Coix seeds contain coixenolide and other bioactive compounds that demonstrate anti-inflammatory and immunomodulatory effects through inhibition of NF-κB pathways. These seeds have been studied for their potential benefits in supporting metabolic health and reducing inflammatory markers.

Coix seeds, also known as Job's Tears, are the seeds of the Coix lacryma-jobi plant, a member of the grass family. This grain has been used for centuries in traditional Asian medicine and cuisine. It is often found in soups, teas, and other herbal remedies, and is praised for its numerous health benefits, including its ability to improve digestion, boost energy, and support detoxification. Additionally, the nutritional profile of Coix Seeds (Job's Tears) includes - nutrients: carbohydrates, protein, fiber, calcium, iron, magnesium, phosphorus. For enhanced efficacy, Coix Seeds (Job's Tears) can be combined with complementary ingredients. Hermetica Synergy Stack (Formulation Heuristic)
Role: Fat + fiber base (metabolic stability)
Intention: Gut & Microbiome | Detox & Liver
Primary Pairings: Turmeric (Curcuma longa); Ginger (Zingiber officinale); Chia Seeds; Camu Camu
Notes (from original entry): Pair Coix Seeds with Chia Seeds for a boost in fiber and protein, or combine with Moringa for added detoxifying and anti-inflammatory benefits.

Coix seeds contain coixenolide, coixol, and polysaccharides that inhibit nuclear factor-kappa B (NF-κB) signaling pathways, reducing pro-inflammatory cytokine production. The seeds' polysaccharide fraction activates macrophages and enhances immune function through Toll-like receptor modulation. Coixenolide specifically targets cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2) enzyme activity, contributing to anti-inflammatory effects.

Limited human studies have examined coix seed supplementation, with most research conducted in animal models and cell cultures. A small clinical trial with 40 participants showed modest improvements in inflammatory markers after 8 weeks of coix seed extract supplementation. Animal studies demonstrate anti-tumor and hepatoprotective effects, but human efficacy data remains insufficient. Most evidence supporting traditional uses comes from preliminary research requiring larger, controlled human trials.

Coix lacryma-jobi
Yi Yi Ren
Adlay
Chinese Pearl Barley
Tear Grass
Christ's Tears
Ma-yuen


Cola nitida contains 1.5-3.5% caffeine and theobromine, which stimulate adenosine receptors in the central nervous system to increase alertness and energy. The methylxanthines also enhance thermogenesis and gastric acid secretion through phosphodiesterase inhibition.

- Boosts energy levels by stimulating the central nervous system, combating fatigue. - Enhances mental alertness by improving cognitive function, leading to better focus. - Supports weight loss by increasing metabolism, aiding in calorie burning. - Improves digestion by stimulating gastric secretions, promoting nutrient absorption. - Acts as an antioxidant, protecting cells from oxidative stress, promoting longevity. - Reduces inflammation by modulating inflammatory pathways, alleviating pain. - Supports heart health by improving circulation, reducing cardiovascular risks.

Caffeine and theobromine in kola nut block adenosine A1 and A2A receptors, preventing drowsiness and promoting alertness. These methylxanthines inhibit phosphodiesterase enzymes, increasing cAMP levels that stimulate lipolysis and thermogenesis. The compounds also stimulate gastrin release, enhancing gastric acid production for improved digestion.

Most research on kola nut benefits stems from caffeine studies rather than specific kola nut trials. Small observational studies suggest 100-200mg caffeine from kola nut can improve cognitive performance by 5-10% and increase metabolic rate by 3-11%. Limited human trials exist specifically for kola nut extract, with most evidence being anecdotal or based on traditional use patterns in West Africa.

Cola nitida
Kola
Bissy nut
Guru nut
Cola acuminata
Abata cola
Gworo
Obi

Legacy index-continuity record: the score and narrative are provisional and must not be represented as validated or human-approved.


Colchicine is an alkaloid derived from Colchicum autumnale that inhibits microtubule polymerization and neutrophil migration. It effectively treats acute gout attacks and prevents cardiovascular events through anti-inflammatory mechanisms.

• Acute gout flare treatment - Multiple RCTs demonstrate efficacy in reducing pain and inflammation when administered early (Strong evidence)
• Gout attack prevention - Long-term low-dose therapy (0.5-1.2 mg daily) effectively prevents recurrent attacks during urate-lowering therapy initiation (Strong evidence)
• Familial Mediterranean Fever management - Standard-of-care treatment preventing acute attacks and amyloidosis development (Strong evidence)
• Cardiovascular event reduction - LoDoCo trial suggests 0.5 mg daily may reduce major adverse cardiovascular events post-MI (Emerging evidence)
• Anti-inflammatory effects - Inhibits NLRP3 inflammasome activation and neutrophil migration through microtubule disruption (Mechanistic evidence)

Colchicine binds to tubulin and prevents microtubule polymerization, disrupting neutrophil chemotaxis and degranulation. This reduces inflammatory cell recruitment to affected tissues and decreases release of inflammatory mediators like IL-1β and TNF-α. The compound also inhibits NLRP3 inflammasome activation, providing broad anti-inflammatory effects.

Multiple randomized controlled trials demonstrate colchicine's efficacy for acute gout treatment, with 0.6-1.2 mg daily reducing pain by 50% within 24-48 hours. The COLCOT trial (4,745 patients) showed 0.5 mg daily reduced major cardiovascular events by 23% in post-myocardial infarction patients. Long-term prevention studies indicate 0.5-0.6 mg daily reduces gout flare frequency by 70-85% during urate-lowering therapy initiation. Evidence quality is strong for gout applications and moderate for cardiovascular benefits.


Cold brew herbal tea optimizes the extraction of bioactive compounds like polyphenols, flavonoids, and catechins, often with higher yields than hot brewing. These compounds primarily exert their effects through potent antioxidant mechanisms, including free radical scavenging and enhancing reducing power.

- Enhances Hydration: Provides a flavorful, caffeine-free liquid that encourages consistent fluid intake.
- Preserves Antioxidants: Minimizes degradation of heat-sensitive polyphenols and flavonoids, thereby supporting cellular protection against oxidative stress.
- Modulates Digestive Comfort: Offers a gentle, soothing infusion that can alleviate mild gastrointestinal discomfort and support gut motility.
- Supports Immune Function: Retains a higher concentration of certain immune-modulating compounds from botanicals compared to hot brewing.
- Promotes Relaxation: Delivers calming phytochemicals from specific herbs (e.g., chamomile, lemon balm) in a refreshing format, aiding stress reduction.
- Facilitates Gentle Detoxification: Supports the body's natural elimination processes through enhanced hydration and the delivery of mild diuretic or liver-supportive herbs.

The primary mechanism involves the antioxidant activity of extracted total polyphenols, flavonoids, and catechins (e.g., ECG, EGCG), which efficiently scavenge DPPH free radicals and enhance reducing power. This cold extraction method also optimizes the preservation and yield of these heat-sensitive compounds, alongside L-theanine, contributing to robust cellular protection against oxidative stress.

While direct clinical trials on "cold brew herbal tea" as a unified entity are limited, research on cold extraction methods for individual herbal components and conventional teas provides insights. These studies, often in vitro or analytical chemistry-based, demonstrate that cold brewing can lead to higher extraction efficiency and preservation of heat-sensitive bioactive compounds like polyphenols and flavonoids compared to hot brewing. Outcomes indicate improved antioxidant capacity, measured by assays like DPPH free radical scavenging and FRAP, suggesting enhanced cellular protective benefits.

Cold Infusion Herbal Tea
Cold Steeped Tisane


Collagen coffee combines collagen peptides, which stimulate procollagen synthesis and boost skin elasticity, with coffee's bioactive compounds that provide antioxidant support. This synergistic blend leverages increased fibroblast activity and protective effects against UVB-induced skin damage for enhanced skin health.

- Promotes skin elasticity and hydration, reducing the appearance of wrinkles for a youthful complexion.
- Enhances joint health and mobility by providing essential amino acids for cartilage repair and regeneration.
- Delivers a natural, caffeine-driven energy boost, improving focus and productivity.
- Strengthens hair and nails through collagen's structural support, promoting growth and resilience.
- Supports gut lining integrity and digestion, contributing to overall gut health.
- Contributes to bone density and strength by supporting collagen production within bone matrix.

Collagen peptides in the coffee stimulate dermal fibroblasts to increase procollagen synthesis, thereby enhancing skin elasticity and counteracting UVB-induced damage. Concurrently, coffee bioactives like chlorogenic acids and caffeine exert antioxidant effects and activate the MAPK/ERK pathway, specifically showing a 2.0 to 3.3-fold ERK1/2 phosphorylation, further contributing to cellular protective responses.

While specific randomized controlled trials on "collagen coffee" as a unified product are emerging, extensive research supports the efficacy of its primary components. Numerous peer-reviewed studies, including randomized controlled trials, have demonstrated that hydrolyzed collagen peptides significantly improve skin elasticity, hydration, and reduce wrinkle appearance, alongside benefits for joint health. The combined effect of collagen with coffee's established antioxidant and metabolic properties suggests a synergistic impact, though direct clinical trials on the specific formulation are still developing.

Collagen-infused Coffee
Coffee with Collagen Peptides
Beauty Coffee


Collagen peptides are hydrolyzed fragments of type I collagen that stimulate fibroblast synthesis of new collagen through bioactive peptides like Pro-Hyp and Hyp-Gly. Clinical studies demonstrate measurable improvements in skin elasticity, joint mobility, and bone mineral density.

- Improves skin smoothness by enhancing collagen density, reducing wrinkle depth by 20% in 8 weeks. This provides a smoother, more youthful skin texture. - Supports bone health by increasing bone mineral density, reducing fracture risk by 15%. This strengthens the skeletal structure. - Enhances muscle mass by promoting protein synthesis, aiding in muscle growth and maintenance. This supports physical fitness. - Boosts skin hydration by increasing water retention, improving skin moisture levels. This results in a more supple complexion. - Promotes joint comfort by reducing inflammation, alleviating joint pain. This enhances mobility and quality of life. - Strengthens hair by improving follicle health, reducing hair loss by 30%. This leads to fuller, healthier hair. - Aids in wound healing by accelerating tissue repair, reducing recovery time. This supports skin regeneration.

Collagen peptides containing proline-hydroxyproline (Pro-Hyp) and hydroxyproline-glycine (Hyp-Gly) dipeptides cross the intestinal barrier and accumulate in skin tissue. These bioactive peptides activate dermal fibroblasts to increase collagen type I synthesis via TGF-β signaling pathways. The peptides also stimulate hyaluronic acid production and enhance osteoblast activity for bone formation.

Randomized controlled trials with 100-150 participants show collagen peptide supplementation (2.5-10g daily) improves skin hydration by 28% and reduces wrinkle depth by 20% after 8 weeks. Studies demonstrate 15% reduction in fracture risk and improved joint pain scores in osteoarthritis patients. Evidence quality is moderate with most trials lasting 8-12 weeks, though longer-term safety data remains limited.

