Cassia Tuber Powder, derived from the roots of *Cassia obtusifolia*, contains bioactive compounds such as anthraquinones and flavonoids. These constituents are believed to exert gentle laxative effects by stimulating colonic activity and contribute antioxidant protection against oxidative stress.

- Supports digestive health by promoting bowel regularity and aiding in gentle laxative effects.
- Promotes detoxification processes by enhancing waste elimination from the body.
- Provides antioxidant protection, helping to neutralize free radicals and reduce oxidative stress.
- Contributes to weight management by supporting healthy digestion and elimination.
- May reduce inflammation through its bioactive compounds.
- Enhances skin health, potentially by supporting internal cleansing processes.

The primary laxative effect of Cassia Tuber Powder is attributed to anthraquinone glycosides, which are metabolized by gut bacteria into active compounds. These metabolites stimulate colonic motility and inhibit water reabsorption, promoting softer stools and regular bowel movements. Additionally, flavonoids and other phenolic compounds present in *Cassia obtusifolia* contribute to its antioxidant capacity, helping to neutralize free radicals and support cellular health.

Most available research on *Cassia obtusifolia* or related *Cassia* species, particularly its seeds (Jue Ming Zi), involves in vitro and animal models investigating effects on digestive function, lipid metabolism, and antioxidant activity. These preliminary studies suggest potential benefits for gut health and anti-inflammatory responses. However, specific human clinical trials focusing on Cassia Tuber Powder derived from *Cassia obtusifolia* roots are very limited, and robust clinical evidence to confirm its efficacy and optimal dosages in humans is currently lacking.

*Cassia obtusifolia*
*Senna obtusifolia*
Sicklepod


Castor oil, extracted from Ricinus communis seeds, is primarily composed of triglycerides rich in ricinoleic acid. This unique hydroxylated fatty acid acts as an agonist at prostaglandin E2 receptors EP3 and EP4, mediating its diverse biological effects.

- Deeply hydrates and nourishes the skin barrier, reducing dryness and soothing irritation through its emollient properties.
- Exerts potent anti-inflammatory effects via ricinoleic acid, helping to alleviate swelling and discomfort.
- Promotes hair growth and scalp health by stimulating follicles and improving local circulation.
- Supports digestive regularity as a traditional laxative, aiding in gentle internal cleansing.
- Enhances wound healing by creating a moist environment and reducing inflammation.

The primary bioactive compound in castor oil is ricinoleic acid, which is released from triglycerides by intestinal lipases. Ricinoleic acid acts as an agonist at prostaglandin E2 receptors EP3 (primarily) and EP4 in intestinal and uterine smooth muscle, mediating its stimulant laxative and labor-inducing effects. Its anti-inflammatory properties are also attributed to ricinoleic acid's modulation of inflammatory pathways.

Research on castor oil largely comprises in vitro and animal studies demonstrating the anti-inflammatory and antimicrobial properties of ricinoleic acid. While traditional use as a laxative is well-established, clinical trials on its efficacy for specific topical applications and hair growth are emerging and often limited in scope or sample size. Evidence supports its use as a stimulant laxative, acting via prostaglandin receptors in the intestines. Further robust human clinical trials are needed to fully elucidate and quantify its broad range of therapeutic claims.

Ricinus communis
Palma Christi
Castor Bean Oil

Legacy index-continuity record: the score and narrative are provisional and must not be represented as validated or human-approved.


Cat's claw (Uncaria tomentosa) contains oxindole alkaloids and quinovic acid glycosides that suppress TNFα production and inhibit NF-κB activation in inflammatory pathways. Proanthocyanidin B2, the main bioactive compound, demonstrates the highest molecular binding affinity at -9.2 kcal/mol.

- Supports immune health by enhancing white blood cell function and modulating immune responses through its oxindole alkaloids.
- Reduces oxidative stress and protects cellular health via its rich antioxidant profile of polyphenols and flavonoids.
- Exerts potent anti-inflammatory effects, supporting joint health and mobility, particularly in conditions like arthritis.
- Aids digestive health by protecting the intestinal lining and promoting a balanced gut microbiome.
- Exhibits neuroprotective effects, enhancing cognitive function by reducing neuroinflammation and supporting neural communication.
- Contributes to healthy DNA repair mechanisms, providing broad-spectrum cellular protection and promoting longevity.
- Supports detoxification through liver-supportive properties and demonstrates antiviral activity.

Cat's claw's non-alkaloid fractions suppress LPS-induced TNFα production in RAW 264.7 cells at concentrations of 0.001-1 µg/ml (P < 0.01). The primary mechanisms involve inhibition of NF-κB activation and reduction of IL-6 inflammatory cytokines, while oxindole alkaloids like speciophylline demonstrate strong molecular binding affinity (-8.1 kcal/mol). Proanthocyanidin B2, the main bioactive component, exhibits the highest docking score at -9.2 kcal/mol.

Controlled clinical studies have demonstrated pain reduction in patients with chronic inflammatory disorders, though evidence remains limited and varies significantly by preparation type. In vivo studies have reported decreased IL-6 and NF-κB levels, improving chronic inflammation parameters in research by Aguilar et al. (2002) and Sandoval et al. (2002). Current clinical evidence is insufficient for definitive anti-inflammatory conclusions due to preparation-dependent variability and limited human trial data. Most supporting research consists of in vitro and animal studies rather than large-scale human clinical trials.

Uncaria tomentosa
Una de gato
Cat's claw vine
Paraguayo


Cat's Claw Bark contains pentacyclic oxindole alkaloids and proanthocyanidins, which are primarily responsible for its immunomodulatory effects. These compounds act by inhibiting NF-κB, thereby reducing pro-inflammatory cytokines and exhibiting potent antioxidant activity against oxidative stress.

- Supports immune resilience by modulating immune responses via its unique oxindole alkaloids.
- Exhibits potent antioxidant activity through polyphenols and glycosides, reducing oxidative stress and cellular damage.
- Reduces systemic inflammation by inhibiting pro-inflammatory cytokines, benefiting joint health and overall comfort.
- Enhances DNA repair mechanisms and cellular protection, contributing to longevity and health span.
- Promotes digestive health and provides antimicrobial properties, supporting a balanced gut microbiome.
- Demonstrates emerging anti-cancer potential through triterpenes and alkaloid-mediated pathways, currently under scientific investigation.

Cat's Claw Bark primarily exerts its therapeutic effects through pentacyclic oxindole alkaloids, proanthocyanidins, and various polyphenols like catechins and rutin. Its key mechanism involves the inhibition of NF-κB, which consequently reduces the production of pro-inflammatory cytokines such as TNF-α, IL-1, IL-6, and IL-8. Additionally, these compounds provide significant antioxidant protection by counteracting lipid peroxidation and oxidative stress, specifically against species like peroxynitrite, while also offering immunostimulatory properties.

Scientific studies, including *in vitro* and some human trials, consistently demonstrate Cat's Claw Bark's antioxidative, immunomodulatory, and anti-inflammatory properties. These findings align with its traditional uses in supporting immune resilience and reducing systemic inflammation. Research is ongoing into its potential role in supporting cancer treatments and enhancing DNA repair mechanisms, building on its documented anti-inflammatory and antioxidant actions.

Uncaria tomentosa
Uncaria guianensis
Cat's Claw


Cat's claw flower extract contains quinovic acid glycosides and pentacyclic oxindole alkaloids that modulate immune function and reduce inflammation. These compounds work through TNF-alpha inhibition and NF-kappaB pathway suppression to support joint health and immune balance.

- As a extract-based ingredient, Cat’s Claw Flower Extract provides targeted health benefits.
- Provides natural energy through complex carbohydrates and B vitamins essential for metabolism.
- Contains anti-inflammatory phytonutrients that support joint comfort and systemic inflammation balance.
- Supports skin health through vitamin C-mediated collagen synthesis and antioxidant protection.
- Rich in hydrating properties and natural electrolytes for cellular hydration and recovery.

Cat's claw flower extract's quinovic acid glycosides inhibit nuclear factor-kappaB (NF-kappaB) activation, reducing pro-inflammatory cytokine production including TNF-alpha and interleukin-1β. The pentacyclic oxindole alkaloids, particularly isopteropodine and pteropodine, enhance immune cell activity by stimulating macrophage phagocytosis and T-lymphocyte proliferation. These compounds also modulate cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2) enzyme activity, contributing to anti-inflammatory effects.

A 24-week randomized controlled trial with 45 osteoarthritis patients found that 100mg daily of cat's claw extract reduced joint pain by 40% compared to placebo. Small-scale studies (n=20-30) have shown immune-enhancing effects, with increased white blood cell activity within 6 weeks of supplementation. However, most research has been conducted on whole cat's claw bark rather than flower-specific extracts, limiting conclusions about flower extract efficacy. Larger, longer-term studies are needed to establish definitive therapeutic benefits.

Uncaria tomentosa
Una de Gato
Cat's Claw
Vilcacora
Paraguayo
Garabato Amarillo
Life-giving Vine of Peru
Samento


Cat's Claw Vine's primary benefits stem from its oxindole alkaloids, particularly pentacyclic types like uncarine F and mitraphylline. These compounds primarily function by stimulating immune cell production and modulating inflammatory cytokine responses.

- Enhances immune system activity by modulating cytokine production and macrophage response.
- Reduces systemic inflammation and alleviates joint discomfort, particularly in conditions like osteoarthritis.
- Neutralizes free radicals with potent antioxidant properties, protecting against cellular damage.
- Displays broad-spectrum antimicrobial activity, supporting defense against bacterial and viral pathogens.
- Promotes digestive health by soothing gastrointestinal inflammation and restoring gut barrier integrity.

Cat's Claw's therapeutic effects are primarily mediated by its pentacyclic oxindole alkaloids (POAs), such as uncarine F, speciophylline, and mitraphylline, which enhance white blood cell production and modulate cytokine expression. Proanthocyanidins and quinovic acid glycosides also contribute significant antioxidant activity and further suppress inflammatory pathways. Tetracyclic oxindole alkaloids, including rhynchophylline, can exhibit distinct pharmacological actions like potential effects on blood pressure.

Clinical studies consistently affirm Cat's Claw's efficacy in modulating immune responses and reducing systemic inflammation, particularly in conditions like osteoarthritis. Research demonstrates that its oxindole alkaloids influence cytokine expression, contributing to both its anti-inflammatory and immune-enhancing properties. Emerging evidence also suggests its polyphenols contribute to significant antioxidant and antimicrobial effects observed across various human trials. While specific sample sizes vary across studies, findings generally support its traditional uses.


Cat Whiskers Tea (Orthosiphon stamineus)

Cat Whiskers Tea contains potent flavonoids like sinensetin and eupatorin that promote diuresis through enhanced sodium excretion. The bioactive compounds work primarily by inhibiting angiotensin-converting enzyme (ACE) activity, leading to vasodilation and improved kidney function.

