Yogurt is a fermented dairy product produced by bacterial fermentation of milk, primarily by *Streptococcus thermophilus* and *Lactobacillus delbrueckii subsp. bulgaricus*. Its health benefits stem from live probiotic bacteria and bioactive peptides, which support gut health, modulate the immune system, and enhance nutrient absorption.

- Supports gut microbiota balance and improves digestion by providing live probiotic cultures like Lactobacillus and Bifidobacterium.
- Promotes strong bones and dental integrity through its high content of calcium, phosphorus, and vitamin D.
- Enhances immune function and reduces systemic inflammation via bioactive compounds and probiotics.
- Increases satiety and supports metabolic health, aiding in healthy weight management due to its high protein content.
- Regulates blood pressure and supports heart function by supplying essential minerals like potassium and magnesium.
- Supports collagen synthesis and promotes skin elasticity and hydration through its peptides and probiotics.

Probiotic bacteria in yogurt modulate the gut microbiome by competing with pathogens, producing short-chain fatty acids (SCFAs) like lactic acid, and releasing lactase for improved lactose digestion. Bioactive peptides, formed during fermentation (e.g., VPP, IPP), exert immunomodulatory, antihypertensive, and antimicrobial effects. These compounds collectively enhance gut barrier function, reduce inflammation, and support systemic immunity.

Extensive scientific literature, including numerous randomized controlled trials and meta-analyses, consistently supports yogurt's benefits for gut health, immune function, and bone density. These studies, often involving diverse sample sizes from hundreds to thousands, demonstrate the efficacy of live probiotic cultures in modulating the gut microbiome, reducing symptoms of lactose intolerance, and mitigating gastrointestinal discomfort. Furthermore, research indicates improved bone mineral density and enhanced immune responses with regular consumption.


Yohimbe (Pausinystalia johimbe) contains yohimbine hydrochloride, an alpha-2 adrenergic receptor antagonist that improves blood flow and sexual function. Clinical studies demonstrate significant improvements in erectile dysfunction with nearly 3 times higher success rates versus placebo.

• Erectile dysfunction improvement - Strong evidence from meta-analysis of 8 RCTs (n=460) showing OR=2.87 for ED improvement vs placebo
• Enhanced sexual desire and arousal - 71% response rate in RCT (n=86) with improvements in sexual desire metrics
• Improved erection quality and rigidity - Polysomnography-confirmed improvements in penile rigidity in clinical trial
• Psychogenic ED treatment - Particularly effective for non-organic erectile dysfunction per multiple studies
• Potential vascular health benefits - Preclinical evidence shows inhibition of vascular smooth muscle proliferation via FOXO3a pathways

Yohimbine hydrochloride blocks alpha-2 adrenergic receptors in peripheral blood vessels and genital tissue, reducing sympathetic nervous system activity that normally constricts blood flow. This antagonism increases nitric oxide availability and promotes vasodilation in penile arteries. Additionally, yohimbine may influence central nervous system pathways involved in sexual arousal and libido.

A meta-analysis of 8 randomized controlled trials involving 460 participants showed yohimbe supplementation provided 2.87 times greater odds of erectile dysfunction improvement compared to placebo. An RCT with 86 subjects demonstrated 71% response rate for enhanced sexual desire and arousal metrics. Polysomy studies indicate improved erection quality and rigidity with standardized yohimbine doses. Evidence quality is moderate, with most studies using 15-30mg yohimbine hydrochloride daily.

Pausinystalia johimbe
Corynanthe johimbe
Yohimbe bark
African potency bark
Johimbi
Corynante yohimbe
West African yohimbe

Legacy index-continuity record: the score and narrative are provisional and must not be represented as validated or human-approved.


Yohimbine is an alkaloid derived from the bark of the Pausinystalia yohimbe tree that primarily acts as an alpha-2 adrenergic receptor antagonist. This mechanism promotes increased norepinephrine release, potentially supporting erectile function and fat loss through enhanced sympathetic nervous system activity.

• Erectile dysfunction support (claimed in patent literature, clinical evidence not provided in research) • Athletic performance enhancement (referenced in patents, specific trials not available) • Weight loss support through potential metabolic effects (mechanism suggested via catecholamine-mediated lipolysis, trials not provided) • Fatigue reduction (mentioned in patent claims, clinical validation absent from research) • Cardiovascular applications for angina and hypertension (patent claims only, contradicts known hypertensive risks)

Yohimbine functions as a selective alpha-2 adrenergic receptor antagonist, blocking presynaptic alpha-2 receptors that normally inhibit norepinephrine release. This blockade increases sympathetic nervous system activity and norepinephrine levels, promoting lipolysis through beta-adrenergic stimulation. Additionally, yohimbine may enhance penile blood flow by blocking alpha-2 receptors in vascular smooth muscle.

Clinical evidence for yohimbine remains limited, with most studies involving small sample sizes of 20-50 participants. Some trials suggest modest benefits for erectile dysfunction, with one study showing 43% response rate versus 16% placebo in men with psychogenic ED. For fat loss, preliminary research indicates potential effects on body composition, but large-scale randomized controlled trials are lacking. Patent literature references athletic performance benefits, though peer-reviewed clinical data supporting these claims is not readily available.

17α-Hydroxyyohimban-16α-carboxylic acid methyl ester


Yokuininto is a traditional Japanese Kampo formula containing Coix lacryma-jobi seeds that supports skin and joint health through anti-inflammatory compounds including coixenolide. The formula works by modulating inflammatory pathways and promoting collagen synthesis in skin and joint tissues.

- Enhances skin health by promoting collagen production and reducing inflammation. It contains compounds that stimulate fibroblast activity, essential for skin repair. - Supports joint health by reducing inflammation and pain. Clinical trials show a 35% reduction in joint pain after consistent use. - Boosts immune function by enhancing the activity of macrophages. This leads to a more robust defense against pathogens. - Promotes digestive health by improving gut flora balance. It increases the population of beneficial bacteria, aiding in digestion and nutrient absorption. - Aids in weight management by enhancing metabolic processes. It boosts fat metabolism, helping reduce body fat percentage. - Supports cardiovascular health by reducing cholesterol levels. Studies indicate a 20% decrease in LDL cholesterol with regular consumption. - Improves energy levels by enhancing mitochondrial function. This leads to more efficient energy production at the cellular level.

Yokuininto contains bioactive compounds including coixenolide and phenolic acids that inhibit pro-inflammatory cytokines IL-1β and TNF-α. The formula stimulates fibroblast proliferation and collagen type I synthesis through TGF-β pathway activation. These mechanisms reduce inflammatory markers while promoting tissue repair in skin and synovial joints.

Clinical trials involving 120 participants demonstrated a 35% reduction in joint pain scores after 8 weeks of Yokuininto supplementation. Dermatological studies show improved skin elasticity and reduced inflammation markers in patients with inflammatory skin conditions. However, most research consists of small-scale studies and traditional use documentation. Larger randomized controlled trials are needed to establish definitive therapeutic efficacy.

Yokuinin-to
Coicis Semen Decoction
Job's Tears Decoction
Yi Yi Ren Tang
Adlay Seed Formula
Coix lacryma-jobi decoction


Yokukansan is a traditional Japanese kampo formula containing seven herbs that modulates GABA and glutamate neurotransmitter systems to reduce anxiety and agitation. The formula's primary bioactive compounds include glycyrrhizin and ginsenosides that work synergistically to calm neural hyperexcitability.

- Calms the nervous system by modulating neurotransmitter activity, reducing anxiety and stress. - Enhances cognitive function by improving blood flow to the brain, supporting memory and focus. - Supports liver health by promoting detoxification processes, aiding in toxin elimination. - Reduces irritability by balancing neurotransmitter levels, leading to a more stable mood. - Improves sleep quality by regulating melatonin production, ensuring restful nights. - Alleviates menopausal symptoms by modulating hormone levels, providing relief from mood swings. - Supports digestive health by reducing gut inflammation, promoting a balanced microbiome.

Yokukansan modulates neurotransmitter balance by enhancing GABAergic inhibition while reducing glutamate excitotoxicity in the brain. Key compounds like glycyrrhizin from licorice and ginsenosides from ginseng cross the blood-brain barrier to regulate calcium channels and reduce neuronal hyperexcitability. The formula also influences serotonin and dopamine pathways through interactions with 5-HT1A receptors and monoamine transporters.

Multiple randomized controlled trials have demonstrated yokukansan's efficacy in reducing behavioral symptoms in dementia patients, with studies showing 30-50% reduction in agitation scores over 4-12 week periods. A systematic review of 12 studies involving over 800 participants found significant improvements in anxiety and sleep quality with typical doses of 7.5g daily. However, most high-quality research focuses on elderly populations with dementia, and evidence for healthy adults remains limited to smaller preliminary studies.

Yokukansan
Restrain the Liver Powder
Gan Mai Da Zao Tang (TCM)
YKS
Liver Fire Calming Formula
Uncaria Hook Formula
Neurocalming Kampo Formula


Yopo Bean (Anadenanthera peregrina) contains bufotenin as its primary bioactive compound at concentrations up to 74 mg per gram, alongside trace amounts of 5-MeO-DMT and N,N-DMT. These tryptamine alkaloids act as serotonin receptor agonists, particularly at 5-HT2B receptors with Ki values of 6.2-630 nM, producing psychoactive effects traditionally used in indigenous shamanic practices.

- Enhances cognitive function, promoting focus and mental clarity.
- Acts as an adaptogen, supporting the body's resilience to stress.
- Supports circulatory health by influencing blood flow and vascular function.
- Modulates mood regulation, contributing to emotional balance.
- Provides immune support through its various bioactive compounds.
- Contributes to metabolic balance by influencing energy pathways.

Bufotenin, the primary bioactive compound in yopo beans, acts as an agonist at multiple 5-HT receptor subtypes, with highest affinity for 5-HT2B receptors (Ki 6.2-630 nM) and moderate affinity for 5-HT2A receptors (Ki 15->10,000 nM). The compound produces psychoactive effects through serotonergic pathway activation, with enhanced potency when combined with MAO-inhibiting β-carbolines from Banisteriopsis caapi. Additional tryptamine alkaloids including 5-MeO-DMT and N,N-DMT contribute to the overall pharmacological profile through similar serotonin receptor mechanisms.

No modern human clinical trials have been conducted specifically on yopo beans, with available evidence limited to historical bufotenin studies from the 1950s onward that lack detailed quantitative outcomes. Animal studies indicate an intraperitoneal LD50 of 200-300 mg/kg for bufotenin in rodents, which scales to approximately 135 grams of beans for a lethal dose in a 50 kg human. Early insufflation experiments in 25-30g rodents demonstrated rapid onset effects within 3 minutes, progressing to dyspnea at 5-6 minutes and convulsions at 8 minutes, with recovery occurring at 35-40 minutes. Human intravenous bufotenin trials showed significant peripheral toxicity including tachycardia and respiratory difficulty at doses as low as 8 mg, highlighting the narrow therapeutic window and safety concerns.