Hydrolyzed collagen
Marine collagen
Bovine collagen peptides
Collagen hydrolysate
Fish collagen peptides
Bioactive collagen peptides
Type I collagen peptides


Collagen peptides Type I contain bioactive amino acids glycine, proline, and hydroxyproline that stimulate fibroblast collagen synthesis. These hydrolyzed proteins enhance skin elasticity, bone density, and joint flexibility through direct incorporation into connective tissue structures.

- Promotes skin elasticity and hydration by stimulating collagen synthesis, reducing wrinkles and dryness. - Supports bone health and density by providing essential amino acids for bone matrix formation. - Enhances hair and nail strength, reducing breakage and promoting growth. - Improves joint flexibility and comfort by supporting connective tissue integrity. - Aids in muscle recovery and repair by supplying key building blocks for tissue regeneration. - Boosts gut health by reinforcing the intestinal lining and supporting digestion. - May reduce cellulite appearance by improving skin structure and firmness. - Offers antioxidant properties, protecting cells from free radical damage.

Type I collagen peptides are absorbed as dipeptides and tripeptides containing prolyl-hydroxyproline and hydroxyprolyl-glycine sequences. These peptides activate fibroblast proliferation and upregulate collagen synthesis genes COL1A1 and COL1A2 via TGF-β signaling pathways. The amino acids directly integrate into new collagen fibers while stimulating hyaluronic acid production in dermal and synovial tissues.

Randomized controlled trials with 2.5-10g daily doses show significant improvements in skin hydration (12-28% increase) and elasticity after 8-12 weeks. Joint pain studies demonstrate 20-40% reduction in VAS pain scores among athletes and osteoarthritis patients with 10g daily supplementation. Bone density studies show modest 4-7% improvements in postmenopausal women, though larger trials are needed to confirm these effects.

Type I Collagen Hydrolysate
Hydrolyzed Collagen Type 1
Collagen Type I Bioactive Peptides
Marine Collagen Peptides
Bovine Collagen Peptides
Ejiao (阿胶)
Gelatin Hydrolysate
Beauty Collagen


Type II collagen peptides contain bioactive compounds including chondroitin and hyaluronic acid that support cartilage matrix regeneration. These peptides work by stimulating chondrocyte activity and enhancing synovial fluid production in joints.

- Supports joint health and reduces joint pain by replenishing cartilage matrix and lubricating joints. - Promotes cartilage repair and regeneration, aiding in recovery from injury or wear. - Enhances mobility and flexibility by improving synovial fluid production and joint cushioning. - Reduces inflammation in joints, helping to manage symptoms of arthritis and stiffness. - Strengthens tendons and ligaments, supporting overall joint stability. - May improve exercise performance by reducing joint discomfort during movement. - Offers long-term protection against cartilage degradation, with studies showing up to 40% reduction in joint pain. - Supports active lifestyles by maintaining joint integrity and resilience.

Type II collagen peptides are absorbed intact and target joint tissues through oral tolerance mechanisms. They stimulate chondrocyte proliferation and collagen synthesis via TGF-β pathways while modulating inflammatory cytokines like IL-1β and TNF-α. The peptides also enhance hyaluronic acid production in synovial fluid, improving joint lubrication and cushioning.

Randomized controlled trials with 40-250 participants show type II collagen supplementation (40mg daily) reduces joint pain by 26-40% within 90-180 days. Studies on athletes and arthritis patients demonstrate improved joint mobility scores and reduced cartilage degradation markers. However, most trials are industry-funded with relatively short durations. Long-term safety data beyond 6 months remains limited.

Collagen type II
Type 2 collagen
Hydrolyzed collagen type II
Chicken cartilage collagen
COL2A1
Undenatured collagen II
Native collagen type II
Cartilage-derived collagen peptides


Collagen peptides Type III are bioactive amino acid chains derived from collagen hydrolysis that specifically target skin, blood vessel, and organ structure support. These peptides work by providing glycine, proline, and hydroxyproline to stimulate fibroblast activity and enhance collagen synthesis in tissues rich in Type III collagen.

- Supports skin health and improves elasticity by stimulating collagen synthesis, with studies showing up to a 20% increase in skin hydration. - Promotes healthy hair and nail growth through the delivery of essential amino acids required for keratin production. - Enhances joint health and reduces discomfort by supporting cartilage regeneration and reducing inflammation markers. - Aids in muscle recovery and lean muscle maintenance by providing glycine and proline, which are vital for tissue repair. - Strengthens gut lining integrity, potentially reducing symptoms of leaky gut and improving digestive health. - Boosts bone density by increasing osteoblast activity, with research indicating a 7% improvement in bone mineral density over 12 months. - Supports cardiovascular health by aiding arterial flexibility and reducing arterial stiffness. - Improves overall skin appearance by reducing the depth of wrinkles and increasing skin smoothness, as shown in clinical trials.

Type III collagen peptides deliver specific amino acid sequences including glycine-proline-hydroxyproline triplets that signal fibroblasts to increase collagen production. These peptides activate the mTOR pathway and upregulate collagen gene expression, particularly COL3A1, which codes for Type III collagen synthesis. The peptides also stimulate hyaluronic acid production and enhance cross-linking between collagen fibers in skin and vascular tissues.

Human studies with Type III collagen peptides show 20% improvements in skin hydration and elasticity after 8-12 weeks of supplementation at 2.5-10g daily doses. Randomized controlled trials with 50-120 participants demonstrate significant increases in skin density and reduction in wrinkle depth compared to placebo groups. Evidence for joint and vascular benefits remains preliminary, with most studies focusing on general collagen peptide mixtures rather than isolated Type III peptides. Long-term safety data beyond 24 weeks is currently limited.

Hydrolyzed Type III Collagen
Collagen Type 3 Peptides
Marine Collagen Peptides
Bovine Collagen Hydrolysate
COL3A1 Peptides
Gelatin Hydrolysate Type III
Bioactive Collagen Peptides


Verisol collagen peptides are bioactive Type I collagen hydrolysates that stimulate dermal fibroblast activity to increase endogenous collagen synthesis. These specific peptides enhance skin elasticity and reduce wrinkle depth through direct cellular signaling pathways.

- Enhances skin elasticity by stimulating collagen production, reducing wrinkles by up to 32% in 12 weeks. This helps maintain a youthful appearance. - Supports joint health by promoting cartilage regeneration, reducing joint pain by 15% in 8 weeks. This aids in maintaining mobility and comfort. - Boosts hair strength by improving keratin infrastructure, leading to 13% less hair breakage. This results in thicker, more resilient hair. - Fortifies nails by increasing nail growth rate and reducing brittleness by 42%. This leads to healthier, more durable nails. - Promotes gut health by supporting the intestinal lining, improving digestion and nutrient absorption. This enhances overall wellness. - Aids in muscle recovery by accelerating tissue repair post-exercise, reducing soreness. This supports active lifestyles. - Improves skin hydration by increasing moisture levels, enhancing skin texture and radiance. This results in a glowing complexion.

Verisol peptides contain specific bioactive sequences including prolyl-hydroxyproline and hydroxyprolyl-glycine that bind to collagen receptors on dermal fibroblasts. These peptides activate the TGF-β signaling pathway and upregulate collagen type I, III, and elastin gene expression. The peptides also inhibit matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs) that degrade existing collagen structures.

Clinical studies with Verisol involved 114 women aged 45-65 taking 2.5g daily for 8-12 weeks in randomized, placebo-controlled trials. Results showed 32% reduction in wrinkle depth, 9% increase in skin elasticity, and 12% improvement in skin hydration compared to placebo. Joint health studies with 147 athletes demonstrated 15% reduction in joint pain after 8 weeks of supplementation. Evidence quality is moderate with consistent results across multiple peer-reviewed studies.

Hydrolyzed collagen
Collagen hydrolysate
Bioactive collagen peptides
Marine collagen peptides
Bovine collagen peptides
Collagen protein powder
Peptized collagen


Collard greens are rich in bioactive phytochemicals, particularly glucosinolates and their isothiocyanate derivatives, alongside essential vitamins and minerals. These compounds contribute to robust antioxidant and anti-inflammatory effects, demonstrating mechanisms that support bone health and hold potential for anticancer activity.

- Supports Bone Mineral Density: Provides significant Vitamin K1, calcium, and magnesium, crucial for osteocalcin activation and maintaining strong bone structure.
- Reduces Oxidative Stress: Delivers a potent array of antioxidants, including vitamins A, C, E, and carotenoids, which neutralize free radicals and protect cellular integrity.
- Promotes Cardiovascular Health: High fiber content helps lower cholesterol, while potassium and magnesium support healthy blood pressure regulation.
- Enhances Immune Response: Rich in Vitamin C, which strengthens immune cell function and supports the body's defense mechanisms.
- Optimizes Digestive Function: Abundant dietary fiber promotes regular bowel movements and fosters a balanced gut microbiome.
- Modulates Inflammatory Pathways: Contains glucosinolates and other phytonutrients that exhibit anti-inflammatory properties, supporting systemic balance.
- Aids in Weight Management: Low caloric density combined with high fiber content contributes to satiety and supports healthy metabolic regulation.

Collard greens' glucosinolates are hydrolyzed by myrosinase into isothiocyanates (ITCs) like allyl isothiocyanate, which induce reactive oxygen species (ROS)-mediated mitochondrial apoptosis in tumor cells. These ITCs also reduce oxidative stress and inhibit inflammation. Furthermore, the high Vitamin K1 content is crucial for activating osteocalcin, a protein essential for integrating calcium into bone matrix and maintaining strong bone structure.

Numerous observational studies and dietary analyses support the health benefits associated with regular consumption of cruciferous vegetables, including collard greens. Research highlights their significant role in bone health due to substantial Vitamin K content, while their glucosinolate compounds are investigated for potential anti-cancer properties. While *in vitro* and animal studies demonstrate specific mechanistic actions, robust large-scale human clinical trials directly linking collard green intake to specific disease prevention or treatment outcomes are still emerging.


Colombian Caimito fruit is rich in polyphenols, particularly C-glucosides of luteolin and glycosides of myricetin and quercetin. These compounds exert antioxidant activity by scavenging free radicals and protecting cells from oxidative stress.

- Provides potent antioxidant protection through its rich content of vitamins and phytochemicals.
- Supports digestive health by providing dietary fiber, aiding in regular bowel movements.
- Boosts immune function due to its high vitamin C content, strengthening natural defenses.
- Promotes skin health by supplying vitamins essential for collagen production and hydration.
- Delivers anti-inflammatory benefits, contributing to overall systemic wellness.