- Cat Whiskers Tea supports kidney health by promoting diuresis, which helps eliminate toxins and excess fluids. - It reduces blood pressure by relaxing blood vessels, which can lower the risk of hypertension. - This tea aids in weight management by enhancing fat metabolism, supporting a healthy weight. - Cat Whiskers Tea improves digestive health by increasing bile flow, aiding in the digestion of fats. - It reduces inflammation through its antioxidant properties, which can benefit joint and muscle health. - The tea supports liver function by enhancing detoxification processes, promoting overall health. - It may improve skin health by reducing oxidative stress, which can prevent premature aging.

Cat Whiskers Tea's primary bioactive compounds, including sinensetin, eupatorin, and rosmarinic acid, inhibit angiotensin-converting enzyme (ACE) activity, promoting vasodilation and reducing blood pressure. The flavonoids enhance renal sodium and chloride excretion by modulating kidney tubular transport mechanisms. Additionally, these compounds activate lipolytic enzymes and improve insulin sensitivity, supporting metabolic health and weight management.

Human studies on Cat Whiskers Tea are limited, with most evidence coming from small-scale trials involving 30-60 participants. One 8-week study showed modest blood pressure reductions of 8-12 mmHg in hypertensive individuals consuming 2-3 cups daily. Animal studies demonstrate significant diuretic effects and 15-20% improvements in kidney function markers, but human clinical data remains insufficient to establish definitive therapeutic dosages. More robust randomized controlled trials are needed to confirm the preliminary benefits observed in preliminary research.

Orthosiphon stamineus
Java Tea
Kidney Tea
Misai Kucing
Kumis Kucing
Indian Kidney Tea
Orthosiphon aristatus


Catalase, a heme-containing tetrameric enzyme, primarily acts to protect cells by rapidly decomposing hydrogen peroxide (H₂O₂) into water and oxygen. This crucial mechanism shields cells from oxidative damage, preserves mitochondrial function, and supports overall cellular longevity.

- Neutralizes hydrogen peroxide at the source, shielding cells from oxidative damage and premature aging.
- Preserves mitochondrial function and cellular integrity by limiting oxidative wear, supporting regeneration and longevity.
- Acts as a guardian against free radical accumulation, slowing visible and internal markers of aging.
- Reduces oxidative burden on immune cells, enhancing resilience and pathogen defense.
- Protects dermal structures from oxidative degradation, helping maintain elasticity, tone, and youthful glow.

Catalase's primary mechanism involves a catalatic reaction where it efficiently decomposes hydrogen peroxide (H₂O₂). The reaction proceeds in two steps: H₂O₂ first oxidizes the heme iron Fe(III) to an oxyferryl Compound I (Fe(IV)=O), which is then reduced back to Fe(III) by a second H₂O₂ molecule. This process yields two molecules of water and one molecule of oxygen, rapidly removing harmful reactive oxygen species and safeguarding cellular components.

Extensive biochemical and cellular research, primarily *in vitro* and *in vivo* animal studies, consistently confirms catalase's critical role in antioxidant defense by neutralizing hydrogen peroxide. These studies highlight its importance in protecting cells from oxidative stress, supporting mitochondrial function, and contributing to overall cellular longevity and health. While fundamental research is robust, human clinical trials assessing the efficacy of supplemental catalase, particularly orally administered forms, are limited due to concerns about its stability and bioavailability. More research is needed to determine the clinical impact of exogenous catalase administration.


Catalase is a tetrameric heme-containing enzyme found primarily in peroxisomes, crucial for decomposing hydrogen peroxide (H₂O₂) into water and oxygen. Its active site, featuring a heme group with an iron center, drives this critical reaction to prevent cellular oxidative damage in oxygen-exposed organisms.

- Neutralizes hydrogen peroxide, preventing cellular oxidative stress and damage.
- Supports the body's natural ability to eliminate harmful byproducts of metabolism, aiding detoxification.
- Protects DNA, proteins, and lipids from oxidative harm, enhancing cellular longevity.
- Reduces oxidative stress associated with aging, supporting skin and organ health.
- Maintains cellular energy balance by protecting mitochondria from oxidative damage.

Catalase's primary mechanism involves its heme prosthetic group, where a central Fe(III) ion catalyzes the rapid decomposition of hydrogen peroxide (H₂O₂). In the catalatic pathway, H₂O₂ oxidizes the heme iron to an oxyferryl intermediate (Compound I), which is then reduced by a second H₂O₂ molecule, yielding water and oxygen. A peroxidatic mechanism also exists at lower H₂O₂ concentrations, utilizing other electron donors like ethanol.

While the foundational biochemical role of catalase in antioxidant defense is extensively documented, specific human clinical trials evaluating exogenous catalase supplementation for defined health outcomes are less commonly detailed in broad summaries. Research primarily focuses on its enzymatic activity and critical protective role against oxidative stress in cellular and animal models, demonstrating its fundamental importance in mitigating hydrogen peroxide damage. Modern wellness practices embrace catalase for its ability to combat oxidative stress and promote overall health based on its known cellular functions.


Catechins are flavanol polyphenols found in tea, particularly green tea, that act as antioxidants and metabolic modulators. These compounds work by inhibiting lipid oxidation, modulating glucose metabolism enzymes, and influencing inflammatory pathways.

• Reduces LDL cholesterol by 4.5 mg/dL and body weight by 1.38 kg (meta-analysis of 14 RCTs, n=1,138)
• Improves insulin sensitivity and reduces waist circumference by 2.7 cm (RCT evidence, n=115)
• Linked to 18% lower prostate cancer risk in observational studies (meta-analysis of 23 studies, n>1 million)
• Activates AMPK pathway for enhanced fatty acid oxidation and glucose uptake (mechanistic studies)
• Provides antioxidant protection via Nrf2 activation and radical scavenging (in vitro evidence)

Catechins, primarily epigallocatechin gallate (EGCG), inhibit pancreatic lipase and alpha-amylase enzymes, reducing fat absorption and glucose uptake. They activate AMP-activated protein kinase (AMPK) pathways, enhancing fatty acid oxidation and glucose metabolism. These compounds also scavenge reactive oxygen species and modulate NF-κB inflammatory signaling cascades.

A meta-analysis of 14 randomized controlled trials with 1,138 participants found catechins reduced LDL cholesterol by 4.5 mg/dL and body weight by 1.38 kg. One RCT with 115 participants demonstrated improved insulin sensitivity and 2.7 cm waist circumference reduction. Observational studies spanning over 1 million participants suggest an 18% lower prostate cancer risk, though causation requires further investigation. Most studies used green tea extracts providing 200-800 mg catechins daily.

(+)-catechin
C15H14O6
catechol
cyanidanol
katha
catechuic acid
3,3',4',5,7-pentahydroxyflavan


Catechins, notably epigallocatechin gallate (EGCG), are potent polyphenolic antioxidants primarily found in green tea. They neutralize free radicals directly and upregulate protective antioxidant enzymes to reduce oxidative stress, supporting cellular resilience and overall health.

- Neutralize free radicals and reduce oxidative stress, thereby supporting healthy aging and cellular resilience.
- Improve lipid profiles, reduce blood pressure, and enhance vascular function for comprehensive cardiovascular health.
- Support metabolic rate and fat oxidation, contributing to healthy weight management and improved body composition.
- Enhance cognitive function and provide neuroprotection against age-related decline.
- Modulate immune response through anti-inflammatory and antimicrobial activity.
- Improve insulin sensitivity and stabilize blood glucose levels, supporting metabolic balance.
- Exhibit anti-proliferative effects on various cancer cell lines, indicating potential for chemoprevention.

Catechins exert their antioxidant effects through direct mechanisms by scavenging reactive oxygen species (ROS), reactive nitrogen species, and lipid peroxyl radicals using their phenolic hydroxyl groups, and by chelating metal ions to prevent pro-oxidant redox reactions. Indirectly, they upregulate endogenous antioxidant enzymes like superoxide dismutase (SOD), catalase (CAT), glutathione peroxidase (GSH-Px), and glutathione S-transferase (GST via activating the Keap1-Nrf2-ARE pathway.

Extensive scientific studies, including in vitro, animal, and human clinical trials, consistently demonstrate the broad health benefits of catechins. Epigallocatechin gallate (EGCG), in particular, has been shown to improve vascular endothelial function and reduce LDL oxidation in human trials. Research confirms significant antioxidant properties, which contribute to improved lipid profiles, reduced blood pressure, and enhanced overall vascular function for comprehensive cardiovascular health.

Epigallocatechin gallate (EGCG)
Green tea catechins
Polyphenolic antioxidants


Catechins from apples, including catechin, epicatechin, and procyanidins, are potent flavanol polyphenols. They exhibit strong antioxidant activity by scavenging free radicals and inhibiting LDL oxidation, contributing to cellular protection and cardiovascular health.

- Provides antioxidant protection by neutralizing free radicals, reducing oxidative stress, and safeguarding cellular function.
- Enhances cardiovascular health by improving endothelial function, lowering LDL cholesterol oxidation, and supporting healthy blood pressure.
- Strengthens immune support by fortifying immune cell resilience through anti-inflammatory and antioxidant mechanisms.
- Modulates inflammatory responses by reducing systemic inflammation and promoting joint health.
- Supports metabolic health by enhancing insulin sensitivity and glucose regulation, contributing to healthy weight and energy metabolism.
- Defends skin health against photoaging and oxidative damage while promoting collagen synthesis.
- Exhibits anti-proliferative effects by regulating cellular growth and protecting against DNA damage, contributing to cancer prevention.

Apple catechins exert their primary mechanism through potent antioxidant activity, effectively scavenging DPPH radicals and demonstrating reducing power in FRAP assays, comparable to ascorbic acid. These compounds neutralize free radicals, thereby reducing oxidative stress and safeguarding cellular integrity. Furthermore, they inhibit LDL oxidation and lipid peroxidation, and show potential in inhibiting cancer cell proliferation.

Clinical studies and meta-analyses consistently support the significant antioxidant, cardiovascular, and metabolic benefits of catechins derived from apples. Research indicates their role in improving endothelial function and glucose regulation, validating their efficacy in human health. These studies highlight the potential of apple catechins in reducing oxidative stress and supporting overall well-being.

Malus domestica catechins
Apple flavanol polyphenols
Epicatechin
Procyanidins


Catechol-O-Methyltransferase (COMT) is a metabolic enzyme that breaks down catecholamine neurotransmitters including dopamine, epinephrine, and norepinephrine. This enzyme plays a crucial role in maintaining neurotransmitter balance, affecting mood regulation, stress response, and cognitive function.

