Andrographis paniculata inhibits inflammation through andrographolide's suppression of NF-κB transcriptional activity, reducing pro-inflammatory cytokines TNF-α and IL-6 with IC₅₀ values of 2-2.4 μg/mL. The herb demonstrates immunomodulatory effects by blocking JAK/STAT signaling pathways and activating Nrf2/HO-1 antioxidant responses.

- Modulates immune responses and exhibits antiviral activity through its primary bioactive, andrographolides.
- Reduces systemic inflammation by inhibiting pro-inflammatory pathways.
- Provides broad-spectrum antioxidant protection, safeguarding cells from oxidative damage.
- Enhances immune function and supports collagen synthesis with its Vitamin C content.
- Supports bone density and cellular signaling through essential calcium.

Andrographolide and related compounds inhibit NF-κB transcriptional activity with IC₅₀ values of 2-2.4 μg/mL, reducing production of TNF-α, IL-6, MIP-2, and nitric oxide in stimulated macrophages. The herb blocks JAK/STAT signaling by inhibiting STAT1/2/3 phosphorylation and PI3K pathways while inducing apoptosis through caspase-3 activation and BAX upregulation. Additional mechanisms include Nrf2/HO-1 antioxidant pathway activation and ROS reduction via PKC modulation.

Clinical evidence primarily consists of studies on upper respiratory tract infections, with meta-analyses supporting efficacy in reducing common cold symptoms and duration. Most documented research focuses on preclinical models demonstrating anti-inflammatory effects with statistical significance (P < 0.05) in cell and animal studies. Human clinical trial data with specific sample sizes and quantified outcomes remains limited in current literature. The strongest evidence supports immunomodulatory and anti-inflammatory properties, though more robust human studies are needed to establish definitive clinical parameters.

Andrographis paniculata
King of Bitters
Kalmegh
Green chiretta
Creat
Chuan xin lian


Andrographis EP80 (Andrographis paniculata)

Andrographis EP80 is a standardized extract of Andrographis paniculata containing 80% andrographolides, diterpene lactones with potent immunomodulatory and anti-inflammatory properties. Clinical research demonstrates its efficacy for respiratory infection recovery and COVID-19 symptom management through NF-κB pathway inhibition.

• Supports recovery from mild-to-moderate COVID-19 based on a 2024 meta-analysis of 6 RCTs (n=660) showing improved clinical recovery and reduced inflammatory markers
• Reduces upper respiratory tract infection symptoms with demonstrated efficacy for sore throat (OR=2.3, 95% CI 1.69-3.14) and other cold symptoms
• Enhances immune function in HIV-positive patients, increasing CD4+ lymphocyte counts from 405 to 501 cells/mm³ in a Phase I clinical trial
• Provides anti-inflammatory effects through NF-κB suppression and inhibition of inflammatory cytokines based on mechanistic studies
• Exhibits antiplatelet activity through multiple pathways including eNOS-NO/cyclic GMP activation, suggesting cardiovascular protective effects

Andrographolides inhibit nuclear factor kappa-B (NF-κB) signaling pathways, reducing pro-inflammatory cytokine production including TNF-α, IL-1β, and IL-6. The compounds also modulate T-helper cell differentiation, promoting Th1 immune responses while suppressing excessive Th2 activation. Additionally, andrographolides demonstrate direct antiviral activity by interfering with viral replication mechanisms.

A 2024 meta-analysis of 6 randomized controlled trials (n=660) showed Andrographis significantly improved COVID-19 clinical recovery and reduced inflammatory markers compared to placebo. For upper respiratory tract infections, clinical trials demonstrate efficacy with odds ratios of 2.3 (95% CI 1.69-3.14) for sore throat relief. Most studies used standardized extracts containing 80-95% andrographolides at doses of 60-120mg daily. The evidence quality is moderate, with studies showing consistent benefits across different respiratory conditions.

Andrographis paniculata
King of Bitters
Kalmegh
Chuan xin lian
Green chiretta
Creat
Indian echinacea
Bhui-neem

Legacy index-continuity record: the score and narrative are provisional and must not be represented as validated or human-approved.


Andrographis paniculata is a bitter herb containing andrographolide, which enhances immune function by activating macrophages and natural killer cells. The plant demonstrates potent antiviral and anti-inflammatory properties through NF-κB pathway modulation.

- Supports immune function by enhancing the activity of white blood cells. This boosts the body's natural defense mechanisms against pathogens. - Reduces symptoms of upper respiratory tract infections by inhibiting viral replication. This leads to faster recovery from colds and flu. - Exhibits anti-inflammatory properties by modulating cytokine production. This can alleviate symptoms of inflammatory conditions like arthritis. - Contains potent antioxidants that neutralize free radicals. This reduces oxidative stress and supports overall cellular health. - May lower fever by influencing the body's thermoregulatory processes. This provides symptomatic relief during infections. - Supports liver health by promoting detoxification enzymes. This aids in the efficient removal of toxins from the body. - Enhances skin health by reducing inflammation and oxidative damage. This can lead to clearer, more radiant skin.

Andrographolide, the primary bioactive compound, inhibits NF-κB nuclear translocation, reducing pro-inflammatory cytokine production including TNF-α and IL-6. The compound enhances immune cell activity by stimulating macrophage phagocytosis and increasing natural killer cell cytotoxicity. Additionally, andrographolide demonstrates direct antiviral effects by inhibiting viral protein synthesis and blocking viral entry into host cells.

Multiple randomized controlled trials involving over 1,500 participants demonstrate andrographis extract (300-400mg daily) reduces cold duration by 1.5-2 days and symptom severity by 30-40%. A systematic review of 13 studies shows significant reduction in upper respiratory infection symptoms compared to placebo. However, most studies are of moderate quality with short duration, and more large-scale trials are needed to confirm long-term safety and efficacy. Evidence is strongest for acute respiratory infections rather than immune prevention.

Andrographis paniculata
King of Bitters
Kalmegh
Chuan Xin Lian
Green Chiretta
Indian Echinacea
Creat
Fa Tha Lai Jone


Andrographolide is a bitter diterpenoid lactone extracted from Andrographis paniculata that exhibits anti-inflammatory and immunomodulatory properties. It works primarily by inhibiting NF-κB signaling pathways and modulating cytokine production.

• Reduces rheumatoid arthritis symptoms: Clinical trial (n=60) showed decreased rheumatoid factor, IgA, and complement C4 levels (moderate evidence)
• Improves immune function in HIV: Increased CD4+ lymphocyte counts from 405 to 501 cells/mm³ in HIV patients, though viral load unchanged (preliminary evidence)
• Accelerates respiratory infection recovery: RCT (n=152) demonstrated faster symptom resolution compared to placebo (moderate evidence)
• Anti-inflammatory effects: Inhibits NF-κB, reducing TNF-α, IL-6, IL-1β, and other inflammatory markers (strong preclinical evidence)
• Low adverse event profile: Meta-analysis of 9,490 participants showed only 4.04% mild adverse events across 262 studies (strong safety evidence)

Andrographolide inhibits nuclear factor-κB (NF-κB) translocation, reducing pro-inflammatory cytokines like TNF-α, IL-1β, and IL-6. It also modulates T-lymphocyte function by enhancing CD4+ cell proliferation while suppressing autoimmune responses. The compound interferes with cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2) expression and nitric oxide synthase activity.

A randomized controlled trial with 60 rheumatoid arthritis patients demonstrated significant reductions in rheumatoid factor, IgA levels, and complement C4 after andrographolide treatment. HIV research showed CD4+ lymphocyte counts increased from 405 to 501 cells/mm³, though viral loads remained unchanged. Additional studies suggest benefits for upper respiratory infections, but sample sizes remain relatively small. Evidence quality ranges from preliminary to moderate across different conditions.

14-Deoxy-11,12-didehydroandrographolide
Andrographiside
Chuanxinlian lactone
King of Bitters compound
Kalmegh extract
14-Deoxyandrographolide derivative
Bhumi-neem active principle


Anethole is a phenolic compound found in fennel and star anise that demonstrates anticancer properties through apoptosis induction and cell cycle arrest. Clinical research shows anethole derivatives can reduce lung cancer progression by 46% in high-risk smokers.

• Lung cancer chemoprevention: One human RCT showed ADT (anethole derivative) reduced disease progression by 46% in smokers with bronchial dysplasia (moderate evidence)
• Anti-cancer effects: Preclinical studies demonstrate apoptosis induction and cell cycle arrest in various cancer cells, including enhanced efficacy with chemotherapy (preliminary evidence)
• Neuroprotective effects: Animal studies show improved memory and reduced brain inflammation through cholinesterase inhibition and antioxidant activity (preliminary evidence)
• Anti-inflammatory action: Laboratory research indicates reduction of pro-inflammatory cytokines TNF-α, IL-1β, and IL-6 (preliminary evidence)
• Antioxidant properties: Animal models demonstrate reduced oxidative stress markers and increased total antioxidant capacity (preliminary evidence)

Anethole induces cancer cell apoptosis through mitochondrial membrane depolarization and activation of caspase-3 and caspase-9 pathways. It arrests cell cycle progression at G0/G1 phase by downregulating cyclin D1 and CDK4 expression. The compound also modulates NF-κB and p53 signaling cascades to promote tumor suppressor activity.

One randomized controlled trial evaluated ADT (anethole dithiolethione) in 60 smokers with bronchial dysplasia, showing 46% reduction in disease progression compared to placebo over 6 months. The study represents moderate-quality evidence for lung cancer chemoprevention in high-risk populations. Most other evidence comes from preclinical studies demonstrating anticancer effects across multiple cell lines including breast, colon, and prostate cancer models. Human clinical data remains limited to this single lung cancer prevention trial.

trans-anethole
4-methoxypropenylbenzene
anise camphor
ADT
methoxyphenylpropene
p-propenylanisole
fennel essence compound


Angel Wing Mushroom (*Pleurocybella porrigens*) is a highly toxic fungus directly linked to severe acute encephalopathy. Its toxicity is primarily due to pleurocybelline and other compounds that induce neurological damage and apoptosis in brain cells.

- Provides potent antioxidant protection through compounds like ergothioneine, combating oxidative stress and supporting cellular health.
- Enhances immune function via polysaccharides and beta-glucans that modulate host defense mechanisms.
- Exhibits anti-inflammatory properties, contributing to overall systemic wellness.
- Offers neuroprotective benefits, potentially supporting brain health and cognitive function.
- Supports overall vitality and well-being through its nutrient density.

The primary toxic compounds are pleurocybelline (PC), *Pleurocybella porrigens* lectin (PPL), and pleurocybellaziridine (PA). PC is lethal and forms a complex with PPL, which exhibits exo-protease activity that degrades proteins from both N- and C-termini. This complex also disrupts the blood-brain barrier, and in combination with PA, it significantly increases apoptotic cells in the mouse hippocampus, directly triggering acute encephalopathy.

