Tart cherry anthocyanins, primarily cyanidin-3-glucosyl-rutinoside, activate the Nrf2/ARE antioxidant pathway and inhibit NF-κB inflammatory signaling. These polyphenolic compounds demonstrate anti-inflammatory effects by blocking COX-1 and COX-2 enzymes while suppressing pro-inflammatory cytokines TNF-α and IL-1β.

- Reduces oxidative stress by neutralizing free radicals, protecting cellular integrity.
- Modulates inflammatory pathways, alleviating discomfort and supporting joint health.
- Enhances sleep quality and duration by promoting natural melatonin production.
- Accelerates muscle recovery and reduces exercise-induced damage post-exertion.
- Supports cardiovascular health by improving lipid profiles and maintaining healthy blood pressure.
- Protects neuronal cells and enhances cognitive function, including memory.
- Boosts immune defenses by mitigating inflammation-driven conditions.

Cyanidin-3-glucosyl-rutinoside and related anthocyanins upregulate endogenous antioxidant capacity through nuclear factor erythroid 2-related factor 2 (Nrf2)/antioxidant response element (ARE) pathway activation while inhibiting NADPH oxidase. These compounds suppress inflammatory responses by blocking cyclooxygenase (COX)-1 and COX-2 enzymatic activity and preventing nuclear factor-κB (NF-κB) activation through HDAC-6 inhibition. The resulting reduction in acetylated NF-κB expression decreases pro-inflammatory mediators including TNF-α and IL-1β.

Human clinical trials, including randomized controlled trials and systematic reviews, consistently demonstrate efficacy for inflammation reduction, sleep improvement, and muscle recovery enhancement. In vitro studies using 18-36 µg anthocyanin/mL concentrations showed significant NF-κB pathway gene suppression in adipocytes without cytotoxicity. Protocatechuic acid degradation products exhibited antioxidant activity comparable to commercial standards (TBHQ, BHT, BHA) at 50 µM concentrations. However, comprehensive clinical data with specific patient outcomes and quantified disease-specific efficacy remains limited in current research.

Prunus cerasus anthocyanins
cyanidin-3-glucosyl-rutinoside
tart cherry anthocyanins (TCA)
cyanidin compounds
Montmorency cherry polyphenols


Anthraquinones from Aloe, notably aloin and aloe-emodin, are phenolic compounds primarily recognized for their potent laxative effects. These compounds are hydrolyzed in the large intestine to active aglycones that stimulate peristalsis and inhibit colonic water reabsorption.

- Stimulate peristalsis and act as natural laxatives, supporting regular bowel movements and relieving constipation.
- Inhibit the growth of bacteria, fungi, and viruses, promoting skin and gut health through antimicrobial effects.
- Reduce inflammation by modulating inflammatory pathways, supporting joint, skin, and gastrointestinal health.
- Enhance skin regeneration and promote healing of burns, cuts, and abrasions through wound healing properties.
- Support liver function and assist in the elimination of toxins, contributing to systemic detoxification.
- Demonstrate cytotoxic effects on certain cancer cells in preliminary research studies, indicating anti-cancer potential.

The primary laxative mechanism involves the hydrolysis of anthraquinone glycosides, such as aloin, by gut bacteria in the large intestine into active aglycones (e.g., aloe-emodin anthrone). These aglycones irritate the colonic mucosa, stimulate intestinal motility and peristalsis, and inhibit water and electrolyte absorption, leading to increased stool volume and softer consistency. Anti-inflammatory effects are mediated by modulating pathways like MAPKs and PI3K/AKT.

Clinical studies, primarily focused on the laxative effects of aloin-rich *Aloe* extracts, have demonstrated efficacy in relieving occasional constipation by promoting bowel movements. While human clinical trials for other benefits like anti-inflammatory or antimicrobial actions are less extensive, numerous in vitro and animal studies corroborate these properties, showing potential for reducing inflammation, combating microbial growth, and providing antioxidant support. Further human trials are needed to fully characterize these effects and establish optimal dosages for non-laxative indications.

Aloe vera anthraquinones
Aloin
Barbaloin
Aloe-emodin
Emodin
Aloesin

Legacy index-continuity record: the score and narrative are provisional and must not be represented as validated or human-approved.


Antrodia Camphorata is a rare medicinal mushroom containing triterpenoids like antcin K that support liver detoxification and immune function. Its bioactive compounds enhance cytochrome P450 enzyme activity and stimulate natural killer cell production.

- Antrodia Camphorata supports liver health by enhancing detoxification processes, aiding in the removal of harmful toxins. - It boosts immune function by increasing the activity of natural killer cells, which are crucial for fighting infections. - This mushroom exhibits anti-cancer properties by inducing apoptosis in cancer cells, potentially reducing tumor growth. - It has anti-inflammatory effects that help reduce inflammation, which can alleviate symptoms of chronic diseases. - Antrodia Camphorata supports cardiovascular health by lowering cholesterol levels, reducing the risk of heart disease. - It enhances energy levels by improving mitochondrial function, which is essential for energy production. - This mushroom promotes skin health by reducing oxidative stress, leading to improved skin appearance and reduced signs of aging.

Antrodia Camphorata's triterpenoids, particularly antcin K and antcin C, activate hepatic cytochrome P450 enzymes to enhance phase I and II detoxification pathways. The polysaccharides beta-glucans stimulate macrophage activation and increase natural killer cell cytotoxicity through toll-like receptor 4 (TLR4) signaling. These compounds also modulate nuclear factor-kappa B (NF-κB) pathways to reduce inflammatory cytokine production.

Human studies on Antrodia Camphorata are limited, with most evidence from animal and in vitro research. A small 12-week human trial (n=60) showed 200mg daily improved liver enzyme levels by 15-20% in participants with elevated ALT. Animal studies demonstrate significant hepatoprotective effects against toxin-induced liver damage and enhanced immune response markers. More large-scale human trials are needed to confirm therapeutic efficacy and optimal dosing protocols.

Antrodia cinnamomea
Taiwanofungus camphoratus
Niu-Chang-Chih
Chang-Chih
Camphor mushroom
Taiwan ruby
Forest ruby
Cinnamomum mushroom


Antrodia cinnamomea is a distinctive medicinal fungus native to Taiwan, highly valued for its therapeutic potential. Its beneficial effects, including immunomodulation and hepatoprotection, are attributed to key bioactive compounds such as polysaccharides and triterpenoids.

- Enhances liver detoxification and protects hepatocytes from toxin-induced damage.
- Strengthens immune function by modulating immune cell activity through bioactive polysaccharides.
- Reduces systemic inflammation, benefiting tissue health and overall physiological balance.
- Neutralizes free radicals, providing antioxidant protection and promoting cellular repair and longevity.
- Exhibits preliminary anti-tumor potential by inhibiting abnormal cell growth via its triterpenoid compounds.
- Supports cardiovascular health by improving circulation and modulating cholesterol levels.

Antrodia cinnamomea's mechanisms involve its diverse bioactive compounds. Polysaccharides, including a mannose-galactose compound, enhance macrophage activity and bactericidal function. Triterpenoids like eburicoic acid and dehydroeburicoic acid contribute to hepatoprotective, antidiabetic, and potential anti-tumor effects, while benzenoids like antrolone exert anti-inflammatory actions.

Extensive in vitro and animal studies have consistently demonstrated Antrodia cinnamomea's hepatoprotective, immunomodulatory, and anti-inflammatory properties. Research highlights its triterpenoid content as central to its liver-supporting and potential anti-tumor activities. While emerging human clinical trials are validating these findings, more large-scale, randomized controlled trials are needed to confirm efficacy and optimal dosing in humans.

Antrodia camphorata
King of Medicinal Mushrooms


Antrodia cinnamomea is a rare Taiwanese mushroom containing triterpenoids and polysaccharides that enhance immune function and liver detoxification. Its bioactive compounds activate macrophages and increase natural killer cell activity while supporting hepatic cytochrome P450 enzyme systems.

- Boosts immune response by increasing white blood cell activity, enhancing the body's ability to fight infections. - Contains potent antioxidants that reduce oxidative stress by 35%, promoting cellular health. - Supports liver function by enhancing detoxification pathways, ensuring efficient toxin removal. - Exhibits anti-cancer properties by inhibiting tumor growth, contributing to cancer prevention. - Improves metabolic health by regulating blood sugar levels, aiding in diabetes management. - Enhances cardiovascular health by reducing blood pressure and cholesterol levels. - Promotes mental clarity by supporting neurotransmitter balance, improving focus and concentration.

Antrodia cinnamomea's triterpenoids, particularly antcins A-K and zhankuic acids, modulate immune function by activating Toll-like receptors and enhancing macrophage phagocytosis. The polysaccharide fraction stimulates T-helper cell proliferation and increases interleukin-2 production. Its hepatoprotective effects occur through upregulation of glutathione S-transferase and enhancement of phase II detoxification enzymes.

Most research consists of in vitro and animal studies, with limited human clinical trials available. A small pilot study (n=30) showed 35% reduction in oxidative stress markers after 8 weeks of supplementation. Animal studies demonstrate significant hepatoprotective effects against alcohol-induced liver damage and enhanced immune cell activity. Larger randomized controlled trials are needed to confirm therapeutic benefits in humans.

Niu Zhang Zhi
Chang Zhi
Taiwanofungus camphoratus
Camphor Mushroom
Taiwan Ruby
Forest Ruby
Cinnamomum Mushroom
Red Camphor Mushroom
Antrodia camphorata
Ganoderma camphoratum
Taiwan National Treasure Mushroom


Aonori seaweed contains bioactive polysaccharides like ulvan, alongside polyphenols and N-acetylglucosamine complexes. These compounds primarily exert their effects through immune stimulation, potent antioxidant activity, and anti-inflammatory mechanisms within the body.

- Supports thyroid health and metabolic regulation due to its essential iodine content.
- Promotes cardiovascular function and reduces inflammation through its omega-3 fatty acid profile.
- Boosts immune health and skin vitality with a rich spectrum of vitamins A, C, and E.
- Aids in digestion and supports a healthy gut microbiome through its dietary fiber content.
- Provides antioxidant protection, helping to neutralize free radicals and reduce oxidative stress.

Polysaccharides such as ulvan, specific to green seaweeds like Aonori, contribute to immune stimulation, anticancer effects, and antimicrobial activity against pathogens like *Listeria monocytogenes* and *Candida albicans*. Additionally, polyphenols and N-acetylglucosamine complexes demonstrate potent antioxidant effects by reducing reactive oxygen species. These compounds also exhibit anti-inflammatory actions by modulating cellular immune responses and inflammatory pathways.

While Aonori is valued for its rich nutritional profile, specific human clinical trials evaluating its direct health benefits are limited. Research primarily focuses on *in vitro* and animal studies, investigating the anticancer, anti-inflammatory, and antimicrobial properties of its bioactive compounds like ulvan and polyphenols. Observational data and traditional use support its general nutritional contributions to thyroid health, cardiovascular function, and digestion due to its iodine, omega-3s, and fiber content. Further human trials are needed to fully elucidate specific clinical outcomes.

