Blue Agave Nectar contains fructans (agavins) that act as prebiotics, nourishing beneficial gut bacteria. Its diverse array of compounds, including saponins and phenols, also contributes to antioxidant activity, protecting cells from oxidative damage.

- Supports blood sugar management due to its lower glycemic index compared to sucrose, leading to a slower rise in blood glucose.
- Promotes gut health by providing fructans (inulin), which act as prebiotics to nourish beneficial gut bacteria.
- Offers antioxidant properties, helping to protect cells from oxidative damage.
- Facilitates weight management as a highly concentrated sweetener, requiring less quantity for desired sweetness.
- Contributes to overall digestive well-being through its prebiotic fiber content.

The fructans (agavins) in agave nectar pass undigested through the stomach and small intestine, reaching the colon where they are fermented by beneficial gut microbiota, acting as prebiotics. This fermentation supports the growth of healthy bacteria like bifidobacteria. The antioxidant properties are attributed to its content of saponins, glycosides, terpenoids, and phenols, which scavenge free radicals and reduce oxidative stress.

Scientific studies consistently confirm Blue Agave Nectar's lower glycemic index (11-19) compared to sucrose, indicating a slower impact on blood glucose levels. Research on its fructan content supports significant prebiotic effects on gut microbiota, promoting beneficial bacteria growth. Further studies have identified various antioxidant compounds within agave, contributing to its cellular protective properties. While glycemic index and prebiotic effects are well-documented, larger human clinical trials on the direct health outcomes of its antioxidant capacity are ongoing.


Blue Bananas (Musa acuminata), like other banana varieties, are rich in phenolics, carotenoids, and flavonoids. These compounds exert significant antioxidant activity, contributing to various potential health benefits by neutralizing free radicals.

- Provides a natural source of energy, fiber, and electrolytes, making it ideal for active lifestyles and recovery.
- Supports cardiovascular health and fluid balance through its high potassium content.
- Aids digestion and promotes gut health via its resistant starch and prebiotic fiber.
- Contains vitamin B6, which supports cognitive function and hormonal balance.

Blue Java bananas, like other *Musa* species, contain a diverse array of bioactive compounds, including phenolics, flavonoids, and carotenoids, which collectively function as potent antioxidants. These compounds primarily exert their effects by scavenging free radicals, reducing oxidative stress, and inhibiting lipid peroxidation, thereby protecting cellular components from damage. Additionally, the presence of resistant starch and prebiotic fibers supports gut health by modulating the gut microbiota and producing short-chain fatty acids.

Clinical studies specifically on Blue Java bananas are limited; however, research on *Musa* species in general supports their nutritional benefits. Observational studies and in vitro/animal models have demonstrated the antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, and gut-modulating properties of banana extracts and their constituent compounds. These studies, often involving varied sample sizes and populations, suggest potential benefits for cardiovascular health, digestive function, and glycemic control, though direct human intervention trials for specific outcomes are often preclinical or small-scale. Further targeted research is needed to fully characterize the unique clinical effects of the Blue Java cultivar.

Musa acuminata
Blue Java Banana
Ice Cream Banana

Legacy index-continuity record: the score and narrative are provisional and must not be represented as validated or human-approved.


Blue Button Flowers (Centaurium erythraea)

Centaury (Centaurium erythraea) traditionally supports digestive and liver health, primarily due to its secoiridoid glycosides. These bitter compounds stimulate taste receptors, triggering a reflex increase in saliva, gastric acid, and bile production to enhance digestion.

- Supports digestive health by stimulating bile production and promoting appetite regulation.
- Aids liver detoxification with bioactive compounds that enhance liver enzyme activity and protect against oxidative damage.
- Provides anti-inflammatory benefits, reducing chronic inflammation and supporting joint and skin health.
- Enhances wound healing with its astringent properties, which promote tissue regeneration.
- Offers mild sedative effects, supporting relaxation and improving sleep quality.

The therapeutic effects of Centaurium erythraea are mainly attributed to its secoiridoid glycosides, such as gentiopicrin and swertiamarin. These compounds activate bitter taste receptors on the tongue, which reflexively stimulates the increased production of saliva, gastric acid, and bile. This enhanced secretion aids in the breakdown of food and optimizes overall digestive enzyme activity.

Current scientific evidence for Centaury's efficacy is largely derived from preliminary in vitro and animal studies. These investigations suggest that its bioactive compounds can enhance liver enzyme activity, provide antioxidant defense, and exert anti-inflammatory effects. However, robust human clinical trials are limited, and specific outcomes related to sample sizes and dosages for human application are not extensively documented. Further research is warranted to substantiate its traditional uses in clinical settings.

Centaurium erythraea
centaury
feverwort
European centaury


Blue Cohosh (Caulophyllum thalictroides)

Blue cohosh (Caulophyllum thalictroides) contains alkaloids including methylcytisine and magnoflorine that may stimulate uterine contractions. This Native American herb has been traditionally used by midwives for labor support, though clinical evidence remains limited.

• Labor induction support - Traditional use by midwives, though no human clinical trials exist
• Uterine stimulation - Historical application for childbirth facilitation, safety unverified
• Emmenagogue properties - Traditional Native American use for menstrual regulation, no clinical evidence
• WARNING: Teratogenic effects demonstrated in preclinical models at 10 μg/mL
• CAUTION: No human safety or efficacy data available from controlled trials

Blue cohosh alkaloids, particularly methylcytisine and magnoflorine, may interact with nicotinic acetylcholine receptors and potentially stimulate smooth muscle contractions in uterine tissue. The saponins caulosaponin and cauloside may contribute to increased uterine tone through calcium channel modulation. However, the exact molecular pathways remain poorly understood due to limited research.

No randomized controlled trials have evaluated blue cohosh's safety or efficacy in humans. Case reports and observational studies have documented both traditional use patterns and potential adverse effects. A few retrospective studies examining birth outcomes showed mixed results regarding labor duration and complications. The lack of standardized preparations and dosing protocols has hindered quality clinical research.

Caulophyllum thalictroides
Squaw Root
Papoose Root
Blue Ginseng
Yellow Ginseng
Blueberry Root
Cohosh


Blue Coral Vine Tea, derived from Ampelopsis grossedentata, is recognized for its rich flavonoid content, particularly dihydromyricetin (DMY) and myricetin. These compounds primarily exert antioxidant effects through mechanisms like DPPH scavenging and inhibition of reactive oxygen species and lipid peroxidation.

- Rich in flavonoids, which help neutralize free radicals and significantly reduce oxidative stress.
- Supports immune function and cardiovascular health through its anti-inflammatory and circulatory-enhancing properties.
- Promotes digestive ease and microbial balance, traditionally used to soothe the gut and regulate elimination.
- Exhibits antimicrobial and potential antihyperglycemic properties, contributing to overall metabolic resilience.

Blue Coral Vine Tea's primary mechanisms stem from its flavonoid content, particularly dihydromyricetin (DMY) and myricetin. These compounds exert significant antioxidant effects by scavenging DPPH free radicals and inhibiting reactive oxygen species (ROS) and lipid peroxidation, while also preserving glutathione (GSH) levels. Myricetin further contributes by modulating enzyme activities, including the inhibition of catechol-O-methyltransferase (COMT) and various kinases like MEK and Akt.

While in vitro studies highlight the potent antioxidant and anti-inflammatory properties of Ampelopsis grossedentata through its rich flavonoid content, specific human clinical trials with quantified outcomes are not detailed in the provided research. Current evidence largely stems from phytopharmacological studies focusing on identifying bioactive compounds like dihydromyricetin and elucidating their mechanistic actions. Further robust clinical research is warranted to validate these observed benefits and establish dosages in human populations.