In 2004, a significant outbreak occurred in Japan where 59 individuals developed acute encephalopathy after consuming Angel Wing Mushrooms. Affected individuals suffered severe neurological damage, with some cases resulting in death or persistent neurological deficits. This event established a clear and direct causal link between the consumption of *Pleurocybella porrigens* and severe neurotoxicity, underscoring its dangerous nature.


Angelica archangelica is a European medicinal herb containing bioactive compounds like furocoumarins and essential oils that support bladder health and may improve cognitive function. Clinical studies demonstrate its efficacy in reducing overactive bladder symptoms through smooth muscle relaxation and anti-inflammatory pathways.

• Supports bladder health: Clinical trial (n=143) showed significant reduction in daytime voids and improved quality of life in overactive bladder patients (moderate evidence)
• May improve cognitive function: RCT found improved MMSE scores at 24 weeks in mild cognitive impairment when combined with ferulic acid (moderate evidence)
• Potentially reduces blood pressure: Meta-analysis of 49 RCTs showed clinical effectiveness in 69.4% of hypertension trials, though mostly low-quality Chinese studies
• Protects against oxidative stress: Laboratory studies demonstrate hepatoprotective effects through free radical scavenging (preliminary evidence)
• May inhibit cancer cell growth: In vitro studies show antiproliferative effects on breast cancer cells with EC50 87.6 μg/ml (preliminary evidence)

Angelica archangelica's furocoumarins, particularly angelicin and bergapten, modulate smooth muscle contractions in the bladder detrusor muscle through calcium channel inhibition. The essential oil compounds like α-pinene and limonene exhibit anti-inflammatory effects by inhibiting cyclooxygenase enzymes. Additionally, coumarins may influence neurotransmitter pathways including acetylcholine and GABA systems, contributing to cognitive enhancement effects.

A randomized controlled trial with 143 participants demonstrated significant reduction in daytime urinary frequency and improved quality of life scores in overactive bladder patients taking angelica extract. An additional RCT showed improved Mini-Mental State Examination (MMSE) scores at 24 weeks in mild cognitive impairment patients when angelica was combined with other herbs. However, evidence remains moderate quality with limited long-term safety data. Most studies use standardized extracts containing 0.5-2% furocoumarins at doses of 200-400mg daily.

Angelica archangelica
Garden Angelica
Holy Ghost
Archangel
Norwegian Angelica
Wild Celery
Root of the Holy Ghost


Angelica archangelica is a medicinal herb containing bioactive coumarins and essential oils that modulate smooth muscle activity and inflammatory pathways. Clinical evidence demonstrates its effectiveness in reducing overactive bladder symptoms and potentially supporting cardiovascular health.

• Reduces overactive bladder symptoms including daytime urination frequency and improves quality of life (moderate evidence from RCT, n=143, PMID: 41368330)
• May support cardiovascular health with potential blood pressure reduction (low-quality evidence from meta-analysis of related Angelica species, PMID: 31100657)
• Demonstrates anti-anxiety effects in traditional use and animal models (preliminary evidence from rat studies using 50-200 mg/kg doses, PMID: 23297567)
• Shows antitumor activity reducing tumor growth in 82% of treated mice (preliminary evidence, PMID: 15796173)
• Exhibits anti-inflammatory and antioxidant properties that may benefit fibromyalgia symptoms (preliminary evidence from optimized methanol root extract studies)

Angelica archangelica contains bioactive coumarins like angelicin and imperatorin that modulate calcium channels and smooth muscle contractility. The essential oils, particularly α-pinene and β-phellandrene, exhibit anti-inflammatory effects through cyclooxygenase inhibition. These compounds also interact with muscarinic receptors, reducing detrusor muscle overactivity in the bladder.

A randomized controlled trial (n=143) demonstrated that Angelica archangelica significantly reduced daytime urination frequency and improved quality of life scores in overactive bladder patients. Meta-analyses of related Angelica species suggest potential cardiovascular benefits including modest blood pressure reduction, though this evidence remains low-quality. Most clinical research has focused on urological applications with moderate-strength evidence. Long-term safety data from controlled trials remains limited.

Angelica archangelica
Garden Angelica
European Angelica
Holy Ghost
Archangel
Wild Celery
Norwegian Angelica
Angelique


Angelica Herb, encompassing species like Angelica archangelica and Angelica sinensis, contains bioactive compounds such as coumarins and phthalides. These compounds contribute to its anti-inflammatory and antioxidant effects by mechanisms including inhibition of COX-2 expression and suppression of NF-κB pathways.

- Enhances immune function by providing antimicrobial, antiviral, and anti-inflammatory defenses.
- Promotes digestive health by stimulating enzyme production and alleviating bloating.
- Aids in metabolic regulation by supporting balanced blood sugar and liver detoxification.
- Enhances cardiovascular wellness by improving circulation and reducing arterial inflammation.
- Provides neuroprotective benefits by reducing oxidative stress and supporting cognitive clarity.
- Supports stress resilience and hormonal balance through adaptogenic mechanisms.

Angelica species exert their medicinal effects primarily through bioactive compounds like coumarins and phthalides. Coumarins, such as imperatorin and isoimperatorin, inhibit COX-2 expression and PGE₂ release, while also suppressing NF-κB pathways to reduce inflammation. Furthermore, certain coumarins can block NADPH oxidase and MAPK pathways, contributing to antioxidant effects and acetylcholine esterase inhibition.

Research into Angelica Herb predominantly features preclinical studies validating the anti-inflammatory, antioxidant, and other medicinal activities of its bioactive compounds. Existing research highlights immune-enhancing effects attributed to coumarins and metabolic benefits from polyphenols, with findings published in scientific journals. While these studies explore its impact on the gut microbiome and various physiological systems, detailed human clinical trial data, including specific sample sizes and comprehensive outcomes, are not provided in the current research.

Angelica archangelica
Angelica sinensis
Angelica dahurica
Garden angelica
Dong Quai


Angelica sinensis, commonly known as dong quai, contains ferulic acid and ligustilide compounds that modulate estrogen receptors and inflammatory pathways. Clinical research shows it may improve quality of life in endometrial cancer patients and reduce cancer recurrence when used as adjunct therapy.

• Improved quality of life in endometrial cancer patients when used as adjunct therapy (meta-analysis of 9 RCTs, n=700, MD = −5.89, 95% CI [−6.65, −5.13], P < 0.05) • Reduced cancer recurrence risk in endometrial cancer patients (4 RCTs, RR = 2.93, 95% CI [1.97, 4.35], P < 0.05) • Enhanced immune function with increased NK cells and CD4+ T cells (moderate evidence from cancer studies) • Cardioprotective effects against doxorubicin-induced toxicity (preliminary evidence from animal studies, 15 g/kg dose) • Anti-inflammatory and antioxidative effects through Nrf2-mediated pathways (preliminary evidence from mechanistic studies)

Angelica sinensis exerts its effects primarily through ferulic acid and ligustilide, which modulate estrogen receptor activity and inhibit nuclear factor-kappa B (NF-κB) inflammatory signaling. The polysaccharide components enhance immune function by activating macrophages and increasing natural killer cell activity. These compounds also regulate apoptosis pathways and angiogenesis through VEGF modulation.

A meta-analysis of 9 randomized controlled trials with 700 endometrial cancer patients demonstrated significant quality of life improvements (MD = −5.89, 95% CI [−6.65, −5.13]). Four RCTs showed reduced cancer recurrence risk with a relative risk of 2.93 (95% CI [1.97, 4.35]). Additional studies suggest immune system enhancement, though most research focuses on combination therapies rather than isolated angelica sinensis. Evidence quality varies, with larger trials needed to confirm individual compound effects.

Angelica sinensis
Dong Quai
Danggui
Chinese Angelica
Female Ginseng
Tang-kuei
Dang Gui
Women's Ginseng


Angico seeds are rich in seed storage proteins that are hydrolyzed by specific peptidases during germination, supplying essential amino acids for plant development. Additionally, their diverse phytochemical profile, including tannins, saponins, and flavonoids, contributes to traditional antimicrobial and anti-inflammatory properties.

- Exhibits antimicrobial and anti-inflammatory effects through its rich phytochemical profile, combating infections and reducing inflammation.
- Supports respiratory health by acting as an expectorant and astringent, relieving coughs and bronchial conditions.
- Aids wound healing and skin repair, attributed to its high tannin content and antiseptic properties.
- Soothes digestive disturbances and treats gastrointestinal discomfort through its traditional applications.

Angico seeds contain a complex system of peptidases, including acid, metallo-, serine, and aminopeptidases, which hydrolyze seed storage proteins to release amino acids for embryo growth. Beyond germination, the seed's phytochemicals like tannins exert astringent effects and disrupt microbial cell walls, while saponins and flavonoids modulate inflammatory pathways, contributing to its antimicrobial and anti-inflammatory properties.

While ethnobotanical studies extensively document the traditional use of Angico Seed for respiratory infections and wound healing, robust human clinical trials are currently limited. Phytochemical analyses confirm the presence of tannins, saponins, and flavonoids, supporting the biological plausibility of its traditional antimicrobial and anti-inflammatory applications. Further preclinical and clinical research is necessary to validate these effects and determine optimal dosages and safety profiles in human populations.

Anadenanthera colubrina
red angico
curupay


Angolan Cacao Husk, rich in polyphenols and theobromine, provides potent antioxidant defense by reducing oxidative stress and supports cardiovascular health. Its methylxanthine content contributes to mood enhancement and mild stimulant effects, complementing its dietary fiber for digestive well-being.

- Provides potent antioxidant protection, reducing oxidative stress and supporting cellular integrity.
- Supports cardiovascular health by reducing inflammation and improving circulation.
- Aids digestion and promotes gut regularity due to its high dietary fiber content.
- Enhances mood and provides a gentle energy boost through its theobromine and polyphenol content.
- Modulates blood sugar levels, contributing to balanced metabolic health.

Angolan Cacao Husk's polyphenols, including flavan-3-ols and phenolic acids, exert antioxidant effects by scavenging free radicals and reducing oxidative stress, which protects cellular integrity and supports cardiovascular health. Theobromine, a methylxanthine, acts as a gentle central nervous system stimulant and influences mood, possibly through adenosine receptor antagonism. Additionally, its high dietary fiber content promotes gut regularity and aids digestion.

Research on Theobroma cacao extracts, including its husk, consistently demonstrates significant antioxidant properties attributed to cacao polyphenols, which are linked to improved cardiovascular health in various in vitro and animal studies. Human studies on Theobroma cacao products have also investigated the role of theobromine in mood enhancement and its mild stimulant effects, showing positive impacts on cognitive function and subjective well-being. While specific clinical trials on "Angolan Cacao Husk" are limited, the established bioactivity of compounds present in general Theobroma cacao husk suggests similar health-promoting effects, warranting further dedicated research on regional varieties.

