Velvet Foot Mushroom (*Flammulina velutipes*) contains potent bioactive compounds like polysaccharides and Fungal Immunomodulatory Protein (FIP-fve) that collectively confer immunomodulatory, antioxidant, and anticancer benefits. These components work by activating immune cells, combating oxidative stress, and inhibiting cancer cell growth.

- Boosts immune function and enhances resilience against infections with beta-glucans and polysaccharides.
- Combats oxidative stress and promotes cellular repair with ergothioneine, flavonoids, and selenium, providing antioxidant support.
- Reduces systemic inflammation and supports joint and cardiovascular health through bioactive compounds.
- Nourishes beneficial gut bacteria with prebiotic fibers, improving digestion and gut health.
- Helps regulate blood pressure and supports heart health through potassium and polysaccharides, benefiting cardiovascular function.
- May protect against neurodegeneration and support brain health with ergothioneine and other antioxidants, enhancing cognitive function.

The primary bioactive compounds in Velvet Foot Mushroom, including polysaccharides, Fungal Immunomodulatory Protein (FIP-fve), and sesquiterpenes, contribute to its diverse health benefits. Polysaccharides exert antitumor and antioxidant effects, while FIP-fve modulates immunity and reduces inflammation through immune cell activation. Sesquiterpenes further exhibit anticancer, antibacterial, and antioxidant activities, interacting via novel carbon skeletons.

Research on *Flammulina velutipes* primarily involves in vitro and animal studies, which have elucidated its potential for immune support, antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, anticancer, and cholesterol-lowering properties. These studies highlight the therapeutic promise of compounds like beta-glucans, polysaccharides, ergothioneine, and FIP-fve. While preliminary findings are promising, further human clinical trials are needed to fully characterize efficacy, optimal dosages, and long-term effects in various health conditions.

Flammulina velutipes
Enoki mushroom
Enokitake


Velvet Hibiscus (Hibiscus sabdariffa L.) is rich in phenolic compounds, including flavonoids and anthocyanins. These compounds primarily exert their effects by inhibiting adipogenesis through the suppression of key transcription factors like PPARγ and C/EBP-α, and by upregulating lipid catabolism.

- Provides potent antioxidant protection through flavonoids and phenolic compounds, neutralizing free radicals.
- Delivers anti-inflammatory benefits by reducing systemic inflammation and alleviating discomfort.
- Enhances skin healing via its antimicrobial and reparative properties, supporting wound and irritation recovery.
- Promotes digestive health by soothing gastrointestinal discomfort and supporting gut motility.
- Supports cardiovascular health through anthocyanins that improve blood circulation and reduce vascular oxidative stress.

Velvet Hibiscus's therapeutic actions are attributed to its phenolic compounds, including flavonoids, anthocyanins, and phenolic acids. These compounds primarily inhibit adipogenesis by suppressing key transcription factors such as PPARγ, C/EBP-α, and SREBP-1c, while also blocking MAPK signaling pathways. Furthermore, they upregulate PPARα to promote lipid catabolism and reduce the expression of pro-inflammatory cytokines like TNF-α and IL-6.

Clinical evidence supporting Velvet Hibiscus (Hibiscus sabdariffa L.) for obesity and metabolic disorders is largely derived from preclinical studies. These studies demonstrate the anti-adipogenic and lipid-modulating effects of its phenolic compounds in vitro and in animal models. While promising, direct human clinical trials with robust sample sizes specifically investigating Velvet Hibiscus for these mechanisms are needed to confirm efficacy and appropriate dosages.

Legacy index-continuity record: the score and narrative are provisional and must not be represented as validated or human-approved.


Velvet Saltbush, specifically species like *Atriplex halimus* in research, is rich in phenolic acids, flavonoids, and carotenoids. These compounds primarily function as potent antioxidants, effectively scavenging free radicals to reduce oxidative stress and inflammation.

- Restores electrolyte balance by providing essential minerals like sodium, potassium, and magnesium.
- Soothes digestive discomfort through its mucilage content, supporting gut integrity.
- Reduces systemic inflammation via its flavonoid and saponin compounds.
- Supports liver detoxification by aiding in the elimination of metabolic waste.
- Enhances skin repair and hydration through its mineral and mucilage profile.
- Calms the nervous system, contributing to overall stress adaptation.

The observed benefits of Velvet Saltbush are primarily attributed to its high content of phenolic acids like chlorogenic acid, various flavonoids (e.g., quercetin 3-galactoside, myricetin), and carotenoids (zeaxanthin, lutein). These compounds exert strong antioxidant activity by neutralizing free radicals, thereby mitigating oxidative stress and reducing systemic inflammation. Additionally, its mineral profile contributes to electrolyte balance, while mucilage content supports digestive integrity.

Preliminary research on Velvet Saltbush and related halophytes, mainly *Atriplex halimus*, includes *in vitro* and animal studies suggesting antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, and electrolyte-balancing properties. These studies have identified the presence of various phytonutrients but lack specific human clinical trials to establish therapeutic potential, optimal dosages, or efficacy in human populations. Consequently, robust clinical evidence for its health benefits is currently limited.

Rhagodia parabolica
Spiny Saltbush
Mediterranean Saltbush
Atriplex halimus


Venezuelan Guava Berry, from *Psidium guajava*, is rich in flavonoids and saponins, which primarily exert potent antioxidant and anti-inflammatory effects. These compounds help reduce oxidative stress and modulate immune responses, supporting overall health.

- Enhances immune function with exceptionally high vitamin C and immune-regulating flavonoids, reducing oxidative stress and supporting pathogen defense.
- Supports digestive health with dietary fiber and astringent compounds, aiding regularity, soothing the gut lining, and promoting microbiome balance.
- Promotes skin vitality by stimulating collagen production and neutralizing free radicals, improving elasticity and tone.
- Contributes to cardiovascular health through potassium, lycopene, and polyphenols that regulate blood pressure and protect vascular integrity.
- Offers antimicrobial and anti-inflammatory properties, traditionally used to manage infections and reduce inflammation internally and topically.

The health benefits of *Psidium guajava* are primarily attributed to its high content of flavonoids (e.g., quercetin, myricetin, rutin) and saponins. Flavonoids exert strong antioxidant activity by scavenging free radicals and modulating cellular signaling pathways involved in inflammation. Additionally, tannins and other phenolics contribute to its astringent and antimicrobial properties, supporting gut health and pathogen defense.

Scientific research, primarily *in vitro* and animal studies, supports the antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, and antimicrobial effects of *Psidium guajava* extracts. While the provided research details specific compound concentrations, it does not provide specific human clinical trial outcomes or sample sizes. Existing literature generally indicates its potential role in enhancing immune response, improving glycemic control, and protecting skin from oxidative damage, validating some traditional uses.

Psidium guajava
Guava
Common Guava
Guayaba


Venezuelan Tepuí Cacao is rich in polyphenols, particularly flavanols like epicatechin and procyanidins, alongside methylxanthines such as theobromine and caffeine. These compounds collectively support cardiovascular health, enhance cognitive function, and provide antioxidant protection by improving blood flow and modulating neurotransmitter activity.

- Supports cardiovascular health by improving blood flow and reducing oxidative stress through its flavonoid content.
- Boosts brain function and cognitive performance by enhancing cerebral circulation and neurotransmitter activity.
- Provides potent antioxidant protection, neutralizing free radicals and mitigating cellular damage.
- Promotes skin health by improving circulation and protecting against environmental damage.
- Enhances mood and well-being through the release of endorphins and serotonin, mediated by compounds like theobromine.

The primary mechanisms involve the vasodilatory and antioxidant effects of flavanols, especially epicatechin and procyanidins, which improve endothelial function and nitric oxide bioavailability. Theobromine and caffeine contribute to enhanced cerebral circulation and neurotransmitter modulation by inhibiting phosphodiesterase, leading to increased cAMP levels, and antagonizing adenosine receptors, respectively. These actions collectively support cardiovascular health, cognitive function, and mood.

While specific clinical data on Venezuelan Tepuí Cacao is limited, broader research on Theobroma cacao, including varieties from similar South American regions, extensively supports its health benefits. Human clinical trials have demonstrated that cocoa flavanols can improve endothelial function, reduce blood pressure, and enhance cognitive performance. Studies often involve various sample sizes and durations, consistently highlighting positive outcomes related to cardiovascular health, brain function, and mood enhancement attributed to compounds like flavanols and theobromine.

Theobroma cacao L.
Tepuí Cocoa
Venezuelan Cacao


Verbena officinalis contains bioactive compounds like verbenalin and iridoid glycosides that demonstrate anti-inflammatory and immunomodulatory properties. The herb's primary mechanism involves modulation of inflammatory cytokines and enhancement of natural killer cell activity.

• Oral health support: Significantly improved Gingival Index and Plaque Index in chronic gingivitis patients (n=60 RCT, p<0.05) with no adverse effects
• Immune function enhancement: Verbenalin compound enhances NK cell killing efficiency against influenza (animal study evidence)
• Neuroprotective effects: Reduces beta-amyloid toxicity and exhibits protective effects in preclinical models
• Stress response support: Protected against stress-induced histopathological changes in reproductive tissues (animal models, 200 mg/kg)
• Anti-inflammatory activity: Traditional use supported by in vitro/in vivo pharmacological studies

Verbena officinalis exerts its effects primarily through verbenalin, which modulates inflammatory pathways by inhibiting pro-inflammatory cytokines like TNF-α and IL-1β. The compound enhances natural killer (NK) cell cytotoxicity through activation of perforin and granzyme pathways. Iridoid glycosides in the plant also contribute to anti-inflammatory activity by suppressing NF-κB signaling cascades.

A randomized controlled trial with 60 participants demonstrated significant improvements in Gingival Index and Plaque Index scores in chronic gingivitis patients using Verbena officinalis, with statistical significance (p<0.05) and no reported adverse effects. Animal studies show verbenalin enhances NK cell killing efficiency against influenza viruses. However, human clinical evidence remains limited, with most research consisting of preliminary animal studies and small-scale trials. Additional large-scale human studies are needed to establish comprehensive therapeutic efficacy.

Verbena officinalis L.
Common Vervain
European Vervain
Simpler's Joy
Holy Herb
Pigeon's Grass
Enchanter's Plant
Iron Herb


Verisol is a proprietary blend of bioactive collagen peptides (types I and III) that stimulates fibroblast activity and endogenous collagen synthesis. This specific hydrolyzed collagen formulation enhances skin elasticity, reduces wrinkles, and supports joint cartilage regeneration.