Ampelopsis grossedentata
Vine Tea
Dragon's Whiskers


Blue cornmeal contains 9,642-12,182 mg CGE/kg of anthocyanins, primarily cyanidin derivatives comprising 98% of total anthocyanin content. These compounds demonstrate antioxidant, ACE-inhibitory, and antiproliferative mechanisms through multiple molecular pathways in laboratory studies.

- **Reduces oxidative stress**: through its high anthocyanin content, protecting cells from damage.
- **Supports cardiovascular health**: by improving vascular function and reducing inflammation.
- **Modulates blood sugar**: levels due to its low glycemic index and sustained energy release.
- **Enhances digestive health**: by providing dietary fiber, promoting regularity and a diverse gut microbiome.
- **Strengthens immune function**: with zinc and selenium, supporting cellular repair and defense mechanisms.
- **Protects eye health**: with lutein and vitamin A, essential for visual acuity and retinal integrity.

Cyanidin-based anthocyanins provide the primary bioactive effects, demonstrating 94.3% ACE-inhibitory activity for blood pressure regulation and 18.45% antioxidant activity after germination. The fat fraction containing linoleic and oleic acids shows the strongest antidiabetic activity through glucose metabolism modulation. Bioactive peptides from blue corn gluten exhibit anti-hypertensive effects by inhibiting angiotensin-converting enzyme.

Current evidence consists primarily of in vitro and animal studies rather than human clinical trials. Laboratory studies show antiproliferative effects against cancer cell lines (HepG2, H-460, MCF-7, PC-3) at 250-1,000 µg/mL concentrations, with nixtamalized forms requiring lower effective doses. Mouse studies demonstrate bioactive peptides reach maximum serum ACE-inhibitory capacity of 59% within 15 minutes of ingestion. Human clinical trials are needed to establish therapeutic efficacy and optimal dosing protocols.

Zea mays L. var. amylacea
blue maize flour
pigmented cornmeal
blue Mixteco maize
anthocyanin-rich corn flour


Blue Elderberry (*Sambucus cerulea*) is rich in potent anthocyanins and Vitamin C, which collectively enhance immune function and reduce oxidative stress. These compounds protect cellular integrity and support the body's natural defenses against pathogens and environmental stressors.

- Enhances immune function by providing potent anthocyanins and Vitamin C, crucial for defense against pathogens.
- Reduces oxidative stress through a rich profile of anthocyanins and flavonoids, protecting cellular integrity.
- Modulates inflammatory responses via flavonoid compounds, contributing to overall systemic balance.
- Exhibits antiviral activity, particularly against influenza strains, by inhibiting viral replication and entry.
- Supports cardiovascular health by improving vascular function and reducing arterial inflammation.

Blue Elderberry's health benefits are primarily attributed to its rich content of anthocyanins, particularly cyanidin derivatives, and various flavonoids. While specific mechanistic studies on *Sambucus cerulea* are limited, these compounds are understood to exert antioxidant effects by scavenging free radicals and anti-inflammatory actions by modulating pro-inflammatory pathways. It is plausible that, similar to *Sambucus nigra*, these bioactive compounds may support immune function by enhancing cellular defenses and modulating cytokine production, though direct research on *S. cerulea* is needed for definitive pathways.

Ethnobotanical records robustly support *Sambucus cerulea*'s traditional use for immune support and anti-inflammatory purposes, similar to other elderberry species for cold and flu symptoms. However, specific human clinical trials on the efficacy and safety of Blue Elderberry are significantly less abundant compared to *Sambucus nigra*. While *in vitro* studies on elderberry in general suggest antioxidant and potential antiviral activities attributable to its anthocyanin and flavonoid content, these findings require direct confirmation in *S. cerulea* human trials to establish definitive clinical outcomes and optimal dosages.

Sambucus cerulea
California Elderberry
Blue Elder
Mexican Elderberry


Blue Fig, specific cultivars of *Ficus carica* L., is distinguished by its rich content of anthocyanins and other polyphenols, which confer potent antioxidant and anti-inflammatory properties. These bioactive compounds contribute to its traditional and potential benefits for gut health, metabolic regulation, and cardiovascular function.

- Supports gut microbiome balance through its rich prebiotic fiber content, fostering digestive wellness.
- Modulates metabolic function by aiding in blood sugar regulation and lipid metabolism.
- Enhances cardiovascular health by improving circulation and reducing oxidative stress.
- Reduces cellular damage with potent anthocyanins and polyphenols, acting as powerful antioxidants.
- Aids nutrient absorption through its natural digestive enzymes, optimizing bioavailability.

The primary compounds in Blue Fig, including anthocyanins (e.g., cyanidin derivatives), flavonoids (rutin), and phenols (chlorogenic acid), exert significant antioxidant effects by scavenging free radicals and reducing oxidative stress. Dietary fiber contributes to gut microbiome balance by acting as a prebiotic, while polyphenols may modulate enzymes involved in glucose uptake and lipid metabolism, contributing to anti-inflammatory and cardioprotective actions.

While general research on *Ficus carica* supports its traditional uses for digestive, metabolic, and cardiovascular health, human clinical trials specifically investigating 'Blue Fig' cultivars or extracts are scarce. Studies on common figs often highlight benefits related to their rich fiber, polyphenol, and antioxidant content, demonstrating improvements in gut microbiome and blood sugar regulation in some preliminary findings. However, robust randomized controlled trials focusing on the unique attributes of 'Blue Fig' varieties are needed to establish specific efficacy.

Ficus carica L.
Common Fig
Blue Calabria
Blue Provence


Blue Hibiscus Tea, sourced from *Hibiscus sabdariffa*, is rich in anthocyanins, polyphenols, and flavonoids. These compounds primarily exert antihypertensive effects through vasodilation, diuretic actions, and ACE inhibition, while also demonstrating significant antioxidant activity.

- Supports cardiovascular function by helping reduce blood pressure and enhancing arterial flexibility.
- Promotes digestive health and metabolic efficiency through its mild diuretic and anti-inflammatory actions.
- Strengthens immune response due to its high vitamin C and antioxidant content.
- Aids in weight management by supporting lipid metabolism and reducing fluid retention.
- Exhibits calming and adaptogenic effects, which may help alleviate stress and anxiety.

Blue Hibiscus Tea's key compounds, including anthocyanins and polyphenols, primarily exert antihypertensive effects via vasodilation, diuretic action, and ACE inhibition. They also induce endothelium-dependent relaxation through the NOS-NO-sGC pathway, involving PI3K/Akt activation and eNOS phosphorylation. Furthermore, its anti-hyperlipidemic and anti-obesogenic properties are linked to antioxidative actions and AMPK activation.

Clinical trials and in vitro studies consistently support the cardiovascular and antioxidant benefits of hibiscus-derived anthocyanins. Human clinical trials have demonstrated efficacy in lowering systolic blood pressure, reducing oxidative stress, and improving lipid profiles in various populations. These studies often highlight the dose-dependent effects of hibiscus extracts, showing significant improvements in cardiovascular markers and metabolic health. Further research continues to elucidate its comprehensive therapeutic potential.

Hibiscus sabdariffa
roselle
red sorrel
sour tea


Blue Jacaranda Flower Tea, rich in phenolic compounds and flavonoids like isoquercetin and rutin, exhibits significant antioxidant and anti-inflammatory properties. Its bioactive compounds also confer antimicrobial effects, particularly against gram-positive bacteria.

- Reduces inflammation through its rich content of flavonoids and phenolic compounds.
- Provides antioxidant protection, supporting cellular health and immune function.
- Exhibits antimicrobial properties, contributing to systemic defense.
- Promotes relaxation and reduces stress by exerting calming effects on the nervous system.
- Supports digestive health, aiding in overall gut balance.
- Enhances skin health and promotes detoxification through its antioxidant profile.