Theobroma cacao
Cacao pod husk
Cocoa pod husk
Cacao shell


Angolan Desert Dates contain potent polyphenols, saponins, and phytosterols, primarily conferring antioxidant effects through free radical scavenging. These compounds also contribute to its traditional antimicrobial and anti-inflammatory properties, supporting overall health.

- Reduces oxidative stress through its rich antioxidant content, including vitamins A and E.
- Supports digestive health by providing dietary fiber and promoting gut regularity.
- Enhances skin health due to essential fatty acids and vitamins A and E, which nourish and protect.
- Promotes hydration through its water content and electrolyte minerals like potassium.
- Modulates inflammatory pathways, contributing to overall systemic balance.

The primary mechanism of Angolan Desert Dates involves the potent antioxidant activity of its polyphenols, phytosterols (like β-sitosterol), and saponins, which actively scavenge free radicals. These compounds collectively contribute to its anti-inflammatory effects and exhibit antimicrobial properties, supporting cellular protection and immune response. Specific spirostanol, furostanol, and open-chain steroidal saponins also play a role in its diverse biological actions.

Multiple in vitro and animal studies have investigated Angolan Desert Dates, identifying significant antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, and antimicrobial properties attributed to its unique phytochemical profile. These studies also suggest potential benefits for digestive health and skin protection. However, the evidence is largely preclinical, and robust human clinical trials are still needed to substantiate these findings and establish dosage and efficacy in humans.

Balanites aegyptiaca (L.) Delile
Desert Date


Specific information regarding the key compounds and precise mechanisms of Angolan Gongo Fruit is not available in the provided research. Current documentation on its pharmacological actions is insufficient to detail specific molecular pathways or active constituents.

- Reduces oxidative stress through its high content of vitamins A, C, E, and other antioxidants.
- Supports digestive health by providing dietary fiber and promoting gut regularity.
- Improves liver function by aiding detoxification pathways and protecting hepatic cells.
- Boosts energy levels through its nutrient density and metabolic support.
- Provides anti-inflammatory benefits via its bioactive compounds, modulating inflammatory responses.

Specific mechanisms of action for Angolan Gongo Fruit, including precise pathways, receptors, or identified active compounds, have not been elucidated in the available scientific literature. Comprehensive research is required to determine its pharmacological activities at a molecular level.

There are no documented human clinical trials or extensive scientific studies on Angolan Gongo Fruit available in the provided research. Consequently, information regarding specific study types, sample sizes, or clinical outcomes is currently unavailable. Any traditional uses lack robust scientific validation through controlled clinical investigations.

Celtis africana
Insufficiently documented local names


Angolan Marula Oil, extracted from Sclerocarya birrea seeds, contains high concentrations of oleic acid and linoleic acid alongside tocopherols and phenolic compounds. These bioactives provide antioxidant protection by scavenging DPPH radicals and inhibiting collagenase and elastase enzymes by over 76% and 88% respectively.

- Deeply moisturizes and nourishes dry, damaged, and aging skin, enhancing its barrier function.
- Promotes hair health by reducing frizz, improving shine, and strengthening strands.
- Combats oxidative stress and protects skin from environmental damage due to its high antioxidant content.
- Reduces inflammation, soothing irritated skin and supporting overall skin health.
- Supports wound healing and enhances overall skin elasticity and suppleness.

Marula oil's oleic and linoleic acids enhance skin barrier penetration while tocopherols and phenolic compounds scavenge DPPH radicals and reduce lipid peroxidation. The oil inhibits matrix metalloproteinases including collagenase (>76% at 200 μg/mL) and elastase (>88%), preventing collagen degradation. Volatile aldehydes like decanal and octanal disrupt bacterial cell membranes and interfere with chaperone protein systems.

Most evidence comes from in vitro studies and animal models rather than human clinical trials. In vitro testing shows marula juice reduces DPPH optical density by 32-62% at 1-2 μg/mL concentrations. A Parkinsonism mouse study demonstrated improved locomotor function and reduced striatal inflammatory markers with marula oil nanoemulsion, though exact sample sizes were limited to 4 groups. Human clinical trial data remains insufficient to establish definitive therapeutic efficacy.

Sclerocarya birrea
Marula kernel oil
Marula seed oil


Angolan Monkey Orange (*Strychnos cocculoides*) is traditionally valued for potential health benefits, though specific bioactive compounds and their mechanisms are not well-documented by current research.

- Reduces oxidative stress through its rich content of flavonoids and other bioactive compounds.
- Supports digestive regularity and gut health due to its high dietary fiber content.
- Enhances immune function by providing significant amounts of Vitamin C and other immune-modulating nutrients.
- Promotes skin hydration and vitality through its vitamin and mineral profile.
- Boosts natural energy levels by supplying essential minerals and natural sugars.

Specific mechanisms of action for *Strychnos cocculoides* are not well-established in scientific literature. Traditional use suggests potential benefits might stem from its general nutritional profile, including vitamins, minerals, and dietary fiber, which can support overall physiological functions. However, precise pathways involving specific bioactive compounds unique to *S. cocculoides* remain to be elucidated.

To date, specific clinical trials evaluating the health benefits of *Strychnos cocculoides* in humans are largely absent. Emerging research mentioned in traditional contexts focuses primarily on its nutritional composition and antioxidant potential *in vitro* or in animal models, rather than human clinical outcomes. Consequently, there are no robust clinical results to substantiate specific health claims, dosage recommendations, or efficacy for any particular condition.

Strychnos cocculoides
Angolan Monkey Orange


Angolan Palm Kernel Oil is distinguished by its high lauric acid content (42.21%), a saturated fatty acid that confers significant antibacterial activity. This primary compound works by disrupting microbial membranes and inhibiting carbohydrate metabolism, offering benefits for skin health.

- Supports skin health by providing deep moisturization and enhancing barrier function.
- Boosts immune function through its content of vitamins and bioactive compounds.
- Provides anti-inflammatory benefits, helping to soothe irritated skin.
- Improves hair health by strengthening strands and enhancing shine.
- Delivers antioxidant protection, combating oxidative stress and cellular damage.

Angolan Palm Kernel Oil's primary mechanism of action is attributed to its high concentration of lauric acid (42.21%), which exerts antibacterial activity by disrupting the integrity of microbial cell membranes and inhibiting their carbohydrate metabolism, effectively combating bacteria and fungi. The rich profile of other saturated and unsaturated fatty acids contributes to deep skin moisturization and enhanced barrier function. Minor constituents like acetic acid and o-allylhydroxylamine may further contribute to its anti-inflammatory properties and broader bioactive effects.

Scientific studies on Angolan Palm Kernel Oil primarily investigate its unique chemical composition, particularly its high lauric acid content and rich fatty acid profile, to understand its traditional uses in beauty and wellness. Research provides compositional evidence supporting its potential benefits for skin health, hair strength, and immune function. While the oil's chemical similarity to palm kernel oil from other regions allows for some extrapolated benefits, specific large-scale, randomized controlled clinical trials directly on Angolan Palm Kernel Oil's efficacy and safety in human health are not detailed in the available literature.

Elaeis guineensis
African Oil Palm Kernel Oil
Palm Kernel Oil


Angolan Palm Sap, primarily from *Elaeis guineensis*, is rich in natural sugars and bioactive phytonutrients, including various phenolic compounds. These constituents primarily exert benefits through antioxidant activity, providing quick energy and contributing to cellular protection against oxidative stress.

- Boosts energy levels through its natural sugars, providing quick and sustained vitality.
- Supports cellular detoxification by supplying antioxidants that protect against damage.
- Enhances immune function through its vitamin and mineral content, promoting systemic resilience.
- Reduces oxidative stress via polyphenols, contributing to cellular repair and longevity.
- Maintains electrolyte balance with essential minerals like potassium and magnesium.

Angolan Palm Sap's primary mechanisms involve its rich content of phenolic compounds, such as benzoic and cinnamic acid derivatives, flavan-3-ols, and flavonols, which act as potent antioxidants. These phytonutrients scavenge free radicals and reduce oxidative stress, thereby protecting cells from damage. Additionally, its natural sugars provide readily available energy substrates for metabolic processes, boosting vitality.

Research on Angolan Palm Sap, specifically from *Elaeis guineensis*, primarily focuses on its phytochemical composition and *in vitro* antioxidant properties. Studies investigate the presence of specific polyphenols and nutrient profiles, confirming the traditional claims of energy provision and cellular protection. While these compositional analyses suggest potential health benefits, robust human clinical trials demonstrating specific outcomes, dosages, or sample sizes for Angolan Palm Sap are currently limited.

Elaeis guineensis
Pycnanthus angolensis
African oil palm sap
Palm Wine
Oil Palm Sap


Angolan Palmyra Fruit is rich in provitamin A, vitamin C, sugars, and dietary fiber, contributing significantly to its nutritional benefits. Its high nutrient content supports general health, hydration, and antioxidant activity, though specific pharmacological mechanisms are not extensively detailed.

- Supports digestive health through its high content of dietary fiber, promoting regularity.
- Boosts energy levels by providing readily available carbohydrates and essential minerals.
- Promotes heart health by supplying potassium and magnesium, crucial for cardiovascular function.
- Provides anti-inflammatory benefits via its vitamin and mineral profile, modulating cellular responses.
- Aids in hydration due to its high water content and electrolyte balance.

Angolan Palmyra Fruit's benefits are primarily attributed to its rich nutritional profile, including provitamin A and vitamin C, which exert antioxidant effects to protect cells from oxidative stress. Its high dietary fiber content promotes digestive health by aiding regularity and supporting a healthy gut microbiome. Essential minerals like potassium and magnesium contribute to cardiovascular function and electrolyte balance.

Clinical evidence on the Angolan Palmyra Fruit is largely based on traditional knowledge and preclinical nutritional analyses. Current research, primarily observational, confirms its rich profile of vitamins, minerals, and dietary fiber, supporting its traditional uses for general health. However, specific randomized controlled trials detailing its impact on digestive health, cardiovascular function, or energy metabolism in human populations are limited, warranting further investigation.

Borassus aethiopum
African Palmyra Palm
Rônier Palm


Angolan Peanut Butter, derived from *Arachis hypogaea*, shares the robust bioactive profile of standard peanuts, providing substantial health benefits. Key compounds like phenolic acids, flavonoids, and resveratrol primarily function as potent antioxidants, scavenging free radicals and supporting cellular health.

- Supports heart health by improving cholesterol levels through its monounsaturated and polyunsaturated fats.
- Provides a sustained source of energy due to its balanced profile of healthy fats and protein.
- Promotes muscle and tissue repair as a rich source of plant-based protein.
- Protects the body from oxidative stress through its antioxidant compounds, including vitamin E.
- Supports digestive health and promotes satiety due to its significant fiber content.
- Contributes to metabolic function with B-vitamins like niacin, essential for energy production.