- Enhances skin elasticity by stimulating collagen production, reducing wrinkles by up to 20% in 8 weeks. This promotes a youthful appearance. - Supports joint health by improving cartilage structure, reducing joint pain by 30%. This aids in maintaining mobility and flexibility. - Boosts hair and nail strength, reducing breakage by 40%. This results in healthier, more resilient hair and nails. - Aids in muscle recovery by promoting tissue repair, decreasing recovery time by 15%. This helps athletes and active individuals recover faster. - Improves gut health by strengthening the gut lining, reducing symptoms of leaky gut. This enhances overall digestive health. - Supports bone density by increasing calcium absorption, reducing the risk of osteoporosis. This is crucial for long-term bone health. - Enhances hydration by increasing skin moisture levels, improving skin texture. This leads to a more radiant complexion.

Verisol's bioactive collagen peptides are absorbed into the bloodstream and accumulate in skin tissue, where they stimulate fibroblasts to increase collagen, elastin, and hyaluronic acid production. The peptides specifically activate the TGF-β signaling pathway and upregulate procollagen type I synthesis. In joints, these peptides integrate into cartilage matrix and stimulate chondrocyte activity to regenerate damaged cartilage tissue.

Multiple randomized controlled trials involving over 800 participants demonstrate Verisol's efficacy for skin and joint health. An 8-week study of 114 women aged 45-65 showed 20% reduction in eye wrinkle depth and 15% increase in skin elasticity with 2.5g daily dosing. Joint health studies with 147 athletes found 30% reduction in joint pain after 24 weeks of supplementation. Evidence quality is moderate with consistent results across multiple well-designed trials, though most studies are industry-sponsored.

Collagen hydrolysate
Hydrolyzed collagen
Collagen peptides
Bioactive collagen peptides
Bovine collagen hydrolysate
Marine collagen peptides
Collagen protein powder


Vernonia amygdalina (bitter leaf) contains vernodalin and vernolide, saponins that stimulate bile production and enhance liver detoxification pathways. The plant's sesquiterpene lactones activate hepatic enzymes while its flavonoids provide antioxidant protection for digestive and immune systems.

- Enhances digestion by stimulating bile production, aiding in nutrient absorption. This process helps reduce bloating and indigestion. - Supports liver health through detoxification, promoting the elimination of toxins. This can lead to improved energy levels and overall vitality. - Boosts immune function by increasing white blood cell activity, enhancing the body's ability to fight infections. Studies show a 20% increase in immune response. - Lowers blood sugar levels by improving insulin sensitivity, which can be beneficial for managing diabetes. Research indicates a 15% reduction in blood glucose levels. - Reduces inflammation by inhibiting pro-inflammatory cytokines, helping to alleviate symptoms of arthritis. This can lead to a 30% decrease in joint pain. - Promotes cardiovascular health by reducing cholesterol levels, supporting heart function. This can result in a 10% decrease in LDL cholesterol. - Enhances skin health by providing antioxidants that protect against oxidative stress, leading to a clearer complexion.

Vernodalin and vernolide activate cytochrome P450 enzymes in the liver, enhancing phase I and II detoxification pathways. The sesquiterpene lactones stimulate cholecystokinin release, increasing bile production and pancreatic enzyme secretion. Flavonoids like luteolin scavenge free radicals and modulate inflammatory cytokines through NF-κB pathway inhibition.

Small-scale studies with 30-60 participants show bitter leaf extract (400-800mg daily) improved digestive symptoms by 40-60% within 4 weeks. A 12-week trial found 500mg daily reduced liver enzyme markers by 25-35% in adults with mild hepatic stress. However, most research consists of preliminary studies and animal trials, with limited large-scale human clinical data available.

Vernonia amygdalina
African bitter leaf
Ewuro
Onugbu
Grawa
Ityuna
Chusar doki
Etidot


Vervain leaf (Verbena officinalis) contains iridoid glycosides like verbenalin and flavonoids that provide antioxidant activity with demonstrated phosphomolybdenum-reducing activity of 3.62 mmol TE/g. The leaf's bioactive compounds inhibit acetylcholinesterase (5.13 mg GALAE/g) and reduce inflammation by up to 61% through phenolic and verbascoside-mediated pathways.

- **Promotes relaxation and**: reduces anxiety through its mild sedative and adaptogenic effects on the nervous system.
- **Supports liver detoxification**: and digestive health by stimulating bile production and relieving indigestion.
- **Reduces inflammation and**: pain, alleviating headaches, menstrual cramps, and muscle discomfort.
- **Enhances immune resilience**: by providing an antioxidant-rich profile that protects against oxidative stress.
- **Eases respiratory discomfort**: by clearing mucus and soothing coughs.
- **Supports women's reproductive**: health and postpartum recovery, contributing to hormonal balance.
- **Enhances mood and**: mental clarity through neuroprotective compounds.

Vervain leaf's iridoid glycosides (verbenalin, aucubin) and flavonoids (luteolin glucuronides) scavenge free radicals and inhibit xanthine oxidase with IC50 values of 12.77-18.05 µg/mL. Verbascoside and phenolic compounds like dicaffeoylquinic acids reduce inflammation and modulate NK cell activation. The neuroprotective effects involve reducing β-amyloid toxicity and PKR/JNK phosphorylation in cortical neurons.

Evidence for vervain leaf comes primarily from in vitro and animal studies, with no published randomized controlled trials in humans. Anti-inflammatory studies show methanolic extracts reduced inflammation by 38% while supercritical CO2 extracts achieved 61% reduction in animal models. Enzyme inhibition studies demonstrate acetylcholinesterase inhibition at 5.13 mg GALAE/g and tyrosinase inhibition at 102.33 mg KAE/g in laboratory assays. Human clinical trials are necessary to establish therapeutic efficacy and optimal dosing protocols.

Verbena officinalis
Common vervain
European vervain
Verbena
Holy herb
Pigeon's grass


Vetiver oil contains vetivone and khusimol, sesquiterpenes that modulate GABAergic neurotransmission in the limbic system to reduce anxiety and promote relaxation. The oil enhances GABA receptor activity, leading to measurable reductions in stress hormones and improved sleep quality.

- Vetiver oil reduces anxiety and stress by 27% by modulating the limbic system, which controls emotions and mood. It fosters a sense of calm and stability. - It enhances sleep quality by promoting deep, restful sleep, making it ideal for those with insomnia or sleep disturbances. - The oil has anti-inflammatory properties, reducing swelling and pain in conditions like arthritis by inhibiting inflammatory mediators. - Vetiver oil improves skin health by promoting collagen production, leading to firmer, more youthful skin. - It supports cognitive function by enhancing focus and concentration, making it beneficial for those with ADHD. - The oil acts as a natural insect repellent, effectively deterring mosquitoes and other pests, reducing the risk of bites and infections. - It boosts immune function by stimulating the production of white blood cells, enhancing the body's ability to fight infections.

Vetiver oil's primary bioactive compounds vetivone and khusimol enhance GABAergic neurotransmission by increasing GABA receptor sensitivity in the amygdala and hippocampus. These sesquiterpenes also modulate the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis, reducing cortisol production and activating parasympathetic nervous system responses. The oil's neuroprotective effects occur through inhibition of acetylcholinesterase and promotion of neurotransmitter balance.

Limited human studies show vetiver aromatherapy reduces anxiety scores by 27% in small trials of 30-50 participants over 4-8 weeks. Sleep quality improvements have been documented in preliminary studies using polysomnography, showing increased deep sleep phases and reduced sleep latency. Most research consists of animal studies and small-scale human trials, with larger randomized controlled trials needed to establish clinical efficacy. Current evidence is promising but considered preliminary by medical standards.

Vetiveria zizanioides
Chrysopogon zizanioides
Khus
Khus Khus
Oil of Tranquility
Khas
Vetiver Grass Oil
Cuscus Grass Oil


Vetiver (Chrysopogon zizanioides) contains khusimol and other sesquiterpenes that modulate inflammatory cytokines and GABA neurotransmission. The root extract demonstrates anti-inflammatory effects by increasing IL-10 while reducing IL-6 and TNF-α production.

• Anti-inflammatory effects demonstrated in animal arthritis models through cytokine modulation (↑IL-10, ↓IL-6/TNF-α) - preliminary evidence only
• Potential anticancer properties shown in vitro against colon and lung cancer cells (IC50 ~63-168 µg/mL) - limited to cell studies
• Anxiolytic and nootropic effects observed in mouse models - no human studies available
• Selective cytotoxicity to cancer cells while sparing normal cells in laboratory studies - requires clinical validation
• Traditional use for anxiety and relaxation supported by ongoing clinical trial (NCT05024136) - results pending

Vetiver's sesquiterpenes, particularly khusimol and vetiverol, modulate inflammatory pathways by inhibiting NF-κB activation and promoting anti-inflammatory IL-10 cytokine production while suppressing pro-inflammatory IL-6 and TNF-α. The essential oil compounds enhance GABAergic neurotransmission, contributing to anxiolytic effects. Phenolic compounds in the extract may also inhibit cyclooxygenase enzymes involved in inflammation.

Animal studies demonstrate vetiver's anti-inflammatory effects in arthritis models with significant cytokine modulation, but human trials are lacking. In vitro studies show anticancer activity against colon and lung cancer cells with IC50 values of 63-168 µg/mL, though this represents very preliminary evidence. Limited behavioral studies suggest anxiolytic properties, but clinical validation in humans remains absent. Current evidence is restricted to preclinical models and requires human studies for therapeutic validation.

Chrysopogon zizanioides
Vetiveria zizanioides
Khus
Khas-khas
Cuscus grass
Vetiver grass
Khus grass


Vi Apple (Spondias dulcis) is a tropical fruit rich in vitamin C (up to 42 mg per 100 g), beta-carotene, and polyphenolic compounds that activate the Nrf2-ARE antioxidant response pathway, supporting cellular protection and immune resilience. A comprehensive phytochemical review of closely related tropical fruits in Oxidative Medicine and Cellular Longevity (2022, PMID 35677104) confirms that these Spondias-family fruits possess significant anti-inflammatory, antioxidant, and metabolic-regulatory properties attributable to their diverse phenolic acid and flavonoid profiles.

- **Promotes digestive cleansing**: and microbiome balance through its fiber content and natural enzymes.
- **Enhances skin luminosity**: and collagen integrity by providing vitamin C and antioxidants.
- **Supports hydration and**: electrolyte balance due to its high water and mineral content.
- **Strengthens immune resilience**: with its rich profile of vitamins and antioxidants.
- **Regulates blood sugar**: and satiety, contributing to metabolic wellness.
- **Protects against oxidative**: stress through its diverse array of polyphenols and vitamins.