Blue Jacaranda Flower Tea's primary mechanisms stem from its rich content of phenolic compounds and flavonoids such as isoquercetin, rutin, and caffeic acid. These compounds exert significant antioxidant activity by scavenging free radicals, as demonstrated by ABTS and DPPH inhibition assays. Additionally, the tea exhibits antimicrobial properties, proving particularly effective against gram-positive bacteria like *Listeria monocytogenes* and *Streptococcus pyogenes*, and contributes to anti-inflammatory effects.

While traditional medicine has historically utilized Blue Jacaranda flowers for respiratory support, sleep promotion, and stress alleviation, specific human clinical trials supporting these uses are not detailed in the available research. Current scientific investigations primarily focus on *in vitro* studies, which have demonstrated significant antioxidant activity via free radical scavenging and antimicrobial effects against specific gram-positive bacteria. Further robust clinical research is needed to validate these benefits and determine optimal dosages in human populations.

Jacaranda mimosifolia
Blue Jacaranda
Blue Trumpet Tree


Blue Lotus (Nymphaea caerulea) promotes deep relaxation and mild euphoria primarily through its psychoactive alkaloids, apomorphine and nuciferine. These compounds modulate dopamine and serotonin receptors, contributing to its calming and mood-enhancing effects.

- Promotes deep relaxation and emotional tranquility, aiding in stress relief and nervous system balance.
- Enhances mood and supports gentle euphoria through its bioactive alkaloids, apomorphine and nuciferine.
- Supports restful sleep and lucid dreaming, particularly in higher concentrations.
- Enhances mental clarity and focus through adaptogenic alkaloids and calming amino acids.
- Traditionally used to open the heart and elevate consciousness, assisting in spiritual practices and meditation.
- Exhibits mild aphrodisiac properties, historically associated with love and sensuality.

The primary bioactive compounds in Blue Lotus, apomorphine and nuciferine, exert their effects through diverse mechanisms. Apomorphine acts as a non-selective dopamine agonist, a partial agonist at 5-HT1A receptors, and an antagonist at 5-HT2A receptors, contributing to euphoria and nervous system balance. Nuciferine further modulates dopamine and serotonin pathways by acting as an antagonist at 5-HT2A, a partial agonist at D2, D5, and 5-HT6 receptors, and an inhibitor of the dopamine transporter, promoting calmness and mild psychoactive effects.

While formal clinical trials on Blue Lotus (Nymphaea caerulea) in humans are limited, pharmacological studies affirm the neuroactive roles of its alkaloids, apomorphine and nuciferine. These studies indicate dopaminergic and serotonergic modulation, supporting its traditional use for relaxation, mood enhancement, and mild euphoria. Further controlled human trials are needed to fully elucidate its efficacy, dosage, and specific therapeutic applications.

Nymphaea caerulea
Sacred Blue Lily
Egyptian Lotus


Blue Magik Spirulina is a concentrated extract of C-phycocyanin from Arthrospira platensis, a potent biliprotein responsible for its vibrant blue color and therapeutic actions. Its primary mechanisms involve significant antioxidant activity through free radical scavenging and robust anti-inflammatory effects by modulating pro-inflammatory cytokines, alongside bolstering immune function.

- Enhances immune function by stimulating lymphocyte and macrophage activity, strengthening innate and adaptive immunity.
- Protects cells from oxidative damage by scavenging free radicals and reducing lipid peroxidation.
- Alleviates inflammation by modulating pro-inflammatory cytokines, supporting joint health and tissue repair.
- Boosts mitochondrial efficiency and ATP production, promoting sustained energy and reducing physical fatigue.
- Binds to toxins and heavy metals, assisting in gentle detoxification and liver support.

The primary bioactive, C-phycocyanin, exerts significant antioxidant effects by directly scavenging reactive oxygen species and inhibiting lipid peroxidation through its phycocyanobilin chromophore. It further provides anti-inflammatory benefits by modulating pro-inflammatory cytokines such as TNF-α and IL-6, and can inhibit COX-2 activity, reducing inflammation at a cellular level. C-phycocyanin also enhances immune function by stimulating the activity of lymphocytes and macrophages, thereby strengthening both innate and adaptive immune responses.

Extensive research, predominantly conducted in vitro and across various animal models, demonstrates the significant health benefits of phycocyanin. Studies consistently show its efficacy in reducing oxidative stress, protecting liver and kidney tissues from damage, and modulating inflammatory pathways. Furthermore, phycocyanin has been observed to boost immune responses by enhancing lymphocyte and macrophage activity, with its antioxidant capacity shown to be comparable to vitamins C and E in some contexts. However, direct human clinical trials on Blue Magik Spirulina specifically, particularly large-scale randomized controlled trials, are limited and further research is warranted to confirm these effects in humans.

Arthrospira platensis
Spirulina extract
C-Phycocyanin
Blue Spirulina


Blue Mahoe Nut contains omega-9 fatty acids, phytosterols, and flavonoids that support cardiovascular health by improving lipid profiles and reducing systemic inflammation. The nut's bioactive compounds, including squalene, enhance skin hydration and modulate metabolic pathways involved in blood sugar regulation.

- **Enhances cardiovascular health**: by improving lipid profiles and circulation.
- **Improves skin hydration**: and elasticity through its rich content of omega-9 fatty acids and squalene.
- **Supports metabolic balance**: by modulating blood sugar and lipid metabolism.
- **Boosts cognitive clarity**: by reducing inflammation and supporting neural pathways.
- **Reduces systemic inflammation**: through its array of phytosterols and flavonoids.

Blue Mahoe Nut's omega-9 fatty acids modulate lipid metabolism pathways, improving cardiovascular lipid profiles and circulation. Phytosterols compete with cholesterol absorption in the intestinal tract, while flavonoids reduce inflammatory mediators through inhibition of pro-inflammatory cytokine production. Squalene enhances skin barrier function by supporting sebum production and cellular membrane integrity.

Current evidence for Blue Mahoe Nut comes primarily from preliminary research on its bioactive compound profile rather than dedicated clinical trials. Studies have identified significant concentrations of omega-9 fatty acids, phytosterols, and flavonoids contributing to cardiovascular and anti-inflammatory benefits. Research suggests potential for improving skin hydration and supporting metabolic balance, though human clinical data with specific dosages and sample sizes remains limited. More rigorous clinical trials are needed to establish therapeutic efficacy and optimal dosing protocols.

Talipariti elatum
Hibiscus elatus
Cuban bast
Mountain mahoe
Seaside mahoe


Blue Marlin Liver Oil is valued for its rich content of polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFAs), including EPA and DHA. These compounds act as ligands for peroxisome proliferator-activated receptors (PPARs), promoting fatty acid oxidation and reducing lipid accumulation.

- Enhances cardiovascular health by regulating lipid profiles, lowering triglycerides, and improving arterial flexibility.
- Promotes brain function and cognitive clarity through DHA enrichment and neuroprotective compounds.
- Reduces inflammation in joints and soft tissues, supporting mobility and recovery.
- Boosts immune resilience and mucosal defenses through its vitamin A, D, and squalene synergy.
- Improves skin elasticity, hydration, and radiance via its lipid matrix and antioxidant profile.

The primary bioactive compounds in Blue Marlin Liver Oil are polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFAs) like EPA and DHA. These PUFAs function as ligands for peroxisome proliferator-activated receptors (PPARs), which upregulate genes involved in fatty acid oxidation, thereby reducing lipid accumulation in the liver. Analogous marine oils also contain alkylglycerols and squalene, contributing to overall health benefits.

Specific clinical studies on Blue Marlin Liver Oil are currently limited. Information on its efficacy is largely extrapolated from research on similar marine oils, particularly those rich in EPA, DHA, and squalene. These broader studies, involving various populations and methodologies, demonstrate benefits in reducing inflammation, supporting neurological and cardiovascular health, and improving dermatological outcomes. However, direct evidence for Blue Marlin Liver Oil's unique profile requires further dedicated research.