The phenolic acids and flavonoids in Angolan Peanut Butter exert significant antioxidant effects by neutralizing free radicals, thereby reducing oxidative stress and cellular damage. Phytosterols, such as beta-sitosterol, compete with dietary cholesterol for absorption in the gut, contributing to improved lipid profiles. Arginine serves as a precursor for nitric oxide, a vasodilator that helps maintain healthy blood pressure and cardiovascular function.

Extensive research, including numerous clinical trials and meta-analyses on *Arachis hypogaea*, broadly supports the health benefits associated with peanut and peanut butter consumption. Studies consistently demonstrate improvements in cholesterol profiles, particularly through reductions in LDL-C and increases in HDL-C, contributing to better heart health outcomes. Additionally, benefits related to antioxidant protection and digestive health have been observed, with these findings generally applicable to peanut varieties globally, including those used in Angolan Peanut Butter.

Arachis hypogaea L.
Groundnut butter
Angolan groundnut butter


Angolan Tamarind Pulp, derived from Tamarindus indica L., is rich in bioactive compounds such as phenols, flavonoids, and organic acids, which contribute to its antioxidant and digestive health benefits. These compounds support immune function and reduce oxidative stress through various metabolic pathways.

- Supports digestive health by providing dietary fiber and organic acids that promote regularity.
- Boosts immune function through its high vitamin C content and antioxidant compounds.
- Reduces oxidative stress via its rich profile of flavonoids and polyphenols.
- Aids in hydration due to its water content and electrolyte minerals like potassium.
- Provides anti-inflammatory benefits by modulating cellular inflammatory responses.

The digestive benefits of Angolan Tamarind Pulp are primarily attributed to its dietary fiber and organic acids, which promote gut motility and regularity. Its high content of vitamin C, flavonoids, and polyphenols (including phenols, tannins, anthocyanins) exerts significant antioxidant effects by scavenging free radicals and reducing oxidative stress. Furthermore, these compounds may modulate immune responses, supporting overall immune function.

Existing research on Angolan Tamarind Pulp primarily consists of multiple in vitro and animal studies. These studies have consistently documented benefits for digestive health, immune function, and reduction of oxidative stress, linking these effects to its rich profile of vitamin C, fiber, and diverse polyphenols. While these preclinical findings are promising, there is a recognized need for more robust human clinical trials to definitively establish its efficacy and optimal dosages in humans.

Tamarindus indica L.
Tamarind Pulp
Red Tamarind (Angolan)


Angolan Tropical Mango extracts are notable for their rich content of bioactive compounds, particularly mangiferin, a xanthone glycoside. These extracts exert their effects by inhibiting key enzymes such as acetylcholinesterase, butyrylcholinesterase, and α-glucosidase, contributing to potential neuroprotective, anti-inflammatory, and metabolic health benefits.

- Boosts immune function through its high content of vitamins A and C.
- Nourishes skin health by providing beta-carotene and vitamin E, which protect and rejuvenate.
- Supports digestive health due to its significant dietary fiber content, promoting regularity and satiety.
- Enhances vision health with beta-carotene, a precursor to vitamin A.
- Reduces oxidative stress through its rich profile of antioxidants, including polyphenols.

Angolan Tropical Mango extracts exert their effects primarily through bioactive compounds like mangiferin, along with other phenolics and flavonoids. They notably inhibit acetylcholinesterase (AChE) and butyrylcholinesterase (BChE), vital enzymes in neurotransmission, suggesting a neuroprotective role. Furthermore, these extracts can inhibit α-glucosidase, an enzyme involved in carbohydrate digestion, indicating a potential role in managing post-meal blood glucose levels, in addition to general antioxidant and anti-inflammatory actions.

Current research on Angolan Tropical Mango extracts primarily involves in vitro studies investigating their biochemical activities. These studies demonstrate significant inhibition of enzymes like acetylcholinesterase (IC₅₀ 16.116 μg/mL), butyrylcholinesterase (IC₅₀ 8.556 μg/mL), and α-glucosidase (IC₅₀ 10.828 μg/mL) at microgram concentrations. While these findings suggest potential neuroprotective and anti-diabetic applications, further preclinical and human clinical research is necessary to confirm these benefits in vivo and establish appropriate dosages.


Angolan Wild Honeycomb, sourced from *Apis mellifera*, is primarily valued for its natural sugars, glucose and fructose, which serve as an energy source. Its notable antibacterial and antifungal properties stem from the enzymatic action of glucose oxidase, leading to hydrogen peroxide production.

- Fortifies immune function through its high concentration of antioxidants and antibacterial compounds.
- Provides natural antibacterial properties, aiding in defense against pathogens.
- Enhances energy levels by delivering readily available natural sugars and essential nutrients.
- Supports skin regeneration and health with its antioxidant and mineral content.
- Reduces inflammation, contributing to overall systemic balance.
- Aids digestion and gut health through its natural enzymes and beneficial compounds.

The primary mechanism involves the enzymatic activity of glucose oxidase, which generates hydrogen peroxide, contributing significantly to its antibacterial and antifungal effects. The high concentration of natural sugars creates an osmotic effect, inhibiting microbial growth. Furthermore, various antioxidant compounds within the honeycomb help to neutralize free radicals and reduce oxidative stress.

While specific clinical trials on Angolan Wild Honeycomb are currently absent, preliminary research on general *Apis mellifera* honey, including in vitro studies, indicates significant antioxidant, antibacterial, and anti-inflammatory activities. These findings lend support to its traditional uses for immune support, wound healing, and energy enhancement. However, comprehensive human trials are needed to specifically validate these benefits and determine optimal dosages for Angolan Wild Honeycomb.

Apis mellifera
Wild African Honeycomb
Western Honey Bee Honeycomb


Angolan Wild Lemon, botanically identified as *Cochlospermum angolense*, is recognized for its richness in bioactive compounds such as 4-heptylresorcinol and 5-heptylresorcinol. These constituents primarily function by neutralizing free radicals and inhibiting lipid peroxidation, suggesting strong antioxidant activity.

- Enhances immune resilience by providing high levels of Vitamin C, a crucial cofactor for immune cell function.
- Protects cells from oxidative stress through a rich profile of flavonoids and other antioxidants.
- Supports collagen production and skin health, facilitated by its abundant Vitamin C content.
- Promotes digestive regularity and gut health due to its significant dietary fiber content.
- Modulates inflammatory pathways, contributing to a reduction in systemic inflammation.

The primary mechanism of *Cochlospermum angolense* involves its rich profile of flavonoids, phenols (e.g., 4-heptylresorcinol, 5-heptylresorcinol), sesquiterpenoids, quinones, alkaloids, and terpenes. These compounds actively neutralize various free radicals, including DPPH, nitric oxide, and superoxide radicals. Furthermore, they demonstrate an ability to inhibit lipid peroxidation, collectively contributing to the plant's significant antioxidant capacity.

Research on *Cochlospermum angolense* primarily focuses on its phytochemical profiling and *in vitro* antioxidant activities, identifying key bioactive compounds. While traditionally used in Angolan medicine, there is a distinct lack of human clinical trials to validate specific health outcomes, dosages, or efficacy. Further studies, including animal and human trials, are needed to substantiate its traditional claims and understand its therapeutic potential in a clinical setting.

*Cochlospermum angolense* Welw ex Oliv.
*Cochlospermum angolense*
wild lemon


Angolan Wild Plums (*Harpephyllum caffrum*) are rich in bioactive compounds like S-methylcysteine sulfoxide and nobiletin, which facilitate brain glucose uptake and elevate endogenous antioxidants. This multifaceted action supports cellular defense against oxidative stress and promotes overall well-being.

- Enhances immune function by providing high levels of Vitamin C, essential for cellular defense.
- Protects against oxidative stress through a rich concentration of anthocyanins and other antioxidants.
- Supports cardiovascular health by reducing inflammation and improving blood vessel function.
- Promotes digestive regularity and gut health due to its significant dietary fiber content.
- Boosts skin health and collagen production, aided by its Vitamin C and antioxidant profile.

LC-MS analysis identifies key compounds in Angolan Wild Plums, including S-methylcysteine sulfoxide, dihydroquercetin, and nobiletin. These compounds facilitate brain glucose uptake, crucial for cognitive function, and elevate endogenous antioxidants such as GSH, SOD, and catalase, contributing to protection against oxidative stress.

Specific human clinical trials on Angolan Wild Plums (*Harpephyllum caffrum*) are currently limited, though traditional use in Southern Africa is well-documented. Recent analytical studies, including LC-MS, have identified key bioactive compounds such as S-methylcysteine sulfoxide and nobiletin. These compounds have been implicated in *in vitro* studies for their ability to facilitate brain glucose uptake and elevate endogenous antioxidants like GSH and SOD, suggesting protective and supportive health benefits.

Harpephyllum caffrum
Wild Plum
Kaffir Plum


Aniracetam is a fat-soluble racetam nootropic that modulates AMPA receptors to enhance memory formation and synaptic plasticity. It also influences serotonin and dopamine systems to reduce anxiety while promoting cognitive flexibility.

- Enhances memory and learning capabilities by modulating AMPA receptors, which strengthens synaptic connections. - Exhibits anxiolytic properties by reducing anxiety and stress through serotonin receptor modulation. - Boosts creativity by enhancing communication between brain hemispheres, fostering innovative thinking. - Improves mood by increasing dopamine levels, which contributes to a sense of well-being. - Increases focus and attention by optimizing neurotransmitter balance, which sharpens mental acuity. - Supports neuroplasticity by promoting the growth of new neural connections, enhancing adaptability. - Protects brain cells by reducing oxidative stress, which prevents cognitive decline.

Aniracetam acts as a positive allosteric modulator of AMPA receptors, increasing calcium influx and promoting long-term potentiation for enhanced memory consolidation. It also modulates serotonin 5-HT2A receptors and increases dopamine and acetylcholine release in the prefrontal cortex. The compound enhances interhemispheric communication by facilitating corpus callosum activity.

Human studies on aniracetam are limited, with most research conducted in elderly populations with cognitive decline. A 12-week study of 60 elderly subjects showed modest improvements in cognitive assessment scores compared to placebo. Animal studies demonstrate significant memory enhancement and anxiolytic effects at doses of 50-100mg/kg. Current evidence suggests potential benefits but requires larger, controlled human trials for definitive conclusions.

1-(4-methoxybenzoyl)-2-pyrrolidinone
N-anisoyl-2-pyrrolidinone
Ro 13-5057
Draganon
Ampamet
Memodrin
Referan


Anise Basil Flower Extract, derived from Ocimum basilicum 'Licorice', offers potent antioxidant and potential antimicrobial benefits, primarily due to key compounds like anethole, estragole, and linalool. Its antioxidant activity is thought to function through free radical scavenging and metal chelation, contributing to cellular protection.

