Dock Leaf Juice, derived from *Rumex* species, contains phenolics and flavonoids responsible for its traditional uses in wound healing and treating skin irritations. These compounds exert antimicrobial effects by disrupting bacterial cell growth and antiparasitic activity, notably against *Plasmodium falciparum*.

- Supports digestive health by stimulating bile production and promoting regularity.
- Promotes detoxification pathways, aiding in the elimination of waste products.
- Provides anti-inflammatory benefits, helping to soothe internal and external irritations.
- Aids in wound healing and skin regeneration through its astringent and nutrient properties.
- Offers potent antioxidant protection, combating cellular damage from free radicals.
- Contributes to overall systemic cleansing and vitality.

Dock Leaf Juice's therapeutic actions are attributed to its rich content of phenolics, flavonoids, and other bioactive compounds. These compounds exert antimicrobial effects by directly disrupting bacterial cell growth and antiparasitic activity, such as inhibiting *Plasmodium falciparum* through reducing parasite lactate dehydrogenase activity. Further mechanisms likely contribute to its anti-inflammatory and antioxidant properties.

Preliminary *in vitro* and traditional use studies suggest Dock Leaf Juice's potential for various health benefits. Research indicates its antimicrobial and antiparasitic efficacy, with *Rumex crispus* leaf extract showing an IC50 of 15 μg/mL against *Plasmodium falciparum* by inhibiting parasite lactate dehydrogenase activity. Further preliminary investigations support its use in digestive health, detoxification, and providing anti-inflammatory benefits, as well as aiding wound healing and skin regeneration. However, comprehensive human clinical trials are needed to validate these effects and determine optimal dosages.

Rumex spp.
Rumex crispus
Dock
Yellow Dock


Dock Leaf Vinegar, rich in organic acids and polyphenols like gallic acid and chlorogenic acid, primarily exerts its effects through antioxidant mechanisms. These compounds help support digestive regularity, promote detoxification, and contribute to anti-inflammatory processes in the body.

- Supports digestive health by stimulating digestive enzymes and promoting gut regularity.
- Promotes detoxification pathways, aiding in liver cleansing and waste elimination.
- Alleviates inflammation throughout the body, contributing to overall comfort.
- Helps regulate blood sugar levels by improving insulin sensitivity.
- Offers potent antioxidant protection, combating cellular damage from free radicals.
- Contributes to overall metabolic balance and systemic vitality.

Dock Leaf Vinegar's primary mechanism involves its rich profile of organic acids, notably acetic acid, and various polyphenols such as gallic acid, chlorogenic acid, and catechins. These compounds exert antioxidant effects by enhancing endogenous antioxidant enzymes like superoxide dismutase and catalase, and by modulating the Nrf2 pathway. Additionally, components may stimulate digestive enzymes, support liver detoxification pathways, and contribute to anti-inflammatory responses and improved blood sugar regulation.

Clinical research specifically on Dock Leaf Vinegar is currently very limited, with available sources indicating it as a traditional herbal preparation. Preliminary studies on its general components, such as various plant-based vinegars and Rumex species extracts, suggest potential benefits related to digestive support, detoxification, and anti-inflammatory effects. However, robust clinical trials with defined sample sizes and specific outcomes for Dock Leaf Vinegar itself are needed to substantiate these claims and fully elucidate its therapeutic efficacy.

Rumex spp.
Broad-leaved Dock Vinegar
Curly Dock Vinegar

Legacy index-continuity record: the score and narrative are provisional and must not be represented as validated or human-approved.


Dodonaea fruit, consistent with other parts of the plant, contains bioactive compounds like flavonoids (e.g., quercetin, apigenin) and phenolic acids. These compounds are believed to contribute to its traditional uses by modulating inflammation, offering antimicrobial benefits, and supporting tissue repair through mechanisms such as intrinsic apoptosis and G2/M cell cycle arrest.

- Modulates inflammation and supports tissue repair.
- Offers antimicrobial and astringent action.
- Contributes to respiratory and joint health.
- Assists in skin healing processes.
- Supports oral and gut mucosal tone.

Dodonaea fruit, rich in flavonoids like apigenin and quercetin, and phenolic acids such as chlorogenic and gallic acid, exhibits multiple mechanisms of action. These include modulating inflammatory pathways and demonstrating antimicrobial effects. Furthermore, in vitro studies on Dodonaea extracts have shown intrinsic apoptosis via caspase-3 activation and mitochondrial membrane potential disruption in cancer cells, alongside G2/M phase cell cycle arrest.

Scientific literature supports the traditional anti-inflammatory, antimicrobial, and wound-healing properties of Dodonaea fruit, with studies indicating its potential for joint health and mucosal tone. However, specific clinical trials directly on Dodonaea fruit extracts, detailing sample sizes and human outcomes, are largely absent in the provided research. The available evidence primarily consists of in vitro studies demonstrating cellular mechanisms, such as apoptosis induction and cell cycle arrest in colorectal cancer cells. Further human-centric research is needed to validate these effects and establish dosage guidelines.

Dodonaea viscosa
Dodonaea angustifolia
Hop Bush


Dog Rose Fruit is rich in ascorbic acid, phenolic compounds, and flavonoids, which contribute to its potent antioxidant activity. These bioactives support immune function by mitigating oxidative stress, enhance skin health through collagen stimulation, and contribute to cardiovascular well-being.

- Strengthens immune function by enhancing white blood cell activity and mitigating oxidative stress.
- Supports cardiovascular health via polyphenol-mediated blood pressure regulation and cholesterol balance.
- Promotes skin health by stimulating collagen production and protecting against UV-induced damage.
- Enhances joint health by reducing inflammation and supporting connective tissue.
- Improves digestive wellness through prebiotic fiber that nourishes gut microbiota.
- Offers neuroprotective effects by combating oxidative damage and cognitive decline.
- Contributes to metabolic regulation and cellular detoxification.

Dog Rose Fruit exerts its benefits primarily through its high content of L(+)-ascorbic acid, phenolic compounds, and flavonoids, which collectively provide significant antioxidant activity by scavenging free radicals and reducing oxidative stress (DPPH, FRAP). Ascorbic acid and specific flavonoids stimulate collagen production, vital for skin health, while polyphenols contribute to cardiovascular support through blood pressure regulation and cholesterol balance. Additionally, galactolipids and other flavonoids found in the fruit exhibit anti-inflammatory and neuroprotective effects, supporting joint health and neurological function.

Research supports Dog Rose Fruit's potent antioxidant activity, attributed to its rich content of ascorbic acid, phenolic compounds, and flavonoids, demonstrated through various in vitro assays like DPPH radical scavenging and FRAP. Studies validate its collagen-enhancing and immune-modulating effects, with further investigations exploring its potential for cardiovascular benefits. The presence of galactolipids and specific flavonoids indicates promising joint and neuroprotective potential, aligning with traditional uses, though more human clinical trials are needed to fully characterize efficacy across these areas.

Rosa canina
Rosa canina L. hips
Cynosbati fructus
Rose Hips


Dog rose hip (Rosa canina) fruit contains the bioactive galactolipid GOPO, which suppresses COX-2 and inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS) in activated macrophages, reducing key inflammatory mediators implicated in osteoarthritis and joint degradation. The fruit delivers exceptionally high vitamin C (up to 2,500 mg/100 g dry weight), alongside polyphenols, carotenoids, and polyunsaturated fatty acids—compounds whose anti-inflammatory efficacy in osteoarthritic subjects has been demonstrated in dose-titration studies showing significant reductions in lameness and pain scores (Fritsch et al., 2010; PMID: 20707845).

- Strengthens immune function and enhances collagen synthesis with exceptionally high vitamin C content.
- Protects against oxidative stress through its rich profile of flavonoids, carotenoids, and polyphenols.
- Promotes cardiovascular health by reducing arterial inflammation and improving circulation.
- Provides anti-inflammatory benefits for joint health, easing symptoms like osteoarthritis.
- Supports digestive wellness through dietary fiber, promoting gut microbiome balance and regularity.
- Enhances wound healing and skin hydration.
- Contributes to cognitive clarity through neuroprotective effects.

The primary bioactive in dog rose hip, GOPO ((2S)-1,2-di-O-[(9Z,12Z,15Z)-octadeca-9,12,15-trienoyl]-3-O-β-D-galactopyranosyl glycerol), is a galactolipid that inhibits cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2) gene expression and suppresses inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS) activity in lipopolysaccharide-stimulated macrophages, thereby reducing prostaglandin E₂ (PGE₂) and nitric oxide (NO) production—two central mediators of inflammatory joint destruction. Additionally, rose hip's high concentrations of ascorbic acid, quercetin, and trans-tiliroside act synergistically to scavenge reactive oxygen species (ROS), inhibit NF-κB nuclear translocation, and downregulate matrix metalloproteinases (MMP-1, MMP-3, MMP-13) responsible for cartilage collagen degradation. The omega-3 fatty acids (α-linolenic acid) present in the seed fraction competitively inhibit arachidonic acid metabolism via the COX and 5-lipoxygenase (5-LOX) pathways, shifting eicosanoid production toward anti-inflammatory resolvins and protectins. Dose-dependent anti-inflammatory responses observed with polyunsaturated fatty acid supplementation in osteoarthritic models (Fritsch et al., 2010; PMID: 20707845) support this multi-target mechanism.

Clinical trials testing rose hip extracts have shown mixed results, with one study of a flavonoid-carotenoid complex from R. canina failing to demonstrate efficacy. In vitro studies confirm GOPO's ability to inhibit COX-2 transcription in TPA-treated B16 cells and show chondroprotective effects. Antioxidant activity has been validated in laboratory studies of eight Transylvanian extracts using DPPH assays, correlating with vitamin C and total polyphenol content. Large-scale clinical trials with quantified therapeutic outcomes remain limited in the current literature.

Rosa canina L.
Cynosbati fructus
Rose hips
Dog rose hips
Wild rose hips


Dominican Breadnut (Brosimum alicastrum) offers a significant plant-based protein source and dietary fiber, crucial for muscle repair and digestive health. Its nutritional profile, including omega-3 fatty acids, supports cardiovascular well-being and metabolic function.

- Provides a robust plant-based protein source, essential for muscle repair, metabolic function, and promoting satiety.
- Supports digestive health with high fiber content that promotes gut motility and fosters a balanced microbiome.
- Promotes cardiovascular health through omega-3 fatty acids and potassium, aiding in blood pressure regulation and healthy lipid metabolism.
- Enhances skin nourishment with B vitamins and essential minerals that promote tissue repair and maintain hydration.
- Boosts immune function through its dense nutrient profile and presence of anti-inflammatory compounds, strengthening the body's defenses.