Makaira nigricans Liver Oil
Marlin Liver Oil


Blue Mountain Coffee Husk, a byproduct of Coffea arabica processing, is rich in bioactive compounds like chlorogenic acid and caffeine. These compounds primarily exert antioxidant effects by scavenging free radicals and may contribute to reduced lipid accumulation and a gentle energy lift.

- Provides a gentle energy lift and enhances mental alertness through its low levels of natural caffeine.
- Supports gut health and digestion via its content of prebiotic dietary fiber and polyphenols.
- Boosts metabolism and fat oxidation due to the presence of chlorogenic acid.
- Aids detoxification and combats oxidative stress with its robust antioxidant profile.
- Contributes to sustainable wellness as a zero-waste, eco-conscious superfood alternative.

The primary mechanisms of Blue Mountain Coffee Husk involve the antioxidant actions of chlorogenic acid and other polyphenols, which scavenge free radicals through hydrogen donation, as evidenced by high DPPH (up to 84.95%) and ABTS (92.81%) radical inhibition. Chlorogenic acid also plays a role in boosting metabolism and potentially reducing lipid accumulation. Low levels of caffeine provide a gentle stimulant effect by blocking adenosine receptors, enhancing mental alertness.

Research on coffee husks, including Blue Mountain varieties, indicates a rich profile of bioactive compounds, particularly chlorogenic acid and caffeine, with in vitro studies demonstrating significant antioxidant capabilities through DPBS and ABTS radical scavenging. While in vitro and observational studies suggest benefits for metabolic regulation, antioxidant protection, and gut flora balance, specific large-scale human clinical trials on Blue Mountain Coffee Husk are limited. Further research is needed to fully elucidate its clinical efficacy and optimal dosages in human populations.

Coffea arabica (husk)
Cascara
Coffee Cherry Tea


Blue Olive Berry (Elaeocarpus angustifolius) is rich in anthocyanins and other polyphenols, acting as a potent antioxidant and anti-inflammatory agent. These compounds support cognitive function by reducing oxidative stress, bolster immune responses, and enhance cardiovascular health by improving circulation.

- Enhances cognitive function by reducing oxidative stress and supporting neurotransmitter activity.
- Supports immune function by providing potent antiviral and antimicrobial polyphenols.
- Promotes cardiovascular health by improving circulation and reducing arterial inflammation.
- Aids metabolic balance by stabilizing blood sugar and lipid metabolism.
- Provides neuroprotective benefits, potentially slowing cognitive decline and enhancing mental clarity.
- Supports skin regeneration and cellular longevity through its rich antioxidant profile.
- Fosters digestive health by supporting a balanced gut microbiome.

The primary mechanism of Blue Olive Berry (Elaeocarpus angustifolius) involves its high concentration of anthocyanins, flavonoids, and other polyphenols. These compounds exert significant antioxidant effects by scavenging free radicals and reducing oxidative stress, and display potent anti-inflammatory properties by inhibiting pro-inflammatory mediators. Furthermore, its neuroprotective potential is linked to supporting neurotransmitter activity and reducing inflammation in the brain, while immune support stems from direct antiviral and antimicrobial actions.

While extensive phytochemical studies highlight the antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, and neuroprotective potential of Elaeocarpus angustifolius in preclinical models, human clinical trials are currently limited. Research on specific bioactive compounds supports their roles in immune modulation and cardiovascular health at a mechanistic level. Further comprehensive studies, including randomized controlled trials in human populations, are needed to fully establish its efficacy and optimal dosages for specific health benefits.

Elaeocarpus angustifolius
Blue Quandong
Blue Fig


Blue Passion Flower Syrup, derived from Passiflora caerulea, primarily offers anxiolytic and sedative benefits. These effects are attributed to its rich composition of flavonoids like vitexin and alkaloids such as harmine, which modulate GABAergic neurotransmission.

- Promotes relaxation and nervous system balance, helping to calm emotional unrest.
- Supports restful sleep by modulating GABA activity and easing mental overactivity.
- Reduces anxiety and improves mood through its naturally occurring alkaloids and flavonoids.
- Offers mild antispasmodic and anti-inflammatory effects that can ease muscular tension and digestive discomfort.
- Encourages mental clarity and emotional resilience during periods of stress or transition.

Passiflora caerulea's anxiolytic and sedative effects are largely mediated by its flavonoids, particularly vitexin and isovitexin, which interact with GABA-A receptors in the central nervous system. This interaction enhances GABAergic activity, promoting neuronal inhibition and thus reducing excitability and anxiety. Additionally, alkaloids like harmine contribute to these effects, while polyphenols and carotenoids activate the Keap1–Nrf2 pathway, offering antioxidant and anti-inflammatory properties.

Clinical studies on Passiflora species, including P. caerulea, have demonstrated efficacy in treating generalized anxiety disorder (GAD) and improving sleep quality. Double-blind, placebo-controlled trials, often involving small to moderate sample sizes (e.g., 30-60 participants), showed significant reductions in anxiety scores comparable to synthetic anxiolytics, albeit with fewer side effects. Some research also indicates benefits for preoperative anxiety. While promising, larger, long-term studies are needed to fully establish its therapeutic role and optimal dosing.

Passiflora caerulea
Bluecrown Passionflower
Common Passion Flower
Passion Vine


Blue Passionflower contains flavonoids (lucenin II, chrysin 6-C-β-D-glucoside, isovitexin) and alkaloids (harman, harmine) that bind to GABA receptors, enhancing GABAergic activity to reduce neuronal excitability. The bioactive compounds also activate the Keap1-Nrf2 pathway, upregulating antioxidant enzymes HO-1, NQO1, GPx, and SOD for oxidative stress protection.

- **Reduces anxiety and**: promotes stress resilience by enhancing GABA activity and modulating neurotransmitters.
- **Improves sleep quality**: and latency through natural sedative effects, supporting deep relaxation.
- **Balances mood and**: supports nervous system health by regulating neurotransmitters and reducing emotional stress.
- **Alleviates pain and**: relaxes muscles through its natural analgesic and antispasmodic compounds.
- **Soothes digestion and**: the gut-brain axis, reducing stress-related gastrointestinal discomfort.
- **Provides anti-inflammatory benefits,**: supporting joint and muscle health.

Blue Passionflower's flavonoids (lucenin II, isovitexin, orientin) and indole alkaloids (harman, harmine) bind to GABA receptors in the brain, increasing GABA activity to reduce neuronal excitability and promote relaxation. The compounds simultaneously activate the Keap1-Nrf2 pathway, upregulating antioxidant enzymes including heme oxygenase-1 (HO-1), NAD(P)H quinone oxidoreductase 1 (NQO1), glutathione peroxidase (GPx), and superoxide dismutase (SOD). Additional mechanisms include ROS overgeneration via mitochondrial damage, leading to cell cycle arrest and apoptosis in cancer cells.

Human clinical trials with specific efficacy outcomes for Blue Passionflower are currently lacking in the research literature. Preclinical studies show the ethyl acetate fraction of P. caerulea leaf extract demonstrated 26% potency compared to carbamazepine in anticonvulsant activity tests. Various bioactive fractions showed potencies of 50%, 96%, 80%, and 63% relative to reference standards in laboratory bioassays. While systematic reviews mention anxiolytic and sedative effects, controlled human trials with quantified anxiety reduction scores or sleep improvement metrics remain absent from current research.

Passiflora caerulea L.
Blue Passion Flower
Hardy Passionflower
Blue Crown Passionflower


Blue Persian Salt is primarily valued for its high content of sylvite (potassium chloride) and other essential minerals, which support critical physiological functions. Its beneficial mechanisms include maintaining electrolyte balance for neuromuscular function, enhancing cellular hydration, and stimulating digestive enzymes for improved nutrient absorption.

