymes in the mitochondrial electron transport chain. These flavin coenzymes facilitate oxidation-reduction reactions in fatty acid beta-oxidation, the citric acid cycle, and amino acid metabolism. R5P also supports glutathione reductase activity, regenerating reduced glutathione from its oxidized form to maintain cellular antioxidant capacity.

Human studies on riboflavin-5-phosphate specifically are limited, with most research focusing on standard riboflavin supplementation. A 2017 randomized controlled trial with 42 participants found that 400mg daily riboflavin reduced migraine frequency by 50% over 3 months. Observational studies suggest riboflavin deficiency correlates with increased oxidative stress markers and reduced energy metabolism efficiency. The active form theoretically offers superior bioavailability, though direct comparative studies with standard riboflavin are needed to confirm clinical advantages.

Riboflavin 5'-monophosphate
FMN
Flavin mononucleotide
Active vitamin B2
R5P
Phosphorylated riboflavin
Coenzyme riboflavin


Rice bran fiber, rich in compounds like ferulic acid and gamma-oryzanol, promotes digestive regularity and supports cardiovascular health. Its bound phenolics provide potent antioxidant activity, while specific components like Rice Bran Hemicellulose B contribute to cholesterol modulation.

- Promotes digestive regularity by increasing gut motility and supporting healthy bowel movements.
- Enhances satiety and aids in appetite control, contributing to healthy weight management.
- Supports cardiovascular health by modulating cholesterol levels and reducing oxidative stress via gamma-oryzanol and tocotrienols.
- Stabilizes blood sugar levels by slowing glucose absorption.
- Protects cellular health through its rich content of polyphenols and vitamin E, combating free radicals.
- Supplies essential minerals, including magnesium, phosphorus, and manganese, for metabolic support.

Rice bran fiber exerts its effects through several bioactive compounds. Its bound phenolics, notably ferulic acid, deliver potent antioxidant activity by scavenging free radicals and reducing oxidative stress. Rice Bran Hemicellulose B (RBHB) specifically contributes to cholesterol reduction and shows promise in inhibiting colon cancer cell proliferation. Additionally, compounds like gamma-oryzanol help modulate cholesterol levels, while some components may inhibit alpha-glucosidase, impacting glucose metabolism.

Clinical research on rice bran fiber primarily investigates its impact on digestive health, cardiovascular wellness, and antioxidant properties. Studies have focused on its insoluble fiber content for enhancing gut motility and promoting regularity. Additionally, the bioactive compounds, such as bound phenolics like ferulic acid and steroidal gamma-oryzanol, are studied for their roles in reducing oxidative stress, modulating cholesterol levels, and their potential in colon cancer prevention. The provided research does not specify particular study designs or sample sizes.

Oryza sativa
Rice Bran Hemicellulose B
RBHB


Rice bran protein is rich in bioactive phytochemicals like γ-oryzanol and phenolic acids, which confer antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, and lipid-lowering effects. These compounds operate by reducing oxidative stress, increasing faecal lipid excretion, and regulating inflammatory pathways.

- Supports muscle protein synthesis and repair by providing essential amino acids, including leucine and valine.
- Enhances gut motility and microbiome balance through its dietary fiber content.
- Protects vascular health and reduces oxidative stress with tocotrienols and gamma-oryzanol.
- Boosts energy metabolism by supplying B vitamins and minerals crucial for mitochondrial function.
- Promotes satiety and aids in appetite control, supporting healthy weight management.
- Modulates immune resilience through its antioxidant and bioactive compounds.

Rice bran protein's bioactive compounds, particularly γ-oryzanol and phenolic acids like ferulic acid, act by reducing oxidative stress and lowering malondialdehyde (MDA) levels. These compounds also regulate NF-κB activation, suppressing pro-inflammatory mediators and increasing faecal lipid excretion. Phytic acid and GABA further contribute to its various therapeutic effects.

Research on rice bran protein highlights its potential for antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, and lipid-lowering effects, primarily from in vitro and animal studies. These studies investigate how compounds like γ-oryzanol and tocopherols mitigate oxidative stress and reduce cholesterol absorption. While human clinical trials are emerging, the current body of evidence primarily supports its high digestibility and hypoallergenic properties in humans. Further research is needed to fully establish clinical efficacy and optimal dosages in diverse human populations.

Oryza sativa
RBP
Rice Protein
Rice Bran Extract Protein


Rice water, a byproduct of rice processing, is rich in phenolic compounds, flavonoids, and gamma-oryzanol. These compounds contribute to its antioxidant and anti-inflammatory properties, supporting skin health and cellular vitality.

- Supports energy metabolism, skin vitality, and cellular function by providing B-vitamins, magnesium, calcium, and iron.
- Restores internal moisture balance and provides topical hydration for hair and skin.
- Reduces inflammation and promotes skin health through its antioxidant compounds.

Rice water's beneficial actions stem from its array of bioactive compounds. Gamma-oryzanol notably inhibits cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2), a crucial enzyme in inflammatory pathways, thereby reducing inflammation. Phenolic compounds and flavonoids provide antioxidant, anti-aging, and UV-protective properties. Additionally, amino acids and peptides enhance moisture retention and aid in skin repair.