The primary mechanism of action for Colombian Caimito's health benefits stems from its rich content of polyphenolic compounds, including C-glucosides of luteolin and 3-O-glycosides of myricetin and quercetin. These flavonoids exert potent antioxidant effects by scavenging free radicals, thereby protecting cells like K562 from oxidative damage induced by stressors such as hydrogen peroxide. This cellular protection contributes to its demonstrated in vitro and in vivo antioxidant properties.

Current evidence primarily consists of preliminary in vitro studies demonstrating the fruit's antioxidant potential by protecting K562 cells against H₂O₂-induced oxidative stress. These studies indicate that its rich polyphenol content, including specific C-glucosides of luteolin and O-glycosides of myricetin and quercetin, correlates with its observed free radical scavenging abilities. While promising, robust clinical trials with human participants are still needed to conclusively validate its health benefits, including antioxidant, digestive, and immune-supporting properties, and to determine optimal dosages and long-term effects.

Chrysophyllum cainito
star apple
caimito


Colombian guava, rich in flavonoids and phenolics, exerts its benefits through potent antioxidant and anti-inflammatory activities. These compounds help reduce oxidative stress, modulate inflammation, and support various cellular functions.

- Reduces oxidative stress and inflammation through its rich antioxidant profile, including flavonoids and carotenoids.
- Supports immune function by providing high levels of Vitamin C, essential for cellular defense.
- Enhances digestive regularity and blood sugar modulation due to its significant dietary fiber content.
- Promotes collagen synthesis and skin vitality, primarily through its abundant Vitamin C.
- Supports cardiovascular health by aiding in cholesterol management and blood circulation.

Colombian guava's primary mechanisms stem from its rich profile of flavonoids (e.g., quercetin, catechin) and phenolic acids, which act as potent antioxidants by scavenging free radicals and enhancing cellular antioxidant defenses. These compounds also exhibit anti-inflammatory effects by modulating pro-inflammatory pathways and demonstrate antimicrobial activity. Further, certain constituents may support blood sugar regulation through mechanisms such as inhibiting carbohydrate-digesting enzymes.

Scientific investigations, largely comprising in vitro and animal studies, demonstrate Colombian guava's significant antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, and antimicrobial properties. Human observational data and some smaller clinical trials suggest benefits for immune function, digestive regularity, and blood sugar modulation. For instance, studies have shown its potential in reducing markers of oxidative stress and inflammation, and aiding in glycemic control. However, extensive randomized controlled trials with larger sample sizes are still required to definitively establish specific therapeutic dosages and long-term efficacy in humans.


Colombian Guava Butter contains bioactive compounds like saponins, terpenoids, tannins, and gallic acid, which contribute to its traditional use for antioxidant and antimicrobial support. Its distinct aroma profile is attributed to volatile compounds such as furanones and sulfanyl compounds.

- Supports immune function through its high Vitamin C content, essential for cellular defense.
- Enhances skin regeneration and collagen production, primarily due to abundant Vitamin C.
- Reduces inflammation and oxidative stress with its rich profile of antioxidants.
- Aids digestive health by providing dietary fiber and stimulating enzyme activity.
- Contributes to energy levels through its natural sugars and healthy fats.

The various bioactive compounds in guava contribute to its proposed mechanisms. Tannins and gallic acid exhibit antioxidant properties by scavenging free radicals and reducing oxidative stress. Terpenoids, such as β-caryophyllene, may engage with cannabinoid receptors (CB2) to exert anti-inflammatory effects. Additionally, saponins and other compounds contribute to antimicrobial activity by disrupting microbial cell membranes or inhibiting growth pathways.

Scientific research on Psidium guajava fruit, the source of Colombian Guava Butter, predominantly involves in vitro and animal studies. These studies suggest potential benefits related to immune health, antioxidant activity, and digestive support, often linked to its rich Vitamin C and polyphenol content. However, specific clinical trials in humans, particularly for a concentrated "guava butter" product, are very limited, meaning direct evidence for human efficacy of the butter form requires further investigation.

Psidium guajava
Pink-fleshed Colombian guava
Guava paste


Colombian guava powder contains exceptionally high levels of vitamin C (228mg per 100g) and quercetin, supporting immune function through enhanced white blood cell activity. The powder's pectin fiber and phenolic compounds regulate glucose metabolism while promoting collagen synthesis for skin health.

- Supports immune health with high vitamin C content.
- Enhances collagen production and promotes healthy skin.
- Aids digestion and regulates blood sugar levels through high fiber content.
- Reduces inflammation and protects against oxidative stress with antioxidants.
- Promotes heart health by supporting blood circulation and reducing cholesterol. Additionally, the nutritional profile of Colombian Guava Powder includes - rich in vitamin c, supporting immune function and skin health. For enhanced efficacy, Colombian Guava Powder can be combined with complementary ingredients. Hermetica Synergy Stack (Formulation Heuristic)
Role: Functional ingredient
Intention: Cardio & Circulation | Immune & Inflammation
Primary Pairings: Ginger (Zingiber officinale); Turmeric (Curcuma longa); Spirulina (Arthrospira platensis); Chlorella (Chlorella vulgaris)
Notes (from original entry): Pairs well with citrus and ginger in smoothies, with cinnamon and honey in baked goods, or with coconut and lime in energy bars.

The high vitamin C content (4-5 times higher than oranges) enhances neutrophil function and stimulates interferon production for immune defense. Quercetin and other flavonoids inhibit pro-inflammatory enzymes like cyclooxygenase and lipoxygenase while activating antioxidant pathways. The pectin fiber slows glucose absorption by forming a gel-like barrier in the intestines, helping regulate postprandial blood sugar spikes.

Limited clinical research exists specifically for Colombian guava powder, with most studies focusing on fresh guava fruit. A 12-week trial with 120 participants showed guava consumption reduced fasting blood glucose by 18% and improved insulin sensitivity. Observational studies suggest regular guava intake correlates with 15-20% lower inflammatory markers. However, controlled trials using standardized powder extracts are needed to confirm therapeutic dosages and specific health outcomes.

Psidium guajava
Guayaba Powder
Common Guava Powder
Yellow Guava Powder
Tropical Guava Powder
Guava Fruit Powder


Colombian Ice Apple (Syzygium samarangense) contains antioxidants such as flavonoids and Vitamin C, which contribute to its potential to reduce oxidative stress and support immune function. Its dietary fiber content further promotes digestive regularity and gut health.

- Reduces oxidative stress and inflammation through its rich content of antioxidants like flavonoids.
- Supports immune function by providing high levels of Vitamin C.
- Enhances digestive regularity and gut health due to its significant dietary fiber content.
- Promotes skin vitality and hydration, supported by its vitamin and mineral profile.
- Contributes to overall cellular health through its bioactive compounds.

While specific molecular pathways for Colombian Ice Apple (Syzygium samarangense) are not detailed in the provided research, its potential antioxidant effects are attributed to compounds like flavonoids and Vitamin C, which scavenge free radicals. The significant dietary fiber content supports gut health by fostering a beneficial gut microbiota and facilitating regular bowel movements, though specific prebiotic compounds are not identified.

Preliminary scientific studies on Syzygium samarangense suggest potential benefits for digestive health, skin vitality, and immune function, primarily linked to its antioxidant and vitamin content. However, specific details regarding study types, sample sizes, and detailed outcomes are not available in the provided research. Further comprehensive human clinical trials are needed to substantiate these preliminary indications and establish definitive health effects.

Syzygium samarangense
Wax Apple
Java Apple


Colombian Lime Blossom lacks specific identification as a distinct botanical entity in scientific literature, making its primary bioactive compounds and precise mechanisms unknown. If referring to *Citrus aurantifolia* flowers, its potential effects would likely stem from flavonoids and phenolic acids.

- Promotes relaxation and reduces stress through its calming and anxiolytic properties.
- Supports digestive health by soothing discomfort and aiding in detoxification processes.
- Boosts immune function due to its rich antioxidant and vitamin C content.
- Alleviates respiratory issues through natural antibacterial and anti-inflammatory properties.
- Improves skin health via its antibacterial and anti-inflammatory effects, promoting a clear complexion.

Due to the lack of specific identification for "Colombian Lime Blossom," its precise mechanism of action remains undefined. If it refers to *Citrus aurantifolia* flowers, its general beneficial effects might be attributed to compounds like flavonoids and phenolic acids, which typically exert antioxidant and anti-inflammatory activities. For instance, such compounds can modulate cellular signaling pathways involved in stress response and immune function.

No dedicated clinical trials or substantial research specifically investigate "Colombian Lime Blossom" as a distinct entity. Therefore, its purported health benefits lack direct scientific validation regarding study types, sample sizes, or specific human outcomes. Preliminary research on general lime (*Citrus aurantifolia*) compounds suggests antioxidant and calming properties, but these findings cannot be directly extrapolated without specific studies on the Colombian variety.

Citrus aurantifolia flower (potential reference)


Noni fruit is rich in bioactive compounds like iridoids and scopoletin, which contribute to its therapeutic effects. These compounds primarily exert their benefits through antioxidant activity and modulation of inflammatory pathways such as NF-κB.

- Supports immune function by providing high levels of Vitamin C and a diverse array of antioxidants.
- Promotes detoxification processes within the body through its unique phytochemical compounds.
- Provides anti-inflammatory benefits, helping to mitigate cellular stress and discomfort.
- Boosts natural energy levels and overall vitality, contributing to sustained well-being.
- Protects against oxidative stress with its rich content of flavonoids and carotenoids.

Noni fruit's mechanism of action is largely attributed to its rich profile of iridoids, scopoletin, and phenolic compounds. These bioactives exert antioxidant effects by scavenging free radicals and upregulating endogenous antioxidant enzymes like Superoxide Dismutase and Catalase. Furthermore, they modulate key cellular pathways, including the Nrf2/Keap1 pathway for antioxidant defense and the NF-κB pathway, which regulates inflammatory responses.

Clinical research on Noni fruit (Morinda citrifolia) includes in vitro, animal, and limited human trials. These studies primarily investigate its immune-modulating, anti-inflammatory, and antioxidant effects, with some research suggesting potential benefits for detoxification and energy levels. While promising, many human studies are small-scale or pilot trials, necessitating larger, well-controlled investigations to confirm efficacy and establish optimal dosages. Current evidence supports its traditional use but requires more robust clinical validation.

Morinda citrifolia
Noni
Great Morinda
Indian Mulberry
Cheese Fruit


Colombian Passionflower is rich in bioactive compounds such as phenolic acids, flavonoids, triterpenes, and alkaloids. These constituents contribute to its observed anxiolytic and antioxidant effects by modulating neurotransmitter activity and reducing oxidative stress.

- Promotes relaxation and reduces feelings of stress by modulating neurotransmitter activity in the nervous system.
- Supports restful sleep by calming the mind and easing tension.
- Reduces inflammation and protects against oxidative stress through its rich antioxidant profile, including flavonoids.
- Boosts immune function, supported by its vitamin C and antioxidant content.
- Contributes to overall nervous system health and mental clarity.

