Butterfruit (Persea americana) contains bioactive fatty alcohols, furan derivatives, and phytosterols including β-sitosterol that provide cardiovascular and antioxidant benefits through cholesterol-lowering pathways. The fruit's phenolic compounds modulate Nrf2 and NF-κB pathways while upregulating antioxidant enzymes like superoxide dismutase and catalase.

- Supports cardiovascular health by providing monounsaturated fats that help lower LDL cholesterol.
- Promotes skin vitality through its rich concentration of vitamins A, C, and E, which support collagen and cellular repair.
- Aids in weight management with high fiber content that enhances satiety and supports healthy digestion.
- Offers antioxidant protection through bioactive compounds that combat oxidative stress and cellular damage.
- Contributes to electrolyte balance and overall cellular function due to its mineral content.

Butterfruit's β-sitosterol reduces cholesterol through competitive inhibition of dietary cholesterol absorption, while phenolic compounds and flavonoids scavenge reactive oxygen species and upregulate antioxidant enzymes including superoxide dismutase, catalase, and glutathione peroxidase. The fruit's bioactive compounds modulate key signaling pathways including Nrf2 for antioxidant protection and NF-κB for anti-inflammatory effects, with furan derivatives providing additional anticancer activity through apoptosis induction.

Current evidence for butterfruit is primarily preclinical, with no published randomized controlled trials reporting specific quantified health outcomes in humans. Laboratory studies show that methanolic seed extract at 100 μg/mL induces apoptosis in breast cancer cells, while water-ethyl acetate extracts at 10 μg/mL enhance keratinocyte proliferation in human skin models. Existing research has methodological limitations including small sample sizes and inconsistent dosing protocols. Human clinical trials are needed to validate the cardiovascular and antioxidant benefits suggested by preclinical data.

Persea americana
avocado
alligator pear
aguacate
abacate


Buttermilk, particularly its Milk Fat Globule Membrane (MFGM), provides bioactive components like butyrophilin and sphingomyelin. These compounds contribute to gut health by regulating cellular processes, supporting immunity, and offering protective effects.

- Promotes gut microbiota balance, enhances digestion, and alleviates bloating through beneficial probiotics like Lactococcus lactis and Leuconostoc.
- Supports hydration and electrolyte balance, particularly beneficial in warm climates, due to its natural electrolyte content.
- Contributes to bone strength and density as a good source of calcium, phosphorus, and often fortified with vitamin D.
- Aids in weight management by being low in fat and calories yet high in protein, increasing satiety and supporting metabolism.
- Bolsters immune defenses and reduces inflammation through its probiotic content and bioactive peptides.
- Helps neutralize stomach acid and soothe indigestion due to its mild alkalizing effect.

Buttermilk's primary mechanisms stem from its Milk Fat Globule Membrane (MFGM), containing bioactive proteins such as butyrophilin (BTN) and lipids like sphingomyelin. Sphingomyelin metabolites, including ceramides and sphingosine-1-phosphate, regulate crucial cellular processes like growth, apoptosis, angiogenesis, and immune responses. Additionally, proteins like butyrophilin contribute to immunomodulation, while others like fatty acid-binding protein (FABP) may inhibit cell growth.

Traditional use of buttermilk is supported by modern research validating its probiotic content, primarily lactic acid bacteria. These studies indicate benefits for gut microbiota balance, enhanced digestion, and immune system support, particularly through beneficial strains like Lactococcus lactis and Leuconostoc. Furthermore, research highlights buttermilk's efficacy in hydration due to its electrolyte profile and its contribution to bone health. While human clinical trials directly on buttermilk's MFGM components are emerging, preclinical and in vitro studies suggest potential roles in cellular regulation and protective effects.

Fermented Buttermilk
Cultured Buttermilk
Chaas

Legacy index-continuity record: the score and narrative are provisional and must not be represented as validated or human-approved.


Button mushrooms (Agaricus bisporus) contain β-glucans that activate immune cells through dectin-1 and TLR-2 receptors, stimulating T-cells, B-cells, and NK cells while demonstrating direct cytotoxicity against cancer cells. These mushrooms also exhibit aromatase-inhibiting properties that reduce estrogen production, showing particular promise against breast cancer in preclinical studies.

- **Provides antioxidant protection**: through compounds like selenium, ergothioneine, and polyphenols that combat oxidative damage.
- **Enhances immune response**: with beta-glucans and polysaccharides that stimulate macrophage and natural killer cell activity.
- **Supports digestive health**: via dietary fiber that promotes bowel regularity and microbiome balance.
- **Contributes to cardiovascular**: wellness by helping regulate blood pressure and cholesterol with potassium and selenium.
- **Reduces inflammation with**: bioactive compounds that modulate inflammatory pathways linked to metabolic and joint health.
- **Promotes bone health**: through vitamin D precursors that convert to active vitamin D when exposed to sunlight.
- **Supports weight management**: with a low-calorie, high-water, and nutrient-dense profile that promotes satiety.

β-glucans with β-(1,3)-glycosidic bonds bind to dectin-1 and toll-like receptor-2 (TLR-2), activating innate immunity and stimulating immune cells including T-cells, B-cells, NK cells, and macrophages. These compounds directly target cancer cells through p53, ERK, caspase, PI3K/Akt/mTOR, and NF-κB pathways, inhibiting proliferation and inducing apoptosis. Polyphenols including gallic acid and catechin interact with steroid receptors while the mushrooms demonstrate aromatase enzyme inhibition, reducing estrogen production.

Current evidence for Agaricus bisporus is primarily limited to preclinical in vitro and in vivo studies demonstrating aromatase inhibition and anticancer effects in breast cancer models. No specific clinical trials with quantified human outcomes, patient cohorts, or efficacy percentages have been reported in the available research. While numerous studies validate the immune-boosting and antioxidant effects of button mushrooms, the clinical evidence remains predominantly observational and mechanistic rather than interventional. The therapeutic claims require validation through controlled human trials with specific dosages and measured outcomes.

Agaricus bisporus
white button mushroom
cremini mushroom
baby bella
portobello mushroom
common mushroom


Button mushroom powder contains ergothioneine and selenium compounds that provide antioxidant protection and support immune function. The polysaccharides and beta-glucans in button mushrooms help modulate immune responses and support cardiovascular health through improved cholesterol metabolism.

- The unique phytochemical profile of Button Mushroom Powder provides several health-promoting properties.
- Supports cardiovascular health through potassium, fiber, and polyphenolic compounds.
- Provides natural energy through complex carbohydrates and B vitamins essential for metabolism.
- Contains anti-inflammatory phytonutrients that support joint comfort and systemic inflammation balance.
- Supports skin health through vitamin C-mediated collagen synthesis and antioxidant protection.

Ergothioneine acts as a cellular antioxidant by scavenging hydroxyl radicals and protecting mitochondrial DNA from oxidative damage. Beta-glucan polysaccharides bind to dectin-1 receptors on immune cells, activating macrophages and enhancing innate immune responses. Potassium content supports cardiovascular function by promoting healthy blood pressure through sodium-potassium pump regulation.

Human studies on button mushroom consumption show modest improvements in antioxidant status, with one 12-week trial of 100g daily fresh mushrooms increasing ergothioneine levels by 40%. Limited clinical research exists specifically on powdered forms, with most evidence derived from observational studies linking regular mushroom intake to reduced cardiovascular risk markers. Animal studies suggest immune-modulating effects, but human clinical trials with standardized button mushroom powder extracts remain scarce.

Agaricus bisporus
White Button Mushroom
Common Mushroom
Table Mushroom
Champignon
Portobello
Cremini
Baby Bella


Butyrate is a short-chain fatty acid produced by gut bacteria that serves as the primary energy source for colonocytes and regulates intestinal barrier function. It activates G-protein coupled receptors GPR41 and GPR109A to reduce inflammation and support gut health.

- Supports gut health by nourishing colon cells, which can enhance digestion and reduce symptoms of IBS. - Enhances immune function through anti-inflammatory effects, potentially reducing inflammation markers by 20%. - Promotes mental well-being by influencing serotonin production, which can improve mood and reduce anxiety. - Aids in weight management by increasing energy expenditure, potentially boosting metabolism by 15%. - Supports cardiovascular health by reducing cholesterol synthesis, which can lower LDL cholesterol by 10%. - Enhances bone health by promoting calcium absorption, potentially increasing bone density by 5%. - Reduces risk of colon cancer by inhibiting tumor growth, with studies showing a 30% reduction in tumor incidence.

Butyrate activates G-protein coupled receptors GPR41, GPR43, and GPR109A on intestinal epithelial cells and immune cells. It inhibits histone deacetylases (HDACs), particularly HDAC1 and HDAC3, leading to increased acetylation and anti-inflammatory gene expression. Butyrate also strengthens tight junctions between intestinal cells by upregulating claudin-1 and occludin proteins.

Human studies on butyrate supplementation show modest but consistent benefits for gut health. A 12-week randomized controlled trial with 66 IBS patients found 300mg daily sodium butyrate reduced abdominal pain scores by 23% compared to placebo. Smaller studies (n=20-40) demonstrate 15-20% reductions in inflammatory markers like TNF-α and IL-6. Evidence is promising but limited by small sample sizes and short study durations.

Butyric acid
n-Butyric acid
Butanoic acid
C4H8O2
SCFA
n-Butanoic acid
Propylformic acid


Butyrate is a short-chain fatty acid that serves as the primary energy source for colonocytes, the cells lining the colon. It strengthens gut barrier function through histone deacetylase inhibition and modulates intestinal inflammation via NF-κB pathway suppression.

- Supports colon health by nourishing colonocytes, improving cellular function. This maintains a healthy colon lining. - Enhances gut barrier function by reducing permeability, decreasing leaky gut syndrome risk. This strengthens intestinal integrity. - Reduces inflammation by modulating immune responses, lowering inflammatory markers by 20%. This promotes overall health. - Improves insulin sensitivity by enhancing glucose metabolism, aiding in blood sugar control. This supports metabolic health. - Promotes weight management by increasing satiety hormones, reducing appetite. This assists in maintaining a healthy weight. - Supports brain health by reducing neuroinflammation, potentially lowering Alzheimer's risk. This enhances cognitive function. - Boosts energy levels by enhancing mitochondrial function, increasing cellular energy production. This combats fatigue.

Butyrate acts as a histone deacetylase (HDAC) inhibitor, promoting tight junction protein expression and enhancing intestinal barrier integrity. It suppresses the NF-κB inflammatory pathway while activating G-protein coupled receptors GPR41 and GPR43. These mechanisms reduce pro-inflammatory cytokine production and support beneficial regulatory T-cell differentiation in gut-associated lymphoid tissue.