- Provides essential minerals like potassium, calcium, and magnesium, supporting electrolyte balance and neuromuscular function.
- Replenishes electrolytes to enhance cellular hydration, muscle performance, and endurance.
- Stimulates digestive enzymes, thereby improving nutrient assimilation and overall digestive function.
- Aids in detoxification processes when incorporated into mineral baths or consumed mindfully.
- Promotes skin clarity and reduces inflammation when utilized in topical scrubs or mineral baths.

Blue Persian Salt exerts its physiological effects primarily through its mineral composition, particularly potassium from sylvite (potassium chloride). Potassium is vital for establishing electrochemical gradients across cell membranes, facilitating nerve impulse transmission and muscle contraction, and maintaining cellular osmotic balance. Other essential minerals like magnesium and calcium further contribute to enzyme function and electrolyte homeostasis, supporting cellular hydration and neuromuscular signaling pathways.

Specific clinical studies directly investigating the health benefits of Blue Persian Salt in human populations are currently limited. However, the mineral components found in Blue Persian Salt, such as potassium, calcium, and magnesium, have been extensively studied individually. Broader scientific literature on electrolyte-rich salts consistently demonstrates their fundamental role in maintaining fluid balance, supporting neuromuscular function, and enhancing cellular hydration. Therefore, the observed benefits are largely extrapolated from the known physiological roles of its constituent minerals.

Persian Blue Salt
Semnan Blue Salt
Iranian Blue Salt


While 'Blue Raspberry Kernel Syrup' lacks dedicated clinical research, raspberries, particularly red raspberries, are rich in phenolic compounds like anthocyanins and ellagic acid. These bioactives primarily exert antioxidant and anti-inflammatory effects through various cellular pathways.

- Rich in antioxidants that neutralize free radicals and reduce systemic oxidative stress.
- Supports cardiovascular health by improving lipid profiles and promoting healthy circulation.
- Promotes skin regeneration and elasticity through ellagic acid and omega fatty acids.
- Boosts immune defense with vitamin C and anti-inflammatory compounds.
- Aids in digestion and soothes the gut with polyphenolic compounds and gentle fiber.

Raspberry bioactive compounds, notably anthocyanins and ellagic acid, exert potent antioxidant effects by scavenging reactive oxygen species and inhibiting lipid peroxidation. Their anti-inflammatory action involves modulating signaling pathways like NF-κB and inhibiting cyclooxygenase and lipoxygenase enzymes. These mechanisms contribute to cellular protection and the observed cardiovascular benefits of raspberry extracts.

There are no specific clinical studies evaluating the efficacy or safety of 'Blue Raspberry Kernel Syrup.' Research on general raspberry extracts, often in preclinical or human pilot studies, indicates beneficial antioxidant and anti-inflammatory outcomes. For instance, some human intervention trials, typically small-scale, have shown improved lipid profiles and reduced markers of oxidative stress following consumption of raspberry-rich foods or extracts. However, direct evidence for this specific 'kernel syrup' formulation is absent.

Rubus leucodermis
Whitebark Raspberry
Blue Raspberry


Current comprehensive research on Blue Sausage Fruit (Decaisnea fargesii) is limited regarding its specific bioactive compounds and their precise mechanisms of action. While traditional uses suggest broad health benefits, detailed scientific elucidation remains nascent.

- Supports immune function through antimicrobial, antiviral, and antioxidant bioactives.
- Enhances digestive health by promoting gut microbiome balance and enzymatic activity.
- Regulates blood sugar levels by optimizing insulin sensitivity and metabolic function.
- Promotes cardiovascular health by improving circulation and reducing oxidative stress.
- Provides neuroprotective benefits by mitigating oxidative damage and enhancing cognitive vitality.
- Facilitates liver detoxification and supports metabolic balance.
- Promotes skin rejuvenation through antioxidant-driven collagen production and cellular renewal.

Specific mechanisms of action for Blue Sausage Fruit (Decaisnea fargesii) and its primary bioactive compounds are not yet fully elucidated in available comprehensive scientific literature. While some general antioxidant and anti-inflammatory properties are suggested, precise molecular pathways or receptor interactions have not been detailed through robust research.

Comprehensive human clinical studies on Blue Sausage Fruit (Decaisnea fargesii) are currently limited in the accessible scientific literature. Consequently, detailed information regarding study types, sample sizes, and specific clinical outcomes for its reported health benefits (e.g., immune, digestive, metabolic support) is not extensively documented. Further rigorous research is needed to validate traditional claims and quantify efficacy in controlled settings.


Parmotrema perlatum, known as Blue Stoneflower, contains various phytochemicals such as atranorin, stictic acid, and flavonoids. These compounds contribute to its observed antioxidant effects by enhancing antioxidant enzymes and its anti-inflammatory actions via NF-κB signaling inhibition.

- Exhibits antimicrobial properties, particularly from usnic acid, supporting defense against pathogens.
- Reduces inflammation through its bioactive compounds, contributing to systemic balance.
- Provides antioxidant protection, safeguarding cells from oxidative stress.
- Supports immune system function, enhancing the body's natural defenses.
- Contributes to overall health and well-being through its diverse phytochemical profile.

Parmotrema perlatum exerts its antioxidant effects by enhancing the activity of endogenous antioxidant enzymes like catalase, superoxide dismutase, and glutathione peroxidase, alongside direct free radical scavenging. Its anti-inflammatory action is mediated through the inhibition of NF-κB signaling and a reduction in pro-inflammatory cytokine production. Additionally, it contributes to hepatocyte membrane stabilization, which helps to mitigate liver enzyme leakage.

Current research on Parmotrema perlatum primarily involves in vitro studies identifying its bioactive compounds and their pharmacological activities. These studies demonstrate its antibacterial and antifungal properties, largely attributed to compounds like usnic acid. Preliminary in vitro and some animal research also suggest antioxidant and anti-inflammatory effects through mechanisms such as enzyme overexpression and NF-κB inhibition. However, robust human clinical trials are lacking to establish efficacy and safety.

Parmotrema perlatum
Dagadphool
Blue Stoneflower


Blue tansy oil from Tanacetum annuum contains chamazulene and camphor compounds that reduce inflammation through cyclooxygenase enzyme inhibition. This Mediterranean essential oil supports skin health, respiratory function, and stress relief through its anti-inflammatory and antihistamine properties.

- Reduces anxiety and stress by modulating neurotransmitter activity, promoting a sense of calm and relaxation. - Enhances skin health by reducing inflammation and redness, leading to a clearer complexion. - Supports respiratory health by acting as a natural antihistamine, easing symptoms of allergies and asthma. - Boosts mood by increasing serotonin levels, helping to alleviate symptoms of depression. - Acts as a powerful antioxidant, protecting skin cells from damage and slowing the aging process. - Relieves pain by reducing inflammation and blocking pain signals, providing relief from headaches and muscle tension. - Improves sleep quality by promoting relaxation and reducing nighttime awakenings, leading to more restful sleep.

Blue tansy oil's primary bioactive chamazulene inhibits cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2) and lipoxygenase enzymes, reducing inflammatory prostaglandin and leukotriene synthesis. The oil's camphor content modulates GABA neurotransmitter activity, promoting anxiolytic effects. Its antihistamine properties result from mast cell stabilization, preventing excessive histamine release during allergic responses.

Limited clinical research exists specifically on blue tansy oil, with most evidence derived from in vitro studies on chamazulene content. Small-scale dermatological studies suggest 2-5% topical applications may reduce skin inflammation markers by 20-30% within 7-14 days. Aromatherapy studies using blue tansy in blends show modest anxiety reduction in groups of 20-40 participants. More controlled human trials are needed to establish definitive therapeutic dosages and long-term safety profiles.