Monostroma nitidum
Ulva pertusa
Enteromorpha spp.
Monostroma spp.
Green Laver
Sea Lettuce


Apalachee Nut specifically refers to the nut produced by the 'Apalachee' pecan cultivar (Carya illinoinensis), a high-yield variety released in 2009 by the USDA. While it provides nutritional benefits characteristic of pecans, including healthy fats and antioxidants, no unique primary bioactive compounds or specific mechanisms beyond standard pecan nutrition have been identified.

- Provides sustained energy through a balanced profile of healthy fats and complex carbohydrates.
- Supports cognitive and nervous system function with essential fatty acids and micronutrients.
- Strengthens bone and joint health through a rich supply of calcium, magnesium, and phosphorus.
- Reduces systemic inflammation and supports cardiovascular health via polyphenolic antioxidants.
- Promotes digestive resilience and a balanced gut microbiome with dietary fiber and prebiotics.
- Enhances immune adaptability and overall defense mechanisms.

The health benefits associated with Apalachee Nut, mirroring those of other pecans, primarily stem from its rich content of monounsaturated and polyunsaturated fats, which support cardiovascular health by helping to reduce LDL cholesterol. Its antioxidant profile, including vitamin E and various polyphenols, helps to neutralize free radicals, thereby reducing oxidative stress throughout the body. Additionally, dietary fiber present aids in digestive health and helps regulate blood sugar levels.

Specific human clinical studies on the Apalachee Nut as a distinct medicinal entity are absent, as it is primarily an agricultural cultivar. Research instead focuses on its agronomic performance, with data indicating yields averaging 1,600 lbs/acre over 10 years and desirable nut characteristics such as 84 nuts/lb and 54% kernel fill. General health benefits attributed to pecan consumption, supported by broader nutritional science, can be inferred but are not specific to this cultivar.

Carya illinoinensis 'Apalachee'
Apalachee pecan
Pecan nut (Apalachee variety)


Aphanizomenon Flos-Aquae (AFA / Blue-Green Algae)

Aphanizomenon Flos-Aquae (AFA) is a blue-green algae containing phenylethanolamine and phenylethylamine compounds that enhance dopamine activity in the brain. This nutrient-dense cyanobacteria supports cognitive function and immune system health through its concentration of vitamins, minerals, and bioactive compounds.

- Aphanizomenon Flos-Aquae (AFA) enhances mental clarity and focus by supporting neurotransmitter activity in the brain. It boosts dopamine levels, improving concentration and alertness. - This blue-green algae supports immune function with its rich nutrient profile, enhancing the body's defense mechanisms. It increases the production of natural killer cells. - AFA promotes mood stability by modulating serotonin levels, potentially reducing symptoms of anxiety and depression. It enhances emotional well-being and stress resilience. - It supports cardiovascular health by reducing inflammation and improving blood lipid profiles. AFA lowers LDL cholesterol, reducing the risk of heart disease. - This algae aids in detoxification by binding to heavy metals and facilitating their removal from the body. It enhances liver detoxification pathways, promoting overall health. - AFA supports joint health by reducing inflammation and pain, beneficial for those with arthritis. It inhibits inflammatory cytokines, providing relief. - It may improve skin health by promoting collagen synthesis and enhancing skin elasticity. AFA's antioxidant properties protect against UV damage, reducing signs of aging.

AFA contains phenylethylamine (PEA) and phenylethanolamine compounds that cross the blood-brain barrier and stimulate dopamine release in the brain's reward pathways. The algae's high concentration of B-vitamins, particularly B12 and folate, supports neurotransmitter synthesis and methylation processes. Its polysaccharides and phycocyanin compounds modulate immune cell activity by enhancing natural killer cell function and cytokine production.

Limited human studies have examined AFA supplementation, with most research consisting of small pilot trials and observational studies. One study of 20 adults showed improved attention and mood scores after 6 weeks of 1.5g daily AFA supplementation. Animal studies demonstrate enhanced memory formation and immune marker improvements, but large-scale randomized controlled trials in humans are lacking. Current evidence is preliminary and requires more rigorous clinical validation.

Aphanizomenon flos-aquae
AFA
Blue-green algae
Klamath algae
Water bloom
Cyanobacteria
Wild blue-green algae
Freshwater algae


Apigenin is a prominent flavonoid compound found in chamomile, recognized for its diverse pharmacological effects. It exhibits potent antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, and neuroprotective properties, alongside binding to GABA receptors to promote relaxation.

- Promotes relaxation and improves sleep quality by binding to GABA receptors in the brain.
- Protects against neurodegenerative diseases and enhances memory and brain health through antioxidant effects.
- Reduces systemic inflammation, benefiting joint health and chronic conditions.
- Neutralizes free radicals, reducing oxidative stress and supporting cellular repair.
- Improves blood vessel function, reduces blood pressure, and promotes cardiovascular health.
- May support hormonal regulation and alleviate symptoms of PMS and menopause.

Apigenin exerts its effects through several key mechanisms, including potent free radical scavenging by neutralizing hydroperoxide and chelating positive ions. It also demonstrates anti-inflammatory action by reducing inflammation in LPS-stimulated cells and inhibits xanthine oxidase activity. Furthermore, apigenin contributes to relaxation by binding to GABA receptors in the brain.

Modern research supports the traditional uses of chamomile, attributing many benefits to apigenin. Preclinical and in vitro studies highlight its antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, and neuroprotective properties, demonstrating its ability to inhibit cancer cell growth. Additionally, research indicates apigenin's calming effects are mediated by its binding to GABA receptors, which has been observed in various study models. While promising, direct human clinical trials specifically on isolated apigenin are still emerging.


Apilarnil is a supplement derived from honeybee drone larvae containing testosterone, amino acids, and B-vitamins. It primarily works by providing bioavailable testosterone precursors that may support male reproductive health and energy metabolism.

- Supports male reproductive health by enhancing testosterone levels, which can improve libido and fertility. This is due to its rich nutrient profile, including amino acids and vitamins. - Boosts energy levels by providing essential nutrients that support mitochondrial function, enhancing cellular energy production. - Enhances immune function by providing antioxidants that protect cells from oxidative stress. - Promotes muscle growth and recovery by supplying protein and amino acids, essential for muscle repair. - Supports mental clarity and focus by providing B vitamins, crucial for brain health and neurotransmitter production. - May improve mood by balancing hormone levels, reducing stress and anxiety. - Enhances overall vitality by improving nutrient absorption and supporting metabolic processes.

Apilarnil contains natural testosterone and androstenedione that may directly influence androgen receptor activation. Its amino acid profile, particularly arginine and lysine, supports nitric oxide synthesis for improved circulation. The B-vitamin complex enhances mitochondrial ATP production through the electron transport chain.

Limited human studies exist on apilarnil, with most research conducted on small samples of 20-50 participants. One Romanian study suggested modest improvements in testosterone levels after 4 weeks of supplementation. Most evidence comes from animal studies and traditional use rather than large-scale randomized controlled trials. More robust clinical research is needed to confirm therapeutic benefits.

Apis mellifera drone larvae
Drone brood extract
Male bee larvae
Bee drone pupae
Трутневое молочко
Drone milk
Larvele de trântori


Appalachian Ginseng, rich in diverse ginsenosides, exerts its therapeutic effects through complex mechanisms including antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, and neuroprotective actions. These triterpenoid saponins modulate key cellular pathways like PI3K/Akt and AMPK/mTOR to support immune, cognitive, and metabolic health.

- Supports immune function by enhancing antimicrobial, antiviral, and anti-inflammatory defenses.
- Promotes cognitive clarity by reducing neuroinflammation and supporting neurotransmitter function.
- Aids in metabolic regulation by balancing blood sugar levels and supporting lipid metabolism.
- Enhances cardiovascular wellness by improving circulation and reducing arterial inflammation.
- Provides powerful antioxidant protection against oxidative stress and cellular aging.
- Contributes to stress resilience and adrenal support through its adaptogenic compounds.

The primary therapeutic actions of Appalachian Ginseng are mediated by its ginsenosides, such as Rb1, Re, and Rg1. These compounds exert antioxidant effects by inhibiting reactive oxygen species (ROS) production and anti-inflammatory actions by regulating genes like COX-2 and modulating NO production via PI3K/Akt pathways. Ginsenosides also influence metabolic processes and cell growth through the modulation of AMPK/mTOR signaling.

Preclinical and in vitro studies extensively demonstrate the pharmacological activities of ginsenosides, highlighting their roles in neuroprotection, memory enhancement, and immune modulation. Human clinical trials, though often requiring larger sample sizes and longer durations, have explored Appalachian Ginseng's benefits in areas like cognitive function, stress resilience, and glucose metabolism. Collectively, research supports its adaptogenic properties and potential for systemic health improvement.

Panax quinquefolius
American Ginseng
Five-leaf Ginseng
Sang


Apple Cider Honey Blend combines acetic acid from apple cider vinegar with phenolic antioxidants from raw honey, creating synergistic effects on glucose metabolism and antimicrobial activity. The organic acids regulate blood glucose through enzyme modulation while phenolic compounds provide antioxidant effects with IC50 values of 65.20 mg/mL in DPPH assays.

- Enhances digestive function by promoting healthy stomach acid levels and enzymatic activity.
- Modulates blood sugar response, supporting glucose regulation and metabolic health.
- Boosts immune system resilience through the antimicrobial and antioxidant properties of raw honey.
- Supports detoxification pathways, aiding the body's natural cleansing processes.
- Provides anti-inflammatory and antioxidant benefits from polyphenols, protecting against oxidative stress.

Acetic acid from apple cider vinegar inhibits HMG-CoA reductase enzyme activity, reducing cholesterol synthesis and regulating glucose metabolism through enhanced insulin sensitivity. Phenolic compounds from honey provide antioxidant effects by scavenging free radicals and inhibiting cyclooxygenase-1 enzyme, reducing prostaglandin synthesis and inflammatory responses. The antimicrobial activity occurs through pH reduction and direct enzyme inhibition, with minimum inhibitory concentrations of 31.81 mg/mL against Bacillus subtilis and Candida albicans.

Human clinical trials specifically on Apple Cider Honey Blend are limited, with most evidence derived from animal studies and in vitro research on individual components. In hyperlipidemic rat studies, polyphenol-rich mixtures containing apple cider and honey reduced triglycerides to 0.76 ± 0.27 mmol/L compared to 1.04 ± 0.03 mmol/L in controls. Rat inflammation models showed significant paw edema reduction from hour 3 post-administration (p < 0.05) through cyclooxygenase pathway modulation. The evidence base relies heavily on traditional use and extrapolation from component studies rather than large-scale randomized controlled trials of the specific blend.

Artisanal apple cider vinegar with honey


Acetic acid from apple cider vinegar and cinnamaldehyde from cinnamon are key compounds. Acetic acid may support metabolic health by influencing glucose metabolism, while cinnamon's compounds provide antioxidant and anti-inflammatory benefits.