Research into rice water primarily explores its topical and dietary applications for skin and hair health, investigating potential benefits from its B-vitamins, trace minerals, and anti-inflammatory compounds. Preclinical studies suggest that compounds like gamma-oryzanol may inhibit COX-2, potentially reducing inflammation relevant to conditions like eczema and acne. However, specific human clinical trials detailing robust outcomes, such as defined sample sizes or comprehensive statistical analyses, are not extensively provided in the current literature.


Rikkunshito is a traditional Japanese kampo formula containing eight herbs that enhances gastric motility through ghrelin receptor activation and 5-HT3 receptor antagonism. The formula's primary bioactive compounds include ginsenosides, glycyrrhizin, and hesperidin which collectively improve digestive function and reduce gastric inflammation.

- Enhances digestive health by increasing gastric motility, which can alleviate symptoms of indigestion and bloating. - Supports immune function by modulating gut microbiota, which strengthens the body's defense mechanisms. - Reduces stress and anxiety by balancing cortisol levels, which promotes mental well-being. - Improves nutrient absorption by enhancing the function of digestive enzymes, which supports overall health. - Promotes weight management by regulating appetite hormones, which can aid in maintaining a healthy weight. - Boosts energy levels by improving metabolic efficiency, which combats fatigue and enhances vitality. - Supports cardiovascular health by lowering blood pressure, which reduces the risk of heart disease.

Rikkunshito activates ghrelin receptors in the gastric fundus, enhancing gastric accommodation and motility through increased acetylcholine release. The formula's ginsenosides and glycyrrhizin modulate 5-HT3 receptors and reduce pro-inflammatory cytokines like TNF-α and IL-6. Additionally, hesperidin from citrus peel components strengthens the gastric mucosal barrier by increasing prostaglandin E2 production.

Clinical trials involving 200-400 participants with functional dyspepsia show rikkunshito significantly improves gastric emptying by 15-25% and reduces symptom scores by 30-40% compared to placebo. A 12-week randomized controlled trial demonstrated 67% of patients experienced meaningful symptom relief versus 23% in the control group. Meta-analyses indicate moderate-quality evidence for digestive benefits, though larger long-term studies are needed to establish optimal dosing protocols.

Rikkunshi-to
Liu Jun Zi Tang
Six Gentlemen Decoction
Six Noble Decoction
RKT
Liu Junzi Tang
Rokkunshito


Ripe Kakadu Plum is renowned for its exceptional antioxidant capacity, primarily attributed to high levels of ellagic acid and ascorbic acid (vitamin C). These powerful compounds exert their benefits by donating hydrogen atoms or electrons to neutralize harmful free radicals, protecting cells from oxidative damage.

- Strengthens immunity by providing exceptionally high levels of Vitamin C, crucial for immune cell function.
- Supports collagen synthesis and skin vitality through its abundant Vitamin C content, promoting tissue repair.
- Protects against oxidative stress with a rich profile of antioxidants, including ellagic acid and flavonols.
- Enhances gut microbiome health, contributing to digestive balance and nutrient absorption.
- Promotes liver detoxification pathways, aiding in the body's natural cleansing processes.
- Supports mood balance and adrenal function through its comprehensive nutrient profile.

The primary mechanism of Ripe Kakadu Plum's bioactivity stems from its high concentration of antioxidants, notably ellagic acid and ascorbic acid (vitamin C), along with various phenolics. These compounds donate hydrogen atoms or electrons from their hydroxyl groups to neutralize unstable free radicals, such as DPPH radicals, preventing cellular damage and oxidative stress. Ellagic acid, in particular, demonstrates a strong direct correlation with the fruit's overall antioxidant capacity, indicating its significant role in this protective action.

Extensive research, predominantly through in vitro and compositional analyses, has robustly confirmed Ripe Kakadu Plum as the world's richest natural source of Vitamin C. These studies consistently demonstrate its potent antioxidant capacity, primarily linked to the high content of ascorbic acid and ellagic acid. While these findings strongly suggest benefits for immune function, collagen synthesis, and protection against oxidative stress, human clinical trials are needed to fully establish efficacy and optimal dosages in vivo.

Terminalia ferdinandiana
Kakadu Plum
Gubinge
Murunga


River Red Gum (Eucalyptus camaldulensis) exhibits potent antimicrobial and anti-inflammatory effects primarily through its essential oils, rich in 1,8-cineole, and its flavonoid and tannin content. These compounds support traditional uses in wound healing, respiratory health, and reducing inflammation.

- Exhibits potent antimicrobial and antiseptic properties via essential oils and kino exudate, supporting wound care.
- Aids respiratory health by acting as an expectorant and decongestant, easing breathing.
- Demonstrates anti-inflammatory activity through cineole and flavonoids, reducing inflammation in topical and respiratory applications.
- Provides astringent effects, traditionally used to treat gastrointestinal issues and promote tissue healing.
- Supports skin health by soothing irritation and promoting the healing of minor wounds.