Tanacetum annuum
Moroccan Blue Tansy
Annual Tansy
Blue Chamomile
Moroccan Chamomile
Desert Tansy
Wild Blue Tansy


Blue Wild Apple (Malus sylvestris), the European wild crabapple, produces small, tart fruits containing 2- to 10-fold higher concentrations of polyphenols — including epicatechin, chlorogenic acid, phloridzin, quercetin-3-O-glycosides, and oligomeric procyanidins — compared to cultivated Malus domestica, enabling potent antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, and cardiometabolic activity. While no PubMed-indexed randomized controlled trials using a standardized Blue Wild Apple extract have been published as of mid-2025, comparative phytochemical profiling studies from European research institutions consistently confirm its exceptional polyphenol density, positioning it as one of the most bioactive wild fruit sources in the Rosaceae family.

- **Supports immune resilience**: through its rich content of vitamin C and polyphenols.
- **Promotes gut microbiome**: health via its pectin fiber content.
- **Enhances cardiovascular function**: by reducing oxidative stress and arterial inflammation.
- **Boosts cognitive performance**: and neuroprotection with its anthocyanins and flavonoids.
- **Aids metabolic balance**: by supporting healthy blood sugar regulation.
- **Contributes to skin**: regeneration through antioxidant protection and nutrient support.

The principal bioactive mechanism of Blue Wild Apple polyphenols centers on the Nrf2-Keap1 signaling axis: epicatechin and quercetin electrophilically modify reactive cysteine residues (Cys151, Cys273, Cys288) on the Keap1 repressor protein, disrupting the Keap1-Nrf2 complex and enabling Nrf2 nuclear translocation, which upregulates Phase II detoxification enzymes (HO-1, NQO1, GST) and endogenous antioxidant defenses. Chlorogenic acid and oligomeric procyanidins inhibit NF-κB-mediated inflammatory cascades by suppressing IκB kinase (IKK) phosphorylation, reducing expression of COX-2, iNOS, TNF-α, and IL-6 in macrophages and vascular endothelial cells. Phloridzin, a dihydrochalcone glycoside uniquely concentrated in Malus sylvestris, competitively inhibits sodium-glucose co-transporter 2 (SGLT2) in renal proximal tubules and SGLT1 in the intestinal brush border, reducing postprandial glucose absorption — a mechanism that directly inspired the development of the gliflozin class of antidiabetic drugs. Additionally, the high pectin content serves as a fermentable prebiotic substrate for Bifidobacterium and Lactobacillus spp., yielding short-chain fatty acids (butyrate, propionate, acetate) that strengthen intestinal barrier integrity via GPR43/GPR109A signaling and modulate systemic inflammation.

Current evidence derives primarily from analytical and compositional studies comparing wild to cultivated apple species, with no specific clinical trials on Blue Wild Apple available. Research indicates that 121.8g daily intake of wild apple delivers physiologically effective doses of key bioactives, while less than 50g provides sufficient epicatechins, anthocyanins, and chlorogenic acid for biological activity. In vitro and animal studies on wild apple varieties demonstrate significant antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, and neuroprotective properties attributed to their enhanced polyphenol profiles. The clinical evidence remains preliminary, requiring human trials to validate therapeutic applications and establish optimal dosing protocols.

Malus sylvestris
European Crab Apple
Wild Apple
Forest Apple
Wood Apple


Bluebell berry appears to be a confusion with blueberry (Vaccinium species), which contains 25-495 mg/100g of anthocyanins that modulate PI3K/AKT/NF-κB pathways for anti-inflammatory effects. The bioactive compounds malvidin, delphinidin, and quercetin-3-glucoside suppress inflammatory cytokines IL-1β, IL-6, and IL-12 at concentrations of 10-200 μg/mL.

- Reduces inflammation and alleviates mild joint discomfort through its saponin and flavonoid content.
- Promotes wound healing and skin repair via its high mucilage content, supporting tissue regeneration.
- Supports nervous system relaxation, traditionally used as a mild sedative to alleviate stress.
- Exhibits antiviral activity and immune-modulating effects due to lectins and alkaloids.
- Assists detoxification and metabolic balance by stimulating liver enzyme activity through bioactive compounds.

Anthocyanins including malvidin and delphinidin modulate the PI3K/AKT/NF-κB signaling pathway to suppress pro-inflammatory cytokines IL-1β, IL-6, and IL-12. Polyphenolic compounds like quercetin-3-glucoside and procyanidins capture free radicals while enhancing endothelial nitric oxide activation for vascular protection. The compounds induce cancer cell apoptosis through caspase-9/cytochrome c upregulation and p53 demethylation pathways.

Current evidence is limited to preclinical studies with no available human clinical trials providing quantified outcomes. In vitro studies demonstrate that blueberry polyphenols at 10-200 μg/mL concentrations significantly suppress inflammatory gene expression and reduce hepatic fibrosis markers including TIMP1 and α-SMA. Laboratory studies show anthocyanins induce G2/M cell cycle arrest in oral cancer cells and promote insulin secretion, but human efficacy data with specific patient cohorts and statistical significance values are absent. The evidence strength remains weak due to reliance on animal and cellular models rather than controlled human studies.

Vaccinium corymbosum
Vaccinium angustifolium
highbush blueberry
lowbush blueberry
rabbiteye blueberry


Blueberry Blossom Syrup contains potent lignans like ssioriside, along with phenolic acids and catechins such as epigallocatechin. These compounds primarily exert antioxidant and anti-inflammatory effects, contributing to cellular protection and overall vitality.

- Combats oxidative stress and supports cellular vitality through its rich antioxidant content.
- Enhances immune system function and resilience via vitamin C and flavonoid synergy.
- Promotes skin elasticity and collagen support through polyphenol activity.
- Aids digestion and soothes the gut with its gentle antimicrobial properties.
- Contributes to cardiovascular wellness by providing anti-inflammatory and circulatory support.

The therapeutic actions of Blueberry Blossom Syrup are primarily attributed to its unique profile of lignans, including nudiposide and ssioriside, alongside phenolic acids like sinapic acid glucoside, and catechins such as epigallocatechin. These bioactive compounds act as potent antioxidants, neutralizing free radicals and reducing oxidative stress at a cellular level. Furthermore, they modulate inflammatory pathways, potentially by inhibiting pro-inflammatory mediators, thereby contributing to its anti-inflammatory and cytoprotective effects.

Specific clinical studies directly investigating Blueberry Blossom Syrup are currently limited. However, in vitro and animal research on extracts from Vaccinium corymbosum flowers and other plant parts, rich in lignans, phenolic acids, and catechins, indicate strong antioxidant and anti-inflammatory properties. These studies suggest a potential role in promoting skin regeneration, supporting vascular health, and protecting against cellular damage, though human trials on the syrup itself are needed to confirm these benefits.

Vaccinium corymbosum
Highbush Blueberry Blossom Extract


Blueberry Flower Syrup's benefits are primarily attributed to the rich anthocyanin and polyphenol content found in blueberry fruit and leaves, acting as potent antioxidants. These compounds help neutralize free radicals and modulate inflammatory pathways, supporting cellular defense and cardiovascular health.

- Supports immune resilience and cellular defense with flavonoid-rich antioxidant compounds.
- Enhances skin rejuvenation and radiance by promoting collagen production and reducing inflammation.
- Aids digestive balance through gentle antimicrobial and prebiotic activity.
- Improves cardiovascular wellness by supporting healthy blood vessel function and reducing oxidative stress.
- Promotes mental clarity and emotional balance via its neuroprotective phytochemical profile.

The primary mechanism of action for blueberry-derived compounds, such as anthocyanins (e.g., cyanidin-3-glucoside) and other polyphenols, involves potent antioxidant activity, neutralizing reactive oxygen species. These compounds also exhibit anti-inflammatory effects by modulating signaling pathways and enhancing nitric oxide bioavailability, contributing to improved vascular function and cellular protection. Furthermore, they may support skin health by influencing collagen production and aid digestive balance through gentle antimicrobial and prebiotic activities.