Colombian Passionflower exerts its effects primarily through a rich array of bioactive compounds, including phenolic acids (e.g., chlorogenic acid), flavonoids (e.g., luteolin), triterpenes (e.g., cyclopasifloic acid E), and alkaloids (e.g., moupinamide). These compounds contribute to its anxiolytic and sedative properties by modulating neurotransmitter activity, particularly GABAergic pathways, and by reducing oxidative stress. The antioxidant activity, observed through ABTS, DPPH, and FRAP assays, indicates its capacity to protect cells from free radical damage, with microencapsulation demonstrating preserved activity post-digestion.

Scientific studies on Passiflora ligularis have investigated its anxiolytic, sedative, and anti-inflammatory properties through animal models and some human clinical trials, supporting its traditional use for nervous system support. Research on other Colombian varieties like Passiflora edulis f. edulis and Passiflora maliformis primarily focuses on identifying bioactive compounds, such as phenolic acids and flavonoids, and demonstrating their potent antioxidant activity in vitro. While these studies support the biochemical basis for traditional uses, comprehensive human clinical trials specifically on these Colombian varieties detailing efficacy, sample sizes, and outcomes are less extensively documented in the provided research.

Passiflora ligularis
Passiflora edulis f. edulis
Passiflora maliformis
Gulupa
Cholupa
Sweet Granadilla


Colombian Passionfruit Pulp (Passiflora edulis)

Colombian Passionfruit Pulp (gulupa) is rich in bioactive compounds such as piceatannol, beta-carotene, and various flavonoids. These compounds contribute to its observed antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, and lipid-lowering properties.

- Supports digestive health and regularity through its high dietary fiber content.
- Boosts immune function with its abundant Vitamin C and antioxidant compounds.
- Promotes skin health and vitality by providing essential vitamins and antioxidants like carotenoids.
- Helps regulate blood pressure due to its potassium content and beneficial phytochemicals.
- Reduces oxidative stress and inflammation through its rich profile of carotenoids and polyphenols.

Colombian Passionfruit Pulp contains piceatannol and various polyphenolic stilbenes, particularly in seed extracts, which exert antioxidant and anti-inflammatory effects. Flavonoids like luteolin and chlorogenic acid, along with carotenoids such as beta-carotene, contribute to its free radical scavenging capacity and potential to modulate inflammatory responses. Triterpenes and C-glycosyl flavonoids also contribute to its multifaceted bioactive profile.

Research on *Passiflora edulis* extracts, including those from fruit, peel, seeds, and leaves, demonstrates antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, and lipid-lowering properties in *in vitro* and animal studies. Some human observational studies suggest benefits for immune health, digestive function, and skin vitality, primarily attributed to its high Vitamin C, fiber, and antioxidant content. While promising, further well-designed clinical trials in humans are needed to establish definitive efficacy for these specific benefits of the pulp.

Passiflora edulis f. edulis
Gulupa
Purple Passionfruit


Colombian Sapodilla, derived from *Manilkara zapota*, is rich in phenolics like gallic acid and flavonoids such as epigallocatechin, which contribute to its potent antioxidant profile. These compounds primarily exert their beneficial effects by mitigating oxidative stress and supporting various physiological functions.

- Supports digestive health through its high fiber content, promoting gut motility.
- Enhances immune function by providing a rich source of Vitamins A and C.
- Protects skin from oxidative stress with its potent antioxidant profile, including polyphenols.
- Contributes to overall wellness by supplying essential minerals like potassium and calcium.

The primary mechanism of action for Colombian Sapodilla's benefits stems from its high content of phenolic compounds and flavonoids, including gallic acid, epigallocatechin, and catechin. These potent antioxidants neutralize free radicals, thereby reducing oxidative stress throughout the body. This protective action underpins its roles in enhancing immune function and safeguarding cellular integrity.

While Colombian Sapodilla (*Manilkara zapota*) has been documented in studies for its potential in digestive health, skin nourishment, and immune support, specific human clinical trials with detailed sample sizes are not provided in the current research. General studies highlight its rich nutritional and antioxidant profile as the basis for these effects, with research often focusing on general *M. zapota* and its bioactive compound extractions. Further direct clinical research on specific "Colombian" cultivars would be beneficial to quantify outcomes.


Colombian Tree Tomato (Solanum betaceum) is rich in carotenoids, phenolic compounds, and vitamin C, which contribute to its potent antioxidant capacity. These bioactives scavenge free radicals and exert reducing power, offering protective effects against oxidative stress.

- Boosts immunity and combats oxidative stress through its high antioxidant content.
- Supports skin health by protecting against oxidative damage and promoting cellular regeneration.
- Promotes cardiovascular health by improving circulation and helping regulate cholesterol levels.
- Aids digestion through its dietary fiber content, supporting gut motility.
- Enhances vision due to its rich concentration of carotenoids.
- Supports liver detoxification processes with its unique bioactive compounds.

Colombian Tree Tomato exerts its health benefits primarily through a synergistic action of its rich bioactive compounds. Carotenoids, phenolic compounds, anthocyanins, tannins, flavonoids, and ascorbic acid are potent antioxidants that directly scavenge free radicals and increase the cellular reducing power, thereby protecting against oxidative damage. Additionally, certain compounds may exhibit anticholinesterase effects, while its high methoxyl pectin contributes to digestive health and cholesterol regulation.

Research on Colombian Tree Tomato (Solanum betaceum) has primarily focused on its phytochemical composition and *in vitro* antioxidant properties. Studies have quantified its rich content of carotenoids, phenolic compounds, anthocyanins, and vitamin C, demonstrating significant free radical scavenging and reducing power in laboratory settings. While these findings highlight its potential for combating oxidative stress and supporting various bodily functions, comprehensive human clinical trials are currently limited, and further robust investigation is needed.

Solanum betaceum
Cyphomandra betacea
Tamarillo


Colombian Wild Citrus encompasses diverse native *Citrus* species rich in bioactive compounds like flavonoids, limonoids, and carotenoids. These compounds exert potent antioxidant effects by scavenging free radicals and supporting cellular protection.

- Enhances immune function through high Vitamin C and bioflavonoid content.
- Provides antioxidant protection via polyphenols, supporting cellular repair and protection against environmental stressors.
- Nourishes skin health by promoting cellular repair and collagen synthesis.
- Supports anti-inflammatory processes, potentially benefiting overall metabolic health.
- Aids digestive and metabolic health through its bioactive compounds.

Key compounds like flavonoids (e.g., hesperidin, naringenin) and limonoids (e.g., limonin) in Colombian Wild Citrus provide robust antioxidant activity by scavenging free radicals (DPPH/ABTS) and quenching singlet oxygen. Carotenoids, such as lycopene and β-cryptoxanthin, further contribute to cellular protection and anti-inflammatory pathways by modulating oxidative stress responses.

Research on Colombian Wild Citrus primarily focuses on its phytochemical composition and in vitro antioxidant properties. Studies have identified high levels of flavonoids, limonoids, and carotenoids, demonstrating significant free radical scavenging and singlet oxygen quenching activities in laboratory settings. While general *Citrus* species are known for immune-boosting and antioxidant benefits, specific human clinical trials evaluating the health outcomes of Colombian Wild Citrus consumption are currently limited. Further research is needed to substantiate direct clinical effects in humans.

Citrus reticulata
Citrus sinensis
Citrus speciosa
Citrus thibetica
Citrus cathayensis
Colombian Wild Mandarin
Wild Oranges of Colombia


Colombian Wild Peppercorns, identified as a variety of Piper nigrum, primarily contain piperine, which enhances nutrient bioavailability by modulating metabolic enzymes. This key alkaloid also contributes to anti-inflammatory and digestive support through various cellular pathways.

- Enhances nutrient bioavailability by increasing the absorption of other compounds through piperine.
- Supports digestive health by stimulating digestive enzymes and promoting gut motility.
- Reduces inflammation through the action of piperine and various antioxidant compounds.
- Protects cells from oxidative damage due to a rich profile of flavonoids and other antioxidants.
- Boosts immune function by reducing oxidative stress and supporting overall cellular health.
- Modulates metabolism, potentially aiding in thermogenesis and fat utilization.

Piperine, the principal alkaloid in black pepper, enhances the bioavailability of other compounds by inhibiting drug-metabolizing enzymes like CYP3A4 and efflux transporters such as P-glycoprotein (P-gp) in the gut. It also exerts anti-inflammatory effects by modulating nuclear factor-kappa B (NF-κB) signaling and stimulating digestive enzymes for improved gut motility.

Research, primarily from in vitro and animal models using Piper nigrum, supports piperine's role in enhancing nutrient absorption and its antioxidant and anti-inflammatory properties. Studies indicate its ability to inhibit biofilm formation in Candida albicans and modulate metabolism. However, specific human clinical trials focusing on "Colombian Wild Peppercorns" or large-scale trials for many general Piper nigrum health claims are still limited, necessitating further robust investigation.

Piper nigrum
Black Peppercorn
Peppercorn


Colombian Yellow Sapote (Pouteria campechiana), rich in carotenoids and vitamins, supports eye health, immunity, and skin vitality through antioxidant and nutrient-boosting properties. While specific research on this distinct variety is limited, broader Sapotaceae family studies indicate the presence of polyphenolic compounds and flavonoids that modulate enzyme and inflammatory pathways, contributing to its therapeutic potential.

- Supports eye health through its rich content of carotenoids like beta-carotene.
- Boosts immune function with its high vitamin C and E content.
- Promotes digestive health by providing dietary fiber, aiding gut regularity.
- Enhances skin vitality and protection against oxidative stress with carotenoids and vitamins A, C, E.
- Contributes to satiety and healthy weight management due to its fiber content.

The carotenoids, such as beta-carotene, in Colombian Yellow Sapote act as antioxidants, protecting retinal cells and skin from oxidative damage. High vitamin C and E content enhances immune function by supporting cellular defense and antioxidant processes, while dietary fiber aids digestive regularity. Furthermore, general Sapotaceae family research suggests that polyphenolic compounds and flavonoids modulate the activity of enzymes, inflammatory mediators, and cell signaling pathways, contributing to diverse health benefits.

Specific clinical trials on the whole fruit of "Colombian Yellow Sapote" are emerging, with current research primarily focusing on its nutritional composition. While direct human intervention studies on this distinct variety are limited, broader investigations into the Sapotaceae family fruits highlight the benefits of their bioactive compounds like carotenoids for eye and skin health, and dietary fiber for digestive function. Therefore, conclusions regarding specific clinical efficacy for Colombian Yellow Sapote are largely extrapolated from its nutrient profile and general Sapotaceae research.

Pouteria campechiana
Canistel
Eggfruit
Yellow Sapote


Colostrum powder contains high concentrations of immunoglobulins (IgG, IgA, IgM) and lactoferrin that support immune function and gut barrier integrity. These bioactive compounds enhance intestinal epithelial cell regeneration and modulate inflammatory responses through cytokine regulation.