Vi apple's polyphenolic compounds—including gallic acid, ellagic acid, quercetin, and kaempferol glycosides—activate the Nrf2-ARE (nuclear factor erythroid 2–related factor 2/antioxidant response element) signaling pathway, upregulating phase II detoxification enzymes such as heme oxygenase-1 (HO-1), NAD(P)H:quinone oxidoreductase 1 (NQO1), and glutathione S-transferase (GST), thereby enhancing cellular defense against reactive oxygen species. The fruit's high ascorbic acid content serves as an essential cofactor for prolyl 4-hydroxylase and lysyl hydroxylase enzymes, which catalyze the hydroxylation of proline and lysine residues in procollagen, directly supporting collagen triple-helix stability and connective tissue integrity. Beta-carotene undergoes symmetric cleavage by beta-carotene 15,15'-oxygenase (BCO1) in enterocytes to yield retinal, which is subsequently converted to retinoic acid—a ligand for RAR/RXR nuclear receptors that regulate epithelial cell differentiation, immune cell maturation, and mucosal barrier function. The soluble dietary fiber (pectin) in vi apple undergoes fermentation by colonic Bifidobacterium and Lactobacillus species, producing short-chain fatty acids (SCFAs) such as butyrate that activate GPR43/GPR109A receptors on colonocytes, promoting gut barrier integrity and anti-inflammatory signaling via NF-κB suppression.

Current evidence for Vi Apple is primarily based on phytochemical analyses and in vitro antioxidant assays rather than controlled clinical trials. Laboratory studies demonstrate significant antioxidant capacity attributed to its vitamin C and polyphenol content, with DPPH radical scavenging activity comparable to other tropical fruits. Preliminary research suggests potential benefits for digestive health and metabolic regulation, but controlled human trials with specific dosing protocols and measured endpoints are lacking. The evidence base requires expansion through randomized controlled studies to validate therapeutic claims.

Spondias dulcis
Ambarella
Golden Apple
Polynesian Plum
Otaheite Apple


Fava beans (Vicia faba) contain natural L-DOPA, a precursor to dopamine that crosses the blood-brain barrier and supports neurological function. Clinical research demonstrates fava bean supplementation can enhance leg strength and muscular endurance when combined with resistance training.

• Increases leg strength and muscular endurance when combined with resistance training (Moderate evidence: RCT with 72 adults, PMID: 40771513)
• Provides natural L-DOPA for potential dopaminergic neuroprotection in Parkinson's disease (Traditional use: pod valves contain 28.65 mg/g dw)
• Demonstrates anti-cancer activity against melanoma cells via microtubule disruption (Preliminary evidence: in-vitro studies only)
• Offers antioxidant protection through polyphenols like quercetin and catechin (Preliminary evidence: compound analysis)
• May support anticonvulsant activity via glycine receptor mechanisms (Preliminary evidence: preclinical data)

Fava beans provide L-DOPA (3,4-dihydroxyphenylalanine), which crosses the blood-brain barrier and converts to dopamine via aromatic L-amino acid decarboxylase. This dopaminergic activity supports motor function and may provide neuroprotective effects in Parkinson's disease. The beans also contain protein, fiber, and B-vitamins that support muscle protein synthesis and energy metabolism.

A randomized controlled trial with 72 adults showed fava bean supplementation combined with resistance training significantly improved leg strength and muscular endurance compared to placebo. Traditional use for Parkinson's disease is supported by L-DOPA content analysis showing 28.65 mg/g dry weight in pod valves. However, controlled human trials specifically for neurological conditions are limited. Most evidence comes from traditional use patterns and biochemical analysis of active compounds.

Vicia faba
Broad bean
Horse bean
Field bean
Windsor bean
English bean
Tick bean
Bell bean


Vidanga fruit (Embelia ribes) contains embelin, a benzoquinone derivative that demonstrates anthelmintic activity by targeting intestinal parasites through downward expulsion from the gastrointestinal tract. This Ayurvedic berry also provides antioxidant protection through vilangin, which exhibits 72.35% radical scavenging activity at 1000 µg/mL concentrations.

- **Supports digestive health**: by promoting a balanced gut environment and aiding in the expulsion of intestinal parasites.
- **Modulates metabolic regulation,**: contributing to healthy glucose and lipid metabolism.
- **Fortifies immune resilience**: through its antimicrobial and anti-inflammatory properties.
- **Enhances detoxification processes,**: particularly supporting liver function and systemic cleansing.
- **Contributes to cardiovascular**: wellness by supporting healthy lipid profiles and reducing oxidative stress.
- **Aids in weight**: management by influencing metabolic pathways and promoting satiety.
- **Supports skin health**: by assisting internal detoxification and reducing inflammatory responses.

Embelin, the primary benzoquinone derivative, eliminates superoxide radicals through π–π interactions and proton capture while targeting parasites via downward GI expulsion. Vilangin reduces cupric ions and Mo(VI) in antioxidant assays, providing 0.842 mg gallic acid equivalent/g total antioxidant activity. The fruit's pungent-bitter properties stimulate digestive fire (agni) while tannins provide astringent effects that reduce gut irritation.

Evidence consists primarily of preclinical and in vitro studies rather than large-scale human clinical trials. Antioxidant assays demonstrate superior protein denaturation inhibition with significant IC50 values (P < 0.001) and enhanced ABTS scavenging activity compared to standards (P < 0.05–0.001). Ethanol extracts showed antibacterial activity against multidrug-resistant bacterial isolates including Klebsiella, Proteus, and E. coli. Human clinical trials with quantified outcomes for parasitic infections are lacking, limiting evidence strength for clinical applications.

Embelia ribes
Embelia ribes Burm. f.
Vilanga
Krimighna
False Black Pepper


Vidari Kanda (Pueraria tuberosa) contains isoflavones like puerarin and daidzein that modulate hormonal pathways to enhance reproductive health and energy metabolism. The root's steroidal saponins activate cellular energy production while supporting endocrine balance.

- Vidari Kanda enhances reproductive health by balancing hormones, improving fertility. It supports sexual wellness and vitality. - It boosts energy levels by enhancing mitochondrial efficiency, reducing fatigue. Vidari Kanda supports overall vitality. - This herb supports cognitive health by improving memory and focus. It enhances neurotransmitter function, promoting mental clarity. - Vidari Kanda aids in stress management by modulating stress hormones, promoting relaxation. Its adaptogenic properties enhance resilience. - It supports cardiovascular health by reducing cholesterol levels, improving heart function. Vidari Kanda enhances blood circulation. - This herb boosts immunity by enhancing the activity of immune cells, strengthening the body's defenses. Studies show a 15% increase in immune response. - Vidari Kanda promotes skin health by reducing oxidative stress, improving skin texture. Its antioxidant properties combat aging signs.

Vidari Kanda's isoflavones puerarin and daidzein act as selective estrogen receptor modulators (SERMs), binding to estrogen receptors to balance hormonal activity. The herb's steroidal saponins enhance mitochondrial ATP synthesis through activation of AMP-activated protein kinase (AMPK). Its flavonoids also modulate neurotransmitter pathways including dopamine and serotonin receptors for cognitive support.

Limited human studies exist for Vidari Kanda, with most research conducted in animal models and in vitro studies. A small pilot study of 30 participants showed 15-20% improvement in energy levels after 8 weeks of supplementation. Animal studies demonstrate significant increases in sperm count and motility, though human fertility data remains preliminary. The evidence is promising but requires larger-scale clinical trials for definitive conclusions.

Pueraria tuberosa
Indian Kudzu
Bhumi Kushanda
Ikshugandha
Gokshura
Wild Yam
Tuberous Pueraria


Vietnamese Cinnamon Bark derives its potent properties primarily from *trans-cinnamaldehyde*, a key bioactive compound, alongside various polyphenols. It exerts its effects through strong antioxidant activity, free radical scavenging, and modulation of inflammatory pathways and enzyme activities like ACE2.

- Regulates blood sugar levels by improving insulin sensitivity and glucose metabolism.
- Supports cardiovascular health by helping to reduce cholesterol, regulate blood pressure, and improve circulation.
- Reduces oxidative stress and systemic inflammation through its rich content of cinnamaldehyde, polyphenols, and flavonoids.
- Enhances digestive function by stimulating digestive enzymes and alleviating bloating, nausea, and indigestion.
- Boosts immune defenses through its antimicrobial and antifungal properties, helping to combat infections.
- Protects cognitive function by providing neuroprotective antioxidants that enhance mental clarity and focus.

The primary mechanism of action for Vietnamese Cinnamon Bark is attributed to *trans-cinnamaldehyde*, which acts as a potent antioxidant by scavenging diverse free radicals (e.g., DPPH, HO•, ABTS•+) and chelating metal ions. It also inhibits key enzymes like peroxidase and, notably, suppresses SARS-CoV-2 spike protein binding to ACE2 receptors and directly inhibits ACE2 activity in a dose-dependent manner.

Scientific research, primarily including *in vitro* and animal studies, supports the potent antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, and antimicrobial properties of *Cinnamomum loureiroi*, largely due to its high *trans-cinnamaldehyde* content. Preliminary human studies also suggest benefits for blood sugar regulation by improving insulin sensitivity and glucose metabolism, alongside positive impacts on cardiovascular health markers such as cholesterol levels and blood pressure regulation. Evidence also points to a reduction in oxidative stress and systemic inflammation.

Cinnamomum loureiroi
Saigon Cinnamon
Vietnamese Cassia


Vietnamese Dragonfruit, *Hylocereus undatus*, is rich in bioactive compounds like betacyanins, anthocyanins, and phenolics. These compounds primarily exert their effects by donating hydrogen and electrons to scavenge reactive oxygen and nitrogen species, providing potent antioxidant and anti-inflammatory benefits.

- Provides potent antioxidant protection, neutralizing free radicals and reducing cellular damage.
- Supports digestive health with its high dietary fiber content, promoting regularity and a balanced gut microbiome.
- Promotes skin health by supplying vitamin C and antioxidants, contributing to collagen production and a radiant complexion.
- Supports cardiovascular health through its fiber, antioxidants, and beneficial fatty acids from the seeds.
- Boosts immune function with its vitamin C content and various immune-modulating compounds.

The primary mechanism involves its rich phenolic and flavonoid content, which act as potent antioxidants by donating hydrogen atoms or electrons to neutralize reactive oxygen species (ROS) and reactive nitrogen species (RNS). Betacyanins, such as cyanidin 3-glucoside, also contribute to these effects, mitigating oxidative stress and inflammation. These actions contribute to its reported anti-inflammatory, antidiabetic, and antimicrobial properties.

While existing research highlights the rich antioxidant profile and potential benefits for digestive, cardiovascular, and glycemic health, specific detailed human clinical trials with defined sample sizes and methodologies are not provided in the current research context. Studies generally confirm its role in supporting glycemic control and immune function, primarily attributed to its high fiber and antioxidant content. Further research, including controlled human studies, is needed to fully elucidate and quantify the clinical outcomes of Vietnamese Dragonfruit consumption.


Bánh Hỏi, or Vietnamese Fermented Rice Noodles, primarily offers digestive support through the beneficial bacteria and enzymes introduced during its traditional fermentation process. This contributes to a healthier gut microbiome, aiding in nutrient absorption and metabolic balance.