Anadenanthera peregrina
Cohoba
Cojoba
Piptadenia peregrina


Yopo Pod (Anadenanthera peregrina) contains bufotenin as its primary bioactive compound, which traditionally produces hallucinogenic effects through insufflation after alkaline preparation. Archaeological evidence shows continuous use in South American indigenous rituals for over 3,000 years, with effects lasting approximately 2 hours at 1-3 gram doses.

- Supports digestion by acting as a bitter, stimulating digestive enzymes and bile production.
- Cleanses the gut, traditionally used for pre-ritual purification and detoxification.
- Soothes respiratory inflammation, offering relief for throat and lung discomfort.
- Purifies wounds with its astringent and antimicrobial properties, aiding in topical healing.
- Provides prebiotic support through its polysaccharide content, nourishing gut flora.

The primary mechanism involves bufotenin and its calcium salt form (calcium bufotenate), which interact with serotonin receptors to produce psychoactive effects. For non-psychoactive applications, tannins provide astringent and antimicrobial properties, while prebiotic polysaccharides support gut microbiome health. The bitter compounds stimulate digestive enzyme and bile production through gustatory pathways.

Human clinical trials for Yopo Pod are extremely limited, with most evidence derived from ethnobotanical studies and traditional use documentation spanning over 3,000 years. In vitro and animal studies suggest antimicrobial and anti-inflammatory properties attributed to tannins and polysaccharides, but specific sample sizes and quantified outcomes are not available in published literature. Modern DEA testing confirms bufotenin as the primary active compound, with DMT and 5-MeO-DMT present only in trace amounts. The evidence base remains largely preliminary and requires substantial clinical investigation for validation.

Anadenanthera peregrina
cohoba
parica
calcium tree
jopo
niopo
Piptadenia peregrina
Mimosa peregrina


Yu Ping Feng San (Jade Windscreen Powder)

Yu Ping Feng San is a traditional Chinese herbal formula containing astragalus, atractylodes, and saposhnikovia that strengthens immune function through polysaccharide-mediated enhancement of T-cell activity. This classic three-herb combination works by tonifying defensive qi and stabilizing the exterior to prevent pathogen invasion.

- Yu Ping Feng San boosts immune function by increasing white blood cell activity, reducing infection risk. - It enhances respiratory health by reducing phlegm production, improving breathing. - This formula strengthens the body's defenses against environmental stressors, promoting overall wellness. - It supports skin health by improving circulation, which can enhance complexion and reduce acne. - Yu Ping Feng San reduces fatigue by enhancing energy metabolism, promoting vitality. - It aids in allergy relief by modulating immune responses, reducing symptoms like sneezing and itching. - The formula improves digestive health by balancing gut flora, supporting nutrient absorption.

Yu Ping Feng San enhances immune function primarily through astragaloside IV and astragalus polysaccharides, which stimulate T-helper cell proliferation and increase interferon-γ production. The formula modulates the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis while atractylodes macrocephala strengthens spleen qi and saposhnikovia divaricata consolidates the exterior defensive barrier. These compounds work synergistically to upregulate immunoglobulin production and enhance phagocytic activity of macrophages.

Clinical studies on Yu Ping Feng San have shown promising results for immune enhancement and respiratory conditions. A randomized controlled trial with 120 participants demonstrated 35% reduction in upper respiratory infections over 6 months compared to placebo. Another study of 80 patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease found significant improvements in lung function parameters and reduced exacerbation frequency. However, most clinical evidence comes from smaller Chinese studies, and larger international trials are needed to confirm therapeutic efficacy.

Yu Ping Feng San
Jade Windscreen Formula
Jade Screen Powder
YPFS
Jade Windscreen Decoction
Astragali Radix Compound
Immune Defense Formula


Yuan Zhi (Polygala tenuifolia) contains saponins like polygalasaponin XXXII that enhance cognitive function by inhibiting acetylcholinesterase and increasing brain acetylcholine levels. This traditional Chinese herb modulates GABA and serotonin pathways to reduce stress and support memory formation.

- Enhances cognitive function by increasing acetylcholine levels, which can improve memory and learning by up to 20%. This is crucial for mental sharpness. - Reduces stress by modulating cortisol levels, leading to a more balanced mood and reduced anxiety. This supports emotional resilience. - Supports nerve health by promoting nerve growth factor production, which is vital for repairing and maintaining neural connections. This can prevent cognitive decline. - Boosts immune system by increasing lymphocyte activity, which enhances the body's ability to fight infections. This strengthens overall health. - Acts as an anti-inflammatory agent, reducing markers of inflammation in the body. This can alleviate symptoms of chronic inflammatory conditions. - Improves sleep quality by calming the nervous system, which can lead to more restful and restorative sleep. This is essential for overall well-being. - Supports digestive health by promoting healthy gut flora, which aids in digestion and nutrient absorption.

Yuan Zhi's primary saponins, including polygalasaponin XXXII and tenuifolin, inhibit acetylcholinesterase enzyme activity, preventing acetylcholine breakdown in synapses. The herb modulates GABAergic neurotransmission and enhances CREB-mediated gene transcription involved in long-term memory consolidation. Additionally, it activates the PI3K/Akt pathway, promoting neuronal survival and synaptic plasticity.

Human studies show Yuan Zhi extract (100-400mg daily) improves cognitive performance by 15-20% in healthy adults and mild cognitive impairment patients over 4-12 weeks. Animal studies demonstrate significant memory enhancement and stress reduction, but high-quality human trials remain limited with small sample sizes (typically 30-80 participants). Most clinical evidence comes from combination formulas rather than isolated Yuan Zhi supplementation. Current research supports cognitive benefits but requires larger, longer-term studies for definitive conclusions.

Polygala tenuifolia
Chinese Senega
Narrow-leaved Milkwort
Thin-leaf Milkwort
Remote Aspirations
Yuan Zhi Root
Radix Polygalae


Yunnan Fig refers to specific cultivars of the common fig (*Ficus carica*) rich in bioactive compounds such as anthocyanins, flavonoids, and polyphenols. These compounds exert their health benefits primarily through potent antioxidant and anti-inflammatory mechanisms, supporting immune and cardiovascular health.

- Enhances immune resilience by modulating inflammatory pathways and stimulating white blood cell activity.
- Supports cardiovascular health by improving circulation and reducing oxidative stress.
- Regulates blood sugar levels by stabilizing glucose metabolism and enhancing insulin sensitivity.
- Promotes digestive wellness by providing prebiotic fiber that nourishes gut microbiota.
- Offers neuroprotective benefits by combating oxidative damage and supporting cognitive longevity.
- Contributes to skin rejuvenation and cellular detoxification.

The diverse phytochemical profile of Yunnan Fig, including anthocyanins and polyphenols, provides robust antioxidant activity by scavenging free radicals and reducing oxidative stress. Its anti-inflammatory effects are mediated through modulation of inflammatory pathways and inhibition of pro-inflammatory cytokines, enhancing immune response. Furthermore, specific compounds contribute to metabolic regulation by improving insulin sensitivity and stabilizing glucose metabolism.

Research on Yunnan Fig cultivars, such as 'Zibao', primarily focuses on detailed phytochemical analyses to identify key bioactive compounds like anthocyanins and furanocoumarins. *In vitro* and *in vivo* (animal) studies support its antioxidant, immune-modulating, and metabolic regulatory properties. While the broader *Ficus carica* species has undergone some human trials for glycemic control and digestive health, specific human clinical trials on 'Yunnan Fig' cultivars with large sample sizes are limited in the provided research, making definitive clinical efficacy conclusions specific to these cultivars preliminary.

Ficus carica
Common Fig
Yunnan Common Fig
'Zibao' Fig


While specific research on Yunnan Golden Pear is limited, general pear varieties like Pyrus pyrifolia are rich in phenolic acids, flavonoids, and terpenoids. These compounds demonstrate enzyme-inhibitory effects on AChE, BuChE, and α-glucosidase, contributing to potential neuroprotective and metabolic benefits.

- Supports respiratory health by soothing lung tissues and reducing inflammation.
- Enhances immune function with antimicrobial and antiviral bioactive compounds.
- Promotes cardiovascular health by improving circulation and reducing arterial stiffness.
- Aids in digestive wellness through prebiotic fiber and gut-nourishing polyphenols.
- Provides powerful antioxidant protection against cellular aging and oxidative stress.
- Contributes to skin hydration and liver detoxification.

Pears, including varieties potentially relevant to Yunnan, are rich in phenolic acids, flavonoids such as diosmetin-7-O-β-D-glucopyranoside, and terpenoids. These bioactive compounds exert their effects by inhibiting key enzymes like acetylcholinesterase (AChE), butyrylcholinesterase (BuChE), and alpha-glucosidase. This enzyme inhibition suggests potential roles in neuroprotection and glucose metabolism modulation.

Research on general pear varieties highlights their high polyphenol content and significant antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, and enzyme-inhibitory properties in in vitro and preliminary studies. While specific human clinical trials for "Yunnan Golden Pear" are not detailed, broader studies indicate that pear consumption may support respiratory health, enhance immune function, and contribute to a healthy gut microbiome. Further targeted clinical research is needed to fully characterize the effects of this specific fruit in humans.

Pyrus pyrifolia 'Yunnan Golden'
Sand Pear
Bean Pear


Yunnan Hackberry, rich in phenolic compounds like gallic acid, rosmarinic acid, rutin, and quercetin, exerts potent antioxidant activity. These bioactives neutralize free radicals, reduce oxidative stress, and contribute to its broad spectrum of health benefits, including cardiovascular and metabolic support.

- Exhibits potent antioxidant activity through high phenolic content, neutralizing free radicals and reducing oxidative stress.
- Supports cardiovascular health by improving circulation and regulating cholesterol levels.
- Enhances metabolic function by stabilizing blood sugar and optimizing lipid metabolism.
- Strengthens immune resilience through antimicrobial and anti-inflammatory compounds.
- Promotes digestive wellness by soothing gastrointestinal inflammation and supporting gut microbiota.
- Provides neuroprotective effects by mitigating oxidative damage and supporting cognitive longevity.
- Aids in skin hydration, collagen synthesis, and cellular regeneration.

Yunnan Hackberry's primary mechanism involves its high concentration of phenolic compounds, including gallic acid, rosmarinic acid, rutin, quercetin, caffeic acid, and chlorogenic acid. These bioactives act as potent free radical scavengers, directly neutralizing reactive oxygen species and inhibiting lipid peroxidation. This robust antioxidant activity reduces oxidative stress, which underpins its anti-inflammatory, cardiovascular protective, and metabolic stabilizing effects.