Limited specific research exists detailing the precise mechanisms of action for Dominican Breadnut (Brosimum alicastrum) nut compounds. However, its high fiber content contributes to improved gut motility and a balanced microbiome by acting as a prebiotic substrate. The presence of omega-3 fatty acids supports cardiovascular health by modulating lipid profiles and reducing inflammation, although specific pathways in Brosimum alicastrum require further elucidation.

Specific clinical trials on Dominican Breadnut (Brosimum alicastrum) nuts, including human intervention studies with detailed sample sizes and outcomes, are not readily available in the current literature. While general nutritional benefits are acknowledged, robust evidence from controlled clinical settings demonstrating specific health markers remains limited. Further research, including randomized controlled trials, is needed to substantiate its purported health benefits in human populations.


Cordyceps sinensis is a parasitic fungus containing cordycepin and adenosine that enhances cellular energy production through ATP synthesis. It supports respiratory function, immune response, and physical endurance through multiple bioactive compounds.

- Enhances energy by increasing ATP production, the body's energy currency. This results in improved stamina and endurance. - Boosts immune function by stimulating macrophage activity, essential for fighting infections. This helps maintain overall health. - Supports respiratory health by improving oxygen utilization in the lungs. This enhances breathing efficiency and capacity. - Enhances athletic performance by increasing VO2 max, the maximum rate of oxygen consumption. This boosts endurance and physical output. - Reduces inflammation by inhibiting pro-inflammatory cytokines. This alleviates joint pain and improves mobility. - Supports cardiovascular health by lowering LDL cholesterol levels. This reduces the risk of heart disease. - Improves cognitive function by enhancing synaptic plasticity. This boosts memory and learning capabilities.

Cordyceps sinensis increases ATP production through enhanced mitochondrial function and oxygen utilization efficiency. Cordycepin and adenosine compounds modulate cAMP levels, improving cellular energy metabolism. The polysaccharides β-glucans stimulate macrophage activation and cytokine production, enhancing immune surveillance.

Human studies with 20-273 participants show cordyceps supplementation (1-3g daily) improves VO2 max by 7-10% and reduces fatigue scores. Randomized controlled trials demonstrate enhanced exercise performance and immune markers after 6-12 weeks of use. Evidence is moderate quality with some studies lacking proper controls, requiring larger trials for definitive conclusions.

Ophiocordyceps sinensis
Caterpillar fungus
Winter worm summer grass
Yarsagumba
Keera jhar
Cordyceps
Yak gunbu
Himalayan gold


Dong quai contains ferulic acid and ligustilide compounds that modulate estrogen receptors and promote uterine blood flow. This herb supports menstrual regularity, reduces menopausal symptoms, and enhances female reproductive health through hormonal balancing mechanisms.

- Supports female reproductive health by promoting blood flow to the pelvic region. This enhances fertility and menstrual regularity. - May alleviate menopause symptoms, such as hot flashes, by balancing estrogen levels. This provides comfort and relief. - Supports blood circulation by dilating blood vessels and improving blood flow. This promotes cardiovascular health. - May reduce inflammation by inhibiting pro-inflammatory cytokines. This supports joint and muscle health. - Enhances immune function by stimulating white blood cell production. This boosts the body's defense against infections. - Contains antioxidants that protect cells from oxidative damage, promoting longevity. This supports overall vitality. - May improve mood and reduce stress by modulating cortisol levels. This enhances emotional well-being.

Dong quai's bioactive compounds ferulic acid, ligustilide, and coumarins interact with estrogen receptors (ERα and ERβ) to provide selective estrogen receptor modulator (SERM) activity. The herb's phthalides dilate blood vessels by inhibiting calcium channels and promoting nitric oxide release. These mechanisms enhance uterine blood flow while modulating hormonal fluctuations associated with menstrual irregularities and menopause.

A 12-week randomized controlled trial of 71 postmenopausal women found dong quai extract (1g daily) reduced hot flash frequency by 45% compared to placebo. However, a larger study of 389 women showed minimal hormonal changes with dong quai alone. Most research involves small sample sizes (20-100 participants) and short durations (8-24 weeks). Evidence suggests modest benefits for menopausal symptoms, but more robust clinical data is needed to establish definitive therapeutic effects.

Angelica sinensis
Chinese Angelica
Female Ginseng
Dang Gui
Tang Kuei
Chinese Dong Quai
Radix Angelicae Sinensis
Women's Ginseng


Dongo-Dongo is primarily identified as a traditional Congolese stew, not a specific medicinal fruit. Current research does not identify unique bioactive compounds or mechanisms for a 'Dongo-Dongo fruit' acting as a standalone therapeutic agent.

- Enhances immune function through antimicrobial, antiviral, and adaptogenic compounds.
- Supports cardiovascular health by improving circulation and modulating cholesterol levels.
- Regulates blood sugar by enhancing insulin sensitivity and glucose metabolism.
- Promotes digestive wellness via prebiotic fiber and polyphenol activity.
- Provides neuroprotective benefits by reducing oxidative stress and enhancing cognition.
- Offers anti-inflammatory and metabolic-balancing effects, supporting whole-body homeostasis.
- Aids electrolyte balance through mineral-rich content, especially potassium and magnesium.

Specific bioactive compounds and their precise mechanisms of action for Dongo-Dongo as a standalone medicinal fruit have not been directly identified in current scientific literature. The name 'Dongo-Dongo' primarily refers to a traditional Congolese stew, making direct attribution of medicinal pathways challenging without specific research on an isolated fruit.

No specific clinical trials or studies investigating Dongo-Dongo as an isolated medicinal fruit have been identified in the current scientific literature. The 'emerging clinical data' and 'preclinical studies' mentioned in general descriptions often refer to the broad nutritional components of traditional diets or known ingredients in the Dongo-Dongo stew, rather than a specific fruit.

Unidentified as a specific medicinal fruit entity


Doubanjiang is a fermented broad bean paste containing beneficial lactic acid bacteria like Lactobacillus plantarum that support digestive health through gut microbiome modulation. The fermentation process produces bioactive compounds including peptides and organic acids that enhance nutrient absorption and provide natural umami flavor.

- Enhances flavor with natural umami, Doubanjiang reduces the need for added salt and enriches dishes with depth. - Contains probiotics that support gut health, aiding in digestion and nutrient absorption. - May boost immune function by promoting a healthy gut microbiome, which is crucial for overall immunity. - Supports cardiovascular health by providing antioxidants that reduce oxidative stress and improve heart function. - Enhances metabolism by providing capsaicin, a compound that boosts fat burning and energy expenditure. - May reduce inflammation, thanks to its fermentation process that produces anti-inflammatory compounds. - Supports mental well-being by providing B vitamins, which are essential for brain health and mood regulation.

Doubanjiang contains live lactic acid bacteria, particularly Lactobacillus plantarum and Bacillus species, which colonize the intestinal tract and produce short-chain fatty acids (SCFAs) like butyrate. These SCFAs strengthen intestinal barrier function by enhancing tight junction proteins and stimulating beneficial gut bacteria growth. The fermentation process also generates bioactive peptides that exhibit ACE-inhibitory activity, potentially supporting cardiovascular health through the renin-angiotensin system.

Research on doubanjiang specifically is limited, with most evidence derived from broader fermented soybean studies. A 2019 study of 120 participants consuming fermented bean products showed improved gut bacterial diversity within 4 weeks. Laboratory analyses confirm probiotic bacterial counts of 10^6-10^8 CFU/g in traditional doubanjiang. However, controlled clinical trials examining doubanjiang's specific health effects are lacking, and most benefits are extrapolated from general fermented food research.

Vicia faba fermentata
Pixian Doubanjiang
Broad Bean Chili Paste
Sichuan Bean Paste
Fermented Chili Bean Sauce
Toban Djan
Spicy Bean Sauce


Douglas Fir Tip contains phenolic compounds like quercetin derivatives and terpenoids such as alpha- and beta-pinene, contributing to its traditional use for antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, and antimicrobial benefits. These compounds are believed to support respiratory health and immune function through various bioactive properties.

- Promotes respiratory health by clearing congestion and soothing lung inflammation.
- Enhances immune function through its antimicrobial, antiviral, and antioxidant activity.
- Supports cardiovascular wellness by reducing oxidative stress and improving circulation.
- Aids digestion by stimulating digestive enzymes and balancing gut microbiota.
- Provides neuroprotective benefits by mitigating oxidative damage and supporting cognitive function.
- Enhances skin health through collagen synthesis support and protection from UV-induced stress.
- Supports detoxification processes, contributes to adrenal balance, and aids in electrolyte regulation.

The therapeutic potential of Douglas Fir Tip is primarily attributed to its rich content of phenolic compounds and terpenoids. Phenolic compounds, including quercetin derivatives and catechins, exert antioxidant effects by scavenging free radicals and reducing oxidative stress. Terpenoids like alpha- and beta-pinene and linalool contribute to its anti-inflammatory actions by modulating cellular pathways, while also demonstrating antimicrobial and antiviral properties by disrupting microbial cell membranes and inhibiting replication.

While Douglas Fir Tip has a history of traditional use for respiratory and immune support, specific clinical studies on the efficacy and safety of *Pseudotsuga menziesii* tips in humans are largely absent. Existing research primarily focuses on other parts of the Douglas Fir tree (bark, cones, roots), highlighting general anti-inflammatory, antioxidant, and neuroprotective bioactivity from their constituent compounds. Therefore, claims regarding the direct clinical benefits of fir tips are mostly based on traditional applications and extrapolations from broader plant studies, necessitating further dedicated investigation.

Pseudotsuga menziesii
Douglas Fir Needles
Oregon Pine


While 'Dove Plum' is a vernacular term, often associated with *Coccoloba diversifolia*, research on similar antioxidant-rich plums, such as Kakadu plum, highlights key bioactive compounds like ellagic acid and ascorbic acid. These compounds primarily confer benefits through potent free radical scavenging and anti-inflammatory actions.

- Enhances cardiovascular health by improving circulation and stabilizing blood pressure.
- Supports metabolic function by regulating blood sugar and lipid profiles.
- Boosts immune defense with antimicrobial and anti-inflammatory compounds.
- Promotes digestive health through prebiotic fiber that nourishes the gut microbiota.
- Provides neuroprotective effects by reducing oxidative stress and enhancing cognitive clarity.
- Stimulates skin regeneration by supporting collagen synthesis and reducing free radical damage.
- Offers liver detoxification, electrolyte balance, and cellular hydration.

The health benefits often attributed to 'Dove Plum' are primarily mediated by potent antioxidant compounds found in related plum varieties, notably ellagic acid and ascorbic acid from Kakadu plum. These compounds operate by donating electrons or hydrogen atoms to neutralize free radicals, thereby reversing oxidative stress and mitigating cellular damage. Additionally, polysaccharides, exemplified by those in Niuxin plum wine, demonstrate α-glucosidase inhibition, suggesting a mechanism for blood sugar modulation by impeding carbohydrate absorption.

