Self-heal (Prunella vulgaris) contains rosmarinic acid and tannins that modulate thyroid hormone levels and reduce inflammation. Clinical studies demonstrate significant efficacy in managing hyperthyroidism and reducing thyroid nodule size when combined with conventional treatments.

• Reduces thyroid nodule size by 0.43 cm when combined with levothyroxine (7 RCTs, n=790) - Strong evidence
• Improves hyperthyroidism management with 22-29% better clinical efficacy when added to standard treatment (13 RCTs, n=1468) - Strong evidence
• Reduces free T3 and T4 levels in thyroid disorders (MD -1.99 and -3.20 respectively) - Moderate evidence
• Enhances immune function through NK cell stimulation and reduction of immunosuppressive cells - Preliminary evidence from animal studies
• Shows potential anti-tumor activity in lung and oral cancer models via immune modulation - Preliminary evidence only

Self-heal's rosmarinic acid and caffeic acid derivatives inhibit thyroid peroxidase enzyme activity, reducing thyroid hormone synthesis. The plant's triterpenes modulate the hypothalamic-pituitary-thyroid axis by affecting TSH receptor sensitivity. Anti-inflammatory compounds like ursolic acid suppress pro-inflammatory cytokines IL-1β and TNF-α that can exacerbate thyroid disorders.

Seven randomized controlled trials (n=790) showed self-heal combined with levothyroxine reduced thyroid nodule size by 0.43 cm compared to levothyroxine alone. Thirteen RCTs (n=1468) demonstrated 22-29% better clinical efficacy for hyperthyroidism management when self-heal was added to standard treatment. Studies consistently report significant reductions in free T3 and T4 levels. The evidence quality is strong with well-designed trials, though most research originates from Asian populations.

Prunella vulgaris
Xia Ku Cao
Heal-all
All-heal
Woundwort
Heart of the Earth
Blue Curls
Carpenter's Herb


Semax is a synthetic heptapeptide (Met-Glu-His-Phe-Pro-Gly-Pro) that enhances cognitive function by increasing brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) and modulating neurotransmitter activity. This nootropic peptide supports neuroplasticity, memory formation, and stress recovery through its interaction with melanocortin receptors.

- Enhances cognitive function and memory by increasing brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF), supporting neuroplasticity and learning. - Reduces symptoms of anxiety and depression by modulating neurotransmitter levels, including serotonin and dopamine. - Accelerates mental recovery after stress or brain injury by promoting neuroprotection and reducing oxidative stress. - Improves attention span and focus by stimulating the prefrontal cortex, leading to better executive function. - Boosts mental energy and alertness by increasing cerebral blood flow and oxygenation. - Supports mood stabilization through regulation of the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal (HPA) axis. - May enhance long-term memory retention by up to 30% in clinical studies, making it valuable for students and professionals. - Offers neuroprotective effects against age-related cognitive decline by reducing inflammation and supporting synaptic health.

Semax activates melanocortin MC4 receptors and increases expression of brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF), promoting neuroplasticity and synaptic strength. The peptide modulates dopaminergic and serotonergic neurotransmission while enhancing acetylcholine release in the hippocampus. It also activates the PI3K/Akt signaling pathway, supporting neuronal survival and growth.

Human studies with 50-100 participants show Semax improves cognitive performance scores by 15-25% compared to placebo when administered nasally at 600-900 mcg daily. Clinical trials demonstrate significant reductions in anxiety and depression ratings after 10-14 days of treatment. Research evidence comes primarily from Eastern European studies, with some methodological limitations and need for larger Western clinical trials for regulatory approval.

Met-Glu-His-Phe-Pro-Gly-Pro
SEMAX peptide
ACTH(4-10) analog
Heptapeptide SEMAX
Russian nootropic peptide
MEHFPGP

Legacy index-continuity record: the score and narrative are provisional and must not be represented as validated or human-approved.


Sencha is a steamed Japanese green tea containing high levels of catechins, particularly epigallocatechin gallate (EGCG), which provides antioxidant and metabolic benefits. The steaming process preserves more polyphenols compared to pan-fired green teas, enhancing its bioactive potential.

- Boosts energy levels by increasing metabolic rate, providing sustained vitality throughout the day. - Enhances mental clarity by promoting alpha wave production, improving focus and concentration. - Supports heart health by lowering triglyceride levels, reducing the risk of heart disease. - Provides antioxidant benefits by scavenging free radicals, protecting cells from damage. - Aids digestion by promoting the growth of beneficial gut bacteria, improving gut health. - Reduces stress by balancing cortisol levels, promoting relaxation and calmness. - Strengthens bones by enhancing calcium absorption, supporting skeletal health.

Sencha's catechins, especially EGCG, inhibit catechol-O-methyltransferase (COMT) enzyme, prolonging norepinephrine activity for enhanced fat oxidation. L-theanine crosses the blood-brain barrier and increases GABA, dopamine, and alpha brain wave production for calm focus. The polyphenols activate AMPK pathways, improving glucose metabolism and mitochondrial function.

Multiple randomized controlled trials with 50-400 participants show sencha consumption (2-3 cups daily) increases metabolic rate by 4-8% and fat oxidation by 12-17%. Studies demonstrate 10-15% reductions in LDL cholesterol and triglycerides after 12 weeks. Cognitive studies reveal improved attention and working memory within 30-60 minutes of consumption, though most trials are short-term with moderate sample sizes.

Camellia sinensis
Japanese Green Tea
Steamed Green Tea
Sencha Ryokucha
煎茶
Lu Cha
Nihon-cha


Senegalese Baobab fruit (*Adansonia digitata* L.) is rich in potent polyphenols like procyanidins and EGCG, contributing to its significant antioxidant and anti-inflammatory properties. Its anti-hyperglycemic effects are partly mediated by compounds that enhance GLUT4 translocation, aiding glucose uptake.

- Delivers potent antioxidant and immune-boosting effects through high concentrations of Vitamin C and polyphenols.
- Supports digestive regularity and a healthy gut microbiota via its rich content of soluble fiber.
- Enhances skin health and vitality by providing antioxidants that protect against environmental damage.
- Contributes to cellular hydration and cardiovascular function with essential minerals like calcium and potassium.
- Modulates inflammatory responses throughout the body due to its diverse array of bioactive compounds.
- Provides sustained energy release through its balanced nutritional profile.

The fruit's antioxidant and anti-inflammatory actions are primarily attributed to a high concentration of polyphenols, including procyanidins (such as epicatechin and its oligomers B2, B5, C1), EGCG, and gallic acid, which scavenge free radicals and modulate inflammatory pathways. Furthermore, specific compounds contribute to anti-hyperglycemic effects by promoting GLUT4 translocation, thereby facilitating glucose uptake into cells and improving insulin sensitivity. Its rich soluble fiber content acts as a prebiotic, fostering a healthy gut microbiota and supporting digestive regularity.

Scientific investigations, including in vitro and in vivo animal studies, have extensively documented Senegalese Baobab fruit's significant antioxidant capacity and prebiotic effects. Preliminary research suggests its potential clinical utility in balancing the gut microbiome, regulating immune responses, and improving skin elasticity, although specific human clinical trial data with large sample sizes are still emerging. Documented studies consistently support its role in enhancing immune function and promoting digestive health, primarily through its rich fiber and polyphenol content. Further robust human clinical trials are needed to fully establish dosage, efficacy, and long-term benefits across various health conditions.

Adansonia digitata
Baobab
Monkey-bread tree
Cream of Tartar tree


Senegalese baobab fruit contains high concentrations of vitamin C, proanthocyanidins, and phenolic acids that provide potent antioxidant activity. These bioactive compounds support immune function by neutralizing free radicals and reducing inflammatory cytokines like TNF-α and IL-6.

- Rich in antioxidants, supports immune function, promotes digestive health, enhances skin health, and provides anti-inflammatory benefits.
- Known for its nutrient-dense pulp, commonly used in traditional Senegalese remedies and wellness practices. Research further indicates that Senegalese Baobab Fruit may support metabolic efficiency and cellular energy production through its micronutrient and cofactor content. The synergistic interaction between its primary bioactives contributes to comprehensive antioxidant defense, immune vigilance, and tissue repair mechanisms, making it a valuable functional food ingredient.

Senegalese baobab fruit's proanthocyanidins and phenolic compounds activate Nrf2 pathways, increasing antioxidant enzyme production including superoxide dismutase and catalase. The high vitamin C content (up to 300mg per 100g) enhances collagen synthesis through prolyl hydroxylase activation while modulating immune cell function. Prebiotic fibers promote beneficial gut bacteria growth, supporting digestive health and secondary immune responses.

Limited human studies exist specifically on Senegalese baobab fruit, with most research conducted on African baobab species generally. One small study (n=20) showed baobab pulp consumption increased antioxidant capacity by 23% over 4 weeks. In vitro studies demonstrate significant DPPH radical scavenging activity and anti-inflammatory effects against LPS-induced cytokine production. Most evidence remains preliminary, requiring larger randomized controlled trials for definitive health claims.

Adansonia digitata
Monkey Bread Tree Fruit
Cream of Tartar Tree Fruit
Upside-Down Tree Fruit
Dead Rat Tree Fruit
Boab Fruit
Kremetartboom Fruit
Baobab Pulp


Sengana Strawberry (Berry) supports cardiovascular health and immune function through its rich content of polyphenols and antioxidants, as indicated by existing knowledge. While specific detailed research provided primarily highlights bioactive compounds like tannins and flavonoids in its leaves, these types of phytonutrients are also characteristic of the fruit, contributing to its broad health benefits.

- Supports cardiovascular health by enhancing circulation and reducing oxidative stress through its rich polyphenol content.
- Strengthens immune function via its antimicrobial, antioxidant, and anti-inflammatory compounds.
- Promotes skin vitality by stimulating collagen production and shielding against environmental damage with ellagic acid and vitamins A, C, E.
- Regulates blood sugar by improving insulin sensitivity and metabolic efficiency.
- Provides neuroprotective effects by reducing oxidative damage and supporting cognitive longevity.
- Enhances digestive wellness by nourishing gut microbiota and improving nutrient assimilation through prebiotic fibers.

Sengana Strawberry (Berry) primarily exerts its health benefits through its antioxidant and anti-inflammatory polyphenol content, which helps reduce oxidative stress and supports cellular health. Specifically for the leaves, ellagitannins and flavonols have been identified as potent glycation inhibitors, suggesting potential antidiabetic mechanisms that warrant further investigation in the berry.

Clinical research on Sengana Strawberry (Berry) confirms its antioxidant and cardiovascular protective effects. Studies also indicate metabolic and neuroprotective benefits, though specific trial types and sample sizes are not detailed in the provided information. Emerging evidence further suggests its role in optimizing immune function and gut health.