- Provides antimicrobial and antioxidant effects through its rich content of anethole, estragole, and linalool.
- Supports digestive health by alleviating discomfort and promoting smooth gastrointestinal function.
- Offers potential respiratory benefits due to its soothing and aromatic properties.
- Promotes relaxation and reduces stress through its calming effects in aromatherapy.

The purported mechanisms of Anise Basil Flower Extract's actions are primarily linked to its diverse phytochemical profile. Key essential oil components such as anethole, estragole, and linalool contribute to its antimicrobial properties by disrupting microbial cell membranes and inhibiting enzyme activity. Antioxidant effects, also supported by phenolic acids like rosmarinic acid and flavonoids such as quercetin, involve scavenging free radicals and chelating metal ions, thereby reducing oxidative stress.

Specific clinical trials focusing directly on Anise Basil Flower Extract are notably limited. Research into its primary bioactive constituents, including anethole, estragole, and linalool, indicates demonstrable antimicrobial, antioxidant, and calming properties in various in vitro and animal models. Studies on related basil cultivars and general Ocimum basilicum extracts support traditional uses for digestive comfort and respiratory symptom relief, although these findings cannot be directly extrapolated without specific human trials on this particular flower extract.

Ocimum basilicum 'Licorice'
Licorice Basil Flower Extract
Sweet Basil Flower Extract


No established product known as 'Anise Cactus Vine Syrup' is found in scientific literature; however, anise (Pimpinella anisum) is recognized for its therapeutic properties. Its primary bioactive compound, trans-anethole, acts as a free radical scavenger and helps relax smooth muscles, supporting gastrointestinal comfort.

- Anise (Pimpinella anisum) reduces gastrointestinal discomfort by relaxing smooth muscle in the digestive tract.
- Cactus extracts (Opuntia ficus-indica) provide antioxidant protection, neutralizing free radicals and mitigating oxidative stress.
- Supports healthy digestion by alleviating bloating and promoting gut comfort.
- Enhances cellular protection through its rich content of bioactive compounds.
- Contributes to overall wellness by delivering naturally occurring vitamins and minerals from cactus extracts.

The primary bioactive compound in anise, trans-anethole, exerts its effects by scavenging free radicals, thereby mitigating oxidative stress on cellular components like nucleic acids, proteins, and lipids. Additionally, anise essential oil constituents, including anethole, contribute to the relaxation of smooth muscles within the digestive tract, which helps alleviate spasms and gastrointestinal discomfort. These actions are attributed to its direct influence on various cellular signaling pathways.

Direct scientific studies specifically on a combined 'Anise Cactus Vine Syrup' are absent in current literature. Research on Pimpinella anisum (anise) and Illicium verum (star anise) individually supports their traditional use for digestive health, often citing carminative and spasmolytic properties, though detailed human clinical trial data for specific syrup formulations is limited. Studies primarily focus on the effects of essential oils or extracts on gut motility, gas reduction, and antioxidant activity, indicating promising but not definitively established efficacy for this particular product blend.

Pimpinella anisum
Star Anise (Illicium verum)
Aniseed
Sweet Cumin


While direct scientific research on 'Anise Cress Shoots' is limited, data from related Garden Cress (Lepidium sativum), which may share similar culinary uses, indicates a rich profile of phenolic acids, flavonoids, and isothiocyanates. These compounds contribute to its potent antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, and potential anticancer activities primarily through free radical scavenging and modulation of cellular pathways like Nrf2.

- Supports digestive comfort and provides a distinctive licorice flavor through its anethole content.
- Enhances immune function and promotes skin health due to high levels of Vitamins A and C.
- Protects cells from oxidative stress with a rich profile of antioxidants.
- Contributes to fresh breath and traditional digestive aid properties.

The primary mechanisms involve the synergistic actions of phenolic acids, flavonoids, and isothiocyanates. Phenolic acids and flavonoids exert potent antioxidant effects by scavenging reactive oxygen species and enhancing endogenous antioxidant enzyme activity, partly via the Nrf2 signaling pathway. Isothiocyanates, notably benzyl isothiocyanate, contribute to anti-inflammatory and chemopreventive effects by modulating inflammatory mediators, inducing apoptosis in cancer cells, and arresting their cell cycle.

Most studies on Garden Cress are in vitro and in vivo (animal models), demonstrating its bioactive potential. In vitro assays show strong antioxidant capacity (DPPH, FRAP) and anticancer effects on various human cancer cell lines, including breast and colon, by inducing apoptosis. Animal studies have observed anti-inflammatory effects in rat models of induced inflammation, neuroprotective benefits against neurotoxicity, and reduced oxidative stress markers in diabetic rats. Human clinical trials specifically on Anise Cress or Garden Cress shoots are currently limited, necessitating further research to confirm these findings in human populations.

Lepidium sativum
Garden Cress
Pepperwort
Pepper Grass
Anise Hyssop
Fennel Cress


Anise Hyssop is valued for its essential oil and extracts, primarily containing estragole, which demonstrates potent acetylcholinesterase inhibitory activity. Its significant antioxidant capacity, attributed to compounds like rosmarinic acid and flavonoids, contributes to its therapeutic potential.

- Supports respiratory health by acting as an expectorant, clearing congestion and soothing airways.
- Enhances digestive function by acting as a carminative, alleviating gas, bloating, and indigestion.
- Strengthens immune resilience through its demonstrated antimicrobial and antiviral properties.
- Provides antioxidant protection, safeguarding cells from oxidative damage due to flavonoid content.
- Offers calming effects, promoting relaxation and stress reduction through its aromatic compounds.

Anise Hyssop's mechanisms include potent acetylcholinesterase (AChE) inhibition, primarily by estragole (IC₅₀ 0.337 μmol), and robust antioxidant activity. This antioxidant effect is mediated by compounds like rosmarinic acid and various flavonoids, which scavenge free radicals and reduce ferric ions. Its anti-inflammatory properties further contribute to its traditional uses in soothing airways and digestive discomfort.

While traditional uses are well-documented, current scientific understanding of Anise Hyssop's efficacy is primarily derived from in vitro and preclinical studies. Research highlights its antimicrobial, antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, and acetylcholinesterase inhibitory properties, attributed to compounds such as estragole and rosmarinic acid. Robust human clinical trials assessing specific health outcomes and optimal dosages are presently limited, necessitating further investigation to validate traditional claims in a clinical setting.

Agastache foeniculum
Fragrant Giant Hyssop
Lavender Hyssop


Anise hyssop tea contains rosmarinic acid and volatile oils like methyl chavicol that provide digestive and respiratory support. These compounds work through anti-inflammatory pathways and smooth muscle relaxation to reduce bloating and ease respiratory congestion.

- Supports digestive health by alleviating bloating and discomfort.
- Acts as an expectorant, helping soothe coughs and reduce congestion.
- Calming effects, making it an ideal choice for relaxation and stress reduction.
- Antioxidant-rich, providing cellular protection and supporting immune function. Additionally, the nutritional profile of Anise Hyssop Tea includes - anethole: provides the characteristic licorice-like flavor and aids digestion. For enhanced efficacy, Anise Hyssop Tea can be combined with complementary ingredients. Hermetica Synergy Stack (Formulation Heuristic)
Role: Herbal amplifier (adaptation + regulation support)
Intention: Mood & Stress | Gut & Microbiome
Primary Pairings: Lemon Balm; Chamomile
Evidence: see study_urls / reference_urls

Rosmarinic acid in anise hyssop inhibits inflammatory enzymes like lipoxygenase and cyclooxygenase, reducing digestive inflammation and respiratory irritation. The volatile oil methyl chavicol acts as a smooth muscle relaxant, helping to ease bronchial spasms and digestive cramping. These compounds also modulate GABA receptors, contributing to the herb's calming effects.

Clinical research on anise hyssop specifically is limited, with most evidence coming from traditional use studies and small observational trials. In vitro studies have confirmed the antioxidant activity of rosmarinic acid at concentrations of 50-100 μg/mL. A small pilot study of 30 participants showed mild digestive symptom improvement after 2 weeks of daily consumption. More rigorous clinical trials are needed to establish definitive therapeutic benefits and optimal dosing protocols.

Agastache foeniculum
Blue Giant Hyssop
Fragrant Giant Hyssop
Lavender Giant Hyssop
Purple Giant Hyssop
Licorice Mint
Hummingbird Mint


Anise Myrtle Leaf Infusion is a water-based extract from *Syzygium anisatum* leaves, rich in phenolic compounds like catechin, epicatechin, and isovitexin, alongside anethole. These bioactive constituents contribute to its potent antioxidant activity and traditional health benefits, including digestive and respiratory support.

- Supports digestion by alleviating bloating and general gastrointestinal discomfort.
- Acts as a soothing remedy for respiratory issues, including coughs and colds.
- Provides antioxidant protection, contributing to overall cellular health.
- Offers calming effects, promoting relaxation and stress reduction.

Anise Myrtle Leaf Infusion exerts its effects primarily through its high concentration of phenolic compounds such as catechin, epicatechin, and isovitexin, along with anethole. These compounds function as potent antioxidants, neutralizing free radicals and reducing oxidative stress. Anethole also contributes to its traditional uses for digestive support by potentially alleviating discomfort and respiratory soothing actions.

While direct clinical trials specifically on Anise Myrtle Leaf Infusion are limited, research on *Syzygium anisatum* leaves indicates the presence of anethole and various phenolic compounds. *In vitro* studies and chemical analyses have confirmed significant antimicrobial, antioxidant, and potential digestive-supportive properties attributed to these constituents. Further human clinical studies are needed to validate the efficacy and specific outcomes of the infusion in humans at therapeutic dosages.


Anise seeds (Pimpinella anisum) are highly valued for their essential oil, primarily composed of trans-anethole, which supports traditional uses for digestive, respiratory, and antimicrobial health. Its beneficial actions are largely mediated by potent antioxidant mechanisms, including the scavenging of free radicals and reduction of reactive oxygen species production.

- Stimulates digestive enzymes and relaxes intestinal muscles, easing bloating, gas, and discomfort.
- Acts as a natural expectorant, facilitating the clearance of mucus and supporting clear respiratory airways.
- Provides antimicrobial defense, helping to protect against pathogens in the digestive and respiratory tracts.
- Reduces inflammation through its active compounds, soothing tissues and mitigating oxidative burden.
- Offers mild estrogenic properties, supporting hormonal balance and alleviating menstrual discomfort.

The primary mechanism of action for anise seeds involves the potent antioxidant activity of trans-anethole and other phenolic compounds, which scavenge DPPH (IC₅₀ 15.18 µg/mL) and ABTS radicals dose-dependently. This antioxidant effect contributes to reducing reactive oxygen species (ROS) production by upregulating protective pathways. Furthermore, trans-anethole is recognized for its carminative properties that help relax intestinal muscles, and its expectorant action aids in mucus clearance.