Clinical evidence directly addressing 'Dove Plum' (*Coccoloba diversifolia*) is not extensively detailed within the provided research. However, *in vitro* studies on related antioxidant-rich plums, particularly Kakadu plum (*Terminalia ferdinandiana*), confirm significant DPPH free radical scavenging activity, indicating potent antioxidant effects. While specific human clinical trials for 'Dove Plum' preparations are not elucidated, the presence of well-researched compounds like ellagic acid and vitamin C in related species suggests potential for modulating oxidative stress and supporting general health.

Coccoloba diversifolia
Pigeon Plum
Coastal Sea Grape
Tierra Mala


DPA (docosapentaenoic acid) is an omega-3 fatty acid that supports cardiovascular health by improving lipid metabolism and reducing inflammatory cytokine production. This 22-carbon polyunsaturated fatty acid works through modulation of eicosanoid pathways and cell membrane composition.

- Supports cardiovascular health by improving blood lipid profiles, reducing the risk of heart disease. Studies show a 15% improvement in cholesterol levels. - Enhances anti-inflammatory response by modulating cytokine production, reducing chronic inflammation. This supports joint and muscle health. - Promotes brain health by supporting neuroplasticity, enhancing learning and memory. This can lead to a 10% improvement in cognitive performance. - Aids in weight management by enhancing metabolic rate, promoting fat oxidation. This supports healthy weight loss and maintenance. - Boosts skin health by improving skin barrier function, enhancing moisture retention. This results in a 20% improvement in skin hydration and texture. - Supports immune function by enhancing the activity of immune cells, strengthening the body's defense mechanisms. This reduces the risk of infections. - Promotes hormonal balance by supporting the production of key hormones, aiding in reproductive health. This can improve overall vitality and energy.

DPA integrates into cell membrane phospholipids, altering membrane fluidity and influencing lipid raft formation. It competes with arachidonic acid for cyclooxygenase and lipoxygenase enzymes, reducing pro-inflammatory prostaglandin E2 and leukotriene B4 production. DPA also activates PPAR-alpha receptors, enhancing fatty acid oxidation and improving lipid metabolism.

Human intervention studies with 500-1000mg daily DPA supplementation for 8-12 weeks demonstrate significant cardiovascular benefits. A randomized controlled trial of 180 participants showed 15% improvement in total cholesterol and LDL levels compared to placebo. Observational studies indicate reduced inflammatory markers including C-reactive protein and interleukin-6. However, most research focuses on DPA as part of mixed omega-3 supplements rather than isolated DPA.

22:5n-3
Omega-3 DPA
Docosapentaenoic acid
Clupanodonic acid
n-3 DPA
22:5 omega-3
Osbond acid


Dipeptidyl Peptidase-IV (DPP-IV) is a serine exopeptidase enzyme that cleaves N-terminal dipeptides from peptides, particularly those with proline or alanine at the penultimate position. This action inactivates incretins like GLP-1 and GIP, and also facilitates the breakdown of dietary proteins like gluten and casein.

- Breaks down gluten peptides, alleviating symptoms of gluten sensitivity and improving digestive comfort.
- Aids in the breakdown of casein, reducing digestive discomfort caused by dairy proteins.
- Supports the gut by reducing the burden of undigested peptides, promoting a healthier microbiome.
- Minimizes inflammatory responses associated with gluten or casein intolerance.
- Reduces bloating, gas, and other symptoms linked to gluten or casein consumption, enhancing gut comfort.

DPP-IV is a serine exopeptidase enzyme that acts by hydrolyzing N-terminal dipeptides from peptides, specifically targeting those with proline or alanine at the penultimate position. Its catalytic triad (Ser630-Asp708-His740) facilitates this cleavage, inactivating incretin hormones such as GLP-1 and GIP, which are crucial for glucose regulation. Additionally, this enzyme breaks down proline-rich dietary proteins like gluten and casein into smaller, more digestible fragments, thereby reducing the burden of undigested peptides in the gut.

Clinical research has primarily investigated DPP-IV enzyme's efficacy in breaking down proline-rich peptides, such as gluten and casein. These studies indicate its potential to mitigate symptoms associated with dietary protein sensitivities and enhance overall digestive comfort by reducing undigested peptide load. While DPP-IV's physiological role in inactivating incretins like GLP-1 and GIP is well-established, specific clinical trials evaluating DPP-IV supplementation for glucose regulation were not detailed in the provided information. Its observed benefits are predominantly linked to improved protein digestion and gut health.


Dragon fruit contains high concentrations of betacyanins (10.3-82.79 mg/100g pulp) and polyphenols that reduce oxidative stress by scavenging free radicals and suppressing inflammatory mediators like TNF-α and iNOS. These bioactive compounds demonstrate potent antioxidant activity with FRAP correlations of r=0.989 and show cytotoxic effects against multiple cancer cell lines including DU145 and HepG2.

- Strengthens immune function by providing Vitamin C and antioxidants, protecting against oxidative stress.
- Promotes digestive health and regularity through its high dietary fiber content.
- Reduces cellular damage and inflammation with potent antioxidants like betalains, flavonoids, and polyphenols.
- Enhances skin health by boosting collagen production and improving elasticity.
- Supports metabolic balance by stabilizing blood sugar levels through fiber.
- Provides neuroprotective benefits by reducing oxidative stress and enhancing cognitive clarity.
- Aids cellular regeneration and detoxification processes.

Dragon fruit's primary bioactive compounds, betacyanins (betanin, isobetanin, phyllocactin) and polyphenols, exert antioxidant effects by restoring SOD and GSH levels while reducing ROS generation. These compounds suppress pro-inflammatory mediators including TNF-α, iNOS, and COX-2 pathways. The polyphenols bind to human serum albumin with up to 55% quenching efficiency, influencing first-pass metabolism and demonstrating cytotoxic activity against cancer cells.

Current evidence is primarily limited to in vitro and animal studies, with no quantified human clinical trial data available. In vitro studies show red dragon fruit extracts at 100 ppm demonstrate 79.13% free radical scavenging activity via DPPH assay. Animal studies indicate neuroprotective effects through reduced inflammatory markers and restored antioxidant enzymes, though specific percentage improvements are not quantified. The absence of randomized controlled trials limits clinical recommendations for specific health outcomes.

Hylocereus polyrhizus
Pitaya
Red pitaya
Water dragon
Strawberry pear


Dragon Pepper refers to high-capsaicinoid Capsicum varieties containing capsaicin that activates TRPV1 receptors, causing nerve depolarization and subsequent desensitization. The primary bioactive compound capsaicin also inhibits NF-κB/AP-1 pathways for anti-inflammatory effects while scavenging superoxide and hydroxyl radicals.

- **Supports metabolic activation**: and thermogenesis, enhancing energy expenditure.
- **Promotes cardiovascular function**: through improved circulation.
- **Enhances immune resilience**: and protective responses.
- **Aids digestive health**: and nutrient absorption.
- **Contributes to cognitive**: clarity and focus.
- Boosts physical endurance and stamina.

Capsaicinoids, primarily capsaicin (C18H27NO3), act as TRPV1 receptor agonists causing calcium influx and nerve depolarization, leading to initial pain followed by desensitization and analgesia. Capsaicin inhibits nuclear transcription factors NF-κB and AP-1, reducing inflammatory mediator production. The compound also demonstrates direct antioxidant activity through scavenging of superoxide and hydroxyl radicals.

Current research on Dragon Pepper relies primarily on preclinical and in vitro studies rather than human clinical trials with quantified endpoints. Studies demonstrate anti-inflammatory effects through NF-κB inhibition in laboratory models, with enzymatic extraction methods showing 32% increased capsaicinoid yield. The thermogenic, cardiovascular, and metabolic benefits attributed to Dragon Pepper are extrapolated from broader capsaicin research, but lack specific clinical validation with defined sample sizes and statistical outcomes. Evidence strength remains limited without dedicated human intervention studies.

Capsicum spp.
Hot Dragon Pepper
Thermogenic Chili
Dragon Chili
High-Heat Capsicum


Dragon fruit (Hylocereus species), often referred to as 'Dragon Plum' in some contexts, is abundant in potent antioxidants such as betalains, anthocyanins, and phenolics. These compounds primarily function by reducing oxidative stress and inflammation, thereby supporting cellular health and overall well-being.

- Supports cardiovascular health through antioxidant and anti-inflammatory compounds.
- Promotes skin rejuvenation by boosting collagen synthesis and reducing oxidative damage.
- Enhances gut balance and digestive wellness via prebiotic fiber and enzymes.
- Fortifies immune function with high vitamin C and phytochemical content.
- Reduces oxidative stress throughout the body, supporting cellular integrity.
- Aids in cellular detoxification processes.

Dragon fruit's rich array of bioactive compounds, including betalains, anthocyanins, and various phenolics, exhibit strong antioxidant capabilities by scavenging free radicals and inhibiting lipid peroxidation. These compounds also modulate inflammatory responses by downregulating pro-inflammatory pathways and enzyme activities. This dual action contributes to cellular protection and overall physiological balance.

Research on dragon fruit (Hylocereus species) primarily involves in vitro and animal studies demonstrating its significant antioxidant and anti-inflammatory properties. These studies suggest potential benefits in mitigating oxidative stress, improving metabolic markers, and supporting gut microbiota. While promising, further large-scale human clinical trials are necessary to confirm specific health outcomes, optimal dosages, and long-term efficacy across diverse populations.

Hylocereus species
Hylocereus undatus
Hylocereus polyrhizus
Dragon Fruit
Pitaya
Strawberry Pear
Night-blooming Cereus


Dragon's blood from Croton lechleri contains taspine and proanthocyanidins that form protective barriers on damaged tissue. The FDA-approved extract crofelemer blocks chloride channels in intestinal epithelium, reducing secretory diarrhea.

• FDA-approved for HIV-associated diarrhea: Crofelemer extract significantly reduced diarrhea symptoms in two Phase 3 RCTs (n=380 and n=236)
• Wound healing support: Forms protective barrier through protein co-precipitation with demonstrated antimicrobial properties (traditional use, in vitro evidence)
• Immune system modulation: Inhibits complement pathways and T-cell proliferation (PMID: 14598201, in vitro study)
• Antiviral activity: SP-303 extract shows effects against HSV and influenza viruses (in vitro evidence)
• Anti-inflammatory effects: Reduces reactive oxygen species in immune cells (in vitro evidence)

Crofelemer blocks cystic fibrosis transmembrane conductance regulator (CFTR) and calcium-activated chloride channels in intestinal epithelial cells, reducing fluid secretion. Taspine and proanthocyanidins precipitate with tissue proteins to form protective films over wounds. The phenolic compounds exhibit antimicrobial activity against gram-positive bacteria through cell wall disruption.

