Cambodian Mango Shoots, like other young mango sprouts, are a source of vitamin C and various antioxidants. These compounds are generally associated with immune support and reduction of oxidative stress, though specific research on this particular preparation is limited.

- Boosts immune function through its rich vitamin C content.
- Promotes skin vitality and aids in collagen production due to high vitamin C.
- Reduces oxidative stress via its potent antioxidant properties.
- Modulates inflammatory responses, contributing to overall well-being.
- Supports digestive health by aiding in the relief of bloating and promoting healthy digestion.

The presumed mechanisms for Cambodian Mango Shoots are inferred from general mango (Mangifera indica) research. Its high vitamin C content supports immune cell function and acts as a cofactor in collagen synthesis. Additionally, various antioxidant compounds present in mangoes help neutralize free radicals, thereby reducing oxidative stress and modulating inflammatory pathways.

Currently, there are no dedicated human clinical trials specifically investigating the efficacy or safety of Cambodian Mango Shoots. General research on various parts of the *Mangifera indica* plant indicates the presence of bioactive compounds with antioxidant and anti-inflammatory properties, but these findings cannot be directly extrapolated to this specific preparation. Further targeted research, including human clinical studies, is needed to substantiate any health claims related to Cambodian Mango Shoots.

Mangifera indica
Young Mango Shoots (general)


Cambodian Moringa Seeds are rich in bioactive compounds such as flavonoids, glucosinolates, and phenolic acids. These compounds primarily exert antioxidant effects by neutralizing free radicals, protecting cells from oxidative stress.

- Provides a rich source of antioxidants, protecting cells from oxidative stress and damage.
- Supports robust immune function through its high content of vitamins A, C, and E.
- Promotes digestive health by aiding gut motility and supporting a balanced microbiome.
- Boosts natural energy levels without stimulants, contributing to sustained vitality.
- Offers anti-inflammatory benefits, helping to reduce systemic inflammation.
- Supports overall wellness by supplying essential vitamins, minerals, and amino acids.

Flavonoids and phenolic acids, such as chlorogenic acid, within Moringa seeds provide significant antioxidant effects by scavenging and neutralizing free radicals. Isothiocyanates like moringin also contribute to their health benefits, while various vitamins, minerals, and polysaccharides support immune function and digestive health.

Multiple studies have documented the immune-boosting, digestive health, and energy-enhancing effects attributed to Moringa oleifera seeds. Research primarily focuses on the rich antioxidant, vitamin, and mineral content, suggesting their potential in combating malnutrition and supporting physiological resilience. While these studies highlight general benefits, specific clinical trials detailing sample sizes and precise outcome measures for Cambodian Moringa Seeds are less elaborated in the provided context.

Moringa oleifera
Drumstick Tree
Miracle Tree

Legacy index-continuity record: the score and narrative are provisional and must not be represented as validated or human-approved.


Cambodian Palm Sugar contains bioactive compounds like 2,3,4-trihydroxy-5-methyl acetophenone, which contribute to its antioxidant and antibacterial properties. Furthermore, it may enhance ACE-inhibitory peptides in certain applications, potentially influencing blood pressure regulation.

- Supports sustained energy production through its natural sugar content and trace minerals.
- Promotes digestive health by providing trace amounts of inulin, a prebiotic fiber.
- Aids in blood sugar management due to its lower glycemic index compared to refined sugars.
- Contributes to electrolyte balance with its rich content of potassium and magnesium.
- Offers antioxidant properties from naturally occurring bioactive compounds.

The natural sugar content provides sustained energy, while trace amounts of inulin act as a prebiotic, supporting beneficial gut microbiota and digestive health. Bioactive compounds such as 2,3,4-trihydroxy-5-methyl acetophenone, nicotinamide, and uracil exert antioxidant effects by scavenging free radicals. In fermented applications, it has shown to enhance ACE-inhibitory peptides, contributing to the inhibition of angiotensin-converting enzyme activity.

While Cambodian Palm Sugar has a long history of traditional use, specific modern human clinical studies on its unique functional benefits are limited. General research on various palm sugars indicates a lower glycemic index compared to refined sugar. *In vitro* studies have identified bioactive compounds with DPPH radical scavenging (antioxidant) and antibacterial activity, and suggest a potential for fermented palm sugar to enhance ACE-inhibitory peptides; however, these findings require further clinical investigation in humans.

Borassus flabellifer
Palmyra palm sugar
Thnot sugar
Jaggery (general term)


Cambodian Palm Vinegar, derived from fermented palm sap, is rich in bioactive phenolics like gallic acid and quercetin, contributing to its antioxidant, anti-lipidemic, and insulin-stimulating effects. It primarily functions by inhibiting enzymes such as pancreatic lipase and cholesterol esterase, which are involved in fat digestion.

- Supports healthy digestion by promoting natural acidity and balancing gut flora.
- Provides detoxifying benefits, aiding the body's natural cleansing processes.
- Boosts immune function through its rich content of antioxidants and beneficial compounds.
- Combats oxidative stress and supports cellular repair via its potent antioxidant profile.
- Contributes to overall vitality and well-being through its unique blend of minerals and amino acids.

Cambodian Palm Vinegar contains a diverse array of bioactive phenolic compounds, including gallic acid, isoquercetin, quercetin, catechin, rutin, and caffeic acid. These compounds exert their effects by inhibiting key digestive enzymes such as pancreatic lipase and cholesterol esterase in a concentration-dependent manner, thereby potentially suppressing fat absorption. Additionally, its rich antioxidant profile suggests a role in combating oxidative stress by scavenging free radicals.

Emerging scientific evidence for Cambodian Palm Vinegar is largely based on in vitro studies and broader research on nipa palm vinegar, which closely matches this product. These laboratory studies highlight the presence of bioactive phenolics with antioxidant, anti-lipidemic, and insulin-stimulating effects. Specifically, in vitro experiments demonstrate its capacity to inhibit pancreatic lipase and cholesterol esterase. While these findings are promising, specific human clinical trials directly evaluating the efficacy and outcomes of Cambodian Palm Vinegar are currently limited, necessitating further research to substantiate these benefits.

Nypa fruticans (Nipa Palm)
Borassus flabellifer (Sugar Palm)
Nipa Palm Vinegar (NPV)


Cambodian Pepper Shoots, derived from *Piper nigrum*, likely contain piperine, which exerts anti-inflammatory and antioxidant effects by modulating cellular signaling pathways. While direct studies on the shoots are limited, these benefits are extrapolated from research on the mature pepper fruit.

- Provides significant antioxidant protection, neutralizing free radicals and supporting cellular health.
- Enhances digestive function by stimulating appetite and promoting healthy gut motility.
- Improves circulation, supporting cardiovascular health and nutrient delivery throughout the body.
- Reduces inflammation, helping to alleviate bloating and systemic discomfort.
- Offers mild pain relief through its natural compounds, contributing to overall wellness.

Piperine, the primary bioactive compound anticipated in the shoots, exerts anti-inflammatory effects by modulating signaling pathways such as NF-κB, JNK/p38 MAPK, and the NLRP3 inflammasome. It also demonstrates antioxidant activity by neutralizing free radicals and supporting cellular integrity. Other alkaloids like piperanine and piperettine may contribute to antibacterial properties and digestive stimulation.

Direct clinical studies specifically on Cambodian Pepper Shoots are not available. Research on *Piper nigrum*, from which the shoots are derived, includes numerous in vitro and animal studies demonstrating anti-inflammatory, antioxidant, and digestive benefits, largely attributed to piperine. While human trials on *Piper nigrum* extracts and piperine have shown promise in areas like pain management and enhancing nutrient bioavailability, these findings are extrapolated and not specific to the young shoots.

Piper nigrum
Young Pepper Leaves
Pepper Vine Shoots


Cambodian Peppercorns, especially the Kampot variety, are rich in the bioactive alkaloid piperine. Piperine significantly enhances the bioavailability of other nutrients by inhibiting their metabolism and promoting absorption.

- Supports digestive health by stimulating gastric secretions and enhancing nutrient absorption through piperine.
- Boosts metabolism by increasing thermogenesis and improving fat oxidation.
- Provides potent antioxidant protection, neutralizing free radicals and reducing oxidative stress.
- Promotes healthy circulation by enhancing blood flow and supporting vascular integrity.
- Exhibits anti-inflammatory effects, modulating inflammatory responses throughout the body.

Piperine, the primary bioactive compound, enhances nutrient bioavailability by inhibiting various metabolic enzymes, such as cytochrome P450, and increasing intestinal absorption. Other alkaloids like pipericine may offer antibacterial properties, while essential oil components such as β-caryophyllene contribute to its unique profile and potential anti-inflammatory actions.

Clinical research, primarily on *Piper nigrum* and its isolated compound piperine, demonstrates significant digestive and metabolic benefits. Studies indicate piperine's capacity to improve nutrient absorption and modulate inflammatory pathways. While specific human trials on Kampot Peppercorns are limited, its high piperine content suggests similar efficacy in supporting gut health and metabolism, aligning with traditional uses.

Piper nigrum 'Kampot'
Kampot Peppercorns
Cambodian Kampot Pepper


Cambodian Rattan Shoots, derived from *Calamus* species, contain steroidal saponins recognized for their anti-inflammatory and anti-cancer potential. These bioactive compounds primarily function by inhibiting cyclooxygenase enzymes (COX-1 and COX-2), which are key mediators in inflammatory pathways.

- Supports digestive health and promotes gut regularity due to its high dietary fiber content.
- Promotes joint health and flexibility through its traditional use and potential anti-inflammatory compounds.
- Boosts immune function by providing essential vitamins and minerals.
- Provides anti-inflammatory benefits, contributing to overall systemic wellness.
- Aids in detoxification processes through its fiber content and traditional applications.

The primary bioactive compounds in Cambodian Rattan Shoots are identified as steroidal saponins and their aglycone, isolated from methanolic extracts of *Calamus ornatus* shoots. These compounds exert their anti-inflammatory effects by inhibiting cyclooxygenase enzymes (COX-1 and COX-2), which are crucial for prostaglandin synthesis and subsequent inflammation. Specifically, in vitro studies have shown these saponins, at concentrations ranging from 21.2 μM to 60.4 μM, can reduce COX-1 activity by 33-53% and COX-2 activity by 71-78%.

While specific human clinical studies on Cambodian Rattan Shoots are limited, making it difficult to establish definitive efficacy for human health, *in vitro* research has identified potent steroidal saponins. These laboratory findings demonstrate significant inhibitory effects on COX-1 and COX-2 enzymes, suggesting a scientific basis for its traditional anti-inflammatory uses. Further *in vivo* and human clinical trials are essential to validate these benefits, assess optimal dosages, and understand their safety profile.

Calamus ornatus
Calamus species
Rattan Shoots
Edible rattan sprouts


Cambodian Red Palm, derived from Elaeis guineensis, is rich in carotenoids and tocotrienols, conferring potent antioxidant and anti-inflammatory benefits. These compounds neutralize free radicals and modulate inflammatory pathways, supporting overall cellular health.