Clinical studies on butyrate supplementation are limited compared to dietary fiber research that increases endogenous butyrate production. Small human trials (20-40 participants) show sodium butyrate at 300-600mg daily may improve inflammatory bowel markers and gut barrier function over 4-8 weeks. Most evidence comes from preclinical models demonstrating anti-inflammatory effects in colitis. Larger, longer-term human trials are needed to establish definitive therapeutic benefits.

Butanoic acid
SCFA
Butyric acid
n-Butyric acid
Sodium butanoate
Calcium butanoate
Short-chain fatty acid
C4 fatty acid


Butyrate supplements provide sodium butyrate, calcium butyrate, or magnesium butyrate, which are short-chain fatty acids that fuel colonocytes and strengthen intestinal barrier function. These postbiotic compounds activate GPR43 and GPR109A receptors to reduce inflammation and support gut-brain axis communication.

- Enhances gut health by increasing the production of short-chain fatty acids, which nourish colon cells and improve digestion. - Reduces inflammation by modulating gut microbiota, leading to a decrease in inflammatory markers in the body. - Supports mental health by producing butyrate, which has been linked to improved mood and cognitive function. - Aids in weight management by promoting satiety hormones, helping to reduce calorie intake. - Improves metabolic health by enhancing insulin sensitivity, which can lower the risk of type 2 diabetes. - Boosts immune function by strengthening the gut barrier, preventing the entry of pathogens. - Supports cardiovascular health by reducing cholesterol levels and improving heart function.

Butyrate activates G-protein coupled receptors GPR43, GPR109A, and GPR41 in colonic epithelial cells, triggering anti-inflammatory pathways and enhancing tight junction proteins like claudin-1 and occludin. It inhibits histone deacetylase (HDAC) activity, promoting regulatory T-cell differentiation and reducing NF-κB-mediated inflammatory cytokine production. Butyrate also crosses the blood-brain barrier to influence microglial activation and BDNF expression in the hippocampus.

Human studies using 150-300mg daily sodium butyrate for 8-12 weeks show 20-30% improvements in intestinal permeability markers and reduced inflammatory cytokines IL-6 and TNF-α. A randomized controlled trial with 66 IBS patients demonstrated 40% reduction in abdominal pain scores with 300mg sodium butyrate daily. Limited clinical evidence exists for mental health benefits, with most data derived from animal studies and mechanistic research.

Butyric acid salt
Butanoic acid salt
SCFA
Short-chain fatty acid
Sodium butanoate
Calcium butanoate
Magnesium butanoate
n-Butyric acid salt


Butyric acid (C4) is a short-chain fatty acid produced by beneficial gut bacteria that serves as the primary fuel source for colonocytes. It activates G-protein coupled receptors GPR41 and GPR109A to reduce inflammation and strengthen intestinal barrier function.

- Supports gut health by nourishing colon cells, promoting a healthy digestive tract. This can lead to improved nutrient absorption and regularity. - May reduce inflammation in the gut by inhibiting inflammatory pathways, which can alleviate symptoms of inflammatory bowel diseases. - Supports metabolic health by enhancing insulin sensitivity, which can help regulate blood sugar levels. - Enhances mental health by producing short-chain fatty acids that influence neurotransmitter production, potentially improving mood and cognitive function. - Supports weight management by promoting satiety, leading to reduced calorie intake. - May improve liver health by aiding in the detoxification process, promoting overall liver function. - Supports immune function by maintaining a balanced gut microbiome, which is crucial for overall immune health.

Butyric acid binds to G-protein coupled receptors GPR41, GPR43, and GPR109A on intestinal epithelial cells and immune cells. It inhibits histone deacetylase (HDAC) enzymes, promoting anti-inflammatory gene expression and T-regulatory cell differentiation. Additionally, it serves as the primary energy substrate for colonocytes through beta-oxidation pathways.

Human studies on butyric acid supplementation are limited, with most evidence derived from observational studies measuring fecal butyrate levels. Small trials (n=20-50) using sodium butyrate enemas in ulcerative colitis patients showed modest improvements in inflammation markers. Animal studies demonstrate stronger evidence for metabolic benefits, but human clinical data remains preliminary. Most research focuses on butyrate-producing probiotics rather than direct supplementation.

Butanoic acid
C4 fatty acid
SCFA
n-Butyric acid
Butyrate
Short-chain fatty acid C4:0
4-carbon fatty acid


C-phycocyanin is a blue protein-pigment complex extracted from spirulina algae that contains allophycocyanin and phycocyanobilin chromophores. It functions as a potent antioxidant by scavenging reactive oxygen species and modulating inflammatory pathways through NF-κB inhibition.

- Provides powerful antioxidant properties, protecting cells from oxidative damage and reducing the risk of chronic diseases. Antioxidants neutralize free radicals, preserving cellular health. - Supports immune function by enhancing the activity of white blood cells, crucial for fighting infections. A robust immune system defends against pathogens. - Reduces inflammation by inhibiting pro-inflammatory enzymes, which can alleviate symptoms of inflammatory conditions. This supports overall health and well-being. - Promotes liver health by aiding in detoxification processes, helping to remove toxins from the body. A healthy liver is essential for optimal health. - Enhances energy levels by improving cellular energy production, supporting physical and mental performance. Increased energy supports an active lifestyle. - Supports cardiovascular health by reducing blood pressure and improving cholesterol levels. This decreases the risk of heart disease. - May improve cognitive function by protecting neurons from oxidative stress, supporting brain health. A healthy brain enhances mental clarity and focus.

C-phycocyanin exerts antioxidant effects through its phycocyanobilin chromophore, which scavenges hydroxyl radicals and superoxide anions. The compound inhibits nuclear factor-κB (NF-κB) signaling pathway, reducing pro-inflammatory cytokine production including TNF-α and IL-6. It also enhances natural killer cell activity and stimulates macrophage function through immunomodulatory mechanisms.

Limited human studies show promising results for C-phycocyanin supplementation. A 12-week trial with 52 participants demonstrated improved antioxidant status with 200mg daily dosing. Small-scale studies (20-30 subjects) indicate enhanced immune markers and reduced oxidative stress biomarkers. However, most research consists of animal studies and in vitro experiments, requiring larger randomized controlled trials to establish definitive clinical efficacy.

Phycocyanobilin
PC
Spirulina Blue
Blue-Green Algae Protein
Cyanobacterial Phycobiliprotein
Arthrospira platensis Extract
Spirulina Pigment


Cabbage Palm Heart Extract is rich in polyphenols and anthocyanins, which exert their benefits primarily through potent antioxidant activity. It functions by scavenging free radicals, inhibiting reactive oxygen species production, and modulating cellular signaling pathways like MAPK.

- Supports hormonal balance, particularly in men, by modulating androgen receptor activity.
- Promotes urinary tract health by reducing inflammation and supporting prostate function.
- Reduces systemic inflammation through its polyphenol and flavonoid content.
- Enhances immune function with its vitamin C and antioxidant profile.
- Provides antioxidant protection, combating oxidative stress at a cellular level.

Cabbage Palm Heart Extract primarily acts through its rich content of polyphenols, such as chlorogenic acid and anthocyanins. These compounds exert potent antioxidant effects by scavenging free radicals and inhibiting ROS production. Additionally, the extract modulates cellular signaling pathways, including a significant reduction in phosphorylated JNK and p38 within the MAPK pathway, and upregulates anti-apoptotic proteins like Bcl-2.

Clinical trials, primarily on Sabal palmetto (a type of Cabbage Palm Heart), consistently support its efficacy in managing symptoms of benign prostatic hyperplasia (BPH) and improving urinary flow. These studies, often involving hundreds of participants, have demonstrated its ability to modulate androgen receptor activity and reduce prostate inflammation. While direct human trials on other Cabbage Palm Heart extracts (e.g., Euterpe edulis) for prostate health are less extensive, their shared rich antioxidant profiles suggest benefits for reducing systemic inflammation and oxidative stress.

Sabal palmetto
Euterpe edulis
Juçara Palm
Cabbage Palm


Cabbage Sprout Flour concentrates bioactive compounds such as glucosinolates (precursors to sulforaphane) and polyphenols during the sprouting process. These compounds enhance the body's natural detoxification pathways and provide potent antioxidant protection against cellular damage.

- Enhances detoxification pathways through its high content of glucosinolates.
- Supports digestive health by providing dietary fiber, promoting regularity and gut microbiome balance.
- Delivers potent antioxidant protection, combating cellular damage.
- Promotes immune function with vitamins C and K, strengthening natural defenses.
- Reduces systemic inflammation, contributing to overall cellular well-being.
- Aids in weight management by promoting satiety due to its fiber content.

The glucosinolates present in Cabbage Sprout Flour are hydrolyzed by myrosinase into biologically active isothiocyanates, like sulforaphane, which activate the Nrf2 pathway. This activation upregulates phase II detoxification enzymes, such as glutathione S-transferases, facilitating the elimination of toxins. Additionally, polyphenols like ferulic acid and p-coumaric acid, along with sulfur metabolites, exert antioxidant effects by direct radical scavenging and hydrogen donation, as evidenced by DPPH, FRAP, and ABTS assays.

Research on Brassica sprouts, from which Cabbage Sprout Flour is derived, primarily includes in vitro and animal studies demonstrating the detoxification and antioxidant benefits of their bioactive compounds. These studies consistently show promising outcomes regarding cellular protection and the induction of beneficial enzyme activity in various models. However, Cabbage Sprout Flour itself has not been extensively studied as a defined product in human clinical trials, meaning specific efficacy and optimal dosages for human health require further investigation. Therefore, the direct translation of these benefits to specific human health outcomes from this flour requires more dedicated clinical research.

Brassica oleracea var. capitata
Sprouted Cabbage Flour
Cabbage Seedling Flour


Cacahuazintle, a unique maize variety, provides complex carbohydrates and resistant starch, contributing to metabolic efficiency and gut health. Specific key bioactive compounds and their precise mechanisms beyond general starch benefits are not detailed in the provided research.

- Enhances metabolic efficiency by providing sustained energy through complex carbohydrates and resistant starch.
- Supports digestive wellness by promoting gut microbiota balance and reducing intestinal inflammation.
- Improves cardiovascular health by helping regulate cholesterol levels and enhancing circulation.
- Strengthens immune resilience by modulating inflammatory pathways and stimulating white blood cell activity.
- Offers neuroprotective benefits by reducing oxidative damage and supporting cognitive longevity.

While general maize varieties contribute complex carbohydrates and fiber like resistant starch, specific mechanisms of action for unique bioactive compounds in Cacahuazintle are not elaborated in the provided research. These general components are known to modulate gut microbiota and influence glucose metabolism.

The provided research mentions in vitro and animal studies supporting benefits for gut microbiome modulation and potential cardiovascular/metabolic regulation for Cacahuazintle. However, detailed clinical trial data, including specific study types, sample sizes, human outcomes, or robust evidence strength, are not available in the provided context to fully summarize its clinical efficacy.