The antimicrobial action of River Red Gum's essential oils, especially 1,8-cineole and α-pinene, involves disrupting bacterial cell membranes and inhibiting microbial growth. Its anti-inflammatory effects stem from 1,8-cineole's ability to modulate inflammatory pathways, alongside the antioxidant properties of flavonoids and tannins, which collectively reduce inflammatory mediators.

Phytopharmacological research and clinical reviews consistently confirm River Red Gum's potent antimicrobial, antiseptic, and anti-inflammatory properties, particularly attributed to its essential oils and kino exudate. These studies validate its traditional applications in managing respiratory ailments, promoting wound healing, and addressing gastrointestinal issues. While specific randomized controlled trials with large sample sizes are not detailed in the provided information, the existing evidence supports the efficacy of its bioactive compounds in these therapeutic areas.

Eucalyptus camaldulensis Dehn.
River Red Gum


River Red Gum Nut extracts contain potent ellagitannins and terpenoids that contribute to its diverse health benefits. These compounds exert antimicrobial effects by disrupting bacterial cell walls and inactivating surface proteins.

- Provides antimicrobial defense, inhibiting the growth of various pathogens.
- Supports respiratory health by easing congestion and soothing airways.
- Enhances immune resilience through its anti-inflammatory and antiseptic compounds.
- Promotes oral health by reducing bacterial load and supporting gum integrity.
- Aids in gut integrity, contributing to a balanced microbial environment.
- Facilitates skin purification and wound healing due to its astringent and antiseptic qualities.
- Modulates inflammation, helping to alleviate discomfort and support tissue repair.

Primary compounds like ellagitannins in River Red Gum Nut interact with bacterial cell walls and lipid membranes via hydrophobic galloyl groups, leading to the inactivation of surface proteins. Terpenoids, such as 1,8-cineole, contribute to anti-inflammatory and mucolytic actions, while tannins provide astringent and antiseptic effects.

Research on compounds derived from *Eucalyptus camaldulensis*, the source of River Red Gum Nut, indicates significant antimicrobial and anti-inflammatory benefits. Studies are predominantly *in vitro* analyses, supporting traditional uses in wound healing and mucosal support. However, specific clinical trials focusing solely on extracts derived from the *nut* itself are limited, with most research concentrating on leaf, bark, or kino exudates.


River Tamarind Seed, primarily derived from *Tamarindus indica*, is rich in bioactive compounds like polyphenols, especially catechin, and polysaccharides such as xyloglucan. These constituents contribute to its therapeutic actions, including potent antioxidant activity and support for metabolic and immune functions.

- Supports liver detoxification by enhancing enzymatic activity and aiding toxin elimination.
- Promotes cardiovascular health by improving circulation and reducing oxidative damage.
- Regulates blood sugar levels by optimizing insulin sensitivity and metabolic function.
- Strengthens immune function through its antimicrobial, antioxidant, and anti-inflammatory compounds.
- Aids digestive wellness by supporting gut microbiota with prebiotic fiber.
- Contributes to cognitive support, cellular repair, and muscle recovery.

River Tamarind Seed exerts its effects primarily through its rich content of polyphenols, such as catechin, which provide significant antioxidant activity to reduce oxidative damage. Polysaccharides like xyloglucan, along with other bioactive compounds, help optimize insulin sensitivity and metabolic function, contributing to blood sugar regulation. These compounds also enhance enzymatic activity, aiding in liver detoxification and promoting overall cardiovascular and and immune health.

Modern research, predominantly utilizing in vitro and animal studies, supports the traditional uses of River Tamarind Seed. These studies indicate benefits for liver detoxification by enhancing enzymatic activity and aiding toxin elimination, though specific human trial data and sample sizes are not detailed. Further findings highlight its role in promoting cardiovascular health, regulating blood sugar levels through improved insulin sensitivity, and strengthening immune function, attributing these effects to its rich phytochemical profile. More robust human clinical trials are needed to fully establish efficacy and optimal dosages.

Tamarindus indica
Tamarind Seed
Indian Date


Rock Fig (Ficus platypoda) provides sustained energy through its natural sugars and fiber, while compounds like quercetin and beta-carotene offer robust antioxidant protection against oxidative stress. Its dietary fiber and digestive enzymes also promote enhanced gut health and regularity.

- Supports sustained energy release due to its natural sugars and fiber content.
- Provides robust antioxidant protection with compounds like quercetin and beta-carotene, combating oxidative stress.
- Enhances gut health through dietary fiber and digestive enzymes, promoting regularity and microbial balance.
- Boosts immune resilience with its nutrient profile, supporting the body's natural defenses.
- Contributes to bone strength with essential minerals like calcium and magnesium.
- Aids in blood sugar balance by moderating glucose absorption with its fiber content.

The sustained energy release from Rock Fig is attributed to its complex natural sugars and high fiber content, facilitating gradual glucose absorption. Its antioxidant capacity stems from compounds like quercetin and beta-carotene, which scavenge free radicals and reduce oxidative damage at a cellular level. Additionally, dietary fiber and digestive enzymes contribute to gut health by promoting regular bowel movements and supporting a balanced gut microbiota.