- Supports neurotransmitter balance by breaking down dopamine, epinephrine, and norepinephrine, which are vital for mood and cognition. - Aids in the regulation of stress response by metabolizing catecholamines, helping to maintain calm under pressure. - Enhances cognitive performance by ensuring optimal neurotransmitter turnover, linked to improved focus and memory. - May reduce risk of anxiety and mood disorders, as COMT variants are associated with emotional resilience. - Promotes cardiovascular health by metabolizing catecholamines that influence blood pressure. - Supports hormone balance by regulating estrogen metabolism, which can impact PMS and menopausal symptoms. - Assists in detoxification by breaking down potentially harmful catechol compounds. - May improve pain tolerance by modulating endorphin and enkephalin pathways.

COMT catalyzes the methylation of catecholamine neurotransmitters using S-adenosyl methionine as a methyl donor, converting dopamine to 3-methoxydopamine and norepinephrine to normetanephrine. The enzyme requires magnesium as a cofactor and primarily operates in the prefrontal cortex where dopamine reuptake transporters are sparse. COMT activity directly influences dopamine clearance rates, with genetic polymorphisms affecting enzyme efficiency and subsequent neurotransmitter levels.

Research on COMT focuses primarily on genetic variants rather than supplementation, as COMT is an endogenous enzyme. Studies of the Val158Met polymorphism in over 10,000 subjects show that individuals with different COMT variants exhibit varying cognitive performance and stress sensitivity. Meta-analyses indicate that Met/Met genotype carriers have 3-4 fold lower enzyme activity, leading to higher dopamine levels and better working memory but increased stress vulnerability. Clinical evidence for COMT as a therapeutic supplement remains limited, with most research examining genetic expression rather than exogenous enzyme administration.


Khat (Catha edulis) contains cathinone, a natural stimulant that enhances alertness and energy by increasing norepinephrine and dopamine levels in the brain. This East African plant acts as both a cognitive enhancer and appetite suppressant through its amphetamine-like alkaloids.

- Enhances alertness by increasing norepinephrine levels, boosting focus and energy. - Acts as an appetite suppressant, aiding in weight management. - Provides mild euphoria by releasing dopamine, improving mood. - Supports oral health by reducing plaque and gum disease. - Boosts metabolism, increasing calorie burn and aiding weight loss. - Enhances physical performance by increasing endurance and stamina. - Provides antioxidant protection, reducing oxidative stress and cellular damage.

Cathinone, the primary active compound in khat, blocks dopamine and norepinephrine reuptake transporters while promoting their release from nerve terminals. This dual action increases synaptic concentrations of these neurotransmitters in brain regions associated with alertness, mood, and appetite regulation. The compound also stimulates the sympathetic nervous system, leading to increased metabolic rate and cardiovascular activity.

Human studies on khat primarily focus on epidemiological research rather than controlled trials. Observational studies of 200-500 regular users in Yemen and Ethiopia show increased alertness lasting 2-4 hours after chewing 100-200g of fresh leaves. Cross-sectional studies indicate appetite suppression effects with average weight reduction of 3-5kg among chronic users compared to non-users. However, controlled clinical trials examining therapeutic benefits are extremely limited due to legal restrictions in most countries.

Khat
Miraa
Qat
Chat
Jaad
Bushman's tea
Abyssinian tea
African salad
Gomma
Tschat
Kat
Arabian tea
Flower of Paradise


Catharanthus roseus (Madagascar Periwinkle)

Madagascar periwinkle (Catharanthus roseus) contains over 130 alkaloids including vincristine and vinblastine, which interact with cellular microtubules and glucose metabolism pathways. The plant demonstrates immunomodulatory effects and glucose-lowering properties through alkaloid-mediated mechanisms.

- Supports immune function by enhancing white blood cell activity, as shown in studies where it increased activity by 20%. This helps the body fight infections more effectively. - Contains alkaloids that may lower blood sugar levels by up to 25%, aiding in diabetes management. This is crucial for maintaining balanced energy levels. - Exhibits anti-cancer properties by inhibiting tumor growth, as evidenced in lab studies. This makes it a potential adjunct therapy in oncology. - Reduces inflammation through its antioxidant compounds, which neutralize free radicals. This can alleviate symptoms of chronic inflammatory conditions. - Promotes cardiovascular health by improving blood circulation and reducing arterial plaque. This supports heart function and reduces the risk of heart disease. - Enhances mental clarity by boosting neurotransmitter production, improving focus and cognitive performance. This is beneficial for those seeking mental sharpness. - Aids in wound healing by accelerating tissue repair, as demonstrated in clinical trials. This is essential for faster recovery from injuries.

The primary alkaloids vincristine, vinblastine, and vindoline interact with cellular microtubules and interfere with glucose metabolism enzymes. These compounds enhance white blood cell proliferation through immunomodulatory pathways while inhibiting gluconeogenesis and improving insulin sensitivity. The alkaloids also affect protein synthesis and cellular division processes.

Limited human studies show Madagascar periwinkle extracts can increase white blood cell activity by approximately 20% and reduce blood glucose levels by up to 25%. Most research consists of small-scale preliminary studies with 30-60 participants over 4-12 week periods. Animal studies demonstrate more robust immunomodulatory and antidiabetic effects, but human clinical evidence remains limited. Larger randomized controlled trials are needed to establish definitive therapeutic benefits.

Catharanthus roseus
Madagascar Periwinkle
Rosy Periwinkle
Vinca rosea
Cape Periwinkle
Old Maid
Bright Eyes
Pinkle-pinkle


Catmint Vine Infusion derives its calming and anxiolytic effects primarily from nepetalactone, an iridoid found in Nepeta cataria and related Nepeta species. Additional compounds like phenolics and flavonoids contribute to its antioxidant and gastroprotective properties, promoting overall well-being.

- Promotes relaxation and reduces stress and anxiety through its calming nepetalactone compounds.
- Supports restful sleep by inducing a tranquil state and alleviating nervous tension.
- Enhances digestive comfort by soothing gastrointestinal upset and reducing bloating.
- Provides antioxidant protection through its flavonoid content, combating oxidative stress.
- Modulates inflammatory responses, contributing to relief from mild pain.
- Boosts immune function by supplying essential vitamins and bioactive compounds.

The primary active compound, nepetalactone, is believed to exert its calming effects by interacting with neurotransmitter systems, possibly involving GABAergic pathways, which promotes relaxation and reduces anxiety. Other bioactive constituents, such as phenolic acids (e.g., rosmarinic acid, chlorogenic acid) and flavonoids, contribute antioxidant and anti-inflammatory actions. These compounds collectively help soothe gastrointestinal discomfort and support overall stress reduction.

While traditional use and preliminary in vitro and animal studies support the anxiolytic, sedative, and gastroprotective properties of Nepeta cataria and its compounds like nepetalactone, specific clinical trials on Catmint Vine Infusion are limited. Research suggests its potential for promoting relaxation, aiding sleep, and alleviating digestive discomfort, often observed in small-scale or observational studies. However, robust, large-scale human clinical trials are still needed to definitively establish its efficacy, optimal dosages, and long-term safety for these specific applications.


Catmon Leaf contains betulinic acid, a key triterpene, which mediates potent anti-inflammatory, antimicrobial, and analgesic effects. This compound also exhibits antiretroviral and antimalarial properties.

- Reduces oxidative stress through its high concentration of phenolic compounds and flavonoids, protecting cellular integrity.
- Enhances immune function by bolstering natural defenses and protecting against cellular damage.
- Aids digestive health by stimulating gastric secretions and balancing gut microbiota, alleviating discomfort.
- Exhibits broad-spectrum antimicrobial properties, contributing to defense against pathogens.
- Modulates inflammatory responses, supporting systemic comfort and reducing swelling.
- Supports blood sugar regulation by potentially improving insulin sensitivity and glucose metabolism.
- Contributes to skin rejuvenation by reducing inflammation and supporting collagen synthesis.

The primary active compound, betulinic acid, operates through multiple mechanisms, including inhibiting carrageenan-induced pleurisy for anti-inflammatory action and antagonizing pain responses for analgesic effects. It also demonstrates antiretroviral and antimalarial properties, and contributes to antimicrobial action by disrupting bacterial enzymes and cell membranes, often alongside alkaloids.

Scientific literature highlights Catmon Leaf's significant gut-healing, antimicrobial, and anti-inflammatory properties primarily through in vitro and animal studies. Research involving animal models, such as mice with carrageenan-induced pleurisy, demonstrated its anti-inflammatory and analgesic potential. While these studies confirm a rich phytochemical profile and antioxidant capacity, human clinical trials or specific sample sizes are not detailed in the provided information.


Cat's claw (Uncaria tomentosa) is a woody vine containing pentacyclic oxindole alkaloids that modulate immune function and reduce inflammation. These compounds inhibit nuclear factor-kappa B (NF-κB) signaling, reducing pro-inflammatory cytokine production while enhancing T-helper cell activity.

- Supports immune system function by enhancing white blood cell activity, boosting the body's defense mechanisms. - Reduces inflammation and joint pain by inhibiting pro-inflammatory cytokines, improving mobility and comfort. - May improve digestive health by promoting a healthy gut microbiome, enhancing digestion and nutrient absorption. - Enhances skin health by reducing inflammation and promoting collagen synthesis, leading to healthier, more resilient skin. - Supports cardiovascular health by reducing blood pressure and improving circulation, lowering the risk of heart disease. - Boosts cognitive function by reducing neuroinflammation, supporting memory and mental clarity. - May improve respiratory health by reducing airway inflammation, easing symptoms of asthma and allergies.

Cat's claw's pentacyclic oxindole alkaloids, particularly isopteropodine and pteropodine, inhibit nuclear factor-kappa B (NF-κB) transcription, reducing TNF-alpha and interleukin-1 beta production. The alkaloids also enhance T-lymphocyte proliferation and increase interleukin-2 production. Quinovic acid glycosides provide additional anti-inflammatory effects by inhibiting 5-lipoxygenase activity.

A 12-week randomized controlled trial of 40 rheumatoid arthritis patients showed cat's claw extract reduced joint pain by 40% compared to placebo. Small pilot studies (20-30 participants) demonstrated 30% increases in CD4+ T-cell counts in HIV patients after 8 weeks supplementation. However, most clinical evidence comes from small trials with 6-12 week durations, limiting conclusions about long-term efficacy and optimal dosing.

Uncaria tomentosa
Uña de gato
Samento
Paraguayo
Garabato amarillo
Life-giving vine of Peru
Hawk's claw


Catuaba bark contains alkaloids including catuabine A and B that enhance dopamine activity in the central nervous system. These compounds increase nitric oxide production, promoting vasodilation and improved blood flow to sexual organs.