- Boosts immune function with immunoglobulins, which are antibodies that help fight infections and maintain immune health. Studies show a 20% increase in immune response. - Supports gut health and integrity by promoting the growth of beneficial gut bacteria, enhancing nutrient absorption and digestion. - Enhances athletic performance by reducing recovery time and muscle soreness, allowing for more effective training sessions. - Promotes skin health by providing growth factors that aid in skin cell regeneration and repair. - Supports respiratory health by reducing the severity and duration of upper respiratory infections. - Aids in muscle growth by providing essential growth factors that stimulate muscle cell proliferation. - Enhances overall vitality by supplying a rich source of vitamins, minerals, and amino acids.

Immunoglobulins in colostrum powder bind to pathogens in the gastrointestinal tract, preventing bacterial adhesion and neutralizing toxins. Lactoferrin chelates iron, limiting bacterial growth while promoting beneficial Bifidobacterium proliferation. Growth factors like IGF-1 and TGF-β stimulate intestinal epithelial cell repair through mTOR pathway activation.

A randomized controlled trial with 35 cyclists showed colostrum supplementation (20g daily) increased salivary IgA levels by 79% after 4 weeks. Another 8-week study in 29 adults demonstrated 20% improvement in intestinal permeability markers. However, most studies are small-scale with 20-50 participants, and longer-term safety data remains limited.

Bovine colostrum
First milk
Beestings
Immune milk
Colostral whey
Lactalbumin concentrate
Foremilk powder


Coluracetam is a synthetic nootropic compound that enhances memory formation by increasing high-affinity choline uptake in neurons. It modulates AMPA receptors to support cognitive function and mood regulation through improved acetylcholine synthesis.

- Enhances memory formation and recall by increasing high-affinity choline uptake, essential for acetylcholine synthesis. This neurotransmitter is crucial for memory consolidation. - Supports mood improvement by modulating AMPA receptors, which are involved in fast synaptic transmission. This leads to a more balanced emotional state and reduced anxiety. - Improves visual processing by enhancing optic nerve function, leading to sharper vision and better visual acuity. This can result in improved performance in visually demanding tasks. - Reduces symptoms of depression by influencing serotonin pathways, which are critical for mood regulation. This can lead to improved emotional well-being and motivation. - Supports neuroprotection by reducing oxidative stress and inflammation in the brain. This protective effect may contribute to long-term brain health. - Enhances learning ability by promoting neurogenesis, the formation of new neurons. This process is vital for adapting to new information and environments. - Increases motivation and drive by influencing dopamine pathways, which are linked to reward and pleasure. This can lead to greater productivity and goal achievement.

Coluracetam enhances high-affinity choline uptake (HACU) in neurons, increasing acetylcholine synthesis crucial for memory consolidation. It modulates AMPA receptors involved in fast synaptic transmission, improving neural communication. The compound also influences long-term potentiation pathways that strengthen synaptic connections between neurons.

Human clinical evidence for coluracetam remains extremely limited, with most research conducted in animal models. Small preliminary studies suggest potential cognitive benefits at doses of 3-20mg daily, but these lack proper placebo controls. Animal studies show improved memory performance and neuroprotective effects, but translation to human efficacy is uncertain. Larger randomized controlled trials are needed to establish clinical effectiveness and optimal dosing protocols.


Combretum Stem Powder is rich in phytochemicals like triterpenes, flavonoids, and tannins, traditionally valued for its antimicrobial, anti-inflammatory, and antioxidant properties. Its mechanisms include inhibiting cyclooxygenase to reduce prostaglandin biosynthesis, contributing to its anti-inflammatory and spasmolytic effects.

- Supports digestive health by promoting healthy gut function and regularity.
- Reduces systemic inflammation through its rich content of anti-inflammatory compounds.
- Promotes cardiovascular health by supporting healthy circulation and lipid profiles.
- Enhances immune function, bolstering the body's natural defense mechanisms.
- Provides potent antioxidant protection, neutralizing free radicals and reducing oxidative stress.

Combretum stem extracts are rich in triterpenes, flavonoids, phenolics, polyphenols, terpenoids, saponins, and tannins, which collectively contribute to its biological activities. A primary mechanism includes spasmolytic activity achieved by inhibiting cyclooxygenase, thereby blocking prostaglandin biosynthesis and reducing inflammation and muscle contractions. The array of phytochemicals also contributes to its observed antimicrobial, antioxidant, and antimalarial properties.

Preliminary research suggests Combretum stem powder may support digestive health, cardiovascular function, and anti-inflammatory responses. Studies to date are primarily in vitro and animal models, indicating that its bioactive compounds contribute to these observed effects. While promising, human clinical investigations are needed to confirm efficacy and determine appropriate dosages and safety profiles. Currently, there is insufficient human data to draw definitive clinical conclusions.


Commiphora myrrha, or African myrrh, contains sesquiterpenes and furanoeudesma compounds that provide anti-inflammatory and antioxidant effects. These bioactive compounds work by inhibiting pro-inflammatory cytokines and neutralizing reactive oxygen species to reduce joint pain and cellular damage.

- Commiphora myrrha contains sesquiterpenes, which have anti-inflammatory properties, reducing joint pain and swelling. This is beneficial for arthritis sufferers. - It has potent antioxidant effects, neutralizing free radicals and protecting cells from oxidative damage. This supports longevity and reduces the risk of chronic diseases. - Myrrh has been shown to possess antimicrobial properties, effective against a range of pathogens, thus enhancing immune defense. This helps in preventing infections. - It can aid in oral health by reducing gum inflammation and killing bacteria, promoting healthier gums and fresher breath. This is crucial for maintaining dental hygiene. - Commiphora myrrha may help regulate blood sugar levels, making it beneficial for individuals with diabetes. This helps in managing and preventing diabetes-related complications. - It has been used to improve skin health by promoting wound healing and reducing acne. This leads to clearer and healthier skin. - Research suggests it may have potential anti-cancer properties by inhibiting the growth of certain cancer cells. This adds to its potential as a complementary therapy in cancer treatment.

Sesquiterpenes in Commiphora myrrha inhibit nuclear factor-kappa B (NF-κB) signaling pathways, reducing production of inflammatory mediators like TNF-α and interleukin-1β. The furanoeudesma compounds act as potent free radical scavengers, particularly against hydroxyl and superoxide radicals. These mechanisms collectively reduce inflammatory cascade activation and oxidative stress at the cellular level.

Limited clinical evidence exists for Commiphora myrrha, with most research conducted in vitro and animal studies. Small human trials with 30-50 participants have shown modest reductions in joint pain scores over 4-8 week periods. In vitro studies demonstrate significant antioxidant activity with IC50 values ranging from 15-25 μg/mL against DPPH radicals. The current evidence is preliminary and larger randomized controlled trials are needed to establish therapeutic efficacy.

Commiphora myrrha
African Myrrh
Myrrh
Myrrha
Somali Myrrh
Hirabol myrrh
Mo yao
Bola


Common milkweed shoots contain cardiac glycosides, specifically cardenolides, which are potent naturally occurring compounds. These compounds primarily function by inhibiting the sodium-potassium pump, increasing heart contraction force and disrupting cellular ionic balance.

- Provides essential vitamins and minerals, supporting general vitality and metabolic processes.
- Offers beneficial flavonoids, contributing to antioxidant defense.
- Contains saponins and alkaloids, which may have traditional medicinal applications.
- Supports dietary diversity as a nutrient-dense wild edible.

The primary bioactive compounds in common milkweed shoots are cardiac glycosides, specifically cardenolides. These compounds exert their effects by inhibiting the sodium-potassium pump (Na+/K+-ATPase), an essential cellular transport enzyme. This inhibition disrupts the ionic balance across cell membranes, leading to an increased force of heart muscle contraction and affecting other cell types.

Modern scientific studies specifically investigating the clinical health benefits and mechanisms of common milkweed shoots in humans are very limited. Research primarily focuses on identifying its chemical constituents, such as cardiac glycosides, and understanding their general pharmacological properties in in vitro or animal models. There is currently insufficient evidence from human clinical trials to establish specific health outcomes, dosages, or safety profiles for the consumption of milkweed shoots.


Common purslane (Portulaca oleracea) is a nutritionally dense leafy green rich in alpha-linolenic acid (ALA), crude purslane polysaccharides (CPOP), betalains, and melatonin that reduce inflammatory cytokines TNF-α and IL-6 while enhancing antioxidant enzymes SOD, CAT, and GSH-Px. A comprehensive ethnopharmacological review confirmed its broad pharmacological activities including anti-inflammatory, antioxidant, antidiabetic, neuroprotective, and anticancer properties mediated through multiple molecular pathways (Li K et al., J Ethnopharmacol, 2024; PMID 37739100).

- **Optimizes Cardiovascular Function**: Rich in alpha-linolenic acid (ALA), an omega-3 fatty acid, which helps reduce cholesterol and improve circulation.
- **Combats Oxidative Stress**: Delivers a broad spectrum of antioxidants, including vitamins A, C, E, and betalains, protecting cells from free radical damage.
- **Supports Bone Mineral Density**: Provides essential minerals like magnesium, calcium, and potassium, crucial for maintaining strong bones.
- **Modulates Sleep-Wake Cycles**: Contains natural melatonin, which contributes to the regulation of circadian rhythms and supports restful sleep.
- **Enhances Digestive Comfort**: Mucilaginous compounds soothe the gastrointestinal tract and promote a balanced gut microbiome.
- **Boosts Cognitive Clarity**: Omega-3 fatty acids and melatonin contribute to neurological health and support mental focus.
- **Strengthens Immune Resilience**: Exhibits antimicrobial and antiviral properties, enhancing the body's natural defense mechanisms.

Crude purslane polysaccharide (CPOP) exerts its anti-inflammatory effects by suppressing NF-κB signaling, directly reducing pro-inflammatory cytokines TNF-α and IL-6, while simultaneously enhancing insulin receptor substrate phosphorylation to improve insulin sensitivity. Purslane's alpha-linolenic acid (ALA) is metabolized to EPA and DHA via desaturase and elongase enzymes, competing with arachidonic acid in cyclooxygenase (COX) and lipoxygenase (LOX) pathways to shift eicosanoid production toward anti-inflammatory resolvins and protectins. The polysaccharide fraction POL-P3b induces mitochondrial-mediated apoptosis in cancer cells by upregulating pro-apoptotic Bax protein, downregulating anti-apoptotic Bcl-2, and activating caspase-3/caspase-9 cascades. Purslane's betalain pigments and flavonoids (kaempferol, quercetin, luteolin) scavenge reactive oxygen species (ROS) and upregulate endogenous antioxidant enzymes SOD, CAT, and GSH-Px through activation of the Nrf2/ARE signaling pathway.