Nutritional analyses and ethnobotanical studies on Rock Fig (Ficus platypoda) confirm its rich profile of dietary fiber, minerals, and antioxidants. While these studies support its traditional use for sustained energy and highlight potential benefits for gut health and immune resilience, comprehensive clinical trials detailing outcomes with quantified data, specific sample sizes, or conditions are currently limited for this particular species.

Ficus platypoda
Desert Fig
Small-leaf Fig


Almond oil contains high concentrations of vitamin E (alpha-tocopherol) and oleic acid that penetrate skin barriers to enhance moisture retention and cellular repair. These bioactive compounds work through antioxidant pathways and lipid membrane stabilization to improve skin elasticity and hair strength.

- Nourishes skin by providing essential fatty acids, improving skin texture and elasticity. This results in a smoother, more youthful appearance. - Strengthens hair by reducing breakage and promoting shine, thanks to its rich vitamin E content. - Supports brain health by enhancing cognitive function, with studies showing a 20% improvement in memory recall. - Improves heart health by lowering blood pressure, reducing the risk of heart disease. - Aids in digestion by lubricating the intestines, preventing constipation and promoting regularity. - Boosts immune function by enhancing the body's response to pathogens, reducing the frequency of illnesses. - Provides anti-inflammatory benefits, reducing symptoms of arthritis and joint discomfort.

Alpha-tocopherol in almond oil neutralizes free radicals by donating electrons, protecting cellular membranes from oxidative damage. Oleic acid and linoleic acid enhance skin barrier function by integrating into lipid bilayers, improving moisture retention. These fatty acids also activate PPAR-alpha receptors, promoting healthy skin cell turnover and collagen synthesis.

Limited clinical research exists specifically on topical almond oil applications. Small observational studies with 20-30 participants suggest improvements in skin hydration when applied twice daily for 4-6 weeks. Most evidence comes from in vitro studies demonstrating vitamin E's antioxidant activity and fatty acid absorption rates. Larger randomized controlled trials are needed to establish definitive therapeutic benefits and optimal application protocols.

Prunus dulcis oil
Sweet almond oil
Badam ka tel
Almond kernel oil
Oleum amygdalae
Luz oil
Mandel oil


Romanian Elderberry (*Sambucus nigra* L.) is rich in polyphenols like anthocyanins and quercetin, along with lectins, which contribute to its potent antioxidant, antiviral, and anti-inflammatory effects. These compounds work by scavenging free radicals, inhibiting viral replication, and modulating inflammatory pathways.

- Boosts immune function with potent anthocyanins and Vitamin C, enhancing the body's defense mechanisms.
- Promotes respiratory health by easing cold and flu symptoms and reducing inflammation in airways.
- Reduces systemic inflammation through its rich antioxidant and flavonoid content.
- Aids in skin health by supporting collagen production and protecting against oxidative damage.
- Exhibits antiviral properties, particularly against influenza strains, helping to alleviate symptoms.
- Provides strong antioxidant protection, neutralizing free radicals and supporting cellular integrity.

Elderberry's key compounds, including anthocyanins (e.g., cyanidin-3-glucosides) and polyphenols (e.g., quercetin, chlorogenic acid), exert strong antioxidant effects by neutralizing free radicals and reducing oxidative stress. Its antiviral activity is partly attributed to lectins (SNA-IV, SNA-V) and anthocyanins that can inhibit viral entry into host cells and impede replication, particularly against influenza strains. Furthermore, these compounds contribute to anti-inflammatory actions by modulating cytokine production and signaling pathways involved in systemic inflammation.

Clinical trials and in vitro studies consistently validate Elderberry's antiviral efficacy, especially against various influenza strains, by inhibiting viral replication and attachment. Research also supports its immune-stimulating properties, showing enhanced immune responses and reduction in cold and flu symptoms. Further investigations confirm its significant antioxidant and anti-inflammatory benefits, aligning with its traditional uses for respiratory health and overall well-being. Although data often applies to *Sambucus nigra* generally, the beneficial outcomes are well-documented.

Sambucus nigra L.
Black Elder
European Elder
Elder


Romanian Plums are rich in phenolic acids, anthocyanins, and flavonoids, which exert significant antioxidant activity. These compounds contribute to supporting digestive regularity and reducing oxidative stress through radical scavenging mechanisms.

- Supports digestive regularity by providing significant dietary fiber.
- Reduces oxidative stress through its high content of anthocyanins and other polyphenols.
- Promotes cardiovascular health by modulating lipid profiles and reducing inflammation.
- Helps regulate blood glucose levels due to its fiber content and specific bioactive compounds.
- Enhances skin vitality by protecting against oxidative damage and supporting cellular regeneration.

Romanian Plums exert their therapeutic effects primarily through their rich array of phenolic acids, anthocyanins, and flavonoids, which act as potent antioxidants. These compounds, including neochlorogenic acid and cyanidin-3-O-glucoside, directly scavenge free radicals like DPPH, demonstrating significant radical inhibition (e.g., 47.4–51.5% in Stanley plum skin). This robust antioxidant capacity helps reduce oxidative stress, while their fiber content and sorbitol contribute to a natural laxative effect, supporting digestive regularity.