Cacao beans are rich in bioactive compounds like flavanols (epicatechin, procyanidins), methylxanthines (theobromine, caffeine), and anthocyanins. These compounds exert their health benefits primarily through potent antioxidant activity, scavenging free radicals and modulating physiological processes.

- Supports cardiovascular health by improving blood circulation and reducing arterial inflammation through flavanol content.
- Enhances cognitive function and mood through neuroprotective effects and the presence of neurotransmitter precursors like phenylethylamine (PEA) and tryptophan.
- Modulates metabolic health by increasing insulin sensitivity and supporting fat oxidation.
- Strengthens immune function with antimicrobial polyphenols that protect against pathogens.
- Provides powerful antioxidant protection against oxidative stress and cellular damage, contributing to healthy aging.
- Reduces stress and supports adrenal function, promoting overall physiological balance.

The primary mechanism of cacao beans involves the potent antioxidant activity of their polyphenols, especially flavanols like epicatechin and procyanidins, which scavenge free radicals and reduce oxidative stress. Methylxanthines such as theobromine and caffeine contribute to neuroprotective and mood-enhancing effects, potentially by modulating neurotransmitter activity and improving cerebral blood flow.

Clinical research has extensively demonstrated cacao's cardiovascular benefits, with various studies showing improved endothelial function, increased blood flow, and reduced arterial inflammation, attributed to its high flavanol content. Observational and intervention studies have also indicated positive effects on cognitive function and mood, likely through neuroprotective actions and the presence of compounds affecting neurotransmitter pathways. While specific sample sizes vary across studies, consistent findings across multiple research designs support these beneficial outcomes.

Theobroma cacao L.
Cacao
Cocoa Bean
Cacao tree seeds


Cacao Blossom, while not extensively studied directly, is understood to contain similar bioactive compounds to the Theobroma cacao plant, notably flavan-3-ols and methylxanthines. These compounds exert antioxidant and anti-inflammatory effects by inhibiting reactive oxygen species production and modulating nitric oxide pathways, contributing to cardiovascular and cognitive support.

- Improves circulation and reduces arterial inflammation, significantly supporting cardiovascular health.
- Enhances cognitive function by increasing neurotransmitter activity and reducing oxidative stress.
- Promotes metabolic regulation by balancing blood sugar levels and supporting healthy lipid metabolism.
- Strengthens immune resilience through its antimicrobial and anti-inflammatory bioactive compounds.
- Provides neuroprotective benefits, supporting mental clarity and reducing physiological stress.
- Elevates mood and promotes a sense of well-being through its unique alkaloid profile.
- Supports digestive wellness and skin hydration with its rich phytonutrient content.

The primary bioactive compounds extrapolated to Cacao Blossom, such as flavan-3-ols (epicatechin) and procyanidins from Theobroma cacao, exhibit potent antioxidant activity by inhibiting ROS-producing enzymes like xanthine oxidase and upregulating endogenous antioxidant enzymes. They also mediate anti-inflammatory responses by suppressing NF-κB pathways and COX-2 expression, while stimulating endothelial nitric oxide synthase (eNOS) activity, leading to increased nitric oxide bioavailability for vasodilation and improved circulation. Methylxanthines like theobromine further contribute to vascular effects and mood modulation through adenosine receptor antagonism and phosphodiesterase inhibition.

While specific clinical trials on Cacao Blossom are limited, the health benefits are generally extrapolated from extensive research on *Theobroma cacao* (cocoa) and its extracts. Numerous randomized controlled trials and meta-analyses on cocoa flavanols consistently demonstrate improvements in endothelial function, reductions in blood pressure, and decreased LDL oxidation, contributing to cardiovascular health. Studies also suggest cocoa's role in enhancing cognitive performance, blood flow to the brain, and improving insulin sensitivity in certain populations, although direct evidence for the flower's specific contribution remains to be established. These findings, largely from cocoa bean research, indicate the potential for similar benefits from Cacao Blossom due to shared bioactive compound profiles.

Theobroma cacao (Flower)
Cocoa Flower
Chocolate Flower


Cacao Elixir is a functional beverage rich in flavanols like epicatechin, which exert antioxidant effects by inhibiting ROS-producing enzymes and activating the Nrf2 pathway. It also contains theobromine and caffeine, contributing to its mood-enhancing and mild stimulant properties.

- Enhances mood by boosting serotonin and dopamine levels, promoting relaxation and happiness.
- Supports cardiovascular function by improving blood flow and reducing inflammation.
- Provides potent antioxidant protection, neutralizing free radicals with high levels of flavonoids and polyphenols.
- Boosts cognitive function and focus through improved cerebral blood flow.
- Delivers natural, sustained energy via theobromine, a gentle stimulant.
- Modulates stress response by potentially reducing cortisol levels, fostering a calm and balanced mood.

Cacao's primary bioactive compounds, flavanols (e.g., epicatechin), inhibit reactive oxygen species (ROS)-producing enzymes like xanthine oxidase and NADPH oxidase. They also activate the Nrf2 pathway, upregulating antioxidant genes such as HO-1 and GST. Furthermore, flavanols stimulate endothelial nitric oxide synthase (eNOS) activity, increasing nitric oxide production for improved vasodilation and cardiovascular health.

Extensive scientific research on Theobroma cacao, the base of cacao elixirs, supports its cardiovascular, cognitive, and mood-enhancing benefits. Studies highlight the potent antioxidant properties of flavonoids and polyphenols in neutralizing free radicals. Theobromine and caffeine contribute to gentle stimulant effects, promoting relaxation and happiness by boosting serotonin and dopamine levels. While the term "Cacao Elixir" isn't standardized, its functional benefits are extrapolated from research on cacao's rich bioactive compounds.

Theobroma cacao
Cocoa extract
Cacao concentrate


Cacao fruit is rich in vitamin C and a spectrum of polyphenols, particularly flavonoids like epicatechin. These compounds collectively enhance immune function, combat oxidative stress, and reduce inflammation throughout the body.

Cacao fruit supports immune health through its high vitamin C content, boosting white blood cell production and enhancing resistance to infections. The pulp’s rich antioxidant profile, including polyphenols and flavonoids, combats oxidative stress, reduces inflammation, and protects against chronic diseases. Cacao fruit aids in cardiovascular health by promoting healthy blood circulation, regulating blood pressure, and lowering cholesterol levels due to its potassium and magnesium content. The natural sugars and B vitamins in the fruit provide sustained energy, supporting metabolism and reducing fatigue. Cacao fruit also promotes digestive health through its dietary fiber, which supports bowel regularity and gut microbiome balance. Its iron content contributes to red blood cell formation, enhancing oxygen transport and energy levels. The presence of theobromine—a natural stimulant—improves mood and cognitive function, enhancing mental clarity, memory, and focus. Additionally, cacao fruit supports skin health by promoting collagen synthesis and protecting against oxidative damage, leading to improved elasticity and radiance.

Cacao fruit's vitamin C supports immune function by acting as a crucial cofactor for white blood cell production and activity. Its rich polyphenols, including flavonoids like epicatechin, exert potent antioxidant effects by directly neutralizing free radicals and upregulating endogenous antioxidant enzymes. These compounds also modulate inflammatory pathways, such as inhibiting NF-κB activation.

Preliminary *in vitro* and animal studies suggest cacao fruit pulp exhibits significant antioxidant and anti-inflammatory activities, attributed to its vitamin C and polyphenol content. While human observational data on dietary intake of cacao pulp is limited, a small crossover study involving 25 participants found consuming cacao fruit pulp improved antioxidant status. More robust, large-scale randomized controlled trials are needed to fully establish specific health benefits and optimal dosages in humans.

Theobroma cacao
Cocoa fruit
Cacao pod
Chocolate fruit
Sacred cacao
Kakaw
Food of the gods fruit
Criollo cacao


Cacao pod fiber, derived from Theobroma cacao husks, is a rich source of dietary fiber, polyphenols, and methylxanthines. These compounds contribute to its studied benefits, including promoting digestive health through fiber and offering robust antioxidant protection via polyphenols.

- Supports digestive health by promoting gut motility and nourishing beneficial microbiota.
- Aids in weight management by enhancing satiety and regulating appetite.
- Provides robust antioxidant support through its rich content of polyphenols and flavonoids.
- Supports cardiovascular health by helping to reduce LDL cholesterol and systemic inflammation.
- Helps regulate blood sugar levels by slowing carbohydrate absorption.
- Promotes sustainable nutrition by transforming agricultural waste into a functional food ingredient.

The high dietary fiber content (up to 65.58 g/100 g) of cacao pod fiber promotes healthy gut motility and serves as a prebiotic, nourishing beneficial microbiota and enhancing microbial diversity. Its rich array of polyphenols, including epicatechin and catechin, provides significant antioxidant activity by scavenging free radicals and may contribute to reduced LDL cholesterol levels. Methylxanthines like theobromine and caffeine also contribute to its overall bioactive profile, potentially influencing metabolic pathways and energy balance.

Scientific studies have characterized cacao pod fiber's high concentrations of dietary fiber, polyphenols, and methylxanthines, confirming its significant antioxidant capacity in in vitro models. Research primarily focuses on its potential as a functional food ingredient, showing promise in improving digestive parameters and positively influencing beneficial microbial composition in the gut. While in vitro and animal studies support its role in reducing LDL cholesterol and enhancing antioxidant defense, human clinical trials with specific sample sizes and detailed outcomes are less comprehensively documented in the provided information. Further robust human clinical research is warranted to fully establish its efficacy and optimal dosages for various health benefits.

Theobroma cacao
cocoa pod husks
cacao shells


Cactus blossom flowers contain high concentrations of isorhamnetin flavonoids that modulate NF-κB and MAPK inflammatory pathways while providing antioxidant protection. The bioactive compounds demonstrate wound healing properties by stimulating human keratinocyte metabolic activity at concentrations of 0.1-100 μg/mL.

- **Promotes skin hydration**: and elasticity by enhancing moisture retention and stimulating collagen production with polysaccharides and flavonoids.
- **Supports digestive health**: by soothing the gastrointestinal lining and balancing the microbiome through mucilaginous fibers.
- **Provides powerful antioxidant**: protection and cellular health benefits via betalains, Vitamin C, and polyphenols.
- **Regulates blood sugar**: levels and improves insulin sensitivity with its bioactive metabolic compounds.
- **Enhances cardiovascular health**: by supporting blood pressure balance and vascular protection.
- **Offers cooling and**: anti-inflammatory effects, alleviating systemic inflammation.

Isorhamnetin derivatives in cactus flowers block NF-κB and MAPK signaling pathways, suppressing inflammatory mediators including TNF-α, IL-1β, and IL-6 expression. The flavonoids inhibit iNOS protein and mRNA synthesis while providing antioxidant activity that underlies anti-inflammatory and tissue repair effects. Polysaccharides enhance wound healing by stimulating metabolic activity in human keratinocytes through mechanisms involving cellular regeneration pathways.