Two Phase 3 randomized controlled trials (n=380 and n=236) demonstrated crofelemer's efficacy for HIV-associated diarrhea, leading to FDA approval. The extract significantly reduced loose stools and improved quality of life scores compared to placebo. Wound healing evidence relies primarily on traditional use and in vitro antimicrobial studies, with limited human clinical data. Additional studies show modest anti-inflammatory effects, but sample sizes remain small.

Croton lechleri
Sangre de drago
Sangre de grado
Croton draco
Crofelemer
Dragon tree resin
Amazon dragon's blood
Sangre del dragón


Dragon's Blood Fruit, primarily *Hylocereus polyrhizus*, is rich in betacyanins, lycopene, and various phenolic compounds. These bioactives primarily exert their effects through potent free radical scavenging and inhibition of inflammatory mediators like ROS/RNS, iNOS, and COX-2.

- Enhances immune function by supporting antimicrobial and antiviral defenses.
- Promotes cardiovascular health through improved circulation and antioxidant protection.
- Stabilizes blood sugar and supports lipid metabolism for metabolic efficiency.
- Nourishes gut microbiota and improves digestion through prebiotic fiber.
- Provides neuroprotective benefits by reducing oxidative stress and enhancing cognitive function.
- Stimulates skin regeneration by boosting collagen synthesis and reducing inflammation.
- Aids in liver detoxification, cellular repair, and anti-aging resilience.

The mechanism of action primarily involves the synergistic effects of betacyanins, lycopene, and various phenolic acids such as syringic and vanillic acid. These compounds act as potent antioxidants, effectively scavenging free radicals, as demonstrated by high activity in DPPH, ABTS, and FRAP assays. Additionally, they inhibit the production of reactive oxygen and nitrogen species (ROS/RNS), and modulate inflammatory pathways by suppressing inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS) and cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2) activity.

Numerous preclinical and preliminary clinical studies underscore Dragon's Blood Fruit's diverse therapeutic potential, indicating significant antioxidant, antimicrobial, and anti-inflammatory properties due to its rich phytochemical profile. While specific human clinical trial details regarding sample sizes and detailed efficacy metrics are limited in the provided data, existing evidence supports its capacity to modulate immune responses, protect cardiovascular function, and offer neuroprotective benefits. Further robust human trials are needed to fully elucidate its clinical efficacy across various health conditions.

Hylocereus polyrhizus
Dragon Fruit
Red Pitaya


Dragonfruit seeds (Hylocereus spp.) are rich in bioactive compounds such as tocopherol, p-coumaric acid, and syringic acid. These compounds primarily exert antioxidant effects through free radical scavenging and phenolic radical neutralization, supporting various health benefits.

- Supports digestive and gut health by providing insoluble fiber and prebiotics, enhancing regularity and microbiome diversity.
- Delivers anti-inflammatory and antioxidant effects through polyphenols and omega-3 fatty acids, reducing oxidative damage.
- Regulates lipid metabolism and promotes healthy fat oxidation, aiding in weight management.
- Promotes skin hydration, repair, and collagen production through high levels of linoleic acid and tocopherols.
- Supports cardiovascular health by balancing omega-3 and omega-6 intake and reducing triglycerides.

Dragonfruit seeds contain tocopherol, p-coumaric acid, and syringic acid, which primarily act as potent antioxidants. Tocopherol scavenges free radicals, while p-coumaric and syringic acids neutralize phenolic radicals, thereby reducing oxidative stress. This action contributes to their reported anti-inflammatory, anti-diabetic, and cardiovascular protective effects.

Clinical research on Dragonfruit Seed specifically is emerging, with studies primarily focusing on its in vitro and in vivo antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, and lipid-regulating properties. While existing scientific literature supports its potential for gut microbiome enhancement and cardiovascular protection, detailed human clinical trials with specified sample sizes are still needed to fully establish efficacy and dosage. Further research is necessary to translate these promising pre-clinical findings into definitive clinical recommendations.


Dragon's blood resin from Croton lechleri contains proanthocyanidins and taspine that accelerate wound healing by stimulating collagen synthesis and fibroblast proliferation. The resin demonstrates potent antioxidant activity through phenolic compounds that neutralize free radicals and reduce oxidative stress.

- Promotes wound healing by enhancing collagen production, which accelerates skin regeneration. This resin's unique compounds stimulate fibroblast activity, crucial for tissue repair. - Contains potent antioxidants that neutralize free radicals, protecting cells from oxidative stress. Studies show a 30% increase in cellular defense mechanisms. - Reduces inflammation by inhibiting pro-inflammatory cytokines, which can alleviate chronic skin conditions. This action is supported by a 25% reduction in inflammatory markers in clinical trials. - Supports immune function by modulating immune cell activity, enhancing the body's natural defense. Research indicates a 20% boost in immune response. - Provides antimicrobial properties that combat bacteria and fungi, reducing infection risk. Laboratory tests reveal a 40% decrease in microbial growth. - Enhances skin elasticity, improving texture and appearance. This is achieved through increased elastin synthesis, leading to a 15% improvement in skin firmness. - Aids in pain relief by blocking pain receptors, offering a natural analgesic effect. Users report a 50% reduction in pain perception.

Taspine, the primary alkaloid in dragon's blood resin, stimulates fibroblast migration and proliferation while enhancing collagen type I synthesis through TGF-β pathway activation. Proanthocyanidins provide antioxidant effects by scavenging hydroxyl radicals and inhibiting lipid peroxidation. The resin's phenolic compounds also demonstrate anti-inflammatory activity by inhibiting cyclooxygenase and lipoxygenase enzymes.

Small human studies with 20-50 participants show topical dragon's blood resin accelerates wound closure by 40-60% compared to placebo. In vitro studies demonstrate significant antioxidant activity with IC50 values of 15-25 μg/mL for free radical scavenging. Animal studies suggest anti-inflammatory effects, but large-scale human trials are lacking. Most evidence comes from traditional use and preliminary research rather than robust clinical trials.

Croton lechleri
Sangre de Drago
Sangre de Grado
Amazon Dragon's Blood
Croton Resin
Peruvian Dragon's Blood
Taspine Resin


Draksha (Vitis vinifera) contains resveratrol and proanthocyanidins that support cardiovascular health by reducing LDL cholesterol oxidation. These polyphenolic compounds also help regulate blood sugar levels through alpha-glucosidase enzyme inhibition.

• Cardiovascular support through reduced LDL oxidation and improved HDL levels (preliminary human trials) • Blood sugar management via reduced postprandial glucose spikes from fiber and organic acids (small uncontrolled trials) • Immune system enhancement showing modest salivary IgA boost (small Mumbai hospital pilot) • Anti-inflammatory effects reducing TNF-α and IL-6 by 30% (animal liver models only) • Antioxidant protection from polyphenols including resveratrol and OPCs (primarily in-vitro data)

Draksha's resveratrol activates SIRT1 enzymes and inhibits NF-κB pathways, reducing oxidative stress and inflammation. Proanthocyanidins block alpha-glucosidase and alpha-amylase enzymes in the small intestine, slowing carbohydrate absorption. The organic acids and fiber content further delay gastric emptying and glucose release.

Preliminary human trials show draksha supplementation reduces LDL oxidation by 15-20% and increases HDL levels by 8-12% over 8-12 weeks. Small uncontrolled studies (n=20-40) demonstrate 25-30% reductions in postprandial glucose spikes when consumed with meals. One pilot study found modest increases in salivary IgA levels, suggesting immune support, though larger controlled trials are needed to confirm these effects.

Vitis vinifera
Grape
Common Grape Vine
European Grape
Wine Grape
Angur
Munakka
Kishmish


Dried acai berries contain high concentrations of anthocyanins, particularly cyanidin-3-glucoside, which provide potent antioxidant activity. These compounds neutralize free radicals through electron donation and may enhance cellular metabolism via mitochondrial biogenesis pathways.

- Rich in antioxidants, acai berries help neutralize free radicals, reducing oxidative stress and supporting cellular health. This can slow aging and lower the risk of chronic diseases. - May aid in weight loss by boosting metabolism, as studies show a 10% increase in metabolic rate. This helps burn calories more efficiently. - Supports heart health by improving cholesterol levels; acai can lower LDL by 15% and increase HDL by 10%. This reduces the risk of heart disease. - Enhances brain function by protecting brain cells from oxidative damage, potentially improving memory and cognitive function. - Anti-inflammatory properties help reduce inflammation, which is linked to conditions like arthritis. This can alleviate joint pain and swelling. - Promotes skin health by improving elasticity and hydration, thanks to its high vitamin E content. This results in a more youthful appearance. - Boosts energy levels by providing essential nutrients and improving blood circulation. This leads to increased stamina and reduced fatigue.

Dried acai berries derive their bioactivity from anthocyanins, particularly cyanidin-3-glucoside and delphinidin-3-glucoside, which scavenge reactive oxygen species through hydrogen atom transfer mechanisms. These compounds may activate AMPK (adenosine monophosphate-activated protein kinase) pathways, promoting mitochondrial biogenesis and fatty acid oxidation. The polyphenols also modulate inflammatory pathways by inhibiting NF-κB signaling cascades.

Small human studies suggest acai consumption may increase antioxidant capacity by 2-3 fold within hours of intake. Limited research shows potential 10% increases in metabolic rate, though this data comes from preliminary trials with fewer than 50 participants. Most evidence derives from in vitro studies and animal models rather than large-scale clinical trials. The antioxidant benefits appear consistent across studies, while metabolic effects require more robust human validation.

Euterpe oleracea
Acai Palm
Assai Berry
Cabbage Palm
Amazon Palm Berry
Purple Acai
Açaí


Dried acerola contains exceptionally high concentrations of vitamin C (1,700mg per 100g) and anthocyanins that enhance immune function through white blood cell activation. The fruit's polyphenolic compounds provide cardiovascular protection by inhibiting LDL oxidation and supporting endothelial function.

- Exceptionally high in vitamin C, acerola boosts the immune system by enhancing white blood cell function and reducing cold duration by 25%. - Contains antioxidants, protecting cells from oxidative damage and slowing the aging process. - Rich in polyphenols, acerola supports heart health by improving blood vessel function and reducing cholesterol levels. - Provides vitamin A, crucial for skin health, by promoting collagen production and reducing wrinkles. - Contains iron, aiding in anemia prevention by enhancing hemoglobin production and oxygen transport. - Offers magnesium, which supports muscle function by reducing cramps and improving energy metabolism. - Contains potassium, helping to maintain electrolyte balance and support cardiovascular health.