- Supports digestive health by promoting balanced stomach acid levels and enzymatic activity.
- Aids in blood sugar regulation, helping to stabilize post-meal glucose levels.
- Provides potent antioxidants from cinnamon, protecting cells from oxidative stress.
- Reduces systemic inflammation through cinnamon's anti-inflammatory compounds.

The acetic acid from apple cider vinegar is thought to modulate glucose metabolism by inhibiting disaccharidases, slowing carbohydrate digestion, and potentially improving insulin sensitivity. Cinnamon's active compounds, notably cinnamaldehyde and various polyphenols, may enhance insulin signaling pathways and contribute to anti-inflammatory and antioxidant effects by scavenging free radicals and modulating inflammatory mediators. These components synergistically contribute to the reported health benefits, though the precise mechanisms of their combined action are not fully elucidated.

Clinical evidence for the combined Apple Cinnamon Vinegar is primarily anecdotal or derived from studies on its individual components. Human studies on apple cider vinegar (ACV) have demonstrated its ability to reduce postprandial glucose and insulin responses, with small trials showing improved insulin sensitivity. Animal and in vitro studies support ACV's anti-inflammatory properties, reducing inflammation by up to 37.50% in specific models. Separately, cinnamon extracts have been investigated in human trials, some involving hundreds of participants, showing modest reductions in blood glucose and HbA1c in individuals with type 2 diabetes. Both ACV and cinnamon contribute significant antioxidant capacities, protecting cells from oxidative stress as shown in various in vitro and animal models.

Cinnamomum verum
Cinnamomum cassia
Apple Cider Vinegar
ACV


Apple Guava fruit contains beneficial phenolics and flavonoids like quercetin and gallic acid. These compounds primarily exert antioxidant effects by reducing lipid peroxidation and enhancing glutathione levels, thereby protecting cells from oxidative damage.

- Boosts immune function significantly due to its exceptionally high vitamin C content.
- Promotes digestive health and regularity through its rich dietary fiber content, supporting gut microbiome balance.
- Protects cells from oxidative stress and inflammation via a broad spectrum of antioxidants, including carotenoids and flavonoids.
- Enhances collagen production, contributing to skin health and structural integrity.
- Supports vision and skin vitality with its notable vitamin A content (from carotenoids).

Apple Guava's therapeutic actions are primarily attributed to its phenolic and flavonoid compounds, including quercetin, gallic acid, myricetin, apigenin, and rutin. These bioactive molecules exert potent antioxidant effects by reducing reactive oxygen species (ROS)-induced lipid peroxidation, enhancing endogenous glutathione levels, and directly scavenging free radicals like DPPH, thereby mitigating cellular oxidative stress and inflammation.

While numerous studies affirm the general health benefits of Psidium guajava fruits, including robust immune support from vitamin C, digestive health from dietary fiber, and cellular protection from a broad spectrum of antioxidants, specific clinical trials focusing exclusively on Apple Guava fruit cultivars are less detailed in the provided research. General guava studies, often in vitro or observational, confirm its rich nutrient profile and antioxidant capacity, though Apple Guava specifically may have lower levels of some bioactive compounds compared to other varieties.


Apple guava (Psidium guajava) contains exceptionally high levels of vitamin C and flavonoids like quercetin that support immune function and cellular protection. Its bioactive compounds work through antioxidant pathways and collagen synthesis enhancement to provide anti-inflammatory and digestive benefits.

- High in vitamin C, which supports immune health and enhances collagen production.
- Rich in dietary fiber, promoting digestive health and regulating bowel movements.
- Antioxidants, such as carotenoids and flavonoids, protect cells from oxidative stress and inflammation. Research further indicates that Apple Guava (Psidium guajava) may support metabolic efficiency and cellular energy production through its micronutrient and cofactor content. The synergistic interaction between its primary bioactives contributes to comprehensive antioxidant defense, immune vigilance, and tissue repair mechanisms, making it a valuable functional food ingredient.

Apple guava's high vitamin C content (228mg per 100g) enhances collagen synthesis by acting as a cofactor for prolyl-4-hydroxylase and lysyl hydroxylase enzymes. Flavonoids like quercetin and kaempferol modulate inflammatory pathways by inhibiting NF-κB activation and reducing pro-inflammatory cytokine production. The fruit's pectin and dietary fiber promote digestive health by supporting beneficial gut bacteria and regulating intestinal motility.

Limited clinical studies have examined apple guava's health effects directly. Observational studies suggest regular guava consumption correlates with improved vitamin C status and reduced oxidative stress markers. Small-scale trials (n=30-50) indicate guava leaf extracts may support blood sugar regulation, though fruit-specific data is limited. Most evidence comes from in vitro studies demonstrating antioxidant capacity and cell culture research showing anti-inflammatory effects.

Psidium guajava
Common Guava
Guava
Guayaba
Goiaba
Jambu Biji
Amrood
Bayabas


Apple pear is rich in phenolic compounds, including flavonoids, phenolic acids, and tannins, which are concentrated in its peel and pulp. These compounds contribute to its health benefits by mechanisms such as the inhibition of matrix metalloproteinase-9 (MMP-9) activity.

- Aids digestion and promotes bowel regularity due to its high dietary fiber content.
- Supports cardiovascular health by helping to lower LDL cholesterol levels.
- Boosts immune system function and enhances skin vitality through its rich vitamin C content.
- Helps regulate blood pressure and maintain electrolyte balance with its significant potassium levels.
- Provides gentle hydration and traditional lung-moistening benefits, often utilized for throat health.

Apple pear's primary bioactive compounds, including various phenolics (flavonoids, phenolic acids, tannins, arbutin, hydroxycinnamic acids), contribute significantly to its therapeutic effects. These compounds are known to inhibit matrix metalloproteinase-9 (MMP-9) activity, reducing gelatinolytic activity by over 50%. Additionally, the fruit's high dietary fiber aids in bile acid binding and cholesterol excretion, while vitamin C acts as a crucial antioxidant.

While specific clinical trials focused solely on 'Apple Pear' as a distinct hybrid are limited, research on its nutritional composition, akin to other *Pyrus* species, highlights the well-documented benefits of its high fiber and vitamin C content for digestive and immune health. Studies on pear extracts, emphasizing their phenolic profiles, indicate antiproliferative activity, with arbutin concentrations ranging from 50.6–286.0 ppm and hydroxycinnamic acids from 6.4–89.5 ppm demonstrating notable bioactivity. Traditional uses in East Asian medicine for respiratory comfort and hydration are supported by the fruit's inherent soothing properties and high water content, though robust human trials specific to these traditional claims are less prevalent.


Apple Pear Vinegar, primarily recognized as apple vinegar, derives its main benefits from acetic acid and a variety of phenolic compounds. These bioactives contribute to its observed effects on glucose metabolism, digestive health, and antioxidant activity through direct biochemical interactions and gut microbiota modulation.

- Supports digestive health by promoting balanced stomach acid levels through acetic acid.
- Aids in blood sugar regulation, contributing to stable post-meal glucose levels.
- Provides antioxidants, including vitamin C, which neutralize free radicals and support cellular health.
- Boosts immune health and skin vitality through its vitamin and antioxidant content.

The primary mechanism of Apple Pear Vinegar, largely attributed to acetic acid, involves slowing gastric emptying and inhibiting carbohydrate-digesting enzymes, which helps reduce post-meal glucose spikes. Acetic acid may also enhance insulin sensitivity and promote fat oxidation through AMPK activation. Additionally, its phenolic compounds, such as chlorogenic acid, exert antioxidant effects by scavenging free radicals and may modulate inflammation pathways, contributing to cellular protection.

While specific clinical trials on "Apple Pear Vinegar" are limited, its functional properties are largely extrapolated from extensive research on apple cider vinegar (ACV) and pear components. Numerous human studies on ACV, often involving small to moderate sample sizes (e.g., 10-39 participants), consistently show its ability to significantly reduce postprandial glucose and insulin responses, particularly in individuals with insulin resistance or type 2 diabetes. Research also highlights ACV's potential in weight management through satiety effects, and its antimicrobial properties have been observed in in vitro and some clinical settings. Antioxidant benefits, primarily from phenolic compounds, are supported by in vitro and animal studies, with human data often derived from dietary intake studies of fruits.

Malus domestica
Apple cider vinegar
ACV
Fruit vinegar


Apple Pectin Fiber, a soluble dietary fiber primarily composed of galacturonic acid-rich polysaccharides, forms a viscous gel in the digestive tract. This gel modulates nutrient absorption, binds to bile acids and toxins, and serves as a prebiotic substrate for beneficial gut microbiota.

- Functions as a prebiotic, fostering the growth of beneficial gut bacteria and enhancing overall digestion.
- Helps lower LDL cholesterol levels and supports healthy blood pressure, contributing to cardiovascular wellness.
- Stabilizes blood sugar levels by slowing glucose absorption, aiding in metabolic management.
- Promotes satiety and reduces appetite, supporting healthy weight management.
- Binds to dietary toxins and heavy metals, facilitating their elimination from the body.
- Provides antioxidant support, contributing to cellular protection and potentially skin health.

Apple Pectin Fiber, a soluble polysaccharide primarily composed of galacturonic acid residues, forms a viscous gel upon hydration in the gastrointestinal tract. This gel slows gastric emptying and nutrient absorption, impacting postprandial glucose levels and increasing satiety. Furthermore, it binds bile acids and toxins, facilitating their excretion, and is selectively fermented by beneficial gut bacteria, acting as a potent prebiotic.

Clinical research, encompassing numerous human trials and meta-analyses, consistently validates the health benefits of apple pectin fiber. Studies demonstrate its effectiveness in significantly reducing LDL cholesterol levels and supporting healthy blood pressure, often observing effects in cohorts ranging from dozens to hundreds of participants. Furthermore, it is well-established for its prebiotic activity, fostering beneficial gut microbiota, and its role in stabilizing blood sugar levels by attenuating glucose absorption. Research also highlights its contributions to detoxification and satiety regulation.


Apple Pomace Fiber is a rich source of dietary fibers like cellulose, hemicellulose, and pectin, along with beneficial polyphenols, which collectively promote digestive health, satiety, and cholesterol regulation. Its fiber content enhances gut motility and supports a balanced gut microbiome, while polyphenols offer antioxidant protection.

- Promotes digestive health by providing both soluble and insoluble fiber, supporting regular bowel movements and a balanced gut microbiome.
- Enhances satiety and appetite control, contributing to healthy weight management.
- Reduces cholesterol levels through its soluble fiber content, thereby supporting cardiovascular function.
- Modulates blood sugar levels by slowing carbohydrate absorption, leading to more stable glucose responses.
- Protects against oxidative stress and inflammation due to its rich content of polyphenols.

Apple Pomace Fiber exerts its effects primarily through its diverse dietary fiber content, including insoluble fibers (cellulose, hemicellulose, lignin) that bulk stool and improve intestinal transit, and soluble pectin which forms viscous gels, slows gastric emptying, and binds bile acids to reduce cholesterol. Additionally, its polyphenolic compounds, such as procyanidins and flavonoids, provide antioxidant activity and may modulate gut microbiota composition, contributing to overall gut health.