Current evidence is limited primarily to in vitro studies and animal models, with no specific human clinical trials for cactus blossom extracts. Laboratory studies demonstrate wound healing promotion in human keratinocyte cell cultures at concentrations of 0.1-100 μg/mL. Research on related Opuntia species shows anti-inflammatory and antioxidant effects in experimental models, but human efficacy data remains insufficient. More randomized controlled trials are needed to establish clinical effectiveness and optimal dosing protocols.

Opuntia ficus-indica flowers
Nopal blossom
Cactaceae flowers
Prickly pear flowers


Cactus mucilage fiber is a soluble dietary fiber primarily from Opuntia ficus-indica, composed of branched polysaccharides rich in sugars and uronic acids. These compounds provide hydrophilic and bioactive properties, supporting water retention and diverse gut health benefits.

- Promotes gut motility and regularity, and supports a balanced microbiota due to its high soluble and insoluble fiber content.
- Slows carbohydrate absorption and helps regulate post-meal glucose levels, supporting healthy blood sugar control.
- Binds to bile acids in the gut, reducing LDL cholesterol and supporting overall cardiovascular health.
- Increases satiety and helps reduce overall calorie intake, contributing to effective weight management.
- Retains water, promoting systemic hydration and supporting skin health.
- Provides antioxidant protection through bioactive compounds that neutralize free radicals and reduce oxidative stress.

Cactus mucilage fiber, rich in branched polysaccharides and uronic acids, forms a viscous, gel-like matrix in the gut, which slows gastric emptying and carbohydrate absorption to regulate post-meal glucose. This hydrocolloid also binds to bile acids, facilitating their excretion and thereby reducing LDL cholesterol levels. Furthermore, its prebiotic effects support a balanced gut microbiota, while bioactive compounds like betalains contribute to antioxidant and anti-inflammatory actions.

Scientific studies, including those on Opuntia ficus-indica mucilage, confirm its efficacy in improving digestion and promoting gut regularity due to its high soluble and insoluble fiber content. Research highlights its significant prebiotic activity, fostering a balanced microbiota, and its ability to modulate blood sugar levels by slowing carbohydrate absorption. Furthermore, investigations demonstrate potent antioxidant protection, positive effects on cardiovascular health by reducing LDL cholesterol through bile acid binding, and potential immunomodulatory benefits.

Opuntia ficus-indica
Prickly Pear Cactus
Nopal Cactus


Cactus Plum, derived from Opuntia ficus-indica, is rich in phenolic compounds like quercetin and indicaxanthin, which contribute to its antioxidant and antimicrobial properties. These bioactive constituents primarily exert their effects by neutralizing free radicals, thereby reducing oxidative stress and supporting cellular health.

- Supports immune function through its antimicrobial and antiviral bioactive compounds.
- Enhances skin health by stimulating collagen production and reducing oxidative stress.
- Regulates blood sugar levels by improving insulin sensitivity and glycemic control.
- Promotes digestive wellness via prebiotic fiber and gut-soothing mucilage.
- Provides neuroprotective benefits by reducing oxidative damage and enhancing cognitive function.
- Contributes to hydration, cardiovascular support, and liver detoxification.

Cactus plum's beneficial effects stem primarily from its high concentration of phenolic compounds, including quercetin, kaempferol, and isorhamnetin derivatives, alongside the unique betalain pigment indicaxanthin. These compounds act as potent antioxidants, donating electrons or hydrogen atoms to scavenge reactive oxygen species (ROS) and reduce oxidative stress. Furthermore, these bioactives may modulate inflammatory pathways, improve insulin sensitivity, and contribute to antimicrobial activity.

Scientific studies suggest cactus plum possesses antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, and neuroprotective properties. Research, predominantly from in vitro and animal models, indicates its potential role in enhancing the gut microbiome and modulating immune responses, supporting its traditional uses. Preliminary human studies have also explored its benefits in glycemic control and cardiovascular health, showing promising outcomes in improving insulin sensitivity and lipid profiles, though larger-scale trials are needed to confirm these effects.

Opuntia ficus-indica
Prickly Pear Cactus Fruit
Nopal Fruit
Tuna


Caffeic acid is a hydroxycinnamic acid phenolic compound that inhibits α-glucosidase enzymes and modulates glucose metabolism pathways. Clinical studies demonstrate its ability to reduce systolic blood pressure by 3.87 mmHg and decrease fasting glucose by 0.45 mmol/L.

• Reduces body fat and improves glucose tolerance (moderate evidence from RCT with n=30 obese adults)
• Lowers systolic blood pressure by ~3.87 mmHg (moderate evidence from meta-analysis of 14 RCTs, n=457)
• Decreases fasting glucose by ~0.45 mmol/L (moderate evidence from same meta-analysis)
• Provides potent antioxidant protection via ROS scavenging and metal chelation (preliminary evidence from in vitro studies)
• Reduces inflammation through NF-κB modulation and cytokine suppression (preliminary evidence from mechanistic studies)

Caffeic acid inhibits α-glucosidase and α-amylase enzymes, reducing carbohydrate digestion and glucose absorption. It activates AMP-activated protein kinase (AMPK) pathways, enhancing glucose uptake in skeletal muscle. The compound also inhibits angiotensin-converting enzyme (ACE) activity and promotes nitric oxide synthesis, contributing to vasodilation and blood pressure reduction.

A meta-analysis of 14 randomized controlled trials (n=457) demonstrated caffeic acid's ability to reduce systolic blood pressure by 3.87 mmHg and decrease fasting glucose by 0.45 mmol/L. A separate RCT with 30 obese adults showed improvements in body fat reduction and glucose tolerance with moderate evidence quality. Most studies used doses ranging from 200-400mg daily for 8-12 weeks. Evidence strength is considered moderate due to limited sample sizes and study duration variability.


Caffeic acid, a hydroxycinnamic acid in apples, acts as a potent primary antioxidant by donating hydrogen atoms to neutralize free radicals and also modulates inflammation by inhibiting 5-lipoxygenase. It largely originates from the breakdown of chlorogenic acid during apple processing, enhancing its bioavailability.

- Neutralizes free radicals, providing robust antioxidant protection and preventing cellular damage.
- Modulates inflammatory pathways, supporting systemic and joint health through anti-inflammatory effects.
- Reduces LDL oxidation, supports healthy blood pressure, and improves vascular function for cardiovascular health.
- Enhances immune defenses through its potent antioxidant and anti-inflammatory properties.
- Protects neurons from oxidative damage, supporting cognitive function and offering neuroprotection.
- Promotes collagen production and protects against oxidative damage, enhancing skin vitality.

Caffeic acid functions as a potent primary antioxidant by donating hydrogen from its para-positioned hydroxyl group, which neutralizes free radicals by delocalizing unpaired electrons across its aromatic core and conjugated side chain. This compound also exhibits anti-inflammatory effects by inhibiting 5-lipoxygenase, thereby preventing the formation of reactive oxygen species (ROS) from arachidonic acid. Primarily originating from the enzymatic hydrolysis of chlorogenic acid in apples, particularly in processed forms, this conversion enhances its bioavailability.

Extensive research, predominantly in vitro and in vivo (animal) studies, has elucidated caffeic acid's significant therapeutic potential. These investigations consistently highlight its potent antioxidant properties, including its ability to neutralize free radicals and prevent cellular damage. Furthermore, studies underscore its robust anti-inflammatory effects through modulation of inflammatory pathways, supporting systemic and cardiovascular health. While specific human clinical trial details are less prominent in the provided context, the mechanistic and preclinical data strongly support its functional applications.

3,4-dihydroxycinnamic acid
hydroxycinnamic acid phenolic compound


Caffeic acid, a phenolic compound predominantly found in coffee beans within chlorogenic acids, is a potent antioxidant that scavenges free radicals and reduces inflammation. It also exhibits the ability to modulate cytochrome P450 enzymes and cellular pumps, potentially influencing drug metabolism.

- Provides potent antioxidant protection by neutralizing free radicals, reducing oxidative stress and cellular damage.
- Supports cardiovascular health by helping to lower LDL cholesterol, regulate blood pressure, and promote blood vessel elasticity.
- Exhibits anti-inflammatory properties that may benefit chronic conditions such as arthritis and metabolic syndrome.
- Enhances liver health by supporting detoxification pathways and potentially protecting against fatty liver and hepatic inflammation.
- Protects cognitive function by safeguarding neurons, potentially improving memory and reducing the risk of neurodegenerative conditions.
- Promotes skin health, both topically and internally, by helping to prevent UV damage and support collagen production.

Caffeic acid, primarily within chlorogenic acids (CGAs), exerts antioxidant effects by scavenging free radicals and inhibiting pro-inflammatory pathways. It competitively inhibits cytochrome P450 enzymes (CYP1A2, CYP2C9, CYP2D6) and modulates cellular pumps like OAT1 and OAT3, thereby influencing drug metabolism and transport.

Extensive research, including both in vitro and in vivo studies, supports caffeic acid's role as a powerful antioxidant and anti-inflammatory agent. These studies indicate its contribution to cardiovascular and liver health, with potential neuroprotective effects suggesting benefits for cognitive function and protection against neurodegenerative diseases. While specific human clinical trial data on dosage and outcomes are not detailed, observational and mechanistic studies provide a basis for its broad health benefits.

3,4-Dihydroxycinnamic acid
Coffee phenolic acid


Caffeine anhydrous is a dehydrated form of caffeine that blocks adenosine receptors in the brain to enhance alertness and physical performance. This stimulant increases dopamine and norepinephrine levels while promoting fat oxidation through phosphodiesterase inhibition.

- Boosts physical performance by enhancing energy production, which can improve endurance and strength. - Increases mental alertness by blocking adenosine receptors, which can enhance focus and concentration. - Supports weight management by stimulating thermogenesis, which can increase calorie burning. - Enhances mood by increasing dopamine levels, which can improve motivation and well-being. - Reduces fatigue by delaying the onset of exhaustion, allowing for longer and more intense workouts. - Improves reaction time by enhancing neural transmission, which can benefit athletes and busy professionals. - Supports metabolic rate by increasing lipolysis, which can aid in fat loss.

Caffeine anhydrous acts as an adenosine receptor antagonist, preventing adenosine from binding to A1 and A2A receptors in the brain, which normally promote sleepiness. It inhibits phosphodiesterase enzymes, increasing cyclic adenosine monophosphate (cAMP) levels, which enhances lipolysis and thermogenesis. Additionally, it increases dopamine and norepinephrine release in the central nervous system, improving mood and cognitive function.

Randomized controlled trials with 200-400mg caffeine anhydrous show 3-7% improvements in endurance performance and 11-12% increases in fat oxidation during exercise. Meta-analyses of cognitive studies demonstrate significant improvements in attention, reaction time, and working memory within 30-60 minutes of consumption. Weight loss studies indicate 2-4% increases in metabolic rate lasting 2-3 hours post-ingestion. Evidence quality is considered moderate to high for performance and cognitive benefits, with most studies using healthy adult populations of 15-50 participants.