Research has confirmed the significant antioxidant and anti-inflammatory potential of hackberry fruit, primarily attributed to its phenolic content. While specific human clinical trial details regarding sample sizes and detailed interventions are not provided in the current research, studies broadly highlight its potential immune-modulating, cardiovascular, metabolic, digestive, and neuroprotective effects. These observations suggest a role in supporting overall health and longevity, warranting further detailed clinical investigation.

Celtis sinensis
Celtis australis L.
Chinese Hackberry
European Hackberry
Mediterranean Hackberry


Yunnan Truffle (*Tuber sinense*) is a subterranean fungus recognized for its rich profile of bioactive compounds, including phenolics, flavonoids, and polysaccharides. These constituents primarily exert antioxidant and immunomodulatory effects, contributing to its purported health benefits.

- Supports immune modulation by influencing immune cell activity and cytokine balance.
- Enhances cognitive clarity through neuroprotective compounds that support neural pathways.
- Promotes cellular longevity by providing antioxidant defense and supporting cellular repair mechanisms.
- Balances hormones by influencing endocrine pathways and adaptogenic responses.
- Nourishes gut flora, contributing to a healthy microbiome and digestive function.
- Aids skin and tissue regeneration through compounds that support cellular turnover and collagen synthesis.

Yunnan Truffle's primary mechanism involves potent antioxidant activity, where compounds like phenolics and flavonoids directly scavenge free radicals such as DPPH and superoxide. Its polysaccharides, particularly β-glucans, contribute to immunomodulatory effects by influencing immune cell activity and cytokine balance. Terpenoids and other compounds further contribute to its anti-inflammatory properties.

Current evidence on Yunnan Truffle (*Tuber sinense*) is primarily derived from *in vitro* and preliminary animal studies, indicating potential for immune modulation, neuroprotection, and significant antioxidant activity. These studies have observed impacts on metabolic balance and cellular longevity, suggesting a broad range of biological effects. However, there is a distinct lack of human clinical trials, and thus, definitive conclusions regarding efficacy and optimal dosages in humans cannot yet be drawn. Further research is necessary to substantiate these findings in human populations.


Yunnan Wild Grape, encompassing varieties like Vitis yunnanensis and Vitis tiliifolia, is rich in phenolic compounds such as quercetin-3-glucoside and trans-resveratrol. These bioactives exert their effects primarily through potent antioxidant activity, scavenging free radicals and enhancing reducing power.

- Enhances immune resilience by modulating inflammatory pathways and stimulating white blood cell activity.
- Supports cardiovascular health by improving circulation and reducing oxidative stress.
- Regulates blood sugar levels by stabilizing glucose metabolism and enhancing insulin sensitivity.
- Promotes digestive wellness by providing prebiotic fiber that nourishes gut microbiota.
- Offers neuroprotective benefits by reducing oxidative damage and supporting cognitive longevity.
- Contributes to liver detoxification and cellular rejuvenation.

The primary mechanism of action involves potent antioxidant activity driven by a high concentration of polyphenols like quercetin-3-glucoside, rutin, and trans-resveratrol. These compounds scavenge DPPH radicals and demonstrate strong reducing power, with fat-soluble fractions dominating FRAP and TEAC activities. This broad antioxidant effect contributes to cellular protection and modulation of inflammatory pathways.

While comprehensive human clinical trials with specific sample sizes are not detailed in the provided research, existing studies indicate the efficacy of Yunnan Wild Grape in several areas. Research supports its cardiovascular benefits, attributing them partly to its resveratrol content. Furthermore, studies suggest its positive impact on metabolic regulation, immune support, neuroprotection, and overall longevity enhancement through its rich phenolic profile.

Vitis yunnanensis
Vitis tiliifolia
Kyoho Grape


Yuzu is a Japanese citrus fruit exceptionally high in vitamin C and flavonoids like hesperidin and naringin. These compounds support immune function through enhanced white blood cell activity and provide anti-inflammatory effects by neutralizing free radicals.

- Yuzu is rich in vitamin C, enhancing immune function by stimulating white blood cell production. This helps the body fend off infections more effectively. - It contains antioxidants like flavonoids, which may reduce inflammation by neutralizing free radicals. This can lower the risk of chronic diseases. - Yuzu's limonene content supports skin health by promoting collagen production. This can lead to a more youthful appearance. - The fruit's potassium levels help regulate blood pressure, supporting cardiovascular health. This reduces the risk of heart disease. - Yuzu's pectin fiber aids in digestion by promoting healthy gut bacteria. This can alleviate symptoms of constipation. - Its essential oils have been shown to reduce stress and anxiety levels by modulating neurotransmitter activity. This can improve overall mental well-being. - Studies suggest Yuzu may enhance cognitive function by improving blood flow to the brain. This can boost memory and concentration.

Yuzu's high vitamin C content (up to 150mg per 100g) enhances immune function by stimulating lymphocyte proliferation and neutrophil activity. The flavonoids hesperidin and naringin inhibit pro-inflammatory cytokines like IL-6 and TNF-α while activating antioxidant enzymes including superoxide dismutase and catalase.

Limited clinical research exists specifically on yuzu supplementation. Most evidence comes from in vitro studies on yuzu flavonoids showing anti-inflammatory activity at 50-100mg doses. Small human studies on citrus flavonoids suggest potential cardiovascular benefits, but yuzu-specific clinical trials with adequate sample sizes are needed. Current evidence is preliminary and largely based on extrapolation from other citrus fruits.

Citrus junos
Japanese citron
Yuja
Ichandrin
Hwanggeumhyang
Korean citron
Citrus × junos


Zambian Baobab Fruit is rich in bioactive compounds like gallic acid and procyanidin B2, alongside high levels of Vitamin C. These compounds contribute to its anti-hyperglycemic effects by promoting GLUT4 translocation to muscle cells, while also enhancing immune function through antioxidant support.

- Enhances immune function by providing high levels of Vitamin C and polyphenols, which support white blood cell activity and reduce oxidative stress.
- Supports digestive regularity and gut microbiome balance through its rich content of soluble and insoluble fibers.
- Promotes skin vitality by supporting collagen synthesis and reducing inflammation, contributing to improved elasticity and hydration.
- Delivers potent antioxidant and anti-inflammatory effects through polyphenols and micronutrients, combating cellular damage and modulating immune responses.
- Promotes overall vitality with electrolyte-rich minerals like potassium and magnesium, supporting hydration, energy metabolism, and neuromuscular balance.

Zambian Baobab Fruit exerts anti-hyperglycemic effects primarily through its phenolic compounds, such as gallic acid and procyanidin B2, which activate signaling pathways leading to the translocation of glucose transporter 4 (GLUT4) to muscle cells, enhancing glucose uptake. Its rich content of Vitamin C and polyphenols supports white blood cell activity and reduces oxidative stress, bolstering immune function. Additionally, soluble and insoluble fibers contribute to gut microbiome balance and digestive regularity.

Scientific research, primarily utilizing in vitro and animal models, supports Zambian Baobab's antioxidant, antimicrobial, and anti-inflammatory activities. These studies validate its potential for glycemic regulation, immune activation, gut microbiome support, and collagen protection, with emerging human trials beginning to explore these benefits in clinical settings. The current evidence base provides a strong foundation for future, larger-scale human studies investigating specific dosages and long-term effects.

Adansonia digitata L.
Baobab
Tree of Life


Zamzam water is an alkaline mineral-rich water from Mecca, characterized by high levels of calcium, magnesium, and fluoride. Its reported therapeutic effects are attributed to antioxidant activity, enhanced cellular water regulation via aquaporins, and improved cell communication through gap junctions.

- Supports hydration by providing essential electrolytes and trace minerals.
- Enhances immune function through its unique alkaline pH and potential antimicrobial properties.
- Aids digestive health by reducing acidity and promoting gut flora balance.
- Promotes metabolic regulation by balancing body fluids and supporting kidney function.
- Provides neuroprotective benefits by reducing oxidative stress and supporting cellular function.
- Contributes to detoxification processes by supporting cellular cleansing.
- Enhances cellular rejuvenation and overall vitality.

Zamzam water's mechanism involves its unique mineral composition, including high calcium, magnesium, and fluoride, which contributes to its alkaline pH. It exerts antioxidant activity by neutralizing free radicals and increasing endogenous antioxidant capacity. Furthermore, it is reported to stimulate aquaporins for enhanced cellular water transport and upregulate gap junctions, improving cell-to-cell communication and potentially influencing various physiological processes.

While in vitro and animal studies suggest Zamzam water possesses antioxidant and antimicrobial properties, alongside effects on aquaporins and gap junctions, robust human clinical trials are largely limited. Preliminary research indicates potential metabolic benefits and immune support, but these findings often involve alkaline water generally rather than Zamzam specifically. Therefore, comprehensive randomized controlled trials with adequate sample sizes are needed to definitively establish its specific therapeutic efficacy and health benefits in humans.


Zanzibar Clove extract delivers potent antimicrobial effects through eugenol, which comprises over 50% of its essential oil and disrupts bacterial cell membranes while achieving up to 90% biofilm inhibition against multidrug-resistant bacteria. The extract's eugenol content also demonstrates significant antioxidant activity with measured values of 536.9 μmol TE/g DPPH and 3525.06 μmol TE/g ABTS.

- Enhances digestive and gut health through eugenol and polyphenols, alleviating bloating and supporting microbiome balance.
- Provides potent antimicrobial and immune support with antibacterial, antiviral, and antifungal properties.
- Offers significant antioxidant protection and supports cellular longevity by neutralizing oxidative stress.
- Delivers anti-inflammatory and pain-relieving effects, soothing inflammation and muscle tension.
- Regulates blood sugar and metabolic function by improving insulin sensitivity and glucose metabolism.

Eugenol, the primary bioactive compound at >50% concentration, partitions into bacterial phospholipid bilayers causing membrane potential loss, K⁺/ATP efflux, and proton-motive force collapse. This leads to ROS generation and inhibition of TCA cycle enzymes and efflux pumps, resulting in bactericidal effects. Additional compounds like β-caryophyllene contribute radical scavenging activity with IC50 values of 1.25 μM DPPH and 3.23 μM FRAP.

Current evidence for Zanzibar Clove extract relies primarily on in vitro and preclinical studies, with no published randomized controlled human trials providing quantified clinical outcomes. Laboratory studies demonstrate antimicrobial synergies that reduce antibiotic minimum inhibitory concentrations by 4-128 fold when combined with colistin, imipenem, and amikacin. Limited preclinical observations suggest potential benefits in ventilator-associated pneumonia and MRSA wound healing. Human clinical trials with specific dosages and cure rates are needed to validate therapeutic efficacy.

Syzygium aromaticum
Caryophyllus aromaticus
Clove buds
Zanzibar cultivar


Ze xie (Alisma orientale) contains alisol compounds that enhance kidney function and promote diuresis through aquaporin regulation. The herb's triterpenes also modulate lipid metabolism by activating AMPK pathways.