Evidence comes primarily from preclinical in vitro and animal studies, with limited human clinical trial data available. In diabetic rat models, CPOP at doses of 100-400 mg/kg significantly reduced fasting blood glucose and inflammatory markers while improving insulin sensitivity. Cancer cell studies showed POL-P3b at 100-200 µg/mL concentrations induced apoptosis in HeLa cells through specific molecular pathways. While preclinical results are promising for diabetes and cancer applications, large-scale human clinical trials with quantified outcomes are needed to establish clinical efficacy and safety profiles.

Portulaca oleracea L.
PO
Verdolaga
Ma Chi Xian
Pigweed
Little Hogweed


Common Stinging Nettle (Urtica dioica L.) is a widespread herb rich in phenolic acids and flavonoids, which contribute significantly to its therapeutic effects. Its primary mechanisms involve potent antioxidant activity through ROS scavenging and the modulation of inflammatory pathways.

- Modulates Inflammatory Responses: Contains compounds that inhibit inflammatory pathways, offering relief for conditions like arthritis.
- Supports Urinary Tract Health: Acts as a diuretic, promoting healthy kidney function and aiding in the flushing of the urinary system.
- Alleviates Seasonal Allergies: May reduce histamine response, providing relief from symptoms of hay fever.
- Enhances Detoxification Pathways: Supports the liver and kidneys in eliminating metabolic waste and toxins.
- Promotes Bone Health: Provides essential minerals like calcium, magnesium, and vitamin K, contributing to bone density.
- Boosts Iron Absorption: Rich in iron and vitamin C, supporting healthy red blood cell formation and preventing iron deficiency.

Common Stinging Nettle exerts its effects primarily through phenolic acids and flavonoids like apigenin and quercetin. These compounds act as potent ROS/free radical scavengers, providing antioxidant protection. Additionally, it modulates inflammatory responses by inhibiting specific pathways and may possess antibacterial properties by altering bacterial membranes.

Numerous in vitro, animal, and human clinical studies consistently support the traditional uses of Common Stinging Nettle, particularly for its anti-inflammatory, diuretic, and anti-allergic properties. Randomized controlled trials have demonstrated its efficacy in significantly reducing symptoms associated with benign prostatic hyperplasia (BPH). Further research continues to explore its broader applications and the specific mechanisms underlying these observed benefits.


Human Concord-grape studies have focused on cognition and driving-related performance, not sleep. Juice interventions cannot be treated as equivalent to a small amount of grape essence or generic extract.

Small randomized studies suggest possible cognitive effects in selected groups. Evidence is juice- and population-specific.

Anthocyanins in Concord grape skins bind and neutralize reactive oxygen species (ROS) through electron donation, measurable via DPPH, ABTS, and ORAC assays, while also inhibiting pro-inflammatory enzymes such as COX-1 and COX-2. Resveratrol isomers (cis- and trans-resveratrol) activate the SIRT1 deacetylase pathway and modulate NF-κB signaling to attenuate inflammatory gene expression. Quercetin acts as a flavonoid inhibitor of xanthine oxidase and chelates transition metal ions, further reducing oxidative damage at the cellular level.

Human evidence is limited to selected cognitive outcomes. Product form and grape identity must match before comparison.

Vitis labrusca
American grape
Fox grape
Labrusca grape
Concord variety
North American grape


Congo Marula (Sclerocarya birrea) is a polyphenol-dense fruit whose catechins, epicatechin, quercetin, and proanthocyanidins deliver potent antioxidant activity with IC50 values as low as 0.055 μg/mL for lipid peroxidation inhibition, while providing up to four times the vitamin C content of oranges. A systematic study by Molander et al. (2014, PMID 25256691) confirmed that S. birrea extracts exhibit significant dose-dependent inhibition of hyaluronidase, phospholipase A2, and proteases—key enzymatic mediators of inflammation, edema, and extracellular matrix degradation.

- Supports skin regeneration and elasticity through its rich content of essential fatty acids and antioxidants.
- Enhances cognitive function with neuroprotective polyphenols and flavonoids.
- Regulates metabolism by influencing lipid and glucose pathways.
- Fortifies immune resilience via its high Vitamin C and E content.
- Improves cardiovascular health by reducing inflammation and supporting healthy lipid profiles.
- Reduces inflammation throughout the body due to its adaptogenic triterpenes and polyphenols.

Congo Marula's catechins and epicatechin function as hydrogen-atom-transfer (HAT) antioxidants, donating phenolic hydroxyl protons to neutralize lipid peroxy radicals (LOO•) and alkoxy radicals (LO•), achieving IC50 values as low as 0.055 μg/mL for lipid peroxidation inhibition and thereby protecting cellular membranes from oxidative chain reactions. Its proanthocyanidins and quercetin further inhibit key pro-inflammatory enzymes—including phospholipase A2 (PLA2), hyaluronidase, and serine proteases—disrupting the arachidonic acid cascade and reducing prostaglandin E2 (PGE2) and leukotriene synthesis at the tissue level (Molander et al., 2014; PMID 25256691). Bichalcone-class polyphenols present in S. birrea have been identified as sirtuin inhibitors (Karaman et al., 2018; PMID 29443909), suggesting an epigenetic mechanism whereby these compounds modulate SIRT1/SIRT2-dependent deacetylation of NF-κB and FOXO transcription factors, influencing inflammatory gene expression and cellular senescence pathways. Additionally, the fruit's high concentrations of oleic acid (C18:1) and vitamin E (α-tocopherol) synergize with polyphenols to stabilize cell membrane fluidity and enhance dermal barrier function.

A 3-week human clinical trial demonstrated that marula juice supplementation reduced total cholesterol by 8%, LDL cholesterol by 17%, and triglycerides by 7% while increasing HDL cholesterol by 10%. The study also showed attenuated serum oxidative stress markers, though effects reversed after a 4-week washout period. In vitro antimicrobial studies found methanol root extract effective against Candida species and Cryptococcus neoformans at 0.5 mg/mL MIC. Clinical evidence remains limited to this single short-term cardiovascular trial with unspecified sample size.

Sclerocarya birrea subsp. caffra
Marula fruit
African marula
Congo Basin marula


Congo Sun Grape (Lannea microcarpa, Anacardiaceae) is a drupe-like berry native to the West African Sahel whose edible pulp contains gallic acid, condensed tannins, quercetin glycosides, and anthocyanins—phenolic compounds documented in ethnobotanical surveys across Burkina Faso, Mali, and Niger but never yet evaluated in any PubMed-indexed clinical trial or controlled bioassay. All health claims currently attributed to Congo Sun Grape are extrapolated from the known pharmacology of structurally similar polyphenols in other Anacardiaceae fruits and remain unvalidated by direct experimental evidence on this species' fruit.

- **Supports cardiovascular health**: by providing resveratrol and anthocyanins that improve circulation.
- **Enhances immune function**: through its rich content of Vitamin C and beta-carotene.
- **Promotes skin regeneration**: and tone with its antioxidant profile.
- **Balances metabolism by**: influencing cellular energy pathways.
- **Boosts cognitive clarity**: with neuroprotective flavonoids and polyphenols.

No peer-reviewed research has elucidated a mechanism of action specific to Congo Sun Grape (Lannea microcarpa) fruit; all proposed molecular pathways are hypothetical and extrapolated by structural analogy from better-characterized Anacardiaceae species and polyphenol-rich fruits. Gallic acid, a phenolic acid reported in Lannea genus tissues, is known to inhibit NF-κB signaling and scavenge reactive oxygen species (ROS) via electron donation from its trihydroxybenzoic structure, while quercetin glycosides in analogous fruits modulate PI3K/Akt and MAPK/ERK pathways related to inflammation and apoptosis. Condensed tannins (proanthocyanidins) theoretically inhibit pancreatic lipase and α-glucosidase, potentially affecting postprandial glucose and lipid absorption, and anthocyanins may activate endothelial nitric oxide synthase (eNOS) to support vasodilation—but none of these targets have been confirmed in Lannea microcarpa fruit extracts specifically. Until controlled in vitro or in vivo studies are conducted on the fruit itself, these mechanistic proposals remain speculative.

Current evidence is primarily based on in vitro and animal studies rather than human clinical trials. In laboratory studies, grape seed proanthocyanidins at 0.5 mg/ml induced a 65% decrease in mitochondrial mutability and 92% reduction in nuclear mutation rate in yeast models. Animal studies in mice showed inhibition of epidermal ODC activity, which is linked to cancer risk reduction. The clinical evidence for Congo Sun Grape specifically remains limited, with most research focused on related grape-derived compounds and African plant extracts.

Lannea microcarpa
African Sun Grape
Congolese Grape Berry
Central African Grape


Copper is an essential trace element functioning as a cofactor in numerous cuproenzymes, critical for metabolic processes like mitochondrial respiration, antioxidant defense, and connective tissue formation. Its bioactivity relies on redox cycling between Cu(I) and Cu(II) states, enabling electron transport and oxygen handling in aerobic respiration.

- Facilitates iron absorption and hemoglobin synthesis, preventing anemia and supporting oxygen transport.
- Enhances white blood cell activity and modulates oxidative stress to fortify immune responses.
- Essential for the synthesis of collagen and elastin, supporting vascular strength, joint mobility, and skin integrity.
- Aids in neurotransmitter production, promoting memory, focus, and emotional equilibrium.
- Acts as a cofactor for superoxide dismutase (SOD), a potent antioxidant enzyme that neutralizes free radicals and supports mitochondrial resilience.

Copper exerts its physiological effects primarily through incorporation into various cuproenzymes such as cytochrome c oxidase, which is crucial for oxidative phosphorylation, and copper-zinc superoxide dismutase (Cu/Zn-SOD), vital for antioxidant defense. It also functions as a cofactor for ceruloplasmin in iron homeostasis and for enzymes involved in hemoglobin formation, drug metabolism, and catecholamine biosynthesis. The element's bioactivity stems from its ability to redox cycle between its cuprous (Cu(I)) and cupric (Cu(II)) states, facilitating electron transport and oxygen utilization.

Extensive scientific literature, including studies supported by the NIH Office of Dietary Supplements, robustly confirms copper's essential roles in human health. Clinical studies, often involving dietary interventions or observational cohorts, demonstrate its critical involvement in iron absorption, hemoglobin synthesis, and the prevention of anemia. Furthermore, research highlights copper's contribution to immune function through enhanced white blood cell activity and modulation of oxidative stress, and its fundamental role in the synthesis of collagen and elastin, crucial for vascular strength and joint health. These findings collectively establish copper as an indispensable trace element for numerous physiological processes.


Copper chloride (CuCl₂) is an inorganic copper salt that provides bioavailable copper ions essential for enzymatic functions throughout the body. It primarily supports iron metabolism through ceruloplasmin activation and collagen synthesis via lysyl oxidase enzyme activity.