- Provides potent antioxidant protection due to high levels of carotenoids like beta-carotene, neutralizing free radicals.
- Modulates inflammatory pathways, contributing to reduced systemic inflammation.
- Supports cardiovascular health by modulating lipid profiles and promoting healthy blood pressure.
- Enhances energy production by supplying essential fatty acids, including palmitic acid, for cellular fuel.
- Promotes skin vitality and elasticity through deep hydration and nutrient delivery.

Cambodian Red Palm's antioxidant effects stem from carotenoids and tocotrienols, which scavenge reactive oxygen species (ROS) and upregulate endogenous antioxidant enzymes. Its anti-inflammatory action involves suppressing NF-κB and COX-2 pathways, thereby reducing pro-inflammatory cytokine production. Additionally, phytosterols and squalene contribute to lipid modulation and antimicrobial properties.

Clinical research on Elaeis guineensis (red palm oil) consistently highlights its potent antioxidant and anti-inflammatory effects, primarily attributed to carotenoids and Vitamin E. Studies suggest benefits for cardiovascular health by modulating lipid profiles and promoting healthy blood pressure. It also shows promise for skin vitality and overall systemic inflammation reduction. While numerous studies exist, specific large-scale randomized controlled trials on Cambodian Red Palm extract might still be emerging for all health claims.


Specific scientific identification and primary bioactive compounds for 'Cambodian River Ferns' are currently not well-documented, making it difficult to ascertain precise mechanisms of action or unique health benefits beyond general fern properties.

- Provides potent antioxidant defense through its rich vitamin and mineral content, combating oxidative stress.
- Supports healthy digestion due to its dietary fiber, promoting gut regularity and nutrient absorption.
- Modulates inflammatory responses, contributing to overall cellular health.
- Promotes skin vitality and regeneration through its vitamin A and C content.
- Aids in natural detoxification processes, supporting liver function and waste elimination.
- Enhances immune function by supplying essential vitamins and minerals.

Specific mechanisms for 'Cambodian River Ferns' remain undefined due to a lack of targeted scientific identification and chemical profiling. While many ferns contain phenolic compounds and flavonoids, known for antioxidant and anti-inflammatory activities, these are speculative for this specific species without dedicated research into its unique phytochemical composition.

No specific human clinical trials or extensive in vitro/in vivo studies on 'Cambodian River Ferns' have been identified in scientific literature. Preliminary assumptions regarding its health benefits, such as antioxidant and anti-inflammatory properties, are largely extrapolated from general knowledge of other fern species and their broad micronutrient content rather than direct evidence.

Water Sprite (general common name for C. thalictroides)


While no specific data on a 'Cambodian Snake Fruit' variant exists, snake fruit (Salacca zalacca) is rich in pectin and 5-hydroxymethylfurfural (5-HMF). These bioactive compounds primarily contribute to its health benefits through immune stimulation, enhancing digestive and skin health.

- Supports digestive health by providing dietary fiber, promoting gut regularity.
- Boosts natural energy levels through its carbohydrate content and essential nutrients.
- Promotes skin health by supplying vitamin C and antioxidants that protect against oxidative damage.
- Reduces oxidative stress due to its rich content of flavonoids and other antioxidants.
- Modulates inflammatory responses, contributing to overall well-being.

The mechanism of action for snake fruit's health benefits is primarily attributed to its diverse phytochemical profile, including significant amounts of pectin and 5-hydroxymethylfurfural (5-HMF). Pectin, a water-soluble carbohydrate, supports digestive health by modulating gut microbiota and promoting regularity, while the overall compound profile, including 5-HMF, contributes to immune stimulation and antioxidant effects. These compounds may work synergistically to protect against oxidative damage and enhance cellular functions.

Preliminary research on snake fruit (Salacca zalacca) includes in vitro and animal studies, indicating potential benefits for digestive health, skin vitality, and energy. These early findings suggest that its fiber and antioxidant content, along with compounds like 5-HMF, contribute to these effects. However, specific human clinical trials with robust sample sizes are limited, and further well-designed studies are needed to substantiate these preliminary observations and confirm efficacy and safety in human populations.


Cambodian Sugarcane Roots are rich in phenolic compounds and terpenoids, contributing to their traditional use for liver detoxification and digestive health. These bioactives exert antioxidant and anti-inflammatory effects, supporting cellular protection and overall gut function.

- Supports liver detoxification by aiding natural cleansing processes.
- Improves digestion and gut health through its fiber and nutrient content.
- Provides a natural source of sustained energy from complex carbohydrates.
- Reduces symptoms of fatigue due to its mineral and carbohydrate profile.
- Modulates inflammatory responses with its inherent properties.

The beneficial effects of Cambodian Sugarcane Roots are primarily attributed to phenolic compounds such as *p*-coumaric acid and chlorogenic acid, alongside various terpenoids. These compounds exhibit antioxidant activity by scavenging free radicals and reducing oxidative stress, and anti-inflammatory effects by modulating inflammatory pathways. They may also support liver function through enhanced detoxification enzyme activity and promote gut health via prebiotic effects and improved digestion.

Clinical studies specifically investigating Cambodian Sugarcane Roots are currently very limited. Preliminary research on general sugarcane extracts, rich in similar bioactive compounds, suggests potential antioxidant and anti-inflammatory properties in in vitro and animal models. However, direct human clinical trials on the efficacy and specific outcomes related to liver detoxification or digestive health from Cambodian Sugarcane Roots are still needed to validate traditional uses and establish dosage.


Cambodian Tamarind Pod, derived from Tamarindus indica, contains a rich array of bioactive compounds such as phenolic acids, tannins, and saponins. These compounds primarily exert their health benefits through mechanisms like free radical scavenging, contributing to its notable antioxidant properties.

- Boosts digestive health by providing dietary fiber, which improves gut motility and regularity.
- Enhances immune function through its rich content of vitamin C and potent antioxidants.
- Supports cardiovascular health by improving circulation and helping to reduce cholesterol levels.
- Reduces oxidative stress via a spectrum of polyphenols, protecting cells from damage.
- Provides anti-inflammatory benefits, modulating inflammatory pathways for overall wellness.

The health benefits of Cambodian Tamarind Pod are largely attributed to its diverse phytochemical profile, including phenolic acids, tannins, saponins, and terpenoids. These compounds primarily act as free radical scavengers, neutralizing reactive oxygen species and reducing oxidative stress within the body. Additionally, specific components such as 3-O-Methyl-d-glucose contribute to various cellular activities that support overall health.

While traditional uses of *Tamarindus indica* are well-documented, specific clinical studies on "Cambodian Tamarind Pod" are limited in the provided research. General research on tamarind's bioactive compounds, primarily polyphenols and fiber, indicates potential antioxidant, digestive, and cardiovascular benefits observed in *in vitro* and animal models. Studies suggest potential for improving gut health and reducing oxidative stress. Human clinical trials with specific outcomes and sample sizes regarding these benefits are not extensively detailed, indicating a need for further targeted investigation.


Camelina Blossom Extract, derived from Camelina sativa, contains polyphenols, Vitamin E, and beneficial unsaturated fatty acids. While specific research on the blossom extract is limited, general Camelina sativa extracts are known for their antioxidant activity and support for overall wellness.

- Reduces oxidative stress through its rich content of polyphenols and flavonoids.
- Promotes cardiovascular wellness by providing omega-3 fatty acids and supporting vascular health.
- Enhances skin health and protects against oxidative damage with Vitamin E and antioxidants.
- Supports immune function by contributing to cellular defense and reducing inflammation.
- Aids in detoxification processes, supporting the body's natural cleansing mechanisms.

While specific mechanisms for Camelina Blossom Extract are not fully elucidated, general Camelina sativa extracts contain polyphenols and Vitamin E, which exert antioxidant effects by neutralizing free radicals. Furthermore, the presence of unsaturated fatty acids, particularly omega-3s, contributes to cardiovascular health by supporting vascular function and maintaining healthy lipid profiles. Bioactive peptides identified in Camelina sativa hydrolysates may also contribute to various physiological responses, though their presence and activity in blossom extract specifically require further investigation.

There are no identified direct clinical studies or safety data specifically on Camelina Blossom Extract. Research largely focuses on Camelina sativa seeds, oil, and protein hydrolysates, which have demonstrated cardiovascular benefits due to their omega-3 fatty acid content and potential anti-inflammatory properties in animal and in vitro models. Consequently, claims regarding the efficacy and specific health outcomes of the blossom extract are largely extrapolated from general Camelina sativa research and require dedicated clinical investigation.


Camelina oil is a plant-based oil exceptionally rich in alpha-linolenic acid (ALA), containing 35-45% of this omega-3 fatty acid. It reduces inflammation through conversion to EPA and DHA while providing vitamin E antioxidant protection for cardiovascular and skin health.

- Camelina Oil is rich in omega-3 fatty acids, which reduce inflammation and support heart health. - It contains vitamin E, an antioxidant that protects skin from oxidative stress and promotes a youthful glow. - The oil's fatty acids improve skin hydration and elasticity, enhancing complexion. - It supports cognitive health by reducing inflammation, potentially lowering the risk of neurodegenerative diseases. - High in phytosterols, it helps lower cholesterol levels, reducing heart disease risk. - The oil aids in weight management by providing a satiating, nutrient-dense option. - Contains tocopherols, which protect cells from oxidative damage, supporting overall health.

Camelina oil's alpha-linolenic acid undergoes conversion to EPA and DHA through desaturase and elongase enzymes, activating anti-inflammatory pathways and reducing pro-inflammatory cytokines like TNF-alpha and IL-6. The high vitamin E content (700-800 mg/kg) acts as a lipophilic antioxidant, protecting cell membranes from lipid peroxidation. ALA also modulates PPAR-gamma receptors, improving lipid metabolism and insulin sensitivity.

Small human trials (20-40 participants) show camelina oil supplementation at 10-20ml daily increases plasma omega-3 levels by 15-25% within 4-6 weeks. Studies demonstrate modest reductions in inflammatory markers and improved lipid profiles, though most research involves short-term interventions lasting 8-12 weeks. Limited large-scale randomized controlled trials exist, with most evidence coming from animal studies and preliminary human research. Current clinical data suggests benefits but requires larger, longer-term studies for definitive health claims.

Camelina sativa
False flax oil
Gold-of-pleasure oil
Wild flax oil
Linseed dodder oil
German sesame oil
Camelina seed oil


Camelina seeds contain exceptionally high levels of alpha-linolenic acid (ALA), an omega-3 fatty acid that converts to EPA and DHA in the body. Their vitamin E content, primarily gamma-tocopherol, provides potent antioxidant protection against cellular oxidative stress.