Research into apple pomace fiber largely comprises in vitro and animal studies, investigating its functional properties and potential health effects related to gut health and antioxidant capacity. While these studies suggest benefits for gut microbiome modulation, improved regularity, and antioxidant activity, specific human clinical trials detailing sample sizes and precise outcomes for whole apple pomace fiber are less commonly cited in the provided literature. The efficacy of its soluble fiber components, like pectin, in cholesterol regulation is well-established through broader dietary fiber research. Therefore, conclusions about apple pomace fiber's direct clinical impact are often extrapolated from general fiber and polyphenol research.

Malus domestica
Apple fiber
Apple byproduct fiber


Apple Seed Vine Syrup is a culinary preparation for which specific health benefits and bioactive compound mechanisms remain undefined. While apples and their seeds contain various polyphenols and antioxidants, dedicated research on this particular syrup formulation is currently unavailable to substantiate its functional properties.

- Provides natural sugars, offering a sweet base for culinary applications.
- Delivers antioxidant compounds that help protect cells from oxidative stress.
- Contains polyphenols which contribute to the syrup's antioxidant properties.

The precise mechanism of action for Apple Seed Vine Syrup has not been elucidated, as specific research on this product is lacking. General observations on apple and apple seed components suggest potential antioxidant activities through compounds like polyphenols and flavonoids, which typically interact with free radicals. However, these mechanisms are not validated for the 'Apple Seed Vine Syrup' formulation itself.

There are no specific scientific studies or clinical trials available that investigate the efficacy, safety, or specific health outcomes associated with Apple Seed Vine Syrup as a functional ingredient. Existing research on apples generally highlights antioxidant and antidiabetic effects, but these findings cannot be extrapolated to this particular syrup formulation without dedicated study. Therefore, robust clinical evidence supporting its health claims is currently absent.

Malus domestica seed extract syrup
Apple pit vine concentrate
Pomaceous seed syrup
Apple kernel vine elixir
Crabapple seed concentrate
Malus seed vine preparation


Apple Skin Fiber, rich in bioactive compounds like quercetin, other flavonoids, phenolics, and triterpenoids, exhibits potent antioxidant and anti-inflammatory properties. These compounds activate pathways such as Nrf2-Keap1 to upregulate antioxidant genes, scavenge reactive oxygen species, and reduce NF-κB-driven inflammation.

- Promotes digestive health by increasing gut motility, supporting regular bowel movements, and enhancing a balanced gut microbiota.
- Provides robust antioxidant protection through quercetin and other polyphenols, neutralizing free radicals and reducing oxidative stress.
- Supports cardiovascular health by helping to regulate cholesterol levels and maintain healthy blood pressure.
- Enhances satiety and aids in appetite control, contributing to effective weight management.
- Modulates blood sugar levels by slowing glucose absorption, thereby stabilizing post-meal glucose responses and improving insulin sensitivity.
- Supports natural detoxification processes by improving bowel regularity and facilitating the binding and elimination of toxins.

Apple Skin Fiber's key compounds, including quercetin, chlorogenic acid, phloridzin, and procyanidins, exert their effects primarily through antioxidant and anti-inflammatory pathways. These phenolics actively scavenge reactive oxygen species (ROS) and inhibit lipid oxidation in lipoproteins (LDL/HDL/VLDL). Furthermore, they activate the Nrf2-Keap1 pathway, upregulating endogenous antioxidant genes, and reduce NF-κB-driven inflammation, contributing to broad protective actions.

Scientific research on apple skin fiber and its constituent polyphenols primarily highlights benefits in digestive and cardiovascular health, though detailed human clinical trial data specifically on "apple skin fiber" with precise sample sizes and direct outcomes from the provided text is limited. Studies indicate its role in promoting gut motility and balancing gut microbiota, largely observed in in vitro and animal models. The potent antioxidant activity of apple polyphenols like quercetin, shown to neutralize free radicals, underpins its cardiovascular protective effects, which have been explored in various preclinical studies and some human observational data concerning general fruit intake. Further direct human intervention trials focusing specifically on isolated apple skin fiber are needed to fully characterize its clinical efficacy.

Malus domestica peel fiber
Apple peel fiber
Apple fiber
Apple pomace fiber


Apple wood vinegar, a pyrolysis byproduct, contains a rich array of organic acids and phenolic compounds responsible for its diverse bioactivities. These include potent antimicrobial effects through membrane disruption and enzyme inhibition, alongside antioxidant and anti-inflammatory properties.

- Exhibits antimicrobial properties primarily due to acetic acid, useful in various applications.
- Functions as a natural pesticide and pest deterrent, enhanced by methanol and acetone's solvent actions.
- Balances soil pH and promotes microbial activity, thereby enhancing nutrient availability for plants.
- Provides antioxidant and additional antimicrobial benefits through its phenolic compounds.

The antimicrobial action of apple wood vinegar primarily stems from organic acids like acetic acid and various phenolic compounds, which disrupt bacterial cell membranes and inhibit vital enzymatic processes, thereby impeding microbial growth and energy production. Its antioxidant capacity arises from the free-radical scavenging activity of its phenolic constituents, while anti-inflammatory effects are attributed to the modulation of inflammatory pathways by specific compounds within its complex mixture.

Research on apple wood vinegar predominantly focuses on its agricultural applications, evaluating its efficacy as a soil conditioner, plant growth promoter, and natural pesticide in in-vitro and field studies. These investigations often examine its antimicrobial properties against plant pathogens and its effects on soil microbiota. Currently, there is a notable absence of human clinical trials specifically investigating the health benefits, safety, or pharmacological effects of apple wood vinegar for internal use, thus limiting conclusions regarding its therapeutic potential in humans.

Malus domestica wood vinegar
Pyroligneous acid (from apple wood)
Apple tree wood vinegar


ApresFlex is a patented Boswellia serrata extract standardized to 20% 3-O-acetyl-11-keto-β-boswellic acid (AKBA), the most potent anti-inflammatory compound in boswellia. It works by selectively inhibiting 5-lipoxygenase enzyme, reducing inflammatory leukotrienes and providing rapid joint pain relief.

- ApresFlex provides rapid anti-inflammatory effects by inhibiting the 5-lipoxygenase enzyme, reducing joint discomfort and swelling. This can enhance mobility and daily comfort. - It supports joint health by preserving cartilage and reducing degradation. Healthy cartilage is essential for maintaining joint function. - ApresFlex enhances respiratory health by reducing airway inflammation. This can improve breathing and alleviate asthma symptoms. - It supports digestive health by reducing gut inflammation. A healthy gut can prevent digestive disorders like IBS. - ApresFlex promotes cardiovascular health by improving blood vessel function. Enhanced blood flow can lower the risk of heart disease. - It aids in skin health by reducing inflammation and supporting collagen synthesis. This can lead to smoother, more resilient skin. - ApresFlex supports mental health by reducing brain inflammation. Lower brain inflammation can improve cognitive clarity and reduce the risk of neurodegenerative diseases.

ApresFlex contains 20% AKBA, which selectively inhibits 5-lipoxygenase (5-LOX) enzyme, blocking the conversion of arachidonic acid to pro-inflammatory leukotrienes. This targeted inhibition reduces inflammatory mediators like leukotriene B4 while preserving beneficial prostaglandins. Additionally, AKBA helps prevent cartilage-degrading enzymes like elastase and hyaluronidase from breaking down joint tissues.

A 30-day randomized controlled trial with 60 osteoarthritis patients showed ApresFlex 100mg daily reduced joint pain by 41.9% and improved physical function by 45.5% within 5 days. Another 90-day study demonstrated 42% reduction in cartilage degradation biomarkers compared to placebo. Clinical evidence is promising but limited to short-term studies with relatively small sample sizes, requiring more extensive long-term research to establish optimal dosing protocols.

Boswellia serrata
Indian Frankincense
Salai
Shallaki
AKBA
Boswellic Acid Extract
Salai Guggul


Apricot kernel (Prunus armeniaca seed) contains amygdalin, a cyanogenic glycoside that releases hydrogen cyanide upon tissue disruption, along with vitamin E, polyphenols, and essential fatty acids. These compounds provide antioxidant and anti-inflammatory effects through inhibition of acetylcholinesterase, 15-lipoxygenase, COX enzymes, and inflammatory mediators like IL-6 and TNF-α.

- **Supports respiratory health**: by soothing coughs and clearing mucus, potentially through amygdalin activity.
- **Enhances skin nourishment**: and anti-aging by improving elasticity and hydration with Vitamin E, oleic acid, and polyphenols.
- **Reduces inflammation and**: supports joint and muscle health through its anti-inflammatory phytochemicals.
- **Promotes digestive and**: gut health by supporting gut motility and potential prebiotic activity.
- **Strengthens cardiovascular health**: by regulating cholesterol levels and improving circulation with heart-healthy monounsaturated fats.

Amygdalin undergoes β-glucosidase-mediated hydrolysis to release hydrogen cyanide, while polyphenols, vitamin E (0.003-0.040 g/100g), and tocopherols (50.76 mg/100g) scavenge free radicals via DPPH and FRAP pathways. Anti-inflammatory activity occurs through inhibition of cyclooxygenase (COX), 15-lipoxygenase, and suppression of pro-inflammatory cytokines including IL-6, TNF-α, and toll-like receptors (TLRs).

Clinical evidence for apricot kernel is limited to preclinical and in vitro studies, with no robust human randomized controlled trials available. Laboratory studies show ultrasound treatment increases β-glucosidase activity by 34.67% for debittering processes. Fermented apricot kernels demonstrate enhanced antioxidant capacity in FRAP and CUPRAC assays compared to natural fermentation, though specific efficacy numbers for therapeutic outcomes are not established. Current evidence supporting anti-cancer, cardioprotective, and respiratory benefits remains preliminary and requires clinical validation.

Prunus armeniaca seed
Bitter apricot kernel
Sweet apricot kernel
AKO (Apricot Kernel Oil)
Apricot seed


Aquamin is a marine-derived calcium supplement sourced from red algae (Lithothamnion species) that provides highly bioavailable calcium along with 72 trace minerals. The calcium carbonate structure in Aquamin demonstrates superior absorption compared to synthetic calcium, supporting bone density and joint health through enhanced mineral bioavailability.

- Supports bone density: Aquamin, derived from red algae, provides bioavailable calcium, enhancing bone strength and density. This reduces the risk of fractures and osteoporosis. - Enhances joint health: Rich in minerals, Aquamin reduces joint inflammation and pain, improving mobility. This is crucial for maintaining an active lifestyle. - Boosts digestive health: Aquamin contains trace minerals that support gut health by promoting beneficial bacteria growth. This aids in digestion and nutrient absorption. - Reduces inflammation: The anti-inflammatory properties of Aquamin help alleviate symptoms of arthritis and other inflammatory conditions. This supports overall joint and muscle health. - Supports cardiovascular health: Calcium and magnesium in Aquamin help regulate heart rhythm and blood pressure. This reduces the risk of cardiovascular diseases. - Enhances skin health: The minerals in Aquamin support collagen production, improving skin elasticity and hydration. This promotes a youthful and radiant complexion. - Improves muscle function: Magnesium in Aquamin supports muscle contraction and relaxation, reducing cramps and enhancing performance. This is vital for athletes and active individuals.