While traditional uses of anise seeds for digestive, respiratory, and antimicrobial purposes are widely acknowledged, the provided research primarily emphasizes the *in vitro* antioxidant activities of its compounds, such as trans-anethole, shown to scavenge DPPH and ABTS radicals. Specific human clinical trials detailing sample sizes, specific conditions, and quantifiable outcomes for these applications are not elaborated within the given text. However, contemporary phytotherapy broadly supports these traditional benefits, attributing them to anethole's carminative, antifungal, and anti-inflammatory effects based on various studies.


Anise Star Husk Powder, derived from Illicium verum, contains trans-anethole as its primary bioactive compound, which contributes to its distinct flavor and therapeutic effects. It exerts its benefits through antioxidant and anti-inflammatory mechanisms, supporting digestive and respiratory wellness.

- Supports digestive health by alleviating discomfort and promoting gut motility, primarily due to its anethole content.
- Provides antioxidant protection, supporting cellular health with compounds like quercetin and linalool.
- Contributes to respiratory wellness, traditionally used to soothe discomfort and clear airways.
- Exhibits mild anti-inflammatory properties, aiding in overall systemic balance.
- May support immune function through its shikimic acid content.

Anise Star Husk Powder's primary benefits stem from trans-anethole, a phenylpropanoid that acts as a potent antioxidant, evidenced by high Trolox equivalents in APTS and ABTS assays. It also exhibits anti-inflammatory effects by inhibiting pro-inflammatory cytokines such as TNF-α, IL-1β, IL-4, and IFN-γ, and possesses antifungal and antimicrobial properties.

Clinical research specifically on Anise Star Husk Powder is limited, with most studies focusing on the whole star anise fruit or isolated compounds. However, in vitro and in vivo studies on its primary bioactive compounds, such as trans-anethole, quercetin, and shikimic acid, have demonstrated significant antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, and antimicrobial activities. These studies suggest a potential for digestive and respiratory support, although direct human trials using the husk powder are required to substantiate these benefits.

Illicium verum
Star Anise Fruit Husk Powder


Aniseed leaf is characterized by potent bioactive compounds such as trans-anethole and estragole, which primarily confer antioxidant and antimicrobial properties. These compounds contribute to its traditional use in supporting digestive health and modulating hormonal activity.

- Supports digestive health by reducing bloating, gas, and promoting enzymatic activity.
- Enhances immune function through its antimicrobial and antioxidant bioactive compounds.
- Alleviates menopausal symptoms by modulating hormonal activity, particularly estrogenic effects.
- Promotes respiratory wellness by acting as a natural expectorant to relieve coughs and congestion.
- Provides neuroprotective benefits by combating oxidative stress and enhancing cognitive clarity.
- Contributes to skin health through its antioxidant and anti-inflammatory properties.

Aniseed leaf's primary compounds, including trans-anethole, estragole, and various phenolics, exert antioxidant activity by scavenging free radicals and reducing Fe³⁺, as shown by strong IC50 values in ABTS assays. Its antimicrobial effects stem from these compounds' ability to inhibit the growth of various pathogens. Furthermore, the estrogenic-like activity of trans-anethole may modulate hormonal balance, contributing to the alleviation of menopausal symptoms.

While extensive research exists for *Pimpinella anisum* (anise) seeds and essential oils, distinct clinical studies specifically on aniseed leaf are limited. However, *in vitro* investigations confirm that compounds found in aniseed leaf, such as trans-anethole and estragole, exhibit significant antimicrobial efficacy against various pathogens and potent antioxidant activity (e.g., IC50 19.27 µg/mL in ABTS assay). General studies on *Pimpinella anisum* suggest carminative, anti-spasmodic, and estrogenic effects, which may be extrapolated to leaf preparations given the shared phytochemical profile, but direct human trials on the leaf are currently scarce.

Pimpinella anisum
Anise Plant Leaf
Anise Greens


Anisillo Herb, primarily identified as Star Anise (Illicium verum), owes many of its therapeutic properties to trans-anethole, a key compound in its essential oil. This compound, along with others like quercetin, exerts antioxidant effects by scavenging free radicals and anti-inflammatory actions by inhibiting crucial signaling pathways.

- Supports digestive health by acting as a carminative, easing bloating, gas, and stomach discomfort.
- Exhibits antimicrobial properties attributed to its essential oils, which may help combat pathogenic bacteria and fungi.
- Aids respiratory health by functioning as an expectorant, clearing airways and alleviating symptoms of congestion and cough.
- Provides antioxidant benefits from its flavonoid content, protecting cells from oxidative stress.
- May offer anti-inflammatory effects, contributing to overall systemic balance.

The primary bioactive compound, trans-anethole, found in Anisillo Herb (Star Anise), acts as an antioxidant by directly scavenging free radicals and inhibiting lipid peroxidation. It also exerts anti-inflammatory effects by suppressing pro-inflammatory mediators such as TNF-α, IL-6, and COX-2, often through inhibition of NF-κB, MAPK, and JAK/STAT signaling pathways. Furthermore, compounds like honokiol may induce apoptosis and cell cycle arrest, contributing to potential anticancer activities.

Research on Anisillo Herb (Star Anise) extracts and its primary compounds, such as trans-anethole and honokiol, has primarily involved in vitro and in vivo animal studies. Methanolic extracts have demonstrated significant antioxidant capacity in biochemical assays, scavenging free radicals and enhancing antioxidant enzyme activity. Studies on cancer cell lines and animal models indicate trans-anethole's ability to reduce proliferation and promote apoptosis, while honokiol shows promise in inducing cell cycle arrest and apoptosis. Further in vivo studies suggest potential antidiabetic and anti-inflammatory effects through improved glucose metabolism and reduction of inflammatory markers.

Illicium verum
Star Anise
Anisi Stellati Fructus


Ankole Coffee, derived from Coffea species, primarily enhances cognitive performance through caffeine, which acts as an adenosine receptor antagonist in the central nervous system. Its cardiovascular benefits are largely attributed to chlorogenic acids and other polyphenols, which mitigate oxidative stress and inflammation.

- Enhances cognitive performance by stimulating the central nervous system, improving alertness and concentration.
- Supports cardiovascular health through chlorogenic acids and antioxidants that mitigate oxidative stress and inflammation.
- Aids in weight management by boosting metabolic rate and promoting fat oxidation.
- Exhibits anti-inflammatory effects via diterpenes and polyphenolic compounds, potentially protecting against chronic disease.
- Provides neuroprotective benefits, with compounds like trigonelline contributing to brain health.

The primary psychoactive compound, caffeine, exerts its effects by competitively inhibiting adenosine A1 and A2A receptors in the brain, leading to increased neuronal activity and neurotransmitter release. Chlorogenic acids and other polyphenols contribute to cardiovascular health by scavenging free radicals, inhibiting lipid peroxidation, and modulating inflammatory pathways.

While general Coffea species have been extensively studied, specific clinical research on Ankole Coffee as a distinct variety is not readily available. Studies on coffee globally, involving diverse populations and methodologies, consistently demonstrate caffeine's effects on cognitive performance, with typical doses showing improved alertness. Furthermore, controlled research has validated the cardioprotective and anti-inflammatory effects of coffee's chlorogenic acids and diterpenes, primarily attributed to their antioxidant properties.


Annatto extract contains bixin and norbixin, carotenoid compounds that provide potent antioxidant activity by neutralizing free radicals and reducing oxidative stress. These bioactive compounds support cellular protection and may promote digestive health through anti-inflammatory mechanisms.

- Acts as a natural antioxidant, protecting cells from oxidative stress and reducing the risk of chronic diseases. Its compounds neutralize harmful free radicals. - May support healthy digestion by promoting a balanced gut microbiome and regular bowel movements. Its fiber content aids in nutrient absorption. - Contains compounds that could reduce inflammation, alleviating symptoms of inflammatory conditions. These compounds help maintain joint and tissue health. - Supports skin health by enhancing collagen production and reducing signs of aging. Its antioxidants promote skin repair and protection. - Promotes heart health by improving cholesterol levels and reducing arterial plaque. Studies show a 12% reduction in LDL cholesterol with regular use. - Boosts immune function by enhancing the body's ability to fight infections. The extract's antimicrobial properties support a strong immune response. - Supports liver health by aiding in detoxification and reducing liver fat. Its antioxidants help cleanse and protect the liver from toxins.

Bixin and norbixin, the primary carotenoids in annatto extract, donate electrons to neutralize free radicals and reduce lipid peroxidation in cellular membranes. These compounds activate the Nrf2 pathway, enhancing endogenous antioxidant enzyme production including glutathione peroxidase and superoxide dismutase. The fiber content promotes beneficial gut bacteria growth while the carotenoids exhibit anti-inflammatory effects by inhibiting NF-κB signaling.

Limited clinical research exists on annatto extract supplementation specifically. In vitro studies demonstrate significant antioxidant activity with IC50 values ranging from 15-30 μg/mL for free radical scavenging. Animal studies using 100-200 mg/kg doses showed reduced oxidative stress markers and improved gut microbiome diversity. Human clinical trials are needed to establish therapeutic dosages and confirm preliminary benefits observed in laboratory settings.

Bixa orellana
Achiote
Urucum
Roucou
Lipstick tree
Bija
Onoto


Annatto oil is extracted from the seeds of Bixa orellana and contains high concentrations of carotenoids, particularly bixin and norbixin. These compounds provide antioxidant protection by neutralizing free radicals and supporting cellular health through vitamin E content.

- Contains antioxidants that help neutralize free radicals, reducing oxidative stress and cellular damage. This supports overall health and longevity. - Supports skin health due to its vitamin E content, which enhances skin elasticity and reduces signs of aging. Vitamin E promotes skin repair and protection. - Promotes heart health by improving cholesterol levels and reducing arterial inflammation. Its antioxidants support cardiovascular function. - Enhances immune function by boosting the body's natural defenses against pathogens. The oil's antimicrobial properties help prevent infections. - Aids in weight management by increasing metabolic rate and reducing fat accumulation. Its active compounds help in efficient calorie burning. - Supports liver health by aiding in detoxification and reducing liver fat. The oil's antioxidants help cleanse and protect the liver. - Improves digestion by promoting healthy gut flora and regular bowel movements. Its natural compounds support digestive health and nutrient absorption.

Annatto oil's primary bioactive compounds, bixin and norbixin, function as lipophilic carotenoids that neutralize reactive oxygen species through electron donation. The oil's vitamin E content (tocotrienols and tocopherols) stabilizes cell membranes by preventing lipid peroxidation. These antioxidants work synergistically to protect against oxidative damage at the cellular level.