1,3,7-trimethylxanthine
anhydrous caffeine
caffeine USP
methyltheobromine
theine
guaranine
mateine
coffeine


Caigua contains flavone glycosides, notably chrysin-6-C-fucopyranoside, which potently and selectively activates PPARγ. This mechanism supports its traditional use in managing metabolic disorders, particularly contributing to antidiabetic effects.

- Supports cardiovascular health by regulating lipid metabolism, reducing LDL cholesterol, and promoting vascular function.
- Aids in weight management due to its low calorie and high water content, promoting satiety.
- Exhibits anti-inflammatory effects through bioactive compounds that inhibit inflammatory pathways.
- Provides antioxidant protection by scavenging free radicals, attributed to its vitamin C and polyphenol content.
- Traditionally used to manage hypertension and support gastrointestinal health.

The antidiabetic effects of Caigua are primarily mediated by chrysin-6-C-fucopyranoside, a flavone glycoside found in its leaves, which potently and selectively activates PPARγ (peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor gamma). This action occurs without affecting PPARα, PPARβ, or various TRP channels (TRPA1, TRPV1, TRPM8). Additionally, Caigua fruits contain various other flavonoid glycosides, including isovitexin, which contribute to its broader metabolic benefits.

Clinical and in vitro studies have consistently supported Caigua's traditional uses in Andean medicine for cardiovascular and metabolic health. Research confirms its cholesterol-lowering effects, significant antioxidant capacity, and anti-inflammatory properties. While detailed information on specific human clinical trial designs, sample sizes, and quantitative outcomes is not provided, these studies generally demonstrate its potential to regulate lipid metabolism and promote vascular function.

Cyclanthera pedata
Achocha
Slipper Gourd
Archucha


Caigua pod (Cyclanthera pedata) is an Andean cucurbit fruit rich in amphiphilic cucurbitane-type triterpenoid saponins (cyclantherasides A–I), flavonoid C-glycosides (vitexin, isovitexin), galactomannan dietary fiber, and bioactive peptides that collectively lower LDL cholesterol by intercalating into intestinal mixed micelles and forming non-absorbable saponin–cholesterol co-precipitates. Although no large-scale randomized controlled trials have yet been indexed in PubMed, phytochemical characterizations from Peruvian and Colombian universities confirm its lipid-lowering, hypoglycemic, and antioxidant compound profile, supporting traditional Andean use for cardiovascular and metabolic health.

- **Supports metabolic balance**: by regulating lipid metabolism and aiding in glucose control.
- **Lowers LDL cholesterol,**: promoting cardiovascular health.
- **Promotes gut health**: through its fiber content and beneficial compounds.
- **Regulates blood sugar**: levels, contributing to stable energy.
- **Reduces systemic inflammation**: via its rich antioxidant profile.
- Supports cognitive clarity and function.
- Contributes to hormonal balance.

The principal bioactive triterpenoid saponins—cyclantherasides A through I—are amphiphilic glycosides whose hydrophobic cucurbitane-type aglycone moieties intercalate into cholesterol-containing mixed micelles in the intestinal lumen, forming insoluble, non-absorbable saponin–cholesterol co-precipitates that reduce dietary cholesterol absorption and upregulate hepatic LDL receptor expression via compensatory SREBP-2 pathway activation. The flavonoid C-glycosides vitexin and isovitexin inhibit pancreatic α-amylase and α-glucosidase activity, slowing postprandial glucose absorption and attenuating insulin spikes, while also scavenging reactive oxygen species through electron donation from their phenolic hydroxyl groups. Galactomannan dietary fiber increases luminal viscosity, further retarding lipid and carbohydrate absorption and promoting short-chain fatty acid production by colonic microbiota, which modulates NF-κB–mediated inflammatory signaling. Additionally, bioactive peptides identified in caigua seed fractions have demonstrated ACE-inhibitory activity in vitro, suggesting a potential mechanism for the mild antihypertensive effects reported in traditional use.

A double-blind placebo-controlled study of 60 patients over one year demonstrated significant cholesterol reduction. Patent-reported trials involving over 5 human studies showed that 1-2g daily extract for 90 days reduced serum cholesterol, LDL, oxidized LDL, and triglycerides, with effects beginning at day 45 and greater efficacy at 2g versus 1g doses. However, human evidence for diabetes management remains limited to preclinical and animal studies only. The strongest clinical evidence supports cholesterol management in hypercholesterolemia patients.

Cyclanthera pedata
stuffing cucumber
achogaza
caihua


Cajá fruit is exceptionally rich in potent antioxidants like phenolics, carotenoids, and vitamin C, which effectively neutralize free radicals. This mechanism helps reduce oxidative stress throughout the body, protecting cells and tissues from damage.

- Supports immune function by providing high levels of vitamin C and antimicrobial bioactives.
- Promotes cardiovascular health by improving circulation and reducing arterial inflammation.
- Aids in metabolic regulation by balancing blood sugar levels and supporting liver detoxification.
- Enhances digestive wellness through its prebiotic fiber and gut-cleansing tannins.
- Provides neuroprotective benefits by reducing oxidative stress and supporting cognitive clarity.
- Contributes to skin rejuvenation, cellular detoxification, and adrenal balance.

The primary mechanism of Cajá fruit involves its high concentration of antioxidants, including phenolics, carotenoids, tannins, and vitamin C. These compounds act as free radical scavengers, neutralizing reactive oxygen species (ROS) to mitigate oxidative stress at a cellular level. This antioxidative action specifically protects against UV-induced skin damage, reducing erythema and preventing protein and lipid oxidation. Additionally, these compounds contribute to enhancing skin elasticity and safeguarding against hair fiber degradation.

While specific human clinical trials detailing sample sizes are not explicitly provided in the research, *in vitro* and animal studies underscore Cajá fruit's potent antioxidant profile. These studies indicate that its rich content of phenolics, carotenoids, and vitamin C significantly reduces oxidative stress and offers protective effects against UV-induced skin damage. Further rigorous clinical investigations, particularly randomized controlled trials, are warranted to fully establish and quantify these health benefits in human populations.

Spondias mombin L.
Yellow Mombin
Hog Plum


Calabash fruit (Crescentia cujete) contains flavonoids like luteolin-7-glucoside and apigenin that disrupt bacterial cell walls while enhancing glucose uptake by 65% in laboratory studies. Saponins and tannins work synergistically to destabilize microbial membranes and reduce inflammatory markers in animal models.

- **Enhances immune resilience**: and supports respiratory function through vitamin C and antimicrobial compounds.
- **Neutralizes oxidative stress**: and strengthens cellular resilience via its rich content of polyphenols and flavonoids.
- **Fosters digestive health**: and bowel regularity through dietary fiber and saponins, nourishing gut microbiome diversity.
- **Exhibits potent anti-inflammatory**: properties, reducing systemic inflammation and alleviating discomfort.
- **Regulates cholesterol and**: improves lipid profiles, enhancing cardiovascular health through saponins and polyphenols.
- **Supports nervous system**: balance and aids in systemic detoxification processes.

Flavonoids like apigenin and luteolin-7-glucoside increase bacterial cell wall permeability, allowing saponins to act as membrane-destabilizing agents that lower surface tension and cause cellular lysis. Phenolic compounds activate antioxidant enzymes SOD, GPX, and CAT while reducing reactive oxygen species. Luteolin-7-glucoside and protocatechuic acid enhance cellular glucose uptake by mimicking metformin's metabolic pathways.

Human clinical trials are limited, with most evidence from animal and in vitro studies. In ICR mice, 100% calabash fruit extract reduced inflammatory paw edema from 2.11 cm to 2.78 cm over 8 hours compared to minimal reduction in controls. Laboratory studies show seed extract at 50 µg/mL increased glucose uptake by 65.107%, exceeding metformin controls. Large-scale randomized controlled trials in humans have not been reported, limiting clinical applications.

Crescentia cujete
Majapahit fruit
Calabash tree fruit


Calabash nut kernel from Crescentia cujete contains flavonoid glucosides, phenylethanoid derivatives, and iridoid glycosides that demonstrate antioxidant and antimicrobial activities through efflux pump inhibition and enzyme targeting. The extract exhibits metformin-like glucose uptake mechanisms, achieving 65.107% uptake at 25 µg/mL in preliminary studies.

- **Supports cardiovascular health**: through its rich content of unsaturated fats like oleic and linoleic acids.
- **Enhances cognitive function**: by providing neuroprotective compounds and essential nutrients.
- **Strengthens immune resilience,**: supporting the body's natural defense mechanisms.
- **Optimizes metabolic efficiency,**: aiding in energy regulation and nutrient utilization.
- **Supports detoxification pathways,**: contributing to overall systemic cleansing.
- **Promotes skin hydration**: and vitality through its tocopherols and antioxidant properties.

Calabash nut kernel's flavonols and tannins inhibit bacterial efflux pumps while coumarins target DNA gyrase enzymes. The phenylethanoid derivatives facilitate membrane disruption and protein binding through hydrogen bonding interactions. Methanolic extracts demonstrate glucose uptake enhancement via metformin-like pathways, improving cellular glucose utilization.

Current research on Crescentia cujete focuses primarily on in vitro and animal studies rather than human clinical trials. One animal safety study showed methanolic extracts caused no mortality in rats at doses exceeding 1,000 mg/kg, indicating potential safety at therapeutic levels. Laboratory studies demonstrate glucose uptake of 65.107% at 25 µg/mL, surpassing metformin controls, though human efficacy data remains limited. Further clinical trials are needed to establish therapeutic dosing and validate bioactivity in human subjects.

Crescentia cujete
Calabash nutmeg
Jícara
Totumo
Calabash tree kernel


Calabash Nutmeg contains bioactive compounds like myristicin and elemicin which contribute to its antioxidant and antimicrobial properties. These compounds exert their effects by neutralizing reactive oxygen species and inhibiting lipid peroxidation.

- Exhibits antioxidant activity through phenolic compounds, protecting against oxidative stress and cellular damage.
- Possesses anti-inflammatory effects that may help alleviate symptoms of inflammation-related conditions.
- Demonstrates antimicrobial properties effective against certain bacterial strains, contributing to immune support.
- Traditionally used to relieve digestive discomfort, including gas and bloating, by stimulating digestive enzymes.
- Supports cardiovascular wellness through its flavonoid content, aiding in healthy circulation.
- Aids in detoxification processes, supporting the body's natural cleansing mechanisms.

The primary bioactive compounds in Calabash Nutmeg, including elemicin, myristicin, and eugenol, contribute to its diverse pharmacological actions. Elemicin, for instance, exhibits potent antioxidant activity by scavenging free radicals and inhibiting lipid peroxidation. Its anti-inflammatory and antimicrobial effects are attributed to these and other phytochemicals which modulate cellular pathways and disrupt microbial function.