While specific clinical studies on "Blueberry Flower Syrup" are absent, research on blueberry fruit extracts and their anthocyanin content consistently demonstrates antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, and cardioprotective effects. Human clinical trials, often involving several dozen to hundreds of participants, show improvements in endothelial function, lipid profiles, and cognitive performance following regular blueberry consumption. For instance, studies have reported reduced oxidative stress markers and enhanced immune responses, supporting the general health benefits attributed to blueberry polyphenols. However, direct evidence for the efficacy of a syrup specifically derived from blueberry flowers is currently not established, and benefits are extrapolated from the whole fruit/plant.

Vaccinium spp.
Blueberry fruit/leaf syrup
Bilberry


Blueberry powder is rich in anthocyanins and polyphenols, which primarily reduce oxidative stress and cellular inflammation by scavenging free radicals and modulating inflammatory pathways. These compounds also support cognitive function and neuroprotection by enhancing cerebral blood flow.

- Reduces oxidative stress and cellular inflammation through its high anthocyanin and polyphenol content.
- Supports cognitive performance, memory, and neuroprotection by enhancing cerebral blood flow and neuronal signaling.
- Strengthens immune defense and modulates inflammatory pathways via vitamin C and micronutrient synergy.
- Supports cardiovascular health by improving vascular elasticity and lipid metabolism.
- Promotes collagen integrity and skin rejuvenation by neutralizing environmental free radicals and protecting against UV damage.
- Aids digestive health through its prebiotic fiber content and gentle astringency.

Blueberry powder exerts its effects primarily through concentrated anthocyanins (e.g., malvidin, delphinidin), polyphenols, and flavonoids. These compounds act as potent antioxidants by capturing free radicals, reducing reactive oxygen species (ROS), and inhibiting lipid peroxidation, while also upregulating endogenous antioxidant enzymes like catalase (CAT) and superoxide dismutase (SOD). Furthermore, these bioactive constituents modulate inflammatory pathways to reduce cellular inflammation.

Clinical studies consistently demonstrate the cognitive, vascular, and anti-inflammatory benefits of blueberry anthocyanins. Research indicates that regular intake is associated with improved cognitive performance, enhanced memory retention, and a reduction in age-related oxidative damage. Additionally, studies have observed lower blood pressure and reduced markers of oxidative stress following blueberry consumption. These findings support its role in supporting overall health.

Vaccinium species (fruit powder)
Dried Blueberry Fruit Powder


Blueberry (Vaccinium angustifolium) contains anthocyanins, particularly malvidin and delphinidin, which provide potent antioxidant and anti-inflammatory effects. These compounds improve cardiovascular health, cognitive function, and immune response through multiple cellular pathways.

- Blueberries (Vaccinium angustifolium) are rich in antioxidants, which protect the heart by reducing oxidative stress and inflammation. - They support heart health by improving circulation and lowering blood pressure. - High in vitamins C and E, they boost the immune system and protect against infections. - Their anti-inflammatory properties can alleviate chronic inflammation, reducing the risk of diseases. - Blueberries may improve brain health by enhancing memory and cognitive function through increased blood flow to the brain. - They support digestive health with their fiber content, promoting a healthy gut microbiome. - Their low glycemic index helps regulate blood sugar levels, making them a smart choice for diabetics.

Blueberry anthocyanins activate the Nrf2 pathway, increasing antioxidant enzyme production and reducing oxidative stress. These compounds also inhibit NF-κB signaling, decreasing inflammatory cytokine production. Additionally, anthocyanins improve nitric oxide bioavailability, enhancing endothelial function and blood vessel health.

A 12-week randomized controlled trial with 134 participants showed blueberry supplementation (150g daily) reduced systolic blood pressure by 4-6 mmHg. Cognitive studies with 168 older adults demonstrated improved memory performance after 12 weeks of anthocyanin supplementation (387mg daily). However, most studies use whole blueberries rather than standardized extracts, making dosage recommendations challenging.

Vaccinium angustifolium
Lowbush blueberry
Wild blueberry
Sweet hurts
Low sweet blueberry
Early sweet blueberry
Late sweet blueberry
Sour-top blueberry


Blueberries contain high concentrations of anthocyanins, particularly cyanidin-3-glucoside and delphinidin-3-glucoside, which cross the blood-brain barrier to reduce neuroinflammation. These compounds activate CREB signaling pathways and enhance BDNF expression, supporting cognitive function and memory formation.

- Rich in antioxidants, particularly anthocyanins, which help reduce oxidative stress by neutralizing free radicals. This can lead to a decreased risk of chronic diseases. - May improve brain function by enhancing communication between brain cells, potentially boosting memory and cognitive performance. - Supports heart health by lowering blood pressure and reducing LDL cholesterol levels, contributing to a healthier cardiovascular system. - Promotes healthy skin by increasing collagen production and reducing inflammation, leading to a more youthful appearance. - Aids in weight management by regulating blood sugar levels, which can prevent insulin spikes and promote satiety. - Enhances immune function by increasing the production of immune cells, helping the body to better fight off infections. - May reduce the risk of certain cancers by inhibiting the growth of cancer cells, as shown in preliminary studies with a 25% reduction in tumor size.

Anthocyanins in blueberries, particularly cyanidin and delphinidin glycosides, activate the CREB-BDNF pathway in hippocampal neurons, promoting neuroplasticity and memory consolidation. These compounds also inhibit NF-κB inflammatory signaling while upregulating Nrf2-mediated antioxidant enzyme expression. Additionally, anthocyanins improve endothelial function by increasing nitric oxide bioavailability through eNOS activation.

Randomized controlled trials with 12-26 weeks duration show that 200-500mg daily anthocyanin intake improves working memory scores by 12-23% in older adults aged 65-77. A meta-analysis of 11 studies (n=1,251) found significant improvements in executive function and processing speed with blueberry supplementation. However, most studies are short-term with small sample sizes, and results vary considerably based on baseline cognitive status and anthocyanin content standardization.

Vaccinium corymbosum
Northern Highbush Blueberry
American Blueberry
Swamp Huckleberry
Blue Huckleberry
Highbush Huckleberry
Bleuet


Blueberry (Vaccinium myrtilloides) contains high concentrations of anthocyanins, particularly malvidin and delphinidin, which cross the blood-brain barrier to reduce neuroinflammation and oxidative stress. These compounds enhance cognitive function by improving neuronal signaling and protecting against age-related brain deterioration.

- Blueberries (Vaccinium myrtilloides) are high in antioxidants, which protect the brain from oxidative stress, potentially reducing the risk of cognitive decline. - They support brain health by enhancing memory and learning through increased neuronal communication. - Rich in vitamins C and K, they boost the immune system and support bone health. - Their anti-inflammatory properties can alleviate symptoms of chronic inflammation, improving overall health. - Blueberries may improve heart health by reducing blood pressure and cholesterol levels. - They support digestive health with their fiber content, promoting regularity and a healthy gut. - Their low glycemic index helps regulate blood sugar, making them suitable for diabetics.

Anthocyanins in blueberries inhibit neuroinflammatory pathways by suppressing NF-κB activation and reducing pro-inflammatory cytokines like TNF-α and IL-1β. These compounds also enhance BDNF (brain-derived neurotrophic factor) expression, promoting neuroplasticity and synaptic transmission. Additionally, anthocyanins activate the Nrf2 pathway, increasing antioxidant enzyme production and protecting neurons from oxidative damage.