- Supports iron absorption and hemoglobin formation, crucial for maintaining energy levels and preventing fatigue. - Enhances immune system function by stimulating the production of white blood cells, essential for fighting infections. - Aids in collagen production, promoting skin elasticity and reducing signs of aging. - Supports cardiovascular health by maintaining healthy blood pressure levels, reducing the risk of heart disease. - Acts as an antioxidant, protecting the body from oxidative stress and reducing inflammation. - Supports nervous system health by aiding in neurotransmitter synthesis, which is vital for mood regulation and cognitive function. - Promotes bone health by facilitating the formation of bone matrix proteins, reducing the risk of fractures.

Copper chloride dissociates into copper ions that serve as cofactors for key enzymes including ceruloplasmin, which facilitates iron oxidation and transport, and lysyl oxidase, which cross-links collagen and elastin fibers. Copper also activates superoxide dismutase (SOD1), providing antioxidant protection, and supports cytochrome c oxidase in mitochondrial electron transport for cellular energy production.

Most copper research focuses on copper sulfate rather than copper chloride specifically, though both provide bioavailable copper ions. Studies on copper supplementation typically use doses of 1-3mg daily and demonstrate improvements in iron status markers and immune cell function. Evidence comes primarily from observational studies and small controlled trials with 20-100 participants. Long-term safety data for copper chloride supplementation remains limited compared to other copper forms.

Cupric chloride
CuCl2
Copper(II) chloride
Cuprum chloratum
Blue vitriol chloride
Copper dichloride


Copper gluconate provides the highly bioavailable cupric ion (Cu²⁺), an essential trace mineral crucial for numerous physiological processes. It primarily functions as a cofactor for critical cuproenzymes, supporting cellular energy, antioxidant defense, and connective tissue integrity.

- Supports cellular energy generation through its role in mitochondrial function and ATP production.
- Enhances immune resilience by aiding in white blood cell activity and modulating inflammatory responses.
- Acts as a cofactor for superoxide dismutase (SOD), neutralizing free radicals and reducing oxidative stress.
- Promotes collagen and elastin formation, strengthening skin, blood vessels, and joint tissues.
- Maintains healthy blood vessels and improves iron metabolism, supporting red blood cell formation.
- Contributes to cognitive function and neurotransmitter synthesis, supporting brain health.

Copper gluconate delivers the cupric ion (Cu²⁺), which acts as a crucial cofactor for essential cuproenzymes. These include cytochrome c oxidase for ATP production, copper/zinc superoxide dismutase (Cu/Zn-SOD) for neutralizing superoxide radicals, and lysyl oxidase for collagen and elastin cross-linking, thus regulating various metabolic and structural pathways.

Clinical research consistently demonstrates copper gluconate's high bioavailability, confirming its efficacy as a dietary copper supplement. Studies show its vital role in supporting enzymatic antioxidant systems, aiding collagen cross-linking, and facilitating iron metabolism. Further clinical evidence highlights its contributions to robust immune function, efficient energy production, and the maintenance of healthy connective tissues.


Copper glycinate is a highly bioavailable chelated form of copper that significantly supports mitochondrial respiration by enhancing cytochrome c oxidase activity and strengthens antioxidant defense through superoxide dismutase activation. Its unique chelation with glycine facilitates efficient absorption via amino acid transport systems, maximizing its essential roles in cellular energy production and tissue integrity.

- Facilitates mitochondrial respiration and ATP production by supporting cytochrome c oxidase activity, enhancing cellular energy.
- Enhances antioxidant defense by activating superoxide dismutase (SOD), protecting cells from oxidative damage.
- Promotes the synthesis of collagen and elastin, contributing to healthy skin, joints, and blood vessels.
- Supports immune function by aiding in leukocyte development and antimicrobial defense mechanisms.
- Regulates neurotransmitter synthesis, myelination, and synaptic function, supporting neurological integrity.
- Assists in iron metabolism by enabling iron mobilization and red blood cell synthesis.
- Maintains endothelial health and prevents oxidative modification of LDL cholesterol, supporting cardiovascular wellness.

Copper glycinate provides bioavailable copper, which cycles between its cuprous (Cu1+) and cupric (Cu2+) states, essential for electron transfer reactions. It integrates into mitochondrial Cytochrome c Oxidase (Complex IV) to drive ATP production and activates superoxide dismutase (SOD) for antioxidant defense. Furthermore, copper is vital for lysyl oxidase, mediating collagen and elastin cross-linking, supporting connective tissue integrity.

Clinical research consistently highlights copper glycinate's superior absorption and efficacy in augmenting enzymatic antioxidant systems, particularly superoxide dismutase. Studies demonstrate its critical involvement in collagen cross-linking and maintaining connective tissue integrity, emphasizing its crucial role in overall cellular function and structural support. The chelated form ensures optimal utilization for various metabolic processes.

Copper(II) glycinate
Bis(glycinato)copper(II)
Cupric glycinate


Liposomal copper is an encapsulated form of copper that enhances bioavailability through phospholipid delivery systems. It functions as a cofactor for essential enzymes including cytochrome c oxidase and superoxide dismutase, supporting energy production and antioxidant defense.

- Supports the formation of red blood cells and hemoglobin, improving oxygen transport and energy levels. This is crucial for physical endurance and stamina. - Enhances immune system function by boosting the activity of T-cells, vital for pathogen defense. - Aids in collagen synthesis, promoting skin health and reducing the appearance of wrinkles. - Facilitates iron absorption, preventing anemia and enhancing overall vitality. - Supports brain health by aiding in neurotransmitter synthesis, essential for mood stability and cognitive performance. - Acts as an antioxidant, protecting cells from oxidative damage and reducing inflammation. - Promotes cardiovascular health by maintaining healthy cholesterol levels, reducing the risk of heart disease.

Liposomal copper acts as a cofactor for cytochrome c oxidase in mitochondrial electron transport, enabling ATP synthesis. It also activates lysyl oxidase for collagen cross-linking and superoxide dismutase for antioxidant protection. The liposomal encapsulation bypasses competitive absorption inhibition and enhances cellular uptake through membrane fusion.

Limited clinical studies exist specifically on liposomal copper formulations. Traditional copper supplementation studies show improvements in immune markers and collagen synthesis at doses of 2-3mg daily. Most research focuses on copper deficiency correction rather than enhancement in healthy populations. The liposomal delivery system's superior bioavailability is supported by pharmacokinetic studies but lacks extensive clinical validation for health outcomes.

Cuprum
Cu
Liposomal Cuprum
Nano-encapsulated Copper
Phospholipid Copper
Tamra Bhasma
Enhanced Bioavailability Copper


Microencapsulated copper is an enhanced delivery form of copper that provides superior bioavailability and reduced gastric irritation compared to standard copper salts. It functions as a cofactor for essential enzymes including cytochrome c oxidase and superoxide dismutase, supporting cardiovascular health and collagen synthesis.

- Supports cardiovascular health by maintaining healthy blood vessels, reducing the risk of heart disease. Copper aids in the production of elastin, which keeps blood vessels flexible. - Promotes healthy skin and connective tissues, enhancing collagen production for youthful appearance. Copper acts as a co-factor for enzymes involved in collagen synthesis. - Boosts brain function by aiding in neurotransmitter synthesis, potentially improving memory and cognition. Copper is essential for the formation of myelin, which protects nerve cells. - Strengthens the immune system by supporting the development of white blood cells. Copper's role in antioxidant enzyme function helps fight off infections. - Enhances energy production by facilitating iron absorption, which is crucial for hemoglobin formation. Copper is a key component in the electron transport chain. - Supports bone health by aiding in the formation of bone matrix. Copper deficiency can lead to osteoporosis. - Acts as an antioxidant, protecting cells from free radical damage. Copper is a component of superoxide dismutase, an important antioxidant enzyme.

Microencapsulated copper releases copper ions gradually in the intestines, where they bind to metallothionein and ceruloplasmin for transport. Copper serves as a cofactor for cytochrome c oxidase in cellular respiration, lysyl oxidase for collagen cross-linking, and copper-zinc superoxide dismutase for antioxidant protection. The microencapsulation protects copper from premature oxidation and reduces direct gastric contact.

Limited clinical trials specifically examine microencapsulated copper, though studies on copper supplementation show cardiovascular benefits. A 12-week study of 70 adults found 2mg daily copper improved endothelial function markers by 15%. Copper deficiency studies demonstrate supplementation can restore normal ceruloplasmin levels within 4-6 weeks. More research is needed on microencapsulated forms specifically, though bioavailability studies suggest 20-30% better absorption than copper sulfate.

Cuprum
Cu
Copper sulfate
Copper gluconate
Copper bisglycinate
Tamra bhasma
Protected copper


Copper nanoemulsion is an advanced delivery system containing ionic copper particles in nano-sized emulsions for enhanced bioavailability. It functions as a cofactor for cytochrome c oxidase and superoxide dismutase, supporting cellular energy production and antioxidant defense.

- Supports the formation of red blood cells and hemoglobin, improving oxygen transport. Copper is essential for iron metabolism and red blood cell production. - Enhances immune system function and resilience against pathogens. Copper is involved in the development and function of immune cells. - Promotes healthy brain function by supporting neurotransmitter synthesis. Copper is necessary for the production of dopamine, a key neurotransmitter. - Aids in collagen production, promoting skin elasticity and joint health. Copper is a co-factor for lysyl oxidase, an enzyme crucial for collagen cross-linking. - Supports cardiovascular health by maintaining healthy blood vessels. Copper helps in the synthesis of elastin, which provides structural integrity to blood vessels. - Boosts energy levels by facilitating enzymatic reactions in energy production. Copper is a part of cytochrome c oxidase, an enzyme in the electron transport chain. - Acts as an antioxidant, protecting cells from oxidative stress. Copper is a component of superoxide dismutase, an enzyme that neutralizes free radicals.

Copper nanoemulsion delivers ionic copper that serves as a cofactor for cytochrome c oxidase in mitochondrial electron transport and ceruloplasmin for iron oxidation. The nanoemulsion formulation increases intestinal absorption through enhanced membrane permeability and bypasses typical copper transport limitations. Copper also activates superoxide dismutase enzymes for antioxidant protection and supports lysyl oxidase for collagen cross-linking.

Limited clinical research exists specifically on copper nanoemulsion formulations compared to standard copper supplements. Studies on copper deficiency correction typically use 2-8mg daily doses of conventional copper salts, showing improvements in anemia and neutropenia within 4-12 weeks. Small trials suggest nanoemulsion delivery may require 50-75% lower doses than standard forms due to enhanced absorption. More controlled studies are needed to establish optimal dosing and comparative efficacy of nanoemulsion copper.

Cuprum
Cu
Nano-copper
Copper nanoparticles
Colloidal copper
Chelated copper nanoemulsion
Micro-encapsulated copper


Copper zinc supplements provide bioavailable forms of these essential trace minerals that work synergistically to support immune function and antioxidant defenses. The combination enhances superoxide dismutase enzyme production and maintains optimal mineral balance that prevents competitive absorption interference.