Clinical evidence for Calabash Nutmeg is primarily derived from in vitro studies and ethnobotanical documentation. Research in food science has validated the antioxidant and antibacterial efficacy of its seed extracts, identifying functional polypeptides and phytochemicals. While specific compounds like elemicin demonstrate strong radical scavenging in laboratory settings (e.g., 100% at 300 µg/mL in DPPH assays), comprehensive human clinical trials are currently limited. Thus, its traditional medicinal uses require further robust clinical investigation.

Monodora myristica
African nutmeg
Ehuru
Jamaican nutmeg


Calabash palm nut (Borassus aethiopum) is the edible kernel of an African fan palm whose lipid fraction is rich in lauric acid (C12:0) and oleic acid (C18:1), with ethnobotanical documentation of its traditional use for wound healing, digestive support, and immune modulation across sub-Saharan Africa (Gruca et al., 2014; PMID 25374390). No peer-reviewed clinical trials specifically investigating the bioactivity of the isolated kernel have been indexed in PubMed as of mid-2025, so all proposed health mechanisms remain extrapolated from compositional analyses and studies of structurally analogous palm-kernel oils.

- **Supports cardiovascular health**: through its rich content of lauric and oleic acids.
- **Enhances cognitive function**: by providing tocotrienols and neuroprotective compounds.
- **Improves skin hydration**: and elasticity by replenishing moisture levels and providing essential nutrients.
- **Balances metabolism, aiding**: in energy regulation and nutrient utilization.
- **Strengthens immune function**: through its flavonoid and catechin content.
- **Promotes stress resilience,**: supporting the body's adaptogenic responses.

The proposed bioactivity of calabash palm nut centers on its medium-chain fatty acid profile—primarily lauric acid (C12:0)—which, based on in vitro studies of structurally analogous palm-kernel oils, may modulate hepatic 3-hydroxy-3-methylglutaryl-CoA reductase (HMG-CoA reductase), the rate-limiting enzyme in cholesterol biosynthesis, potentially influencing circulating LDL-to-HDL ratios. Oleic acid (C18:1), the dominant monounsaturated component, is hypothesized to activate peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor-alpha (PPARα), promoting β-oxidation of fatty acids and attenuating NF-κB-mediated inflammatory signaling. Minor tocotrienol constituents may inhibit 3-hydroxy-3-methylglutaryl-CoA reductase at a post-transcriptional level via enhanced proteasomal degradation of the enzyme, a mechanism distinct from statin-class drugs. Polyphenolic catechins present in the kernel are proposed to scavenge reactive oxygen species and chelate transition metals, thereby reducing lipid peroxidation, though these pathways remain unvalidated in human trials specific to Borassus aethiopum.

Current research on Calabash Palm Nut consists primarily of preliminary studies examining its fatty acid profile and antioxidant capacity rather than controlled human trials. Laboratory analyses have identified significant concentrations of lauric acid (12-18%) and tocotrienols, with in vitro studies suggesting antioxidant activity comparable to other palm-derived compounds. The evidence base remains insufficient for definitive therapeutic claims, with researchers calling for randomized controlled trials to establish clinical efficacy and optimal dosing parameters.

Species identification uncertain
South American palm nut
Tropical calabash nut


Calabash Tree Fruit is rich in bioactive compounds such as alkaloids, flavonoids, saponins, phenols, and tannins. These constituents contribute to its traditional uses as an antimicrobial, antioxidant, and anti-inflammatory agent through mechanisms like free radical scavenging.

- Supports immune function by enhancing antimicrobial and antiviral activity.
- Promotes digestive health by soothing gut inflammation and supporting enzymatic activity.
- Aids in metabolic regulation by balancing blood sugar levels and supporting liver detoxification.
- Enhances cardiovascular wellness by improving circulation and reducing arterial inflammation.
- Provides neuroprotective benefits by reducing oxidative stress and supporting cognitive clarity.
- Reduces inflammation and aids in skin healing and cellular detoxification.

The fruit of Crescentia cujete contains a diverse profile of phytochemicals, including alkaloids, flavonoids, saponins, phenols, and tannins. These compounds exert their effects primarily through free radical scavenging, evidenced by a DPPH IC₅₀ of 8.78 μg/ml for related fractions, and by inhibiting oxidative processes. These actions underscore its reported antimicrobial, antioxidant, and anti-inflammatory properties, contributing to overall immune and metabolic modulation.

While traditional uses are well-documented, specific detailed clinical studies regarding Calabash Tree Fruit are not provided in the research. General scientific studies support its antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, and immune-modulating properties, alongside potential cardiovascular and metabolic benefits. Research also suggests positive effects on the gut microbiome, though the nature and scope of these studies (e.g., in vitro, animal, human trials, sample sizes) are not specified here.


Calamarine is a deep-sea fish oil derived from squid that provides highly concentrated omega-3 fatty acids EPA and DHA in superior bioavailable forms. These omega-3s integrate into cell membranes and regulate inflammatory pathways, supporting cardiovascular and cognitive health.

- Supports cardiovascular health by lowering triglycerides by up to 30%, reducing the risk of heart disease. This is crucial for maintaining a healthy heart. - Enhances cognitive function by providing DHA and EPA, which are essential for brain health and can improve memory and focus. This is vital for mental clarity. - Promotes joint health by reducing inflammation, which can alleviate pain and improve mobility in conditions like arthritis. This is important for an active lifestyle. - Supports eye health by maintaining retinal function, potentially reducing the risk of age-related macular degeneration. This is essential for preserving vision. - Boosts immune function by modulating inflammatory responses, which can enhance resistance to infections. This is key for overall health. - Enhances skin health by improving elasticity and reducing signs of aging, thanks to its antioxidant properties. This is important for youthful skin. - Supports liver health by reducing fat accumulation, which can prevent non-alcoholic fatty liver disease. This is crucial for metabolic health.

Calamarine's EPA and DHA fatty acids incorporate into cell membrane phospholipids, modulating membrane fluidity and cellular signaling. EPA competitively inhibits arachidonic acid metabolism through cyclooxygenase and lipoxygenase pathways, reducing pro-inflammatory prostaglandins and leukotrienes. DHA crosses the blood-brain barrier and maintains neuronal membrane integrity while promoting neuroprotective resolvins and protectins.

Multiple randomized controlled trials demonstrate calamarine's cardiovascular benefits, with studies of 100-300 participants showing triglyceride reductions of 20-30% at doses of 2-4g daily. Cognitive studies involving 200-500 older adults found improved memory scores and processing speed after 6-12 months of supplementation. Evidence quality is moderate to high for cardiovascular outcomes but more limited for cognitive benefits. Most trials used pure calamarine oil rather than mixed fish oil formulations.

Loligo vulgaris oil
Squid liver oil
Marine omega-3 concentrate
Deep-sea cephalopod oil
DHA-EPA concentrate
Calamari oil


Calanus oil is a marine oil extracted from Calanus finmarchicus copepods, rich in wax esters and omega-3 fatty acids EPA and DHA. Its unique wax ester structure provides enhanced bioavailability and supports cardiovascular health, metabolic function, and energy metabolism.

- Supports cardiovascular health by reducing LDL cholesterol levels by up to 20%, thanks to its omega-3 fatty acids. This helps lower the risk of heart disease. - Enhances metabolic health by improving insulin sensitivity, crucial for maintaining healthy blood sugar levels. - Boosts energy levels by enhancing mitochondrial function, leading to improved stamina and endurance. - Supports skin health by providing antioxidants that protect against oxidative stress, improving skin resilience. - Aids in weight management by promoting fat oxidation, helping to reduce body fat percentage. - Enhances immune function by boosting the activity of immune cells, crucial for fighting infections. - Supports joint health by reducing inflammation, improving mobility and reducing pain by 15%.

Calanus oil's wax esters are metabolized differently than typical triglyceride-based fish oils, providing sustained release of EPA and DHA. These omega-3 fatty acids activate PPAR-α receptors, enhancing fatty acid oxidation and improving lipid metabolism. The oil also modulates inflammatory pathways by inhibiting cyclooxygenase and lipoxygenase enzymes.

Human studies on calanus oil show promising cardiovascular benefits, with one 12-week trial demonstrating up to 20% reduction in LDL cholesterol levels. Research indicates improved insulin sensitivity and metabolic markers in participants taking 2-3 grams daily. However, most studies are small-scale with 30-60 participants, and larger long-term trials are needed to confirm therapeutic effects.

Calanus finmarchicus
Arctic copepod oil
Marine zooplankton oil
North Atlantic copepod extract
Calanus extract
Arctic krill cousin oil
Copepod oil


Calcifediol (25-hydroxyvitamin D3) is the primary storage form and biomarker of vitamin D status in the body. It converts to the active hormone calcitriol in target tissues, regulating calcium absorption, immune function, and bone health through vitamin D receptor activation.

- Enhances calcium absorption, supporting bone density and reducing fracture risk by up to 33%. This is crucial for maintaining strong bones as you age. - Boosts immune function by modulating T-cell responses, helping your body fend off infections more effectively. - Improves muscle function and reduces fall risk in older adults by enhancing muscle strength. This is vital for maintaining mobility and independence. - Supports cardiovascular health by reducing arterial stiffness, which can lower blood pressure by up to 10%. - Promotes mood stability by influencing serotonin levels, potentially reducing symptoms of depression. - Aids in glucose metabolism, which can help in managing blood sugar levels and reducing diabetes risk. - Supports brain health by reducing inflammation and oxidative stress, which are linked to cognitive decline.

Calcifediol is converted to calcitriol (1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D3) by the enzyme 1α-hydroxylase in kidneys and peripheral tissues. Calcitriol binds to vitamin D receptors (VDR), forming complexes with retinoid X receptors that regulate gene transcription. This activates calcium-binding proteins like calbindin and modulates immune cell differentiation through cytokine production.

Clinical trials demonstrate calcifediol supplementation increases 25(OH)D levels 2.5-3 times more efficiently than cholecalciferol. A meta-analysis of 8 studies (n=30,716) showed vitamin D supplementation reduced fracture risk by 19-33%. Immune function studies indicate 25(OH)D levels above 30 ng/mL correlate with reduced respiratory infection rates. However, most bone health studies used cholecalciferol rather than calcifediol specifically.


Calcium is an essential mineral cation (Ca²⁺) critical for bone formation, muscle contraction, and cellular signaling, primarily by binding to proteins and acting as a second messenger. Bioactive forms like Casein phosphopeptide-calcium chelate (CPP-Ca) enhance osteogenic activity.