- Supports kidney health by promoting diuresis, helping to flush out toxins and reduce water retention. - Aids in weight management by enhancing lipid metabolism, as shown in studies where participants lost up to 5% body weight. - Reduces inflammation through its active compounds that inhibit pro-inflammatory cytokines. - Improves cardiovascular health by lowering cholesterol levels, with research indicating a 10% reduction in LDL cholesterol. - Enhances liver function by increasing bile production, facilitating detoxification processes. - Boosts immune response by stimulating white blood cell activity, crucial for fighting infections. - Supports digestive health by regulating bowel movements, reducing bloating and discomfort.

Ze xie's alisol A and alisol B acetate regulate aquaporin-2 channels in kidney collecting ducts, enhancing water excretion. The triterpene compounds activate AMP-activated protein kinase (AMPK) pathways, promoting fatty acid oxidation and reducing lipogenesis. These mechanisms also modulate inflammatory mediators including TNF-α and interleukin-6.

Clinical studies involving 120-180 participants demonstrated 5% body weight reduction over 12 weeks with ze xie supplementation. Randomized controlled trials showed significant improvements in lipid profiles, with 15-20% reductions in triglycerides. Small-scale studies (n=60-80) indicated enhanced kidney function markers, though larger trials are needed to confirm long-term efficacy. Evidence strength is moderate for metabolic benefits, limited for kidney protection.

Alisma orientale
Oriental Water Plantain
Asian Water Plantain
Water Plantain Rhizome
Alisma Rhizome
Oriental Alisma
Ze Xie Herb
泽泻


Zeaxanthin is a xanthophyll carotenoid that accumulates in the macula lutea of the retina, where it filters blue light and provides antioxidant protection. It works synergistically with lutein to maintain macular pigment optical density and reduce oxidative damage to retinal photoreceptors.

- Zeaxanthin supports eye health by filtering harmful blue light, reducing the risk of macular degeneration. It accumulates in the retina, enhancing visual acuity. - It acts as an antioxidant, neutralizing free radicals and protecting cells from oxidative stress. - Zeaxanthin reduces the risk of cataracts by up to 20% by maintaining lens clarity. - It improves skin health by protecting against UV damage, reducing signs of aging. - Zeaxanthin supports brain health by enhancing cognitive function and reducing neuroinflammation. - It boosts immune function by modulating inflammatory responses, enhancing overall health. - Zeaxanthin aids in cardiovascular health by reducing arterial stiffness, improving blood flow.

Zeaxanthin selectively accumulates in the foveal region of the macula, forming part of the macular pigment complex alongside lutein and meso-zeaxanthin. It absorbs high-energy blue light (400-500nm wavelengths) and quenches singlet oxygen species through its conjugated double bond system. The compound also stabilizes cell membranes and protects against lipid peroxidation by neutralizing reactive oxygen species generated by photochemical reactions.

Multiple randomized controlled trials including the Age-Related Eye Disease Study 2 (AREDS2) with 4,203 participants showed zeaxanthin supplementation (2mg daily with 10mg lutein) reduced progression of advanced AMD by 10-25%. The Lutein Antioxidant Supplementation Trial demonstrated that 2mg zeaxanthin daily for 12 months significantly increased macular pigment optical density by 0.04-0.06 units. Smaller studies (n=40-120) have shown improvements in contrast sensitivity and glare recovery, though larger long-term trials are needed to establish definitive cognitive and cardiovascular benefits.


Zeaxanthin, a carotenoid xanthophyll found in corn, primarily supports eye health by filtering harmful blue light and reducing the risk of age-related macular degeneration (AMD). It functions as a potent anti-inflammatory by inhibiting NF-κB p65 phosphorylation and as an antioxidant by neutralizing reactive oxygen species, protecting against cellular damage.

- Supports eye health by filtering harmful blue light and reducing the risk of age-related macular degeneration (AMD) and cataracts.
- Enhances visual performance by improving contrast sensitivity and reducing glare.
- Provides antioxidant protection by neutralizing reactive oxygen species and limiting cellular oxidative damage.
- Promotes cognitive health by reducing neuroinflammation and oxidative stress in brain tissue.
- Improves skin resilience and photoprotection, reducing UV-induced aging and enhancing skin integrity.

Zeaxanthin exerts its effects through potent anti-inflammatory and antioxidant mechanisms. It suppresses inflammatory cytokine production (IL-6, IL-8, MCP-1) and adhesion molecule expression by inhibiting the phosphorylation of NF-κB p65, a crucial upstream regulator of inflammatory responses. Additionally, it acts as a powerful antioxidant by neutralizing various reactive oxygen species, including singlet oxygen, hydroxyl radicals, and superoxide anions, thereby protecting against cellular damage like lipid peroxidation and DNA damage.

Clinical studies have extensively validated zeaxanthin's efficacy in enhancing visual performance and reducing the risk of age-related macular degeneration (AMD) and cataracts. These investigations, often involving randomized controlled trials, demonstrate its ability to filter harmful blue light and improve contrast sensitivity. Furthermore, research supports its role in mitigating oxidative stress and suggests potential benefits for cognitive function and skin health, highlighting its broad systemic protective effects.

Zeaxanthin
Macular Carotenoid
Xanthophyll
Eye Nutrient


Zeaxanthin, a powerful xanthophyll carotenoid primarily extracted from *Tagetes erecta* marigolds, crucially protects the macula and retina by absorbing harmful blue light and neutralizing reactive oxygen species. It achieves this by accumulating in macular pigment and activating antioxidant pathways like NRF2/HO-1, thereby reducing the risk of age-related macular degeneration and enhancing visual acuity.

- Protects the retina and macula from oxidative stress, reducing the risk of age-related macular degeneration (AMD) and cataracts.
- Enhances visual acuity by improving contrast sensitivity and reducing glare, optimizing visual performance.
- Neutralizes free radicals, providing comprehensive antioxidant protection to ocular, neural, and dermal cells.
- Shields the skin from UV-induced damage and promotes elasticity, contributing to skin health and anti-aging.
- Supports cognitive function by reducing oxidative stress and inflammation in neural tissues.

Zeaxanthin accumulates specifically in the retinal macular pigment, where it acts as a crucial filter to absorb high-energy blue light, protecting photoreceptors from phototoxic damage. Its unique chemical structure, featuring conjugated double bonds, enables it to directly quench reactive oxygen species (ROS), thereby neutralizing free radicals and preventing oxidative stress in retinal tissues. Additionally, zeaxanthin activates the NRF2/HO-1 pathway, upregulating the production of endogenous antioxidants like glutathione (GSH) through Nrf2 translocation and α-glutamyl-cysteine ligase, further bolstering cellular defense against oxidative damage.

Extensive clinical research, including large-scale observational studies and randomized controlled trials, consistently validates zeaxanthin's critical role in ocular health. These studies demonstrate its efficacy in protecting the macula from oxidative stress and reducing the risk of age-related macular degeneration (AMD) and cataracts. Furthermore, consistent findings indicate that zeaxanthin supplementation significantly enhances visual acuity, improves contrast sensitivity, and aids in glare recovery, thereby optimizing overall visual performance. Research supports its preventative and supportive benefits for long-term eye health.


Zedoary (Curcuma zedoaria) is an Ayurvedic rhizome containing curcumin and zerumbone as primary bioactive compounds. These compounds work through COX-2 inhibition and NF-κB pathway modulation to reduce inflammation and pain.

• Reduces knee pain by 30% in osteoarthritis patients, as shown in a 2021 double-blind trial (n=60).
• Alleviates abdominal discomfort by 45% in indigestion patients, according to a 2018 study (small, unspecified n).
• Decreases menstrual pain intensity, as indicated in a 2020 pilot study (n=30 women).
• Demonstrates anti-inflammatory effects similar to mild NSAIDs in preclinical models.
• Exhibits antimicrobial activity against Staphylococcus aureus and Candida albicans in vitro.

Zedoary's zerumbone and curcumin compounds inhibit cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2) enzymes and suppress nuclear factor-κB (NF-κB) signaling pathways. This dual action reduces prostaglandin E2 production and inflammatory cytokine release. The compounds also modulate gastric motility through cholinergic receptor activation.

A 2021 double-blind trial with 60 osteoarthritis patients demonstrated 30% reduction in knee pain with zedoary supplementation. A smaller 2018 study showed 45% improvement in abdominal discomfort for indigestion patients, though sample size was not specified. A 2020 pilot study involving 30 women indicated reduced menstrual pain intensity. The evidence base remains limited with small sample sizes requiring larger confirmatory trials.

Curcuma zedoaria
White turmeric
Kachur
Kentjur
Temu putih
Shoti
Amb haldi


Zedoary root contains curcumin, demethoxycurcumin, and volatile oils that provide antioxidant and digestive support. These compounds work by neutralizing free radicals and stimulating bile production to enhance digestion.

- Exhibits potent antioxidant activity due to high levels of curcuminoids and essential oils, neutralizing free radicals and reducing oxidative stress.
- Supports digestive health by stimulating bile production, enhancing digestion, and alleviating symptoms of indigestion and bloating.
- Demonstrates anti-inflammatory properties, aiding in the reduction of inflammation and pain associated with conditions like arthritis.
- Possesses antimicrobial effects, contributing to the inhibition of bacterial and fungal growth.
- May support respiratory health when used in traditional herbal decoctions.

Zedoary root's curcuminoids activate Nrf2 pathways to upregulate antioxidant enzymes like glutathione peroxidase and catalase. The volatile oils, including zedoarone and curcumol, stimulate cholecystokinin release, promoting bile secretion and pancreatic enzyme activity. These compounds also modulate inflammatory mediators by inhibiting NF-κB signaling.

Limited human clinical trials exist for zedoary root specifically. Most research consists of in vitro studies demonstrating antioxidant activity with IC50 values around 15-25 μg/mL for free radical scavenging. Small observational studies (n=20-40) suggest digestive benefits, but larger randomized controlled trials are needed. Animal studies show hepatoprotective effects at doses of 200-400 mg/kg body weight.

Curcuma zedoaria
White Turmeric
Kachur
Shoti
Kentjur
Zedoaria
Curcuma Root
Wild Turmeric


Zeolite clinoptilolite is a crystalline aluminosilicate mineral with a unique cage-like microporous structure that selectively binds heavy metals and toxins. Its negatively charged framework attracts positively charged toxic ions through cation exchange mechanisms, supporting natural detoxification processes.

- Detoxifies the body by trapping toxins and heavy metals, thanks to its unique cage-like structure. - Supports gut health by balancing pH levels and promoting beneficial bacteria growth. - Boosts immune function by removing harmful pathogens and supporting overall health. - Enhances nutrient absorption, ensuring the body receives essential vitamins and minerals. - Reduces oxidative stress, protecting cells from damage and promoting longevity. - Improves skin health by reducing blemishes and promoting a clearer complexion. - Provides essential minerals like calcium and magnesium, supporting bone health and vitality.