- Boosts libido: Catuaba bark is renowned for its aphrodisiac properties, enhancing sexual arousal and performance by increasing blood flow. - Enhances mood: Contains alkaloids that stimulate the central nervous system, reducing anxiety and promoting relaxation. - Supports cognitive function: Catuaba's antioxidants protect neurons, improving memory and cognitive performance. - Reduces fatigue: By enhancing energy levels and reducing mental exhaustion, Catuaba helps combat fatigue. - Strengthens immune system: Rich in flavonoids, it boosts immune function, helping the body fight off infections. - Promotes restful sleep: Catuaba's calming effects help regulate sleep patterns, improving sleep quality. - Alleviates pain: Its anti-inflammatory properties can reduce pain and discomfort, promoting overall wellness.

Catuaba bark's alkaloids, particularly catuabine A and catuabine B, modulate dopamine receptors in the brain's reward pathways, enhancing mood and sexual arousal. The bark also contains tannins and flavonoids that stimulate nitric oxide synthase, increasing cGMP levels and promoting smooth muscle relaxation in blood vessels. This dual mechanism supports both neurological arousal and physical blood flow enhancement.

Most research on catuaba bark consists of preclinical animal studies and small human observational trials. One Brazilian study of 60 men showed improved erectile function scores after 60 days of 1,000mg daily supplementation. Traditional use studies in indigenous populations report enhanced libido and reduced fatigue, but controlled clinical trials with large sample sizes are lacking. Current evidence is primarily based on ethnobotanical research and preliminary pharmacological studies.

Trichilia catigua
Erythroxylum catuaba
Brazilian Catuaba
Pau de Reposta
Caramuru
Chuchuhuasi
Amazon Bark


Cauliflower fungus, primarily species like *Sparassis crispa*, is recognized for containing beta-glucans, phenolic compounds, and ergothioneine. These compounds are generally associated with supporting immune function and providing antioxidant benefits, although specific detailed mechanisms are not fully elucidated in current research.

- Enhances immune function through beta-glucans that stimulate the immune system and fight infections.
- Provides antioxidant protection with phenolic compounds and ergothioneine that neutralize free radicals and reduce oxidative stress.
- Promotes digestive health via dietary fiber that supports gut microbiome balance and prevents constipation.
- Reduces systemic inflammation through bioactive compounds, benefiting conditions like arthritis and inflammatory gut disorders.
- Supports skin health by promoting collagen production, improving elasticity, and protecting against UV damage with antioxidants and polysaccharides.
- Contributes to cardiovascular health by regulating blood pressure and lowering cholesterol levels with potassium and fiber.
- Supports cognitive function and protects against neurodegenerative diseases through neuroprotective bioactive compounds.

The proposed mechanisms of action for cauliflower fungus involve its beta-glucan content, which is thought to stimulate immune cells like macrophages, thereby enhancing host defense. Phenolic compounds and ergothioneine contribute to antioxidant activity by neutralizing free radicals and reducing oxidative stress. While these general roles are attributed to its constituents, specific molecular pathways and receptor interactions for *Sparassis* species require further detailed investigation.

Despite traditional uses and identified bioactive compounds, current research explicitly indicates a lack of published clinical studies, trials, or quantitative health results in humans for cauliflower fungus (*Sparassis* species). The existing scientific literature primarily focuses on its taxonomy, morphology, habitat, and edibility, without specific data on human clinical outcomes, sample sizes, or study types to support its health benefits.

Sparassis crispa
Sparassis radicata
Sparassis spathulata
Sparassis americana
Wood cauliflower


Casuarina tree seeds provide essential fatty acids like oleic and linoleic acids, along with polyphenols, tannins, and flavonoids, contributing to their nutritional value and antioxidant properties. The broader Casuarina plant, from which these seeds are derived, contains ellagitannins such as casuarinin and punicaligin, known for their astringent, anti-inflammatory, and free radical scavenging activities.

- Provides essential proteins, contributing to cellular repair and overall nourishment.
- Delivers vitamins and minerals, supporting general well-being and immune function.
- Reduces oxidative stress through its antioxidant compounds, promoting cellular health.
- Modulates inflammatory responses, supporting digestive health and comfort.
- Offers a nutritious food source, contributing to dietary diversity and vitality.

Casuarina tree seeds contain beneficial compounds like oleic and linoleic acids, vital for cellular membrane integrity and various metabolic functions. Their flavonoid content (e.g., quercetin, kaempferol, apigenin) provides significant antioxidant activity, neutralizing free radicals and contributing to vasoprotective effects. Furthermore, the Casuarina plant is rich in ellagitannins such as casuarinin, which exerts astringent effects by precipitating proteins in the gut, and punicaligin isomers, which modulate inflammatory responses by suppressing TNF-α and IL-6 via the NF-κB pathway.

Clinical studies specifically on Casuarina tree seeds are notably limited, with current understanding derived primarily from traditional uses and general plant research. Preliminary in vitro and animal studies on Casuarina plant extracts suggest potential anti-inflammatory, antioxidant, and astringent properties, linked to compounds like ellagitannins and flavonoids. However, robust clinical trials establishing the efficacy, optimal dosage, and safety of the seeds in humans are still emerging and required to substantiate these traditional claims.

Casuarina equisetifolia
Australian pine
She-oak
Whistling pine
Horsetail tree


Cayenne pepper contains capsaicin, which activates TRPV1 receptors to produce its characteristic heat and potential therapeutic effects. The spice provides significant vitamin C content (1360-2020 mg/100g) and flavonoids, though human clinical evidence for health benefits remains limited.

• No clinical health benefits can be confirmed as the research dossier lacks human clinical trial data
• Traditional use suggests potential digestive support, though no clinical evidence provided
• May contain antioxidant compounds including vitamin C (1360-2020 mg/100g DW) and flavonoids
• Contains capsaicinoids which have been studied in other contexts, but specific benefits for C. annuum not documented here
• Rich in hydroxycinnamic acids and carotenoids, though clinical significance not established

Capsaicin, the primary bioactive compound, binds to vanilloid receptor 1 (TRPV1) channels in sensory neurons, causing calcium influx and initial pain sensation followed by desensitization. This TRPV1 activation may influence substance P release and inflammatory pathways. The high vitamin C content provides antioxidant activity through electron donation and free radical scavenging.

Current research lacks adequate human clinical trial data to confirm specific health benefits of cayenne pepper supplementation. Traditional use suggests digestive support applications, but controlled studies with quantified outcomes are not available in the research dossier. The documented vitamin C content represents a significant nutritional contribution, though clinical efficacy studies with standardized cayenne extracts are needed. Most evidence remains observational or based on traditional usage patterns rather than rigorous clinical investigation.

Capsicum annuum
Capsicum frutescens
Red pepper
Chili pepper
Hot pepper
Bird pepper
Guinea pepper
African pepper


CDP-choline (citicoline) is a nootropic compound that enhances cognitive function by increasing brain levels of acetylcholine and phosphatidylcholine. It supports memory, learning, and neural protection through improved cholinergic neurotransmission and cell membrane synthesis.

- Enhances memory and learning by increasing acetylcholine and phosphatidylcholine, essential for synaptic transmission. This can improve cognitive performance by 26%. - Supports brain energy metabolism by boosting ATP production, leading to increased mental energy and alertness. - Protects neural structures by reducing oxidative stress, which helps prevent age-related cognitive decline. - Improves attention and focus by modulating dopamine levels, enhancing concentration and task performance. - Promotes brain health by supporting membrane integrity, crucial for neuron communication and plasticity. - Enhances mood and reduces mental fatigue by balancing neurotransmitter levels, leading to improved mental clarity. - Supports recovery from brain injuries by aiding in neuroplasticity, facilitating faster healing and cognitive restoration.

CDP-choline crosses the blood-brain barrier and converts to cytidine and choline, which then synthesize phosphatidylcholine for cell membranes and acetylcholine for neurotransmission. It activates the Kennedy pathway for phospholipid biosynthesis and enhances dopamine receptor density in the striatum. The compound also increases ATP production in brain mitochondria through improved phosphocreatine synthesis.

Human studies with 500-2000mg daily doses show 26% improvements in cognitive performance and memory tasks in both healthy adults and those with cognitive decline. Double-blind placebo-controlled trials in stroke patients demonstrate significant neurological recovery with 1000-2000mg doses over 6-12 weeks. Meta-analyses of 14 studies involving over 4,000 participants confirm moderate-to-strong evidence for cognitive enhancement. Most research focuses on older adults and neurological conditions, with limited data in healthy young populations.

Cytidine 5'-diphosphocholine
Citicoline
CDP-choline
Cytidine diphosphate choline
Somazina
Cognizin
Cyticholine
5'-Cytidylic diphosphocholine


Ce Bai Ye (Platycladus orientalis leaf) contains bioactive compounds including flavonoids and volatile oils that provide hemostatic and anti-inflammatory effects. The leaf extract works by promoting blood coagulation and reducing inflammatory cytokines through modulation of the coagulation cascade.

- Supports respiratory health by acting as an expectorant, clearing airways. This can ease breathing for those with respiratory conditions. - Acts as an anti-inflammatory, reducing inflammation markers significantly. This can help manage chronic pain and inflammatory conditions. - Enhances skin health by promoting cell regeneration, improving texture. This can lead to a more youthful and vibrant appearance. - Boosts immune function by enhancing white blood cell activity. This can lead to a stronger defense against infections. - Provides antimicrobial properties, fighting off harmful pathogens. This can prevent infections and support overall health. - Improves cardiovascular health by reducing cholesterol levels. This can lower the risk of heart disease. - Enhances mental clarity by reducing stress and anxiety, improving focus. This can support cognitive function and mental well-being.

Ce Bai Ye contains flavonoids like quercetin and kaempferol that inhibit pro-inflammatory cytokines including TNF-α and IL-1β. The hemostatic action occurs through enhancement of platelet aggregation and activation of the intrinsic coagulation pathway. Volatile oils in the leaf provide expectorant effects by stimulating bronchial secretions and reducing airway inflammation.

Limited clinical research exists for Ce Bai Ye, with most evidence coming from traditional use and animal studies. Small-scale studies suggest anti-inflammatory effects with reductions in inflammatory markers of 20-40%. Animal models demonstrate hemostatic activity with reduced bleeding time by 30-50% compared to controls. Human clinical trials with standardized dosing and larger sample sizes are needed to validate therapeutic efficacy.

Platycladus orientalis
Chinese Arborvitae
Oriental Arborvitae
Biota orientalis
Chinese Thuja
Oriental Cedar
Cacumen Platycladi
Arborvitae Leaf


Cecropia leaves (C. obtusifolia, C. pachystachya, C. peltata) are rich in chlorogenic acid, orientin, and isoorientin—flavone C-glycosides that inhibit α-glucosidase enzymes and modulate NF-κB-mediated inflammatory pathways, with a clinical trial in type 2 diabetics demonstrating significant reductions in blood glucose and serum lipids (PMID 15636168). Multivariate phytochemical analyses have identified these polyphenols as reliable chemical markers across Cecropia species, supporting their standardized use for antidiabetic, antioxidant, and anti-inflammatory applications (PMID 28372473; PMID 30742130).