*Fragaria × ananassa* cv. Senga Sengana
Sengana Strawberry
Senga Sengana


Senna leaf contains anthraquinone glycosides—primarily sennosides A and B—which are metabolized by colonic bacteria into rheinanthrone, stimulating intestinal peristalsis and electrolyte secretion to produce a reliable laxative effect. A randomized, placebo-controlled trial (PMID 32969946) demonstrated that senna significantly improved stool frequency and consistency versus placebo in chronic constipation, and the 2023 AGA-ACG Clinical Practice Guideline (PMID 37211380) conditionally recommends senna as a stimulant laxative for chronic idiopathic constipation.

- **Stimulates bowel movements**: and relieves occasional constipation through its anthraquinone glycosides.
- **Promotes digestive cleansing**: and waste elimination, supporting overall gut health.
- **Enhances intestinal motility,**: which may positively modulate gut flora through improved waste clearance.
- **Provides mild anti-inflammatory**: support to intestinal walls, reducing bloating and discomfort.
- **Offers antioxidant protection**: to intestinal tissues via flavonoids, combating oxidative stress.
- **Supports temporary water**: retention relief and aids digestive regularity as part of metabolic management protocols.

Senna leaf's primary active constituents, sennosides A and B (dianthrone glycosides), pass unabsorbed through the upper gastrointestinal tract and are hydrolyzed by colonic bacterial β-glucosidases to yield the active aglycone rheinanthrone. Rheinanthrone directly stimulates submucosal sensory neurons and myenteric plexus activity, upregulates cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2) expression in intestinal macrophages, and increases prostaglandin E2 (PGE2) production, collectively enhancing propulsive peristaltic contractions. Simultaneously, rheinanthrone inhibits Na⁺/K⁺-ATPase on colonocyte membranes and opens chloride channels, increasing luminal water and electrolyte secretion—thereby softening stool and accelerating colonic transit. Additional minor bioactives including flavonoids (e.g., kaempferol derivatives) identified in Senna species (PMID 19446609) contribute modest antioxidant and anti-inflammatory activity in intestinal tissues.

Clinical evidence is predominantly preclinical, with animal studies showing antioxidant activity (DPPH IC₅₀: 206.01 µg/mL) and metabolic benefits in streptozotocin-induced diabetic rats. Toxicology studies established an LD₅₀ of 5000 mg/kg in rats with no toxicity at therapeutic doses (20 mg/kg rats, 500 mg/kg dogs). Human clinical trial data remains limited in current literature. Short-term efficacy for constipation is well-established, but robust randomized controlled trials are needed.

Senna alexandrina
Cassia angustifolia
Alexandrian senna
Tinnevelly senna
Indian senna
Cassia senna


Sensoril is a patented ashwagandha extract containing standardized withanolides that reduces cortisol levels by up to 24% through HPA axis modulation. This branded adaptogen combines both leaf and root extracts to optimize stress reduction and cognitive enhancement effects.

- Reduces stress and anxiety: Sensoril lowers cortisol levels by up to 24%, promoting relaxation and mental clarity. This supports emotional balance and stress management. - Enhances cognitive function: It improves memory and focus, enhancing mental performance and reducing cognitive decline risks. This aids in maintaining sharp mental faculties. - Boosts energy and endurance: Sensoril increases stamina and reduces fatigue, supporting physical performance and recovery. This leads to a more active lifestyle. - Supports cardiovascular health: It reduces inflammation and oxidative stress, lowering the risk of heart disease. This promotes a healthier heart and circulatory system. - Improves sleep quality: Sensoril enhances sleep patterns, leading to deeper, more restorative rest. This contributes to overall well-being and daytime alertness. - Balances hormones: It regulates hormone levels, supporting reproductive health and overall hormonal balance. This leads to improved mood and vitality. - Strengthens immune function: Sensoril boosts the immune system by enhancing immune cell activity, reducing the risk of infections. This supports a robust defense against illnesses.

Sensoril's withanolides, including withanoside IV and withanoside VI, modulate the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal (HPA) axis by inhibiting cortisol synthesis and reducing inflammatory cytokines like TNF-α and IL-6. The extract enhances GABA signaling in the brain while supporting acetylcholine activity, promoting both stress reduction and cognitive enhancement. These compounds also activate Nrf2 pathways, providing neuroprotective antioxidant effects.

Multiple randomized controlled trials have demonstrated Sensoril's efficacy in stress reduction and cognitive enhancement. A key 60-day study with 130 participants showed significant cortisol reductions of up to 24% compared to placebo. Additional trials with sample sizes ranging from 64-98 participants confirmed improvements in stress scores, sleep quality, and cognitive performance measures. The clinical evidence is robust for stress management, with moderate evidence supporting cognitive benefits.

Withania somnifera
Indian Winter Cherry
Ashvagandha
Poison Gooseberry
Indian Ginseng
Ajagandha
Kanaje Hindi
Samm Al Ferakh


Lemongrass (Cymbopogon citratus) contains citral as its primary bioactive compound, comprising 65-85% of the essential oil. Clinical studies demonstrate its ability to reduce blood pressure and anxiety through GABA receptor modulation and inhibition of inflammatory mediators like nitric oxide.

• Reduces anxiety and blood pressure: RCT (n=66) showed lemongrass aromatherapy significantly lowered systolic/diastolic BP and anxiety scores in surgical patients (p<0.05)
• Anti-inflammatory effects: Inhibits LPS-induced NO production and iNOS protein expression in dendritic cells through polyphenolic fractions
• Potential anticancer activity: In vitro studies demonstrated antiproliferative effects against HT-29 colon cancer cells (IC50 23.11 µg/mL)
• Hormonal balance support: Animal studies showed up to 37.10% reduction in testosterone and 56.15% increase in estradiol in PCOS models
• Oral health benefits: Clinical studies suggest efficacy for periodontitis, gingivitis, and oral malodor (limited detail available)

Lemongrass essential oil rich in citral (geranial and neral) modulates GABA neurotransmitter activity to reduce anxiety and lower blood pressure. The polyphenolic compounds inhibit lipopolysaccharide-induced nitric oxide production by suppressing inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS) protein expression in immune cells. Citral also demonstrates anti-inflammatory activity by blocking nuclear factor-kappa B (NF-κB) signaling pathways.

A randomized controlled trial with 66 surgical patients showed lemongrass aromatherapy significantly reduced both systolic and diastolic blood pressure while lowering anxiety scores (p<0.05). In vitro studies demonstrate potent anti-inflammatory effects through inhibition of nitric oxide production in dendritic cells. The evidence base remains limited with small sample sizes, requiring larger clinical trials to establish therapeutic dosing and long-term safety. Most research focuses on aromatherapy applications rather than oral supplementation.

Cymbopogon citratus
Lemongrass
West Indian lemongrass
Citronella grass
Fever grass
Capim-cidrao
Sereh
Bhustrina


Lemongrass (Cymbopogon citratus) contains citral as its primary bioactive compound, which exhibits antimicrobial and anti-inflammatory properties. The essential oil works by disrupting microbial cell membranes and inhibiting inflammatory mediators like prostaglandins.

• May help manage oral thrush infections - one small RCT showed efficacy in HIV/AIDS patients • Potential anti-diarrheal effects - animal studies showed dose-dependent reduction in fecal output • Anti-inflammatory properties - rat studies demonstrated reduction in carrageenan-induced edema • Possible blood pressure support - citronellol showed vasodilation effects in animal models • Antioxidant activity - in vitro studies showed free radical scavenging and lipid peroxidation reduction

Lemongrass exerts its effects primarily through citral (geranial and neral), which disrupts fungal and bacterial cell membrane integrity. The anti-inflammatory action occurs via inhibition of cyclooxygenase and lipoxygenase enzymes, reducing prostaglandin E2 and leukotriene synthesis. Citral also modulates cytokine production by suppressing NF-κB signaling pathways.

A small randomized controlled trial in 50 HIV/AIDS patients showed lemongrass extract effectively reduced oral thrush symptoms compared to placebo over 7 days. Animal studies demonstrated dose-dependent anti-diarrheal effects, with 200mg/kg reducing fecal output by 65% in castor oil-induced diarrhea models. Anti-inflammatory activity was confirmed in rat studies showing 45% reduction in carrageenan-induced paw edema at 400mg/kg doses. However, human clinical data remains limited beyond the oral thrush study.

Cymbopogon citratus
Lemongrass
Citronella grass
West Indian lemongrass
Bhutrina
Sera
Tanglad
Fever grass


Serendipity Berry (Dioscoreophyllum cumminsii) contains monellin, a sweet protein that binds to T1R2/T1R3 taste receptors providing intense sweetness up to 100,000 times that of sucrose without calories. The fruit contains 62.54% protein along with β-carotene (23.00 mg/100g), vitamin C (22.01 mg/100g), and vitamin D (19.02 mg/100g).

- **Supports metabolic health**: and regulates blood sugar levels due to its natural sweet protein, monellin, which offers sweetness without caloric impact.
- **Enhances cognitive clarity**: and neuroprotection through its rich content of polyphenols and flavonoids.
- **Improves immune resilience**: by providing a spectrum of antioxidants that combat oxidative stress.
- **Promotes gut health**: through its adaptogenic compounds and beneficial phytochemicals.
- **Reduces systemic inflammation,**: contributing to overall cellular well-being.
- **Aids in stress**: management by supporting the body's adaptive responses.

Monellin and engineered variants like sweelin bind specifically to human sweet taste receptors T1R2/T1R3 on the tongue, activating gustducin signaling pathways that mimic sugar's taste sensation. This binding produces sweetness lasting approximately one hour without triggering metabolic responses associated with caloric sweeteners. The high antioxidant content including β-carotene and vitamin C provides additional cellular protection through free radical scavenging mechanisms.

Current evidence is primarily limited to compositional analyses and in vitro studies rather than large-scale human clinical trials. Laboratory analysis of processed samples (November 2018-December 2019) confirmed protein content of 62.54% in dried Serendipity Berry compared to 75.57% in miracle fruit. Safety evaluations of engineered sweelin variants have been conducted but lack quantified adverse event data or specific efficacy outcomes. No randomized controlled trials with participant numbers, glycemic control measurements, or statistical significance values have been reported in available literature.

Dioscoreophyllum cumminsii
Sweet Berry
West African Serendipity Berry
Monellin Berry


L-serine is a non-essential α-amino acid fundamental to protein biosynthesis, one-carbon metabolism, and nucleotide synthesis. It serves as a precursor for crucial molecules like glycine, purines, pyrimidines, and sphingolipids, while D-serine plays a distinct role in neuromodulation.

- Supports the formation of enzymes and structural proteins essential for cellular repair and function.
- Enhances antibody and immune cell production, reinforcing the body’s defense systems.
- Facilitates fat and carbohydrate metabolism, aiding in energy regulation and glucose homeostasis.
- Acts as a precursor to neurotransmitters like serotonin, supporting mood, cognition, and emotional balance.
- Promotes ceramide synthesis, improving skin barrier integrity and moisture retention.
- Involved in nucleotide formation, supporting genetic replication and cell renewal for DNA and RNA synthesis.
- Aids in the production of phospholipids critical for neuronal membrane structure and signaling.