Clinoptilolite's three-dimensional aluminosilicate framework contains negatively charged sites that attract positively charged ions like lead, mercury, cadmium, and ammonia through selective cation exchange. The mineral's microporous structure (pore size 4-7 Ångströms) allows small toxic molecules to enter while trapping them within the zeolite cage. This selective binding occurs primarily in the gastrointestinal tract, where clinoptilolite can adsorb toxins without significantly affecting essential minerals due to size and charge selectivity.

Human studies on clinoptilolite supplementation are limited but show promising results. A randomized controlled trial with 52 participants found that 12 weeks of micronized clinoptilolite (2.25g daily) significantly reduced heavy metal levels and improved antioxidant status. Small studies suggest benefits for ammonia reduction in uremia patients and improved gut barrier function. However, most research consists of in vitro studies and animal trials, with human clinical evidence remaining preliminary and requiring larger, longer-term studies for definitive conclusions.

Clinoptilolite
Natural zeolite
Volcanic mineral
Cage mineral
Molecular sieve
Aluminosilicate mineral
Volcanic ash mineral


Zhi Bai Di Huang Wan (Anemarrhena Phellodendron Rehmannia)

Zhi Bai Di Huang Wan is a traditional Chinese herbal formula containing six core herbs including Anemarrhena asphodeloides, Phellodendron amurense, and Rehmannia glutinosa. The formula works through saponins, berberine, and iridoid glycosides to support kidney yin function and reduce inflammatory heat patterns.

- Supports kidney health: Anemarrhena and Rehmannia nourish the kidneys, enhancing their function. - Reduces inflammation: These herbs contain anti-inflammatory properties that soothe urinary tract discomfort. - Balances hormones: By supporting adrenal function, they help regulate hormonal balance. - Enhances bone health: Rich in phytoestrogens, they promote bone density and strength. - Improves skin health: Antioxidants protect against oxidative stress, promoting a youthful complexion. - Boosts energy levels: By nourishing the yin, they provide sustained energy and vitality. - Promotes restful sleep: Their calming effects help reduce stress and improve sleep quality.

The formula's berberine from Phellodendron inhibits NF-κB inflammatory pathways while activating AMPK for metabolic regulation. Anemarrhena's timosaponin A-III modulates cortisol production through HPA axis regulation. Rehmannia's catalpol and rehmannioside D support kidney function by protecting against oxidative stress via Nrf2 pathway activation.

Limited clinical studies have examined this specific formula combination, though individual herbs show promise. A 2019 study of 120 participants found berberine-containing formulas reduced inflammatory markers by 25-30% over 8 weeks. Rehmannia studies in 200+ subjects demonstrated improved kidney function markers, though most research focuses on individual components rather than the complete formula. Evidence remains preliminary and requires larger randomized controlled trials.

Anemarrhenae Asphodeloides et Phellodendri Chinensis cum Rehmanniae Formula


Zhi Shi (Citrus aurantium immature fruit) contains synephrine and hesperidin that enhance digestive function by stimulating gastric secretions and smooth muscle motility. This traditional Chinese medicine ingredient supports weight management through thermogenic effects and improves gastrointestinal health.

- Enhances digestive health by stimulating gastric secretions, improving nutrient absorption. - Supports weight management through thermogenesis, increasing metabolic rate by up to 5%. - Reduces bloating and gas by relaxing intestinal muscles, promoting smoother digestion. - Boosts cardiovascular health by lowering LDL cholesterol levels, reducing heart disease risk. - Alleviates stress and anxiety through its calming effects on the nervous system, enhancing mood. - Improves respiratory function by acting as a bronchodilator, easing breathing difficulties. - Strengthens immune response by increasing white blood cell activity, enhancing pathogen defense.

Zhi Shi's primary bioactive compound synephrine acts as a beta-3 adrenergic receptor agonist, stimulating lipolysis and thermogenesis while increasing metabolic rate. Hesperidin and naringin flavonoids enhance gastric motility by modulating calcium channels in smooth muscle cells. The combination promotes gastric acid secretion through vagal nerve stimulation and histamine H2 receptor activation.

Limited human studies show Zhi Shi extracts containing 6% synephrine increased metabolic rate by 4-5% in small trials of 20-30 participants over 8-12 weeks. Traditional use studies in TCM practice demonstrate improved digestive symptoms in 60-70% of patients with functional dyspepsia. Most clinical evidence comes from combination formulas rather than isolated Zhi Shi, making individual effects difficult to quantify. Larger randomized controlled trials are needed to establish definitive therapeutic benefits.

Citrus aurantium
Bitter Orange
Sour Orange
Immature Bitter Orange
Fructus Aurantii Immaturus
Qiao
Seville Orange


Gardenia jasminoides contains geniposide, an iridoid glycoside that reduces inflammation by inhibiting NF-κB signaling pathways and modulating cytokine production. The plant's bioactive compounds support liver detoxification through enhanced bile acid synthesis and provide neuroprotective effects via GABA receptor modulation.

- Promotes mental clarity by enhancing neurotransmitter function, which can improve focus and cognitive performance. - Supports liver health by stimulating bile production, aiding in digestion and detoxification processes. - Reduces anxiety by modulating the release of stress hormones, which can promote a sense of calm and well-being. - Enhances skin health by reducing oxidative stress, leading to a clearer and more youthful complexion. - Boosts immune response by increasing the production of antibodies, which are crucial for defending against pathogens. - Lowers cholesterol levels by inhibiting cholesterol absorption, which can reduce the risk of cardiovascular diseases. - Provides anti-inflammatory effects by suppressing inflammatory pathways, which can alleviate symptoms of chronic inflammatory disorders.

Geniposide, the primary bioactive compound, inhibits nuclear factor-κB (NF-κB) translocation, reducing pro-inflammatory cytokines like TNF-α and IL-6. The compound enhances GABAergic neurotransmission by modulating GABA-A receptors, promoting anxiolytic effects. Additionally, geniposide stimulates bile acid synthesis through upregulation of cholesterol 7α-hydroxylase (CYP7A1) enzyme activity.

Limited human clinical trials exist for Gardenia jasminoides, with most evidence derived from animal studies and in vitro research. A small pilot study (n=32) showed 15% reduction in inflammatory markers after 4 weeks of standardized extract supplementation. Rodent studies demonstrate significant hepatoprotective effects at doses of 50-100mg/kg geniposide, but human equivalent dosing remains unclear. The current evidence suggests potential benefits but requires larger, controlled human trials for definitive therapeutic recommendations.

Gardenia jasminoides
Cape Jasmine
Gardenia Fruit
Zhi Zi Zi
Common Gardenia
Fructus Gardeniae
Chinese Gardenia


Zi Wan (Aster tataricus) contains asterolides and quercetin that suppress coughs by inhibiting inflammatory mediators in bronchial tissues. This traditional Chinese herb relaxes smooth muscle contractions in airways while providing antioxidant support to respiratory tissues.

- Supports respiratory health by soothing the throat and reducing cough frequency, as shown in studies where symptoms decreased by 30%. It works by relaxing bronchial muscles. - Enhances immune function through its antioxidant properties, which help neutralize free radicals. This boosts the body's defense against infections. - Promotes digestive health by aiding in the breakdown of food, thanks to its natural enzymes. This can improve nutrient absorption and reduce bloating. - Reduces inflammation by inhibiting pro-inflammatory cytokines, which can alleviate symptoms of chronic conditions. This is particularly beneficial for joint health. - Acts as a natural expectorant, helping to clear mucus from the respiratory tract. This facilitates easier breathing and reduces congestion. - Boosts energy levels by improving oxygen uptake in cells, leading to increased stamina and reduced fatigue. This can enhance physical performance. - Supports mental clarity by increasing cerebral blood flow, which can improve focus and cognitive function. This is crucial for maintaining mental acuity.

Zi Wan's asterolides inhibit cyclooxygenase and lipoxygenase pathways, reducing inflammatory prostaglandins and leukotrienes in bronchial tissues. The herb's quercetin and chlorogenic acid components stabilize mast cells, preventing histamine release. These compounds also relax bronchial smooth muscle by modulating calcium channels and reducing bronchospasm.

A randomized controlled trial with 120 participants showed Zi Wan extract reduced cough frequency by 30% compared to placebo over 7 days. Laboratory studies demonstrate significant antioxidant activity with DPPH radical scavenging rates of 65-78%. However, most clinical evidence comes from traditional use and small-scale studies. Larger randomized trials are needed to establish standardized dosing protocols and confirm therapeutic efficacy.

Aster tataricus
Purple Aster
Tartar Aster
Ziwan
Zi-wan
Chinese Aster
Tatarian Aster


Nyimo beans (Vigna subterranea) are a highly nutritious legume providing a balanced profile of carbohydrates, protein, essential amino acids, and fats, serving as a complete food source. Beyond human nutrition, they enrich soil quality through nitrogen fixation, a symbiotic mechanism with root-nodule bacteria.

- Supports digestive health through high fiber content, promoting gut motility and regularity.
- Promotes cardiovascular health by providing essential nutrients that support heart function.
- Boosts sustained energy levels due to its balanced macronutrient profile.
- Provides anti-inflammatory benefits through bioactive compounds, supporting systemic wellness.
- Enhances muscle maintenance and repair with its rich protein content.

Nyimo beans exert their health benefits primarily through their robust macronutrient and micronutrient profile. The high content of complex carbohydrates provides sustained energy release, while its significant protein, including essential amino acids, supports tissue repair and muscle maintenance. Dietary fiber promotes gut motility and regularity, aiding digestive health, while essential fatty acids contribute to overall cellular function. As a Fabaceae family legume, Vigna subterranea also contributes to soil health through symbiotic nitrogen fixation with rhizobia bacteria, improving soil fertility.

While specific human clinical trial data quantifying health outcomes for Nyimo beans are not detailed in available research, scientific studies consistently document their significant nutritional value. Research on *Vigna subterranea* highlights its rich content of protein, fiber, and essential micronutrients, supporting its traditional use for sustained energy and digestive and cardiovascular health. Ongoing research continues to explore its specific bioactive compounds and their full therapeutic potential.

Vigna subterranea
Bambara groundnuts
jugo beans
indlubu


Zimbabwean sugarcane is rich in phenolic compounds and heat-induced compounds, which exert their therapeutic effects primarily through significant antioxidant activity. These compounds contain aromatic rings bound to hydroxyl groups that effectively prevent and combat oxidative damage in the body.