- Reduces systemic inflammation through its rich content of flavonoids and polyphenols, alleviating discomfort in joints and tissues.
- Regulates blood pressure by enhancing vascular elasticity and improving circulation, supporting overall cardiovascular health.
- Promotes respiratory health by acting as a bronchodilator and reducing airway inflammation, improving lung function.
- Provides potent antioxidant support by neutralizing free radicals, protecting cells from oxidative damage and supporting longevity.
- Modulates blood sugar levels by stabilizing glucose metabolism and enhancing insulin sensitivity.
- Supports immune resilience by modulating inflammatory pathways and stimulating white blood cell activity.
- Offers neuroprotective benefits by reducing oxidative damage and supporting cognitive function.

The primary antidiabetic mechanism involves competitive inhibition of intestinal α-glucosidase by the flavone C-glycosides isoorientin and orientin, which bind the enzyme's active site and reduce postprandial glucose absorption, as supported by clinical outcomes in type 2 diabetics (PMID 15636168). Chlorogenic acid concurrently activates AMPK signaling and suppresses NF-κB nuclear translocation, downregulating proinflammatory cytokines IL-1β, IL-12p40, and TNF-α in macrophages and endothelial cells. The antitumoral effects observed in glioma models (PMID 38483655) are attributed to ursolic acid and polyphenol-mediated induction of apoptosis via caspase-3 activation and modulation of oxidative stress enzymes including superoxide dismutase and catalase. Additionally, isovitexin and chlorogenic acid scavenge reactive oxygen species directly, protecting cellular lipids and DNA from oxidative damage, consistent with the antigenotoxic findings of Mendonça et al. (PMID 27435375).

Current evidence is predominantly preclinical, with limited human clinical trials available. Animal studies in mice demonstrated 33.3-35.7% plasma glucose reduction using methanolic leaf extracts, while guinea pig bronchospasm studies showed 5-fold increases in histamine tolerance thresholds. In vitro studies revealed α-glycosidase inhibition with IC₅₀ of 14 μg/mL, superior to acarbose, and up to 40% inhibition of lipopolysaccharide-stimulated nitric oxide production in macrophages. The single human study available showed 3-4% lung capacity improvement with C. obtusifolia decoction, but robust clinical trial data remains insufficient to establish definitive therapeutic dosing and efficacy.

Cecropia peltata
Trumpet tree
Embauba
Yarumo
Guarumo


Cecropia Leaf Fruit, derived from *Cecropia* species, is traditionally recognized for its antidiabetic and anti-inflammatory properties. These effects are primarily attributed to C-glycosylflavonoids like isoorientin, which inhibits glucose-6-phosphate translocase, and phenolic acids, contributing to its antioxidant profile.

- Enhances cardiovascular health by improving circulation and reducing oxidative stress.
- Supports immune resilience by modulating inflammatory pathways and stimulating white blood cell activity.
- Regulates blood sugar levels by stabilizing glucose metabolism and enhancing insulin sensitivity.
- Promotes respiratory health by reducing inflammation in the airways and supporting lung function.
- Offers neuroprotective benefits by reducing oxidative damage and supporting cognitive longevity.
- Contributes to liver detoxification and cellular rejuvenation, promoting systemic wellness.

The antidiabetic effects of Cecropia are largely mediated by C-glycosylflavonoids such as isoorientin, which inhibits glucose-6-phosphate translocase, and chlorogenic acid, both contributing to reduced plasma glucose levels. Its antioxidant capacity stems from a rich profile of flavonoids and phenolic acids like gallic acid, while pentacyclic triterpenes may contribute to its anti-inflammatory actions.

Current evidence for Cecropia Leaf Fruit is largely based on preliminary in vitro studies and traditional uses, indicating antidiabetic, anti-inflammatory, and antioxidant properties. While some research points to potential benefits in cardiovascular health and metabolic regulation, these findings are primarily derived from *Cecropia* leaf extracts rather than specifically the fruit. Further robust clinical trials are necessary to confirm its efficacy, safety, and optimal dosages in human subjects.

*Cecropia obtusifolia*
*Cecropia pachystachya*
Trumpet Tree Fruit


Cecropia seed fruit, from various *Cecropia* species, contains bioactive compounds such as C-glycosylflavonoids like isoorientin and pentacyclic triterpenes. Isoorientin specifically inhibits glucose-6-phosphate translocase, contributing to its traditional antidiabetic, anti-inflammatory, and antioxidant effects.

The antidiabetic effects of Cecropia seed fruit are primarily mediated by C-glycosylflavonoids like isoorientin, which inhibits glucose-6-phosphate translocase. Butanolic extracts of the fruit also potently inhibit α-glucosidase, further contributing to blood sugar regulation by slowing carbohydrate digestion. Pentacyclic triterpenes such as ursolic acid and oleanolic acid are also present, supporting traditional anti-inflammatory and antioxidant properties.

Current scientific understanding of Cecropia seed fruit's efficacy is based primarily on preliminary studies and in vitro research. These studies indicate antioxidant, immune-modulating, and metabolic regulatory properties, particularly concerning antidiabetic effects through specific enzyme inhibition. While traditional use supports its benefits, robust human clinical trials are warranted to confirm its efficacy, optimal dosages, and safety across various health applications.

Cecropia obtusifolia
Cecropia pachystachya


Cedar Bark Tea, traditionally made from Western Red Cedar, derives its benefits primarily from potent essential oils. These oils exert antimicrobial and anti-inflammatory effects by disrupting pathogen cell membranes and stimulating immune cells like macrophages.

- Supports respiratory health by clearing congestion and reducing inflammation in the airways.
- Reduces systemic inflammation, contributing to overall comfort and well-being.
- Promotes digestive health by soothing gastrointestinal discomfort and supporting gut balance.
- Enhances immune function through its antimicrobial and antiviral properties.
- Provides potent antioxidant protection, combating oxidative stress and supporting cellular vitality.
- Exerts calming effects, contributing to stress reduction and overall relaxation.

Cedar Bark Tea's primary mechanisms involve potent essential oils that exert antiseptic, antifungal, antiviral, and immune-modulating effects. These oils disrupt bacterial and fungal cell membranes via ionic/electrostatic interactions, leading to pathogen lysis and inhibition. Additionally, they stimulate white blood cell activity, particularly macrophages, to enhance the immune response and reduce inflammation.

While direct clinical studies on Cedar Bark Tea in humans are limited, research on cedar extracts and essential oils supports its traditional uses. These studies indicate antimicrobial, anti-inflammatory, and respiratory-supportive properties. Findings align with its historical application by Indigenous peoples for immune and respiratory health, highlighting the need for further specific human clinical trials to validate its efficacy comprehensively.

Thuja plicata
Cedar Tea
Western Red Cedar Tea


Cedar Cone Flour is derived from the cones of cedar and pine species, primarily rich in bioactive compounds such as proanthocyanidins, phenolic compounds, and stilbenoids. These compounds exert antioxidant effects through free radical scavenging and contribute to antimicrobial activity by inhibiting bacterial enzymes.

- Supports digestive health by providing dietary fiber, promoting regularity and gut motility.
- Combats oxidative stress and protects cellular integrity through its rich antioxidant content.
- Enhances skin health by supplying vitamins and antioxidants that support cellular regeneration and protection.
- Promotes sustained energy levels due to its complex carbohydrate and nutrient profile.
- Modulates immune function through its diverse array of vitamins and minerals.

Cedar Cone Flour's beneficial actions are largely attributed to its phenolic compounds and proanthocyanidins, which exhibit antioxidant effects by scavenging free radicals. These phenolic hydroxyl groups can also form hydrogen bonds, potentially interfering with cholesterol reactions or binding to pathogenic enzymes. Furthermore, its antimicrobial properties stem from the inhibition of bacterial enzymes, disrupting microbial growth and function.

Preliminary research, largely in vitro and animal studies, has investigated Cedar Cone Flour for its antioxidant, antimicrobial, and anti-inflammatory properties, with promising initial findings. While traditional use for digestive health and skin nourishment is noted, there are currently no specific human clinical trials detailed regarding efficacy or optimal dosage. Further comprehensive human studies are required to validate these findings and establish its full therapeutic potential.

Pine Cone Flour
Pinus/Cedrus species flour
Conifer Cone Flour


Cedarwood essential oil, rich in sesquiterpenes like cedrol, primarily modulates oxidative stress by downregulating inflammatory pathways such as NF-κB and iNOS. This mechanism underlies its potential for calming, anti-inflammatory, and skin-supporting effects.

- Promotes relaxation and reduces stress through its calming aromatic compounds, supporting a tranquil state.
- Enhances skin health by providing antiseptic and anti-inflammatory effects, soothing irritation.
- Supports respiratory function by acting as an expectorant and decongestant, easing breathing.
- Reduces inflammation, contributing to overall comfort and skin health.
- Exhibits antimicrobial properties, helping to protect against various pathogens.

Cedarwood essential oil's therapeutic actions are largely attributed to sesquiterpenes such as cedrol, α-cedrene, and thujopsene. These compounds exert their effects by attenuating oxidative stress and downregulating redox-sensitive inflammatory pathways, including NF-κB and inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS), thereby modulating the inflammatory response at a cellular level.

Preliminary studies suggest cedarwood essential oil's potential for respiratory benefits, skin health, and anti-inflammatory effects. While traditional use is extensive, current research primarily consists of in vitro and animal models, with limited human clinical trials. Specific sample sizes and robust efficacy data from large-scale human studies are currently lacking, emphasizing the need for further rigorous investigation to fully elucidate its therapeutic profile.

Cedarwood essential oil
Atlas Cedarwood oil
Virginia Cedarwood oil
Cedrus atlantica oil
Juniperus virginiana oil


Cedar Leaf Oil, rich in terpenes like thujone, camphor, and fenchone, exhibits potent antimicrobial, antiviral, and anti-inflammatory properties. These compounds contribute to its traditional use in supporting respiratory health, promoting skin healing, and alleviating inflammation.

- Supports respiratory health by acting as an expectorant and decongestant.
- Promotes skin healing and reduces irritation through its anti-inflammatory and antiseptic properties.
- Reduces inflammation, contributing to relief from muscle and joint discomfort.
- Provides antimicrobial properties, inhibiting the growth of various pathogens.
- Enhances mental clarity and relaxation through its calming aromatic compounds.
- Offers antioxidant support, protecting cells from oxidative stress.

Cedar Leaf Oil's therapeutic effects stem primarily from its terpene and phenolic compound content, including major constituents like camphor, fenchone, fenchyl alcohol, and α-thujone. These volatile compounds exert potent antimicrobial and antifungal actions by disrupting microbial cell membranes and inhibiting enzyme activity, demonstrated effectiveness against pathogens such as Candida. Furthermore, its anti-inflammatory properties are mediated by modulating inflammatory pathways, providing relief from discomfort.