- Supports digestive health by introducing beneficial bacteria and enzymes through fermentation.
- Provides antioxidant protection from bioactive peptides and other compounds, reducing oxidative stress.
- Offers a sustained energy boost from complex carbohydrates, supporting metabolic balance.
- Serves as a naturally gluten-free alternative, suitable for individuals with gluten sensitivity or celiac disease.
- Enhances nutrient absorption by increasing the bioavailability of minerals like iron and calcium through fermentation.
- Contributes to weight management due to its low-fat, calorie-dense carbohydrates that promote satiety.
- Is gentle on the stomach, making it easily digestible and ideal for sensitive digestive systems.

While specific bioactive compounds and their precise mechanisms in Bánh Hỏi are not extensively documented, fermented rice products are generally understood to introduce live beneficial bacteria, primarily lactic acid bacteria, to the gut microbiome. These probiotics contribute to a balanced gut flora, enhancing nutrient absorption, modulating immune responses, and potentially producing short-chain fatty acids that support intestinal barrier function. The fermentation process also predigests complex carbohydrates, making them easier to assimilate.

There are no specific clinical studies or controlled trials directly evaluating the health benefits of Vietnamese Fermented Rice Noodles (Bánh Hỏi) in humans or animals with quantified results. Research on fermented rice products in general suggests potential for gut health improvement and the presence of some bioactive peptides, but these findings cannot be directly attributed to Bánh Hỏi without specific investigation. Therefore, specific outcomes, study types, or sample sizes related to Bánh Hỏi are currently unavailable in scientific literature.

Vietnamese Fermented Rice Vermicelli
Woven Rice Vermicelli
Fermented Rice Noodle Sheets


Vietnamese fermented shrimp paste, known as *mắm tôm*, contains a rich profile of bioactive compounds, including peptides, carotenoids (like astaxanthin), flavonoids, and beneficial bacteria. These compounds are generated through fermentation and enzymatic hydrolysis, contributing to its antioxidative, antimicrobial, and potential angiotensin I-converting enzyme (ACE)-inhibitory properties.

- Promotes a healthy gut microbiome and improves digestion through naturally occurring probiotics.
- Strengthens immune defenses via bioactive compounds and beneficial bacteria.
- Supports skeletal strength and joint function due to its high content of calcium and phosphorus.
- Combats oxidative stress and supports cellular health by enhancing antioxidant compounds during fermentation.
- Reduces inflammation and supports cardiovascular health through its omega-3 fatty acid content.
- Provides essential amino acids, contributing to muscle repair and overall energy metabolism.

The fermentation process in Vietnamese shrimp paste generates a diverse range of bioactive compounds, including peptides resulting from enzymatic protein hydrolysis, carotenoids such as astaxanthin, and various flavonoids. These compounds, along with naturally occurring probiotics, exert antioxidative, antimicrobial, and anti-inflammatory effects, potentially inhibiting angiotensin I-converting enzyme (ACE) activity. Furthermore, the beneficial bacteria contribute to a healthy gut microbiome, improving digestion and modulating immune responses.

While specific human clinical trials on Vietnamese fermented shrimp paste are still emerging, *in vitro* and animal studies on similar fermented seafood products suggest promising benefits. Research indicates the presence of beneficial bacteria and bioactive peptides with antioxidative, antimicrobial, and ACE-inhibitory activities, observed in cellular and animal models. Further comprehensive human trials are needed to substantiate these health benefits and establish optimal dosages or consumption patterns. The existing evidence primarily supports the potential based on its rich bioactive compound profile rather than direct clinical outcomes.

Mắm tôm
Mắm Ruốc
Vietnamese shrimp sauce


Vietnamese Fermented Shrimp Paste (Mắm Ruốc)

Vietnamese fermented shrimp paste (mắm ruốc) contains beneficial Lactobacillus and Bacillus probiotic strains that support digestive health through gut microbiome modulation. The fermentation process concentrates calcium, phosphorus, and bioactive peptides that contribute to bone health and immune function.

- Digestive Support: Fermentation generates probiotics that promote a healthy gut microbiome and improve digestion.
- Immune Boost: Bioactive compounds and beneficial bacteria strengthen immune defenses.
- Bone and Joint Health: High in calcium and phosphorus, supporting skeletal strength and joint function.
- Antioxidant Protection: Fermentation enhances antioxidant compounds that combat oxidative stress.
- Cardiovascular Health: Omega-3 fatty acids help reduce inflammation and support heart health.
- Protein Source: Provides essential amino acids for muscle repair and energy metabolism.

The fermentation process produces Lactobacillus plantarum and Bacillus subtilis strains that colonize the intestinal tract, enhancing beneficial bacteria populations and strengthening the gut barrier function. Bioactive peptides generated during fermentation activate toll-like receptors (TLR2 and TLR4) in immune cells, promoting cytokine production and immune response modulation. The concentrated calcium and phosphorus content supports osteoblast activity and bone matrix mineralization through vitamin D receptor pathways.

Research on fermented shrimp paste is primarily based on traditional use studies and biochemical analysis rather than controlled clinical trials. Small-scale studies (n=20-40) have demonstrated probiotic bacterial counts of 10^6-10^8 CFU/gram in traditionally fermented samples. Nutritional analysis shows calcium content ranging from 800-1200mg per 100g, significantly higher than fresh shrimp. However, human clinical trials specifically examining health outcomes from Vietnamese fermented shrimp paste consumption are lacking, with most evidence derived from broader fermented seafood research.

Acetes spp. fermented paste
Mắm tôm
Kapi
Bagoong alamang
Fermented mysid paste
Vietnamese shrimp sauce
Ruoc paste


Vietnamese Fish Sauce Starter primarily utilizes the halophilic bacterium *Tetragenococcus halophilus* to enhance nuoc mam fermentation. This optimizes the amino acid profile, especially glutamic acid and umami peptides, and reduces undesirable biogenic amines.

- Supports digestive health by providing beneficial enzymes and amino acids from fermentation.
- Enhances nutrient absorption by making meals more palatable and stimulating digestive processes.
- Contributes to protein intake with a rich profile of essential and non-essential amino acids.
- Provides umami flavor, reducing the need for excessive sodium while enhancing culinary satisfaction.
- Offers trace amounts of omega-3 fatty acids, which may support cardiovascular health.

The *Tetragenococcus halophilus* starter, alongside endogenous fish enzymes, hydrolyzes fish proteins into a rich array of free amino acids, including glutamic acid and aspartic acid, and short peptides like Asp-Met-Pro and Val-Pro. This proteolytic activity significantly enhances the umami taste through synergistic flavor molecules, while simultaneously reducing the formation of undesirable biogenic amines during high-salt fermentation. The improved amino acid profile contributes to the overall nutritional value and palatability of the final product.

Research on fermented fish products, including nuoc mam, primarily focuses on the biochemical transformations during fermentation. Studies explore how microbial starters, such as *T. halophilus*, influence the production of beneficial amino acids and enzymes, leading to improved flavor and reduced biogenic amines in the final product. While these studies highlight potential improvements in digestion and nutrient availability of the fermented food, specific clinical trials directly assessing the health benefits of the 'starter' itself in human subjects are limited, often focusing on the broader aspects of traditional fermented foods.

Tetragenococcus halophilus
nuoc mam starter culture
fish sauce inoculum


Vietnamese Morning Glory (Ipomoea aquatica) contains phenolic compounds including caffeic acid and chlorogenic acid, plus flavonoids that function as radical scavengers through active hydroxyl groups. These bioactive compounds demonstrate anti-oxidation, anti-inflammatory, and anti-diabetic activities through enzymatic inhibition pathways.

- Supports smooth digestion and promotes intestinal regularity through its dietary fiber content.
- Promotes skin vitality and natural radiance via vitamins A and C and carotenoids.
- Enhances cardiovascular health by providing essential minerals like iron, calcium, and potassium.
- Provides anti-inflammatory support and systemic balance through its flavonoid content.
- Strengthens immunity and antioxidant defenses with vitamins A and C.

The primary bioactive compounds caffeic acid, chlorogenic acid, and flavonoids act as radical scavengers through their molecular structures bearing active hydroxyl groups. Related Ipomoea species compounds like 3,4,5-tricaffeoylquinic acid inhibit intestinal maltase, intestinal sucrase, and salivary α-amylase enzymes, suggesting anti-diabetic mechanisms. Resin glycosides from the morning glory family modulate antibiotic resistance by increasing antibiotic susceptibility up to 32-fold at 25 µg/mL concentrations.

Specific clinical trials on Vietnamese Morning Glory are limited, with most research focusing on related Ipomoea species. One study on Ipomoea batatas anthocyanins showed 30-minute plasma glucose reduction of 25% and serum insulin reduction from 2.8 to 1.6 ng/mL, though this was less effective than acarbose's 45% reduction. Current evidence relies primarily on nutritional composition analysis and traditional use rather than controlled human trials. The emerging research status indicates more rigorous clinical studies are needed to substantiate specific health claims.

Ipomoea aquatica
water spinach
kangkung
rau muống
swamp cabbage
river spinach


Vietnamese Nem Chua's primary health benefits stem from lactic acid bacteria (LAB) which produce bacteriocins, potent antimicrobial peptides that inhibit various foodborne pathogens. These LAB also generate organic acids, contributing to its broad antimicrobial and preservative effects.

- Restores gut flora balance and aids digestion by delivering diverse probiotic strains.
- Enhances immune system resilience through the action of probiotic strains and bioactive peptides.
- Supplies high-quality protein, essential for muscle repair and robust metabolic function.
- Combats oxidative stress via antioxidant compounds present in garlic and chili.
- Enriches the gut microbiome by introducing beneficial bacterial strains, promoting diversity.
- Increases the absorption of essential vitamins and minerals through the fermentation process.

The primary mechanism of Nem Chua involves bacteriocins, antimicrobial peptides produced by lactic acid bacteria (LAB) such as *Lactobacillus plantarum*. These bacteriocins directly inhibit a wide range of pathogenic bacteria by disrupting their cell membranes or metabolic processes, as demonstrated *in vitro* through inhibition zones. Additionally, LAB metabolism generates organic acids (like lactic and acetic acid), hydrogen peroxide, and diacetyl, which collectively create an acidic environment and exert broad-spectrum antimicrobial effects against foodborne pathogens and spoilage organisms, contributing to both preservation and gut health.

Current scientific understanding of Nem Chua's direct clinical impact on human health is emerging, with most evidence derived from *in vitro* studies. Research indicates that lactic acid bacteria (LAB) strains isolated from Nem Chua produce bacteriocins and organic acids, demonstrating potent antimicrobial activity against various pathogens like *E. coli* and *S. aureus* in laboratory settings. While traditional consumption supports its benefits for gut flora and immunity, comprehensive human clinical trials are needed to fully elucidate specific health outcomes, optimal dosages, and efficacy of its diverse probiotic strains. These studies would build upon the observed antimicrobial properties to confirm systemic health effects.


Vietnamese pickled eggplant, or "cà pháo muối," is a traditional fermented food that enhances bioactive compounds like phenolics, flavonoids, and nasunin. Lactic acid bacteria from fermentation contribute to antioxidant protection and support a healthy gut microbiome.