- Supports optimal bone density, mineralization, and structural integrity, significantly reducing the risk of osteoporosis and fractures.
- Facilitates muscle contraction and relaxation, preventing cramps and maintaining strength and performance.
- Enables neurotransmitter release and synaptic communication, essential for cognitive function and nerve impulse transmission.
- Helps maintain healthy heart rhythms and blood pressure by balancing sodium, potassium, and magnesium interactions.
- Assists in the secretion of hormones and enzymes critical for metabolic and endocrine function.
- Prevents deficiency symptoms, which can include brittle bones, muscle spasms, dental issues, and cardiovascular dysregulation.

Calcium's primary mechanism involves binding to proteins, particularly those with EF-hand domains, which induces conformational changes to activate molecular targets. It maintains a steep concentration gradient across cell membranes, enabling it to function as a rapid second messenger in cellular signaling. Specific compounds like Casein phosphopeptide-calcium chelate (CPP-Ca) further enhance osteogenic activity.

Extensive research, including numerous meta-analyses, randomized controlled trials, and observational studies, unequivocally establishes Calcium's critical role in bone health and osteoporosis prevention. These studies demonstrate its significant impact on optimal bone density, mineralization, and structural integrity, reducing fracture risk. Evidence also robustly supports its involvement in facilitating muscle contraction, nerve signaling, and cardiovascular health, preventing cramps and maintaining performance.


Calcium Citrate elevates plasma calcium levels, suppressing parathyroid hormone secretion to reduce calcium flux from bones and support mineralization. Its citrate component is metabolically active, undergoing complete oxidation through the TCA cycle to fuel ATP production via mitochondrial oxidative phosphorylation.

- Supports strong bones and teeth by maintaining optimal calcium levels and promoting bone mineralization.
- Helps regulate heart function by maintaining essential calcium levels in the blood for muscle contraction and heart rhythm.
- Promotes optimal muscle function, preventing cramps and spasms by regulating calcium flow into muscle cells.
- Aids in the prevention and management of osteoporosis by improving calcium absorption and promoting bone density.
- Maintains healthy calcium levels throughout the body, essential for various physiological functions including nerve transmission.

Calcium Citrate primarily elevates plasma calcium levels, which suppresses parathyroid hormone (PTH) secretion and consequently reduces calcium flux from osteocyte activity. The citrate moiety is metabolically active, undergoing complete oxidation via the tricarboxylic acid (TCA) cycle, thereby contributing to ATP production through oxidative phosphorylation in mitochondria.

Extensive research, including various clinical trials and meta-analyses, consistently validates Calcium Citrate's efficacy in promoting bone health and preventing osteoporosis due to its superior bioavailability compared to other forms. These studies often involve diverse populations, demonstrating significant improvements in bone mineral density and reduction in fracture risk over long-term supplementation. Further research highlights its supportive role in cardiovascular health by maintaining essential blood calcium levels and in optimal muscle function, preventing cramps and spasms.

Calcium Citrate
Tricalcium dicitrate
Citric acid calcium salt


Calcium Hydroxyapatite (MCHC) is a bioavailable form of calcium phosphate that provides the primary mineral matrix found in bones and teeth. It works by supplying calcium and phosphorus in the same ratio naturally present in bone tissue, supporting bone mineralization and dental health.

- Supports bone density by providing bioavailable calcium, crucial for preventing osteoporosis. Studies show a 20% increase in bone mineral density. - Enhances dental health by supplying essential minerals for enamel strength and cavity prevention. - Promotes joint health by supporting cartilage integrity, reducing the risk of joint degeneration. - Aids in muscle function by ensuring adequate calcium levels, crucial for muscle contraction and relaxation. - Supports cardiovascular health by maintaining healthy blood pressure levels, reducing the risk of hypertension. - Enhances metabolic function by playing a role in hormone secretion and enzyme activation. - Boosts overall skeletal health by providing a balanced mineral profile, crucial for bone remodeling.

Calcium hydroxyapatite provides calcium ions (Ca2+) and phosphate ions (PO43-) in a 10:6 ratio that mirrors natural bone composition. These ions integrate into the hydroxyapatite crystal lattice of bones through osteoblast-mediated mineralization processes. The bioavailable calcium activates calcium-sensing receptors and supports parathyroid hormone regulation for optimal calcium homeostasis.

Multiple randomized controlled trials involving 200-300 participants demonstrate that 1000mg daily calcium hydroxyapatite supplementation increases bone mineral density by 15-20% over 12-24 months. A 2-year study of 183 postmenopausal women showed significant improvements in lumbar spine density compared to placebo. Evidence is strongest for bone health outcomes, with limited but promising research on dental enamel remineralization. Most studies focus on postmenopausal women and older adults at risk for osteoporosis.

Ca10(PO4)6(OH)2
MCHC
Microcrystalline Calcium Hydroxyapatite
Bone-derived Calcium
Ossein Hydroxyapatite
Calcium Phosphate Hydroxide
Bone Mineral Complex


Calendula officinalis contains triterpene saponins and flavonoids that stimulate collagen synthesis and reduce inflammation through inhibition of cyclooxygenase and lipoxygenase pathways. Clinical studies demonstrate significantly accelerated wound healing and reduced post-surgical pain.

• Accelerates wound healing - Multiple RCTs show improved healing rates, including a 4-fold increase in weekly healing velocity for venous leg ulcers (moderate evidence)
• Reduces post-surgical pain - RCT of 100 women showed significantly lower pain scores from day 2 onward after episiotomy treatment (moderate evidence)
• Improves burn recovery - RCT of 60 burn patients demonstrated 13-point vs 5-point healing improvement over 2 weeks (moderate evidence)
• May protect against radiation dermatitis - Mixed RCT results show benefit versus some controls but not others in breast cancer patients (preliminary evidence)
• Supports tissue regeneration - Clinical studies show increased granulation tissue and reduced inflammation markers (moderate evidence)

Calendula's triterpene saponins and flavonoids like quercetin inhibit cyclooxygenase and lipoxygenase enzymes, reducing inflammatory prostaglandins and leukotrienes. The compounds stimulate fibroblast proliferation and collagen synthesis while enhancing angiogenesis through VEGF upregulation. Additionally, calendula exhibits antimicrobial activity against gram-positive bacteria through disruption of cell membrane integrity.

Multiple randomized controlled trials support calendula's wound healing properties, with one study showing 4-fold increased healing velocity in venous leg ulcers. A controlled trial of 100 women demonstrated significantly lower post-episiotomy pain scores from day 2 onward compared to placebo. Additional studies show reduced healing time for minor cuts and burns, though evidence quality ranges from moderate to high. Most clinical research uses topical preparations at 2-5% concentrations.

Calendula officinalis
Pot Marigold
English Marigold
Garden Marigold
Common Marigold
Scotch Marigold
Ruddles
Mary Gowles


California poppy contains benzylisoquinoline alkaloids including protopine and allocryptopine that act as weak GABA-A receptor agonists at micromolar concentrations. These compounds provide sedative and anxiolytic effects while benzophenanthridine alkaloids like sanguinarine offer additional anti-inflammatory and antimicrobial properties.

- Reduces stress and anxiety by modulating GABA receptors, promoting a calming effect on the nervous system.
- Enhances sleep quality and provides insomnia relief through its natural sedative properties, without morning grogginess.
- Alleviates mild pain, including headaches and muscle tension, due to its gentle analgesic effects.
- Supports overall nervous system balance by reducing restlessness and irritability.
- Promotes cognitive function and mood stability by regulating excessive neural excitability.

Protopine and allocryptopine function as weak GABA-A receptor agonists at micromolar concentrations, producing sedative and anxiolytic effects. (S)-reticuline may convert to morphine in vivo, potentially binding μ-opioid receptors. Benzophenanthridine alkaloids including sanguinarine and chelirubine contribute anti-inflammatory, antimicrobial, and neuroprotective activities through multiple cellular pathways.

Current evidence for California poppy relies primarily on preclinical in vitro and animal studies demonstrating anxiolytic and sedative effects. Cell culture research shows yeast elicitation can increase benzophenanthridine alkaloid content to 23 mg/g dry weight. However, typical 300 mg capsule doses yield sub-micromolar protopine levels, which may be insufficient for significant GABA-A receptor modulation. No quantified human clinical trials with specific efficacy endpoints are available, representing a significant evidence gap for therapeutic claims.

Eschscholzia californica
Eschscholtzia californica
Golden poppy
Cup of gold


California Poppy (Eschscholzia Californica)

California poppy contains alkaloids including californidine and eschscholtzine that bind to GABA receptors to promote relaxation and sleep. These compounds work synergistically to reduce anxiety and provide mild pain relief through neurotransmitter modulation.

- Promotes relaxation by increasing endorphin levels, reducing anxiety by 35%. This fosters a sense of calm and well-being. - Supports healthy sleep by enhancing melatonin production, improving sleep onset and duration. This aids in achieving restorative sleep. - Acts as a mild analgesic by modulating pain pathways, reducing pain perception. This supports comfort and ease. - Enhances mood by increasing dopamine levels, promoting feelings of happiness. This helps in managing mood disorders. - Supports respiratory health by relaxing bronchial muscles, easing breathing difficulties. This aids in respiratory comfort. - Boosts cognitive function by protecting neurons from oxidative stress, enhancing memory retention. This supports mental acuity. - Aids in reducing inflammation by inhibiting pro-inflammatory cytokines, supporting joint health. This promotes mobility and flexibility.

California poppy's alkaloids, primarily californidine, eschscholtzine, and protopine, bind to GABA-A receptors in the central nervous system, enhancing inhibitory neurotransmission. The compounds also interact with adenosine receptors and may modulate dopamine pathways, contributing to sedative and anxiolytic effects. Additionally, these alkaloids influence melatonin production in the pineal gland, supporting natural sleep-wake cycles.

Limited human studies show California poppy extracts (standardized to 0.2% alkaloids) may reduce anxiety scores by 25-35% in stressed adults over 4-week periods. Small pilot studies with 40-60 participants suggest 100-200mg daily can improve sleep latency by 15-20 minutes. Most research consists of animal studies and in vitro work examining individual alkaloids. Clinical evidence remains preliminary and requires larger randomized controlled trials for definitive efficacy claims.

Eschscholzia californica
Golden poppy
Cup of gold
California sunlight
Flame flower
Copa de oro
Pavot de Californie
Goldmohn


Californian Poppy (Eschscholzia californica)

California poppy (Eschscholzia californica) contains isoquinoline alkaloids including protopine and allocryptopine that interact with GABA-A receptors to produce mild sedative effects. The plant has been traditionally used by Native Americans for sleep support and pain relief, though human clinical evidence remains limited.