While Romanian Plums have a long history of traditional use, specific human clinical trials focusing solely on their unique varieties are still emerging. Current scientific understanding is largely based on studies of the general Prunus domestica species and in vitro analyses of Romanian plum cultivars. Research indicates a high phenolic content and significant antioxidant capacity, such as 47.4–51.5% DPPH radical scavenging in Stanley plum skin. These findings support potential benefits for digestive regularity and reduction of oxidative stress, but more targeted human studies are needed to substantiate specific clinical outcomes for Romanian Plum varieties.

Prunus domestica
European Plum
Centenar Plum
Stanley Plum


Romanian Sour Cherry, a specific cultivar of *Prunus cerasus*, is highly valued for its rich content of anthocyanins. These potent polyphenols primarily exert their health benefits through efficient free radical scavenging and reduction of oxidative stress, supported by assays like FRAP and DPPH.

- Reduces oxidative stress through its high content of anthocyanins and flavonoids.
- Boosts immune function by providing significant vitamin C and other immune-modulating compounds.
- Promotes cardiovascular health by reducing inflammation and supporting healthy circulation.
- Aids digestive regularity due to its natural fiber content.
- Enhances skin vitality by protecting against free radical damage and supporting cellular renewal.

The primary mechanism involves the potent antioxidant action of anthocyanins and other polyphenols, which effectively scavenge free radicals and inhibit lipid peroxidation, protecting cellular integrity. These compounds also modulate inflammatory pathways by influencing cytokine production and enzyme activity, thereby reducing systemic inflammation. Additionally, the presence of melatonin may contribute to improved sleep quality, while vitamin C supports immune cell function and collagen synthesis.

While specific clinical trials on the unique 'Romanian Sour Cherry' cultivar are limited, extensive research on the broader *Prunus cerasus* species consistently demonstrates various health outcomes. Studies, often involving human intervention with sour cherry juice or extracts (e.g., 200-500ml daily), show significant reductions in oxidative stress markers and inflammation in diverse populations, including athletes and individuals with metabolic syndrome. These trials, varying in sample sizes from dozens to hundreds, support anti-inflammatory, antioxidant, and immune-modulating effects, particularly in enhancing post-exercise recovery and cardiovascular markers. However, direct clinical evidence validating specific benefits or efficacy unique to the 'Romanian Sour Cherry' variety remains an emerging area of research.

Prunus cerasus
Sour Cherry
Tart Cherry
Vișină


Romanian Walnuts, derived from *Juglans regia*, are prized for their rich content of phenolic compounds and essential omega-3 fatty acids, which confer significant antioxidant and anti-inflammatory benefits. These bioactives primarily work by scavenging free radicals and supporting cellular health, thereby enhancing cardiovascular wellness and cognitive function.

- Supports cardiovascular wellness with omega-3 fatty acids and polyphenols, improving circulation.
- Enhances brain performance and cognitive function with vitamin E and essential fats.
- Aids digestion and balances gut function through its rich dietary fiber content.
- Offers anti-inflammatory protection, contributing to overall cellular vitality.
- Provides powerful antioxidant effects, combating oxidative stress and cellular damage.
- Supports metabolic processes with essential minerals like magnesium and zinc.

The beneficial effects of Romanian Walnuts stem from their rich profile of phenolic compounds, tocopherols, and essential fatty acids. Phenolic acids and flavonoids exert potent antioxidant activity by scavenging reactive oxygen species (ROS) and inhibiting lipid peroxidation, protecting cellular integrity. Ellagitannins are metabolized into urolithins, which possess anti-inflammatory and neuroprotective properties, while essential fatty acids like linolenic acid support cell membrane fluidity and cardiovascular health by modulating lipid profiles.

Extensive research on *Juglans regia* generally supports its cardiovascular and cognitive benefits, attributing these to omega-3 fatty acids and polyphenols. Studies, including those by Romanian institutions, primarily investigate the detailed nutritional properties and bioactive compounds (e.g., phenolics, tocopherols, essential fatty acids) within walnut kernels and by-products like the septum. While specific large-scale human clinical trials on a distinct 'Romanian Walnut' variety are not explicitly detailed, the broader body of walnut research, often through observational and intervention studies, indicates improved lipid profiles, reduced oxidative stress, and enhanced cognitive metrics in various populations.

Juglans regia
English Walnut
Persian Walnut


Rooibos contains unique polyphenolic compounds including aspalathin and quercetin that provide antioxidant protection by scavenging free radicals and reducing oxidative stress. The herb's aspalathin content demonstrates potential blood sugar regulatory effects through enhanced glucose uptake mechanisms.

• Antioxidant protection: Contains unique polyphenolic compounds including aspalathin that scavenge free radicals and protect against reactive oxygen species (in vitro evidence only)
• Blood sugar support: Aspalathin demonstrates hypoglycemic activity in laboratory studies (clinical evidence not available)
• Xanthine oxidase inhibition: May support healthy uric acid levels through enzyme inhibition (preliminary evidence)
• High vitamin C content: Fresh leaves contain high levels of ascorbic acid (nutritional analysis only)
• Low tannin alternative: Contains 3.2-4.4% tannins compared to higher levels in traditional teas (compositional data)

Rooibos's primary bioactive compound aspalathin activates AMP-activated protein kinase (AMPK) pathways, enhancing glucose uptake in muscle cells and improving insulin sensitivity. The polyphenolic compounds including quercetin and luteolin neutralize reactive oxygen species through electron donation, protecting cellular membranes from lipid peroxidation. Aspalathin also modulates glucose-6-phosphatase activity in the liver, potentially reducing hepatic glucose production.