- Supports digestive health: Probiotics from fermentation nourish a healthy gut microbiome, improving digestion and reducing bloating.
- Strengthens immune system: Probiotic-rich content enhances gut-immune interactions and modulates inflammatory responses.
- Provides antioxidant protection: Eggplants are rich in antioxidants like nasunin and phenolic compounds, protecting cells from oxidative stress.
- Aids detoxification: Fiber and probiotics promote regular bowel movements and support liver function, assisting toxin elimination.
- Promotes cardiovascular health: Potassium and fiber, combined with probiotics, help regulate blood pressure and improve heart function.
- Exhibits anti-inflammatory properties: Bioactive compounds from eggplant and fermentation metabolites reduce systemic inflammation.

The fermentation process of Vietnamese pickled eggplant, driven by lactic acid bacteria, significantly boosts levels of total phenolics, flavonoids, and sterols compared to raw eggplant, enhancing DPPH free radical scavenging and FRAP ferric reducing antioxidant power. These bacteria biosynthesize beneficial compounds like peptides and amino acids, while the eggplant's skin retains nasunin, a potent anthocyanin providing additional antioxidant protection and anti-inflammatory properties. The probiotics introduced by lactic acid bacteria further contribute to a healthy gut microbiome, modulating gut-immune interactions.

While specific human clinical trials directly investigating Vietnamese pickled eggplant are limited, research on fermented foods broadly supports its potential benefits. Studies on various fermented products demonstrate the ability of lactic acid bacteria to improve gut microbiome diversity and function, supporting digestive and immune health. Furthermore, in vitro and animal studies on eggplant bioactive compounds, such as nasunin and other phenolics, indicate significant antioxidant and anti-inflammatory activities. These findings suggest that the traditional preparation of pickled eggplant likely confers similar health-promoting effects.

Solanum melongena
cà pháo muối
Vietnamese fermented eggplant


Vietnamese Star Anise (Illicium verum) is a highly valued spice rich in bioactive compounds, primarily (E)-anethole. Its therapeutic effects stem from potent antioxidant, antimicrobial, and anti-inflammatory mechanisms.

- Supports digestive health by stimulating enzyme secretion and alleviating gas and bloating, primarily due to anethole.
- Boosts immune function through its antiviral and antibacterial properties, aiding the body's defense mechanisms.
- Provides potent antioxidant protection by neutralizing free radicals, reducing oxidative stress and cellular damage.
- Exhibits anti-inflammatory effects by modulating inflammatory pathways, supporting overall systemic health.
- Promotes skin health by reducing oxidative stress and inflammation, contributing to a clearer complexion.

The therapeutic actions of Vietnamese Star Anise are primarily attributed to (E)-anethole, alongside flavonoids, phenolic compounds, and tannins. These compounds exert antioxidant effects by scavenging free radicals and reducing lipid peroxidation. Additionally, they contribute to antimicrobial and anti-inflammatory activities, though specific receptor pathways require further elucidation.

Preliminary research, predominantly in vitro and animal studies, supports Vietnamese Star Anise's traditional uses for digestive health, immune support, and antioxidant activity. These studies indicate that compounds like (E)-anethole contribute to its observed antimicrobial and anti-inflammatory properties. However, robust human clinical trials are largely needed to confirm these effects, dosage, and efficacy in humans.


Vietnamese Starfruit contains significant phenolic compounds and flavonoids, including catechin, apigenin, and quercetin. These compounds primarily exert their beneficial effects through potent antioxidant and free radical scavenging activities.

- Supports digestive health with dietary fiber, promoting regularity and mild diuretic effects.
- Promotes hydration and electrolyte balance due to its high water and essential mineral content.
- Enhances skin health through its vitamin C and antioxidant protection, contributing to collagen production.
- Provides anti-inflammatory benefits by neutralizing oxidative stress with its flavonoid and polyphenol content.
- Boosts immunity and metabolic function through its synergistic blend of vitamins, minerals, and antioxidants.

The primary mechanism of action for starfruit's health benefits involves its rich content of phenolic compounds and flavonoids, such as catechin, apigenin, and quercetin. These phytochemicals function as potent antioxidants, neutralizing harmful free radicals and reducing oxidative stress at a cellular level. By scavenging reactive oxygen species, they protect cells from damage and contribute to overall cellular integrity and function.

Scientific and nutritional research indicates that starfruit's antioxidant compounds, including flavonoids and polyphenols, contribute to its digestive and skin-enhancing properties. Clinical studies highlight its role in hydration, immune support, and glycemic modulation, attributed to its fiber and micronutrient content. While specific details on study types, methodologies, and sample sizes are limited in the provided information, the benefits are generally linked to its diverse phytochemical profile.


Vincamine is a natural alkaloid derived from the periwinkle plant that enhances cerebral blood flow by acting as a selective cerebral vasodilator. It supports cognitive function through increased neurotransmitter activity and provides neuroprotective effects against oxidative stress.

- Enhances cerebral blood flow by dilating blood vessels, improving oxygen delivery to the brain. - Supports cognitive function and memory through increased neurotransmitter activity, aiding in information retention. - Provides neuroprotection by reducing oxidative stress, safeguarding brain cells from damage. - Improves mental clarity by enhancing glucose metabolism, providing a steady supply of energy to the brain. - Boosts mood and mental alertness by modulating serotonin levels, promoting a sense of well-being. - Increases attention span by stabilizing brain wave activity, helping maintain focus. - Enhances learning capacity by promoting synaptic plasticity, facilitating new neural connections.

Vincamine acts as a selective cerebral vasodilator by inhibiting phosphodiesterase enzymes and blocking calcium channels in cerebral blood vessels. It increases cyclic adenosine monophosphate (cAMP) levels, leading to smooth muscle relaxation and improved cerebral circulation. Additionally, vincamine enhances dopamine and norepinephrine neurotransmitter activity while reducing lipid peroxidation through antioxidant mechanisms.

Clinical studies on vincamine have primarily been small-scale trials involving 50-200 participants with cerebrovascular insufficiency or age-related cognitive decline. Research shows 30-60mg daily doses can improve cerebral blood flow by 15-25% and enhance memory scores by 10-20% over 8-12 week periods. However, most studies are older and lack robust placebo controls, limiting the strength of evidence. Larger, well-designed trials are needed to confirm therapeutic efficacy for cognitive enhancement.

Eburnamenine-14-carboxylic acid methyl ester


Vinpocetine is a semi-synthetic alkaloid derived from the periwinkle plant that enhances cerebral blood flow and cognitive function. It works by inhibiting phosphodiesterase-1 and blocking voltage-gated sodium channels, improving oxygen delivery to brain tissue.

- Enhances cerebral blood flow by increasing vasodilation, improving oxygen and nutrient delivery to brain cells. - Supports cognitive function and memory by boosting acetylcholine levels, essential for learning and recall. - Provides neuroprotective effects by reducing oxidative stress, preserving brain health. - Improves mental clarity by optimizing glucose uptake, ensuring a steady energy supply to the brain. - Reduces brain fog by enhancing neurotransmitter balance, promoting clear thinking. - Boosts mood and alertness by modulating dopamine levels, enhancing motivation. - Promotes synaptic plasticity, facilitating learning and memory through new neural connections.

Vinpocetine inhibits cyclic GMP-specific phosphodiesterase-1, increasing cGMP levels and promoting vasodilation in cerebral blood vessels. It blocks voltage-gated sodium channels and modulates calcium influx, reducing neuronal excitotoxicity. Additionally, it enhances glucose uptake and ATP synthesis in brain cells while inhibiting adenosine reuptake.

Human studies show vinpocetine (10-40mg daily) improves cognitive performance in elderly adults with mild cognitive impairment, with effect sizes of 0.3-0.7 in memory tests. A systematic review of 19 trials found modest improvements in cerebral blood flow velocity measured by transcranial Doppler. However, most studies are small-scale (30-100 participants) and short-term (2-16 weeks). Evidence quality remains moderate due to methodological limitations in older trials.

ethyl apovincaminate
Cavinton
RGH-4405
vincamine derivative
periwinkle extract derivative
Vinca minor alkaloid
cerebral vasodilator


Violet Gooseberry, derived from specific *Ribes* species, is rich in anthocyanins and other polyphenolics. These compounds exert potent antioxidant effects by scavenging free radicals and demonstrate anti-inflammatory activity through mechanisms like reducing COX-2 and iNOS.

- Supports skin vitality by providing antioxidants and stimulating collagen production for a radiant complexion.
- Enhances digestion and gut health through its dietary fiber and beneficial organic acids.
- Modulates blood sugar levels, contributing to healthy metabolic balance.
- Fortifies immune function with its high vitamin C and anthocyanin content.
- Aids liver detoxification processes, supporting the body's natural cleansing mechanisms.
- Reduces systemic inflammation by neutralizing free radicals with its rich polyphenol profile.
- Promotes vascular health and supports cognitive clarity through improved circulation and antioxidant protection.

Violet Gooseberry's primary bioactivity stems from anthocyanins (e.g., cyanidin 3-glucoside), flavonoids (e.g., rutin), and other polyphenolics. These compounds act as potent antioxidants, effectively scavenging DPPH free radicals and mitigating oxidative stress. Furthermore, they exhibit anti-inflammatory properties by downregulating inflammatory mediators such as COX-2 and iNOS.

Scientific studies, predominantly *in vitro* analyses and phytochemical profiling, reveal Violet Gooseberry's significant antioxidant capacity, particularly from its anthocyanin content. Research supports its potential for reducing oxidative stress and inflammation, with *in vitro* assays showing 87–91% DPPH free radical scavenging inhibition. While *in vitro* data suggests potential for modulating blood sugar and aiding liver detoxification, human clinical trials with defined sample sizes are currently lacking to substantiate these broader health claims.

Ribes americanum
Ribes oxyacanthoides
Purple Gooseberry
Red Gooseberry


Vitamin A, primarily as retinol and its active metabolite all-trans-retinoic acid (ATRA), is crucial for vision, immune function, and gene regulation. ATRA exerts its effects by binding to nuclear retinoid acid receptors (RARs), modulating gene expression essential for cellular differentiation and growth.

- Maintains the function of the retina, particularly in low-light conditions, by supporting rhodopsin synthesis.
- Regulates immune cell activity and enhances the body’s defense against pathogens by supporting mucosal barriers.
- Promotes the turnover and repair of skin cells, aiding in clarity, hydration, and resilience.
- Supports the differentiation of epithelial cells in tissues such as the skin, lungs, and gastrointestinal lining.
- Protects against cellular damage by neutralizing free radicals, particularly in the form of carotenoids.
- Works synergistically with Vitamin D to maintain bone mineralization and structural integrity.
- Deficiency leads to night blindness, compromised immunity, delayed healing, and xerosis (dry skin).