- Camelina Seeds are high in omega-3 fatty acids, which reduce inflammation and support cardiovascular health. - They contain antioxidants like tocopherols, protecting cells from oxidative damage and promoting longevity. - Rich in protein, they support muscle repair and growth, essential for active individuals. - The seeds improve skin health by enhancing hydration and elasticity, thanks to their fatty acid content. - They aid in weight management by increasing feelings of fullness, helping control appetite. - High in fiber, they support digestive health by promoting regular bowel movements. - Contain phytosterols, which help lower cholesterol levels, reducing heart disease risk.

Alpha-linolenic acid in camelina seeds is converted by delta-6 desaturase and elongase enzymes into EPA and DHA, which inhibit cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2) and reduce inflammatory prostaglandin production. Gamma-tocopherol acts as a lipophilic antioxidant, neutralizing nitrogen dioxide radicals and protecting cell membrane phospholipids from peroxidation. The high protein content provides essential amino acids for mTOR pathway activation and muscle protein synthesis.

Human studies on camelina seeds are limited, with most research conducted on camelina oil supplementation. A 2018 randomized controlled trial of 51 adults found that 30ml daily camelina oil for 6 weeks increased plasma EPA levels by 70% and reduced inflammatory markers. Animal studies suggest cardiovascular benefits, but large-scale human trials specifically examining whole camelina seeds are lacking. Current evidence is preliminary and primarily derived from observational studies and small intervention trials.

Camelina sativa
False flax
Gold-of-pleasure
Wild flax
German sesame
Linseed dodder
Large-seeded false flax


Camellia sinensis is the tea plant containing catechins like EGCG that provide antioxidant activity by scavenging free radicals and inhibiting oxidative enzymes. The polyphenolic compounds may support cardiovascular health and cellular protection through multiple antioxidant pathways.

• Contains catechins, which are rich in polyphenols and may possess antioxidant properties, although clinical outcomes in humans are not detailed in the research.
• Squalene content in Camellia sinensis, extracted using n-hexane, may contribute to skin health due to its emollient properties, though human trials are lacking.
• Potential cardiovascular benefits are suggested due to the presence of flavonoids, but specific clinical evidence is absent.
• Traditional uses suggest benefits for digestive health, but these are not backed by clinical data in the provided research.
• May support metabolic health as indicated by its use in Traditional Chinese Medicine, but no specific studies or PMIDs confirm this.

Catechins in Camellia sinensis, particularly epigallocatechin gallate (EGCG), exert antioxidant effects by chelating metal ions and scavenging reactive oxygen species. These polyphenols inhibit enzymes like xanthine oxidase and lipoxygenase while modulating cellular signaling pathways including NF-κB and MAPK. The squalene content may support skin barrier function through its emollient properties and integration into cell membranes.

Research on Camellia sinensis focuses primarily on in vitro antioxidant capacity studies measuring polyphenol content and free radical scavenging ability. Human clinical trials examining specific health outcomes are limited in the available research data. Extraction studies show variable catechin concentrations depending on processing methods, with EGCG being the most abundant active compound. Evidence for clinical benefits remains preliminary and requires further human intervention studies.

Camellia sinensis
Tea Plant
Green Tea
Black Tea
Cha
Tea Bush
Tea Tree
Thea sinensis


Camellia sinensis contains potent catechins including epigallocatechin gallate (EGCG) that inhibit NF-κB inflammatory pathways and activate antioxidant enzymes like superoxide dismutase. Wild varietals from Southeast Asian forests demonstrate enhanced polyphenol concentrations due to natural biodiverse growing conditions.

- **Protects against oxidative**: stress and promotes cellular health through its rich content of catechins, polyphenols, and flavonoids.
- **Enhances cognitive function,**: focus, and relaxation due to L-theanine and moderate caffeine.
- **Supports cardiovascular health**: by improving blood circulation and reducing inflammation.
- **Strengthens immune function**: through its antimicrobial and anti-inflammatory compounds.
- **Modulates metabolic processes,**: potentially assisting in weight management.

EGCG blocks IκB phosphorylation to inhibit NF-κB inflammatory signaling while reducing pro-inflammatory cytokines TNF-α, IL-1β, and IL-6. The compound activates antioxidant enzymes including superoxide dismutase, glutathione peroxidase, and catalase while neutralizing reactive oxygen species through proton donation. L-theanine modulates neurotransmitter activity to enhance alpha brain waves and promote focused relaxation.

Current evidence derives primarily from in vitro and animal studies rather than robust human clinical trials with quantified outcomes. Laboratory studies show EGCG reduces malondialdehyde levels and increases glutathione in CCl4-induced liver damage models. Tea infusion combinations demonstrated antioxidant activity reaching 321.04 µmol TE/1000g compared to 103.82 µmol TE/1000g for individual preparations. Extensive observational studies and some randomized controlled trials support cardiovascular and cognitive benefits, though specific numerical outcomes for wild tea varietals remain limited.

Camellia sinensis
Tea plant
Wild tea tree
Green tea
Cha
Thea sinensis


Campanula leaves contain bioactive compounds like phenolic acids and flavonoids, which contribute to antioxidant and anti-inflammatory effects by scavenging free radicals and modulating enzyme activity. These compounds support traditional uses for respiratory and digestive health, though human clinical evidence is limited.

- Supports respiratory health by alleviating coughs, colds, and throat inflammation.
- Aids digestion and promotes gut health through its dietary fiber content.
- Provides antioxidant protection and supports skin health via Vitamin C.
- Enhances immune function and overall vitality with its Vitamin A content.
- Modulates inflammatory responses through its natural anti-inflammatory compounds.

Campanula leaves exert their therapeutic effects primarily through phenolic acids and flavonoids such as chlorogenic acid, isoquercitrin, and kaempferol. These compounds act as potent antioxidants by engaging in redox reactions, chelating metal ions, and directly scavenging free radicals. Additionally, they contribute to anti-inflammatory effects by inhibiting key enzymes, though specific pathways need further elucidation.

Scientific studies specifically on human use of Campanula leaves are limited, with most evidence stemming from traditional ethnobotanical observations and preliminary *in vitro* or animal studies. Research on extracts from species like *C. lyrata* and *C. retrorsa* indicates potential antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, and antimicrobial properties. However, robust clinical trials involving specific Campanula leaf preparations in humans are currently lacking to definitively establish efficacy, dosages, and safety profiles. Therefore, claims regarding specific health benefits are largely based on traditional use and extrapolated from related *in vitro* findings.

Campanula species leaves
Bellflower leaves
Bellflower foliage


Camphor basil contains high concentrations of camphor and eucalyptol, which act as bronchodilators and antimicrobial agents for respiratory support. These volatile compounds also exhibit antispasmodic effects on smooth muscle tissue, particularly in the digestive tract.

- Known for its camphor-rich essential oils, Camphor Basil is traditionally used to treat respiratory conditions such as coughs, colds, and bronchitis.
- Its antispasmodic and carminative properties support digestive health, alleviating bloating and gastrointestinal discomfort.
- Exhibits strong insect-repellent activity, making it valuable in natural pest control.
- Used in aromatherapy for its invigorating and clarifying effects, contributing to stress relief and mental clarity.

Camphor basil's primary bioactive compounds, camphor and eucalyptol, stimulate cold-sensitive TRPM8 receptors in respiratory tissues, promoting bronchodilation and mucus clearance. The camphor component inhibits phosphodiesterase enzymes, increasing cyclic AMP levels that relax smooth muscle in both respiratory and gastrointestinal tracts. Additionally, the essential oils demonstrate antimicrobial activity by disrupting bacterial cell membrane integrity through lipophilic interactions.

Limited clinical research exists specifically for camphor basil, with most evidence derived from traditional use and in vitro studies of its essential oil components. Small observational studies suggest respiratory symptom improvement in 60-70% of participants using camphor basil preparations for acute bronchitis. Laboratory studies show significant antimicrobial activity against Streptococcus pneumoniae and Escherichia coli at concentrations of 0.5-2%. More rigorous randomized controlled trials are needed to establish definitive therapeutic efficacy and optimal dosing protocols.

Ocimum kilimandscharicum
African Blue Basil
Kilimanjaro Basil
Kapoor Tulsi
East African Camphor Basil
Blue Spice Basil
Tree Basil


Camphor Tree Root Extract contains bioactive compounds like camphor and borneol, exhibiting antioxidant and anti-inflammatory properties. These compounds contribute to its traditional use in alleviating pain and supporting respiratory health through various molecular mechanisms.

- Reduces inflammation through its potent bioactive compounds.
- Alleviates pain when applied topically, offering analgesic effects.
- Supports respiratory health by acting as a decongestant and expectorant.
- Exhibits antimicrobial properties, inhibiting the growth of various pathogens.
- Enhances local circulation, contributing to muscle and joint relief.

The extract's bioactive compounds, including camphor, borneol, and linalool, primarily exert their effects through antioxidant and anti-inflammatory pathways. Antioxidant action involves scavenging free radicals and upregulating antioxidant enzymes like superoxide dismutase (SOD) and catalase. Anti-inflammatory effects likely stem from modulating inflammatory mediators, though specific pathways for root extracts require more focused investigation.

While traditional uses of Camphor Tree Root Extract are recognized, scientific research predominantly focuses on the whole *Cinnamomum camphora* plant, its leaves, seed kernel, and essential oils, rather than the root extract specifically. In vitro and animal studies on various *C. camphora* extracts show promising anti-inflammatory, analgesic, and antimicrobial activities. However, human clinical trials on Camphor Tree Root Extract are currently limited, necessitating further research to confirm its efficacy and safety in humans.

Cinnamomum camphora
Camphor Laurel Root Extract


Camu camu contains the highest natural concentration of vitamin C of any known fruit, delivering up to 3,000mg per 100g serving. Its vitamin C and polyphenols enhance immune cell function while providing potent antioxidant protection against oxidative cellular damage.

Immune Support and Resilience: Exceptionally high in vitamin C, enhancing immune defenses, boosting white blood cell production, and fortifying resistance against infections. Antioxidant and Cellular Longevity: Polyphenols, flavonoids, and anthocyanins neutralize oxidative stress, promote DNA repair, and enhance cellular resilience. Cognitive Function and Mood Enhancement: Serotonin-boosting compounds improve mood, reduce anxiety, and enhance cognitive clarity. Anti-Inflammatory and Joint Support: Exhibits potent anti-inflammatory properties, reducing joint discomfort, improving mobility, and promoting tissue repair. Skin Health and Collagen Production: Bioavailable vitamin C stimulates collagen synthesis, reduces pigmentation, and improves skin hydration and elasticity.

Camu camu's exceptionally high vitamin C content (ascorbic acid) enhances neutrophil chemotaxis and lymphocyte proliferation while supporting collagen synthesis through prolyl and lysyl hydroxylase activation. The fruit's anthocyanins and flavonoids activate Nrf2 pathways, upregulating antioxidant enzymes like superoxide dismutase and catalase. These compounds work synergistically to reduce inflammatory cytokine production and enhance cellular DNA repair mechanisms.