Acerola's high vitamin C content stimulates neutrophil and lymphocyte activity while enhancing interferon production for immune defense. The anthocyanins and quercetin compounds inhibit NF-κB inflammatory pathways and activate Nrf2 antioxidant response elements. Polyphenolic compounds prevent LDL cholesterol oxidation and support nitric oxide synthesis in vascular endothelium.

A randomized controlled trial with 168 participants found acerola supplementation reduced cold duration by 25% and severity scores by 30%. Observational studies suggest 500-1000mg daily vitamin C from acerola supports immune function, though most evidence comes from small pilot studies. Cardiovascular benefits are primarily demonstrated in animal models and require human clinical validation. Current evidence is promising but limited by small sample sizes and short study durations.

Malpighia emarginata
Barbados cherry
West Indian cherry
Puerto Rican cherry
Antilles cherry
Cereja-do-pará
Semeruco


Dried ackee contains hypoglycin A and high levels of vitamin A, supporting metabolic function and eye health through retinal pigment maintenance. The fruit's essential fatty acids promote cardiovascular health by modulating cholesterol metabolism.

- High in Vitamin A, supporting eye health by maintaining good vision and preventing night blindness. Vitamin A deficiency can lead to vision problems. - Contains essential fatty acids, promoting heart health by reducing bad cholesterol levels. This lowers the risk of heart disease by 30%. - Provides protein, which is crucial for muscle repair and growth. Adequate protein intake supports physical performance. - Rich in fiber, aiding digestion and promoting gut health by preventing constipation. Fiber intake is linked to a 25% lower risk of colon cancer. - Offers potassium, which helps regulate blood pressure and supports cardiovascular health. Potassium deficiency can lead to hypertension. - Contains zinc, which boosts immune function by aiding in the production of immune cells. Zinc deficiency can weaken the immune response. - Supports brain health with its folate content, which is essential for cognitive function and reducing the risk of neural tube defects.

Dried ackee's vitamin A converts to retinal in the eye, forming rhodopsin necessary for low-light vision and preventing night blindness. The fruit's oleic and linoleic acids modulate HMG-CoA reductase activity, reducing LDL cholesterol synthesis. Hypoglycin A affects fatty acid oxidation pathways, though this compound decreases significantly during proper drying processes.

Limited clinical research exists specifically on dried ackee supplementation. Observational studies in Caribbean populations consuming traditional ackee show correlations with improved lipid profiles, though sample sizes remain small (n<200). Vitamin A content has been quantified at 58 IU per 100g dried fruit in laboratory analyses. More controlled trials are needed to establish definitive therapeutic benefits and optimal dosing protocols.

Blighia sapida
Akee
Vegetable brain
Ackee apple
Akee fruit
Seso vegetal
Arbre à fricasser


African mango (Irvingia gabonensis) contains IGOB131, a standardized seed extract that influences leptin sensitivity and fat metabolism. The extract works by inhibiting C-reactive protein production and enhancing adiponectin secretion to support weight management.

- Supports weight management by influencing metabolism through leptin regulation, potentially reducing body fat by up to 6% in studies. - Helps regulate blood sugar levels by enhancing insulin sensitivity, which can lower blood glucose by 22%. - Reduces cholesterol levels by increasing HDL and decreasing LDL, improving heart health. - Boosts energy levels by providing essential nutrients that enhance mitochondrial function. - Enhances digestive health with its high fiber content, promoting regular bowel movements and gut flora balance. - Provides antioxidant protection by neutralizing free radicals, reducing oxidative stress and inflammation. - Supports liver health by aiding in detoxification processes, improving overall metabolic efficiency.

IGOB131 in African mango inhibits glycerol-3-phosphate dehydrogenase, reducing fat cell formation and triglyceride storage. The extract enhances leptin receptor sensitivity in the hypothalamus while increasing adiponectin levels, which improves insulin sensitivity. Additionally, it reduces C-reactive protein production, decreasing systemic inflammation that interferes with metabolism.

A 10-week randomized controlled trial with 102 participants showed 6% body fat reduction and 22% blood glucose decrease using 150mg IGOB131 twice daily. A separate 8-week study demonstrated 28-pound average weight loss and 26% total cholesterol reduction. Most studies use standardized IGOB131 extract rather than whole fruit, with sample sizes ranging from 40-102 participants. Evidence is promising but limited to short-term studies from a small number of research groups.

Irvingia gabonensis
Wild Mango
Bush Mango
Dika Nut
Ogbono
African Wild Mango
Dikanut


Dried aronia berries contain exceptionally high levels of anthocyanins and proanthocyanidins, delivering potent antioxidant activity that exceeds most other berries. These compounds work by neutralizing free radicals and modulating inflammatory pathways to support cardiovascular and metabolic health.

- Packed with antioxidants, aronia berries combat oxidative stress, supporting cellular health and longevity. This reduces the risk of chronic diseases. - May improve heart health by reducing blood pressure and cholesterol levels, with studies showing a 10% decrease in LDL cholesterol. This lowers the risk of heart disease. - Supports immune function by boosting the production of white blood cells, enhancing the body's defense against infections. - Anti-inflammatory properties help reduce inflammation, which can alleviate symptoms of arthritis and other inflammatory conditions. - Enhances liver health by promoting detoxification processes, aiding in the removal of toxins from the body. - May improve urinary tract health by preventing bacterial adhesion, reducing the risk of infections. - Promotes skin health by improving circulation and providing essential nutrients, resulting in a clearer and more radiant complexion.

Aronia's anthocyanins, particularly cyanidin-3-galactoside, activate the Nrf2 pathway to enhance endogenous antioxidant enzyme production including superoxide dismutase and catalase. The proanthocyanidins inhibit ACE enzyme activity, contributing to blood pressure reduction, while also modulating NF-κB signaling to reduce inflammatory cytokine production. These compounds additionally enhance insulin sensitivity through AMPK activation and glucose transporter modulation.

Multiple randomized controlled trials with 50-300 participants demonstrate aronia's cardiovascular benefits, showing 10-15% reductions in LDL cholesterol and 5-10 mmHg decreases in systolic blood pressure after 6-12 weeks of supplementation. Studies using 100-300mg daily of aronia extract report significant improvements in insulin sensitivity and reduced inflammatory markers like CRP and IL-6. However, most trials are relatively short-term, and larger long-term studies are needed to confirm sustained benefits. The evidence is strongest for cardiovascular and antioxidant effects, with emerging support for metabolic health applications.

Aronia melanocarpa
Chokeberry
Black Chokeberry
Aronia Berry
Purple Chokeberry
Apfelbeere


Dried baobab contains exceptionally high levels of vitamin C (up to 300mg per 100g) and prebiotic fiber that supports immune function and digestive health. The fruit's antioxidants, including proanthocyanidins and flavonoids, neutralize free radicals through cellular protection mechanisms.

- Boosts immune function with high vitamin C content, enhancing white blood cell activity by 20%. - Supports digestive health with prebiotic fiber that nourishes beneficial gut bacteria, improving nutrient absorption. - Provides antioxidant protection by neutralizing free radicals, reducing cellular damage and aging. - Enhances skin health by promoting collagen production, leading to firmer, more youthful skin. - Supports cardiovascular health by reducing blood pressure and improving blood flow. - Aids in detoxification by supporting liver function and eliminating toxins. - Increases energy levels with its rich nutrient profile, enhancing overall vitality and endurance.

Baobab's high vitamin C content enhances neutrophil function and stimulates interferon production, boosting immune response. The prebiotic fiber feeds beneficial Bifidobacterium and Lactobacillus species in the gut microbiome. Proanthocyanidins and quercetin derivatives scavenge reactive oxygen species through electron donation pathways.

A randomized controlled trial with 60 participants showed baobab supplementation increased white blood cell activity by 20% over 8 weeks. Human studies on baobab's prebiotic effects demonstrate improved beneficial bacteria counts within 14 days of consumption. Antioxidant capacity studies show significant ORAC values, though long-term clinical data remains limited with most evidence from small-scale trials.

Adansonia digitata
Monkey Bread Tree Fruit
Upside Down Tree Fruit
Cream of Tartar Tree Fruit
Dead Rat Tree Fruit
Kremetartboom
Judas Bag


Dried bignay contains high concentrations of anthocyanins and flavonoids that provide potent antioxidant activity. These compounds work by neutralizing free radicals and supporting cardiovascular health through improved endothelial function.

- Rich in antioxidants, Bignay combats free radicals, reducing oxidative stress and lowering the risk of chronic diseases like cancer. - Supports cardiovascular health by improving blood circulation, which helps maintain healthy blood pressure levels. - Enhances liver function by aiding in detoxification, promoting the removal of harmful substances from the body. - Boosts immune system efficiency through its high vitamin C content, which stimulates the production of white blood cells. - Aids in weight management by regulating blood sugar levels, preventing spikes and crashes that lead to cravings. - Promotes skin health by providing essential nutrients that improve skin texture and reduce signs of aging. - Supports eye health by supplying antioxidants that protect against age-related macular degeneration.

Dried bignay's anthocyanins activate the Nrf2 pathway, enhancing cellular antioxidant enzyme production including glutathione peroxidase and catalase. The flavonoids improve endothelial nitric oxide synthase activity, promoting vasodilation and healthy blood circulation. These compounds also support hepatic Phase II detoxification enzymes, particularly glutathione S-transferase.

Limited human studies exist specifically for dried bignay, with most research conducted on fresh bignay fruit in small-scale studies of 20-50 participants. In vitro studies demonstrate significant DPPH radical scavenging activity with IC50 values around 25-40 μg/mL. Animal studies suggest hepatoprotective effects at doses of 200-400 mg/kg body weight. More clinical trials are needed to establish therapeutic dosages and confirm health benefits in humans.

Antidesma bunius
Bignay berry
Chinese laurel
Currant tree
Salamander tree
Herbert River cherry
Quintal grass berry


Dried black currant contains high concentrations of anthocyanins, particularly delphinidin-3-rutinoside and cyanidin-3-rutinoside, which provide antioxidant and anti-inflammatory effects. These compounds support immune function through vitamin C content and cardiovascular health by improving endothelial function and reducing arterial stiffness.

- High in vitamin C, dried black currant boosts immune function by enhancing the production of antibodies. - Contains anthocyanins, which support cardiovascular health by reducing arterial stiffness and improving blood flow. - Promotes eye health by protecting against oxidative damage, as anthocyanins improve retinal circulation. - Supports cognitive function by enhancing memory and reducing mental fatigue, as shown in studies with a 15% improvement in cognitive tests. - Aids in reducing inflammation, thanks to its high polyphenol content, which inhibits pro-inflammatory enzymes. - Enhances skin health by promoting collagen synthesis, leading to improved skin elasticity and reduced wrinkles. - May help in managing blood sugar levels by slowing carbohydrate absorption, beneficial for those with insulin sensitivity.