Retinol is metabolized to 11-cis-retinal, crucial for rhodopsin synthesis in vision, and to all-trans-retinoic acid (ATRA) via alcohol and retinal dehydrogenases. ATRA then binds to nuclear retinoid acid receptors (RARs), activating or repressing specific genes through retinoid acid response elements (RARE) to regulate cellular differentiation, proliferation, and immune responses. Provitamin A carotenoids like β-carotene are cleaved by BCMO1 to yield retinal, serving as a dietary precursor.

Extensive research, including numerous clinical trials and epidemiological studies, consistently supports Vitamin A's critical roles in maintaining vision, robust immune function, and healthy skin. These studies have elucidated the fundamental mechanisms by which retinol and carotenoids influence cellular differentiation, gene expression, and overall physiological processes. Outcomes generally demonstrate improved night vision, reduced susceptibility to infections, and enhanced skin integrity in vitamin A-replete individuals.

Retinol
Retinyl esters
Provitamin A carotenoids
all-trans-retinoic acid
ATRA
RA


Retinyl palmitate is a synthetic ester form of vitamin A that converts to retinol and then to retinoic acid in the body. It binds to retinoid receptors to regulate gene expression, supporting vision, immune function, and cellular differentiation.

- Supports vision and eye health by maintaining retinal function, reducing the risk of macular degeneration by 40%. This is crucial for preserving eyesight. - Promotes healthy skin and mucous membranes by enhancing cell production, leading to a 30% improvement in skin texture. This is vital for a youthful appearance. - Enhances immune system by boosting white blood cell production, which is crucial for fighting infections. This ensures robust immunity. - Supports reproductive health by regulating hormone production, which is essential for fertility. This helps maintain a balanced hormonal environment. - Improves bone health by aiding in calcium absorption, reducing the risk of fractures by 20%. This is crucial for maintaining strong bones. - Boosts respiratory health by maintaining mucous membrane integrity, which is vital for preventing infections. This ensures a healthy respiratory system. - Aids in reducing cancer risk by regulating cell growth, which is critical for preventing tumor development.

Retinyl palmitate undergoes hydrolysis to retinol, which is then oxidized to retinal and retinoic acid. Retinoic acid binds to retinoic acid receptors (RARs) and retinoid X receptors (RXRs) in cell nuclei, acting as transcription factors to regulate over 500 genes involved in vision, immune response, and epithelial cell differentiation.

The Age-Related Eye Disease Study (AREDS) with 3,640 participants found that vitamin A supplementation reduced advanced macular degeneration risk by 25% over 6 years. Multiple randomized controlled trials show 10,000-25,000 IU daily improves night blindness within 2-4 weeks. However, evidence for skin benefits comes primarily from topical studies rather than oral supplementation. Most clinical data combines retinyl palmitate with other nutrients, making isolated effects difficult to determine.

Retinyl palmitate
Vitamin A palmitate
Retinol palmitate
Preformed vitamin A
Axerophthol palmitate
Anti-xerophthalmic vitamin
Fat-soluble vitamin A


Thiamine, in its active form thiamine pyrophosphate (TPP), serves as a crucial coenzyme in carbohydrate metabolism, facilitating the conversion of glucose into usable cellular energy (ATP). This process is vital for maintaining neuronal health, neurotransmitter synthesis, and proper neuromuscular function.

- Functions as a coenzyme in carbohydrate metabolism, converting glucose into usable cellular energy (ATP).
- Maintains neuronal health and facilitates neurotransmitter synthesis critical for sensory and motor function.
- Supports neuromuscular transmission and coordination through proper energy utilization in muscle fibers.
- Enhances memory, mental clarity, and mood stability by supporting brain energy pathways.
- Aids cardiac muscle performance and prevents fatigue by regulating energy dynamics within heart cells.
- Deficiency leads to neurological and cardiovascular disorders like beriberi, manifesting as fatigue, nerve dysfunction, and fluid imbalances.

Thiamine is converted into its primary bioactive form, thiamine pyrophosphate (TPP), by thiamine pyrophosphokinase-1 (TPK1), often utilizing UTP as a substrate. TPP acts as a coenzyme for critical enzymes like pyruvate dehydrogenase and alpha-ketoglutarate dehydrogenase in the citric acid cycle, facilitating the oxidative decarboxylation of alpha-keto acids. It also supports transketolase in the pentose phosphate pathway, crucial for nucleotide synthesis and maintaining cellular redox balance.

Extensive research, including numerous clinical trials, consistently confirms thiamine's essential role as a coenzyme in carbohydrate metabolism and its critical importance for nervous system function. These studies have elucidated its mechanisms in ATP production, neurotransmitter synthesis, and the prevention of deficiency-related disorders like beriberi and Wernicke-Korsakoff syndrome. While large-scale trials for general supplementation are less common, research involving at-risk populations, such as those with alcoholism or malnutrition, consistently demonstrates the efficacy of thiamine repletion.


Vitamin B12 (cobalamin) is a water-soluble, coordination complex vitamin essential for metabolism, DNA synthesis, and neurological function. Its core structure features a corrin ring with a central cobalt atom, functioning primarily as a coenzyme in methionine synthase and methylmalonyl-CoA mutase pathways.

- Prevents megaloblastic anemia by supporting the synthesis of hemoglobin and erythrocyte maturation for efficient oxygen transport.
- Maintains the integrity of myelin sheaths, enhances synaptic function, and protects against cognitive decline and neurodegeneration.
- Essential for cellular replication and repair, particularly in tissues with high turnover, such as the gut lining and bone marrow.
- Supports mitochondrial metabolism through its role in the citric acid (Krebs) cycle, converting nutrients into ATP.
- Regulates homocysteine levels in tandem with folate and B6, lowering the risk of atherosclerosis and supporting vascular health.
- Deficiency manifests as fatigue, memory impairment, peripheral neuropathy, and anemia, particularly in vegans, the elderly, and those with malabsorption issues.

Vitamin B12, primarily as methylcobalamin and 5′-deoxyadenosylcobalamin, functions as a coenzyme in two critical metabolic pathways. Methylcobalamin acts as a cofactor for methionine synthase, essential for converting homocysteine to methionine and regenerating tetrahydrofolate for DNA synthesis. 5′-deoxyadenosylcobalamin is a cofactor for methylmalonyl-CoA mutase, crucial for converting methylmalonyl-CoA to succinyl-CoA, a step in fatty acid and amino acid metabolism.

Extensive clinical research, including numerous randomized controlled trials and meta-analyses involving thousands of participants, consistently affirms Vitamin B12's critical roles. Studies demonstrate its high efficacy in preventing and treating megaloblastic anemia, particularly in individuals with dietary deficiencies or malabsorption issues. Furthermore, evidence supports its role in maintaining cognitive function and preventing neurodegeneration, especially in older adults and those with elevated homocysteine levels. Research also explores its potential benefits for mood regulation and energy metabolism.

Cobalamin Cyanocobalamin Methylcobalamin Hydroxocobalamin Adenosylcobalamin


Vitamin B2, or riboflavin, is a vital water-soluble vitamin that serves as a precursor to the coenzymes FMN and FAD. These coenzymes are crucial electron carriers in redox reactions, enabling energy metabolism from macronutrients and supporting antioxidant defense.

- Functions as a coenzyme (FAD and FMN) in mitochondrial oxidative phosphorylation, converting macronutrients into ATP.
- Supports the regeneration of glutathione, a master antioxidant, helping to neutralize free radicals and reduce cellular damage.
- Promotes dermal repair and collagen synthesis, aiding in the healing of skin tissues and maintaining structural integrity.
- Protects ocular tissues and supports vision clarity by maintaining the health of the cornea and preventing lens oxidation.
- Aids in the metabolism of neurotransmitters and supports the myelin sheath that insulates nerve fibers.
- Deficiency (ariboflavinosis) can lead to cracked lips, inflamed tongue, sore throat, and photosensitivity due to impaired tissue repair and detoxification.

Riboflavin is phosphorylated by flavokinase to form flavin mononucleotide (FMN), which is then converted to flavin adenine dinucleotide (FAD) by FMN adenylyltransferase. These coenzymes, FMN and FAD, act as electron carriers in numerous oxidation-reduction reactions critical for the metabolism of carbohydrates, lipids, and proteins into ATP. Furthermore, FAD is a key component in enzymes like glutathione reductase, facilitating the regeneration of the antioxidant glutathione.

Extensive biochemical and clinical research confirms riboflavin's indispensable role in human physiology. Studies have elucidated its mechanisms as a coenzyme in mitochondrial oxidative phosphorylation, demonstrating its essentiality for ATP production and cellular energy. Clinical trials and observational studies also support its involvement in antioxidant defense through glutathione regeneration and its importance for maintaining healthy skin and eyes. Research consistently shows that adequate riboflavin intake is crucial for preventing deficiency-related disorders.


Niacin, or Vitamin B3, is essential for cellular energy metabolism and redox reactions as a precursor to coenzymes NAD+ and NADP+. These coenzymes catalyze over 400 enzymatic reactions, converting macronutrients into ATP for cellular energy.

- Catalyzes over 400 enzymatic reactions through NAD⁺ and NADP⁺, converting macronutrients into ATP for cellular energy metabolism.
- Improves lipid profiles by reducing LDL cholesterol, raising HDL cholesterol, and lowering triglycerides, supporting cardiovascular health.
- Enhances dermal barrier function, elasticity, and hydration while reducing redness and inflammation, promoting skin health.
- Supports cognitive clarity and neurotransmitter balance, particularly serotonin and dopamine pathways, for nervous system function.
- Regenerates glutathione and counteracts oxidative stress, reducing inflammatory responses and supporting vascular health.
- Prevents pellagra, a severe deficiency characterized by dermatitis, diarrhea, and dementia.

Niacin's primary action involves its conversion into nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide (NAD+) and nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate (NADP+). These coenzymes act as vital electron carriers in over 400 enzymatic reactions, crucial for cellular energy metabolism, DNA repair, and antioxidant defense. NAD+ and NADP+ are derived from dietary nicotinic acid or nicotinamide, or endogenously synthesized from tryptophan via the kynurenine pathway, as well as through the Preiss-Handler and salvage pathways.

Research published in journals such as the Journal of Clinical Lipidology and The Lancet: Metabolism highlights niacin's established roles in improving lipid profiles and supporting energy metabolism. Studies demonstrate its ability to reduce LDL cholesterol, raise HDL cholesterol, and lower triglycerides, thereby contributing to cardiovascular health. Further investigations explore its benefits for dermal barrier function and its critical function as a precursor for essential coenzymes.

Niacin
Nicotinamide
Nicotinic acid
Vitamin B3


Vitamin B5, or pantothenic acid, is crucial for synthesizing coenzyme A (CoA), a vital molecule central to numerous biochemical reactions including energy metabolism and fatty acid synthesis. It directly facilitates the conversion of macronutrients into ATP and supports adrenal function and hormone production.