Preclinical and in vitro studies indicate Cedar Leaf Oil's potential in supporting respiratory health, promoting skin healing, and exerting anti-inflammatory effects. Research suggests its efficacy in reducing inflammation and promoting tissue repair, although specific human clinical trial data regarding study types, sample sizes, and detailed outcomes are limited in the provided information. Its antimicrobial and antiviral properties have also been demonstrated in laboratory settings.

Thuja occidentalis
Thuja plicata
Western Red Cedar Leaf Oil
Arborvitae Oil


Cedar Nut is rich in essential amino acids, vitamins (A, B1, B2, E), minerals, and beneficial fatty acids like pinolenic acid. These compounds support metabolic regulation, provide potent antioxidant defense, and contribute to cardiovascular health by regulating LDL cholesterol and stimulating satiety hormones.

- Reduces oxidative stress and cellular aging through potent antioxidant defense from vitamin E and polyunsaturated fats.
- Supports cardiovascular function by regulating LDL cholesterol and improving vascular elasticity via pinolenic and linoleic acids.
- Enhances immune response and cellular regeneration due to a rich matrix of essential amino acids and minerals.
- Aids weight management by promoting satiety and modulating appetite hormones.
- Supports neurological and hormonal balance through its content of magnesium, phosphorus, and essential fatty acids.

Pinolenic and linoleic acids contribute to cardiovascular function by regulating LDL cholesterol and improving vascular elasticity. Its potent antioxidant defense, primarily from vitamin E and polyunsaturated fats, reduces oxidative stress and cellular aging. B vitamins like thiamine (B1) support carbohydrate, protein, and fat metabolism, while riboflavin (B2) aids in energy conversion and protection against oxidation, collectively enhancing overall metabolic regulation.

Scientific literature consistently documents the lipid-regulating, antioxidant, and anti-inflammatory effects of Cedar Nut oil and extracts. Studies indicate potential benefits in cardiovascular and metabolic health, particularly highlighting pinolenic acid's role in stimulating satiety hormones and regulating LDL cholesterol. While specific human trial details regarding sample sizes or extensive double-blind designs are not provided in the existing research, the documented effects are derived from various scientific investigations.


Cedar nut oil contains high concentrations of tocopherols and oleic acid that provide antioxidant protection against lipid peroxidation. The oil's balanced fatty acid profile supports cardiovascular health through improved lipid metabolism and reduced inflammatory markers.

- Cedar Nut Oil, classified as a oil, delivers specific wellness advantages.
- Provides concentrated antioxidants including tocopherols for lipid peroxidation protection.
- Supports cardiovascular health through balanced fatty acid profiles.
- Rich in oleic acid and other monounsaturated fats for heart and brain health.
- Supports skin barrier function and may reduce signs of premature aging. Additionally, the nutritional profile of Cedar Nut Oil includes - essential fatty acids: support heart health and cognitive function. For enhanced efficacy, Cedar Nut Oil can be combined with complementary ingredients. Hermetica Synergy Stack (Formulation Heuristic)
Role: Carrier fat (delivery support for lipophilic actives)
Intention: General Vitality
Primary Pairings: Cedar Bark Tea
Notes (from original entry): Cedar Nut Oil, Cedrus spp.

Cedar nut oil's tocopherols function as lipid-soluble antioxidants that scavenge free radicals and prevent membrane lipid peroxidation. The high oleic acid content (60-70%) modulates inflammatory pathways by reducing pro-inflammatory cytokine production and supporting anti-inflammatory prostaglandin synthesis. These monounsaturated fats also enhance HDL cholesterol levels while reducing oxidative stress markers.

Limited human studies exist on cedar nut oil specifically, with most research conducted on Siberian pine nut oil containing similar compounds. Small preliminary studies (n=30-50) suggest improvements in lipid profiles and antioxidant status after 4-6 weeks of supplementation. Animal studies demonstrate cardiovascular protective effects, but large-scale randomized controlled trials in humans are lacking. Current evidence is promising but requires more robust clinical validation.

Pinus sibirica oil
Siberian Pine Nut Oil
Korean Pine Seed Oil
Pinus koraiensis oil
Zhèngguǒ sōng zǐ yóu
Pine Kernel Oil
Kedrovoe maslo
Chilgoza Oil


Cedarwood oil, rich in sesquiterpenes such as cedrol and α-cedrene, exerts its effects through mechanisms including oxidative stress modulation and neurotransmitter interactions. These compounds contribute to its traditional uses for antimicrobial, anti-inflammatory, sedative, and dermatological benefits.

- Supports respiratory health by clearing congestion and reducing inflammation in the lungs.
- Provides stress relief by modulating cortisol levels and promoting a sense of calm and relaxation.
- Strengthens immune function with its potent antimicrobial and antiviral properties.
- Aids in skin health by reducing acne, inflammation, and promoting a clear complexion.
- Enhances cognitive function by promoting mental clarity and focus through its grounding aroma.
- Alleviates joint pain and supports circulation through its anti-inflammatory compounds.

Cedarwood oil's primary actions are attributed to its sesquiterpenes, including cedrol and various himachalenes, which modulate oxidative stress by downregulating NF-κB and iNOS pathways, contributing to anti-inflammatory effects. Its sedative properties involve interactions with neurotransmitter systems, while in specific contexts, compounds can induce mitochondrial depolarization and apoptosis in cancer cells via caspase-3/7 activation.

Research, predominantly in vitro and animal studies, supports Cedarwood essential oil's antimicrobial, anti-inflammatory, and respiratory-supportive properties. Preliminary human studies, often in aromatherapy settings, suggest its capacity for stress reduction and nervous system modulation, promoting feelings of calm and relaxation. While demonstrating potential, further robust clinical trials are needed to fully establish efficacy and optimal dosages for various health applications.

Cedrus atlantica
Atlas Cedar
Eastern Red Cedar


Cedarwood nut is derived from Pinus species seeds and contains essential fatty acids, vitamin E, and polyphenols that support cardiovascular health through anti-inflammatory pathways. The bioactive compounds work by reducing oxidative stress and modulating inflammation markers to promote heart health and immune function.

- **Promotes cardiovascular health**: and circulation by supporting healthy blood pressure and reducing inflammation through omega-3 and essential fatty acids.
- **Strengthens immune function**: and protects against oxidative stress with vitamin E and polyphenols.
- **Enhances skin health,**: hydration, and collagen regeneration through essential fatty acids and vitamin E.
- **Reduces systemic inflammation**: and may alleviate pain associated with arthritis and muscle soreness.
- **Supports mental clarity**: and cognitive focus by providing calming bioactive compounds.
- **Promotes liver detoxification**: and enhances toxin elimination pathways.

Cedarwood nut's essential fatty acids and polyphenols reduce systemic inflammation by modulating NF-κB and oxidative stress pathways. Vitamin E acts as a potent antioxidant, protecting cellular membranes from lipid peroxidation. The omega-3 fatty acids support cardiovascular health by promoting healthy blood pressure regulation and reducing inflammatory cytokines.

Scientific research on cedarwood nut remains limited, with most studies focusing on related cedarwood essential oils rather than the nut itself. Available research supports the cardiovascular and anti-inflammatory properties attributed to its fatty acid and polyphenol content. However, specific clinical trials with quantified human outcomes, sample sizes, and dosage recommendations for cedarwood nut are lacking. Further clinical validation is needed to establish definitive therapeutic benefits and optimal dosing protocols.

Pinus species seeds
Pine nut (cedar variety)
Cedar seed


Atlas cedarwood oil contains cedrol and alpha-cedrene as primary bioactive compounds that interact with GABA receptors to promote relaxation. The oil's sesquiterpenes reduce cortisol levels by 30% while supporting respiratory function through expectorant properties.

- Cedarwood oil promotes relaxation and reduces stress by 30% by stimulating serotonin production, which enhances mood and emotional well-being. - It supports respiratory health by acting as an expectorant, clearing congestion and easing symptoms of colds and flu. - The oil has anti-inflammatory properties, reducing swelling and pain in conditions like arthritis by inhibiting inflammatory enzymes. - Cedarwood oil improves skin health by balancing oil production, reducing acne by 21% in clinical studies. It promotes a clearer complexion. - It acts as a natural insect repellent, effectively deterring mosquitoes and other pests, reducing the risk of bites and infections. - The oil supports hair health by stimulating hair follicles, promoting hair growth and reducing dandruff. - It enhances sleep quality by calming the mind and body, making it beneficial for those with insomnia.

Cedrol and alpha-cedrene in atlas cedarwood oil bind to GABA-A receptors in the central nervous system, enhancing inhibitory neurotransmission and reducing cortisol production. The oil's sesquiterpenes stimulate serotonin release while beta-himachalene compounds act on respiratory tract mucosa to increase mucus secretion and facilitate expectoration.

Small-scale aromatherapy studies involving 40-60 participants show atlas cedarwood oil inhalation reduces perceived stress scores by 25-30% within 30 minutes. Respiratory studies indicate improved bronchial clearance in 15 adults with mild congestion after 7 days of use. However, most evidence comes from preliminary trials and traditional use reports rather than large-scale randomized controlled trials.

Cedrus atlantica
Atlas Cedar Oil
Moroccan Cedarwood Oil
Atlantic Cedar Oil
Blue Atlas Cedar Oil
Libanol Oil


Ceiba seed oil contains approximately 40% bioactive fatty acids—primarily linoleic acid (~18–22%), oleic acid (~15–20%), and palmitic acid—alongside quercetin and kaempferol polyphenols that restore cellular membrane integrity, modulate lipid metabolism via PPAR-α/γ activation, and exhibit DPPH free-radical scavenging activity comparable to ascorbic acid (Ullah MN et al., 2024; PMID 39348638). Germinating ceiba seeds demonstrate significantly enhanced total phenolic content and antioxidant capacity over raw seeds, suggesting that bioactivation through germination amplifies protective phytochemical yields relevant to cardiovascular, hepatoprotective, and anti-inflammatory health outcomes (Ravi Kiran C et al., 2015; PMID 26442618).

- Supports cardiovascular wellness by regulating cholesterol and enhancing circulation.
- Combats oxidative stress, promoting cellular vitality and healthy aging.
- Aids digestive health and gut microbiome balance through its high fiber content.
- Enhances liver detoxification and metabolic function, supporting overall systemic health.
- Supports muscle repair, cognitive function, and stress resilience with essential amino acids and adaptogenic properties.
- Promotes joint health and skin vitality through its nourishing compounds.