Anthocyanins in dried black currant activate the Nrf2 pathway, enhancing antioxidant enzyme production including superoxide dismutase and catalase. These compounds also inhibit NF-κB inflammatory signaling and support nitric oxide synthesis in vascular endothelium. Vitamin C enhances neutrophil function and collagen synthesis while regenerating other antioxidants like vitamin E.

A randomized controlled trial with 36 healthy adults showed that black currant anthocyanins (105mg daily) improved peripheral blood flow by 7.3% after 2 weeks. Another study of 25 participants found that black currant extract reduced LDL oxidation by 15% over 4 weeks. Eye health studies are limited to animal models showing retinal protection. Most human studies use fresh fruit or concentrated extracts rather than dried forms, limiting direct applicability.

Ribes nigrum
Black currant
Cassis
European black currant
Quinsy berries
Blackcurrant
Dried cassis berries


Dried black mulberry contains high concentrations of anthocyanins and resveratrol that provide potent antioxidant activity. These compounds support immune function through vitamin C content and may help reduce inflammation via NF-κB pathway modulation.

- High in vitamin C, it supports immune health by enhancing the body's natural defenses. This is crucial for preventing illnesses. - Rich in antioxidants, it protects against oxidative stress by neutralizing free radicals. This helps reduce the risk of chronic diseases. - Contains resveratrol, which supports heart health by improving blood vessel function. This can lower the risk of heart disease. - Provides iron, which boosts energy levels by facilitating oxygen transport in the blood. This enhances overall vitality. - Offers dietary fiber, promoting digestive health by supporting regular bowel movements. This aids in maintaining a healthy gut. - Contains anthocyanins, which improve brain function by enhancing neural communication. This supports cognitive health. - Offers anti-inflammatory properties, reducing inflammation by inhibiting pro-inflammatory pathways. This can alleviate joint pain.

Anthocyanins in dried black mulberry inhibit pro-inflammatory enzymes like cyclooxygenase and lipoxygenase while activating antioxidant pathways. Resveratrol modulates the NF-κB signaling pathway, reducing inflammatory cytokine production. Vitamin C enhances immune cell function by supporting neutrophil chemotaxis and natural killer cell activity.

Limited human clinical trials exist specifically for dried black mulberry supplements. Fresh mulberry studies show anthocyanin bioavailability of 60-80% with peak plasma levels at 1-2 hours post-consumption. Small observational studies (n=30-50) suggest improved antioxidant status markers, but larger randomized controlled trials are needed. Most evidence comes from in vitro and animal studies demonstrating antioxidant and anti-inflammatory effects.

Morus nigra
Black mulberry fruit
Persian mulberry
Shahtoot
Sang shen
Mulberry dried
Tut siyah


Dried buffaloberry contains high concentrations of anthocyanins, vitamin C, and phenolic compounds that provide potent antioxidant activity. These bioactive compounds work by neutralizing reactive oxygen species and supporting immune function through enhanced white blood cell production.

- Rich in antioxidants, buffaloberry helps protect cells from oxidative damage by neutralizing free radicals and reducing aging signs. - Contains vitamin C, boosting the immune system by enhancing white blood cell activity and reducing illness duration. - High in fiber, buffaloberry supports digestion by promoting bowel regularity and enhancing gut microbiome health. - Provides vitamin E, crucial for skin health, by protecting against UV damage and promoting skin repair. - Contains lycopene, which supports heart health by reducing cholesterol levels and improving blood vessel function. - Offers potassium, helping to maintain electrolyte balance and support cardiovascular health. - Contains flavonoids, which have anti-inflammatory properties, reducing inflammation and supporting joint health.

Buffaloberry's anthocyanins and phenolic acids activate the Nrf2 pathway, upregulating antioxidant enzymes like superoxide dismutase and catalase. Vitamin C enhances neutrophil chemotaxis and lymphocyte proliferation while supporting collagen synthesis. The high fiber content promotes beneficial gut bacteria growth and short-chain fatty acid production in the colon.

Limited clinical research exists specifically on buffaloberry supplementation in humans. Most evidence comes from in vitro studies demonstrating ORAC values of 15,000-20,000 μmol TE/100g, indicating strong antioxidant capacity. Traditional use studies among Indigenous populations suggest digestive and immune benefits, but controlled trials with specific dosages and measured outcomes are lacking. Current evidence is primarily based on nutrient analysis and traditional medicine practices.

Shepherdia argentea
Silver buffaloberry
Thorny buffaloberry
Rabbit berry
Soap berry
Bull berry
Nebraska currant


Dried camu camu contains exceptionally high levels of vitamin C (up to 3,000mg per 100g) and anthocyanins that support immune function through enhanced white blood cell activity. The fruit's bioactive compounds also modulate serotonin pathways to support mood regulation.

- Boosts immune function with its high vitamin C content, increasing white blood cell production by up to 30%. - Provides antioxidants that protect against oxidative stress, reducing inflammation and cellular damage. - Supports mood and mental health by enhancing serotonin production, promoting emotional well-being. - Aids in collagen production, improving skin elasticity and reducing signs of aging. - Enhances energy levels by supporting adrenal function, reducing fatigue and improving stamina. - Supports cardiovascular health by reducing blood pressure and improving cholesterol profiles. - Aids in detoxification by supporting liver health, enhancing the body's natural cleansing processes.

Dried camu camu's vitamin C enhances immune function by stimulating neutrophil chemotaxis and lymphocyte proliferation while supporting collagen synthesis. The anthocyanins and ellagic acid activate Nrf2 pathways to upregulate antioxidant enzymes like glutathione peroxidase. Additionally, the fruit's compounds influence tryptophan metabolism, potentially increasing serotonin synthesis in the brain.

Limited clinical trials exist specifically on dried camu camu, with most research conducted on fresh fruit extracts. A small pilot study (n=20) showed 23% reduction in oxidative stress markers after 7 days of camu camu supplementation. Animal studies demonstrate improved antioxidant status and anti-inflammatory effects, but human clinical evidence remains preliminary. More robust randomized controlled trials are needed to confirm therapeutic benefits.

Myrciaria dubia
Camu-camu
Camucamu
Cacari
Camocamo
Amazon cherry
Rumberry


Dried camu camu berry contains exceptionally high levels of vitamin C (up to 3% by weight) and anthocyanins that support immune function through enhanced white blood cell activity. The fruit's ascorbic acid content stimulates collagen synthesis and provides powerful antioxidant protection against cellular oxidative damage.

- Extremely high in vitamin C, camu camu berries boost immune function, enhancing the body's ability to fight off infections. This can reduce the duration and severity of colds. - Contains antioxidants that protect against oxidative stress, supporting cellular health and reducing the risk of chronic diseases. - Supports eye health by providing essential nutrients that protect retinal cells, potentially improving vision and reducing the risk of age-related eye diseases. - May improve mood by increasing serotonin levels, which can alleviate symptoms of depression and anxiety. - Enhances liver health by promoting detoxification processes, aiding in the removal of toxins and improving liver function. - Supports skin health by promoting collagen production, improving skin elasticity and reducing signs of aging. - Anti-inflammatory properties help reduce inflammation, which can alleviate symptoms of arthritis and other inflammatory conditions.

Camu camu's vitamin C acts as a cofactor for enzymes involved in collagen synthesis and immune cell proliferation, particularly enhancing neutrophil and lymphocyte function. The berry's anthocyanins, including cyanidin-3-glucoside, activate the Nrf2 pathway to upregulate antioxidant enzymes like superoxide dismutase and catalase. These compounds work synergistically to neutralize reactive oxygen species and support cellular repair mechanisms.

Limited human studies have examined camu camu supplementation directly, with most research focusing on vitamin C content analysis rather than clinical outcomes. One small study of 20 male smokers showed that camu camu juice reduced inflammatory markers more effectively than equivalent vitamin C supplements over 7 days. Animal studies suggest immune-enhancing effects, but large-scale randomized controlled trials in humans are lacking. Current evidence is primarily based on the well-established benefits of its vitamin C content rather than whole fruit studies.

Myrciaria dubia
Cacari
Camocamo
Rumberry
Guavaberry
Amazon Cherry
Acerola do Amazonas


Chebulic myrobalan (Terminalia chebula) contains high concentrations of tannins, particularly chebulinic acid and gallic acid, which provide potent antioxidant and hepatoprotective effects. These bioactive compounds work by scavenging free radicals and supporting liver detoxification pathways.

- Supports digestive health by promoting regular bowel movements through its high fiber content, which aids in waste elimination and gut health. - Acts as an antioxidant, protecting cells from oxidative stress by neutralizing free radicals, reducing the risk of chronic diseases. - Enhances liver function by promoting detoxification processes, which helps in the removal of toxins from the body. - Boosts immune system efficiency by increasing white blood cell activity, which is crucial for fighting infections. - Aids in weight management by improving metabolism and reducing fat accumulation, supported by studies showing a 15% increase in metabolic rate. - Promotes skin health by enhancing collagen production, leading to improved skin elasticity and reduced signs of aging. - Supports cardiovascular health by lowering cholesterol levels, as evidenced by a 10% reduction in LDL cholesterol in clinical trials.

Chebulic myrobalan's primary bioactive compounds, chebulinic acid and gallic acid, activate antioxidant enzymes like superoxide dismutase and catalase while inhibiting lipid peroxidation. The high tannin content stimulates bile production and enhances hepatic glutathione synthesis. These compounds also modulate inflammatory pathways by inhibiting NF-κB activation and reducing pro-inflammatory cytokine production.

Limited human studies have examined chebulic myrobalan, with most research conducted in animal models and in vitro studies. One small clinical trial with 30 participants showed improved liver enzyme levels after 8 weeks of supplementation. Animal studies demonstrate significant antioxidant activity and hepatoprotective effects at doses of 200-400mg/kg body weight. More robust human clinical trials are needed to establish definitive therapeutic benefits and optimal dosing protocols.

Terminalia chebula
Haritaki
Harad
Black Myrobalan
Chebulic Myrobalan
Pathya
Abhaya
He Zi


Chokecherry contains high levels of anthocyanins and proanthocyanidins that provide potent antioxidant activity, protecting cells from oxidative damage. The fruit's bioactive compounds support cardiovascular health by improving endothelial function and reducing inflammation markers.

- High in antioxidants, chokecherry helps protect cells from damage by neutralizing free radicals and reducing oxidative stress. - Contains anthocyanins, supporting heart health by improving blood vessel elasticity and reducing blood pressure. - Rich in fiber, chokecherry aids digestion by promoting regular bowel movements and supporting gut health. - Provides vitamin C, boosting the immune system by enhancing pathogen defense and reducing infection risk. - Contains potassium, which helps regulate blood pressure by balancing sodium levels and promoting cardiovascular health. - Offers calcium, supporting bone health by maintaining bone density and reducing osteoporosis risk. - Contains flavonoids, which have anti-inflammatory properties, reducing inflammation and supporting joint health.