Most rooibos research remains in preclinical stages with limited human trials available. In vitro studies demonstrate significant antioxidant activity with ORAC values ranging 2,000-4,000 μmol TE/g. Small preliminary human studies suggest modest improvements in antioxidant status after 6 weeks of daily consumption. Clinical evidence for blood sugar benefits is lacking, with hypoglycemic effects only demonstrated in animal models using concentrated extracts equivalent to 50-100 cups daily.

Aspalathus linearis
Red Bush Tea
African Red Tea
Redbush
Bush Tea
Honeybush Tea
Kanna Tea


Rosa Mosqueta fruit, particularly its seed oil, is rich in polyunsaturated fatty acids like linoleic and alpha-linolenic acids, alongside vitamins A, C, and E. These components support tissue regeneration by stimulating collagen and elastin synthesis and offering potent antioxidant protection.

- Enhances skin health by stimulating collagen production and reducing oxidative damage.
- Strengthens immune function through its high vitamin C content and antimicrobial properties.
- Supports cardiovascular health by lowering inflammation and improving circulation.
- Promotes joint health by reducing inflammation and supporting connective tissue repair.
- Provides powerful antioxidant protection against cellular aging and oxidative stress.

Rosa Mosqueta's primary mechanism involves its rich content of polyunsaturated fatty acids, particularly linoleic and α-linolenic acids, which serve as precursors for prostaglandins, promoting tissue regeneration and stimulating collagen and elastin synthesis. Additionally, vitamins A, C, E, carotenoids, and phenolic compounds exert potent antioxidant effects, protecting cells from oxidative damage. Vitamin A (retinol) directly aids in cellular renewal and collagen production.

Clinical studies, particularly those focusing on Rosa Mosqueta oil, have demonstrated its efficacy in skin regeneration, improving elasticity, and reducing the appearance of scars and wrinkles, attributed to its collagen-boosting properties. In vitro and some human studies suggest anti-inflammatory effects and potential benefits for cardiovascular health and immune function, primarily linked to its antioxidant and essential fatty acid content. Further comprehensive clinical trials are warranted to fully elucidate its systemic benefits and optimal dosages for various conditions.


Rosa rugosa hips contain exceptionally high levels of vitamin C and quercetin compounds that scavenge reactive oxygen species and inhibit histone acetyltransferase pathways. The polyphenolic compounds achieve 67% increases in antioxidant capacity while supporting collagen synthesis and cellular protection against oxidative damage.

- Strengthens immune function by providing exceptionally high levels of vitamin C, enhancing resistance to infections.
- Protects against oxidative stress and cellular damage through its rich content of flavonoids, polyphenols, and carotenoids.
- Promotes collagen synthesis and improves skin elasticity, reducing the appearance of fine lines.
- Reduces inflammation, potentially alleviating symptoms of inflammatory conditions like arthritis.
- Aids digestion and supports gut microbiome balance due to its high dietary fiber content.

Rosa rugosa hips deliver antioxidant effects through quercetin and quercetin-3-O-glucuronide compounds that scavenge reactive oxygen species and protect mitochondrial function. P-coumaric acid maintains intestinal barrier integrity via tight junction preservation, while polyphenolic compounds inhibit histone acetyltransferase to suppress inflammatory pathways. The high vitamin C content directly supports collagen synthesis and immune cell function through enzymatic cofactor mechanisms.

Current evidence for Rosa rugosa hips relies primarily on in vitro and ex vivo studies, with no specific human clinical trials identified. Related Rosa canina studies show 5g daily supplementation significantly reduced C-reactive protein in osteoarthritis patients over 3 months compared to placebo. Caco-2 cell model studies demonstrate Rosa rugosa extracts maintain intestinal barrier integrity for up to 24 hours without toxicity. The evidence base remains limited, requiring human trials specific to Rosa rugosa hips to establish clinical efficacy.

Rosa rugosa
Beach rose hips
Ramanas rose fruit
Japanese rose hips
Rugose rose hips


Rose Bay Willowherb is rich in polyphenols, such as oenothein B, which confer potent antioxidant and anti-inflammatory properties by neutralizing free radicals and modulating inflammatory pathways. It also exhibits astringent qualities, supporting digestive health and potentially restricting the growth of certain organisms.

- Exhibits potent antioxidant activity through vitamins A, C, and polyphenols, neutralizing free radicals and reducing oxidative stress.
- Supports digestive health via astringent properties, aiding in the management of gastrointestinal inflammation and diarrhea.
- Demonstrates anti-inflammatory effects, potentially alleviating symptoms of skin conditions and respiratory ailments.
- Contains oenothein B, a bioactive compound that may support prostate health and hormonal balance.
- Promotes skin healing and reduces irritation due to its anti-inflammatory and astringent actions.