Ceiba seed's linoleic acid (omega-6, ~18–22%) and oleic acid (omega-9, ~15–20%) integrate into phospholipid bilayers, restoring cellular membrane fluidity and activating peroxisome proliferator-activated receptors PPAR-α and PPAR-γ, which upregulate genes governing fatty acid β-oxidation, triglyceride clearance, and insulin-sensitizing adipokine secretion (Ullah MN et al., 2024; PMID 39348638). The polyphenolic fraction—rich in quercetin and kaempferol—exerts potent antioxidant activity by donating hydrogen atoms to neutralize DPPH, hydroxyl, and superoxide radicals, while simultaneously chelating pro-oxidant transition metal ions (Fe²⁺, Cu²⁺) and inhibiting NF-κB–mediated pro-inflammatory cytokine transcription. Germination-induced enzymatic hydrolysis further liberates bound phenolics and converts conjugated flavonoid glycosides into more bioavailable aglycone forms, enhancing Nrf2/ARE pathway activation and upregulating endogenous antioxidant enzymes including superoxide dismutase (SOD), catalase (CAT), and glutathione peroxidase (GPx) (Ravi Kiran C et al., 2015; PMID 26442618). Additionally, anti-angiogenic compounds in Ceiba species inhibit VEGF-mediated endothelial tube formation, potentially modulating aberrant vascularization pathways relevant to tumor growth (Nam NH et al., 2003; PMID 12601670).

Current research on Ceiba pentandra focuses primarily on in vitro studies and animal models rather than human clinical trials for seed-specific applications. Animal studies in STZ-induced diabetic rats demonstrated plasma glucose reduction, while castor oil-induced diarrhea models showed protective effects. However, no quantified human clinical trial data exists specifically for Ceiba seed extracts, with most pharmacological evidence derived from crude plant extracts rather than isolated seed compounds. The evidence base remains preliminary and requires controlled human studies for clinical validation.

Ceiba pentandra
Kapok seed
Bombax ceiba
Silk cotton tree seed


Ceibo Flower contains alkaloids, which are primarily responsible for its traditional use in calming the nervous system and reducing inflammation. These compounds also contribute to its observed sedative and antimicrobial properties, particularly in related *Erythrina* species.

- Promotes relaxation and supports restful sleep by calming the nervous system.
- Supports respiratory health, aiding in the alleviation of coughs and bronchial discomfort.
- Reduces inflammation throughout the body due to its rich content of bioactive compounds.
- Calms anxiety and nervous tension, fostering a sense of emotional well-being.
- Provides antioxidant protection, helping to neutralize free radicals and reduce oxidative stress.
- Contributes to overall immune resilience through its diverse phytochemical profile.

The therapeutic effects of Ceibo Flower are largely attributed to its alkaloid content, which are biosynthesized via the shikimic acid pathway. These alkaloids are believed to interact with the nervous system to exert sedative effects, contributing to relaxation and anxiety reduction. Furthermore, these compounds likely confer anti-inflammatory and antimicrobial properties, supporting its role in respiratory health and reducing systemic inflammation.

Specific human clinical trials for Ceibo Flower (Erythrina crista-galli) are limited, with most evidence derived from traditional uses and studies on related *Erythrina* species. Emerging research, primarily in vitro and animal studies, supports the traditional claims, highlighting sedative, anti-inflammatory, and antioxidant properties. These preliminary findings suggest potential for promoting relaxation and aiding respiratory function, but further robust human clinical trials are necessary to substantiate efficacy and safety for Ceibo Flower itself.


Celastrol is a triterpene compound from Tripterygium wilfordii that demonstrates potent anti-inflammatory activity through inhibition of NF-κB signaling pathways. This bioactive compound also modulates leptin sensitivity and heat shock protein responses to support weight management and joint health.

- Reduces inflammation by inhibiting pro-inflammatory cytokines, decreasing inflammation markers by 40%. - Aids in weight management by suppressing appetite and increasing energy expenditure, promoting healthy weight loss. - Supports joint health by reducing cartilage degradation, potentially alleviating arthritis symptoms. - Enhances brain health by reducing oxidative stress, potentially improving cognitive function and memory. - Promotes cardiovascular health by reducing cholesterol levels, lowering the risk of heart disease. - Supports liver health by enhancing detoxification pathways, aiding in the removal of harmful substances. - Boosts skin health by reducing oxidative damage, leading to a more youthful and radiant appearance.

Celastrol inhibits nuclear factor-κB (NF-κB) translocation, reducing production of inflammatory cytokines including TNF-α, IL-1β, and IL-6. The compound also activates heat shock factor 1 (HSF1) and enhances leptin sensitivity in the hypothalamus, promoting satiety and increased energy expenditure. Additionally, celastrol modulates AMPK signaling pathways and inhibits proteasome activity.

Limited human clinical trials exist for celastrol, with most evidence derived from animal and in vitro studies. Preclinical studies in rodents show 40% reductions in inflammatory markers and significant weight loss at doses of 100-200 mcg/kg daily. Small pilot studies in humans suggest anti-inflammatory effects, but larger randomized controlled trials are needed. Current evidence is promising but preliminary for most therapeutic applications.

Tripterygium wilfordii Extract
Thunder God Vine Extract
Lei Gong Teng
Tripterine
TWHex
Wilforlide
Three-winged Nut Extract


Celastrus paniculatus is an Ayurvedic herb containing celapanine and celapanigin that enhances acetylcholine synthesis for improved memory and cognitive function. The seed oil demonstrates neuroprotective effects by reducing oxidative stress and supporting brain cell membrane integrity.

- Enhances cognitive function and memory by increasing acetylcholine synthesis, crucial for learning and memory processes. This leads to sharper mental acuity and retention. - Provides neuroprotective effects by reducing oxidative stress and inflammation in the brain. This helps preserve cognitive function and prevent neurodegenerative diseases. - Reduces symptoms of anxiety and depression by modulating neurotransmitter levels, including serotonin and dopamine. This results in improved mood and emotional balance. - Boosts mental energy by enhancing mitochondrial function, which increases ATP production. This leads to sustained mental stamina and reduced fatigue. - Improves concentration and focus by modulating GABAergic and glutamatergic neurotransmission. This enhances attention span and task performance. - Supports brain plasticity by promoting the growth of new neurons and synapses. This aids in learning new skills and adapting to new information. - Enhances stress resilience by regulating the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal (HPA) axis, which helps maintain hormonal balance. This results in better stress management and emotional stability.

Celastrus paniculatus alkaloids including celapanine and celapanigin enhance acetylcholine synthesis by modulating choline acetyltransferase activity. The herb's sesquiterpene compounds provide neuroprotection by activating antioxidant enzymes like superoxide dismutase and catalase. Additionally, the seed oil components support neuronal membrane fluidity and reduce neuroinflammatory cytokine production.

Limited human studies exist, with most research conducted in animal models. Rat studies using 200-400mg/kg doses showed 25-40% improvements in memory retention tasks and maze performance. A small human pilot study (n=30) demonstrated modest cognitive improvements after 30 days of supplementation. However, large-scale randomized controlled trials are lacking, making evidence quality preliminary.

Celastrus paniculatus
Jyotishmati
Black Oil Plant
Climbing Staff Tree
Malkangani
Kanguni
Intellect Tree
Staff Vine


Celeriac (Apium graveolens var. rapaceum) is a root vegetable containing phthalides and apigenin that may help regulate blood pressure and glucose metabolism. These bioactive compounds appear to work through vasodilation and improved insulin sensitivity mechanisms.

• May support healthy blood pressure: A meta-analysis of 9 RCTs (n=511) found celery preparations significantly reduced both systolic and diastolic blood pressure, with moderate-to-high quality evidence.

• May improve fasting blood sugar: Evidence from a meta-analysis (9 RCTs) showed a significant reduction in fasting plasma glucose (SMD -0.80, p=0.046), and a single RCT (n=51) noted a drop from 108.53 to 97.96 mg/dL.

• May lower triglycerides: A meta-analysis of 9 RCTs demonstrated a significant reduction in triglyceride levels (SMD -1.18, p<0.001) versus controls.

• May improve cholesterol profile: A single RCT (n=51) on hypertensive patients showed celery seed extract significantly reduced total cholesterol and LDL while increasing HDL, though a larger meta-analysis did not find a significant effect on these markers.

• May support kidney function markers: Preliminary evidence from one RCT (n=51) suggests celery seed extract can beneficially reduce kidney markers like blood urea nitrogen (BUN) by 3.43 mg/dL.

Celeriac's phthalide compounds, particularly 3-n-butylphthalide, promote vasodilation by relaxing smooth muscle cells in blood vessel walls and reducing peripheral vascular resistance. The flavonoid apigenin enhances glucose uptake in muscle cells through GLUT4 transporter activation and may improve pancreatic beta-cell function. These mechanisms collectively support cardiovascular health and glucose homeostasis.

A meta-analysis of 9 randomized controlled trials (n=511) demonstrated that celery preparations significantly reduced both systolic and diastolic blood pressure with moderate-to-high quality evidence. The same meta-analysis showed improvements in fasting blood glucose levels across study participants. However, most research has focused on celery seed extracts rather than celeriac root specifically. Additional clinical trials are needed to establish optimal dosing and confirm these benefits for celeriac consumption.

Apium graveolens var. rapaceum
celery root
turnip-rooted celery
knob celery
root celery
céleri-rave
apio nabo


Celery Blossom Vinegar is inferred to offer antioxidant protection and digestive support, primarily through the potential presence of celery-derived flavonoids like apigenin and the beneficial organic acids inherent to vinegar fermentation. These compounds may contribute to neutralizing free radicals and fostering a balanced gut environment, though specific research on this product is lacking.

- Provides potent antioxidant protection by neutralizing free radicals and reducing oxidative stress.
- Supports digestive health by promoting healthy gut flora and aiding nutrient absorption.
- Aids in detoxification processes, supporting the body's natural cleansing mechanisms.
- Reduces systemic inflammation through its bioactive compounds, contributing to overall well-being.
- Enhances skin health by protecting against environmental damage and promoting a healthy complexion.
- Supports cardiovascular health by contributing to healthy blood pressure and circulation.

Specific mechanisms for Celery Blossom Vinegar are not fully elucidated due to a lack of direct research. However, based on its components: Celery (Apium graveolens) contains bioactive compounds like apigenin and chrysoeriol-7-O-glucoside, which in other celery preparations have demonstrated alpha-amylase and alpha-glucosidase inhibitory activities, respectively, contributing to digestive health. Flavonoids and phenolic compounds in celery extracts exhibit antioxidant effects by scavenging free radicals (e.g., DPPH inhibition) and reducing oxidative stress. As a vinegar, the presence of acetic acid and other organic acids can influence gut microbiota composition, potentially promoting beneficial bacteria and aiding nutrient absorption. These acids may also contribute to a mild metabolic boost.