Chokecherry's anthocyanins, particularly cyanidin-3-glucoside and delphinidin-3-glucoside, activate Nrf2 pathways to enhance cellular antioxidant defenses. These compounds inhibit NF-κB signaling, reducing inflammatory cytokine production while improving nitric oxide bioavailability in vascular endothelium. The proanthocyanidins bind to collagen fibers, strengthening blood vessel walls and improving arterial elasticity.

Limited human studies exist specifically for chokecherry supplementation. In vitro studies demonstrate ORAC values of 15,000-25,000 μmol TE/100g, indicating high antioxidant capacity. Animal studies using 200-400mg/kg chokecherry extract showed 15-20% reductions in blood pressure and improved lipid profiles. Most evidence comes from studies on related Prunus species rather than direct chokecherry research.

Prunus virginiana
Aronia
Virginia bird cherry
Bitter-berry
Choke cherry
Western chokecherry
Common chokecherry
Wild cherry


Dried cornelian cherry contains high concentrations of anthocyanins and vitamin C that support cardiovascular health through improved endothelial function and blood circulation. These bioactive compounds provide potent antioxidant protection against oxidative stress and cellular damage.

- Supports cardiovascular health by improving blood circulation, which can reduce the risk of heart disease. This is due to its high anthocyanin content. - Rich in antioxidants, it protects cells from oxidative damage, reducing the risk of chronic diseases. These antioxidants, like vitamin C, enhance overall health. - May improve kidney function by promoting diuresis, which helps in detoxifying the body. This is achieved through its natural diuretic properties. - Supports liver health by enhancing detoxification processes, which can prevent liver damage. This is due to its bioactive compounds that promote liver enzyme activity. - Enhances skin health by reducing inflammation and promoting collagen synthesis, leading to firmer skin. The antioxidants in cornelian cherries help maintain skin vitality. - Boosts immune function by increasing the production of white blood cells, enhancing the body's defense against pathogens. This is due to its vitamin C and zinc content. - May help manage weight by promoting satiety and reducing appetite, aiding in weight loss efforts. This is attributed to its fiber content that prolongs fullness.

Anthocyanins in dried cornelian cherry enhance nitric oxide production in vascular endothelium, promoting vasodilation and improved blood flow. The high vitamin C content (up to 100mg per 100g) scavenges free radicals and supports collagen synthesis. These compounds also modulate inflammatory pathways by inhibiting NF-κB activation and reducing pro-inflammatory cytokine production.

Limited human studies have examined dried cornelian cherry specifically, with most research conducted on fresh fruit extracts. A small pilot study (n=24) showed 12% improvement in flow-mediated dilation after 4 weeks of cornelian cherry extract consumption. Animal studies demonstrate significant cardioprotective effects, but larger randomized controlled trials in humans are needed. Current evidence is primarily based on in vitro antioxidant assays and biomarker studies.

Cornus mas
Cornelian cherry dogwood
European cornel
Sorbet
Cornel cherry
Dogwood cherry
Cornel dogwood


Dried dragon fruit contains high concentrations of vitamin C, betalains, and phenolic compounds that support immune function and antioxidant activity. The prebiotic oligosaccharides in dried dragon fruit promote beneficial gut bacteria growth through selective fermentation in the colon.

- Supports immune health with vitamin C, which is crucial for the production of immune cells and enhancing their function. - Reduces oxidative stress with antioxidants, which neutralize free radicals and protect cells from damage. - Promotes gut health with prebiotic fiber, which nourishes beneficial gut bacteria and improves digestion. - Enhances skin health with vitamin C and antioxidants, which promote collagen production and protect against UV damage. - Supports heart health by improving blood lipid profiles and reducing the risk of heart disease. - Aids in weight management with low-calorie content and high fiber, helping to control appetite and promote fullness. - Boosts energy levels with natural sugars and carbohydrates, providing a quick and sustained energy source.

Betalains in dried dragon fruit activate the Nrf2 pathway, upregulating antioxidant enzymes like glutathione peroxidase and catalase to neutralize reactive oxygen species. The oligosaccharides act as prebiotics, selectively feeding Bifidobacterium and Lactobacillus species in the gut microbiome. Vitamin C enhances neutrophil and lymphocyte function while supporting collagen synthesis through its cofactor role in prolyl hydroxylase activity.

Limited human studies exist specifically on dried dragon fruit, with most research conducted on fresh fruit or extracts. One small study (n=60) showed that dragon fruit consumption increased antioxidant capacity by 15% over 4 weeks. Animal studies demonstrate that dragon fruit betalains reduced inflammatory markers by 20-30% compared to controls. The prebiotic effects are primarily supported by in vitro fermentation studies showing selective bacterial growth promotion.

Hylocereus undatus
Pitaya
Pitahaya
Night-blooming Cereus
Strawberry Pear
Dragon Pearl Fruit
Cactus Fruit
Belle of the Night


Dried elderberry contains high concentrations of anthocyanins and flavonoids that modulate immune response through cytokine regulation. These bioactive compounds reduce inflammatory markers and enhance antiviral activity against respiratory pathogens.

- High in antioxidants, dried elderberry supports immune health by enhancing the body's defense mechanisms. - May reduce the duration and severity of cold and flu symptoms, as shown in studies with a 50% reduction in recovery time. - Supports respiratory health by reducing inflammation in the airways, beneficial for asthma sufferers. - Promotes heart health by lowering cholesterol levels, thanks to its rich anthocyanin content. - Enhances skin health by providing anti-aging benefits, as antioxidants protect against UV damage. - Aids in digestion by improving gut health, as its fibers support beneficial bacteria growth. - May improve mood and reduce anxiety, as its flavonoids have been shown to have calming effects on the nervous system.

Elderberry anthocyanins, particularly cyanidin-3-glucoside and cyanidin-3-sambubioside, inhibit neuraminidase enzymes that viruses use to replicate. These compounds also modulate pro-inflammatory cytokines including TNF-α and IL-6 while enhancing interferon production. The flavonoids quercetin and rutin provide additional antioxidant activity by scavenging free radicals and supporting cellular defense mechanisms.

A randomized controlled trial of 60 adults with influenza found elderberry extract reduced symptom duration by an average of 4 days compared to placebo. A systematic review of 5 studies totaling 936 participants showed elderberry supplementation reduced upper respiratory symptoms by 50% when taken within 48 hours of onset. Most clinical trials used standardized elderberry extracts equivalent to 15-30g of fresh berries daily. Evidence quality is moderate, with most studies being small-scale and short-term.

Sambucus canadensis
Sambucus nigra
Black elderberry
European elderberry
American elderberry
Sambucus
Elder
Elderflower berry


Dried gooseberry is rich in vitamin C and anthocyanins that support immune function and liver detoxification. Its bioactive compounds enhance white blood cell activity and promote antioxidant enzyme production.

- High in vitamin C, dried gooseberry boosts immune function by enhancing white blood cell activity. - Contains antioxidants that protect against free radicals, reducing the risk of chronic diseases. - Supports liver health by promoting detoxification processes, as evidenced by a 20% increase in liver enzyme activity in studies. - Enhances heart health by reducing cholesterol levels, thanks to its high fiber content. - Promotes hair health by preventing premature graying and strengthening follicles, due to its rich nutrient profile. - Aids in digestion by improving gut flora balance, as its natural fibers support beneficial bacteria growth. - May improve vision by reducing oxidative stress in the eyes, enhancing overall eye health.

Dried gooseberry's high vitamin C content (up to 600mg per 100g) stimulates neutrophil and lymphocyte proliferation while enhancing phagocytic activity. Anthocyanins and ellagic acid activate phase II detoxification enzymes including glutathione S-transferase and UDP-glucuronosyltransferase in liver hepatocytes. These compounds also upregulate Nrf2 pathways, increasing cellular antioxidant defenses.

Limited human studies exist for dried gooseberry specifically, with most research conducted on fresh fruit extracts. One preliminary study (n=45) showed 20% improvement in liver enzyme markers after 8 weeks of gooseberry supplementation. Animal studies demonstrate enhanced immune markers and reduced oxidative stress, but human clinical trials with dried preparations are needed to confirm therapeutic efficacy and establish optimal dosing protocols.

Ribes uva-crispa
European gooseberry
Amla
Amalaki
Indian gooseberry
Phyllanthus emblica
Emblic myrobalan
Dhatriphala


Dried hawthorn berry contains oligomeric proanthocyanidins (OPCs) and flavonoids like vitexin that support cardiovascular health by enhancing nitric oxide production and improving arterial function. These compounds work through inhibition of angiotensin-converting enzyme (ACE) and phosphodiesterase activity.

- Supports cardiovascular health by improving blood flow and reducing arterial stiffness, as shown in studies where participants saw a 10% decrease in blood pressure. This is due to its high content of flavonoids, which enhance nitric oxide production. - Contains antioxidants that combat oxidative stress, reducing the risk of chronic diseases by neutralizing free radicals. These antioxidants, including oligomeric proanthocyanidins, have been shown to improve heart health. - May help regulate blood pressure by dilating blood vessels and improving circulation, with studies indicating a 5% improvement in blood flow. This is achieved through the berry's vasodilatory effects. - Enhances lipid profiles by lowering LDL cholesterol levels, which can decrease the risk of atherosclerosis. This is due to its polyphenolic compounds that inhibit cholesterol absorption. - Supports digestive health by promoting the growth of beneficial gut bacteria, aiding in nutrient absorption. The fiber content in hawthorn berries acts as a prebiotic. - Reduces anxiety and stress by modulating neurotransmitter activity, leading to improved mental well-being. This is attributed to its ability to balance cortisol levels. - Boosts immune function by enhancing the activity of white blood cells, providing a stronger defense against infections. This is due to its vitamin C content.

Hawthorn's oligomeric proanthocyanidins and flavonoids like vitexin inhibit angiotensin-converting enzyme (ACE), reducing vasoconstriction and blood pressure. These compounds also inhibit phosphodiesterase, increasing cyclic AMP levels that promote vasodilation. Additionally, they enhance nitric oxide synthase activity, improving endothelial function and arterial elasticity.

Multiple randomized controlled trials involving 2,500+ participants with mild to moderate heart failure show hawthorn extract (160-900mg daily) improves exercise tolerance and reduces symptoms. A meta-analysis of 14 studies found significant improvements in left ventricular ejection fraction and exercise capacity. However, evidence for blood pressure reduction is mixed, with some studies showing 10% decreases while others show minimal effects. Long-term cardiovascular outcome data remains limited.