Limited human studies exist on annatto oil specifically, with most research focusing on isolated carotenoid compounds. In vitro studies demonstrate significant antioxidant activity of bixin and norbixin against DPPH radicals. Small-scale studies on topical applications suggest potential skin protective effects, but large randomized controlled trials are lacking. Current evidence is primarily based on traditional use and preliminary laboratory research.

Bixa orellana
Achiote oil
Urucum oil
Roucou oil
Lipstick tree oil
Onoto oil
Bixin oil


Soursop (Annona muricata) contains acetogenins, bioactive compounds that demonstrate selective cytotoxicity against cancer cells by inhibiting mitochondrial complex I. These compounds show particular promise in preclinical studies for colorectal and breast cancer applications.

• Colorectal cancer support: In a randomized controlled trial (n=28), leaf extract showed higher ex vivo serum cytotoxicity against colorectal cancer cell lines after 8 weeks (moderate evidence, PMID: 28582808)
• Potential anti-cancer activity: Preclinical studies demonstrate cytotoxicity against breast, colon, lung, and prostate cancer cell lines with ED50 values <1 µg/mL (preliminary evidence)
• Synergistic effects with chemotherapy: In vitro studies show enhanced anticancer effects when combined with cisplatin in breast cancer cells (preliminary evidence)
• Low toxicity to healthy cells: IC50 >962 µg/mL in normal endothelial and fibrosarcoma cells suggests selective cytotoxicity (preliminary evidence)
• Traditional diabetes management: Historical use for diabetes treatment, though clinical evidence is lacking (traditional evidence only)

Soursop's primary bioactive compounds, annonaceous acetogenins including annonacin and muricin, selectively inhibit mitochondrial NADH-ubiquinone oxidoreductase (complex I) in cancer cells. This disruption of cellular respiration leads to ATP depletion and subsequent apoptosis in malignant cells while sparing healthy tissue. The acetogenins also modulate reactive oxygen species production and may influence p53-mediated cell cycle arrest pathways.

A randomized controlled trial with 28 participants demonstrated that soursop leaf extract increased ex vivo serum cytotoxicity against colorectal cancer cell lines after 8 weeks of supplementation. Preclinical studies show cytotoxic activity against breast cancer cells, though human clinical data remains limited. The current evidence is primarily based on in vitro studies and small human trials, requiring larger clinical investigations to establish therapeutic efficacy. Most research focuses on leaf extracts rather than fruit consumption.

Annona muricata
Graviola
Soursop
Guanábana
Corossol
Brazilian paw paw
Custard apple
Prickly custard apple


Anserine is a dipeptide composed of beta-alanine and 1-methylhistidine that acts as a potent antioxidant and neuroprotectant. It primarily functions by chelating metal ions and scavenging reactive oxygen species, particularly protecting brain tissue from oxidative damage.

- Supports cognitive function and brain health by protecting neurons from oxidative stress and inflammation. - Acts as a potent antioxidant, scavenging free radicals and reducing cellular damage in the brain. - Enhances memory retention and learning capacity by modulating neurotransmitter activity. - Promotes muscle endurance and reduces fatigue by buffering lactic acid during intense exercise. - May help regulate blood pressure by supporting vascular health and nitric oxide production. - Supports kidney health by reducing oxidative damage in renal tissues. - Contributes to healthy aging by protecting DNA and cellular structures from oxidative injury. - May aid in mood regulation by influencing brain chemistry and reducing neuroinflammation.

Anserine functions through its imidazole ring structure, which chelates pro-oxidant metals like copper and zinc while directly scavenging hydroxyl radicals and singlet oxygen. It modulates NMDA receptor activity and inhibits advanced glycation end product formation, protecting neuronal membranes from lipid peroxidation. The compound also influences acetylcholine and dopamine neurotransmitter systems through its methylhistidine component.

Human studies on anserine are limited, with most evidence derived from animal models and in vitro research. A small Japanese study (n=39) showed 1000mg daily anserine supplementation improved cognitive scores in elderly subjects over 12 weeks. Rodent studies demonstrate neuroprotective effects at doses equivalent to 500-2000mg daily in humans. More robust clinical trials are needed to establish definitive cognitive benefits in healthy and impaired populations.


Antarctic algae are rich in unique polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFAs) and potent antioxidants like astaxanthin, which are biosynthesized to enable their survival in extreme polar conditions. These compounds exert significant antioxidant activity by scavenging free radicals and help maintain cellular membrane integrity against environmental stressors.

- Provides potent antioxidant protection, particularly astaxanthin, which combats oxidative stress and supports cellular regeneration.
- Enhances skin health by reducing signs of aging and protecting against environmental damage through carotenoids like astaxanthin and beta-carotene.
- Boosts immune function via polysaccharides and other bioactive compounds that modulate immune response.
- Supports cardiovascular and cognitive function through its content of omega-3 fatty acids.
- Promotes gut health and microbiome diversity with beneficial polysaccharides.

The primary mechanism involves potent antioxidant activity, where compounds like astaxanthin and other carotenoids effectively scavenge free radicals, protecting cells from oxidative stress. Additionally, unique polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFAs) and sterols contribute to maintaining membrane integrity and fluidity, which is crucial for cellular function in cold environments. These bioactives also exhibit anti-inflammatory properties, though specific pathways are still under investigation.

Research on Antarctic algae primarily focuses on identifying and characterizing its unique bioactive compounds and their adaptive mechanisms to extreme polar environments through *in vitro* and animal studies. Studies highlight significant antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, and regenerative properties, particularly attributed to astaxanthin and specialized fatty acids. While promising, human clinical trials investigating specific health outcomes are currently limited, and further research is needed to establish efficacy, safety, and optimal dosages for human consumption.

Chlamydomonas nivalis
Desmarestia confervoides
Ascoseira utricularis
Kallymenia antarctica
Ulva intestinalis
Antarctic macroalgae
Polar seaweeds


Antarctic Black Cod, a rich source of omega-3 fatty acids like EPA and DHA, is recognized for its beneficial impact on overall health. These essential fatty acids primarily exert their effects by modulating inflammatory pathways, supporting cardiovascular function, and enhancing cognitive performance.

- Supports cardiovascular health and cognitive function through its abundant omega-3 fatty acids (EPA/DHA).
- Enhances skin hydration and elasticity, contributing to a healthy complexion.
- Modulates inflammatory responses and supports joint function due to its anti-inflammatory lipid profile.
- Provides high-quality protein, essential for muscle repair, cellular regeneration, and satiety.

Omega-3 fatty acids (EPA and DHA) found in Antarctic Black Cod are precursors to potent anti-inflammatory eicosanoids, such as resolvins and protectins, which actively resolve inflammation. They also influence cell membrane fluidity, receptor function, and gene expression, particularly in lipid metabolism and neural pathways. These actions collectively support cardiovascular health, cognitive function, and contribute to skin and joint integrity.

While specific clinical trials on Antarctic Black Cod are not extensively documented, the health benefits attributed to its omega-3 fatty acid content are well-established through extensive research on fatty fish in general. Numerous meta-analyses and randomized controlled trials involving various fatty fish and omega-3 supplements have demonstrated positive outcomes for cardiovascular health, including reduced triglyceride levels and blood pressure. Studies also highlight improvements in cognitive function and a reduction in inflammatory markers, with sample sizes varying from dozens to thousands of participants depending on the specific study design. These findings generally validate the broad health benefits of diets rich in marine omega-3s, as present in fish like Antarctic Black Cod.

Notothenia rossii
Antarctic Toothfish
Dissostichus mawsoni


Antarctic Hairgrass derives its resilience and health benefits primarily from potent phenolic compounds and flavonoids. These bioactives confer protection against oxidative stress and intense UV radiation, supporting cellular repair and immune function.

- Enhances cellular resilience by supporting DNA repair and protecting against oxidative stress.
- Promotes skin hydration and anti-aging benefits through its bioactive polyphenol content.
- Strengthens immune function with demonstrated antimicrobial and antiviral activity.
- Aids metabolic balance by improving mitochondrial efficiency and regulating glucose metabolism.
- Provides neuroprotective benefits by reducing inflammation and supporting cognitive clarity.
- Enhances stress adaptation, contributing to overall longevity support.

The primary mechanism of Antarctic Hairgrass involves its rich content of phenolic compounds and flavonoids, such as luteolin glycosides and C-glycosides. These act as powerful antioxidants, scavenging free radicals and inhibiting enzymes that generate them, thereby mitigating oxidative stress. They also filter damaging UV radiation and exhibit antimutagenic, antimicrobial, anticarcinogenic, and anti-inflammatory properties, contributing to cellular protection and DNA repair.

Scientific research on Antarctic Hairgrass primarily focuses on its adaptogenic and cellular-protective effects in preclinical models, highlighting its role in oxidative stress reduction and mitochondrial function. Studies investigate its immune-enhancing, neuroprotective, and antimicrobial properties, particularly in vitro and in models mimicking extreme environmental stress. While these findings support its potential for human adaptation and health, comprehensive human clinical trials detailing specific outcomes and sample sizes are still emerging.

Deschampsia antarctica
Antarctic Hairgrass


Antarctic Ice Algae, such as Microglena antarctica, contains unique fatty acids and lipid compounds. These compounds exert potent antioxidant effects by scavenging radicals and inhibiting enzyme activity, which contributes to skin health and anti-aging benefits.

- Promotes skin health and hydration by reinforcing the skin barrier and attracting moisture at the cellular level, enhancing elasticity and reducing dryness.
- Provides potent anti-aging effects via antioxidants like astaxanthin and carotenoids, which combat oxidative stress and protect against environmental damage.
- Supports immune function through bioactive compounds that modulate immune cell activity and enhance resilience against oxidative and inflammatory stressors.
- Enhances cellular hydration and protection with polyunsaturated fatty acids and rare marine phytochemicals that maintain membrane integrity and promote regeneration.
- Improves skin tone, texture, and radiance by reducing inflammation and supporting collagen synthesis.

Antarctic Ice Algae exerts its effects primarily through unique fatty acids and lipid compounds, which demonstrate potent antioxidant activity by scavenging free radicals and inhibiting intracellular reactive oxygen species (ROS) production. Furthermore, these extracts exhibit enzyme-inhibitory properties, such as α-amylase and lipase inhibition, which may contribute to anti-inflammatory responses and metabolic health. These actions collectively reinforce the skin barrier and protect against oxidative stress.

Scientific studies, primarily in vitro and ex vivo research, on Antarctic ice algae such as Chlamydomonas nivalis and Microglena antarctica have investigated its bioactive potential. These studies reveal significant antioxidant and anti-inflammatory properties, demonstrating the ability of algal extracts to scavenge radicals and inhibit enzymes like α-amylase and lipase. While initial findings highlight promising skin health and photoprotective effects, comprehensive human clinical trials with specific sample sizes are needed to fully establish efficacy and dosage recommendations.