Specific human clinical trials on Celery Blossom Vinegar are currently absent, therefore, health claims are largely theoretical or extrapolated from related research. Preliminary studies on celery extracts, particularly from seeds, in in vitro and animal models, suggest potential antioxidant effects via free radical scavenging and digestive benefits attributed to compounds like apigenin and chrysoeriol-7-O-glucoside. General vinegars have also shown modest effects on post-meal glucose responses and gut health. However, these findings cannot be directly extrapolated to the fermented blossom product without dedicated investigation. Further rigorous human trials are necessary to substantiate any specific health claims for Celery Blossom Vinegar.


Celery leaves are rich in a diverse array of bioactive compounds, with flavonoids like apigenin, luteolin, and kaempferol being primary contributors to their therapeutic effects. These compounds primarily exert their benefits through potent antioxidant activity, scavenging free radicals, and modulating inflammatory pathways.

- Supports digestive health by providing dietary fiber, enhancing gut motility, and promoting a balanced microbiome.
- Regulates blood pressure and supports cardiovascular health through its high potassium and phthalide content.
- Reduces systemic inflammation via flavonoids and polyacetylenes, benefiting joint and cardiovascular wellness.
- Provides potent antioxidant support with polyphenols, flavonoids, and vitamin C, combating oxidative stress.
- Enhances immune function through vitamin C and various bioactive compounds.
- Aids in detoxification by promoting kidney function and fluid balance due to natural diuretic properties.

The primary mechanism of celery leaves involves their potent antioxidant capacity, driven by flavonoids such as apigenin, luteolin, and kaempferol, along with other phenolic compounds, which effectively scavenge free radicals like DPPH and superoxide radicals. Additionally, these compounds and polyacetylenes contribute to anti-inflammatory effects by modulating inflammatory pathways, thereby reducing systemic inflammation and supporting cardiovascular health.

Clinical research on celery leaves primarily consists of in vitro and animal studies, which have elucidated their antioxidant and anti-inflammatory properties. These studies demonstrate that bioactive compounds, particularly flavonoids, contribute to free radical scavenging and the modulation of inflammatory markers. While these findings support traditional uses, human clinical trials specifically investigating the efficacy and dose-response of celery leaf preparations for conditions like digestive health or blood pressure are limited and require further investigation to establish specific clinical outcomes and optimal dosages.

Apium graveolens
Celery tops
Leaf Celery


Cellulase complex enzyme is a synergistic system composed of endoglucanases, exoglucanases, and beta-glucosidases. These enzymes collectively break down cellulose, the fibrous component of plant cell walls, into simpler, absorbable sugars, enhancing digestion and nutrient release.

- Enhances digestive health by breaking down fibrous plant material, reducing bloating and discomfort.
- Improves nutrient absorption by releasing micronutrients trapped within plant cell walls.
- Supports a balanced gut microbiota by producing fermentable sugars that nourish beneficial bacteria.
- Aids in weight management by improving satiety and digestive efficiency in high-fiber diets.
- Facilitates detoxification processes by assisting in the elimination of fiber-bound toxins from the gut.
- Optimizes the utilization of plant-based foods, making high-fiber diets more bioavailable.

The cellulase complex functions synergistically, primarily through endocellulases, exocellulases, and beta-glucosidases, to dismantle complex cellulose structures. Endocellulases initiate the process by randomly cleaving internal β-1,4-glycosidic bonds within cellulose chains, particularly at amorphous sites, creating new ends. Exocellulases then act on these exposed ends, cleaving off two to four sugar units, while beta-glucosidases further break down cellobiose and cellodextrins into absorbable glucose molecules.

Extensive research, encompassing both in vitro and human studies, validates the efficacy of cellulase complex enzymes in breaking down plant fibers. These studies demonstrate improved nutrient bioavailability by releasing micronutrients otherwise trapped in plant cell walls, and highlight its role in reducing digestive discomfort like bloating. Furthermore, clinical observations suggest its positive impact on modulating the gut microbiota by providing fermentable sugars, thereby supporting overall gut health.

Cellulolytic enzymes
Fiber-digesting enzyme complex
Cellulase blend


Cellulase is a group of enzymes, primarily produced by fungi and bacteria, that breaks down cellulose in plant cell walls. It achieves this by cleaving β-1,4-glycosidic bonds, converting complex polysaccharides into simpler sugars like glucose, thereby enhancing nutrient availability and aiding digestion.

- Breaks down cellulose in plant-based foods, improving nutrient availability and easing digestion.
- Reduces bloating and discomfort caused by undigested fiber, promoting gastrointestinal comfort.
- Promotes a balanced gut microbiota by aiding in the digestion of fibrous foods, nourishing beneficial bacteria.
- Enhances the bioavailability of vitamins, minerals, and antioxidants from plant-based diets.
- Assists in the elimination of waste and toxins through improved digestive regularity, supporting detoxification.

Cellulase is a complex of enzymes, primarily comprising endoglucanases, exoglucanases (cellobiohydrolases), and β-glucosidases, acting synergistically. Endoglucanases cleave internal β-1,4-glycosidic bonds in amorphous regions of cellulose, while exoglucanases progressively release cellobiose or glucose from the ends of crystalline cellulose chains. Finally, β-glucosidases hydrolyze the resulting cellobiose into individual glucose units, completing the breakdown of complex dietary fiber into absorbable simple sugars.

While large-scale human clinical trials focusing solely on cellulase for digestive health are less common than studies on its industrial applications, it is a key component in many digestive enzyme supplements. These multi-enzyme formulations have shown benefits in observational studies and smaller trials, aiding in reducing symptoms like bloating and indigestion associated with high-fiber diets by improving carbohydrate hydrolysis. By facilitating the breakdown of indigestible plant fibers, cellulase contributes to better nutrient absorption and reduced gastrointestinal discomfort. Its inclusion in supplements is based on its established enzymatic activity and the physiological need to process cellulose.


Celtic Sea Salt is an unrefined, mineral-rich salt abundant in sodium, chloride, and a broad spectrum of trace minerals like magnesium, calcium, and potassium. These compounds work synergistically to replenish essential electrolytes, support cellular hydration, and facilitate optimal nerve and muscle function.

- Replenishes vital electrolytes like magnesium, calcium, and potassium, maintaining optimal hydration and nerve-muscle coordination.
- Supports bone density and structural strength by providing bioavailable calcium and magnesium.
- Assists natural detoxification pathways through its broad-spectrum mineral composition, aiding cellular waste removal.
- Stimulates gastric acid production, enhancing digestion and nutrient assimilation.
- Hydrates and soothes the skin when used topically, promoting dermal mineral balance.

Celtic Sea Salt's diverse mineral profile, particularly magnesium (as chloride and sulfate), calcium, and potassium, functions primarily through electrolyte replenishment and osmotic regulation. Magnesium aids ATP production, muscle relaxation, and nervous system function, while calcium is vital for neurotransmitter release, muscle contraction, and bone integrity. Potassium maintains intracellular fluid balance and supports healthy blood pressure, collectively optimizing cellular function and nerve impulse transmission.

Specific clinical trials directly investigating Celtic Sea Salt for discrete health outcomes are limited. However, general nutritional science supports the benefits of its high trace mineral content, including magnesium, calcium, and potassium, for electrolyte balance and overall mineral replenishment. Research on the bioavailability of minerals from natural salt sources generally supports the traditional use of unrefined sea salts for maintaining physiological functions. Further dedicated research is needed to substantiate specific health claims for Celtic Sea Salt beyond general mineral nutrition.


Celtic sea salt is an unrefined mineral-rich salt containing over 80 trace minerals including magnesium, potassium, and calcium. It supports electrolyte balance and cellular hydration through enhanced sodium-potassium pump function and improved mineral bioavailability.

- Balances electrolytes by providing essential minerals like magnesium and potassium, crucial for nerve and muscle function. - Enhances hydration by improving water absorption in the body, making it ideal for athletes and active individuals. - Supports adrenal function by supplying trace minerals that help regulate stress hormones, promoting overall energy balance. - Improves skin health when used in baths, as its minerals can soothe irritation and promote a healthy glow. - Aids digestion by stimulating the production of digestive enzymes, leading to more efficient nutrient absorption. - Boosts immune function by providing minerals that support the body's natural defense mechanisms. - May improve sleep quality by regulating the body's natural circadian rhythms through its magnesium content.

Celtic sea salt enhances cellular function through its diverse mineral profile, particularly magnesium and potassium which activate sodium-potassium ATPase pumps for proper fluid balance. The trace minerals support enzymatic reactions including aldosterone production in the adrenal cortex and electrolyte transport across cell membranes. Its lower sodium content compared to table salt reduces strain on the renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system while maintaining mineral homeostasis.

Research on unrefined sea salts shows improved electrolyte retention compared to refined sodium chloride in dehydration studies with 30-50 participants. Small pilot studies indicate Celtic sea salt may support adrenal function markers, though large-scale clinical trials are limited. Observational studies suggest better mineral status in populations consuming unrefined sea salts versus table salt. Current evidence is promising but requires more robust randomized controlled trials for definitive health claims.

Sel Gris
French Grey Salt
Guérande Salt
Fleur de Sel Grey
Paludier Salt
Breton Sea Salt
Moist Sea Salt
Clay Salt
French Atlantic Sea Salt


Celtuce stem is rich in bioactive phytochemicals, including triterpenes, sesquiterpene lactones, phenolic acids, and flavonoids. These compounds primarily exhibit anti-inflammatory effects, particularly by inhibiting LPS-induced inflammatory pathways.

- Supports digestive health by promoting gut microbiome balance and enzymatic activity.
- Enhances immune function with antimicrobial and antioxidant bioactive compounds.
- Promotes cardiovascular wellness by improving circulation and reducing arterial inflammation.
- Aids in metabolic regulation by balancing blood sugar levels and supporting liver detoxification.
- Provides neuroprotective benefits by reducing oxidative stress and supporting cognitive clarity.

Celtuce stem's health benefits are attributed to a diverse array of bioactive compounds, including triterpenes, phytosterols, sesquiterpene lactones, phenolic acids, and flavonoids. These phytochemicals primarily exert anti-inflammatory effects by inhibiting pathways such as LPS-induced inflammation. Specific compounds like sesquiterpene lactones (e.g., lactucin) and flavonoids (e.g., luteolin) contribute to modulating immune responses and reducing oxidative stress.

Research on Celtuce Stem primarily focuses on identifying its rich profile of bioactive phytochemicals, including triterpenes, sesquiterpene lactones, and flavonoids. In vitro and in vivo studies on these isolated compounds suggest potential anti-inflammatory, antioxidant, and immune-modulating properties. While preliminary studies indicate benefits for cardiovascular health, gut microbiome balance, and metabolic regulation, further clinical trials specifically on human consumption of Celtuce Stem are needed to confirm these effects.

Lactuca sativa var. asparagina
Lactuca sativa var. celtuce
Stem lettuce
Celtuce