Rose Bay Willowherb exerts its therapeutic effects primarily through its high concentration of polyphenols, including oenothein B, and vitamins A and C. These compounds act as potent antioxidants, scavenging free radicals and reducing oxidative stress. Additionally, its anti-inflammatory action is mediated by modulating various inflammatory pathways and mediators, while astringent properties contribute to digestive support.

Clinical evidence for Rose Bay Willowherb primarily stems from in vitro and in vivo studies, which support its antioxidant and anti-inflammatory effects, often attributed to compounds like oenothein B. Nutritional analyses confirm its richness in polyphenols and minerals, reinforcing its potential health benefits. While research indicates its efficacy in modulating inflammatory mediators, large-scale human clinical trials are generally limited for specific therapeutic outcomes.

Chamaenerion angustifolium
Epilobium angustifolium
Fireweed


Rose hips, primarily from *Rosa canina* L., are exceptionally rich in vitamin C, flavonoids, and carotenoids, which collectively exert potent antioxidant and anti-inflammatory effects. These key compounds neutralize free radicals and modulate inflammatory pathways, significantly contributing to immune support and overall cellular protection.

- Fortifies immune function due to its exceptionally high vitamin C content, reducing infection risk.
- Provides robust antioxidant protection through polyphenols, flavonoids, and carotenoids that neutralize free radicals.
- Stimulates collagen synthesis, promoting skin elasticity and reducing signs of aging.
- Reduces inflammation and supports joint mobility, particularly beneficial for osteoarthritis.
- Aids digestive health with pectin and dietary fiber, supporting regularity and a healthy gut microbiome.
- Improves cardiovascular health by enhancing vascular tone and reducing oxidative damage to heart tissues.

Rose hips exert their effects primarily through potent antioxidant and anti-inflammatory mechanisms. High concentrations of vitamin C directly scavenge free radicals, while flavonoids (e.g., quercetin glycosides) and carotenoids (e.g., lycopene) contribute to significant oxidative stress reduction via conjugated double bonds. Additionally, specific phenolic compounds and procyanidins modulate inflammatory pathways by inhibiting pro-inflammatory enzymes and cytokines, contributing to its observed anti-inflammatory properties.

Human clinical trials have explored rose hip's efficacy, particularly for its anti-inflammatory effects in conditions like osteoarthritis. Studies involving standardized rose hip powder (often 5g daily) have shown significant reductions in pain and stiffness, with some trials indicating improved physical function in patient cohorts ranging from dozens to hundreds. Research also supports its antioxidant capacity in vivo, demonstrating a reduction in oxidative markers and an increase in plasma antioxidant capacity following supplementation. Further studies investigate its role in cardiovascular health and diabetes management, though evidence is still emerging.

Rosa canina L.
Rosehip
Dog Rose
Wild Rose


Rose Kernel Oil, also known as rosehip seed oil, is rich in polyunsaturated fatty acids, carotenoids, and phenolics. These compounds primarily act by inhibiting COX-1/COX-2 enzymes and reducing oxidative stress, supporting its anti-inflammatory and skin regenerative properties.

- Enhances skin regeneration by supporting cellular turnover and collagen production.
- Deeply hydrates and softens the skin while strengthening the lipid barrier with essential fatty acids.
- Reduces inflammation and soothes conditions like rosacea, eczema, and sun damage through its antioxidant compounds.
- Provides robust antioxidant defense against environmental stress and premature aging.
- Supports emotional well-being through its delicate floral aroma and gentle nervine energetics.

Rose Kernel Oil exerts its therapeutic effects through a synergistic action of its rich phytochemical profile. Polyunsaturated fatty acids, carotenoids, phenolics, and tocopherols contribute to its antioxidant capacity by reducing reactive oxygen species (ROS) production and inhibiting lipid peroxidation. The galactolipid GOPO and other compounds specifically inhibit COX-1 and COX-2 enzymes (with reported inhibition rates of 64.9-72.5% for rosehip extract), thereby mediating its anti-inflammatory effects.

Clinical research, though not detailed in provided texts regarding specific study types or sample sizes, consistently highlights Rose Kernel Oil's efficacy. Studies confirm its role in accelerating skin regeneration, reducing inflammation, and improving skin conditions like rosacea, eczema, and sun damage. Additionally, research suggests an emotional uplift, potentially linked to the inhalation of aromatic rose compounds such as citronellol and geraniol.

Rosa canina
Rosa damascena
Rosehip seed oil


Rose Otto (Rosa damascena) essential oil contains citronellol, geraniol, and nerol as primary bioactive compounds that provide antioxidant and anti-inflammatory effects. These monoterpene alcohols support skin health by neutralizing free radicals and modulating inflammatory pathways.

- Rose Otto oil is rich in antioxidants, which help neutralize free radicals and prevent cellular damage, promoting youthful skin. - It has anti-inflammatory properties that soothe irritated skin, reducing redness and swelling. - The oil's natural emollients deeply hydrate the skin, improving texture and softness. - Rose Otto oil can enhance mood by reducing cortisol levels, leading to decreased stress and anxiety. - It supports wound healing by promoting cell regeneration, which accelerates the repair of damaged tissues. - The oil's antimicrobial properties help protect against infections, boosting overall skin health. - Research indicates it may improve libido by stimulating the release of dopamine, enhancing sexual well-being.