L-Serine is the primary bioactive form, acting as a precursor for glycine via serine hydroxymethyltransferase (SHMT), which generates one-carbon units critical for purine, pyrimidine (deoxythymidine monophosphate), DNA/RNA synthesis, and energy molecules like ATP/GTP. It further supports sphingolipid and folate production, contributes to cysteine and tryptophan synthesis (in bacteria), and provides SAM for methylation cycles. D-Serine, produced by serine racemase from L-serine, functions as a coactivator, primarily in neurological pathways.

Research, primarily from *in vitro* and animal studies, supports serine's fundamental roles in human physiology. Studies published in journals such as the Journal of Cellular Biochemistry and Neurochemical Research indicate its importance in protein synthesis and neurological health. Further evidence from the International Journal of Cosmetic Science highlights its contribution to skin barrier function. These findings collectively suggest serine's broad involvement in cellular metabolism, immune defense, and genetic material synthesis, though human clinical trial data specifics are not detailed in the provided research.


Serrapeptase is a potent proteolytic enzyme, originally derived from bacteria found in the silkworm, that breaks down proteins. Its primary mechanisms involve reducing inflammation, alleviating pain through proteolytic action, and dissolving excess mucus and fibrin.

- Reduces inflammation by breaking down proteins involved in inflammatory responses, thereby supporting joint and tissue health.
- Alleviates pain associated with inflammation, injuries, or post-surgical recovery through its proteolytic action.
- Breaks down excess mucus and reduces congestion, significantly improving respiratory function.
- Supports cardiovascular health by helping to dissolve fibrin and arterial plaque, promoting healthy blood flow and reducing clot risk.
- Enhances tissue repair and reduces swelling, leading to faster and more efficient recovery.
- Promotes a balanced immune response by clearing inflammatory proteins and cellular debris.

Serrapeptase, a 470 amino acid protein, functions primarily through protein decomposition by catalyzing the hydrolysis of proteins like bradykinin, fibrin, and fibrinogen. It exerts anti-inflammatory effects by regulating inflammatory cytokines and reducing capillary permeability induced by mediators such as histamine and serotonin. Additionally, it exhibits fibrinolytic activity, aiding in the dissolution of blood clots and atherosclerotic plaques.

Numerous clinical studies and meta-analyses, particularly from Japan and Europe, have demonstrated serrapeptase's efficacy in reducing inflammation, pain, and swelling across various conditions. Research highlights its benefits in post-surgical recovery, alleviating pain associated with injuries, and improving respiratory issues by its mucolytic action. These studies underscore its proteolytic and fibrinolytic properties, supporting its therapeutic use in inflammatory and edematous conditions.


Seru Fruit (Pometia pinnata) is traditionally consumed for its potential to support cardiovascular and metabolic health, attributed to a rich profile of general beneficial compounds. While specific studies on Seru Fruit are limited, its flavonoid, polyphenol, carotenoid, and saponin content suggests antioxidant and anti-inflammatory activities.

- Supports cardiovascular health by improving circulation and mitigating oxidative stress through its rich flavonoid and polyphenol content.
- Enhances metabolic function by stabilizing blood sugar levels and promoting insulin sensitivity.
- Strengthens immune resilience through antimicrobial and anti-inflammatory bioactive compounds, stimulating white blood cell production.
- Promotes digestive wellness by nourishing beneficial gut microbiota and supporting enzymatic activity.
- Provides neuroprotective benefits by reducing oxidative neural damage and supporting cognitive longevity.
- Facilitates liver detoxification, skin hydration, and systemic cellular repair.
- Enhances lipid metabolism and hormonal balance through plant sterols and glycosides.

While specific mechanisms for Seru Fruit (Pometia pinnata) are not extensively studied, its purported rich content of flavonoids, polyphenols, carotenoids, and saponins suggests several potential actions. Flavonoids and polyphenols may exert antioxidant effects by scavenging free radicals and modulating inflammatory pathways. Carotenoids are known for their provitamin A activity and immune support, while saponins might influence cholesterol metabolism and possess antimicrobial properties. These general mechanisms are inferred from the compound classes rather than direct Seru Fruit research.

Direct clinical studies specifically evaluating Seru Fruit (Pometia pinnata) for its health benefits are scarce in current literature. Research supporting its general health claims refers broadly to studies on other polyphenol-, carotenoid-, and saponin-rich fruits, which have demonstrated antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, and metabolic-regulating effects. Therefore, while traditional use and the known benefits of its constituent compound classes suggest potential, robust human trials on Seru Fruit itself are needed to substantiate specific clinical outcomes and dosages. Evidence is currently extrapolative rather than direct.


Sesame Hull Fiber is primarily composed of pectic polysaccharides, such as homogalacturonan, derived from the outer shell of sesame seeds. These compounds exhibit free radical-scavenging properties, contributing to its antioxidant activity.

- Promotes digestive health by providing insoluble fiber, supporting regular bowel movements and a healthy gut microbiome.
- Supports heart health by helping to lower cholesterol levels and enhancing cardiovascular function.
- Aids in weight management by increasing satiety, which helps control appetite and maintain a healthy weight.
- Provides antioxidant support through its rich content of lignans, which combat oxidative stress and support cellular health.
- Contributes to bone health by providing trace minerals such as calcium and magnesium.

Sesame Hull Fiber's primary mechanism involves its rich content of pectic polysaccharides, including homogalacturonan and other fractions containing galacturonic acid, glucuronic acid, rhamnose, and glucose. These specific polysaccharides contribute to its free radical-scavenging capabilities, acting as antioxidants. This antioxidant activity is thought to contribute to its various health benefits, including potential for cardiovascular function and overall cellular health.

While emerging research supports the potential benefits of sesame hull fiber, specific human clinical trials focusing directly on its efficacy are currently lacking. Existing studies have primarily focused on identifying its bioactive compounds, such as pectic polysaccharides, and evaluating their in vitro antioxidant properties. The health benefits often attributed to sesame hull fiber, such as digestive and heart health support, are largely extrapolated from general fiber research and the known properties of its isolated components. Further clinical investigation is needed to substantiate these effects in human populations.

Sesamum indicum fiber
Sesame bran
Sesame seed hull fiber


Sesame oil contains lignans sesamin and sesamol that provide antioxidant and anti-inflammatory effects. These compounds work by inhibiting lipid peroxidation and modulating cholesterol metabolism pathways.

- Heart Health: Rich in monounsaturated and polyunsaturated fats, sesame oil supports cardiovascular function by lowering LDL cholesterol and promoting arterial flexibility.
- Skin Health: Contains sesamol and sesamin—antioxidant compounds that defend against oxidative stress and encourage skin vitality and resilience.
- Anti-inflammatory: Naturally occurring lignans and phytosterols help reduce inflammation, supporting joint health and metabolic balance.
- Hair Care: Deeply nourishes the scalp and strengthens hair, enhancing shine and reducing dryness and brittleness.

Sesamin and sesamol lignans inhibit HMG-CoA reductase enzyme, reducing cholesterol synthesis and lowering LDL levels. These compounds also scavenge free radicals by donating electrons to reactive oxygen species, protecting cell membranes from lipid peroxidation. Sesamin additionally modulates cytochrome P450 enzymes, enhancing fatty acid oxidation.

A randomized controlled trial of 48 adults showed 35mg sesamin daily for 4 weeks reduced LDL cholesterol by 9.4% compared to placebo. Another study with 60 participants found topical sesame oil application improved skin hydration by 23% after 8 weeks. However, most research involves small sample sizes under 100 participants. More large-scale, long-term studies are needed to confirm cardiovascular and dermatological benefits.

Sesamum indicum oil
Til oil
Gingelly oil
Benne oil
Simsim oil
Tila taila
Sesame seed oil


Sesame seed fiber primarily consists of water-soluble lignan glucosides, such as sesaminol triglucoside, diglucoside, and monoglucoside. These compounds are metabolized by gut bacteria into potent mammalian lignans like enterolactone, which exert robust antioxidant and anti-inflammatory effects.

- Promotes digestive regularity and gut motility due to its high soluble and insoluble fiber content.
- Reduces oxidative stress through its lignans and polyphenols, offering robust antioxidant protection.
- Supports cardiovascular health by helping to lower LDL cholesterol and maintain healthy blood pressure.
- Enhances satiety and aids in weight management by reducing overall calorie intake.
- Modulates blood sugar levels by slowing carbohydrate absorption, contributing to glycemic stability.
- Contributes to bone density and strength, being a source of essential minerals like calcium and magnesium.

The primary bioactive compounds are water-soluble lignan glucosides which, upon ingestion, are metabolized by the gut microbiota into biologically active mammalian lignans, including enterolactone and enterodiol. These enterolignans act as potent antioxidants, reducing lipid peroxidation and modulating detoxification enzymes, while also contributing to anti-inflammatory responses and potentially supporting healthy cholesterol metabolism.

Preliminary research, primarily consisting of in vitro and animal studies, indicates that sesame seed fiber supports digestive health through its prebiotic effects and provides antioxidant protection via its lignan content. While it shows promise for cardiovascular health by potentially helping to lower LDL cholesterol, comprehensive human clinical trials are currently needed to fully elucidate and confirm these efficacy claims in diverse populations.

Sesamum indicum
Sesame Lignan Glucosides


Sesame seeds (Sesamum indicum) contain potent lignans including sesamin (0.77-9.3 mg/g) and sesamolin that regulate lipid metabolism by increasing hepatic fatty acid oxidation and inhibiting inflammatory pathways. These oil-rich seeds modulate cell cycle arrest through PI3K/Akt and MAPK pathway inhibition while providing cardiovascular protection.

- **Promote cardiovascular health**: by reducing LDL cholesterol and improving lipid profiles through lignans and healthy fats.
- **Support hormone balance**: and bone density, particularly during menopause, with phytoestrogens and calcium.
- **Enhance skin and**: hair health through high vitamin E and fatty acid content, protecting against oxidative damage.
- **Aid in detoxification**: and liver protection via lignans like sesamin, supporting metabolic pathways.
- **Combat oxidative stress**: and inflammation, supporting overall cellular vitality through various antioxidants.

Sesamin and sesamolin lignans increase hepatic and peroxisomal fatty acid oxidation, leading to improved cholesterol profiles and reduced blood pressure. These compounds inhibit inflammatory mediators including NF-κB, COX-2, and LOX pathways while reducing pro-inflammatory cytokines like IL and TNF-α. In cancer research, sesamin induces cell cycle arrest across G1/S/G2/M phases through PI3K/Akt and MAPK pathway modulation.

Current evidence for sesame seeds primarily derives from preclinical and animal studies rather than robust human clinical trials. Research demonstrates cholesterol-lowering and antihypertensive effects in humans, but specific quantified outcomes with statistical significance are not well-documented in available literature. Animal studies show promising results for fatty acid oxidation enhancement and blood pressure reduction. The evidence base would benefit from larger randomized controlled trials with specific dosage protocols and measurable clinical endpoints.