Aquamin's unique honeycomb structure enhances calcium absorption in the intestines through improved solubility and bioavailability. The naturally occurring calcium carbonate, along with magnesium, strontium, and trace minerals, activates osteoblast activity and supports collagen synthesis. This multi-mineral complex modulates inflammatory pathways by reducing pro-inflammatory cytokines like IL-6 and TNF-α in joint tissues.

A 12-week randomized controlled trial with 70 participants showed Aquamin supplementation (2,400mg daily) significantly increased bone density markers compared to placebo. Another study of 60 adults with joint discomfort found 2,400mg daily Aquamin reduced joint pain by 20% and improved mobility scores after 12 weeks. Human bioavailability studies demonstrate 40% better calcium absorption compared to calcium carbonate. However, most studies are small-scale and funded by the manufacturer, requiring larger independent trials for stronger evidence.

Lithothamnion corallioides
Marine-derived calcium
Calcified red algae
Maërl
Red coralline algae
Lithothamnion calcareum
Sea calcium


Arabian Frankincense Resin is primarily valued for its boswellic acids, which are key bioactive compounds responsible for its potent anti-inflammatory and immunomodulatory properties. These compounds exert their effects by modulating various inflammatory pathways, supporting joint, gut, and respiratory health.

- Reduces systemic inflammation through boswellic acids, supporting joint, gut, and cardiovascular health.
- Combats oxidative stress and promotes cellular repair via its rich content of bioactive antioxidant compounds.
- Alleviates respiratory conditions and improves lung function due to its soothing aroma and bioactive constituents.
- Strengthens immune defenses and provides antimicrobial and antiviral properties through boswellic acids.
- Soothes the digestive tract and reduces bloating, contributing to improved gut health.
- Promotes relaxation and reduces anxiety, enhancing meditation practices through its calming aroma.
- Accelerates wound healing, reduces scarring, and improves skin tone and elasticity via boswellic acids.

The therapeutic actions of Arabian Frankincense resin are primarily attributed to boswellic acids, particularly AKBA, which modulate multiple inflammatory pathways. These compounds achieve their effect by downregulating pro-inflammatory mediators such as COX-2, NF-κB, 5-lipoxygenase, and inflammatory cytokines like TNF-α and IL-1β. Additionally, they inhibit protein kinase pathways, modulate immune cell function, and can induce apoptosis in certain cancer cells.

Extensive research, encompassing in vitro, animal, and some human clinical trials, supports the anti-inflammatory and immunomodulatory effects of Arabian Frankincense, primarily due to its boswellic acids. Studies have explored its efficacy in managing inflammatory conditions such as osteoarthritis, rheumatoid arthritis, inflammatory bowel diseases (Crohn's disease, ulcerative colitis), and chronic asthma. While promising results have been observed in these areas, larger-scale human clinical trials are ongoing to further establish its full therapeutic potential and optimize dosing. Additionally, preliminary research suggests potential roles in reducing peritumoral edema and inducing apoptosis in certain cancer cells.

Boswellia sacra
Frankincense Resin
Olibanum


Arabian Sidr Honey is exceptionally rich in bioactive compounds, primarily phenolics and flavonoids, which contribute to its potent antioxidant, antibacterial, and anticancer properties. These compounds exert their effects through mechanisms such as free radical scavenging and molecular interactions with biological targets, thereby supporting immune function and cellular health.

- Fortifies immune function through natural antibacterial, antiviral, and antioxidant compounds.
- Promotes digestive health by soothing the gastrointestinal tract and balancing gut microbiota.
- Accelerates wound healing with its potent antimicrobial activity and enzymatic support for tissue regeneration.
- Provides anti-inflammatory benefits that modulate immune response and support systemic balance.
- Supports skin nourishment and hydration, making it an effective ingredient for radiance and repair.

The primary mechanisms of Arabian Sidr Honey involve the potent antioxidant activity of its phenolic and flavonoid compounds, such as ellagic, caffeic, and ferulic acids, which efficiently scavenge free radicals like DPPH and ABTS. Additionally, these bioactive molecules demonstrate molecular docking capabilities, suggesting specific interactions with enzymes or cellular receptors to exert antimicrobial, anti-inflammatory, and potentially anticancer effects, contributing to tissue regeneration.

Scientific research, largely comprising in vitro and preclinical studies, supports Arabian Sidr Honey's therapeutic efficacy. Studies have consistently demonstrated significant antibacterial and antifungal properties, including notable efficacy against various drug-resistant bacteria. Its high antioxidant content and enzymatic components contribute to enhanced wound healing by promoting tissue regeneration and exhibit a role in gastrointestinal mucosal repair, though large-scale human clinical trials are less detailed in available summaries.

Ziziphus spina-christi
Sidr Honey
Christ's Thorn Jujube Honey


Arabian Wild Thyme (Thymus capitatus) contains potent bioactive compounds thymol and carvacrol that enhance antioxidant enzyme activity (catalase, SOD, glutathione peroxidase) while reducing inflammatory cytokines IL-1β and TNF-α. The herb's flavonoid content, including apigenin, provides anticarcinogenic and antiviral effects complementing its traditional respiratory and digestive applications.

- Enhances respiratory health by acting as an expectorant and bronchodilator.
- Supports digestive health by reducing gas, bloating, and promoting gut microbial balance.
- Provides potent antioxidant protection for cellular health through its rich flavonoid content.
- Exhibits significant anti-inflammatory properties, aiding in systemic balance.
- Offers antimicrobial and antiseptic effects, supporting immune resilience.
- Promotes skin clarity and vitality through its antioxidant and regenerative compounds.

Thymol and carvacrol, the primary monoterpene phenols in Arabian Wild Thyme, modulate cellular antioxidant pathways by upregulating key enzymes including catalase, superoxide dismutase (SOD), and glutathione peroxidase. These compounds simultaneously suppress pro-inflammatory signaling by reducing cytokine production of IL-1β and TNF-α. The flavonoid apigenin contributes additional anticarcinogenic effects through cellular protection mechanisms.

Research on Arabian Wild Thyme remains limited, with most studies focusing on related Thymus species rather than T. capitatus specifically. Available research demonstrates the antimicrobial efficacy of thymol and carvacrol compounds in laboratory settings, with antioxidant and anti-inflammatory potential validated in preclinical models. However, human clinical trials with quantified dosages, sample sizes, and outcome measures are notably absent from current literature. The therapeutic claims are primarily supported by traditional use patterns and extrapolation from related thyme species research.

Thymus capitatus
Coridothymus capitatus
Conehead Thyme
Headed Savory
Za'atar Farisi


Arabinase (EC 3.2.1.99) is a hydrolytic enzyme that specifically catalyzes the breakdown of arabinose-containing polysaccharides by hydrolyzing α-1,5-L-arabinofuranosidic linkages. This action aids in degrading plant cell wall components, supporting digestive function and improving gut motility.

- Supports digestive function by enhancing the breakdown of complex dietary fibers, improving gut motility.
- Reduces gastrointestinal discomfort by preventing the fermentation of undigested arabinose-containing polysaccharides.
- May act as a prebiotic by selectively feeding beneficial gut bacteria with released arabinose and oligosaccharides.
- Enhances nutrient absorption by improving the overall digestibility of plant-based foods.
- Contributes to a balanced gut microbiome by facilitating the efficient processing of dietary fiber.

Arabinase functions as an endo-acting glycoside hydrolase (EC 3.2.1.99), specifically targeting and hydrolyzing the α-1,5-L-arabinofuranosidic linkages within arabinan, a polysaccharide found in plant cell walls. This action effectively degrades complex plant fibers, making them more accessible and improving processing efficiency in various applications, including food. By breaking down these complex carbohydrates, it prevents the fermentation of undigested polysaccharides, which can reduce gastrointestinal discomfort.

While scientific studies predominantly highlight arabinase's efficacy in industrial applications, such as improving feed efficiency and biofuel yields, direct human clinical trials assessing its systemic health benefits are limited. However, in vitro and preliminary studies suggest its potential to enhance dietary fiber breakdown, support digestive function, and potentially act as a prebiotic by feeding beneficial gut bacteria. Further comprehensive human clinical research is needed to fully substantiate these preliminary findings and evaluate specific health outcomes.


Arabinogalactan is a naturally occurring polysaccharide, primarily from larch trees, functioning as a prebiotic fiber. It resists upper gut digestion and is selectively fermented by beneficial colonic bacteria, increasing short-chain fatty acid production for gut and immune health.

- Promotes the growth of beneficial gut bacteria, acting as a prebiotic to improve digestion and nutrient absorption.
- Enhances immune function by stimulating gut-associated lymphoid tissue (GALT) and modulating immune cell activity.
- Reduces symptoms of bloating, constipation, and irregular digestion by supporting healthy gut motility.
- Provides antioxidant protection by neutralizing free radicals, thereby reducing oxidative stress and supporting cellular health.
- Contributes to healthy blood sugar regulation and improves lipid metabolism, supporting overall metabolic health.

Arabinogalactan acts as a soluble fiber that resists digestion in the upper gastrointestinal tract. Upon reaching the colon, it is selectively fermented by beneficial gut bacteria like *Bifidobacterium*, *Lactobacillus*, and *Eubacterium*, leading to a significant increase in short-chain fatty acids (SCFAs), predominantly acetate. These SCFAs nourish colonocytes, maintain gut barrier integrity, and modulate immune responses, particularly through their interaction with gut-associated lymphoid tissue (GALT).

Numerous clinical studies, including both in vitro and human trials, consistently demonstrate arabinogalactan's potent prebiotic effects. These trials show its ability to significantly stimulate the growth of beneficial gut bacteria, such as *Bifidobacterium* and *Lactobacillus*, and increase the production of short-chain fatty acids. Furthermore, research highlights its immune-modulating properties, including enhancement of natural killer cell activity and support for gut-associated lymphoid tissue (GALT), contributing to overall immune function.


Arabinoxylan Fiber from Oats Avena sativa

Arabinoxylan from oats (Avena sativa) is a hemicellulosic dietary fiber primarily composed of a xylose backbone with arabinose side chains. It functions as a potent prebiotic, fermented by gut microbiota to produce short-chain fatty acids (SCFAs) like butyrate, thereby enhancing gut health and modulating immune function.

- Supports gut health by feeding beneficial gut bacteria and increasing short-chain fatty acid (SCFA) production.
- Enhances immune function via microbiota–immune axis modulation.
- Helps regulate blood sugar by slowing glucose absorption and improving insulin sensitivity.
- Lowers LDL cholesterol and supports cardiovascular wellness.
- Promotes satiety and supports weight management through gastric emptying delay.
- Provides antioxidant protection by scavenging free radicals and reducing inflammation.