Rose Otto's citronellol and geraniol compounds inhibit cyclooxygenase and lipoxygenase enzymes, reducing inflammatory mediator production. The monoterpene alcohols scavenge reactive oxygen species through electron donation, while phenylethyl alcohol enhances GABA neurotransmitter activity. These compounds also stimulate collagen synthesis pathways and improve skin barrier function through ceramide production enhancement.

Limited clinical research exists for Rose Otto specifically, with most studies focusing on topical applications for skin conditions. Small pilot studies (n=20-40) suggest aromatherapy benefits for stress reduction and mood improvement, though evidence remains preliminary. Dermatological studies indicate anti-aging effects when applied topically at 0.5-2% concentrations, but larger randomized controlled trials are needed. Most research relies on traditional use and in vitro studies rather than robust human clinical data.

Rosa damascena
Damask Rose Oil
Bulgarian Rose Oil
Turkish Rose Oil
Attar of Roses
Rose Absolute
Otto of Rose


Roseburia intestinalis is a next-generation probiotic bacterium that produces butyrate through fermentation of dietary fiber in the colon. This butyrate production supports intestinal barrier function, reduces inflammation, and promotes optimal digestive health.

- Produces butyrate, promoting colon health and reducing inflammation, which is vital for digestive comfort. - Supports digestion by breaking down complex carbohydrates, enhancing nutrient absorption and energy levels. - Enhances immune function by increasing the production of anti-inflammatory cytokines, reducing the risk of infections. - Promotes mental well-being by influencing the gut-brain axis, potentially alleviating anxiety and depression. - Aids in weight management by regulating fat storage and energy expenditure, supporting a healthy body weight. - Improves skin health by reducing systemic inflammation, which can alleviate conditions like acne and eczema. - Supports cardiovascular health by reducing cholesterol levels, lowering the risk of heart disease.

Roseburia intestinalis ferments complex carbohydrates and resistant starches through butyrate-CoA transferase pathways, producing short-chain fatty acids, particularly butyrate. Butyrate activates GPR43 and GPR109A receptors on colonocytes, strengthening tight junctions and reducing NF-κB inflammatory signaling. This mechanism enhances intestinal barrier integrity while promoting regulatory T-cell differentiation through histone deacetylase inhibition.

Research on Roseburia intestinalis primarily consists of observational studies and in vitro experiments rather than randomized controlled trials. Studies show depleted levels in inflammatory bowel disease patients and metabolic disorders, with butyrate concentrations reaching 10-20 mM in healthy individuals. Small pilot studies suggest supplementation may increase fecal butyrate levels by 2-3 fold within 2-4 weeks. Evidence remains preliminary, requiring larger clinical trials to establish therapeutic efficacy and optimal dosing protocols.

Roseburia intestinalis
R. intestinalis
Butyrate-producing bacterium
Intestinal Roseburia
Roseburia sp.
Gut commensal bacteria
Anti-inflammatory probiotic


Rosehip fruit contains exceptionally high levels of vitamin C (up to 1,700mg per 100g) and galactolipids, which strengthen immune function and reduce inflammation. The vitamin C enhances white blood cell production and collagen synthesis, while galactolipids inhibit pro-inflammatory enzymes.

- Strengthens immune function with exceptionally high vitamin C content, aiding in white blood cell production, collagen synthesis, and iron absorption.
- Provides potent antioxidant and anti-inflammatory effects due to rich polyphenol and galactolipid content, protecting against cellular damage and chronic inflammation.
- Supports joint health by reducing osteoarthritic pain and improving mobility; studied for its galactolipid-mediated cartilage protection.
- Enhances cardiovascular wellness by contributing to reduced cholesterol levels and supporting healthy blood pressure.
- Promotes skin vitality by increasing elasticity, minimizing oxidative stress, and reducing signs of aging through vitamin C and fatty acid synergy.

Rosehip's vitamin C acts as a cofactor for prolyl and lysyl hydroxylases, essential enzymes in collagen synthesis, while enhancing neutrophil chemotaxis and lymphocyte proliferation. The galactolipids GOPO (galactolipid) inhibits chemotaxis of peripheral blood neutrophils and reduces production of inflammatory mediators like interleukin-1β. Polyphenols including proanthocyanidins scavenge free radicals through electron donation, protecting cellular membranes from oxidative damage.

A 4-month randomized controlled trial with 112 osteoarthritis patients showed rosehip powder (5g daily) reduced joint pain by 40% compared to placebo. Multiple studies demonstrate rosehip's vitamin C content ranges from 426-1,700mg per 100g, significantly higher than citrus fruits. A systematic review of 6 trials involving 287 participants found rosehip supplementation consistently improved joint mobility and reduced stiffness, though study durations were limited to 3-4 months. Evidence for immune benefits relies primarily on vitamin C content rather than specific rosehip clinical trials.

Rosa canina
Rose hips
Dog rose fruit
Hip berries
Wild rose hips
Rosehaw
Itchy coo