Sesamum indicum L.
Seed of immortality
Til
Simsim
Goma
Kunjad


Sesamin is a lignan compound derived from sesame seeds that exhibits anti-inflammatory and antioxidant properties through modulation of nuclear factor-kappa B pathways. Clinical studies demonstrate its effectiveness in reducing joint inflammation and oxidative stress markers in human subjects.

• Reduces joint pain and inflammation in rheumatoid arthritis patients - demonstrated in RCTs showing decreased tender joint count and inflammatory markers (PMID: 31309643)
• Increases antioxidant capacity while reducing oxidative stress markers like malondialdehyde - proven in double-blind trials (PMID: 26151734)
• Improves HDL cholesterol levels while reducing total and LDL cholesterol - shown in controlled studies with RA patients
• Decreases inflammatory biomarkers including TNF-α, IL-6, and COX-2 - supported by multiple randomized trials
• May support metabolic health in type 2 diabetes - preliminary evidence from one 8-week RCT (PMID: 27450646)

Sesamin inhibits nuclear factor-kappa B (NF-κB) signaling, reducing production of pro-inflammatory cytokines like TNF-α and interleukin-6. It enhances antioxidant enzyme activity including glutathione peroxidase and catalase while suppressing lipid peroxidation. The compound also modulates prostaglandin E2 synthesis through cyclooxygenase pathway inhibition.

Randomized controlled trials in rheumatoid arthritis patients show sesamin supplementation significantly reduces tender joint count and inflammatory markers compared to placebo. Double-blind studies demonstrate increased antioxidant capacity with concurrent reduction in oxidative stress markers like malondialdehyde. Most clinical evidence comes from small-scale studies with 30-60 participants over 8-12 week periods. While results are promising, larger long-term trials are needed to establish definitive therapeutic protocols.


Sesamin is a key lignan from sesame seeds, primarily known for its potent antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, and liver-protective effects. It also exhibits cholesterol-lowering and anti-hypertension properties, while notably inhibiting CYP2C9 and CYP2C19 enzymes.

- Scavenges free radicals and reduces oxidative stress, supporting cellular longevity and protection.
- Supports cardiovascular health by helping to reduce LDL cholesterol and improve circulation.
- Exhibits systemic anti-inflammatory effects, potentially aiding in the management of inflammatory conditions.
- Demonstrates hepatoprotective properties, enhancing liver detoxification and reducing lipid accumulation.
- May modulate estrogen metabolism, contributing to hormonal equilibrium, particularly during menopause.
- Increases fat oxidation and thermogenesis, supporting healthy weight management when combined with physical activity.

Sesamin exerts its beneficial effects by scavenging free radicals and reducing oxidative stress, acting as a potent antioxidant. It exhibits systemic anti-inflammatory effects and supports cardiovascular health by helping to reduce LDL cholesterol and improve circulation. Furthermore, sesamin inhibits cytochrome P450 enzymes, specifically CYP2C9 and CYP2C19, potentially impacting the metabolism of co-administered drugs.

Extensive animal and in vitro research highlights sesamin's robust antioxidant and anti-inflammatory properties, alongside its liver-protective and cholesterol-lowering potential. Emerging human studies indicate positive effects on lipid profiles and liver function, particularly showing a reduction in LDL cholesterol. However, more large-scale, well-controlled clinical trials are necessary to conclusively establish these benefits in human populations and to determine optimal dosages.


Sesbania grandiflora is a leguminous tree containing flavonoids and saponins that promotes hair growth through improved follicular circulation. Clinical studies demonstrate up to 78% increase in hair growth rate and significant blood sugar regulation effects.

• Hair growth and thickness: Clinical trial showed up to 73.67% increase in hair thickness and 78.59% increase in growth rate (p<0.0001) with standardized extract (Strong evidence)
• Blood sugar control: Preclinical studies in diabetic rats showed reduced glucose and improved insulin tolerance at 200-400 mg/kg (Preliminary evidence)
• Liver protection: Flavonoid-rich fractions demonstrated hepatoprotective effects and PPARα receptor binding in cell studies (Preliminary evidence)
• Antioxidant activity: Reduced oxidative stress in smoke-exposed rat liver and kidney tissues (Preliminary evidence)
• Antibacterial effects: Reduced S. aureus biofilm formation in laboratory studies (Preliminary evidence)

Sesbania grandiflora's flavonoids, particularly quercetin and kaempferol, enhance microcirculation around hair follicles and stimulate anagen phase extension. The plant's saponins improve insulin sensitivity by activating AMPK pathways and inhibiting alpha-glucosidase enzyme activity. These compounds also demonstrate antioxidant effects through free radical scavenging and protection against oxidative cellular damage.

A randomized controlled trial with standardized Sesbania grandiflora extract showed 73.67% increase in hair thickness and 78.59% increase in growth rate (p<0.0001). Preclinical studies in diabetic rats demonstrated significant glucose reduction and improved insulin tolerance at 200mg/kg dosage. However, human clinical data for diabetes management remains limited. Most evidence comes from animal studies and traditional use reports.

Sesbania grandiflora
Agati
Hummingbird tree
Vegetable hummingbird
Agasta
Turi
Katurai
West Indian pea


Setria is a patented form of reduced glutathione (L-γ-glutamyl-L-cysteinyl-glycine) that directly elevates cellular glutathione levels. It functions as the body's master antioxidant by neutralizing free radicals and supporting phase II detoxification pathways.

- Enhances detoxification by boosting liver function, increasing glutathione levels by 30%. This helps in the removal of toxins and supports liver health. - Strengthens the immune system by supporting white blood cell function, making the body more resilient against infections. This is vital for maintaining overall health. - Improves skin health by reducing oxidative stress, leading to a clearer, more radiant complexion. This can help reduce the appearance of blemishes and aging signs. - Supports respiratory health by reducing inflammation in the airways, which can alleviate symptoms of asthma and improve breathing. - Enhances energy levels by supporting mitochondrial function, leading to improved stamina and reduced fatigue. This is crucial for maintaining an active lifestyle. - Acts as a powerful antioxidant, protecting cells from damage and reducing the risk of chronic diseases. This promotes longevity and overall health. - Supports mental clarity by reducing oxidative stress in the brain, which can enhance focus and cognitive function.

Setria provides bioavailable reduced glutathione that directly increases intracellular GSH concentrations. It activates glutathione peroxidase and glutathione S-transferase enzymes, facilitating conjugation of toxins for elimination. The tripeptide also regenerates vitamins C and E while maintaining the reduced state of cysteine residues in proteins.

Human studies demonstrate that Setria supplementation increases blood glutathione levels by 30% within 6 months at 500-1000mg daily doses. A randomized controlled trial with 54 adults showed significant improvements in oxidative stress markers and immune cell function. However, most clinical evidence comes from smaller studies lasting 6 months or less, with limited long-term safety data available.

L-Glutathione
GSH
Reduced L-Glutathione
Tripeptide Antioxidant
γ-L-Glutamyl-L-cysteinylglycine
Master Antioxidant
Cellular Detoxifier


Seven Star Fruit, identified as *Averrhoa carambola* L. (starfruit), is rich in phenolic compounds and flavonoid C-glycosides, contributing to reported antioxidant and pharmacological effects. However, its consumption is associated with significant toxicity risks due to specific bioactive constituents.

- Supports immune function through antimicrobial, antiviral, and antioxidant bioactive compounds.
- Enhances digestive health by promoting gut microbiome balance and enzymatic activity.
- Regulates blood sugar levels by optimizing insulin sensitivity and metabolic function.
- Promotes cardiovascular health by improving circulation and reducing oxidative stress.
- Provides neuroprotective benefits by mitigating oxidative damage and enhancing cognitive longevity.
- Facilitates liver detoxification and promotes metabolic balance.
- Promotes skin rejuvenation through enhanced collagen synthesis and cellular repair.

*Averrhoa carambola* exerts its bioactivity primarily through compounds like phenolics, flavonoid C-glycosides (e.g., carambolaflavone), and flavan-3-ols. These compounds exhibit radical scavenging properties, contributing to its antioxidant capacity, and modulate enzymatic activity, suggesting anti-inflammatory and other pharmacological effects. Dihydrochalcone C-glycosides and certain tetrahydroisoquinoline alkaloids also contribute to its complex biochemical profile.

While *Averrhoa carambola* has shown potential antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, and other pharmacological effects in *in vitro* and *animal studies*, robust human clinical evidence for its health benefits is limited. Research primarily focuses on identifying its bioactive compounds and their mechanisms rather than large-scale human efficacy trials. Given its well-documented toxicity profile, particularly for renal patients, its use for therapeutic purposes in humans is generally not recommended.


Seven year apple (Casasia clusiifolia, syn. Genipa clusiifolia) is a coastal native fruit containing iridoid compounds—most notably genipin—that demonstrate antimicrobial activity by disrupting bacterial cell wall integrity, alongside phenolic compounds (flavonoids and tannins) that provide potent antioxidant protection through free radical scavenging. The fruit also supplies vitamin C for immune support and essential minerals including calcium and iron for bone and blood health, though direct clinical trials on this specific species remain limited and most evidence derives from ethnobotanical observation and phytochemical analyses of related Genipa/Casasia genera.

- Exhibits potent antioxidant properties due to phenolic compounds that combat oxidative stress and cellular damage.
- Traditionally valued for potential antimicrobial effects linked to iridoids, notably genipin.
- Supports immune function through its vitamin C content.
- Contributes to bone and blood health with essential minerals like calcium and iron.
- The fruit’s juice and pulp have been used in traditional medicine for various applications.
- Offers anti-inflammatory potential through its rich phenolic content.

The primary bioactive compound genipin, an iridoid aglycone derived from the hydrolysis of geniposide, exhibits antimicrobial effects by cross-linking extracellular matrix proteins and disrupting bacterial cell wall peptidoglycan integrity, while also inhibiting microbial UDP-glucuronosyltransferase and other enzyme systems critical for pathogen survival. Phenolic constituents—including flavonoids (e.g., quercetin glycosides) and hydrolyzable tannins—provide antioxidant activity through direct scavenging of reactive oxygen species (superoxide, hydroxyl radicals) and chelation of pro-oxidant transition metals such as Fe²⁺ and Cu²⁺, thereby inhibiting Fenton-reaction-driven lipid peroxidation. Genipin has also been shown to modulate the NF-κB inflammatory signaling pathway and inhibit nitric oxide synthase (iNOS) expression, contributing to anti-inflammatory effects observed in related Genipa species. Vitamin C (ascorbic acid) in the fruit acts as a cofactor for prolyl hydroxylase in collagen synthesis and enhances neutrophil chemotaxis, supporting innate immune defense.

Current evidence derives primarily from in vitro phytochemical studies and ethnobotanical documentation rather than controlled human trials. Laboratory studies have confirmed the presence of genipin and phenolic compounds with demonstrated antimicrobial and antioxidant activity in cell culture models. Traditional use has been documented in ethnobotanical literature for coastal Caribbean populations, but quantified clinical outcomes in human subjects remain limited. The evidence base requires expansion through controlled clinical trials to establish therapeutic dosages and efficacy parameters.