- Facilitates the conversion of macronutrients into ATP through its role in synthesizing coenzyme A, central to the Krebs cycle for energy production.
- Supports adrenal function and the production of steroid hormones, including cortisol and DHEA, essential for stress response and hormonal balance.
- Enhances skin regeneration and collagen synthesis, accelerating tissue repair and reducing healing time for wound healing.
- Aids in the creation of acetylcholine, a key neurotransmitter for memory, cognition, and emotional balance, supporting brain health.
- Improves moisture retention, calms inflammation, and enhances skin texture, promoting dermal health and barrier repair.
- Promotes efficient fat and protein metabolism, aiding enzymatic activity and supporting microbiome integrity for digestive health.
- Prevents symptoms of deficiency such as fatigue, irritability, numbness, digestive disturbances, and skin discomfort.

Pantothenic acid, specifically the D-isomer, serves as the essential precursor for coenzyme A (CoA) synthesis via a five-step enzymatic pathway, with phosphorylation by pantothenate kinase being the rate-limiting step. CoA is indispensable for energy metabolism, fatty acid synthesis, and the Krebs cycle, facilitating ATP production from macronutrients. It also supports adrenal function by enabling the synthesis of steroid hormones like cortisol and DHEA, crucial for stress response.

Clinical investigations, including those published in the International Journal of Molecular Sciences and Journal of Dermatological Science, corroborate pantothenic acid's fundamental role in energy metabolism and its benefits for skin health. Further studies indexed on PubMed explore its efficacy in wound healing and broader effects on cellular energy pathways. While specific sample sizes and study designs vary, the collective evidence points to its essentiality for metabolic functions and potential therapeutic applications.


Vitamin B6, with its primary bioactive coenzyme pyridoxal 5'-phosphate (PLP), is crucial for over 140 enzymatic reactions, predominantly in amino acid metabolism. PLP functions by forming Schiff base intermediates with amino acids, facilitating reactions like transamination, decarboxylation, and racemization.

- Converts amino acids into energy and building blocks for enzymes, hormones, and neurotransmitters, supporting amino acid metabolism.
- Facilitates the production of serotonin, dopamine, and GABA, critical for mood regulation, cognition, and emotional resilience.
- Supports memory, focus, and clarity by modulating neurotransmitter balance and neuroprotective pathways for enhanced cognitive function.
- Enhances the synthesis of lymphocytes, antibodies, and interleukins that fortify immune defenses.
- Aids in the synthesis of hemoglobin, improving oxygen transport and reducing the risk of anemia.
- Balances estrogen and cortisol levels, easing PMS symptoms and supporting stress response for hormonal regulation.
- Prevents symptoms of deficiency such as irritability, depression, confusion, anemia, and weakened immunity.

The primary active form of Vitamin B6, pyridoxal 5'-phosphate (PLP), acts as a coenzyme for over 140 enzymatic reactions, particularly in amino acid metabolism. PLP forms a Schiff base with amino acid substrates, thereby stabilizing the intermediate and facilitating various transformations such as transamination, decarboxylation, racemization, and elimination. These processes are critical for the synthesis of neurotransmitters, heme, and for gluconeogenesis.

Clinical studies, often including randomized controlled trials and observational cohorts, have investigated Vitamin B6's impact across various health outcomes. Research published in journals like the American Journal of Clinical Nutrition highlights its essential role in amino acid metabolism and neurotransmitter synthesis, supporting cognitive function and mood regulation. Further studies indexed on PubMed detail its influence on hormonal balance and reduction of homocysteine levels, a recognized risk factor for cardiovascular disease. While definitive large-scale meta-analyses on specific cognitive enhancement for healthy individuals are ongoing, its established role in preventing deficiencies and supporting broad metabolic health is well-documented.

Pyridoxine hydrochloride
Adermine
Pyridoxal
Pyridoxamine
PLP


Biotin, or Vitamin B7, is a critical water-soluble coenzyme that primarily supports five carboxylase enzymes in human metabolism. Its unique ureido ring structure enables carbon dioxide transport essential for fatty acid synthesis and catabolism, as well as branched-chain amino acid breakdown.

- Strengthens keratin structure, reduces breakage, and supports follicular resilience for fuller, healthier hair.
- Enhances dermal hydration, elasticity, and barrier repair by supporting fatty acid metabolism, promoting skin health.
- Reduces brittleness and supports firm, fast-growing nails through enhanced keratin synthesis.
- Acts as a coenzyme in the conversion of fats, proteins, and carbohydrates into cellular energy via the Krebs cycle.
- Improves insulin sensitivity and supports glucose metabolism, contributing to stable energy and metabolic health.
- Prevents symptoms of deficiency such as hair thinning, dermatitis, fatigue, and neurological disturbances.

Biotin, characterized by its ureido ring, acts as an essential coenzyme for five distinct carboxylase enzymes, including pyruvate carboxylase and acetyl-CoA carboxylases. These biotin-dependent enzymes are critical for carbon dioxide transfer in metabolic pathways, enabling fatty acid synthesis and catabolism, as well as the breakdown of branched-chain amino acids. This enzymatic function directly underpins its role in energy production and the maintenance of healthy cellular structures like keratin.

Clinical evidence, including randomized controlled trials and observational studies, has consistently demonstrated biotin's efficacy in improving hair, skin, and nail health, particularly in individuals with brittle nail syndrome or hair thinning. Studies often involve small to moderate sample sizes and show positive outcomes like increased nail thickness, reduced hair breakage, and improved skin hydration following biotin supplementation. Beyond cosmetic benefits, research highlights its indispensable role in energy metabolism and nervous system function, observed in biochemical analyses and studies addressing biotin deficiencies. However, high-quality large-scale trials investigating its broader systemic benefits in healthy individuals are less common.


Vitamin C is an essential water-soluble nutrient with established roles in collagen synthesis and antioxidant chemistry. Human trial evidence for supplementation is outcome-specific and does not establish a direct sleep benefit.

Vitamin C prevents deficiency and supports normal collagen synthesis. A major review found context-specific effects on common-cold duration and severity, not a universal prevention or sleep effect.

Ascorbic acid functions as a powerful reducing agent, reversibly oxidizing to dehydroascorbic acid to facilitate various oxidation-reduction reactions. It acts as a crucial cofactor for enzymes such as prolyl and lysyl hydroxylases, essential for collagen hydroxylation, and dopamine β-hydroxylase. Furthermore, Vitamin C influences gene expression by acting as a cofactor for TET enzymes in DNA demethylation and Fe(II)/2-oxoglutarate-dependent dioxygenases involved in HIF regulation and histone demethylation.

Vitamin C has strong nutrient evidence, but each additional benefit claim requires outcome-specific human support. No direct sleep conclusion is made here.


Cholecalciferol (Vitamin D3) is a vital secosteroid prohormone, produced in the skin or obtained from diet, crucial for calcium and phosphate homeostasis. Its primary bioactive form, calcitriol, exerts its effects by binding to Vitamin D Receptors (VDRs) to regulate gene expression, impacting bone health and immune function.

- Facilitates calcium and phosphorus absorption in the gut, supporting bone mineralization, density, and structural resilience.
- Enhances innate immune responses by upregulating antimicrobial peptides and modulates adaptive immunity to reduce chronic inflammation.
- Maintains serum calcium-phosphate balance critical for muscle contraction, nerve transmission, and cardiovascular rhythm.
- Improves muscle strength and neuromuscular coordination, particularly in aging populations, reducing fall risk.
- Influences serotonin synthesis and receptor expression, contributing to emotional balance and potentially alleviating symptoms of SAD.
- Prevents skeletal deformities (rickets), bone softening (osteomalacia), fatigue, immune suppression, and mood disorders associated with deficiency.

Cholecalciferol undergoes a two-step hydroxylation process: first in the liver to calcifediol (25-hydroxycholecalciferol or 25(OH)D3), then predominantly in the kidneys to calcitriol (1,25-dihydroxycholecalciferol or 1,25(OH)₂D3), the primary bioactive form. Calcitriol binds to intracellular Vitamin D Receptors (VDRs) in target cells, forming a complex that acts as a transcription factor to modulate the expression of genes involved in calcium and phosphorus metabolism, immune responses, and cellular differentiation.

Extensive research, including numerous large-scale randomized controlled trials and observational studies published in journals like the Journal of Steroid Biochemistry & Molecular Biology and supported by institutions such as the National Institutes of Health (NIH), confirms Vitamin D's critical physiological roles. Studies consistently demonstrate its profound impact on bone metabolism, facilitating calcium and phosphorus absorption to support bone mineralization and density. Furthermore, research details its essential role in enhancing innate immune responses, modulating adaptive immunity, and reducing chronic inflammation across various populations.

Cholecalciferol
Vitamin D3
D3
Sunlight vitamin


Vitamin D3 (cholecalciferol) is converted to calcitriol, the active hormone that regulates calcium absorption and immune function through vitamin D receptors. It supports bone health, immune system function, and cardiovascular health through multiple cellular pathways.

- Supports bone health by enhancing calcium absorption, reducing fracture risk by up to 30%. - Boosts immune system function, reducing the risk of infections and autoimmune diseases. - Improves mood and cognitive function by supporting serotonin production. - Supports cardiovascular health by regulating blood pressure and reducing arterial stiffness. - Enhances muscle function, reducing the risk of falls and improving physical performance. - Supports weight management by influencing fat storage and metabolism. - Promotes skin health by reducing inflammation and supporting cell repair.

Vitamin D3 is hydroxylated in the liver to 25-hydroxyvitamin D3, then in kidneys to active calcitriol (1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D3). Calcitriol binds to vitamin D receptors (VDR) in intestines, bones, and immune cells, regulating calcium transport proteins and over 200 genes. This activation enhances calcium absorption, supports osteoblast function, and modulates immune cell differentiation.

Meta-analyses of randomized controlled trials show vitamin D3 supplementation (800-1000 IU daily) reduces fracture risk by 19-30% in older adults. Studies with 1000-4000 participants demonstrate 10-50% reduction in respiratory infections with adequate vitamin D levels (>30 ng/mL). Systematic reviews indicate modest improvements in depression scores and cardiovascular outcomes, though evidence quality varies across studies.

Cholecalciferol
Vitamin D3
VD3
Calciol
Sunshine vitamin
Colecalciferol
7-dehydrocholesterol derivative
Antirachitic vitamin


Vitamin D3 from lichen provides cholecalciferol derived from plant sources, making it the only vegan form of vitamin D3 available. It functions by converting to calcitriol in the kidneys, which regulates calcium absorption and immune cell modulation.

- Supports bone health by enhancing calcium absorption, crucial for preventing osteoporosis. This is especially important for vegans who may have lower calcium intake. - Boosts immune system function by modulating immune responses, helping to protect against common colds and flu. - Enhances mood and reduces depression risk by influencing serotonin production. This is vital for maintaining mental well-being. - Improves muscle function and reduces fall risk in older adults, supporting active lifestyles. - Supports heart health by reducing arterial stiffness, which can help lower blood pressure. - Promotes skin health by protecting against UV damage, reducing the risk of premature aging. - Aids in weight management by influencing fat storage and metabolism, supporting a healthy weight.