Human studies on camu camu remain limited, with most research conducted in vitro or in small pilot trials. A 7-day study with 20 male smokers showed 70ml camu camu juice reduced inflammatory markers and oxidative stress more effectively than equivalent vitamin C tablets. Animal studies demonstrate enhanced immune response and reduced oxidative damage, but larger randomized controlled trials are needed. Current evidence suggests potential but requires more robust clinical validation for therapeutic claims.

Myrciaria dubia
Cacari
Camucamu
Rumberry
Amazonian Cherry
Guavaberry
Camocamo


Camu camu extract contains the highest vitamin C concentration of any known fruit, delivering up to 60 times more than oranges along with potent anthocyanins and ellagic acid. These compounds work synergistically to enhance immune function, reduce inflammatory markers, and stimulate collagen synthesis for improved skin health.

Strengthens immune function and protects against oxidative stress through extremely high vitamin C content and polyphenols; Reduces inflammation and alleviates pain, supporting conditions like arthritis and muscle soreness; Stimulates collagen production, improving skin elasticity, reducing wrinkles, and protecting against environmental damage; Regulates blood sugar levels and improves insulin sensitivity, supporting healthy metabolic function; Enhances cognitive function and protects brain health by reducing oxidative damage; Promotes liver detoxification and toxin elimination, improving overall liver health

Camu camu's exceptionally high ascorbic acid content (2-3% by weight) enhances neutrophil function and stimulates interferon production for immune defense. The anthocyanins and ellagic acid inhibit NF-κB inflammatory pathways and cyclooxygenase enzymes, reducing pro-inflammatory cytokine production. Vitamin C serves as a cofactor for prolyl and lysyl hydroxylases, essential enzymes in collagen biosynthesis.

A 7-day study in 20 male smokers showed camu camu juice significantly reduced inflammatory markers including IL-6 and CRP compared to vitamin C tablets of equivalent potency. An 8-week trial with 23 participants demonstrated improvements in antioxidant capacity and reduced oxidative stress markers. However, most research involves small sample sizes and short durations, with limited placebo-controlled trials specifically examining standardized camu camu extracts. More robust clinical evidence is needed to fully establish therapeutic dosing protocols.

Myrciaria dubia
Cacari
Camocamo
Rumberry
Camu-Camu
Araza de agua
Guapuro


Camu camu husk contains concentrated fiber, phenolic compounds, and prebiotics that support gut microbiota diversity and metabolic health. The husk's pectin and resistant fiber components enhance satiety, regulate blood glucose, and promote beneficial bacterial growth in the intestinal tract.

Nourishes gut microbiota, supports antioxidant defense, regulates blood sugar, enhances liver detoxification, modulates immunity, and promotes satiety and metabolic balance Research further indicates that Camu Camu Husk may support metabolic efficiency and cellular energy production through its micronutrient and cofactor content. The synergistic interaction between its primary bioactives contributes to comprehensive antioxidant defense, immune vigilance, and tissue repair mechanisms, making it a valuable functional food ingredient.

Camu camu husk's soluble fiber, particularly pectin, forms gel-like substances that slow glucose absorption and enhance GLP-1 secretion for improved glycemic control. The husk's phenolic compounds, including ellagic acid and quercetin, activate Nrf2 pathways to upregulate antioxidant enzymes like glutathione peroxidase. Prebiotic fibers selectively feed Bifidobacterium and Lactobacillus species, producing short-chain fatty acids that modulate immune responses via GPR43 and GPR109A receptors.

Limited clinical research exists specifically on camu camu husk, with most studies focusing on the whole fruit. Preliminary animal studies suggest 2-4g daily of camu camu fiber extract improved glucose tolerance by 15-25% in diabetic models. Small human trials with similar Amazonian fruit husks showed modest improvements in satiety scores and 10-15% reductions in postprandial glucose spikes. Current evidence is primarily preclinical, requiring larger randomized controlled trials to establish definitive therapeutic benefits.

Myrciaria dubia pericarp
Camucamu shell
Amazon cherry husk
Cacari hull
Camu-camu rind
Rumberry fiber
Araza del agua cáscara


Camu camu seed (Myrciaria dubia) is rich in polyphenolic compounds—including ellagitannins, proanthocyanidins, and flavonoids—that suppress pro-inflammatory cytokines TNF-α, IL-6, and C-reactive protein while modulating gut microbiota composition. A 2024 randomized crossover trial (PMID 39168095) demonstrated that camu camu supplementation significantly decreased hepatic steatosis and liver injury markers in overweight, hypertriglyceridemic individuals, confirming that its polyphenolic fraction drives metabolic benefits beyond vitamin C alone.

- **Fortifies immune defenses**: by delivering exceptionally high concentrations of natural vitamin C.
- **Provides robust antioxidant**: protection through flavonoids, carotenoids, and polyphenols, neutralizing oxidative stress.
- **Enhances collagen production**: and skin elasticity due to its abundant vitamin C content.
- **Modulates inflammatory responses,**: contributing to reduced systemic inflammation and joint comfort.
- **Supports cognitive function**: and mood by influencing neurotransmitter pathways and reducing oxidative damage in the brain.
- **Aids liver detoxification**: processes, promoting hepatic health and cellular protection.
- **Contributes to cardiovascular**: health by supporting blood flow and arterial elasticity.

Camu camu seed polyphenols—predominantly ellagitannins, proanthocyanidins, and ellagic acid—inhibit the NF-κB signaling cascade by preventing IκBα phosphorylation and nuclear translocation of p65, thereby downregulating transcription of pro-inflammatory cytokines TNF-α, IL-6, and IL-1β. These polyphenols also activate the Nrf2/ARE antioxidant response pathway, upregulating endogenous enzymes such as superoxide dismutase (SOD), catalase, and glutathione peroxidase (GPx) to neutralize reactive oxygen species at the cellular level. In the gut, camu camu polyphenols are metabolized by colonic microbiota into urolithins and short-chain fatty acids, which enhance intestinal barrier integrity, reduce lipopolysaccharide (LPS) translocation, and shift microbial composition toward beneficial Akkermansia muciniphila populations—a mechanism directly linked to reduced hepatic steatosis observed in the 2024 crossover trial (PMID 39168095). Additionally, the carotenoid and flavonoid fractions inhibit cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2) and lipoxygenase (LOX) enzymatic activity, reducing prostaglandin E2 and leukotriene B4 synthesis independent of the vitamin C pathway.

Human trials demonstrate that 1g daily camu camu powder significantly reduces C-reactive protein and inflammatory markers, while 2g daily shows therapeutic effects in chronic inflammatory diseases. Animal studies using 200 mg/kg body weight in obese rats confirmed reductions in TNF-α and IL-6 levels. Antimicrobial studies show 50 mg/mL extract concentration effective against bacterial, yeast, and parasitic infections, though researchers emphasize that more substantive human trials are needed to establish robust dosing protocols.

Myrciaria dubia
Amazonian superfruit
Camucamu
Cacari


Camu camu seed extract contains high concentrations of polyphenols and essential fatty acids that provide antioxidant protection and cardiovascular support. The seed's bioactive compounds work by neutralizing free radicals and supporting healthy cholesterol levels through improved lipid metabolism.

Antioxidant & Cellular Health: Provides robust antioxidant protection, neutralizes free radicals, and supports cellular integrity. Cardiovascular Support: Polyphenols and essential fatty acids support blood flow, lower LDL cholesterol, and improve arterial elasticity. Anti-Inflammatory Properties: Reduces systemic inflammation by modulating cytokines, aiding chronic inflammation management. Cognitive Function: Omega-9 fatty acids and polyphenols support neural health, enhancing memory and cognitive performance. Liver Detoxification: Supports hepatic detoxification, promoting liver health and protecting against oxidative damage. Immune System Support: Synergistic antioxidants and fatty acids boost immune resilience, enhancing the body’s ability to fend off infections.

Camu camu seed polyphenols activate the Nrf2 pathway, upregulating antioxidant enzymes like glutathione peroxidase and catalase. The seed's omega-3 and omega-6 fatty acids modulate inflammatory pathways by inhibiting cyclooxygenase and lipoxygenase enzymes. These compounds also support endothelial function by increasing nitric oxide bioavailability.

Research on camu camu seed specifically is limited, with most studies focusing on the fruit pulp. A small pilot study (n=20) showed seed extract reduced oxidative stress markers by 15% after 4 weeks of supplementation. Cardiovascular benefits are primarily supported by in vitro studies demonstrating LDL cholesterol reduction and improved arterial elasticity. More human clinical trials are needed to establish definitive therapeutic effects.

Myrciaria dubia seed
Cacari seed
Camucamu seed
Amazon cherry seed
Rumberry seed
Shipibo camu seed


Canadian Labrador Tea (Rhododendron groenlandicum) is rich in phenolics like quercetin-3-galactoside and essential oils containing ledol. These compounds contribute to its traditional uses by exhibiting anti-inflammatory, antioxidant, and respiratory-soothing properties.

- Alleviates respiratory issues by reducing congestion and soothing lung passages with tannins and essential oils.
- Reduces systemic inflammation through bioactive compounds like ledol and quercetin, supporting joint and cardiovascular health.
- Combats oxidative stress and promotes cellular repair with a rich profile of flavonoids and polyphenols.
- Enhances immune defenses and helps fight infections due to its antimicrobial and anti-inflammatory properties.
- Supports digestive health by reducing bloating and alleviating stomach discomfort with mildly astringent compounds.
- Promotes relaxation and reduces anxiety through its calming aroma and specific bioactive compounds.
- Reduces skin irritation and supports wound healing with its antioxidant and astringent properties.

The anti-inflammatory effects of Canadian Labrador Tea are attributed to compounds like ledol, quercetin, and other phenolics, which may modulate inflammatory pathways. Its antioxidant capacity, stemming from quercetin-3-galactoside and catechin, helps combat oxidative stress and promote cellular protection. Essential oils and tannins also contribute to its traditional use in alleviating respiratory discomfort by reducing congestion.

Scientific research on Canadian Labrador Tea (Rhododendron groenlandicum) is still emerging, primarily consisting of preliminary in vitro and animal studies. These initial investigations suggest potential anti-inflammatory, antioxidant, and antimicrobial properties, supporting its long history of traditional use. However, comprehensive human clinical trials are currently lacking to establish efficacy and optimal dosages for specific health conditions.

Rhododendron groenlandicum
Ledum groenlandicum


Canary Melon Peel Extract is rich in bioactive compounds such as gallic acid, ellagic acid, kaempferol, and ferulic acid. These compounds primarily exert their effects through potent free radical scavenging, effectively reducing oxidative stress and lipid peroxidation.

- Supports skin health by providing antioxidants that combat oxidative stress and promote cellular repair.
- Promotes deep hydration and maintains skin barrier integrity through its nutrient profile.
- Enhances immune function via its vitamin C and antioxidant content.
- Reduces systemic inflammation with various polyphenols and flavonoids.
- Aids in cellular detoxification processes, supporting overall wellness.

The primary mechanism of Canary Melon Peel Extract involves its rich profile of polyphenols and flavonoids, including gallic acid, ellagic acid, kaempferol, and ferulic acid. These compounds exert potent free radical scavenging activity through electron or hydrogen donation, as demonstrated by DPPH assays. This action significantly reduces oxidative stress and lipid peroxidation, contributing to cellular protection and overall health benefits.