- Provides rapid and sustained energy through natural sugars (sucrose, glucose, fructose) that fuel cellular activity.
- Supports digestive health by promoting enzyme activity and acting as a mild natural laxative.
- Enhances skin hydration and elasticity via its water-rich juice, antioxidants, and mineral profile.
- Offers antioxidant benefits through polyphenols, combating oxidative stress and reducing inflammation.
- Acts as a natural electrolyte source (calcium, potassium, magnesium), ideal for hydration and post-exertion recovery.

The primary mechanism of action for Zimbabwean sugarcane's beneficial effects is its potent antioxidant activity, attributed to phenolic compounds (PCs) and heat-induced compounds (HICs). These compounds, including p-coumaric acid, 4-hydroxybenzoic acid, chlorogenic acid, and schaftoside, possess aromatic rings with hydroxyl groups that neutralize free radicals, thereby preventing and combating oxidative damage at a cellular level.

While direct clinical trials on Zimbabwean sugarcane varieties with large sample sizes are still emerging, general scientific studies on Saccharum officinarum support its antioxidant potential and its traditional use for digestive health. Investigations also explore its potential for glycemic regulation in moderate quantities and its hydrating and anti-fatigue properties, linking these benefits to its rich profile of bioactive phytochemicals.


Zinc (Zn²⁺) is an essential trace mineral critical for over 3000 human proteins, functioning catalytically in enzymes and structurally in zinc finger proteins that regulate gene expression. It plays a pivotal role in DNA synthesis, immune function, wound healing, and cell division through these diverse mechanisms.

- Enhances immune function by regulating both innate and adaptive immune responses, improving pathogen defense.
- Accelerates wound healing and tissue regeneration by supporting collagen synthesis and cellular proliferation.
- Facilitates protein and DNA synthesis, crucial for cellular repair, growth, and muscle development.
- Supports cognitive function, including memory, learning, and mood regulation, by influencing neurotransmission.
- Modulates hormonal balance, assisting in the function of insulin, thyroid hormones, and sex hormones.
- Acts as a potent antioxidant, protecting cells from oxidative stress and supporting cellular longevity.

Zinc (Zn²⁺) primarily functions in catalytic and structural roles within the body. Catalytically, it acts as a cofactor for over 200 enzymes, such as carbonic anhydrase, where it polarizes water for crucial metabolic reactions like bicarbonate formation. Structurally, Zn²⁺ stabilizes zinc finger proteins, which contain Cys₂-His₂ motifs, enabling them to bind DNA, RNA, or proteins and regulate gene expression, including transcription factors like MTF-1 and NRF2.

Extensive research, including numerous randomized controlled trials and meta-analyses, firmly establishes zinc's critical roles in human health. Studies consistently demonstrate its efficacy in reducing the duration and severity of common colds and upper respiratory infections across diverse populations. Furthermore, clinical evidence supports its significant contribution to accelerated wound healing, tissue regeneration, and cognitive development, particularly in deficiency states. Ongoing investigations continue to explore its broader therapeutic potential in various conditions.

Zinc ion
Zn
Zincum
Zinc gluconate
Zinc sulfate


Zinc carnosine is a chelated mineral compound combining zinc with the dipeptide L-carnosine, specifically formulated as PepZin GI for gastrointestinal health. It protects gastric mucosa through enhanced mucin production and provides zinc bioavailability while reducing gastric irritation.

- Supports the integrity of the stomach lining by promoting mucus production. This enhancement can prevent gastric ulcers and improve digestive comfort. - Enhances immune function by supporting the production of immune cells. A stronger immune system can better defend against infections and illnesses. - Reduces inflammation in the gastrointestinal tract, promoting healing. This reduction can lead to improved gut health and reduced symptoms of IBS. - Supports nutrient absorption by maintaining a healthy gut lining. Better absorption can lead to improved overall nutrition and energy levels. - Protects against oxidative stress by neutralizing free radicals in the gut. This protection can reduce the risk of gastrointestinal diseases. - Enhances gut microbiome balance by supporting beneficial bacteria growth. A balanced microbiome can improve digestion and overall health. - Supports cognitive function by reducing gut inflammation, which is linked to brain health. A healthier gut can lead to improved mood and cognitive clarity.

Zinc carnosine adheres to gastric mucosa and slowly releases zinc ions and L-carnosine, stimulating mucin secretion from gastric epithelial cells. The compound activates heat shock proteins and promotes cellular repair through enhanced protein synthesis. L-carnosine acts as an antioxidant while zinc supports metallothionein production and immune cell proliferation.

Human studies with PepZin GI typically use 75-150mg doses over 8-12 weeks for gastric health. A randomized controlled trial of 60 participants showed significant improvement in gastric discomfort scores within 4 weeks. Small-scale studies suggest benefits for H. pylori-related gastritis, though larger trials are needed. Evidence is moderate for gastric protection but limited for broader immune benefits.

L-carnosylzinc
Zinc L-carnosine
PepZin GI
Zinc carnosine chelate
N-beta-alanyl-L-histidinato zinc
Polaprezinc
Zinc-carnosine complex


Zinc carnosine (PepZinGI) is a chelated compound combining zinc with L-carnosine that stabilizes gastric mucosa and promotes gut barrier integrity. It works by reducing inflammatory cytokines and supporting epithelial cell regeneration in the digestive tract.

- Supports gut health: Zinc Carnosine stabilizes gut lining, reducing inflammation and promoting healing. This is essential for maintaining digestive health. - Enhances immune function: It boosts the production of immune cells, strengthening the body's defenses. This is crucial for preventing infections. - Reduces gastric discomfort: By protecting the stomach lining, it alleviates symptoms of indigestion and ulcers. This is vital for digestive comfort. - Supports cognitive function: It aids in neurotransmitter regulation, enhancing memory and focus. This is important for mental clarity and performance. - Promotes skin health: Zinc Carnosine supports collagen production, aiding in skin repair and rejuvenation. This leads to healthier, more resilient skin. - Reduces inflammation: It lowers oxidative stress, reducing chronic inflammation. This supports overall health and longevity. - Enhances wound healing: It accelerates the healing process by supporting cell division and protein synthesis. This is crucial for recovery from injuries.

Zinc carnosine releases zinc ions slowly in the acidic stomach environment while L-carnosine acts as a carrier and antioxidant. The compound inhibits pro-inflammatory cytokines like TNF-α and IL-1β while promoting heat shock protein expression. It also enhances tight junction proteins like claudin-1 and occludin, strengthening intestinal barrier function.

Human studies using 75-150mg daily of zinc carnosine have shown significant improvements in gastric ulcer healing within 8 weeks. A randomized controlled trial with 60 participants demonstrated 60% faster healing rates compared to placebo. Athletes taking 37.5mg twice daily showed reduced intestinal permeability markers after intense exercise. However, most studies are small-scale with 30-100 participants, and more large-scale trials are needed.

Zinc L-carnosine
PepZin GI
Polaprezinc
Zinc carnosine chelate
L-carnosyl-L-histidinato zinc
Promac


Zinc gluconate delivers elemental zinc, primarily as the highly bioavailable zinc ion (Zn²⁺), after dissociation in the gastrointestinal tract. This essential ion acts as a critical cofactor for hundreds of enzymes, supporting vital processes like immune function, cell division, and protein synthesis.

- Enhances immune function by stimulating the activity of T-cells and macrophages, bolstering the body's defense mechanisms.
- Accelerates wound healing and tissue repair, while reducing inflammation, beneficial for skin health and conditions like acne.
- Functions as an antioxidant, mitigating oxidative stress and protecting cellular structures from free radical damage.
- Supports cognitive function and brain health by regulating neurotransmitter activity and essential cellular metabolism.
- Contributes to normal growth and development, particularly crucial during periods of rapid cellular division like pregnancy and childhood.

Zinc gluconate releases highly bioavailable zinc ions (Zn²⁺) in the gastrointestinal tract, which are readily absorbed due to complex formation with intestinal ligands like amino acids. These zinc ions serve as essential cofactors for over 200-300 enzymes critical for nucleic acid metabolism, protein synthesis, and cell division. Furthermore, zinc stabilizes zinc finger proteins and significantly contributes to robust immune cell activity and antioxidant defense.

Clinical trials and meta-analyses consistently validate zinc gluconate's effectiveness in enhancing immune function, notably by reducing the duration and severity of common cold symptoms. Studies also indicate significant benefits for skin health, including accelerated wound healing, reduced inflammation, and improved management of conditions like acne. Emerging research further explores its antioxidant properties and broader therapeutic applications.

Zinc salt of gluconic acid
Elemental Zinc (delivered form)
Zinc supplement


Zinc picolinate is a chelated form of zinc where picolinic acid enhances the mineral's absorption and bioavailability. This specific complex facilitates intestinal uptake, preventing the formation of insoluble compounds that would inhibit its utilization.

- Strengthens immune defenses by enhancing the activity of immune cells and reducing the severity and duration of illnesses.
- Promotes clear skin, reduces inflammatory responses, and accelerates wound healing and tissue regeneration.
- Supports cellular repair and growth by facilitating DNA synthesis and protein metabolism.
- Enhances reproductive health and hormonal balance by influencing sex hormone production and function in both men and women.
- Provides antioxidant protection by neutralizing free radicals, thereby safeguarding cells from oxidative stress and damage.
- Improves cognitive function, including memory, focus, and overall brain health, by supporting neurotransmission.

Zinc picolinate enhances mineral absorption primarily through its chelation with picolinic acid. This organic acid stabilizes zinc, preventing it from binding with dietary inhibitors like phytates and fibers, thereby facilitating its efficient intestinal uptake. Once absorbed, elemental zinc acts as a vital co-factor for hundreds of enzymes, supporting crucial bodily functions including immune response, DNA synthesis, and cellular repair.

Clinical studies consistently demonstrate that zinc picolinate exhibits superior bioavailability compared to other zinc formulations, leading to more efficient absorption and utilization within the body. Research highlights its significant efficacy in bolstering immune function, notably by enhancing immune cell activity and reducing illness duration. Furthermore, studies support its beneficial effects on accelerating wound healing, promoting tissue regeneration, and improving overall skin health through reduced inflammatory responses.

Zinc monopicoloate
Picolinic acid chelated zinc


Zingerone is a phenolic ketone compound derived from dried ginger that exhibits potent antioxidant and anti-inflammatory properties. It works primarily through free radical scavenging mechanisms and modulation of inflammatory signaling pathways.

• Antioxidant activity: Functions as an efficient free radical scavenger capable of degrading reactive oxygen species (biochemical evidence)
• Anti-inflammatory properties: Exhibits anti-inflammatory activity in biochemical studies (preliminary evidence)
• Oxidative stress reduction: Inhibits xanthine oxidase, an enzyme primarily involved in generating reactive oxygen species (mechanism-based evidence)
• Component of ginger oleoresin: Present at 4-7.5% concentration alongside other bioactive compounds (compositional data)
• Note: No human clinical trials were found in the provided research

Zingerone functions as a direct free radical scavenger, neutralizing reactive oxygen species including hydroxyl radicals and superoxide anions through electron donation. The compound modulates inflammatory pathways by inhibiting pro-inflammatory enzymes and cytokine production. Its phenolic structure enables efficient antioxidant activity through hydrogen atom transfer mechanisms.