Arabinoxylan's primary mechanism involves its role as a prebiotic fermentable fiber, resistant to human digestion but readily fermented by specific gut microbiota such as Bifidobacterium and Megamonas. This microbial degradation produces short-chain fatty acids (SCFAs), including butyrate and isobutyric acid, which serve as an energy source for colonocytes, lower gut pH, and exert systemic anti-inflammatory effects. These actions collectively promote the growth of beneficial bacteria, enhance gut barrier integrity, modulate immune responses, and slow glucose absorption.

Clinical studies and comprehensive meta-analyses consistently validate arabinoxylan's robust prebiotic efficacy, demonstrating its selective stimulation of beneficial gut flora. These investigations reveal a significant increase in the production of short-chain fatty acids (SCFAs), particularly butyrate, critical for colon health and systemic immune modulation. Furthermore, controlled trials support its role in metabolic health, showing positive outcomes in LDL cholesterol reduction and improved glycemic regulation by slowing glucose absorption and enhancing insulin sensitivity. While research often highlights its benefits, further large-scale human trials are continuously refining our understanding of optimal dosing and long-term effects across diverse populations.

Avena sativa
Arabinoxylan
AX Fiber
Oat Arabinoxylan


Araca Boi is a highly nutritious Amazonian fruit, exceptionally rich in Vitamin C and diverse phenolic compounds. These bioactives contribute to its potent antioxidant activity and significant immune-boosting capabilities.

- Strengthens immune function through its antimicrobial, antiviral, and antioxidant bioactive compounds.
- Enhances digestive health by promoting a balanced gut microbiome and supporting enzymatic activity.
- Regulates blood sugar levels by optimizing insulin sensitivity and improving glucose metabolism.
- Promotes cardiovascular health by improving circulation and mitigating oxidative stress within the vascular system.
- Provides neuroprotective benefits by reducing oxidative damage and supporting cognitive longevity.
- Facilitates liver detoxification processes and supports overall metabolic regulation.
- Promotes skin rejuvenation through enhanced collagen synthesis and cellular vitality.

Araca Boi's primary mechanisms involve its high levels of ascorbic acid and phenolic compounds, which act as potent antioxidants to neutralize free radicals and reduce oxidative stress. Specific polyphenols like quercetin and gallic acid modulate inflammatory pathways and enhance immune cell function. Furthermore, these compounds may improve glucose metabolism by optimizing insulin sensitivity and promoting a balanced gut microbiome.

Initial research on Araca Boi, primarily conducted through in vitro and animal studies, confirms its significant antioxidant, cardiovascular, metabolic, and neuroprotective properties. Investigations highlight its positive impact on enhancing gut microbiota, reducing oxidative stress, and improving glucose metabolism. While these studies demonstrate promising effects linked to its rich bioactive compound profile, robust human clinical trials are currently lacking to establish efficacy and optimal dosing in humans.

Eugenia stipitata
Araca-boi
Amazonian Araca


Arachidonic acid (AA) is an omega-6 fatty acid that serves as a precursor to inflammatory mediators including prostaglandins and leukotrienes through cyclooxygenase and lipoxygenase pathways. It plays crucial roles in muscle protein synthesis, immune function, and brain development.

- Supports muscle growth and recovery in athletes. AA enhances protein synthesis, crucial for muscle repair and growth. - Aids in maintaining joint health and reducing pain. It supports cartilage health, reducing joint discomfort. - Enhances brain function and cognitive performance. AA is vital for synaptic function, improving memory and focus. - Supports immune system health. It aids in the production of eicosanoids, crucial for immune responses. - Promotes skin health by maintaining elasticity and hydration. AA supports collagen production, reducing signs of aging. - Supports cardiovascular health by regulating blood vessel function. It helps maintain healthy blood pressure and circulation. - May improve mood and mental well-being. AA supports neurotransmitter balance, enhancing mood stability.

Arachidonic acid is metabolized by cyclooxygenase (COX) enzymes to produce prostaglandins E2 and F2α, which regulate inflammation and muscle protein synthesis. The lipoxygenase pathway converts AA to leukotrienes, affecting immune responses and vascular function. AA also directly incorporates into cell membrane phospholipids, influencing membrane fluidity and cellular signaling cascades.

Small-scale studies in resistance-trained athletes show 1-1.5g daily AA supplementation for 8-12 weeks may increase lean body mass by 1-3 pounds compared to placebo. A 50-day study with 31 participants found AA supplementation enhanced anaerobic power output by 5-10%. However, most research involves small sample sizes (15-50 participants) and short durations. More large-scale, long-term trials are needed to confirm efficacy and optimal dosing.

5,8,11,14-eicosatetraenoic acid
AA
ARA
20:4(n-6)
Icosatetraenoic acid
Eicosatetraenoic acid
Arachidonate


Aralia root contains triterpenoid saponins and diterpenes that modulate PI3K/Akt and MAPK/ERK pathways to reduce inflammation and support stress adaptation. Key compounds like Aralia Saponin V and araliadiol demonstrate antioxidant activity through free radical scavenging and COX enzyme inhibition.

- **Enhances physical endurance**: and energy by supporting metabolic efficiency and reducing fatigue.
- **Supports adrenal and**: immune system balance, aiding the body's adaptive response to stress.
- **Reduces fatigue and**: stress reactivity through its adaptogenic compounds.
- **Promotes joint flexibility**: and reduces inflammation by modulating inflammatory pathways.
- **Protects the nervous**: system and improves resilience to environmental stressors.
- **Supports digestion and**: nutrient assimilation, contributing to overall vitality.

Aralia root's triterpenoid saponins, particularly Aralia Saponin V, modulate cellular signaling through PI3K/Akt, MAPK/ERK, and JAK/STAT pathways while suppressing inflammatory adhesion molecules VCAM-1 and ICAM-1. Phenolic compounds and diterpenes like araliadiol provide antioxidant effects by scavenging free radicals and upregulating antioxidant enzymes. Anti-inflammatory activity occurs through COX-1 and COX-2 inhibition, reducing prostaglandin synthesis.

Current evidence for Aralia root is primarily limited to preclinical and in vitro studies, with no published randomized controlled trials in humans providing quantified clinical outcomes. Laboratory studies show LAE root extract at 5 μg/mL significantly decreased p-Akt levels compared to LPS controls in endothelial cell models. Preclinical research supports adaptogenic, anti-inflammatory, and immunomodulatory properties, but human clinical data with specific efficacy metrics remains absent. Further clinical trials are needed to establish therapeutic dosing, safety parameters, and clinical effectiveness in human populations.

Aralia elata
Aralia cordata
Aralia mandshurica
Japanese angelica tree
Korean angelica tree


Eisenia bicyclis contains phenolic compounds like eckol and phlorotannins alongside fucoidan polysaccharides that modulate the Tor-FoxO signaling pathway. These bioactive compounds demonstrate significant antioxidant activity (65% DPPH scavenging) and extend lifespan by up to 40% in experimental models.

- **Supports thyroid function**: and metabolic regulation due to its significant iodine content.
- **Provides essential minerals**: like calcium and iron, which contribute to bone density and healthy blood formation.
- **Enhances digestive health**: and promotes gut regularity through its high dietary fiber content.
- **Reduces oxidative stress**: and protects cellular integrity via its rich antioxidant profile, including fucoxanthin.
- **Supports cardiovascular health**: by modulating lipid profiles and reducing inflammation.

Arame's phenolic compounds including eckol, phloroglucinol, and fuhalol activate the Tor-FoxO signaling pathway, which regulates cellular longevity and stress resistance. The polysaccharide fucoidan exhibits anti-inflammatory effects by modulating immune cell activity, while fucoxanthin provides neuroprotective benefits through antioxidant mechanisms. These compounds also inhibit acetylcholinesterase enzyme activity and demonstrate antiplatelet aggregation properties.

Experimental studies demonstrate that aqueous Eisenia bicyclis extract extends lifespan by up to 40% under both normal and nutrient-stressed conditions, with sex-specific benefits observed. Laboratory antioxidant assays show 65 ± 3% DPPH radical scavenging activity in free extract form, though encapsulation reduces this to 8 ± 1%. Limited research focuses primarily on in vitro and animal models, with acetylcholinesterase inhibition studies showing preliminary cognitive benefits. Human clinical trials are notably lacking, representing a significant evidence gap for therapeutic applications.

Eisenia bicyclis
brown kelp
Japanese arame
sea oak


Arazá, particularly its seed extracts, is rich in phenolic compounds like epicatechin gallate and p-hydroxybenzoic acid. These compounds exhibit potent antioxidant activity and inhibit carbohydrate-digesting enzymes, supporting glycemic control.

- Supports cardiovascular health by reducing oxidative stress and improving blood circulation.
- Enhances metabolic regulation by stabilizing blood sugar levels and improving insulin sensitivity.
- Strengthens immune function through its antimicrobial, anti-inflammatory, and antioxidant compounds.
- Promotes digestive wellness by nourishing gut microbiota and enhancing enzymatic activity.
- Provides neuroprotective benefits by minimizing cognitive decline and oxidative neural damage.
- Facilitates liver detoxification, supports cellular rejuvenation, and aids in skin health restoration.

Arazá's primary mechanism involves its high phenolic content, notably epicatechin gallate and p-hydroxybenzoic acid, found in seed extracts. These compounds potently inhibit carbohydrate-digesting enzymes, specifically α-amylase and α-glucosidase, thereby slowing glucose absorption and aiding glycemic control. Additionally, these phenolics contribute to significant antioxidant activity, mitigating oxidative stress.

Modern research, predominantly in vitro and animal studies, validates Arazá's antioxidant, cardiometabolic, and immune-enhancing properties. Specifically, hydroethanolic seed extracts demonstrated significant inhibition of α-amylase (IC₅₀ = 47.06 µg/mL) and α-glucosidase (IC₅₀ = 49.99 µg/mL), indicating strong potential for glycemic control. While emerging clinical evidence suggests roles in reducing systemic inflammation and promoting cellular longevity, further human trials are needed to confirm these benefits and establish optimal dosages.


Arctic Bearberry (Arctostaphylos uva-ursi) contains arbutin (56.32–97.26 mg/g) which metabolizes to hydroquinone, providing antibacterial effects specifically in alkaline urine environments. The plant's gallic acid, quinic acid, and triterpenes contribute additional anti-inflammatory and antioxidant mechanisms for urinary tract support.

- Supports urinary tract health, primarily due to arbutin, which exhibits antiseptic properties in the urinary system.
- Promotes immune resilience through its rich content of flavonoids and polyphenols.
- Enhances metabolic balance by contributing to anti-inflammatory and antioxidant processes.
- Reduces inflammation throughout the body due to its diverse array of bioactive compounds.
- Protects skin health and aids detoxification processes, contributing to cellular longevity.
- Contributes to cellular longevity and cognitive function through its antioxidant capacity.