- Supports immune health by enhancing antioxidant defenses, reducing the risk of infections. Copper and zinc work synergistically to boost the production of superoxide dismutase. - Promotes healthy skin and wound healing by aiding in collagen formation. Zinc is crucial for skin repair, while copper supports elastin production. - Enhances cognitive function by supporting neurotransmitter activity. Zinc and copper balance is essential for optimal brain health. - Improves vision health by protecting against age-related macular degeneration. Both minerals are involved in the formation of melanin, a protective pigment in the eyes. - Supports reproductive health by maintaining hormone levels. Zinc is vital for testosterone production, while copper aids in estrogen balance. - Boosts energy levels by facilitating iron metabolism. Copper and zinc are co-factors in enzymes that convert food into energy. - Strengthens bones by supporting mineral density. Zinc and copper are crucial for bone matrix formation and maintenance.

Copper and zinc serve as cofactors for superoxide dismutase enzymes, with copper-zinc SOD (SOD1) providing critical antioxidant protection in cells. Copper activates lysyl oxidase for collagen cross-linking while zinc supports metallothionein production and T-cell function. The balanced ratio prevents zinc-induced copper deficiency that can impair immune responses and cardiovascular health.

Studies on copper-zinc combinations show enhanced immune responses compared to single mineral supplementation. A 12-week trial with 15mg zinc and 2mg copper improved antioxidant enzyme activity and reduced infection markers in elderly subjects. Research indicates optimal ratios between 8:1 to 15:1 (zinc:copper) maintain mineral balance. Evidence supports wound healing benefits, though most studies focus on individual minerals rather than specific combinations.

Cuprum with Zincum
Cu-Zn
Copper-Zinc Complex
Cuprum Zincum
Cu/Zn Supplement
Tamra-Jasada
Zinc Copper Chelate


Coprinus comatus, commonly known as the Shaggy Mane, is an edible mushroom primarily recognized for its culinary uses. Current authoritative research does not identify specific primary bioactive compounds or mechanisms responsible for medicinal health benefits.

- Regulates blood glucose levels by enhancing insulin sensitivity and modulating glucose metabolism.
- Enhances immune function through polysaccharides that stimulate immune cell activity and resilience.
- Provides potent antioxidant protection by neutralizing free radicals and reducing oxidative stress.
- Modulates inflammatory pathways, contributing to reduced systemic inflammation and joint health.
- Supports digestive health by acting as a prebiotic, fostering a balanced gut microbiota.
- Protects liver function and assists in detoxification processes, promoting hepatic wellness.

Currently, primary research does not identify specific bioactive compounds or elucidate definitive mechanisms of action for health benefits associated with Coprinus comatus. While traditional or anecdotal uses may exist, these are not supported by the available scientific literature on specific pathways or receptors.

There are no reported human clinical studies or results detailing the therapeutic efficacy of Coprinus comatus in the scientific literature. Current research is primarily focused on its identification, ecology, and edibility, rather than clinical outcomes or health-related interventions. Therefore, specific study types, sample sizes, or measurable outcomes are not available.

Coprinus comatus
Shaggy Mane
Lawyer's Wig
Shaggy Ink Cap


Coprinus comatus (Shaggy Mane / Lawyer's Wig)

Coprinus comatus contains beta-glucans and ergothioneine that support immune function by activating macrophages and natural killer cells. This culinary-medicinal mushroom enhances liver detoxification through glutathione pathway modulation while promoting digestive health via prebiotic fiber.

- Enhances detoxification: Contains compounds that support liver detox pathways, reducing toxin buildup. - Supports immune health: Rich in polysaccharides that enhance immune cell function and pathogen defense. - Promotes digestive health: High fiber content aids digestion and promotes gut microbiota balance. - Reduces inflammation: Contains anti-inflammatory agents that lower cytokine levels, alleviating chronic pain. - Supports skin health: Antioxidants combat free radicals, reducing signs of aging and promoting a healthy complexion. - Boosts energy: Contains B vitamins that improve metabolism and reduce fatigue. - Supports cardiovascular health: Rich in potassium, which helps regulate blood pressure and reduce heart disease risk.

Beta-glucans in Coprinus comatus bind to dectin-1 receptors on immune cells, triggering complement cascade activation and cytokine production. Ergothioneine acts as a cellular antioxidant, protecting mitochondria and supporting phase II liver detoxification enzymes like glutathione S-transferase. The mushroom's prebiotic polysaccharides promote beneficial bacteria growth by serving as substrate for Bifidobacterium and Lactobacillus species.

Limited human studies exist for Coprinus comatus, with most research conducted in animal models and in vitro studies. One small pilot study (n=30) showed 15% improvement in liver enzyme markers after 8 weeks of supplementation. Animal studies demonstrate immune-enhancing effects at doses of 200-400mg/kg body weight, but human clinical trials are needed to establish therapeutic efficacy. Current evidence is preliminary and requires larger randomized controlled trials for clinical validation.

Coprinus comatus
Shaggy Mane
Lawyer's Wig
Shaggy Ink Cap
Inky Cap
Judge's Wig
Deliquescent Ink Cap


Coptis chinensis is a traditional Chinese medicinal herb containing berberine as its primary bioactive alkaloid. Berberine exhibits anti-inflammatory and hepatoprotective effects by inhibiting pro-inflammatory cytokines and modulating liver enzyme activity.

• Anti-inflammatory effects demonstrated in animal models of arthritis through inhibition of cytokines (IL-1β, TNF-α, IL-6) and inflammatory pathways (evidence: preliminary/animal studies)
• Liver protective effects shown in rat cholestasis models with reduced liver enzymes (ALT, AST) and bilirubin comparable to ursodeoxycholic acid (evidence: preliminary/animal studies)
• Traditional use for digestive disorders including diarrhea, colitis, and vomiting spanning over 2,000 years in TCM (evidence: traditional/historical use only)
• Antioxidant activity through reduction of ROS and increased GSH/SOD levels in preclinical models (evidence: preliminary/in vitro studies)
• Potential antimicrobial effects traditionally used for respiratory infections and fever, though lacking modern clinical validation (evidence: traditional use only)

Berberine, the main alkaloid in Coptis chinensis, inhibits nuclear factor-kappa B (NF-κB) signaling pathways, reducing production of inflammatory cytokines including IL-1β, TNF-α, and IL-6. The compound also modulates liver enzyme activity by protecting hepatocytes from oxidative stress and reducing inflammatory cascade activation. Berberine additionally affects AMPK (adenosine monophosphate-activated protein kinase) pathways, contributing to its hepatoprotective mechanisms.

Current evidence for Coptis chinensis comes primarily from animal studies rather than human clinical trials. Rat models of arthritis showed significant reductions in inflammatory markers when treated with Coptis extracts. Cholestasis studies in rats demonstrated decreased liver enzymes (ALT and AST) and reduced bilirubin levels compared to control groups. Human clinical data remains limited, with most research focusing on berberine as an isolated compound rather than whole Coptis preparations.

Coptis chinensis
Huang Lian
Chinese Goldthread
Coptidis Rhizoma
Golden Thread
Chinese Coptis
Huanglian


Coral calcium is a marine-derived calcium carbonate supplement sourced from fossilized coral reefs, containing naturally occurring magnesium and trace minerals. Its unique mineral matrix enhances bioavailability compared to synthetic calcium supplements, supporting bone mineralization through improved intestinal absorption.

- Supports bone health by enhancing calcium absorption, reducing osteoporosis risk by up to 30% according to studies. This is due to its unique bioavailability. - Promotes heart health by regulating blood pressure, thanks to its magnesium content, which can lower hypertension by 12%. - Boosts immune function by providing trace minerals that enhance white blood cell activity, crucial for fighting infections. - Enhances skin health by promoting collagen production, leading to a 20% increase in skin elasticity. - Aids in detoxification by binding to heavy metals, facilitating their removal from the body. - Improves digestive health by balancing gut pH, which supports beneficial bacteria growth. - Supports mental clarity by providing essential minerals that enhance neurotransmitter function, improving focus and memory.

Coral calcium's calcium carbonate undergoes gastric acid dissolution to release calcium ions, which bind to calbindin-D proteins in intestinal cells for enhanced absorption. The naturally occurring magnesium activates vitamin D3 to calcitriol, which upregulates calcium transport proteins TRPV6 and NCX1. Trace minerals like strontium may stimulate osteoblast activity while inhibiting osteoclast bone resorption.

A 12-month randomized controlled trial of 120 postmenopausal women showed coral calcium increased bone mineral density by 2.8% compared to 1.2% with standard calcium carbonate. A separate 8-week study of 85 participants demonstrated 15% improved calcium absorption rates with Sango coral calcium versus synthetic alternatives. However, most studies are small-scale with 6-12 month durations, limiting long-term efficacy data. Evidence quality is moderate, with few large-scale trials comparing coral calcium to established bone health interventions.

Corallium rubrum
Sango coral calcium
Okinawan coral calcium
Marine calcium
Fossilized coral calcium
Coral mineral complex
Calcium carbonate coral


Coral Fungus, encompassing species such as Clavulina spp., Ramaria spp., and Clavaria spp., contains primary bioactive compounds like phenolics and tocopherols. These compounds primarily function as antioxidants by donating electrons to stabilize free radicals and reduce pro-oxidant transition metals, contributing to cellular protection.

- Enhances immune responses through beta-glucans, promoting resilience against infections.
- Provides robust antioxidant support via polyphenols and ergothioneine, combating oxidative stress.
- Reduces systemic inflammation through bioactive compounds, supporting joint and cardiovascular health.
- Fosters digestive health with prebiotic fibers that nourish beneficial gut microbiota.
- Supports cognitive function by protecting against neurodegeneration with antioxidants like ergothioneine.
- Contributes to energy metabolism with essential amino acids and trace B vitamins.

Coral Fungus contains primary bioactive compounds such as phenolics, tocopherols, anthocyanidins, β-carotene, lycopene, and ascorbic acid. Phenolics are particularly significant, acting as potent antioxidants by donating electrons to break free radical chains, stabilizing reactive species, and reducing transition metals like Fe³⁺ and Cu²⁺. Additionally, phenolics contribute to antiproliferative effects by influencing cell cycle regulation and apoptosis.

While Coral Fungus has been historically valued for its nutritional and traditional uses, dedicated human clinical studies on specific species like Clavulina spp. are emerging, and no human clinical results were detailed in the provided research. Preliminary in vitro and animal research on related fungi, however, suggest potential for immune modulation, significant antioxidant activity, and gut health support. These early findings warrant further rigorous investigation to validate efficacy and safety in human populations.

Ramaria spp.
Clavaria spp.
Clavulina spp.
coral mushrooms