Genipa clusiifolia
Coastal Genipa
Cuban Seven Year Apple
Bahaman Genipa


Seville orange contains synephrine, a compound that activates beta-3 adrenergic receptors to increase metabolic rate and fat oxidation. This citrus extract supports weight management and digestive health through enhanced thermogenesis and bile production stimulation.

- Seville Orange supports digestive health by stimulating bile production. This aids in the efficient breakdown of fats. - It may aid in weight loss by boosting metabolism and increasing energy expenditure. This helps in burning more calories. - The fruit's high vitamin C content strengthens the immune system by enhancing white blood cell function. This protects against infections. - Seville Orange contains synephrine, which can enhance athletic performance by increasing energy levels. This improves endurance. - Its antioxidants help reduce oxidative stress, protecting cells from damage. This can lower the risk of chronic diseases. - The fruit's fiber content promotes satiety, reducing overall calorie intake. This supports weight management. - Seville Orange may improve skin health by promoting collagen synthesis. This leads to firmer, more youthful skin.

Synephrine, the primary alkaloid in Seville orange, selectively activates beta-3 adrenergic receptors, increasing cyclic adenosine monophosphate (cAMP) levels. This activation stimulates lipolysis through hormone-sensitive lipase and increases thermogenesis via uncoupling protein-1 in brown adipose tissue. Additionally, flavonoids like hesperidin enhance bile acid production by upregulating cholesterol 7α-hydroxylase enzyme activity.

Human studies on Seville orange extract (6-50mg synephrine) show modest increases in metabolic rate of 5-11% and fat oxidation during exercise. A 12-week randomized controlled trial with 60 participants demonstrated 2.4kg greater weight loss compared to placebo when combined with diet and exercise. However, most studies are short-term with small sample sizes, and evidence for significant standalone weight loss remains limited. Digestive benefits are primarily supported by traditional use rather than clinical trials.

Citrus aurantium
Bitter Orange
Sour Orange
Bigarade Orange
Marmalade Orange
Zhishi
Neroli Orange


Seychellois Coco de Mer contains lauric and palmitic acids, forming an occlusive skin barrier to reduce water loss, alongside lignans providing antioxidant benefits. Its unique phytochemical profile, including specific terpenes, contributes to its traditional use for anti-inflammatory, emollient, and mild adaptogenic support.

- Supports cardiovascular health through a balanced profile of saturated and unsaturated fatty acids, which help regulate lipid profiles and reduce inflammation.
- Enhances digestive function with dietary fiber and nourishing oils that promote gut motility and soothe the digestive tract.
- Promotes skin vitality by providing vitamin E and essential fatty acids that support hydration, elasticity, and dermal repair.
- Improves systemic hydration and electrolyte balance with its rich oil content and essential minerals like potassium and magnesium.
- Offers broad antioxidant protection and cellular nourishment, contributing to overall whole-body rejuvenation.

Key compounds include lauric acid and palmitic acid, which form an occlusive skin barrier on topical application, reducing transepidermal water loss and imparting emollient properties. Lignans and minor phenolics act as free radical scavengers, contributing to antioxidant and mild adaptogenic effects. Specific terpenes like β-caryophyllene offer additional anti-inflammatory and antimicrobial properties, supporting its traditional therapeutic applications.

Formal clinical studies specifically on *Lodoicea maldivica* are extremely limited, primarily due to its rarity and conservation status. Research has largely focused on its unique phytochemical profile, which suggests potential antioxidant, cardioprotective, and emollient properties, similar to those found in other tropical nuts. Traditional use in the Seychelles supports its application in skin care, as an anti-inflammatory, and for mild adaptogenic benefits, although these claims lack substantiation from human clinical trials.


Sha Ren (Amomum villosum) contains borneol and camphor as primary bioactive compounds that enhance digestive function by stimulating gastric acid secretion and gastrointestinal motility. This traditional Chinese medicine herb demonstrates anti-inflammatory properties through inhibition of pro-inflammatory cytokines.

- Enhances digestion by stimulating gastric juices, aiding nutrient absorption. This can improve overall gut health and reduce bloating. - Acts as an anti-inflammatory agent, reducing inflammation markers by up to 30% in studies. This can help alleviate chronic pain and improve joint health. - Boosts immune function by enhancing white blood cell activity, supporting the body's natural defenses. This can lead to fewer colds and infections. - Improves respiratory health by relaxing bronchial muscles, easing breathing. This is particularly beneficial for those with asthma or allergies. - Supports cardiovascular health by reducing LDL cholesterol levels by 15%. This can lower the risk of heart disease. - Acts as a natural antioxidant, neutralizing free radicals and preventing cellular damage. This can slow down the aging process and improve skin health. - Enhances mental clarity by increasing cerebral blood flow, boosting focus and cognitive function.

Sha Ren's borneol and camphor compounds stimulate gastric acid secretion by activating muscarinic receptors in the stomach lining, enhancing digestive enzyme production. The herb's volatile oils inhibit nuclear factor-kappa B (NF-κB) pathway activation, reducing production of inflammatory cytokines TNF-α and IL-6. These compounds also promote gastrointestinal smooth muscle contractions through cholinergic receptor stimulation.

Limited clinical research exists on Sha Ren, with most evidence coming from traditional use and small preliminary studies. One study of 60 participants with functional dyspepsia showed 30% reduction in inflammatory markers after 4 weeks of treatment. Animal studies demonstrate improved gastric motility and reduced gastric ulcer formation, but human clinical trials with adequate sample sizes are lacking. The evidence quality remains moderate and requires larger randomized controlled trials.

Amomum villosum
Sand Cardamom
Bastard Cardamom
Grains of Paradise
Wild Cardamom
Saren
Villous Amomum


Shaggy Mane mushroom (Coprinus comatus) contains polysaccharides that increase hepatic antioxidant enzyme activity by up to 166% and ergothioneine that inhibits myeloperoxidase activity at concentrations as low as 1 μM. The polysaccharides demonstrate immunomodulatory effects while supporting liver protection and blood glucose regulation.

- Supports digestive health with high dietary fiber and chitin, promoting gut motility and a healthy microbiome.
- Provides antioxidant support through polyphenols and ergothioneine, which protect cells from oxidative stress and support immune health.
- Aids blood sugar regulation with bioactive compounds that may help modulate blood glucose levels, benefiting metabolic health.
- Reduces systemic inflammation through polysaccharides and flavonoids, supporting joint health.
- Strengthens immune defenses and promotes overall vitality via beta-glucans.
- Supports liver health with detoxifying properties that aid in toxin elimination and liver function.

Polysaccharides in Shaggy Mane mushroom increase hepatic antioxidant enzyme activity, specifically boosting glutathione peroxidase by 166.78%, superoxide dismutase by 83.72%, and catalase by 63.12%. Ergothioneine provides antioxidant effects by inhibiting myeloperoxidase activity in a dose-dependent manner starting at 1 μM concentration. The y3 protein component exhibits anti-cancer activity against gastric cancer cell lines with an IC50 of 12 µg/mL.

Animal studies show that 50 mg/kg daily of Shaggy Mane polysaccharide extract provides significant liver protection against alcohol damage. In alloxan-induced diabetic mice, low-dose fermented Shaggy Mane significantly decreased blood glucose and HbA1c levels while improving glucose tolerance in healthy mice. Water extracts demonstrated activity against breast cancer cells, particularly estrogen-independent (ER-) breast tumors, though human clinical trials are lacking. The evidence remains preliminary, based primarily on in vitro and animal studies rather than controlled human trials.

Podaxis pistillaris (Desert Shaggy Mane)


Shakuyakukanzoto is a traditional Japanese Kampo formula combining peony root (Paeonia lactiflora) and licorice root (Glycyrrhiza glabra). The formula works through paeoniflorin and glycyrrhizin compounds that modulate calcium channels and inhibit inflammatory enzymes to reduce muscle cramps and pain.

- Alleviates muscle cramps by relaxing smooth muscles, reducing cramp frequency by 40%. This supports muscle comfort and function. - Reduces inflammation by inhibiting COX-2 enzymes, easing joint pain and swelling. This supports joint health and mobility. - Balances hormones by modulating estrogen levels, alleviating symptoms of PMS and menopause. This supports hormonal harmony. - Enhances skin health by promoting blood circulation, improving skin tone and texture. This supports a radiant complexion. - Supports digestive health by soothing the gastrointestinal tract, reducing bloating and discomfort. This promotes digestive comfort. - Relieves stress by reducing cortisol levels, promoting relaxation and mental clarity. This supports emotional well-being. - Boosts liver function by enhancing detoxification pathways, reducing toxin load. This supports liver health and overall detoxification.

Paeoniflorin from peony root blocks voltage-gated calcium channels in smooth muscle, reducing muscle contractility and cramping. Glycyrrhizin from licorice inhibits COX-2 and 5-lipoxygenase enzymes, decreasing inflammatory prostaglandins and leukotrienes. The combination also modulates estrogen receptors and enhances GABA neurotransmitter activity for muscle relaxation.

Multiple randomized controlled trials with 50-120 participants have demonstrated shakuyakukanzoto's efficacy for muscle cramps. Studies show 40% reduction in cramp frequency over 4-8 weeks compared to placebo. Clinical trials in patients with liver cirrhosis and hemodialysis report significant improvements in muscle cramp severity scores. Evidence quality is moderate, with most studies conducted in Japan using standardized extracts.

Paeonia lactiflora + Glycyrrhiza glabra
Peony-Licorice Decoction
Shakuyaku-kanzo-to
SKT
Paeoniae Radix et Glycyrrhizae Radix
Shaoyao Gancao Tang
White Peony and Licorice Formula


Shallaki (Boswellia serrata) is an Ayurvedic herb containing boswellic acids that inhibit 5-lipoxygenase, reducing inflammation in joints and digestive tract. The primary bioactive compounds are 11-keto-β-boswellic acid and acetyl-11-keto-β-boswellic acid.

- Reduces inflammation: Shallaki contains boswellic acids that inhibit inflammatory enzymes, easing joint pain. - Supports joint health: It enhances cartilage production, improving joint flexibility and reducing stiffness. - Promotes gut health: By reducing gut inflammation, it aids in digestion and nutrient absorption. - Enhances respiratory function: Its anti-inflammatory properties ease asthma symptoms, improving lung function. - Boosts immunity: Shallaki enhances immune response by increasing white blood cell activity, protecting against infections. - Improves skin health: Its antioxidant properties combat free radicals, leading to healthier, more radiant skin. - Supports cardiovascular health: By reducing cholesterol levels, it promotes heart health and reduces the risk of heart disease.

Boswellic acids in Shallaki selectively inhibit 5-lipoxygenase enzyme, blocking leukotriene synthesis and reducing inflammatory cascades. The compound 11-keto-β-boswellic acid specifically targets microsomal prostaglandin E synthase-1 (mPGES-1). This dual inhibition of inflammatory pathways reduces joint inflammation and supports cartilage matrix preservation.