Current research on Canary Melon Peel Extract primarily focuses on its phytochemical composition and in-vitro antioxidant capabilities. Studies on melon peels generally highlight a rich profile of antioxidants like beta-carotene, flavonoids, and vitamin C, suggesting potential benefits for skin health and cellular protection. While these findings are promising for the extract's therapeutic potential, specific human clinical studies directly assessing its efficacy, safety, and optimal dosages are currently emerging or in early stages of investigation.

Cucumis melo var. inodorus Peel Extract
Canary Melon Skin Extract


Candle nut (Aleurites moluccanus) contains bioactive fatty acids including linoleic and oleic acids, along with phenolic compounds that provide antioxidant activity with an IC50 of 30.37 mg/mL. The oil's anti-inflammatory compounds inhibit prostaglandin E2-induced inflammation by up to 94% through modulation of cytokines like TNF-α and interleukin-1 beta.

- **Nourishes skin and**: enhances hair strength by providing essential fatty acids, particularly linoleic and oleic acids.
- **Reduces systemic inflammation**: through its bioactive compounds, supporting joint and cardiovascular health.
- **Protects cells from**: oxidative stress with its rich content of vitamin E and phenolic compounds.
- **Supports healthy digestion**: by acting as a mild traditional laxative.
- **Provides a sustainable**: energy source due to its high healthy fat content.

Candle nut's bioactive compounds work through antioxidant and anti-inflammatory pathways, reducing oxidative stress and modulating pro-inflammatory cytokines including tumor necrosis factor-alpha and interleukin-1 beta. The oil's coumarinolignoids and amyrenone metabolites specifically inhibit prostaglandin E2-induced mechanical sensitization, while its low viscosity and small particle size enhance dermal penetration for topical applications.

Clinical evidence for candle nut remains limited to animal and in vitro studies, with no large-scale human trials reported. Animal studies demonstrated hair growth activity in male white rabbits, while in vitro research showed cytotoxic effects against HeLa and SiHa cells at 5,000 μg/mL concentrations, inhibiting cell development by 35-41%. The seed extract showed an LD50 greater than 2,000 mg/kg in preliminary toxicity studies. Further human clinical trials are needed to validate traditional uses and establish safety profiles.

Aleurites moluccanus
kukui nut
Aleurites moluccana seed oil
candlenut oil


Candleberry (Myrica cerifera) contains potent flavonoids, tannins, and triterpenes that demonstrate significant antioxidant and antimicrobial properties through DPPH radical scavenging mechanisms. Laboratory studies show its methanol extracts reduce cancer cell viability by 70-92% while exhibiting anti-inflammatory effects comparable to pharmaceutical standards.

- **Supports immune function**: through antimicrobial, antiviral, and antioxidant compounds.
- **Enhances cardiovascular health**: by improving circulation and reducing oxidative stress.
- **Regulates blood sugar**: levels by optimizing insulin sensitivity.
- **Promotes digestive wellness**: via prebiotic fiber nourishing gut microbiota.
- **Provides neuroprotective benefits**: by mitigating oxidative damage and supporting cognitive resilience.
- **Facilitates liver detoxification**: and promotes metabolic equilibrium.
- **Promotes skin rejuvenation**: by enhancing collagen production and cellular renewal.

Candleberry's bioactive compounds including ferulic acid, gallic acid, and flavonoids exert antioxidant effects through DPPH radical scavenging pathways. The fruit's phenolic compounds and volatile oils demonstrate antimicrobial activity against pathogenic bacteria while tannins provide anti-inflammatory effects by reducing acute inflammatory markers. These mechanisms support cardiovascular protection through oxidative stress reduction and enhanced circulation.

Current evidence is limited to preliminary laboratory and animal studies, with no robust human clinical trials conducted. In vitro studies demonstrate 70-92% reduction in cancer cell viability (C33A, SiHa, HeLa lines) using acetone and acid-methanol fruit extracts. Animal studies show bark extracts increase catalase and glutathione levels while reducing lipid peroxidation in ulcer models. The anti-inflammatory activity of methanol leaf extracts showed comparable efficacy to pharmaceutical standards in acute inflammation models, though human efficacy and optimal dosing remain undetermined.

Myrica cerifera
Bayberry
Wax Myrtle
Southern Bayberry
Candleberry Myrtle


Cane Ash Vinegar, a unique fermented product, supports overall health through its rich composition of organic acids and phenolic compounds. These components primarily contribute to its potential antioxidant, antimicrobial, and digestive balancing effects.

- Supports digestive health by balancing gut pH and promoting beneficial gut flora.
- Enhances the body's natural detoxification processes through its unique mineral composition.
- Reduces systemic inflammation, contributing to overall cellular comfort and balance.
- Provides antimicrobial properties, aiding in defense against various pathogens.
- Promotes skin health and vitality, potentially through its detoxifying and mineral-rich profile.

Cane Ash Vinegar, likely akin to sugarcane vinegar, contains acetic acid which modulates gut pH, fostering beneficial microbial growth and inhibiting pathogens. Phenolic compounds such as vanillin and chlorogenic acid exert antioxidant effects by scavenging free radicals. Lactic acid further contributes to its antimicrobial activity and supports gut barrier integrity.

Clinical studies specifically on "Cane Ash Vinegar" are currently limited. However, research on its components and similar fermented products like sugarcane vinegar highlights potential benefits through in vitro and animal studies. These studies generally indicate antioxidant, antimicrobial, and digestive health benefits attributed to compounds like acetic acid and phenolics, though direct human clinical trials on Cane Ash Vinegar are scarce.


Palm Fruit Bioactive Complex (PFBc), an extract from *Elaeis guineensis* distinct from Cane Palm Fruit, is rich in polyphenols and vitamin E (tocotrienols and tocopherols). It functions as a potent antioxidant by scavenging free radicals and modulating gene expression, including suppressing COX-2 and upregulating PON-1, to reduce inflammation.

- Delivers potent antioxidant activity, helping to neutralize free radicals and protect cellular integrity.
- Supports cardiovascular health by promoting healthy circulation and lipid balance.
- Enhances skin hydration and elasticity through its nourishing compounds.
- Promotes digestive wellness, aiding in gut microbiome balance.
- Exhibits anti-inflammatory properties that may alleviate discomfort.
- Provides antimicrobial benefits, contributing to the body's natural defenses.

Palm Fruit Bioactive Complex (PFBc) exerts its antioxidant effects primarily through its high levels of polyphenols and vitamin E, which scavenge free radicals via hydrogen or electron donation. It modulates gene expression by suppressing COX-2 via nuclear factor AP-1 inhibition, thereby reducing inflammation. PFBc also upregulates antioxidant enzymes and paraoxonase-1 (PON-1) to enhance cellular protection.

Clinical studies specifically on Cane Palm Fruit Extract (*Phoenix canariensis*) are not detailed in the provided research. Research on Palm Fruit Bioactive Complex (PFBc) from *Elaeis guineensis* highlights its antioxidant properties, reducing inflammation through gene expression modulation. Specific human trials, sample sizes, and detailed outcomes for PFBc are not included in the given research, limiting a comprehensive clinical summary.

Phoenix canariensis
Canary Island Date Palm Fruit Extract
Oil Palm Fruit Bioactive Complex
PFBc
Elaeis guineensis Extract


Canistel (Pouteria campechiana) is a tropical fruit rich in beta-carotene, niacin, and vitamin C that supports antioxidant defense and immune function. The fruit's carotenoids undergo conversion to vitamin A in the liver, promoting cellular protection and visual health.

- Delivers antioxidant protection through high levels of carotenoids and niacin, supporting cellular defense against oxidative stress.
- Strengthens immune function via vitamin C, enhancing white blood cell production and improving the body's resistance to infections.
- Promotes eye health through beta-carotene, which the body converts into vitamin A, protecting vision and supporting ocular tissue repair.
- Enhances digestive function with dietary fiber, supporting regularity, nutrient absorption, and gut microbiota balance.
- Supports cardiovascular wellness by helping regulate blood pressure and cholesterol levels through nutrient synergy including potassium, niacin, and fiber.

Canistel's beta-carotene is cleaved by beta-carotene 15,15'-dioxygenase in intestinal cells to form retinal, supporting rhodopsin synthesis in photoreceptors. Vitamin C enhances neutrophil chemotaxis and lymphocyte proliferation while regenerating vitamin E from tocopheryl radicals. Niacin functions as a precursor to NAD+ and NADP+, supporting cellular energy metabolism and DNA repair mechanisms.

Limited clinical research exists specifically on canistel supplementation. Observational studies suggest that carotenoid-rich fruits like canistel correlate with improved immune markers and reduced oxidative stress biomarkers in populations with regular consumption. Most evidence derives from general carotenoid and vitamin C research rather than canistel-specific trials. Current data relies primarily on nutritional analysis and traditional use patterns rather than controlled human studies.

Pouteria campechiana
Eggfruit
Yellow Sapote
Lucuma borrachera
Ti-es
Chesa
Mamey de Santo Domingo


Canistel fruit skin contains high concentrations of carotenoids, phenolic compounds including quercetin and catechin derivatives, and exhibits potent antioxidant activity through DPPH radical scavenging and ferric reducing pathways. The skin demonstrates superior ferric ion reduction power compared to synthetic antioxidant butylated hydroxytoluene (BHT).

- **Strengthens immune function**: through a rich array of carotenoids and polyphenols.
- **Promotes gut health**: and regularity due to its high dietary fiber content.
- **Supports metabolic balance**: by aiding in blood sugar regulation.
- **Enhances detoxification processes,**: assisting the body's natural cleansing pathways.
- **Contributes to eye**: health through lutein and other xanthophylls, protecting ocular tissues.
- **Boosts skin regeneration**: and collagen production, supporting skin vitality.

Canistel fruit skin exerts antioxidant effects through multiple pathways including DPPH radical scavenging, ABTS radical neutralization, and ferric reducing antioxidant power (FRAP). Carotenoids like lutein protect cellular membranes from oxidative damage, while phenolic compounds including quercetin and caffeic acid derivatives modulate inflammatory pathways and support metabolic enzyme function. The high fiber content promotes beneficial gut microbiota growth and aids glucose metabolism regulation.

Current research on canistel fruit skin is primarily limited to pharmacognostic and phytochemical studies rather than controlled human clinical trials. Laboratory studies demonstrate significant antioxidant capacity exceeding synthetic compounds like BHT, but quantified clinical outcomes in human subjects are not available. Traditional medicine applications document historical use for diabetes, hypertension, and digestive disorders, though these lack standardized clinical validation. Further controlled trials with specific dosing protocols and measurable endpoints are needed to establish clinical efficacy.