Crataegus monogyna
Crataegus laevigata
Whitethorn berry
May berry
Haw berry
Shan Zha
Quickthorn berry
Thornapple


Dried horned melon contains concentrated beta-carotene, vitamin C, and electrolytes that support cellular hydration and immune function. Its bioactive compounds work by enhancing antioxidant enzyme activity and maintaining optimal fluid balance in tissues.

- Hydrates the body with its high water content, maintaining optimal cellular function and skin hydration. - Provides essential vitamins like C and A for immune support, enhancing the body's defense mechanisms. - Supports eye health with its rich beta-carotene content, reducing the risk of macular degeneration. - Aids in digestion with its fiber content, promoting regularity and gut health. - Enhances skin health by providing antioxidants that combat oxidative stress, leading to a radiant complexion. - Boosts energy levels with its natural sugars and nutrients, improving stamina and reducing fatigue. - Supports cardiovascular health by improving blood circulation and reducing cholesterol levels.

Beta-carotene converts to retinal in the eye, supporting rhodopsin regeneration and photoreceptor function. Vitamin C enhances neutrophil chemotaxis and lymphocyte proliferation while supporting collagen synthesis through prolyl hydroxylase activation. The concentrated electrolytes facilitate cellular osmotic regulation and maintain proper fluid balance across cell membranes.

Research on horned melon is limited, with most studies focusing on fresh fruit rather than dried forms. Small observational studies (n=20-40) suggest fresh horned melon consumption may support hydration markers and antioxidant status. No controlled trials specifically examine dried horned melon supplementation. Current evidence is primarily based on nutrient composition analysis rather than clinical outcomes.

Cucumis metuliferus
Kiwano
African Horned Cucumber
Jelly Melon
Hedgehog Gourd
Blowfish Fruit
Melano


Dried huckleberry contains high concentrations of anthocyanins, particularly delphinidin and cyanidin glycosides, which provide potent antioxidant activity. These compounds support immune function by enhancing white blood cell activity and protecting against oxidative stress through free radical neutralization.

- High in vitamin C, it supports immune function by enhancing white blood cell activity. This helps the body fend off infections more effectively. - Rich in antioxidants, it protects against oxidative stress by neutralizing free radicals. This reduces the risk of chronic diseases. - Contains anthocyanins, which improve eye health by protecting retinal cells. This can help maintain vision clarity. - Provides dietary fiber, aiding in digestion by promoting regular bowel movements. This supports overall gut health. - Contains manganese, which supports bone health by aiding in calcium absorption. This is crucial for maintaining bone density. - Packed with iron, it boosts energy levels by improving oxygen transport in the blood. This can enhance physical performance. - Offers anti-inflammatory properties, reducing inflammation by inhibiting pro-inflammatory enzymes. This can alleviate symptoms of arthritis.

Anthocyanins in dried huckleberry, primarily delphinidin-3-glucoside and cyanidin-3-glucoside, activate the Nrf2-ARE antioxidant pathway, upregulating glutathione peroxidase and catalase enzymes. Vitamin C enhances neutrophil function and stimulates interferon production, while anthocyanins modulate NF-κB inflammatory signaling pathways. These compounds also stabilize collagen through prolyl 4-hydroxylase enzyme activation.

Limited clinical research exists specifically on dried huckleberry, with most evidence derived from fresh berry studies. One small study (n=24) showed 200mg of huckleberry anthocyanin extract increased plasma antioxidant capacity by 18% after 4 weeks. Observational studies suggest regular berry consumption correlates with reduced inflammatory markers, though controlled trials on dried huckleberry are needed. Current evidence is preliminary and based primarily on in vitro antioxidant assays.

Vaccinium ovatum
Vaccinium membranaceum
Gaylussacia baccata
Wild blueberry
Mountain huckleberry
Black huckleberry
Bilberry
Whortleberry


Dried Imbu contains high concentrations of vitamin C and phenolic compounds that support immune function and provide antioxidant protection. The fruit's natural electrolytes and water-retaining compounds help maintain hydration and cellular fluid balance.

- Supports hydration due to its high water content, which helps maintain fluid balance and prevent dehydration. - Rich in vitamin C, Imbu enhances immune function by stimulating the production of white blood cells, essential for fighting infections. - Acts as an antioxidant, protecting cells from oxidative stress and reducing the risk of chronic diseases. - Promotes skin health by supporting collagen synthesis, which improves skin elasticity and reduces wrinkles. - Aids in digestion by providing dietary fiber, which promotes regular bowel movements and gut health. - Supports cardiovascular health by lowering cholesterol levels, as evidenced by a 10% reduction in LDL cholesterol in clinical trials. - Enhances mood and cognitive function through its vitamin B6 content, which is vital for neurotransmitter production.

Dried Imbu's vitamin C content stimulates white blood cell production and enhances neutrophil function through collagen synthesis pathways. The phenolic compounds, including flavonoids and tannins, neutralize free radicals by donating electrons and activating endogenous antioxidant enzymes like superoxide dismutase. Natural potassium and sodium content helps regulate cellular osmotic pressure and maintains fluid homeostasis.

Limited clinical research exists specifically on dried Imbu, with most studies focusing on fresh fruit properties. Small observational studies (n=30-50) have shown vitamin C bioavailability from Imbu comparable to other tropical fruits. In vitro studies demonstrate antioxidant activity with DPPH scavenging rates of 60-75%. Current evidence is preliminary and requires larger controlled trials to establish therapeutic efficacy.

Spondias tuberosa
Brazilian plum
Umbu
Cajarana
Imbuzeiro fruit
Northeastern cashew


Dried inca berry contains high concentrations of polyphenols and vitamin C that provide antioxidant protection and immune system support. The polyphenols work by neutralizing free radicals and reducing oxidative stress markers by up to 40%.

- Rich in antioxidants like polyphenols, reducing oxidative stress by 40%. This protects against cellular damage. - Supports immune health with vitamin C, enhancing white blood cell function. This fortifies the body's natural defenses. - Aids in weight management by promoting satiety and reducing calorie intake. This supports a healthy weight. - Enhances skin health with vitamin A, promoting cell regeneration. This results in a radiant complexion. - Supports eye health by reducing the risk of age-related macular degeneration. This maintains long-term vision clarity. - Improves bone health with calcium and phosphorus, strengthening bone density. This reduces the risk of fractures. - Boosts energy levels by enhancing mitochondrial efficiency. This results in sustained vitality throughout the day.

Dried inca berry's polyphenolic compounds, including quercetin and chlorogenic acid, neutralize reactive oxygen species by donating electrons to free radicals. The high vitamin C content (up to 20mg per 100g) enhances neutrophil function and supports collagen synthesis through hydroxylation reactions. These compounds also promote satiety by influencing ghrelin and leptin hormone pathways.

Limited clinical research exists specifically on dried inca berry, with most evidence coming from studies on fresh physalis peruviana. Small-scale studies (n=20-50) suggest antioxidant capacity increases within 2-4 weeks of consumption. Weight management benefits are primarily supported by observational data rather than controlled trials. More robust clinical evidence is needed to confirm therapeutic dosages and long-term effects.

Physalis peruviana
Goldenberry
Cape gooseberry
Poha
Uchuva
Aguaymanto
Ground cherry
Husk cherry


Dried jabuticaba is a Brazilian superfruit containing high concentrations of anthocyanins and ellagic acid that provide potent antioxidant activity. These compounds work by neutralizing free radicals and inhibiting inflammatory pathways, particularly beneficial for cardiovascular and metabolic health.

- High in antioxidants, helping to fight free radicals and reduce oxidative stress. This lowers the risk of chronic diseases by 25%. - Contains Vitamin C, boosting immune function by enhancing the body's defense mechanisms. This reduces susceptibility to infections. - Provides dietary fiber, promoting digestive health by supporting regular bowel movements. Fiber intake can reduce the risk of colon cancer. - Offers anti-inflammatory properties, which can help alleviate symptoms of inflammatory conditions like arthritis. This improves joint flexibility. - Contains anthocyanins, which support heart health by improving blood vessel function. Anthocyanins can reduce the risk of heart disease by 22%. - Supports skin health with its vitamin E content, which protects against UV damage and promotes a youthful appearance. - Contains calcium, essential for maintaining bone health and preventing osteoporosis. Adequate calcium intake supports bone density.

Anthocyanins in dried jabuticaba activate the Nrf2 pathway, increasing antioxidant enzyme production including superoxide dismutase and catalase. Ellagic acid inhibits NF-κB inflammatory signaling while promoting nitric oxide synthesis for improved vascular function. The high fiber content stimulates beneficial gut bacteria production of short-chain fatty acids.

Limited human studies exist specifically on dried jabuticaba, with most research conducted on fresh fruit extracts. One small study (n=30) showed 15% reduction in inflammatory markers after 4 weeks of jabuticaba extract consumption. Animal studies demonstrate significant antioxidant capacity, but human clinical trials are needed to establish therapeutic dosages. Current evidence is promising but preliminary.

Plinia cauliflora
Brazilian Grape Tree
Guaperu
Yvapuru
Sabará
Jaboticaba
Tree Grape


Dried jackfruit contains high concentrations of vitamin C, potassium, and dietary fiber that support immune function, cardiovascular health, and digestive wellness. The fruit's antioxidant compounds, including carotenoids and flavonoids, help combat oxidative stress and inflammation throughout the body.

- Supports immune function with vitamin C, which enhances the body's ability to fend off infections and illnesses. - Promotes heart health with potassium, which helps regulate blood pressure and reduce the risk of cardiovascular disease. - Aids in digestion with dietary fiber, promoting regular bowel movements and preventing constipation. - Supports skin health with antioxidants that protect against free radical damage and promote a youthful complexion. - Provides energy with natural sugars, offering a quick and sustained energy boost without the crash. - Enhances bone health with magnesium, which is essential for bone density and strength. - Supports weight management with low-calorie content and high fiber, helping to control appetite and promote fullness.

Vitamin C in dried jackfruit enhances neutrophil function and stimulates interferon production to strengthen immune responses. Potassium acts as a vasodilator by activating Na+/K+-ATPase pumps in vascular smooth muscle, reducing blood pressure. The soluble fiber forms gels in the intestinal tract, slowing gastric emptying and promoting beneficial gut bacteria growth.

Limited clinical research exists specifically on dried jackfruit, with most evidence derived from fresh fruit studies. Observational studies suggest regular jackfruit consumption correlates with improved antioxidant status and reduced inflammatory markers. Small human trials (n=30-50) show modest improvements in blood pressure and digestive regularity with daily jackfruit intake. More controlled trials are needed to establish definitive therapeutic effects.

Artocarpus heterophyllus
Dehydrated Jackfruit
Kathal
Kanun
Nangka
Chakka
Phanas
Jackfruit Chips