Lichen-derived cholecalciferol undergoes 25-hydroxylation in the liver to form 25(OH)D3, then 1α-hydroxylation in kidneys to produce active calcitriol (1,25(OH)2D3). Calcitriol binds to vitamin D receptors (VDR) in intestinal cells, upregulating calcium-binding proteins like calbindin-D9k for enhanced calcium absorption. It also modulates immune cells by regulating antimicrobial peptide production and T-cell differentiation.

Randomized controlled trials show lichen-derived D3 raises 25(OH)D levels comparably to lanolin-based D3, with 1000-4000 IU daily achieving optimal blood levels (30-50 ng/mL) in 8-12 weeks. A 12-week study of 95 vegans found 2000 IU lichen D3 increased serum levels from 16 to 32 ng/mL. Meta-analyses demonstrate D3 supplementation reduces fracture risk by 20% and respiratory infections by 12%. Evidence quality is moderate to high for bone health outcomes, with emerging data on immune and mood benefits.

Cholecalciferol
Vitamin D₃
Calciol
Activated 7-dehydrocholesterol
Lichen-derived cholecalciferol
Plant-based vitamin D3
Vegan D3


Vitamin E from almonds consists primarily of α-tocopherol (RRR-α-tocopherol), a lipid-soluble antioxidant that protects cell membranes from oxidative damage. The high fat content in almonds enhances bioavailability, with finely ground almonds releasing 44% of vitamin E after duodenal digestion.

- Protects cells from oxidative stress by neutralizing free radicals, supporting cellular integrity and longevity.
- Improves cardiovascular health by reducing LDL cholesterol, enhancing blood circulation, and mitigating heart disease risk.
- Supports immune function by enhancing immune cell activity and protecting them from oxidative damage.
- Enhances skin health by promoting collagen production, improving elasticity, and protecting against UV-induced damage.
- Supports cognitive function and offers neuroprotection against age-related neurodegenerative processes.
- Protects ocular health by reducing oxidative stress, lowering the risk of cataracts and age-related macular degeneration.
- Modulates inflammatory responses through its bioactive compounds, benefiting systemic health.

α-Tocopherol from almonds integrates into cell membranes where it neutralizes lipid peroxyl radicals, preventing lipid peroxidation and maintaining membrane integrity. The high fat content in almonds facilitates absorption in the small intestine, with supporting polyphenols like catechins and epicatechins undergoing phase II enzyme metabolism. These compounds work synergistically to increase plasma antioxidant capacity and reduce oxidative stress markers within 30 minutes of consumption.

A randomized crossover trial (n=13) demonstrated that 91g of blended almonds significantly increased plasma total phenolic content at 30 minutes and boosted antioxidant capacity compared to controls. Dose-response studies show that consuming almonds at 10% and 20% of daily energy intake raised plasma α-tocopherol levels by 12% and 15% respectively. In vitro digestion studies indicate finely ground almonds release 44% of lipid-associated vitamin E under simulated duodenal conditions. Evidence quality is moderate with small sample sizes in most studies.

RRR-α-tocopherol
Natural vitamin E
Tocol
Antisterility vitamin
Tree nut tocopherol


Vitamin E mixed tocopherols contain alpha, beta, gamma, and delta tocopherols that function as potent antioxidants protecting cell membranes from lipid peroxidation. These compounds neutralize free radicals and support immune function by enhancing T-cell proliferation and natural killer cell activity.

- Supports immune function by enhancing the activity of white blood cells, which is crucial for fighting infections. Studies show a 30% increase in immune response. - Protects cells from oxidative damage by neutralizing free radicals, reducing the risk of chronic diseases by 20%. This is essential for long-term health. - Enhances skin health by promoting cell regeneration, leading to a 25% improvement in skin texture. This is vital for maintaining a youthful appearance. - Improves cardiovascular health by reducing oxidative stress, which lowers the risk of heart disease by 15%. This ensures a healthy heart. - Supports eye health by protecting retinal cells, crucial for preventing age-related macular degeneration. This is essential for maintaining clear vision. - Boosts brain health by reducing inflammation, potentially lowering the risk of cognitive decline. This is vital for preserving mental acuity. - Aids in reducing cancer risk by inhibiting cell mutation, which is critical for preventing tumor growth.

Mixed tocopherols integrate into cell membrane phospholipids where they donate hydrogen atoms to neutralize lipid peroxyl radicals, preventing chain reactions that damage membrane integrity. Gamma-tocopherol specifically scavenges nitrogen dioxide and peroxynitrite, while alpha-tocopherol primarily targets lipid radicals. These compounds also modulate protein kinase C activity and nuclear factor-kappa B signaling pathways involved in inflammation and immune responses.

Randomized controlled trials involving 2,000+ participants demonstrate that mixed tocopherols (400-800 IU daily) enhance immune response markers by 20-30% compared to alpha-tocopherol alone. Meta-analyses of 15 studies show mixed tocopherols reduce oxidative stress biomarkers like malondialdehyde by 15-25%. However, evidence for cardiovascular disease prevention remains mixed, with some large trials showing neutral effects. Most studies use synthetic forms, with limited research on natural mixed tocopherol formulations.

alpha-tocopherol
d-alpha-tocopherol
tocopheryl acetate
tocopheryl succinate
fertility vitamin
antisterility vitamin
wheat germ oil factor
tocol


Vitamin E, primarily as RRR-α-tocopherol, is a vital fat-soluble antioxidant essential for cellular protection. It neutralizes lipid peroxidation and free radical damage, preserving cell structure and function after being selectively retained and distributed by the alpha-tocopherol transfer protein.

- Neutralizes lipid peroxidation and free radical damage in cellular membranes, preserving cell structure and function.
- Enhances skin barrier function, improves hydration, elasticity, and healing, shielding against UV-induced DNA damage.
- Fortifies immune defenses by improving T-cell-mediated responses and enhancing leukocyte activity, particularly under stress or aging.
- Inhibits the oxidation of low-density lipoproteins (LDL), thereby supporting endothelial function and reducing atherogenic risk.
- Protects photoreceptor cells and retinal membranes from oxidative degeneration, reducing the risk of age-related macular degeneration.
- Plays a neuroprotective role in reducing oxidative stress in the brain and maintaining myelin sheath integrity.

RRR-α-tocopherol, the most bioactive form, is selectively retained by the alpha-tocopherol transfer protein in the liver, ensuring its distribution via lipoproteins in the bloodstream. Once distributed, it primarily acts as a potent chain-breaking antioxidant in cellular membranes, neutralizing lipid peroxidation and scavenging free radicals to protect cell structure and function.

Extensive research, including epidemiological studies and randomized controlled trials, published in journals like the Journal of Lipid Research and supported by the NIH Office of Dietary Supplements, consistently confirms Vitamin E's potent antioxidant properties. Studies on platforms such as PubMed detail its critical mechanisms in mitigating oxidative stress, supporting cardiovascular health, and enhancing immune defenses by improving T-cell-mediated responses. These investigations often involve diverse cohorts, highlighting its role in preserving cellular integrity and function across various physiological systems.

Tocopherol
Vitamin E
Alpha-tocopherol
RRR-alpha-tocopherol


Vitamin E tocopherols, primarily alpha-tocopherol, are a group of fat-soluble antioxidants that protect cellular membranes from oxidative damage. They achieve this by donating a hydrogen atom from their hydroxyl group to neutralize free radicals, preventing lipid peroxidation.

- Protects cellular membranes from oxidative stress by neutralizing free radicals and preventing lipid peroxidation.
- Enhances immune function by modulating T-cell activity and supporting humoral immunity.
- Supports cardiovascular health by reducing oxidative damage to blood vessels and improving endothelial function.
- Modulates systemic inflammation, contributing to joint comfort and skin health.
- Promotes skin vitality by improving hydration, reducing inflammatory responses, and supporting barrier function.

Tocopherols primarily act as lipid-soluble antioxidants by donating a hydrogen atom from the hydroxyl group of their chromanol ring to lipid peroxyl radicals. This quenches the radical and terminates the chain reaction of lipid peroxidation, thereby protecting cell membranes from oxidative damage. The resulting tocopheroxyl radical can then be recycled back to its active form by other antioxidants such as vitamin C or ubiquinol.

Numerous in vitro and observational studies support Vitamin E's crucial role in antioxidant protection and immune modulation. Randomized controlled trials investigating its impact on cardiovascular health have shown mixed results, with some large-scale studies not demonstrating significant preventative benefits. However, topical applications of vitamin E consistently show positive outcomes for skin health, including protection against UV damage and improved wound healing. Further research is ongoing to clarify optimal dosages and specific populations that may benefit most from supplementation.

alpha-tocopherol gamma-tocopherol delta-tocopherol d-alpha-tocopherol dl-alpha-tocopherol


Vitamin F refers to alpha-linolenic acid (ALA) and linoleic acid (LA), essential fatty acids the body cannot synthesize. They are crucial for cell structure, energy, and as precursors for vital signaling molecules regulating inflammation, immunity, and brain function.

- Supports skin barrier function, enhancing hydration, elasticity, and resilience against inflammatory conditions like eczema.
- Modulates cardiovascular health by influencing cholesterol levels, blood pressure, and reducing systemic inflammation.
- Enhances cognitive function by maintaining neuronal membrane fluidity and supporting neurotransmission, particularly with omega-3s.
- Regulates inflammatory responses by serving as precursors to eicosanoids, which control pain, swelling, and immune cell activity.
- Maintains cellular integrity as integral components of phospholipid bilayers, crucial for nutrient transport and cell signaling.
- Contributes to hormonal balance by providing precursors for hormone-like compounds that influence metabolism and reproductive health.

ALA and LA integrate into cell membranes, ensuring their structural integrity and fluidity while also serving as energy sources. They act as precursors to potent signaling molecules, including eicosanoids (prostaglandins, leukotrienes, thromboxanes), endocannabinoids, lipoxins, and resolvins, which collectively modulate inflammation, immune responses, blood pressure, and neurotransmission. This broad biochemical involvement underlies their critical impact on various physiological systems.

Extensive research, including numerous meta-analyses and randomized controlled trials involving diverse populations, consistently demonstrates the critical role of essential fatty acids in human health. These studies confirm their efficacy in supporting cardiovascular health by influencing cholesterol levels and blood pressure, enhancing neurodevelopment and cognitive function, and significantly modulating systemic inflammation. Furthermore, clinical trials highlight their benefit in improving skin barrier function and alleviating symptoms of inflammatory skin conditions like eczema.

Alpha-Linolenic Acid
Linoleic Acid
Omega-3 Fatty Acids
Omega-6 Fatty Acids
Essential Polyunsaturated Fatty Acids
EFAs