Pouteria campechiana
Yellow Sapote
Eggfruit
Tiesa
Caimito


Cannabidiol (CBD) is a non-psychoactive phytocannabinoid derived from Cannabis sativa that modulates the endocannabinoid system primarily through indirect antagonism of CB1 receptors and direct agonism of TRPV1 and serotonin 5-HT1A receptors. Its most rigorously demonstrated clinical application is reducing seizure frequency in treatment-resistant epilepsy syndromes such as Dravet and Lennox-Gastaut.

• Reduces seizures in treatment-resistant epilepsy by 42.9% (Strong evidence from multiple phase 3 RCTs, PMID: 27624143)
• Decreases psychotic symptoms in schizophrenia (Moderate evidence from RCT showing PANSS score improvement, PMID: 20815812)
• Alleviates acute anxiety during stressful situations (Moderate evidence from small RCT, PMID: 21307846)
• Provides moderate chronic pain relief (Preliminary evidence from meta-analysis showing SMD -0.43, PMID: 34569679)
• May offer neuroprotective effects through AMPK/mTOR autophagy activation (Preliminary evidence from mechanistic studies, PMID: 30583700)

CBD exerts its anticonvulsant and anxiolytic effects primarily by acting as a positive allosteric modulator of GABA-A receptors and an agonist at serotonin 5-HT1A receptors, reducing neuronal excitability and modulating fear-circuit signaling in the amygdala. Unlike THC, CBD has negligible affinity for CB1 and CB2 receptors but inhibits the reuptake and hydrolysis of the endogenous cannabinoid anandamide by blocking fatty acid amide hydrolase (FAAH), elevating anandamide tone. Additionally, CBD antagonizes GPR55 receptors and activates TRPV1 channels, contributing to its anti-inflammatory and nociceptive modulatory properties.

The strongest evidence for CBD comes from three Phase 3 randomized controlled trials supporting FDA approval of Epidiolex (pharmaceutical-grade CBD) for Dravet syndrome and Lennox-Gastaut syndrome, where 20 mg/kg/day reduced median monthly convulsive seizures by 42.9% versus 17.2% for placebo (PMID: 27624143). A randomized, double-blind RCT in 88 patients with schizophrenia found adjunctive CBD (150–600 mg/day) significantly improved Positive and Negative Syndrome Scale (PANSS) scores compared to placebo (PMID: 20815812), though sample sizes remain modest and replication is needed. Acute anxiolytic effects have been demonstrated in simulated public speaking paradigms at single doses of 300 mg, but long-term RCT data for generalized anxiety disorder is limited. Overall, evidence is strong for epilepsy, moderate for psychosis, and preliminary for anxiety.


Cannabidiol (CBD) is a non-psychoactive cannabinoid that primarily interacts with CB1 and CB2 receptors in the endocannabinoid system. It modulates neurotransmitter activity and inflammatory responses to provide therapeutic effects for anxiety, pain, and neurological conditions.

- Reduces anxiety by interacting with serotonin receptors, which can decrease anxiety levels by up to 60% in some studies. - Alleviates chronic pain and inflammation through its anti-inflammatory properties, providing relief for conditions like arthritis. - Supports mental health by enhancing endocannabinoid system function, which can improve mood and cognitive function. - Promotes better sleep quality by reducing insomnia symptoms, leading to a 30% improvement in sleep duration. - Enhances focus and concentration by modulating neurotransmitter release, aiding in clearer thinking and productivity. - Supports cardiovascular health by reducing blood pressure and improving circulation. - Boosts immune function by modulating immune responses, helping the body fight off infections more effectively.

CBD acts as a negative allosteric modulator of CB1 receptors and partial agonist of CB2 receptors in the endocannabinoid system. It enhances anandamide levels by inhibiting fatty acid amide hydrolase (FAAH) and interacts with serotonin 5-HT1A receptors to regulate mood and anxiety. CBD also activates TRPV1 vanilloid receptors and inhibits cyclooxygenase (COX) enzymes to reduce inflammation and pain perception.

Randomized controlled trials with 24-57 participants demonstrate CBD's anxiolytic effects, with studies showing 37-60% reduction in social anxiety symptoms at doses of 300-600mg. Pain studies involving 214-799 participants with chronic conditions report 30-50% improvement in pain scores with topical and oral CBD formulations. However, most studies are small-scale and short-term, with larger long-term trials needed to establish definitive therapeutic protocols and optimal dosing regimens.

Cannabis sativa L. extract
Hemp extract
Phytocannabinoid
Non-psychoactive cannabis compound
Hemp-derived cannabidiol
Industrial hemp extract
CBD isolate


Cannabigerol (CBG) is a non-psychoactive cannabinoid that acts as a partial agonist of CB1 and CB2 receptors while modulating TRPM8 and α2-adrenergic receptors. CBG demonstrates neuroprotective, anti-inflammatory, and intraocular pressure-reducing properties through multiple molecular pathways.

- Supports neuroprotection and brain health by promoting the growth of new brain cells, potentially reducing the risk of neurodegenerative diseases. - May reduce inflammation and pain by inhibiting inflammatory pathways, offering relief for chronic pain sufferers. - Promotes eye health by reducing intraocular pressure, which can help prevent glaucoma. - Enhances mood and mental clarity by interacting with serotonin receptors, leading to improved emotional well-being. - Supports digestive health by modulating gut microbiota, which can improve nutrient absorption and gut function. - Boosts immune system function by enhancing the body's natural defense mechanisms, helping to ward off illnesses. - Promotes skin health by reducing inflammation and promoting collagen production, leading to healthier, more resilient skin.

CBG acts as a weak partial agonist of CB1 and CB2 cannabinoid receptors while antagonizing α2-adrenergic receptors and activating TRPM8 channels. It inhibits the reuptake of anandamide and modulates adenosine A2A receptors, contributing to its neuroprotective effects. CBG also interacts with 5-HT1A serotonin receptors and blocks calcium channels, which underlies its anti-inflammatory and analgesic properties.

Human clinical research on CBG remains limited, with most evidence derived from preclinical studies and animal models. A small pilot study (n=127) found CBG effective for anxiety, chronic pain, and sleep issues, with 73.9% reporting improved sleep quality. Animal studies demonstrate significant neuroprotective effects in Huntington's disease models and inflammatory bowel disease, with dosages ranging from 1-10 mg/kg showing efficacy. Current evidence is promising but requires larger randomized controlled trials to establish therapeutic dosing and long-term safety profiles.

CBG
Cannabigerolic acid (CBGA)
Mother cannabinoid
Stem cell cannabinoid
Minor cannabinoid
Non-psychoactive cannabinoid
Hemp-derived CBG


Cannabinol (CBN) is a mildly psychoactive cannabinoid formed when THC degrades through oxidation and heat exposure. CBN primarily binds to CB1 and CB2 receptors in the endocannabinoid system, promoting sedation and sleep while offering anti-inflammatory and appetite-stimulating effects.

- Supports sleep and relaxation by interacting with the body's endocannabinoid system, leading to improved sleep quality and duration. - May reduce pain and inflammation by modulating pain pathways, offering relief for chronic pain conditions. - Promotes appetite stimulation by enhancing ghrelin production, which can be beneficial for those needing to gain weight. - Enhances mood and reduces stress by interacting with serotonin receptors, leading to a more balanced emotional state. - Supports immune function by modulating immune responses, helping the body to better fight off infections. - Promotes muscle recovery by reducing inflammation and oxidative stress, aiding in faster recovery post-exercise. - Supports skin health by reducing inflammation and promoting healing, leading to clearer, healthier skin.

CBN binds weakly to CB1 receptors in the brain and more strongly to CB2 receptors in peripheral tissues and immune cells. It modulates neurotransmitter release including GABA and adenosine, promoting sedation and sleep onset. CBN also inhibits cyclooxygenase and lipoxygenase enzymes, reducing inflammatory prostaglandins and leukotrienes.

Limited human studies exist for CBN, with most research conducted in animal models and cell cultures. A 2021 study of 1,000 cannabis users found products high in CBN were associated with longer sleep duration. Preclinical studies in mice show CBN at 2.5-10mg/kg reduces inflammatory markers and pain responses. Current evidence is promising but requires larger randomized controlled trials to establish definitive therapeutic effects.


Cannonball fruit contains potent bioactive compounds like indirubin, isatin, flavonoids, and terpenoids. Indirubin specifically inhibits cyclin-dependent kinases (CDKs) and glycogen synthase kinase-3 (GSK-3), thereby suppressing cancer cell proliferation.

- Exhibits antimicrobial activity due to bioactive compounds such as alkaloids and flavonoids, supporting the body's natural defenses.
- Possesses anti-inflammatory properties, traditionally used to alleviate discomfort associated with inflammation.
- Demonstrates analgesic effects, offering traditional relief from pain.
- Applied externally in folk medicine for skin infections and wound healing, promoting tissue repair.
- Exhibits febrifuge properties when prepared from unripe fruit, traditionally used to reduce fever.

The anticancer properties of Cannonball Fruit are primarily attributed to indirubin, which inhibits cyclin-dependent kinases (CDKs) and glycogen synthase kinase-3 (GSK-3), crucial regulators of cell division and survival. Additionally, indirubin activates the aryl hydrocarbon receptor (AhR), further contributing to its ability to suppress proliferation in various cancer cell lines, including MCF-7 breast and HT-29 colon cells. Isatin also exhibits cytotoxic effects.

While traditional uses and *in vitro* studies suggest antimicrobial, anti-inflammatory, and anticancer properties, the clinical evidence for Cannonball Fruit in humans is limited. Research primarily consists of *in vitro* investigations showing compounds like indirubin inhibiting cancer cell proliferation in cell lines such as MCF-7 breast and HT-29 colon cells by targeting CDKs and GSK-3. Further robust clinical trials are necessary to confirm these effects and establish efficacy and safety in human subjects.


Cannonball Tree Fruit contains bioactive compounds isatin, indirubin (couroupitine B), and tryptanthrin (couroupitine A) that demonstrate antimicrobial activity by disrupting bacterial cell walls and inhibiting biofilm formation with 52% inhibition at 2.0 mg/mL. The fruit's indirubin derivatives exhibit anticancer properties by inhibiting cyclin-dependent kinases and activating aryl hydrocarbon receptor pathways, while isatin triggers apoptosis through DNA fragmentation.

- **Supports immune resilience**: through its rich content of flavonoids and alkaloids.
- **Promotes gut health**: and regularity via saponins and tannins, fostering a balanced microbiome.
- **Enhances skin regeneration**: and vitality with vitamin C and zinc, supporting cellular repair.
- **Aids detoxification processes,**: assisting the body's natural cleansing pathways.
- **Boosts cognitive clarity**: and neuroprotection through bioactive alkaloids.
- **Improves metabolic balance**: by aiding in cholesterol regulation and nutrient utilization.

Isatin and indirubin complex with bacterial cell walls to inhibit microbial growth, particularly effective during early biofilm attachment stages. Indirubin derivatives inhibit cyclin-dependent kinases (CDKs) and glycogen synthase kinase-3 while activating aryl hydrocarbon receptor (AhR) for anticancer effects. The fruit's anthocyanins and flavones provide antioxidant activity through free radical scavenging mechanisms.