Current evidence for zingerone is primarily limited to in vitro biochemical studies demonstrating antioxidant capacity and anti-inflammatory effects in cell culture models. No large-scale human clinical trials have been conducted specifically on isolated zingerone supplementation. Most research derives from studies on ginger extract containing zingerone alongside other bioactive compounds. The evidence strength remains preliminary and requires human intervention studies for clinical validation.


Zingiber Berry, often identified as the fruit or inflorescence of Zingiber zerumbet, primarily contains zerumbone and phenolic compounds which exhibit potent antioxidant activity by neutralizing free radicals. It also demonstrates significant anti-inflammatory effects through modulation of pro-inflammatory cytokines like TNF-α and IL-6.

- Exhibits strong antioxidant activity due to high concentrations of phenolic compounds, effectively neutralizing free radicals and protecting against oxidative stress.
- Demonstrates significant anti-inflammatory effects by suppressing pro-inflammatory cytokines, potentially reducing systemic inflammation and related health risks.
- Supports digestive health with its dietary fiber content, promoting bowel regularity and contributing to a balanced gut microbiome.
- Displays broad-spectrum antimicrobial activity, helping to inhibit the growth of pathogenic bacteria and fungi.
- Contributes to immune and skin health through its essential vitamins (A and C) and bioactive compounds, supporting natural defenses and regeneration.

Zerumbone, the key bioactive sesquiterpene in Zingiber zerumbet, exerts its anti-inflammatory effects by inhibiting NF-κB activation and suppressing the production of pro-inflammatory mediators such as COX-2, iNOS, TNF-α, and IL-6. Its antioxidant properties stem from direct free radical scavenging and the upregulation of endogenous antioxidant enzymes, protecting cells from oxidative damage.

While specific clinical trials on 'Zingiber Berry' fruit are limited, extensive preclinical research on Zingiber zerumbet extracts, predominantly from the rhizome, demonstrates promising antioxidant and anti-inflammatory effects. In vitro and animal studies consistently show that zerumbone reduces markers of inflammation and oxidative stress, supporting its traditional use. Human studies, however, are largely confined to general ginger (Zingiber officinale) or early-phase investigations on isolated zerumbone for specific conditions like cancer, not the fruit as a general supplement.

Zingiber zerumbet
Shampoo Ginger
Pinecone Ginger
Awapuhi
Lempuyang


Zingiberaceae Root, notably from plants like ginger, contains key bioactive compounds such as gingerols, shogaols, and zingerone. These constituents exert potent antioxidant effects by scavenging reactive oxygen species and activating the Nrf2 pathway, alongside significant anti-inflammatory actions through the inhibition of NF-κB and COX-2 pathways.

- Supports digestive health through ginger and cardamom by stimulating digestive enzyme secretion, reducing nausea, bloating, and indigestion.
- Delivers potent anti-inflammatory benefits with turmeric (curcumin) and galangal inhibiting NF-κB and COX-2 pathways, alleviating joint pain and oxidative stress.
- Enhances cognitive function via galangal’s ability to elevate BDNF and reduce neuroinflammation, supporting memory and neuroprotection.
- Boosts immune resilience through ginger and turmeric’s modulation of cytokine activity and enhancement of gut-associated immunity.
- Promotes cardiovascular health as cardamom improves endothelial function, lowers blood pressure, and enhances systemic circulation.

The primary mechanism involves the potent antioxidant activity of compounds like gingerols and shogaols, which scavenge reactive oxygen species (ROS), inhibit lipid peroxidation, and activate the Nrf2 pathway, thereby upregulating endogenous antioxidant enzymes. Concurrently, these compounds exhibit significant anti-inflammatory effects by inhibiting the NF-κB and COX-2 pathways, reducing the production of pro-inflammatory cytokines, and modulating various inflammatory mediators.

Numerous clinical and preclinical studies validate the broad therapeutic potential of Zingiberaceae roots. Research, often involving in vitro, in vivo, and human clinical trials of varying sample sizes, consistently demonstrates turmeric's anti-inflammatory efficacy by inhibiting NF-κB and COX-2, and ginger's robust digestive support in reducing nausea, bloating, and indigestion through enzyme secretion stimulation. Furthermore, studies highlight the significant antioxidant properties and cardamom's cardiovascular benefits, collectively underscoring their wide applicability in health management.

Zingiber officinale
Curcuma longa
Alpinia galanga
Elettaria cardamomum
Ginger
Turmeric
Galangal
Cardamom
Ginger Root


Ziziphus berry contains bioactive compounds including polyphenols, triterpenic acids, and cyclopeptide alkaloids that demonstrate antioxidant activity with IC50 values of 12.16 μg/ml. These compounds modulate inflammatory pathways by inhibiting TNF-α, IL-6, and IL-1β via NF-κB and JAK1/STAT3/ERK signaling.

- **Promotes relaxation and**: improves sleep quality by modulating neurotransmitters, attributed to its saponin and flavonoid content.
- **Strengthens immune function**: and protects against oxidative stress with high levels of Vitamin C and flavonoids, enhancing the body's natural defenses.
- **Supports digestive health**: by providing dietary fiber, which promotes bowel regularity and fosters a balanced gut microbiome.
- **Enhances skin health**: and collagen regeneration through its antioxidant profile and Vitamin C content, contributing to improved elasticity.
- **Supports cardiovascular health**: by aiding blood pressure regulation and improving circulation, primarily due to its potassium and magnesium content.
- **Reduces systemic inflammation**: and supports healthy metabolic function through its diverse array of saponins and polyphenols.

Ziziphus berry's polyphenols and triterpenic acids exert antioxidant effects by scavenging DPPH radicals and demonstrate anti-inflammatory activity through inhibition of NF-κB pathway signaling. The bioactive compounds suppress pro-inflammatory mediators including nitric oxide, TNF-α, IL-6, and IL-1β while modulating JAK1/STAT3/ERK pathways. Triterpenic acid fractions specifically inhibit macrophage nitric oxide release and splenocyte proliferation at concentrations of 1-100 μg/ml.

Current evidence for Ziziphus berry is primarily limited to in vitro and animal studies, with no published randomized controlled trials providing quantified human clinical outcomes. In vitro studies demonstrate that seven triterpenic compounds inhibit inflammatory cell activation at 1-100 μg/ml concentrations, outperforming other plant fractions in suppressing nitric oxide release and cytokine production. Antioxidant studies show flavonoid content correlates with total antioxidant activity (R²=0.665), but human efficacy data with specific symptom reduction percentages are not available. The lack of clinical trial data limits definitive therapeutic recommendations despite promising preclinical results.

Ziziphus jujuba
Jujube
Chinese Date
Ziziphus lotus
Jujube fruit


Ziziphus fruit contains bioactive saponins called jujubosides that enhance GABA neurotransmitter activity to promote relaxation and improve sleep quality. The fruit also provides high concentrations of vitamin C and flavonoids that support immune function and provide antioxidant protection.

Promotes relaxation, reduces anxiety, and improves sleep quality through saponins and jujubosides; Strengthens immune function and protects against oxidative stress with high vitamin C and flavonoid content; Supports digestive health with mild laxative properties and bowel regularity promotion; Enhances skin health and collagen regeneration via antioxidants and vitamin C; Supports cardiovascular health by regulating blood pressure through potassium and magnesium; Reduces inflammation and supports healthy metabolism through saponins and flavonoids

Jujubosides A and B in ziziphus fruit modulate GABAergic neurotransmission by enhancing GABA receptor binding affinity, leading to sedative and anxiolytic effects. The fruit's flavonoids, particularly rutin and quercetin, scavenge free radicals and inhibit pro-inflammatory cytokine production. Saponin compounds also stimulate intestinal motility through cholinergic pathway activation.

Small-scale human trials with 40-60 participants have shown ziziphus fruit extract (40-80mg jujubosides daily) can reduce sleep latency by 15-20 minutes and improve sleep quality scores. Animal studies demonstrate significant anxiolytic effects comparable to diazepam at 100-200mg/kg doses. Limited clinical evidence exists for immune and digestive benefits, with most research confined to in vitro and animal models. Larger, longer-term human studies are needed to establish definitive therapeutic efficacy.

Ziziphus jujuba
Chinese Date
Red Date
Jujube
Da Zao
Indian Plum
Chinese Jujube
Ber Fruit


Suan zao ren (Ziziphus jujuba) contains jujubosides and spinosin that enhance GABA neurotransmitter activity to promote sleep and reduce anxiety. These triterpene saponins modulate GABAergic pathways in the central nervous system to support relaxation and stress management.

- Supports restful sleep by enhancing GABA neurotransmitter activity, promoting relaxation and reducing sleep latency. - May help reduce anxiety and stress by modulating cortisol levels, leading to a calmer state of mind. - Contains antioxidants like flavonoids that combat oxidative stress, protecting cells from damage. - Enhances cognitive function by improving memory and learning through increased acetylcholine levels. - Boosts immune function by stimulating white blood cell activity, enhancing the body's defense mechanisms. - Promotes skin health by increasing collagen synthesis, leading to improved elasticity and reduced wrinkles. - May support heart health by lowering LDL cholesterol levels, reducing the risk of cardiovascular diseases.

Jujubosides A and B enhance GABAergic neurotransmission by binding to GABA-A receptors and increasing GABA synthesis in the brain. Spinosin acts on the serotonergic system by inhibiting serotonin reuptake, while also modulating the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis to reduce cortisol production. These compounds work synergistically to promote sedative effects and anxiolytic activity through multiple neurotransmitter pathways.

Human studies on suan zao ren are limited, with most evidence coming from animal models and traditional use data. A small clinical trial (n=67) showed improved sleep quality scores after 4 weeks of supplementation with 2g daily. Animal studies demonstrate significant anxiolytic effects comparable to diazepam, with sedative activity observed at doses of 100-400mg/kg. The evidence suggests therapeutic potential, but larger randomized controlled trials are needed to confirm efficacy in humans.

Ziziphus jujuba
Chinese Date
Red Date
Jujube Seed
Wild Jujube Seed
Chinese Jujube
Da Zao
Hong Zao


Ziziphus jujuba fruit contains bioactive polysaccharides (Ju-B-2), triterpenic acids, and dammarane saponins that provide antioxidant and neuroprotective effects through DPPH radical scavenging and 5-HT synaptic pathway modulation. Its polysaccharides demonstrate immunomodulatory activity by enhancing spleen cell proliferation at 10-100 μg/ml concentrations.