Arbutin converts to hydroquinone in the body, which is excreted in alkaline urine and inhibits bacterial growth through direct antibacterial action against urinary pathogens. Ursolic acid provides anti-inflammatory effects by modulating inflammatory pathways, while flavonoids like quercetin and myricetin contribute antioxidant protection. The compounds interact with mucous membranes to support urinary tract tissue integrity and function.

Current research consists primarily of phytochemical characterization studies and in vitro antimicrobial investigations rather than robust human clinical trials. No specific quantitative clinical trial data with patient outcomes, standardized dosages, or numerical efficacy measures are available in peer-reviewed literature. While ethnobotanical documentation supports traditional urinary tract applications, controlled human studies are needed to establish clinical efficacy. The evidence base remains largely preclinical despite widespread traditional use.

Arctostaphylos uva-ursi
Uva-ursi
Bearberry
Kinnikinnick
Mountain box


Arctic Bilberries (Vaccinium uliginosum) contain anthocyanins comprising 0.1-0.25% of fresh fruit weight, alongside quercetin, catechins, and phenolic acids. These compounds suppress inflammatory markers including COX-2, TNF-α, iNOS, and IL-6 while providing potent antioxidant effects.

- Supports eye health by enhancing night vision and reducing eye fatigue, primarily due to anthocyanins.
- Boosts immune function through its high content of vitamin C and other antioxidants, strengthening cellular defense.
- Promotes cardiovascular health by improving blood vessel integrity and reducing oxidative stress.
- Provides significant anti-inflammatory benefits, helping to mitigate systemic inflammation.
- Delivers potent antioxidant protection, neutralizing free radicals and protecting cells from damage.
- Enhances cognitive function by improving cerebral blood flow and protecting neural tissues.

Anthocyanins and flavonoids (quercetin, catechins, kaempferol, myricetin) suppress pro-inflammatory cytokines COX-2, TNF-α, iNOS, and IL-6 through cellular pathway modulation. Phenolic acids including p-coumaric, caffeic, and ferulic acid provide additional antioxidant activity by neutralizing free radicals. The resveratrol content contributes to cardiovascular protection through endothelial function improvement.

Clinical evidence for V. uliginosum specifically remains limited, with most research focused on related Vaccinium myrtillus species. One human safety study demonstrated good tolerability over 24 hours, but quantified clinical outcomes are not available in current literature. In vitro studies show promising cytotoxic effects against HCT-116 cells at higher concentrations, though human clinical translation requires further investigation. Current evidence relies primarily on in vitro and animal models rather than robust human clinical trials.

Vaccinium uliginosum
Bog Bilberry
Northern Bilberry
Alpine Blueberry
Arctic Blueberry


Arctic Birch Sap is a nutrient-rich liquid containing a diverse profile of bioactive compounds, including phenolic compounds, organic acids, sugars, and minerals. These components are thought to confer antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, and detoxifying properties, contributing to its traditional use for hydration and wellness.

- Enhances cellular hydration and electrolyte balance with natural minerals like potassium and magnesium.
- Supports liver and kidney detoxification pathways, aiding in the elimination of metabolic waste.
- Modulates immune responses through its content of polysaccharides and other bioactive compounds.
- Improves metabolic efficiency by providing natural sugars and B vitamins for energy production.
- Promotes skin health and collagen synthesis due to its silica content and hydrating properties.

Arctic Birch Sap's mechanism of action is primarily attributed to its diverse array of bioactive compounds, including phenolic compounds, flavonoids, and organic acids. These constituents contribute to its observed antioxidant effects by scavenging free radicals and reducing oxidative stress. Additionally, its mineral content supports electrolyte balance, while other compounds may modulate immune responses and aid detoxification pathways.

Preliminary research on Arctic Birch Sap primarily consists of in vitro and animal studies, which suggest antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, and detoxifying properties, largely attributed to compounds like betulinic acid and flavonoids. Emerging human studies are beginning to investigate its hydrating effects and its potential to support various physiological functions. However, specific clinical trials with large sample sizes and detailed outcome measures are still needed to fully establish its efficacy and therapeutic benefits in humans.

Betula pendula
Betula pubescens
Birch Water
Birch Juice


Arctic bog bilberry (Vaccinium uliginosum) is exceptionally rich in anthocyanins—particularly delphinidin-3-glucoside, malvidin-3-glucoside, and cyanidin-3-galactoside—that activate AMPK signaling, suppress pro-inflammatory cytokines (TNF-α, IL-6), and promote protective autophagy, conferring broad antioxidant, neuroprotective, and cardiovascular benefits. A 2019 study in Frontiers in Pharmacology (PMID 31611784) demonstrated that Vaccinium uliginosum extracts promote dermal wound healing by modulating bioenergetics and integrin signaling in human keratinocyte and fibroblast models, underscoring the berry's potent bioactive capacity beyond simple antioxidant activity.

- **Reduces oxidative stress**: through its rich anthocyanin content, protecting cellular integrity.
- **Enhances visual acuity**: and retinal health by supporting microcirculation and reducing eye fatigue.
- **Supports cognitive function**: and neuroprotection by modulating inflammatory pathways in the brain.
- **Promotes cardiovascular resilience**: by improving vascular elasticity and regulating blood pressure.
- **Modulates gut microbiome**: balance, fostering beneficial bacteria and supporting digestive health.
- **Strengthens immune response**: through its high vitamin C and polyphenol content.
- **Supports metabolic efficiency**: by influencing glucose metabolism and reducing inflammation.

The primary bioactive anthocyanins in arctic bog bilberry—delphinidin-3-glucoside, malvidin-3-glucoside, and cyanidin-3-galactoside—activate AMP-activated protein kinase (AMPK), which phosphorylates downstream targets including FOXO3a transcription factors, initiating protective autophagy cascades that enhance cellular stress resilience and longevity signaling. These anthocyanins also inhibit NF-κB nuclear translocation, thereby suppressing the transcription of pro-inflammatory cytokines TNF-α, IL-6, and IL-1β, while simultaneously scavenging reactive oxygen species (ROS) via direct electron donation from their hydroxylated B-ring structures. As demonstrated by Esposito et al. (PMID 31611784), Vaccinium uliginosum extracts modulate integrin-mediated signaling and mitochondrial bioenergetics in keratinocytes and fibroblasts, promoting wound closure through enhanced cell migration and metabolic activity. Additionally, anthocyanin metabolites interact with endothelial nitric oxide synthase (eNOS) to upregulate nitric oxide production, supporting vascular relaxation and improved microcirculation in retinal and cerebrovascular tissues.

A study of 150 C57BL6/J mice supplemented with 5% bog bilberry powder showed significantly improved anxiety, motor coordination, and cognitive performance when exposed to neurotoxic challenges. Cell viability studies demonstrated beneficial effects at 5-75 μg/mL concentrations in neuroblastoma and dermal fibroblast cells, with no adverse effects at physiologically relevant doses. The extract showed antimicrobial activity against Staphylococcus aureus and Salmonella enterica with MIC values of 8.88 mg/mL. Human clinical trials are limited, with current evidence primarily from animal models and in vitro studies.

Vaccinium uliginosum L.
Bog bilberry
Alaskan bog bilberry
Northern bilberry


Arctic Bramble (Rubus arcticus) is notable for its high concentration of ellagitannins and anthocyanins, providing potent antioxidant and anti-inflammatory effects. These compounds are metabolized into bioactive forms like ellagic acid and urolithins, contributing to its health-promoting properties.

- Provides potent antioxidant and anti-inflammatory effects through its rich anthocyanin and polyphenol content.
- Enhances immune function and supports collagen production with its high Vitamin C levels.
- Supports heart health and electrolyte balance through its potassium content.
- Promotes digestion and gut health due to its dietary fiber.
- Protects cells from oxidative stress, contributing to overall health and wellness.
- Contributes to skin health and vitality through its vitamin and antioxidant profile.

The primary bioactive compounds in Arctic Bramble are ellagitannins (ETs) and anthocyanins, which comprise 67% and 24% of its phenolic profile, respectively. ETs are hydrolyzed in the gut to ellagic acid, which is further metabolized by gut microbiota into urolithins, exerting anti-inflammatory, antiviral, and antioxidant effects. Anthocyanins like cyanidin-3-glucoside also contribute significantly to its overall antioxidant capacity by scavenging free radicals and modulating inflammatory pathways.

While specific human clinical trials on Arctic Bramble are limited, its extensive ethnobotanical record supports its traditional use for general health and wellness. Research on its rich profile of ellagitannins, anthocyanins, and Vitamin C, often studied in vitro or in animal models, suggests significant antioxidant and anti-inflammatory potential. Further dedicated clinical studies are needed to fully elucidate its efficacy and therapeutic applications in humans.

Rubus arcticus
Arctic Raspberry
Ness Berry
Dewsberry


Arctic cloudberry (Rubus chamaemorus) contains high concentrations of ellagic acid and vitamin C that support immune function and cellular antioxidant defense. The berry's polyphenolic compounds modulate inflammatory pathways and protect against oxidative cellular damage.

- High in vitamin C, supporting immune function and skin health.
- Rich in antioxidants, which help protect cells from oxidative damage and reduce inflammation.
- Traditionally used in folk medicine to treat various ailments and improve overall health. Research further indicates that Arctic Cloudberry (Rubus chamaemorus) may support metabolic efficiency and cellular energy production through its micronutrient and cofactor content. The synergistic interaction between its primary bioactives contributes to comprehensive antioxidant defense, immune vigilance, and tissue repair mechanisms, making it a valuable functional food ingredient.

Arctic cloudberry's ellagic acid and anthocyanins inhibit nuclear factor-kappa B (NF-κB) signaling pathways, reducing pro-inflammatory cytokine production. The high vitamin C content (155mg per 100g) supports collagen synthesis and enhances neutrophil function through ascorbic acid recycling. Polyphenolic compounds activate Nrf2 pathways, upregulating antioxidant enzyme expression including glutathione peroxidase.

Limited human studies exist for Arctic cloudberry specifically. In vitro studies demonstrate significant antioxidant capacity with ORAC values of 3,300 μmol TE/100g. Small observational studies (n=25-40) in Nordic populations suggest regular consumption correlates with reduced inflammatory markers, though controlled trials are lacking. Most evidence derives from traditional use documentation and phytochemical analysis rather than rigorous clinical investigation.

Rubus chamaemorus
Cloudberry
Bakeapple
Knotberry
Knoutberry
Salmonberry
Yellowberry
Hjortron


Arctic cranberry (Vaccinium oxycoccos and related Vaccinium spp.) is exceptionally rich in A-type proanthocyanidins (PACs), anthocyanins, quercetin, and vitamin C that inhibit uropathogenic E. coli adhesion to uroepithelial cells, scavenge reactive oxygen species, and modulate gut microbiota (Saraiva et al., 2025; PMID 40290034). Scerbak et al. (2018; PMID 29717416) demonstrated that lowbush cranberry extract extended C. elegans lifespan by up to 25% via DAF-16/FOXO signaling, while Esposito et al. (2019; PMID 31611784) showed Alaskan berry extracts promote dermal wound repair through integrin signaling and bioenergetic modulation.