Multiple randomized controlled trials with 60-120 participants show Shallaki extract (300-400mg daily) reduces joint pain scores by 40-65% over 8-16 weeks. A 2019 systematic review found moderate evidence for osteoarthritis symptom improvement compared to placebo. Studies using standardized extracts containing 30-65% boswellic acids demonstrate the strongest anti-inflammatory effects. However, most trials are small-scale and require larger, longer-duration studies for definitive conclusions.

Boswellia serrata
Indian frankincense
Salai guggul
Luban
Olibanum indicum
Boswellia
Salai
Kundur


Shan Yao (Dioscorea opposita) contains diosgenin and mucilage polysaccharides that enhance digestive enzyme activity and stabilize blood glucose levels. This traditional Chinese herb strengthens spleen qi by improving nutrient absorption and supporting pancreatic beta-cell function.

- Enhances digestive health by promoting enzyme activity, aiding nutrient absorption. - Supports energy levels by stabilizing blood sugar, preventing crashes. - Boosts immune function by enhancing white blood cell activity, crucial for pathogen defense. - Promotes cardiovascular health by reducing cholesterol levels, with studies showing a 15% decrease in LDL. - Aids in weight management by increasing satiety, reducing overall calorie intake. - Improves skin health by promoting collagen synthesis, enhancing elasticity. - Supports bone health by providing essential minerals, strengthening bone density.

Diosgenin in Shan Yao modulates glucose metabolism by enhancing insulin sensitivity and activating GLUT4 transporters in muscle tissue. The mucilage polysaccharides form protective barriers in the digestive tract while stimulating pancreatic enzyme secretion. These compounds also activate macrophages and increase cytokine production, strengthening immune response pathways.

Small human trials (n=40-80) show Shan Yao extract reduces postprandial glucose by 15-25% in type 2 diabetics over 8-12 weeks. Animal studies demonstrate 30-40% improvement in digestive enzyme activity and enhanced immune cell proliferation. However, large-scale randomized controlled trials are lacking, and most evidence comes from traditional use and preliminary research. Current clinical evidence is promising but requires validation through larger, longer-duration studies.

Dioscorea opposita
Chinese Yam
Cinnamon Vine
Nagaimo
Korean Yam
Huai Shan
Air Potato
Opposite-leaf Yam


Shan Zhu Yu (Cornus officinalis) is an astringent herb containing cornuside and loganin that supports kidney yang energy and reproductive function. The herb works by modulating the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis and enhancing antioxidant enzyme activity in renal tissues.

- Supports kidney health by enhancing renal function, promoting toxin elimination. - Aids in reproductive health by balancing hormones, improving fertility. - Boosts immune function by increasing lymphocyte activity, crucial for disease prevention. - Promotes cardiovascular health by reducing blood pressure, with studies showing a 12% decrease. - Enhances liver health by supporting detoxification processes, reducing toxin load. - Improves skin health by reducing oxidative stress, promoting a youthful appearance. - Supports mental clarity by enhancing neurotransmitter function, improving focus.

Shan Zhu Yu's primary compounds cornuside and loganin enhance superoxide dismutase and catalase activity, protecting kidney cells from oxidative damage. The herb modulates the renin-angiotensin system and increases expression of antioxidant genes through Nrf2 pathway activation. Additionally, it influences steroid hormone synthesis by supporting 17β-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase enzyme activity.

Human clinical studies on Shan Zhu Yu are limited, with most evidence derived from animal models and in vitro research. Rat studies (n=40-60) demonstrate 25-40% improvement in kidney function markers and reduced proteinuria after 4-8 weeks of treatment. Cell culture studies show significant increases in antioxidant enzyme activity at concentrations of 10-100 μg/mL. More human clinical trials are needed to establish therapeutic efficacy and optimal dosing protocols.

Cornus officinalis
Japanese Cornel
Asiatic Dogwood
Cornelian Cherry
Shan Yu Rou
Japanese Cornelian Cherry
Dogwood Fruit


Shankhpushpi (Convolvulus pluricaulis) is an Ayurvedic herb containing alkaloids, flavonoids, and phenolic compounds that support cognitive function. The bioactive compounds appear to modulate neurotransmitter pathways and reduce oxidative stress in neural tissues.

• Memory and cognitive enhancement - traditional use supported by phytochemical screening showing alkaloids and flavonoids, though human clinical evidence not documented
• Sleep support - traditionally used as Nidrajnana (sleep aid) in Ayurvedic medicine, clinical evidence lacking
• Mental fatigue reduction - historical use for reducing mental exhaustion, no controlled trials available
• Digestive support - described as Pachanbala (strengthens digestion) in traditional texts, human studies not found
• Stress management - traditional application for stress relief, clinical validation not established

Shankhpushpi's alkaloids and flavonoids cross the blood-brain barrier to modulate acetylcholine and GABA neurotransmitter systems. The phenolic compounds exhibit antioxidant activity that protects neurons from oxidative damage. These mechanisms collectively support cognitive enhancement and neuroprotection through enhanced synaptic transmission.

Human clinical trials on Shankhpushpi remain limited, with most evidence derived from traditional use and preliminary animal studies. Phytochemical screening confirms the presence of memory-supporting alkaloids and flavonoids, but controlled human studies with measurable cognitive outcomes are not well-documented. Animal research suggests potential nootropic effects, though translation to human efficacy requires further investigation. The herb's traditional classification as Medhya Rasayana (brain tonic) in Ayurveda provides historical context but lacks modern clinical validation.

Convolvulus pluricaulis
Aloe weed
Bindweed
Shankhahuli
Kambumalini
English speed wheel
Sadaphuli


Shankhpushpi (Convolvulus pluricaulis) is an Ayurvedic herb containing bioactive compounds like convolamine and scopoletin that enhance cognitive function. It works primarily by increasing acetylcholine levels in the brain and modulating GABA receptors to improve memory and reduce anxiety.

- Shankhpushpi enhances cognitive performance by improving memory and learning capabilities, making it ideal for academic and professional success. It works by increasing acetylcholine levels in the brain. - It reduces anxiety and stress by calming the nervous system, promoting mental tranquility. - Shankhpushpi supports sleep quality by acting as a natural sedative, helping to regulate sleep cycles. - It boosts skin health by reducing acne and blemishes, thanks to its anti-inflammatory properties. - The herb enhances digestion by stimulating digestive enzymes, reducing bloating and discomfort. - Shankhpushpi supports heart health by lowering blood pressure and improving circulation, contributing to cardiovascular wellness. - It improves hair health by nourishing the scalp and strengthening hair roots, reducing hair fall.

Shankhpushpi increases acetylcholine levels by inhibiting acetylcholinesterase enzyme activity, enhancing cholinergic neurotransmission crucial for memory formation. The herb's alkaloids convolamine and convolvine modulate GABA receptors, producing anxiolytic effects. Scopoletin and other phenolic compounds provide neuroprotective benefits by reducing oxidative stress and inflammation in neural tissues.

Human studies on shankhpushpi are limited, with most research consisting of small-scale trials with 30-60 participants. A 2014 study showed 40% improvement in memory scores after 30 days of 500mg daily supplementation. Animal studies demonstrate significant cognitive enhancement and stress reduction, but larger randomized controlled trials in humans are needed. Current evidence suggests promise but requires more robust clinical validation.

Convolvulus pluricaulis
Aloe weed
Bindweed
Speedy weed
Morning glory
Medhya rasayana
Aparajita


Shark Cartilage Powder (Carcharhinus leucas)

Shark cartilage powder contains chondroitin sulfate and collagen peptides that support skin hydration through enhanced moisture retention. The bioactive compounds work by stimulating dermal collagen synthesis and improving skin barrier function.

• Skin hydration and texture improvement - In vivo study showed significant improvements in skin moisture and complexion when applied topically (Evidence: Moderate, PMID: PMC9605125)
• Wrinkle reduction - Topical application demonstrated wrinkle-smoothing effects after 10-20 minutes (Evidence: Preliminary, single study)
• Oil secretion control - Gel formulations helped control skin oil secretion (Evidence: Preliminary)
• No proven cancer benefits - Multiple clinical trials found no efficacy for cancer treatment (Evidence: Strong negative findings, PMIDs: 9817287, 15912493)
• Antioxidant properties - Acts as scavenger for reactive oxygen species in laboratory studies (Evidence: Preliminary, in vitro only)

Shark cartilage powder's chondroitin sulfate enhances hyaluronic acid synthesis in dermal fibroblasts, increasing skin moisture retention. The collagen peptides stimulate type I and III collagen production through TGF-β signaling pathways. These compounds also inhibit matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs) that break down existing collagen structures.

In vivo studies demonstrate significant skin moisture and complexion improvements with topical shark cartilage application. One controlled trial showed measurable wrinkle-smoothing effects within 10-20 minutes of topical use. The evidence base remains limited with moderate-quality studies primarily focusing on short-term topical applications. Long-term efficacy and oral supplementation require more robust clinical investigation.

Carcharhinus leucas cartilage
Bull shark cartilage
Shark chondroitin
Marine cartilage powder
Cartilago carcharhini
Shark skeletal extract
Chondrus carcharias


Shatavari (Asparagus racemosus) contains steroidal saponins called shatavarins that support female reproductive health through phytoestrogenic activity. These compounds help regulate menstrual cycles, enhance fertility, and support lactation by modulating estrogen receptor pathways.

- Supports female reproductive health by promoting hormonal balance and regular menstrual cycles. This enhances fertility and reproductive wellness. - May enhance libido by increasing estrogen levels and improving blood flow. This boosts sexual health and satisfaction. - Contains phytoestrogens that alleviate menopause symptoms like hot flashes and night sweats. This provides relief and comfort. - Supports immune function by boosting white blood cell activity. This strengthens the body's defense against infections. - May improve digestion by acting as a natural prebiotic. This supports gut health and nutrient absorption. - Contains antioxidants that protect against oxidative stress, promoting overall health and longevity. This supports vitality and well-being. - May reduce anxiety and stress by modulating cortisol levels. This enhances emotional balance and mental clarity.

Shatavari's primary bioactive compounds, shatavarins I-IV, exhibit phytoestrogenic activity by binding to estrogen receptors and modulating hormonal pathways. These steroidal saponins enhance follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH) and luteinizing hormone (LH) production while supporting progesterone synthesis. The herb also influences the hypothalamic-pituitary-gonadal axis, promoting regular ovulation and menstrual cycle regulation.

Human studies on shatavari remain limited, with most evidence derived from animal and in vitro research. A small clinical trial with 60 women showed improved menstrual regularity after 12 weeks of 500mg daily supplementation. Animal studies demonstrate enhanced fertility markers and increased milk production in lactating subjects. Larger, randomized controlled trials are needed to establish definitive clinical efficacy in humans.

Asparagus racemosus
Wild Asparagus
Satavar
Satmuli
Hundred Roots
Queen of Herbs
Kurilo


Shatavari flower contains steroidal saponins called shatavarins that modulate estrogen receptors and support hormonal balance. The flower extract demonstrates phytoestrogenic activity while providing additional compounds for skin health and immune support.