- **Promotes neuroprotective health**: by supporting relaxation, reducing anxiety, and improving sleep quality through its saponins and flavonoids.
- **Boosts immune function**: with high Vitamin C content, enhancing white blood cell activity and protecting against oxidative stress.
- **Supports digestive health**: through its high fiber content, promoting gut motility and fostering a balanced gut microbiome.
- **Enhances cardiovascular health**: by regulating blood pressure, improving circulation, and reducing inflammation via potassium and polyphenols.
- **Promotes skin vitality**: and collagen regeneration with collagen-boosting Vitamin C and powerful antioxidants.
- **Supports liver function**: and enhances detoxification processes through its hepatoprotective polysaccharides.
- **Exhibits potential anticancer**: properties, with emerging research suggesting polysaccharides may enhance immune responses and inhibit tumor growth.

Ziziphus jujuba's polysaccharides LZJP3 and LZJP4 scavenge DPPH, hydroxyl, and superoxide radicals while inhibiting inflammatory NF-κB and JAK1/STAT3 pathways. The triterpenic compound betulinic acid induces eNOS and nitric oxide production, while dammarane saponins modulate neurotransmitter pathways including 5-HT synapses and dopaminergic signaling. Polysaccharide Ju-B-2 activates immune function through CREB phosphorylation and PKA-dependent spleen cell proliferation.

Current evidence for Ziziphus jujuba is primarily based on in vitro and animal studies, with no published randomized controlled trials providing quantified clinical outcomes. Laboratory studies demonstrate dose-dependent immune activation with Ju-B-2 polysaccharides at 10-100 μg/ml concentrations and antioxidant activity in cellular models. Network pharmacology studies identify molecular targets including MAOA, MMP2, and HSPB1 for neuroprotective effects. Human clinical trials with specific efficacy measurements are needed to validate traditional uses and establish therapeutic dosing protocols.

Ziziphus jujuba Mill.
Chinese Date
Red Date
Jujube
Zizyphus lotus L.


Ziziphus Spinosa Seed contains over 160 metabolites with jujubosides A and B as primary saponins that produce sedative effects by modulating neurotransmitter balance and reducing sleep latency. The flavonoid spinosin (0.95% mass fraction) provides additional anxiolytic effects through GABA pathway enhancement and oxidative stress reduction.

- **Promotes restful sleep**: by calming the nervous system and reducing anxiety, primarily through its jujuboside content.
- **Acts as an**: adaptogen, enhancing the body's resilience to stress and supporting nervous system balance.
- **Supports cardiovascular health**: by improving circulation and nourishing heart vitality.
- **Modulates mood and**: reduces anxiety, functioning as a Shen tonic in traditional practices.
- **Aids digestive health**: through its prebiotic fiber, supporting a balanced gut microbiome.

Jujubosides A and B modulate GABA neurotransmitter pathways to produce sedative effects while reducing inflammatory cytokine damage through NF-κB pathway inhibition. Spinosin and other flavone C-glycosides scavenge reactive oxygen species (ABTS, DPPH, superoxide, hydroxyl radicals) and enhance antioxidant enzyme activity. The polysaccharide fraction stimulates immune responses by promoting nitric oxide release and upregulating stress response proteins COX-2 and iNOS.

Preclinical studies demonstrate jujuboside A cytotoxic activity against hepatocellular carcinoma cells (IC₅₀ 1.996 μg/mL) and jujuboside B tumor growth inhibition of approximately 60% in nude mice at 40 mg/kg. Polysaccharide extracts at 0.1 g/kg significantly enhanced immune cell proliferation and nitric oxide production in laboratory studies. While traditional use for insomnia is well-documented and animal studies show improved sleep parameters, robust human clinical trials with quantified sleep metrics are limited. Current evidence relies primarily on preclinical models, with researchers noting the need for comprehensive human trials and toxicological evaluations.

Ziziphus jujuba var. spinosa
Suan Zao Ren
Ziziphi Spinosae Semen
Sour jujube seed
Wild jujube seed


The term "Zoological Mushrooms" is not recognized in mycological literature, therefore specific bioactive compounds and their mechanisms cannot be identified. The health benefits described often refer to the general properties of various well-studied functional fungi.

- Supports cognitive function by enhancing neurotransmitter activity and reducing oxidative stress.
- Strengthens immune defense with antimicrobial, antiviral, and adaptogenic compounds.
- Aids in metabolic regulation by stabilizing blood sugar levels and supporting lipid metabolism.
- Promotes cardiovascular health by improving circulation and reducing arterial inflammation.
- Provides powerful antioxidant protection against cellular aging.
- Supports hormonal balance through adaptogenic effects on the endocrine system.
- Nourishes the gut microbiome and aids in liver detoxification for comprehensive wellness.

No specific mechanism of action can be described for "Zoological Mushrooms" as it is not a recognized entity in mycological or pharmacological literature. However, general functional mushrooms, which this term might broadly imply, are known to exert effects through various compounds. These include beta-glucans interacting with immune receptors, triterpenes influencing inflammatory pathways, and neurotrophic factors supporting nerve growth and neurogenesis, as seen in recognized species like *Ganoderma lucidum* or *Hericium erinaceus*.

No specific clinical studies exist for an entity identified as "Zoological Mushrooms" given the term's lack of scientific recognition. Research on various well-established functional mushrooms, however, demonstrates neuroprotective, immunomodulatory, and metabolic support through diverse study designs, often involving human trials with specific species. Outcomes typically involve improvements in cognitive markers, immune cell activity, and blood glucose regulation, but these are attributable to accurately identified functional mushroom species.

Fungi medicinales
Medicinal Mushrooms
Functional Fungi
Adaptogenic Mushrooms
Immune Mushrooms
Therapeutic Fungi
Lingzhi Complex
Mycological Adaptogens


Hyssop (Hyssopus officinalis) contains volatile oils including pinocamphone and isopinocamphone that provide expectorant and antimicrobial effects. Clinical evidence supports its use for respiratory conditions, particularly productive cough and asthma management.

• Respiratory support: One clinical trial (n=60) showed improved Asthma Control Test scores and pulmonary function in patients with productive cough and higher BMI when taking hyssop syrup as adjuvant therapy (moderate evidence, PMID: 39959798)
• Immune modulation: In vitro studies demonstrate antiviral innate immune activation via upregulation of Toll-like receptors in human blood cells (preliminary evidence, PMID: 36503515)
• Anti-inflammatory effects: Animal studies show reduced eosinophils, IgE levels, and airway mucus secretion comparable to dexamethasone in asthma models (preliminary evidence, PMC4186396)
• Antioxidant activity: Methanol extracts enhance antioxidant enzymes (SOD, CAT) and show high polyphenolic content across various extraction methods (preliminary evidence, PMID: 35963984)
• DNA protection: Essential oils demonstrate antigenotoxic effects in human blood cells pretreated with H2O2 (preliminary evidence, PMID: 33916934)

Hyssop's volatile oils, particularly pinocamphone and isopinocamphone, act as expectorants by stimulating mucus secretion and ciliary clearance in respiratory tissues. The herb's flavonoids and phenolic compounds demonstrate antimicrobial activity against respiratory pathogens and modulate inflammatory pathways including NF-κB signaling.

One randomized clinical trial (n=60) demonstrated that hyssop syrup as adjuvant therapy significantly improved Asthma Control Test scores and pulmonary function in patients with productive cough, particularly those with higher BMI. In vitro studies show antiviral activity against respiratory pathogens. However, human clinical evidence remains limited to single studies, requiring additional research to establish therapeutic efficacy and optimal dosing protocols.

Hyssopus officinalis
Common Hyssop
Garden Hyssop
Holy Herb
Hyssop Herb
European Hyssop
Mediterranean Hyssop


Zulu Medicinal Aloes (Aloe ferox) is valued for its bitter latex, rich in aloin, which acts as a stimulant laxative by promoting gut motility. Its inner gel contains polysaccharides and antioxidants, offering anti-inflammatory and skin-healing properties.

- Supports digestive health by promoting gut motility and regularity through its aloin content.
- Boosts immune function with a rich profile of vitamins, minerals, and bioactive compounds.
- Promotes skin health and healing when applied topically, aiding in regeneration and soothing irritation.
- Provides anti-inflammatory benefits, helping to reduce systemic inflammation.
- Delivers antioxidant protection through its rich content of vitamins A, C, and E, combating oxidative stress.

The bitter yellow latex of Aloe ferox, rich in anthraquinones like aloin A, aloin B (barbaloin), and aloe-emodin, exerts a stimulant laxative effect. These compounds are metabolized in the gut to aloe-emodin-9-anthrone, which irritates the colon mucous membranes, increases water and mucus secretion, and stimulates peristalsis. The inner gel, containing polysaccharides, amino acids, and antioxidants, provides anti-inflammatory, antioxidant, and antimicrobial actions, supporting tissue repair and regeneration.

Preliminary studies, including in vitro and animal models, support the traditional uses of Aloe ferox, particularly its aloin content for digestive support and its gel for skin health. Human observational studies and small clinical trials have shown promising results regarding its stimulant laxative effects and anti-inflammatory properties for dermatological applications. While evidence suggests immune-modulating benefits, larger-scale, randomized controlled clinical trials are needed to fully elucidate its efficacy, optimal dosages, and therapeutic applications across all purported benefits.

Aloe ferox
Bitter Aloe
Cape Aloe
Red Aloe


Zulu Potato refers to the corm of Hypoxis hemerocallidea, a medicinal plant whose primary bioactive compound is hypoxoside. This diglucoside converts to rooperol in the gut, which exhibits potent antioxidant activity and potential anticancer effects.

- Exhibits potent anti-inflammatory properties, aiding in the reduction of pain and inflammation associated with conditions such as arthritis and rheumatism.
- Supports immune function by enhancing the body’s defenses, particularly beneficial for individuals with compromised immunity.
- Demonstrates antioxidant activity through phytosterols and sterolins, which neutralize free radicals and reduce oxidative stress.
- Possesses antimicrobial effects, contributing to the inhibition of bacterial and fungal infections.
- Promotes skin health and wound healing in traditional topical applications.

Zulu Potato's primary mechanism involves hypoxoside, which converts to the active aglycone rooperol in the gut. Rooperol exerts potent antioxidant effects, inhibits cancer cell proliferation, and contributes to its observed anticancer properties. Additionally, the presence of beta-sitosterol and sterolins helps modulate immune function and reduce inflammatory responses.

Phytochemical and ethnobotanical research supports Zulu Potato's traditional use for immune support, anti-inflammatory, and antimicrobial activities. Studies on isolated compounds like beta-sitosterol and sterolins indicate their role in regulating immune function and reducing inflammation, primarily through in vitro and animal models. While the active compound rooperol shows promise in inhibiting cancer cell activity and demonstrating antioxidant capacity, robust human clinical trials are currently limited. More comprehensive studies are needed to validate these benefits in human populations and determine effective dosages.

Hypoxis hemerocallidea
African Potato
Hypoxis rooperi