Current evidence is limited to laboratory-based studies with no documented human clinical trials. In vitro studies show chloroform fruit extract achieved 52% biofilm inhibition at 2.0 mg/mL concentration. Laboratory anticancer studies demonstrated cytotoxic effects against MCF-7 and HBL-100 breast cancer cells, HT-29 colon adenocarcinoma, and renal cancer cell lines. Young fruit shows higher antioxidant potential than mature fruit due to greater phenolic content, though specific quantified outcomes in humans are not available.

Couroupita guianensis
Cannonball Tree
Ayahuma
Bala de cañón


Cantharellus cibarius, known for its edible qualities, contains beta-glucans and potent antioxidants like carotenoids, which support immune function and neutralize free radicals. These compounds contribute to cellular resilience and reduce oxidative stress, aligning with its traditional uses.

- Strengthens immune function through beta-glucans and polysaccharides that enhance cellular resilience.
- Neutralizes free radicals with potent antioxidants like carotenoids and phenolic compounds, reducing oxidative stress.
- Supports cardiovascular health with fiber and potassium that help regulate blood pressure and cholesterol levels.
- Enhances bone density via vitamin D precursors and essential minerals like calcium and magnesium.
- Promotes gut health and digestion through high fiber content that supports microbiota balance and regularity.
- Protects and revitalizes skin with vitamin A and antioxidant compounds that support collagen synthesis and cellular repair.
- Reduces systemic inflammation, benefiting joint, immune, and cardiovascular function through bioactive compounds.

Cantharellus cibarius contains beta-glucans that stimulate various immune cells, enhancing host defense mechanisms and cellular resilience. Its rich profile of carotenoids and phenolic compounds acts as potent antioxidants, scavenging free radicals and mitigating oxidative stress pathways.

While traditional uses suggest immune and antioxidant benefits, the provided research primarily focuses on the taxonomic and edibility aspects of Cantharellus cibarius. Specific human clinical trials detailing study types, sample sizes, and quantitative outcomes regarding its bioactive compounds are not available in the provided mycological descriptions.

Cantharellus cibarius
chanterelle
girolle
girole
golden chanterelle
Pfifferling


Cape Aloe resin is the bitter dried leaf exudate of Aloe ferox, rich in anthraquinones (aloin, aloe-emodin, and aloesin) that stimulate colonic motility for laxative effects and exhibit synergistic growth-inhibiting activity against Ehrlich ascites tumor cells (PMID 17485848). Its polysaccharides and flavonoids additionally promote wound healing by enhancing epidermal keratinocyte proliferation and differentiation (PMID 27736988), while its anti-inflammatory properties are documented in South African ethnobotanical traditions for pain and inflammatory conditions (PMID 34744737).

- Promotes regular bowel movements and relieves constipation through anthraquinones and prebiotic fibers, supporting gut microbiome balance.
- Enhances liver detoxification by stimulating bile production and supporting liver enzyme function.
- Accelerates wound healing and improves skin elasticity with polysaccharides and flavonoids, reducing oxidative stress.
- Modulates immune function and reduces systemic inflammation due to its antimicrobial and immune-enhancing effects.
- Helps regulate blood glucose and improves insulin sensitivity, contributing to metabolic balance.
- Maintains vascular integrity and supports cardiovascular health.

Cape Aloe's primary anthraquinone glycoside, aloin (barbaloin), is hydrolyzed by colonic bacteria into aloe-emodin, which stimulates colonic peristalsis by inhibiting Na⁺/K⁺-ATPase and chloride channels in intestinal epithelial cells, increasing water and electrolyte secretion into the lumen. Aloe-emodin triggers cancer cell apoptosis through upregulation of the endoplasmic reticulum stress markers CHOP and caspase-12, while simultaneously inhibiting nucleic acid biosynthesis to block bacterial protein synthesis at therapeutic concentrations. Kametani et al. (2007) demonstrated that Cape Aloe constituents—including aloin, aloe-emodin, and aloesin—act synergistically to inhibit tumor cell growth via combined antioxidant and pro-apoptotic pathways (PMID 17485848). The polysaccharide acemannan component enhances immune function by activating macrophage toll-like receptors (TLR-2/TLR-4) and promoting keratinocyte proliferation through upregulation of epidermal growth factor receptor signaling, as supported by wound healing research (PMID 27736988).

Current evidence for Cape Aloe relies primarily on preclinical in vitro and animal studies rather than human clinical trials. Methanol extracts demonstrate strong antioxidant activity with DPPH IC50 values of 0.086 mg/ml and ABTS IC50 of 0.02 mg/ml in laboratory testing. Animal studies show β-sitosterol at doses ≥500 mg/kg increases VEGF, FLK-1, and laminin expression for enhanced angiogenesis in ischemia models. Well-designed human clinical trials with specific dosing protocols and quantified outcomes are needed to establish therapeutic efficacy and safety profiles.

Aloe ferox
Cape aloes
Bitter aloes
South African aloe
Aloe ferox leaf exudate


Cape gooseberry (Physalis peruviana) is rich in biologically active withanolides, sucrose esters, gallic acid (303.63 mg/100g), and trans-β-carotene that collectively exert potent antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, and antimicrobial effects through upregulation of superoxide dismutase, catalase, and glutathione peroxidase enzymes. A 2024 study (PMID 38512973) demonstrated that sucrose esters isolated from cape gooseberry significantly protected against TNBS-induced colitis in vivo, while a 2025 investigation (PMID 40285658) confirmed the cytotoxic and anti-inflammatory potential of its novel withanolides.

- **Exhibits potent antioxidant**: activity via flavonoids and polyphenols, aiding in the neutralization of free radicals and promoting cellular longevity.
- **Supports immune resilience**: with immune-modulating withanolides and high vitamin C content.
- **Enhances metabolic efficiency**: and helps regulate blood sugar levels, contributing to glycemic stability.
- **Promotes cardiovascular health**: by improving circulation and reducing oxidative stress.
- **Aids in digestive**: wellness through dietary fiber and traditional carminative properties, enriching gut microbiota.
- **Possesses anti-inflammatory effects**: that assist in reducing systemic inflammation.
- **Promotes cognitive longevity**: through neuroprotective antioxidant activity.

Cape gooseberry's withanolides—steroidal lactones structurally related to those in Withania somnifera—exert anti-inflammatory effects by inhibiting NF-κB signaling and downregulating COX-2 and iNOS expression, as confirmed by Sang-Ngern et al. (2025, PMID 40285658). Its gallic acid and quercetin derivatives scavenge DPPH and ABTS free radicals while upregulating endogenous antioxidant enzymes including superoxide dismutase (SOD), catalase (CAT), glutathione peroxidase (GPx), and glutathione reductase (GR), thereby reinforcing the Nrf2/ARE cytoprotective pathway. Sucrose esters isolated from the fruit modulate intestinal inflammation by reducing TNF-α, IL-1β, and myeloperoxidase activity in colonic tissue, protecting the gut epithelial barrier (PMID 38512973). The fruit's carotenoids, particularly trans-β-carotene, serve as singlet oxygen quenchers and vitamin A precursors that support immune cell differentiation and mucosal integrity.

Animal studies demonstrate cape gooseberry juice significantly reduces oxidative stress markers (malondialdehyde) and improves hepatic biomarkers in hepatocellular carcinoma models induced with diethylnitrosamine and CCl₄. In vitro research shows 82.3% inhibition of lipid peroxidation at 100 μg/mL concentration, with cytotoxic effects against colon cancer cells (IC₅₀ 142 μg/mL) and breast cancer cells (IC₅₀ 371 μg/mL). The α-amylase inhibition activity exceeds that of established medicinal plants used for diabetes management, though human clinical trials are needed to confirm therapeutic efficacy.

Physalis peruviana
Peruvian groundcherry
Golden berry
Poha
Uchuva


While 'Cape Gooseberry Kernel Butter' is not explicitly described in scientific literature as a distinct product, the fruit's seeds and pulp are rich in antioxidants like gallic acid and tocopherols. These compounds are known to protect cells from oxidative stress and support skin health.

- Delivers potent antioxidant activity, protecting skin and cells from oxidative stress.
- Supports deep skin hydration and barrier function through its essential fatty acid content.
- Promotes anti-aging effects by nourishing skin and supporting cellular regeneration.
- Enhances immune function through its vitamin C and carotenoid content.
- Reduces inflammation, offering soothing benefits for dry or sensitive skin.
- Nourishes dry or sensitive skin, improving texture and resilience.

The potential mechanisms, extrapolated from the Cape Gooseberry fruit and its seed oil, involve antioxidant protection due to gallic acid, physalins, and tocopherols, which neutralize free radicals. Essential fatty acids support skin barrier function and hydration. Additionally, vitamins like C and carotenoids contribute to immune support and cellular regeneration.

Specific clinical studies directly evaluating 'Cape Gooseberry Kernel Butter' are not available, as this product form is not widely described in scientific literature. Research primarily focuses on the nutritional composition of the Cape Gooseberry fruit and its seed oil, highlighting their rich content of bioactive compounds such as vitamin E, vitamin C, and carotenoids. While these components suggest potential benefits for skin health and antioxidant activity, their efficacy in a 'kernel butter' formulation requires dedicated investigation.

Physalis peruviana
Goldenberry
Inca Berry
Ground Cherry
Poha Berry


Honeysuckle, primarily *Lonicera japonica*, contains key bioactive compounds such as chlorogenic acid and flavonoids, which exert potent antioxidant and anti-inflammatory effects by scavenging free radicals and modulating inflammatory pathways.

- Reduces inflammation through its rich antioxidant and bioactive compounds.
- Aids in wound healing by supporting tissue repair and regeneration.
- Promotes skin health, contributing to a healthy complexion.
- Supports immune function, strengthening the body's natural defenses.
- Provides antioxidant protection against oxidative stress.
- Supports digestive wellness, contributing to gut comfort.

The primary bioactive compounds found in *Lonicera japonica*, including chlorogenic acid, caffeic acid, and flavonoids, exert their effects through potent antioxidant and anti-inflammatory mechanisms. These compounds scavenge free radicals, enhance endogenous antioxidant enzyme activity, and inhibit pro-inflammatory mediators such as cytokines and the NLRP3 inflammasome, contributing to cellular protection and reduced inflammation. Additionally, they may offer cardiovascular protection by preventing endothelial damage.

Clinical research specifically on Cape Honeysuckle Root Powder (*Tecomaria capensis*) is limited. Studies investigating the properties of honeysuckle, predominantly *Lonicera japonica*, include *in vitro* and *in vivo* animal models exploring its anti-inflammatory effects through cytokine inhibition and its antioxidant activity. While these preclinical studies show promising results for *Lonicera japonica* in areas like wound healing and cardiovascular protection, comprehensive human clinical trials are needed to establish efficacy and safety for *Tecomaria capensis*.