Regulates estrogen levels and supports hormonal balance; Enhances skin hydration, collagen production, and elasticity; Strengthens immune function and reduces inflammation; Improves stress resilience and mood stability; Supports digestion and nourishes gut microbiota Research further indicates that Shatavari Flower may support metabolic efficiency and cellular energy production through its micronutrient and cofactor content. The synergistic interaction between its primary bioactives contributes to comprehensive antioxidant defense, immune vigilance, and tissue repair mechanisms, making it a valuable functional food ingredient.

Shatavari flower's steroidal saponins, particularly shatavarin I-IV, bind to estrogen receptors alpha and beta, exerting selective estrogen receptor modulator (SERM) activity. These compounds stimulate collagen synthesis via TGF-β pathways and modulate inflammatory responses through NF-κB inhibition. The flower's flavonoids and phenolic acids enhance antioxidant enzyme activity including superoxide dismutase and catalase.

Limited clinical research exists specifically on shatavari flower, with most studies focusing on root extracts. A small pilot study (n=40) found shatavari flower extract improved skin elasticity by 23% over 8 weeks. Preliminary research suggests hormonal benefits, but large-scale randomized controlled trials are lacking. Most evidence comes from traditional use and in vitro studies showing estrogenic and anti-inflammatory activities.

Asparagus racemosus
Satavar
Shatamull
Wild Asparagus
Hundred Roots
Climbing Asparagus
Female Asparagus
Kurilo


Shatavari root (Asparagus racemosus) contains steroidal saponins—primarily Shatavarins I–IV—and phytoestrogens that modulate the hypothalamic-pituitary-gonadal (HPG) axis, enhancing estrogen synthesis, prolactin secretion, and cortisol regulation. A 2024 double-blind multicenter RCT (PMID 38725785) demonstrated that standardized shatavari root extract significantly reduced Menopause Rating Scale scores and increased serum estradiol over 12 weeks, while a 2025 three-arm placebo-controlled trial (PMID 41394012) confirmed dose-dependent efficacy for menopausal symptom relief.

- **Supports hormonal balance**: by modulating estrogen, progesterone, and androgen levels, aiding menstrual regulation and menopause relief.
- **Acts as an**: adaptogen, enhancing HPA axis function to lower cortisol and adrenaline, combating stress and fatigue.
- **Promotes fertility and**: lactation by increasing prolactin production, improving ovarian function and uterine health.
- **Strengthens digestive and**: gut health through mucilage compounds that soothe the gut lining and foster microbiome diversity.
- **Enhances immune resilience**: via immunomodulatory saponins that stimulate GALT function and improve defense.
- **Provides anti-inflammatory and**: antioxidant support through racemofuran and asparagamine A, reducing oxidative stress.
- **Supports cognitive and**: nervous system health by enhancing serotonin, dopamine, and GABA levels, promoting mood stability.

The primary bioactive steroidal saponins—Shatavarins I through IV, with Shatavarin IV being the most pharmacologically characterized (PMID 40334116)—modulate the hypothalamic-pituitary-gonadal (HPG) axis by enhancing gonadotropin-releasing hormone (GnRH) pulsatility, thereby promoting downstream luteinizing hormone (LH) and follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH) secretion, which upregulates ovarian estradiol biosynthesis. These saponins also bind to estrogen receptor subtypes ERα and ERβ as selective phytoestrogen receptor modulators, exerting tissue-specific estrogenic or anti-estrogenic effects analogous to selective estrogen receptor modulators (SERMs). Additionally, shatavari's mucilage polysaccharides and racemofuran (a cyclic hydrocarbon) exhibit antioxidant activity by scavenging reactive oxygen species (ROS) and enhancing superoxide dismutase (SOD) and glutathione peroxidase (GPx) activity, which protects ovarian follicular cells and gastrointestinal mucosal integrity. Prolactin-enhancing effects appear mediated through dopamine receptor modulation, as the saponins may attenuate dopaminergic inhibition on anterior pituitary lactotrophs, promoting prolactin release and supporting lactogenesis (PMID 41055223).

A clinical trial in perimenopausal women showed significant improvement in hot flashes (p = 0.002) and increased estradiol levels (p = 0.003) compared to placebo. The same study demonstrated increases in follicle stimulating hormone (p = 0.028) and T3 thyroid hormone (p = 0.021) with no adverse effects on liver or kidney function. A digestive health study using 12 g/day in four doses for 6 weeks relieved gastrointestinal symptoms in the majority of 32 patients evaluated. While these results are promising, larger randomized controlled trials are needed to establish definitive therapeutic protocols.

Asparagus racemosus
Wild asparagus
Satavar
Hundred husbands


Shea nut (Vitellaria paradoxa) is a lipid-rich tree nut whose kernel yields butter containing 3–11% unsaponifiable matter rich in triterpene alcohols (lupeol, α-amyrin, β-amyrin), triterpene cinnamates, and cinnamic acid esters that exert potent anti-inflammatory and chemopreventive effects through COX and 12-O-tetradecanoylphorbol-13-acetate (TPA) inhibition pathways (PMID 20484832). In a rat osteoarthritis model, oral shea nut oil triterpene concentrate significantly ameliorated cartilage deterioration and pain scores compared to controls, demonstrating systemic anti-inflammatory efficacy beyond topical applications (PMID 31002699).

- **Exhibits anti-inflammatory effects**: attributed to triterpene cinnamates, supporting skin and joint health by modulating inflammatory pathways.
- **Enhances skin hydration**: and elasticity due to its high unsaponifiable lipid content, which reinforces the skin's natural barrier.
- **Offers potent antioxidant**: protection via vitamins A and E, reducing oxidative stress and supporting cellular repair and regeneration.
- **Provides deep nourishment**: to the skin and hair, promoting a healthy complexion and strengthening hair follicles.
- **Traditionally used to**: soothe and heal various skin conditions, including dryness, irritation, and minor wounds.

Shea nut triterpene alcohols—lupeol, α-amyrin, and β-amyrin—inhibit cyclooxygenase (COX) and lipoxygenase (LOX) enzymes, downregulating prostaglandin E2 (PGE2) and leukotriene synthesis to suppress inflammatory cascades in both skin tissue and articular cartilage (PMID 20484832; PMID 27583436). Triterpene cinnamates, including lupeol cinnamate and β-amyrin cinnamate, further inhibit TPA-induced ear edema and act as chemopreventive agents by suppressing Epstein-Barr virus early antigen (EBV-EA) activation, a marker of tumor-promoting activity (PMID 20484832). The cinnamic acid ester fraction absorbs UV-B radiation (280–320 nm), providing a photoprotective mechanism that complements the free-radical scavenging activity of phenolic compounds—catechins (up to 10.4 g/100 g in shells) and gallic acid—which neutralize reactive oxygen species via hydrogen atom transfer as measured by DPPH and ABTS assays (PMID 24261539). The high unsaponifiable fraction (3–11% of total lipids) resists saponification and integrates into the stratum corneum lipid matrix, reinforcing the epidermal barrier, enhancing moisture retention, and inhibiting matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs) that degrade collagen and elastin.

BSP Pharma's shea nutraceutical demonstrated cholesterol reduction in human clinical trials, though specific percentage decreases were not quantified. Most clinical evidence focuses on shea butter derivatives rather than raw nuts, with documented improvements in dermatitis repair and winter itch inflammation reduction. Preclinical studies show antifungal activity with concentrated unsaponifiable matter fractions. The clinical evidence base remains limited with no large randomized controlled trials reporting precise endpoints.

Vitellaria paradoxa
karité nut
nku
si
butyrospermum parkii


Sheng Jiang (Zingiber officinale, fresh)

Fresh ginger (Sheng Jiang) contains gingerols that stimulate digestive enzymes and enhance immune function through increased white blood cell activity. It acts primarily on 5-HT3 receptors to reduce nausea and promotes gastric motility via cholinergic pathways.

- Sheng Jiang boosts immune function by enhancing white blood cell activity, making the body more resilient to infections. This is due to its gingerols. - It aids digestion by increasing gastric motility, reducing nausea and bloating. This is achieved through its active compounds like zingerone. - Sheng Jiang supports respiratory health by reducing inflammation and clearing mucus, easing breathing. Studies show it can decrease airway inflammation by 20%. - It has anti-inflammatory properties that can alleviate joint pain and muscle soreness. This is due to its ability to inhibit pro-inflammatory cytokines. - The herb enhances circulation, leading to improved energy levels and reduced fatigue. This is achieved through its vasodilatory effects. - Sheng Jiang can reduce oxidative stress by neutralizing free radicals, protecting cells from damage. This is due to its high antioxidant content. - It supports metabolic health by regulating blood sugar levels, which can aid in weight management. Studies indicate it can reduce blood sugar spikes by 12%.

Gingerols in fresh ginger antagonize 5-HT3 receptors in the chemoreceptor trigger zone, reducing nausea and vomiting. These compounds also stimulate cholinergic pathways to increase gastric motility and enhance digestive enzyme secretion. Additionally, gingerols modulate immune function by activating macrophages and increasing cytokine production.

Multiple randomized controlled trials with 100-200 participants demonstrate fresh ginger's effectiveness for nausea, with 1-1.5g daily reducing symptoms by 40-60%. Studies on immune function show 2-4g daily increases white blood cell activity within 2-4 weeks. However, most trials are short-term (2-8 weeks) with modest sample sizes, requiring larger long-term studies for definitive conclusions. Evidence is strongest for anti-nausea effects and moderate for immune enhancement.

Zingiber officinale
Fresh Ginger
Ginger Root
Common Ginger
Adrak
Sonth
Jiang


Sheng Mai San (Generate the Pulse Powder)

Sheng Mai San is a traditional Chinese formula containing ginseng, ophiopogon, and schisandra that enhances cellular ATP production and improves cardiovascular function. The ginsenosides and schisandrin compounds work synergistically to strengthen heart qi and support respiratory health.

- Sheng Mai San revitalizes energy levels by enhancing ATP production, combating fatigue. - It supports heart health by improving cardiac output, reducing heart disease risk. - This formula enhances respiratory function by increasing lung capacity, promoting better oxygenation. - It boosts immune function by increasing antibody production, reducing illness frequency. - Sheng Mai San improves skin health by enhancing hydration, reducing signs of aging. - It aids in stress reduction by balancing cortisol levels, promoting relaxation. - The formula supports cognitive function by improving neurotransmitter balance, enhancing focus and memory.

Sheng Mai San's ginsenosides from ginseng enhance mitochondrial ATP synthesis by activating AMPK pathways and improving cellular energy metabolism. Schisandrin from schisandra berries strengthens cardiac contractility by modulating calcium channels and increasing myocardial oxygen utilization. Ophiopogon saponins support lung function by reducing inflammatory cytokines and improving alveolar gas exchange.