Chlamydomonas nivalis
Microglena antarctica
Antarctic Sea Ice Algae
Cryophilic Microalgae


Antarctic Krill Powder contains bioactive peptides and phospholipid-bound omega-3 fatty acids (EPA/DHA) along with astaxanthin. These compounds exert pleiotropic effects, including potent antioxidant activity, anti-inflammatory modulation, and support for cardiovascular and cognitive health.

- Improves cardiovascular health by delivering phospholipid-bound EPA and DHA, reducing triglyceride levels and supporting arterial function.
- Enhances cognitive function and brain health through omega-3s, which are crucial for neuronal membrane integrity and neurotransmission.
- Reduces systemic inflammation and supports joint comfort by modulating inflammatory pathways.
- Provides powerful antioxidant protection with astaxanthin, safeguarding cells from oxidative damage.
- Supports liver health and neurotransmitter synthesis with essential choline.

Antarctic Krill Powder's mechanisms stem from its diverse compounds. Bioactive peptides (AkBPs) exert antioxidant effects by scavenging free radicals and interact with specific biological targets to provide antihypertensive, hepatoprotective, and immunoregulatory benefits. Phospholipid-bound omega-3s (EPA/DHA) activate G-protein coupled receptors, inhibit pro-inflammatory NF-κB pathways, and modulate eicosanoid synthesis, contributing to reduced inflammation and enhanced cellular function.

Human clinical trials have consistently demonstrated the superior bioavailability of omega-3 fatty acids from Antarctic Krill Powder due to their phospholipid binding, leading to significant benefits in cardiovascular and cognitive health. Studies indicate improved lipid profiles, reduced triglyceride levels, and enhanced arterial function. Furthermore, research supports its efficacy in reducing systemic inflammation and providing potent antioxidant effects, contributing to overall well-being.

Euphausia superba
Krill powder
Antarctic Krill


Anthocyanidins from blackberries, primarily cyanidin, pelargonidin, and delphinidin, are potent flavonoid pigments. They exert their health benefits by acting as powerful antioxidants, scavenging free radicals, and modulating inflammatory pathways.

- Neutralizes free radicals and reduces oxidative stress, protecting cells and supporting cellular longevity.
- Improves blood vessel function and reduces blood pressure, contributing to enhanced cardiovascular health.
- Modulates inflammatory pathways, offering systemic anti-inflammatory benefits.
- Supports cognitive function by improving memory and reducing neuroinflammation.
- Protects skin from UV damage and supports collagen production, contributing to healthy aging.
- Enhances immune function through their potent antioxidant properties.

Anthocyanidins from blackberries, especially cyanidin and its glycosides, exert their primary actions by directly scavenging reactive oxygen species like DPPH, ABTS⁺, and hydroxyl radicals. They also enhance endogenous antioxidant enzyme activity, such as superoxide dismutase (T-SOD) and catalase (CAT), while simultaneously reducing lipid peroxidation (MDA). Furthermore, these compounds modulate inflammatory pathways, contributing to systemic anti-inflammatory benefits.

Extensive research encompassing in vitro, animal, and human studies has consistently validated the potent antioxidant and anti-inflammatory effects of anthocyanidins from blackberries. These studies demonstrate their efficacy in reducing oxidative stress and modulating inflammatory markers across various biological systems. Clinical investigations, while varying in sample size and duration, collectively indicate benefits for cardiovascular health, including improved blood vessel function, and support for cognitive function and cellular longevity.

Rubus fruticosus (Blackberry)
Blackberry flavonoids
Cyanidin
Pelargonidin
Delphinidin


Anthocyanins are water-soluble flavonoid pigments that give berries their red, purple, and blue colors. They work primarily by inhibiting NF-κB inflammatory pathways and activating Nrf2 antioxidant responses.

• Reduces inflammation markers including C-reactive protein (CRP), with meta-analyses showing reductions of 0.12-0.33 mg/L (Strong evidence from multiple RCTs)
• Lowers vascular adhesion molecules (VCAM-1) by 53.56 ng/mL, supporting cardiovascular health (Strong evidence from 16 RCTs)
• Decreases inflammatory cytokines IL-6 and TNF-α, especially at doses above 300 mg/day (Moderate to strong evidence from multiple meta-analyses)
• Improves lipid profiles and glucose metabolism based on umbrella review of 139 interventions (Strong evidence from 8 meta-analyses)
• Enhances endothelial function according to comprehensive review of over 4,984 participants (Strong evidence from multiple RCTs)

Anthocyanins inhibit nuclear factor-kappa B (NF-κB) signaling, reducing pro-inflammatory cytokine production including TNF-α and IL-6. They activate the Nrf2-ARE pathway, upregulating antioxidant enzymes like glutathione peroxidase and catalase. These compounds also modulate endothelial nitric oxide synthase (eNOS) activity, improving vascular function.

Meta-analyses of randomized controlled trials demonstrate anthocyanins significantly reduce C-reactive protein levels by 0.12-0.33 mg/L across multiple studies. A systematic review of 16 RCTs showed reductions in vascular cell adhesion molecule-1 (VCAM-1) by 53.56 ng/mL, indicating improved endothelial function. Most studies used doses ranging from 160-480mg daily of standardized anthocyanin extracts. Evidence quality is generally strong for anti-inflammatory and cardiovascular benefits.

Cyanidin-3-glucoside
Anthocyanosides
Proanthocyanidins
Flavonoid glycosides
Plant pigment compounds
Berry anthocyanins
Cyanic pigments


Anthocyanins are water-soluble flavonoid pigments found in various berries, known for their vibrant colors and significant bioactive properties as naturally occurring polyphenols. Their primary mechanism of action is potent antioxidant activity, which involves scavenging free radicals due to specific hydroxyl group arrangements on their molecular structure.

- Neutralizes free radicals, significantly reducing oxidative stress and protecting against cellular damage.
- Improves arterial flexibility and helps regulate blood pressure, enhancing cardiovascular health.
- Enhances cognitive function and protects neurons from oxidative damage, supporting brain health and reducing age-related decline.
- Reduces systemic inflammation, benefiting joint, skin, and cardiovascular systems.
- Protects retinal tissues from oxidative stress, supporting vision and reducing the risk of age-related eye conditions.
- Promotes collagen production and reduces UV-induced skin damage, contributing to skin health.

Anthocyanins exert their primary mechanism through potent antioxidant activity, directly scavenging reactive oxygen species (ROS) and reactive nitrogen species (RNS) via electron donation from their hydroxyl groups on the flavylium cation structure. This radical scavenging capacity mitigates oxidative stress and protects cellular components from damage. Additionally, they can modulate signaling pathways involved in inflammation, inhibit pro-inflammatory enzyme activity (e.g., COX-2), and upregulate endogenous antioxidant enzymes.

Clinical research, including randomized controlled trials and meta-analyses, consistently demonstrates the health benefits of anthocyanins, often involving diverse populations and varying dosages. Studies, ranging from small-scale human interventions to larger cohort studies, have shown positive outcomes in improving endothelial function, lowering blood pressure, and reducing markers of inflammation and oxidative stress. Furthermore, some trials indicate enhanced cognitive function, improved visual acuity, and beneficial effects on lipid profiles, underscoring their broad therapeutic potential.

Flavonoid pigments
Anthocyanidins (aglycons)
Polyphenols
Berry extracts


Anthocyanins from black rice, primarily cyanidin-3-glucoside, are potent flavonoid pigments concentrated in the pericarp. They exert significant antioxidant effects by neutralizing reactive oxygen species and anti-inflammatory actions by inhibiting NF-κB translocation.

- Neutralizes free radicals, significantly reducing oxidative stress and protecting cells from damage.
- Improves blood vessel function, reduces LDL cholesterol levels, and helps regulate blood pressure.
- Inhibits inflammatory pathways, thereby supporting joint health and modulating chronic inflammation.
- Protects against neurodegenerative processes and enhances memory and overall brain function.
- Promotes skin health by supporting collagen production and combating signs of aging through oxidative damage reduction.
- Exhibits promising anti-cancer potential by inhibiting tumor growth and supporting chemoprevention strategies.

Black rice anthocyanins, notably cyanidin-3-glucoside, exert their antioxidant effects by directly scavenging reactive oxygen species (ROS) and by activating the Nrf2/HO-1 pathway, which upregulates endogenous antioxidant enzymes. Their anti-inflammatory action involves inhibiting NF-κB translocation, thus suppressing pro-inflammatory cytokine production. Additionally, they contribute to anti-diabetic effects by inhibiting carbohydrate-digesting enzymes like α-amylase and α-glucosidase.

Extensive scientific research, encompassing in vitro, animal, and preliminary human clinical studies, has validated the multifaceted health benefits of black rice anthocyanins. Human studies indicate their role in improving vascular function and reducing markers of oxidative stress and inflammation. While specific large-scale human clinical trials detailing precise sample sizes and outcomes for all benefits are emerging, evidence strongly supports their cardioprotective and antioxidant properties. Some research also suggests potential for cognitive support, though more human data is needed.

Oryza sativa L. indica anthocyanins
Black Rice Anthocyanins
Purple Rice Anthocyanins


Anthocyanins from purple sweet potato (PSPAs) are potent flavonoid pigments primarily composed of acylated cyanidin and peonidin derivatives. They exert beneficial effects by robustly scavenging free radicals and modulating endogenous antioxidant enzymes like SOD.

- Provides robust antioxidant support by neutralizing free radicals and reducing cellular oxidative stress.
- Exhibits anti-inflammatory effects by modulating pro-inflammatory pathways.
- Supports cardiovascular health by improving endothelial function and reducing blood pressure and LDL cholesterol.
- Enhances cognitive function by protecting neural tissues from oxidative damage and aging.
- Demonstrates anti-cancer properties by inhibiting tumor angiogenesis and promoting apoptosis in cancer cells.
- Promotes gut health by fostering the growth of beneficial bacteria and improving microbiome balance.
- Aids in vision protection by reinforcing ocular health and defending against macular degeneration.

PSPAs neutralize free radicals (e.g., DPPH, ABTS, hydroxyl) by forming stable phenoxyl radicals from their hydroxyl groups, reducing cellular oxidative stress. They also boost endogenous antioxidant enzyme activity, such as superoxide dismutase (SOD), to convert harmful radicals. Furthermore, PSPAs exhibit anti-inflammatory effects by modulating pro-inflammatory pathways and improving endothelial function.

Anthocyanins from purple sweet potato have been extensively studied through both preclinical and clinical research, demonstrating a robust body of evidence for their benefits. These studies document significant antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, cardiovascular, and gut-supportive properties. While specific human clinical trial details regarding sample sizes and detailed methodologies are not provided, the research consistently points towards their potential therapeutic applications. Ongoing research continues to explore their full pharmacological potential.

Ipomoea batatas anthocyanins
PSPAs
Purple Sweet Potato Anthocyanins