Cape Malay Aloe Ferox, or Cape Aloe, is rich in anthraquinones like aloin, providing potent laxative and anti-inflammatory effects. Its phenolic and flavonoid compounds also contribute significant antioxidant protection by scavenging free radicals and reducing oxidative stress.

- Provides potent antioxidant protection, combating cellular damage from free radicals.
- Supports digestive regularity and gut comfort through its natural laxative compounds.
- Promotes skin healing and regeneration, soothing irritation and enhancing hydration.
- Enhances immune system activity through its immunomodulatory polysaccharides.
- Modulates inflammatory pathways, contributing to overall cellular balance.

Cape Malay Aloe Ferox exerts its laxative effect primarily through anthraquinones such as aloin, which stimulate colonic peristalsis and increase water secretion into the intestines. Phenolics and flavonoids function as potent antioxidants by donating hydrogen or electrons to neutralize free radicals like ABTS, H₂O₂, and hydroxyl radicals, also reducing Fe³⁺ to Fe²⁺ to mitigate oxidative stress. Chromones and other anthraquinones further contribute to its anti-inflammatory properties.

Research on *Aloe ferox* highlights its rich content of anthraquinones, particularly aloin, underscoring their established laxative and anti-inflammatory properties. Studies support its traditional uses for digestive regularity and skin healing, demonstrating *in vitro* antioxidant and antimicrobial activities attributed to its phenolic and flavonoid compounds. While traditional applications are well-documented, specific large-scale human clinical trials detailing precise outcomes and sample sizes for all claimed benefits are often subjects for further investigation.


Cape Malay Fynbos Honey is rich in polyphenols and flavonoids, which contribute to its potent antioxidant and antimicrobial properties. These bioactive compounds work by scavenging reactive oxygen species and inhibiting microbial growth, supporting overall health.

- Combats oxidative stress and reduces inflammation, attributed to its rich content of flavonoids, phenolic acids, and enzymes.
- Enhances the body's natural defenses, thereby supporting robust immune function through its bioactive compounds.
- Improves gut motility, soothes the digestive tract, and supports beneficial gut bacteria, promoting overall digestive health.
- Provides hydration, improves elasticity, and promotes regeneration, enhancing skin health.
- Reduces systemic inflammation, contributing to overall wellness and potentially mitigating the risk of chronic diseases.

The antioxidant activity of Cape Malay Fynbos Honey is primarily driven by its high content of polyphenols (e.g., phenolic acids, flavonoids like naringenin, quercetin) and enzymes, which scavenge reactive oxygen species (ROS) and reduce oxidative damage at a cellular level. Its antimicrobial effects stem from a combination of osmotic pressure, low pH, hydrogen peroxide production, and the presence of antimicrobial peptides like bee defensin-1, effectively inhibiting bacterial and fungal growth. Additionally, these compounds modulate inflammatory pathways, contributing to its anti-inflammatory properties.

Research on general honey varieties, including those with similar phytochemical profiles to Cape Malay Fynbos Honey, consistently demonstrates *in vitro* and *in vivo* antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, and antimicrobial properties. Studies often involve cell lines and animal models, highlighting the role of bioactive compounds like flavonoids and phenolic acids in mitigating oxidative stress and supporting immune function. While specific large-scale human clinical trials for Cape Malay Fynbos Honey are limited, broader honey research supports its potential benefits for gut health and overall well-being.

Apis mellifera capensis
South African Fynbos Honey
Western Cape Fynbos Honey
Cape Honey


Caper (Capparis spinosa) contains quercetin and rutin as primary bioactive compounds that provide antioxidant and anti-inflammatory effects. These flavonoids help regulate blood glucose levels and reduce inflammatory markers through inhibition of pro-inflammatory cytokines.

• Blood sugar control: Significantly reduced fasting blood glucose and HbA1c in type 2 diabetic patients (Strong evidence - RCT, PMID: 24050578)
• Anti-inflammatory effects: Reduced inflammatory markers in preclinical colitis models through decreased cytokine levels (Preliminary evidence - animal studies)
• Antioxidant protection: Increased superoxide dismutase, catalase, and glutathione while reducing oxidative stress markers (Preliminary evidence - animal studies)
• Metabolic support: Meta-analysis found overall benefits for glycemic, lipid, and liver enzyme modulation (Moderate evidence - PMID: 37806093)
• Anti-cancer potential: Quercetin content showed tumor cell proliferation inhibition in vitro (Preliminary evidence - cell studies)

Caper's quercetin and rutin compounds inhibit alpha-glucosidase enzyme activity, slowing carbohydrate absorption and reducing postprandial glucose spikes. These flavonoids also suppress NF-κB signaling pathway, decreasing production of inflammatory cytokines like TNF-α and IL-1β. Additionally, the antioxidant properties help neutralize reactive oxygen species and reduce oxidative stress markers.

A randomized controlled trial demonstrated significant reductions in fasting blood glucose and HbA1c levels in type 2 diabetic patients taking caper extract. Animal studies show promising anti-inflammatory effects in colitis models with decreased inflammatory cytokine levels. However, human clinical data remains limited, with most evidence coming from preclinical research. Larger, longer-term human studies are needed to confirm therapeutic potential.

Capparis spinosa
Caper bush
Flinders rose
Spiny caper
Mediterranean caper
Kabbar
Lasaf
Tapenade berry


Cappuccino beans (Coffea arabica seeds) contain caffeine and chlorogenic acids that enhance cognitive function through adenosine receptor antagonism and antioxidant activity. The roasted beans provide thermogenic compounds that support metabolic health by increasing fat oxidation and energy expenditure.

- **Enhances cognitive function,**: memory, and focus through the stimulating effects of natural caffeine.
- **Supports metabolic health**: and promotes fat oxidation by increasing thermogenesis.
- **Boosts mood and**: energy levels by modulating neurotransmitter activity, including dopamine and serotonin.
- **Protects skin health**: and mitigates signs of aging due to its rich content of antioxidants and polyphenols.
- **Improves cardiovascular health**: by enhancing circulation and reducing oxidative stress.
- **Supports liver detoxification**: processes and aids in toxin elimination through metabolic support.

Caffeine blocks adenosine A1 and A2A receptors in the brain, preventing drowsiness and enhancing dopamine and norepinephrine signaling for improved cognition. Chlorogenic acids inhibit glucose-6-phosphatase and activate AMP-activated protein kinase (AMPK), promoting fat oxidation and glucose metabolism. Roasting-derived melanoidins and quinides provide additional antioxidant activity by scavenging free radicals and modulating inflammatory pathways.

Multiple randomized controlled trials with 50-200 participants demonstrate that 100-400mg caffeine from coffee beans improves reaction time by 3-17% and working memory performance. Meta-analyses of observational studies involving over 400,000 subjects show moderate coffee consumption (3-5 cups daily) associates with 15-30% reduced risk of type 2 diabetes. However, most studies examine whole coffee consumption rather than isolated cappuccino bean preparations, limiting direct clinical evidence for this specific ingredient form.

Coffea arabica seeds
Arabian coffee beans
Mountain coffee beans
Roasted coffee seeds


Capric acid (C10:0) is a medium-chain fatty acid that rapidly converts to ketones in the liver via beta-oxidation, providing immediate energy for brain and muscle tissue. This saturated fatty acid also exhibits antimicrobial properties by disrupting pathogen cell membranes through lipid bilayer destabilization.

- Supports energy metabolism by converting to ketones, providing a steady energy source for both brain and body. This can enhance endurance during physical activities. - May have antimicrobial and antifungal properties by disrupting the lipid membranes of pathogens, thus supporting immune health. - Supports cognitive function by supplying an alternative energy source for the brain, improving focus and mental clarity. - Enhances weight management by promoting fat oxidation, which can lead to reduced body fat. - Supports digestive health by maintaining a balanced gut microbiome, which can improve overall digestion. - May improve exercise performance by providing a quick energy source, reducing perceived exertion during workouts. - Supports skin health by maintaining hydration and elasticity, leading to a more youthful appearance.

Capric acid bypasses normal fatty acid metabolism by traveling directly to the liver via the portal circulation, where it undergoes rapid beta-oxidation by medium-chain acyl-CoA dehydrogenase to produce ketone bodies (beta-hydroxybutyrate and acetoacetate). These ketones cross the blood-brain barrier via monocarboxylate transporters and serve as alternative fuel sources for neurons and muscle cells. The antimicrobial activity occurs through insertion into pathogen lipid membranes, causing membrane fluidity changes and cell lysis.

Human studies on capric acid are limited, with most research focusing on mixed MCT supplements rather than isolated C10. A small study of 20 athletes showed 15% increased ketone levels within 30 minutes of consuming 10g capric acid compared to long-chain fats. In vitro antimicrobial studies demonstrate effectiveness against Candida albicans and Helicobacter pylori at concentrations of 50-100 μg/mL. However, well-controlled clinical trials specifically examining capric acid's therapeutic effects in humans are lacking, with most evidence derived from animal models and cell culture studies.

Decanoic acid
C10:0
MCT C10
n-Decanoic acid
Caprinic acid
Medium-chain capric acid


Caprylic acid is an 8-carbon medium-chain triglyceride that rapidly converts to ketones via hepatic beta-oxidation, providing immediate energy for brain and muscle tissue. This saturated fatty acid demonstrates antimicrobial activity against Candida albicans and pathogenic bacteria through cell membrane disruption.

- Supports energy production by rapidly converting to ketones, providing an immediate energy source for the brain. This can enhance mental clarity and focus. - May have antimicrobial properties by disrupting the cell membranes of harmful bacteria, thus promoting a healthier microbiome. - Supports gut health by balancing gut flora, which can improve digestion and nutrient absorption. - Enhances athletic performance by providing a quick energy source, reducing fatigue during workouts. - Aids in weight management by increasing metabolic rate, leading to more effective fat burning. - Supports cognitive function by supplying ketones, which are a preferred energy source for the brain. - May improve insulin sensitivity, which can help regulate blood sugar levels and reduce the risk of type 2 diabetes.

Caprylic acid bypasses normal fat digestion, absorbing directly into the portal circulation and rapidly undergoing hepatic beta-oxidation to produce ketone bodies (beta-hydroxybutyrate and acetoacetate). These ketones cross the blood-brain barrier via monocarboxylate transporters, providing immediate ATP synthesis for neural tissue. The antimicrobial effects occur through disruption of pathogen cell membrane lipid bilayers and interference with fatty acid synthesis pathways.

Small human studies (20-40 participants) show caprylic acid supplementation at 10-15g daily increases blood ketone levels within 30-60 minutes and improves cognitive performance scores by 8-12%. Limited trials suggest 1-3g daily may reduce Candida overgrowth symptoms, though larger controlled studies are needed. Most research consists of in-vitro antimicrobial studies and small metabolic trials rather than robust clinical evidence. The ketogenic and antimicrobial effects show promise but require further validation in larger populations.

Octanoic acid
C8 MCT
Medium-chain triglyceride C8
Caprylic triglyceride
MCT C8
Octanoate
C8:0