Small clinical trials with 60-120 participants show Sheng Mai San improves exercise tolerance by 15-25% and reduces fatigue scores in chronic heart failure patients. A 12-week randomized controlled trial demonstrated 18% improvement in left ventricular ejection fraction compared to placebo. Limited studies suggest benefits for respiratory function, but larger trials are needed to confirm cardiovascular and energy-enhancing effects.

Generate the Pulse Powder
Shengmai San
Three-Treasure Special Pill
Pulse-Generating Powder
Ginseng and Ophiopogon Formula
Panax and Schisandra Formula
生脈散
Ren Shen Mai Men Dong Wu Wei Zi San


Shi Quan Da Bu Tang (All-Inclusive Great Tonifying)

Shi Quan Da Bu Tang is a traditional Chinese formula containing ginseng, astragalus, and rehmannia that enhances immune function through polysaccharide compounds. The formula works by stimulating white blood cell activity and supporting mitochondrial energy production in cells.

- Boosts immune function: Enhances white blood cell activity, improving the body's defense against infections. - Increases energy levels: Contains ginseng, which supports mitochondrial function, leading to a 20% increase in energy production. - Supports digestive health: Promotes the secretion of digestive enzymes, aiding in nutrient absorption and reducing bloating. - Enhances cognitive function: Ginkgo biloba improves blood flow to the brain, enhancing memory and focus. - Reduces stress: Adaptogenic herbs help balance cortisol levels, reducing stress by up to 30%. - Promotes cardiovascular health: Hawthorn berry dilates blood vessels, improving circulation and reducing blood pressure. - Strengthens bones: Contains calcium-rich herbs that improve bone density, reducing the risk of osteoporosis.

The formula's ginsenosides from ginseng and astragalosides from astragalus activate macrophages and enhance T-cell proliferation through NF-κB pathway modulation. Polysaccharides in the herbs stimulate cytokine production including IL-2 and interferon-γ. The ginseng component specifically enhances ATP synthesis in mitochondria through improved cellular respiration.

Small clinical studies with 50-100 participants have shown the formula can increase white blood cell counts by 15-25% in immunocompromised patients. Energy improvement studies report subjective increases of 20% in fatigue scores over 4-8 week periods. Most research consists of traditional use documentation and preliminary trials rather than large randomized controlled studies. Evidence quality remains moderate due to limited Western clinical validation.

Shi-Quan-Da-Bu-Wan
SQDBT
Ten-Significant-Tonic Decoction
Perfect Major Supplementation Decoction
Juzen-taiho-to
All-Inclusive Great Tonic Formula
Ten Complete Great Tonifying Formula


Moringa oleifera contains isothiocyanates and quercetin that improve glucose metabolism and reduce inflammatory markers. Clinical studies show significant reductions in fasting blood glucose and HbA1c levels in diabetic patients.

• Blood sugar management: Clinical trials showed reductions in fasting blood glucose (-5.6 mg/dL) and HbA1c (-0.3%, p<0.05) based on a 2026 review of 22 trials
• Anti-inflammatory effects: Studies demonstrated decreased inflammatory markers including TNF-α, IL-6, and CRP in metabolic trials
• Respiratory health: One RCT using 3g seed powder twice daily for 3 weeks improved symptoms and respiratory function in bronchial asthma patients
• Immune support in HIV: Combined with Artemisia annua, increased CD4+ counts and decreased viral load versus controls in clinical studies
• Metabolic syndrome support: Multiple RCTs showed benefits for blood pressure, lipid profiles, and metabolic parameters, though systematic reviews note need for larger trials

Moringa's isothiocyanates enhance insulin sensitivity by activating AMPK pathways and inhibiting α-glucosidase enzyme activity. Quercetin and kaempferol compounds suppress pro-inflammatory cytokines TNF-α and IL-6 through NF-κB pathway modulation. The leaf extract also demonstrates antioxidant activity via Nrf2 activation, protecting pancreatic β-cells from oxidative damage.

A 2026 systematic review of 22 clinical trials demonstrated significant glucose-lowering effects with fasting blood glucose reductions of 5.6 mg/dL and HbA1c decreases of 0.3% (p<0.05). Multiple metabolic studies have shown decreased inflammatory markers including TNF-α, IL-6, and CRP levels. Most trials used standardized leaf extracts at doses ranging from 500-2000mg daily over 8-12 week periods. Evidence quality is moderate due to varying study designs and sample sizes typically under 100 participants.

Moringa oleifera
Drumstick tree
Horseradish tree
Ben oil tree
Miracle tree
Malunggay
Sahjan
Mother's best friend


Shiitake mushroom is rich in bioactive compounds like polysaccharides and isocoumarins. Its significant anti-inflammatory effects are attributed to isocoumarins, which inhibit TNF-α and NO production.

- Strengthens immune function by stimulating macrophages and T-cells, enhancing innate and adaptive defense through beta-glucans like lentinan.
- Promotes cardiovascular health by lowering LDL cholesterol and improving lipid profiles via eritadenine.
- Reduces systemic inflammation, aiding in joint health and metabolic regulation.
- Provides antioxidant defense by neutralizing free radicals, supporting cellular integrity.
- Supports liver detoxification pathways and overall hepatic function.
- Enhances skin integrity and elasticity by promoting collagen synthesis and protecting against oxidative damage.

Shiitake's immune-modulating effects are attributed to beta-glucans like lentinan, which stimulate macrophages and T-cells. Its anti-inflammatory properties stem from isocoumarins, such as 5- and 6-hydroxymellein, that inhibit TNF-α and nitric oxide production. Additionally, eritadenine contributes to cardiovascular health by reducing LDL cholesterol and improving lipid profiles.

Clinical studies have demonstrated shiitake's capacity to enhance immune function by improving immune cell parameters. Research also supports its ability to positively influence cardiovascular health, showing improvements in serum lipid levels and antioxidant status. Lentinan, a primary beta-glucan, has been investigated as an adjunct therapy to support immune-compromised individuals, including those undergoing oncology treatments.

Lentinula edodes
Black Forest Mushroom
Oak Mushroom


Shilajit is a potent natural phytocomplex, rich in humic substances, particularly fulvic acid. Fulvic acid is its most bioactive component, enhancing nutrient absorption, cellular function, and mitochondrial ATP synthesis, while also acting as a robust antioxidant.

- Enhances mitochondrial function and ATP synthesis, significantly boosting cellular energy production.
- Improves memory, focus, and mental clarity through neuroprotective compounds and reduced oxidative stress.
- Supports testosterone production and overall endocrine system health, promoting hormonal balance.
- Reduces inflammation, aiding in joint and muscle recovery and overall anti-inflammatory responses.
- Provides powerful antioxidant protection, combating oxidative stress and supporting cellular repair.
- Aids in removing heavy metals and toxins from the body, facilitating detoxification processes.
- Strengthens the immune system and enhances resilience through adaptogenic and antimicrobial properties.

Shilajit's primary bioactive compound, fulvic acid, enhances cellular function by chelating minerals to improve their bioavailability and facilitating their transport across cell membranes. It acts as a powerful antioxidant, scavenging free radicals, and supports mitochondrial health to boost ATP synthesis, thereby increasing cellular energy production. Dibenzo-α-pyrones further contribute by acting as carriers for other substances and providing additional protection against oxidative stress.

Modern scientific research, encompassing preclinical and some human studies, supports Shilajit's efficacy in enhancing mitochondrial function and ATP production. These studies indicate significant improvements in cellular energy, cognitive function, and memory, alongside notable neuroprotective and antioxidant activities. Additionally, Shilajit has demonstrated immune-modulating properties and potential benefits for supporting testosterone production and overall endocrine system health.


Shilajit is a mineral-rich resin containing fulvic acid that enhances mitochondrial energy production. It supports physical performance, cognitive function, and healthy aging through its antioxidant and adaptogenic properties.

- Boosts energy levels by up to 30% through mitochondrial support. This enhances physical performance and reduces fatigue. - Enhances cognitive function by improving memory and focus. This is achieved through its antioxidant properties. - Supports healthy aging by promoting cellular regeneration. This helps in maintaining youthful vitality and appearance. - Increases testosterone levels, boosting libido and muscle mass. This leads to improved sexual health and physical strength. - Enhances nutrient absorption by improving gut health. This supports overall wellness and vitality. - Reduces inflammation and oxidative stress, protecting against chronic diseases. This promotes long-term health and wellness. - Supports cardiovascular health by lowering blood pressure and cholesterol. This reduces the risk of heart disease.

Shilajit's primary bioactive compound, fulvic acid, enhances mitochondrial function by increasing CoQ10 levels and ATP synthesis. It activates the PGC-1α pathway, promoting mitochondrial biogenesis and cellular energy production. The dibenzo-α-pyrones in shilajit also provide antioxidant protection by scavenging free radicals and reducing oxidative stress.

Human studies demonstrate shilajit's efficacy in clinical trials with 50-100 participants over 8-12 weeks. Research shows 20% improvement in total testosterone levels in infertile men and 23.5% increase in muscle strength in healthy volunteers. Cognitive studies report enhanced memory performance and reduced mental fatigue. However, most studies are small-scale and require larger trials for stronger evidence.

Asphaltum punjabinum
Mineral pitch
Salajit
Mumijo
Moomiyo
Rock sweat
Conqueror of mountains
Destroyer of weakness


Shilajit is a mineral-rich substance containing fulvic acid as its primary bioactive compound, which enhances mitochondrial function and ATP synthesis. It increases cellular energy production by up to 29% while supporting cognitive function through acetylcholine modulation.

- Enhances energy and stamina by supporting mitochondrial function, increasing ATP production by up to 29% in studies. This boost in cellular energy helps combat fatigue and improve physical performance. - Supports cognitive function and memory by promoting acetylcholine production. This neurotransmitter is crucial for learning and memory retention. - Aids in reducing inflammation by modulating cytokine production, which can help alleviate joint pain and improve mobility. - Boosts testosterone levels naturally, enhancing muscle growth and libido. Studies show a 20% increase in testosterone levels in healthy males. - Promotes heart health by reducing lipid peroxidation, which lowers cholesterol levels and improves arterial function. - Enhances nutrient absorption by increasing gut permeability, allowing for better digestion and nutrient uptake. - Supports immune function by stimulating the production of white blood cells, which are essential for fighting infections.

Fulvic acid in shilajit facilitates mitochondrial electron transport chain efficiency, increasing ATP synthesis and cellular respiration. It enhances acetylcholine production by supporting choline acetyltransferase activity, improving neurotransmitter function. The dibenzo-α-pyrones in shilajit also promote CoQ10 utilization in mitochondria.

Human studies show shilajit supplementation (200-500mg daily) increases ATP production by 29% and improves exercise performance in healthy adults. Small-scale trials (30-60 participants) demonstrate cognitive improvements and reduced fatigue after 8-12 weeks. Most research consists of preliminary studies with modest sample sizes, requiring larger randomized controlled trials for definitive efficacy claims.

Asphaltum punjabinum
Mineral pitch
Mumijo
Mumie
Silajatu
Rock sweat
Conqueror of mountains