- Combats oxidative stress and inflammation through high levels of anthocyanins and flavonoids.
- Supports urinary tract health by preventing bacterial adhesion with proanthocyanidins.
- Enhances immune function and protects against infections due to its rich vitamin C content.
- Supports metabolic balance and blood sugar regulation via its dietary fiber content.
- Promotes skin elasticity and collagen synthesis, reducing free radical damage with antioxidants and vitamin C.

A-type proanthocyanidins (PACs), structurally unique to cranberry species due to their A-type interflavan bond at C2→O→C7, bind specifically to P-fimbriae and type 1 fimbriae on uropathogenic Escherichia coli, physically blocking bacterial adhesion to mannose and α-D-galactopyranosyl-(1→4)-β-D-galactopyranoside receptors on uroepithelial cell surfaces (PMID 40290034). Cranberry anthocyanins (cyanidin-3-galactoside, peonidin-3-arabinoside) and quercetin glycosides neutralize reactive oxygen species by donating hydrogen atoms to superoxide and hydroxyl radicals, while simultaneously inhibiting NF-κB-mediated pro-inflammatory cytokine expression (PMID 18211023). At the longevity level, bioactive compounds in lowbush cranberry activate the DAF-16/FOXO transcription factor, upregulating stress-response genes including superoxide dismutase (sod-3) and catalase (ctl-1), which collectively extend organismal lifespan and promote neuronal maintenance (PMID 29717416). Additionally, cranberry polyphenols modulate integrin signaling cascades (FAK/Src) and mitochondrial bioenergetics to accelerate dermal wound repair and tissue regeneration (PMID 31611784).

Current evidence is primarily from preclinical and in vitro studies, with limited human clinical trial data available. Laboratory studies demonstrate antioxidant activity with IC50 values of 61.1 µg/ml for superoxide scavenging and 54.7 µg/ml for nitric oxide scavenging. Animal studies show significant anti-inflammatory effects over 10 weeks, including 63% reduction in hepatic TLR4 and 24% decrease in NF-κB expression. Quantified human clinical outcomes for urinary tract infection prevention and other therapeutic applications require further investigation through controlled trials.

Vaccinium macrocarpon
American cranberry
large cranberry
northern cranberry


Arctic Crowberry is rich in anthocyanins and other polyphenols, exhibiting potent antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, and anticancer properties. Its mechanism of action includes inhibiting PI3K/Akt signaling to block cell proliferation and induce apoptosis.

- Combats oxidative stress and reduces inflammation through its rich content of anthocyanins, flavonoids, and polyphenols.
- Strengthens immune defenses and protects against infections with high levels of vitamin C and antimicrobial compounds.
- Supports cardiovascular health by improving circulation and modulating blood pressure via polyphenols and potassium.
- Enhances cognitive function and mental clarity by protecting against neurodegeneration with antioxidants.
- Promotes digestive health and regularity through its high dietary fiber content, nourishing gut microbiota.
- Improves skin elasticity and promotes collagen production, reducing oxidative damage with anthocyanins and vitamin C.
- Slows cellular aging by neutralizing free radicals and reducing inflammation.

Arctic Crowberry's bioactive compounds, including anthocyanins (e.g., cyanidin-3-galactoside), flavonols (e.g., myricetin and quercetin glucosides), and A-type proanthocyanidins, exert their effects through various pathways. Specifically, these compounds inhibit PI3K/Akt signaling via DEK downregulation, which helps to block cell proliferation and migration while inducing apoptosis.

Preclinical studies highlight Arctic Crowberry's potent antioxidant and anti-inflammatory effects, primarily attributed to its rich anthocyanin and polyphenol content. Research is exploring its potential anticancer properties, demonstrating inhibition of PI3K/Akt signaling and induction of apoptosis in *in vitro* models. While traditional use suggests benefits for cardiovascular health, cognitive function, and immune support, human clinical trials with specific sample sizes and outcomes are still needed to fully establish these effects.


Arctic Heather Berry contains high concentrations of anthocyanins and procyanidins that modulate inflammatory pathways and enhance antioxidant enzyme activity. These polyphenolic compounds demonstrate protective effects on cardiovascular and metabolic function through NF-κB pathway inhibition and improved endothelial nitric oxide synthesis.

- **Enhances immune resilience**: through its rich content of vitamin C and polyphenols.
- **Supports cardiovascular health**: by improving vascular function and reducing oxidative stress.
- **Promotes metabolic balance**: by influencing glucose and lipid metabolism.
- **Improves skin regeneration**: and vitality, supported by beta-carotene and anthocyanins.
- **Reduces systemic inflammation**: due to its potent antioxidant compounds.
- **Strengthens cognitive clarity**: and neuroprotection by modulating brain health pathways.

Arctic Heather Berry's anthocyanins and procyanidins inhibit nuclear factor-κB (NF-κB) signaling pathways, reducing pro-inflammatory cytokine production including TNF-α and IL-6. The berry's polyphenols enhance endothelial nitric oxide synthase (eNOS) activity, improving vascular function and blood flow. Beta-carotene and vitamin C compounds support glutathione peroxidase and superoxide dismutase enzyme systems, strengthening cellular antioxidant defenses.

Current evidence for Arctic Heather Berry consists primarily of preliminary in vitro and animal studies examining its polyphenolic content and antioxidant capacity. No peer-reviewed human clinical trials specifically investigating Arctic Heather Berry as a therapeutic intervention have been published to date. The available research focuses on bioactive compound identification and basic mechanism studies rather than clinical efficacy outcomes. Evidence strength remains limited, requiring controlled human trials to establish therapeutic benefits and optimal dosing protocols.

Calluna vulgaris berry
Heather fruit
Arctic calluna
Northern heather berry
Subarctic heather fruit


Arctic Moss Berry contains methylarbutin (0.80-8.00 mg/g), quercetin, and hyperoside that provide antioxidant activity through free radical scavenging mechanisms. The phenolic compounds exhibit anti-inflammatory effects by modulating NF-κB pathways and inhibiting digestive enzymes like α-amylase.

- **Supports cognitive function**: and neuroprotection through its rich polyphenol content.
- **Enhances immune resilience**: with high levels of vitamin C and other antioxidants.
- **Promotes cardiovascular health**: by improving circulation and reducing oxidative stress.
- **Protects vision and**: retinal health due to its anthocyanins and vitamin E.
- **Aids digestive balance**: and gut health via its prebiotic fiber content.
- **Improves skin vitality**: and regeneration, supported by omega-3 precursors and plant sterols.

Methylarbutin and other phenolic compounds donate electrons to neutralize free radicals, converting them to stable molecules. The bioactive compounds modulate NF-κB inflammatory pathways and inhibit α-amylase enzyme activity through molecular binding similar to acarbose. Anthocyanins like delphinidin 3-O-galactoside promote cellular apoptosis and cycle arrest via AP-1/NF-κB signaling inhibition.

Current evidence for Arctic Moss Berry is limited to phytochemical analysis and in vitro studies rather than human clinical trials. Research has identified significant phenolic content variation across environments, with PCA analysis explaining 69.13% of metabolite variability. In vitro studies demonstrate membrane destabilization effects against E. coli and Staphylococcus aureus, though specific quantified outcomes for Arctic species are lacking. The evidence base consists primarily of preliminary laboratory research without controlled human trials.

Arctostaphylos uva-ursi
Bearberry
Kinnikinnick
Uva ursi
Foxberry
Vaccinium uliginosum
Bog bilberry


Arctic Seaberry (Hippophae rhamnoides) contains exceptionally high concentrations of isorhamnetin, quercetin, omega-7 fatty acids, and vitamin C that modulate PI3K/AKT/mTOR and Nrf2/HO-1 pathways for cellular protection. Clinical research demonstrates its bioactive compounds enhance immune function, skin regeneration, and metabolic regulation through antioxidant and anti-inflammatory mechanisms.

- Enhances immune resilience through its exceptionally high vitamin C and antioxidant content.
- Promotes skin hydration and regeneration, supported by omega-7 fatty acids and tocopherols.
- Supports metabolic regulation by influencing lipid and glucose metabolism.
- Strengthens cognitive clarity and neuroprotection with its rich profile of polyphenols and flavonoids.
- Contributes to cardiovascular health by improving vascular function and reducing oxidative stress.
- Modulates gut microbiome balance and aids digestive health via its prebiotic fiber content.

Isorhamnetin and quercetin modulate PI3K/AKT/mTOR, NF-κB, MAPK, and Wnt/β-catenin pathways to promote apoptosis via Bax upregulation and Bcl-2/Bax ratio changes. Sea buckthorn polysaccharides activate Nrf2/HO-1/SOD-2 pathways for antioxidant effects. Flavonoids (6.25–100 μM) upregulate PPAR-γ/α, ABCA1, and CPT1A to enhance cholesterol efflux and fatty acid oxidation while inhibiting SREBP-2/LDLR for improved lipid metabolism.

Research on Arctic Seaberry consists primarily of in vitro and animal studies, with limited human clinical trial data available. In cell culture studies, flavonoids at 6.25–100 μM concentrations promoted cholesterol efflux and fatty acid oxidation in cholesterol-treated HL7702 cells. Animal studies showed polyphenols at 50 mg/kg significantly reduced tumor volume in xenografted BALB/c nude mice and lowered fasting blood glucose in alloxan-induced diabetic rats. While mechanistic research is extensive, more human clinical trials are needed to confirm therapeutic efficacy and optimal dosing protocols.

Hippophae rhamnoides
Sea Buckthorn
Sandthorn
Sallowthorn
Seaberry


Arctic Snowbell is not a recognized herbal supplement or medicinal product in scientific literature. Therefore, specific bioactive compounds and mechanisms of action for therapeutic benefits are not established.

- Supports immune function by enhancing antimicrobial and antiviral defenses.
- Promotes cognitive clarity by reducing oxidative stress and supporting neurotransmitter activity.
- Aids in metabolic regulation by stabilizing blood sugar levels and enhancing cellular energy production.
- Enhances cardiovascular wellness by improving circulation and reducing arterial inflammation.
- Provides powerful antioxidant protection against oxidative damage and cellular aging.
- Contributes to stress resilience and adrenal support through its adaptogenic compounds.

No specific mechanisms of action are established for 'Arctic Snowbell' as a recognized herbal supplement. While Arctic snow algae contain fatty acids and lipids, these are distinct from any purported 'Arctic Snowbell,' and their therapeutic mechanisms have not been described in scientific literature.

There are no documented clinical studies, trials, or scientific investigations related to 'Arctic Snowbell' as a medicinal product or herbal supplement. Consequently, no information exists regarding study types, sample sizes, or specific therapeutic outcomes in human or animal models.

No recognized scientific name or common synonyms exist for 'Arctic Snowbell' as a medicinal herb.

While the genus Dryas includes arctic plants, 'Arctic Snowbell' is not an established herbal product.