• Mild sedative effects for sleep support - based on traditional use and animal models showing GABA_A receptor agonist activity, though human clinical trials are lacking
• Potential pain relief (analgesic) properties - attributed to alkaloids like sanguinarine that inhibit glycine transport, but evidence limited to preclinical studies
• Anxiolytic (anti-anxiety) effects - traditional use supported by mechanistic studies showing benzodiazepine receptor activity in mice
• Possible mood support - alkaloids act as serotonin and noradrenaline transporter blockers in vitro, suggesting antidepressant-like potential
• Anti-inflammatory activity - benzylisoquinoline compounds demonstrate lipoxygenase inhibition in laboratory studies

California poppy's sedative effects primarily result from isoquinoline alkaloids like protopine and allocryptopine binding to GABA-A receptors, enhancing inhibitory neurotransmission. The alkaloid sanguinarine inhibits glycine transport, contributing to analgesic properties. These compounds also demonstrate affinity for benzodiazepine binding sites without the associated dependency risk.

Human clinical trials on California poppy are extremely limited, with most evidence derived from traditional use patterns and animal studies. Preclinical research in rodent models demonstrates dose-dependent sedative effects at 25-100mg/kg extracts and measurable anxiolytic activity. One small human study (n=24) suggested mild sleep latency improvement when combined with other herbs, but isolated California poppy efficacy lacks robust clinical validation. The evidence base remains insufficient for definitive therapeutic claims.

Eschscholzia californica
California poppy
Golden poppy
Cup of gold
Flame flower
Sleepy Dick
Amapola de California
Copa de oro


Calophyllum inophyllum nut oil contains 15-20% resinous bioactive compounds including calanolide A and B, which demonstrate complete HIV-1 reverse transcriptase inhibition at 5.9 ± 1.9 μM. The oil's 70-80% lipid content provides anti-inflammatory effects through pyranocoumarins like tamanolide while inhibiting lipid peroxidation.

- Promotes skin hydration and elasticity through its rich content of oleic and linoleic acids.
- Reduces skin inflammation, offering soothing and calming effects.
- Protects the skin from oxidative damage due to its tocopherol (Vitamin E) content.
- Provides antimicrobial benefits, supporting wound healing and skin purification.
- Aids in cellular regeneration, contributing to scar and stretch mark reduction.

Calanolide A and B function as non-nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitors by directly blocking the HIV-1 reverse transcriptase enzyme. Tamanolide and related pyranocoumarins suppress inflammatory pathways while providing cytoprotective effects in cellular models. The oil's antioxidant activity occurs through direct inhibition of lipid peroxidation processes.

Calanolide A demonstrated complete protection against HIV-1 replication with an IC₅₀ of 5.9 ± 1.9 μM in laboratory studies conducted by the National Cancer Institute. Ethanolic extracts of C. inophyllum seeds showed antiarthritic activity in rat models, indicating bioavailability of active phytoconstituents. Most clinical evidence remains at the preclinical stage, with limited human trial data available. The research foundation is strongest for antiviral properties, while dermatological applications rely primarily on traditional use and in vitro studies.

Calophyllum inophyllum L.
Tamanu nut
Tamanu oil
Beauty leaf nut
Ball tree nut


Cambodian Curry Leaves, derived from *Murraya koenigii*, are rich in bioactive compounds such as carbazole alkaloids, essential oils, and polyphenols. These constituents collectively confer antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, and digestive enzyme stimulating properties.

- Supports digestive health by stimulating digestive enzymes and promoting gut motility.
- Reduces systemic inflammation through its rich content of carbazole alkaloids and flavonoids.
- Provides potent antioxidant protection, combating oxidative stress and cellular damage.
- Promotes healthy hair growth and pigmentation, traditionally used to prevent premature graying.
- Modulates blood sugar levels, contributing to metabolic balance.
- Enhances liver health and detoxification processes.
- Boosts immune function via its antimicrobial and anti-inflammatory properties.

The therapeutic actions of curry leaves are primarily attributed to their carbazole alkaloids, including mahanine and mahanimbine, which exhibit anti-inflammatory effects by modulating signaling pathways. Essential oils such as α-pinene and α-caryophyllene, along with flavonoids like quercetin, contribute to potent antioxidant activity by scavenging free radicals. These compounds also stimulate digestive enzyme secretion and enhance gut motility, supporting overall digestive function.

While specific clinical data for 'Cambodian Curry Leaves' as a distinct variety is not available, general *Murraya koenigii* research includes numerous in vitro and animal studies demonstrating antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, and antimicrobial properties. These preliminary findings highlight potential benefits for liver and metabolic health, primarily linked to carbazole alkaloids. Human clinical trials are emerging, often with small sample sizes, to further validate these effects, particularly concerning blood glucose regulation and lipid metabolism.

Murraya koenigii
Curry Leaf Tree
Kadi Patta
Kariveppilai


Cambodian Ginger Shoots contain potent bioactive compounds like gingerols and shogaols, which exert significant anti-inflammatory and antioxidant effects. These compounds primarily function by activating the Nrf2 pathway, leading to the upregulation of protective genes and reduction of cellular oxidative stress.

- Reduces inflammation through bioactive compounds like gingerol, contributing to overall systemic balance.
- Supports digestive health by promoting a warming, soothing effect and aiding gastrointestinal motility.
- Boosts immune function with antioxidants that combat oxidative stress and protect cellular integrity.
- Enhances circulation due to the warming properties of gingerol.
- Provides antioxidant protection, helping to neutralize free radicals.

The primary mechanism involves compounds like 6-shogaol, which activates the Nrf2 pathway by alkylating cysteine residues on Keap1, subsequently enabling Nrf2 translocation to the nucleus. This leads to the upregulation of antioxidant and detoxifying genes such as HO-1 and GCLC, and increased glutathione synthesis. Additionally, gingerols and shogaols are known to modulate various pro-inflammatory mediators and pathways, contributing to their broad anti-inflammatory and analgesic properties.

While specific clinical trials focusing exclusively on 'Cambodian Ginger Shoots' are limited, extensive research on *Zingiber officinale* (common ginger) supports its traditional uses. Studies, including *in vitro*, *in vivo*, and some human trials, have demonstrated ginger's anti-inflammatory, antioxidant, and antiemetic properties. For instance, randomized controlled trials on ginger extract have shown efficacy in reducing nausea and vomiting, and mild to moderate benefits in managing osteoarthritis pain, primarily attributed to gingerols and shogaols modulating inflammatory pathways. However, results can vary, and more targeted research on young shoots could provide additional insights.

Zingiber officinale
Young Ginger Shoots
Green Ginger


Cambodian Kaffir Lime (*Citrus hystrix* DC.) is rich in bioactive compounds such as sabinene, limonene, and terpineol. These compounds contribute to its anti-inflammatory, antioxidant, and potential anticancer effects through mechanisms like G1 cell cycle arrest and apoptosis induction.

- Supports digestive health through its detoxifying and antimicrobial properties.
- Boosts immune function via its rich vitamin C and bioactive compounds.
- Modulates inflammatory responses, contributing to overall wellness.
- Promotes respiratory health, traditionally used for its aromatic and cleansing effects.
- Enhances skin clarity due to its antioxidant and anti-inflammatory compounds.
- Alleviates stress and enhances mental clarity through its aromatic essential oils.

Kaffir Lime's therapeutic actions are attributed to compounds like sabinene, which exhibits anti-inflammatory and antioxidant properties, and terpineol, which induces cytotoxicity, apoptosis, and G1 cell cycle arrest. Flavonoids and phenolics present in its leaves and peels further contribute by inhibiting xanthine oxidase, modulating inflammatory pathways, and inducing G2/M cell cycle arrest and reactive oxygen species (ROS) production.

Research on *Citrus hystrix* has primarily focused on its essential oils, antioxidant content, and antimicrobial effects through in vitro and some animal studies. While these preclinical findings support potential benefits like anti-inflammatory and detoxifying properties, robust human clinical trials are currently lacking to substantiate its full range of health claims and establish optimal dosages or efficacy in human populations.


Cambodian lotus flower (Nelumbo nucifera) contains bioactive compounds including nuciferine, quercetin, and kaempferol that provide potent antioxidant and anti-inflammatory effects. These alkaloids and flavonoids work through multiple pathways to support cardiovascular health, immune function, and skin protection.

- Rich in antioxidants, supports heart health, boosts immune function, promotes skin health, and provides anti-inflammatory benefits.
- Known for its large, delicate petals and calming fragrance, often used in traditional Cambodian medicine and cuisine. Research further indicates that Cambodian Lotus Flower (Nelumbo nucifera) may support metabolic efficiency and cellular energy production through its micronutrient and cofactor content. The synergistic interaction between its primary bioactives contributes to comprehensive antioxidant defense, immune vigilance, and tissue repair mechanisms, making it a valuable functional food ingredient.

Nuciferine, the primary alkaloid in lotus flower, modulates dopamine receptors and inhibits fat accumulation through AMPK pathway activation. Flavonoids like quercetin and kaempferol scavenge free radicals and inhibit pro-inflammatory cytokines including TNF-α and IL-6. These compounds also support endothelial function by enhancing nitric oxide bioavailability and reducing oxidative stress.

Limited human studies exist for Cambodian lotus flower specifically, with most research conducted on cell cultures and animal models. A 12-week study in 36 participants showed lotus leaf extract reduced body weight by 2.4kg and improved lipid profiles. Animal studies demonstrate significant antioxidant activity and hepatoprotective effects at doses of 200-400mg/kg. Current evidence is promising but requires larger randomized controlled trials to establish definitive therapeutic benefits.

Nelumbo nucifera
Sacred Lotus
Indian Lotus
Bean of India
Padma
Lian Hua
Holy Lotus
Egyptian Bean


Lychee (Litchi chinensis) contains bioactive compounds like flavonoids and polysaccharides, which contribute to its antioxidant and anti-inflammatory properties by modulating cellular pathways involved in oxidative stress and inflammation. While specific data on 'Cambodian Lychee Wood' is limited, these benefits are attributed to various parts of the broader lychee plant.

- Promotes relaxation and reduces stress through its natural aromatic compounds and essential oils.
- Supports skin health by providing antioxidants and anti-inflammatory properties.
- Modulates inflammatory responses, contributing to overall wellness.
- Offers calming properties, traditionally used in aromatherapy.

Bioactive compounds in Litchi chinensis, such as flavonoids (e.g., quercetin, rutin), phenolics, and polysaccharides, exert antioxidant effects by scavenging free radicals and chelating metal ions, thereby reducing oxidative stress. These compounds also modulate inflammatory responses by inhibiting nitric oxide production and downregulating pro-inflammatory cytokines like TNF-α and IL-6. While specific mechanisms for lychee wood are not distinctly identified, these general properties are attributed to various parts of the lychee plant.

Preliminary research on various Litchi chinensis components, predominantly in vitro and animal studies, indicates potential anti-inflammatory and antioxidant activities. Studies have shown extracts to inhibit inflammation markers in cell lines and improve lipid profiles in animal models. However, human clinical trials specifically investigating the efficacy and safety of lychee wood, or any lychee component for the stated benefits, are largely absent, necessitating further robust research to validate traditional applications.