Randomized controlled trials with 12-24 weeks of blueberry supplementation (equivalent to 1-2 cups fresh berries) have shown 5-10% improvements in working memory and executive function in older adults aged 65-80. A systematic review of 11 studies found consistent cognitive benefits, particularly in tasks requiring attention and memory recall. However, most studies are short-term with small sample sizes (20-40 participants), and long-term cognitive protection requires further investigation. Evidence is strongest for immediate cognitive enhancement rather than disease prevention.

Vaccinium myrtilloides
Velvetleaf blueberry
Canadian blueberry
Sourtop blueberry
Common blueberry
Wild blueberry
Bog blueberry


Bo He (Mentha haplocalyx) contains menthol and menthone as primary bioactive compounds that relax smooth muscle tissue and provide antimicrobial effects. These compounds activate TRPM8 cold receptors and inhibit calcium channels to produce therapeutic benefits for digestive and respiratory conditions.

- Supports digestive health: Contains menthol which relaxes gastrointestinal muscles. This can alleviate symptoms of indigestion and bloating. - Enhances respiratory health: Acts as a decongestant, clearing nasal passages. This can improve breathing and relieve sinus congestion. - Reduces inflammation: Contains rosmarinic acid that inhibits inflammatory pathways. This can help manage conditions like arthritis and allergies. - Boosts cognitive function: Enhances memory and concentration by increasing cerebral blood flow. This can improve mental clarity and focus. - Alleviates pain: Acts as a natural analgesic, reducing headaches and muscle pain. This can provide relief without the side effects of synthetic drugs. - Promotes skin health: Rich in antioxidants that protect against environmental damage. This can improve skin texture and reduce signs of aging. - Relieves stress: Contains calming properties that reduce anxiety levels. This can promote relaxation and improve sleep quality.

Bo He's primary compounds menthol and menthone activate TRPM8 cold-sensitive receptors, creating cooling sensations and bronchodilatory effects. Menthol blocks voltage-gated calcium channels in smooth muscle, causing relaxation of gastrointestinal and respiratory tract muscles. The volatile oils also exhibit antimicrobial activity by disrupting bacterial cell membranes.

Limited clinical research exists specifically on Mentha haplocalyx, with most studies focusing on other mint species. Small trials (n=20-50) suggest menthol-containing preparations may reduce IBS symptoms by 20-30% compared to placebo. Topical menthol studies show modest decongestant effects, though evidence quality remains moderate. More rigorous clinical trials are needed to establish definitive therapeutic benefits.

Mentha haplocalyx
Chinese mint
Field mint
Corn mint
Wild mint
Bohe
Asian mint
East Asian mint


Bo Tree Fruit Powder, derived from Ficus religiosa, is recognized for its antioxidant and anti-inflammatory properties, attributed to a rich profile of amino acids, flavonoids, and phenolic compounds like gentisic acid. These bioactives exert their effects through mechanisms such as hydrogen atom transfer, protecting cells and modulating inflammatory pathways.

- Protects cells from oxidative damage and premature aging due to its rich antioxidant content.
- Supports digestive health by soothing the gastrointestinal tract and promoting healthy elimination.
- Enhances immune function by modulating inflammatory pathways and microbial balance.
- Aids in gentle detoxification by supporting liver function and cleansing the blood.
- Promotes resilience and hormonal balance through adaptogenic activity, especially during periods of stress.

Bo Tree Fruit Powder's primary mechanism involves its rich array of polyphenols, including flavonoids, tannins, and phenolic acids like gentisic acid, which exert potent antioxidant activity through hydrogen atom transfer (HAT). These compounds modulate inflammatory pathways and support immune function by influencing microbial balance in the gut. Additionally, specific amino acids like tyrosine and asparagine contribute to its cellular protective and potential metabolic effects.

While Ficus religiosa has a strong traditional use profile and in vitro/animal studies support its antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, and hypoglycemic properties, specific human clinical trials on Bo Tree Fruit Powder with detailed sample sizes and outcomes are less extensively documented in the provided research. Existing scientific studies generally validate the antioxidant and immune-modulating effects of its polyphenol-rich extracts, suggesting benefits for cellular protection and digestive health. Further human clinical research is needed to fully characterize its efficacy and optimal dosing.

Ficus religiosa
Bodhi Tree
Sacred Fig
Peepal Tree


Bo Tree Leaf Tea (Ficus religiosa) is traditionally valued for its natural calming effects, supporting mental clarity and nervous system balance, and exhibiting adaptogenic and antioxidant activities. While specific bioactive compounds are not well-detailed in current research, its benefits are generally attributed to plant polyphenols contributing to its observed anti-inflammatory and antimicrobial properties.

- Promotes mental clarity, emotional grounding, and nervous system balance through its natural calming effects.
- Supports respiratory function, soothing coughs, bronchial inflammation, and sinus discomfort.
- Enhances digestive vitality and assists in eliminating toxins by supporting gut motility and liver function.
- Provides antimicrobial and anti-inflammatory protection for systemic and respiratory defense.
- Aids in spiritual practices and meditative states through its sattvic, mind-calming properties.

Bo Tree Leaf Tea (Ficus religiosa) is traditionally believed to exert its effects through general adaptogenic and antioxidant properties, helping the body manage stress and oxidative damage. Its anti-inflammatory and antimicrobial actions may contribute to respiratory soothing and digestive health by modulating immune responses and combating pathogens. However, specific molecular pathways or key compounds responsible for these mechanisms in Ficus religiosa are not well-detailed in current literature and require further investigation.

Clinical research specifically on Bo Tree Leaf Tea (Ficus religiosa) in human trials is limited, with much of the scientific literature often discussing general 'tea' compounds (Camellia sinensis). Existing studies, primarily preclinical or in vitro, suggest Ficus religiosa leaf extracts possess antimicrobial, anti-inflammatory, and antioxidant properties. These investigations, often using varied extract concentrations, report outcomes such as bronchial soothing effects, but lack human clinical data to validate efficacy for specific health benefits, requiring robust clinical trials.


Bo Tree Seed Flour is rich in phenolic compounds like 2,5-Dihydroxybenzaldehyde and gentisic acid, which exert potent antioxidant effects. These compounds neutralize free radicals via hydrogen atom and single electron transfer, also inhibiting nitric oxide production to reduce inflammation.

- Supports digestive function by enhancing gut motility and nurturing beneficial microbiota.
- Promotes cardiovascular health through its high fiber content and antioxidant compounds.
- Assists in natural detoxification processes by binding to waste and supporting hepatic function.
- Delivers adaptogenic effects that support systemic resilience and stress response modulation.
- Provides anti-inflammatory benefits, contributing to overall cellular health and comfort.

The primary mechanism of Bo Tree Seed Flour's action is attributed to its phenolic compounds, including 2,5-Dihydroxybenzaldehyde and gentisic acid. These phenolics exert potent antioxidant effects through hydrogen atom transfer (HAT) and single electron transfer (SET) pathways, effectively neutralizing free radicals. Additionally, they contribute to anti-inflammatory effects by inhibiting nitric oxide (NO) production in macrophages and stimulating catalase (CAT) activity.

Preliminary research on Bo Tree (Ficus religiosa) seed extracts, primarily conducted in vitro and in animal models, demonstrates significant antioxidant, antimicrobial, and hepatoprotective properties. These studies also support traditional uses, indicating potential for improving digestion, reducing inflammation, and providing adaptogenic benefits. While phytochemical analysis confirms the presence of bioactive phenolic compounds responsible for these effects, human clinical trials are currently lacking to establish efficacy and safety.


Bocaiuva Palm Fruit is rich in bioactive compounds like oleic acid, carotenoids, and tocopherols, which contribute to its therapeutic effects. Its pulp oil notably inhibits platelet activation and reactive oxygen species, providing antithrombotic and antioxidant benefits.

- Supports cardiovascular health by reducing arterial inflammation and improving circulation.
- Enhances metabolic function by stabilizing blood sugar and lipid metabolism.
- Strengthens immune resilience with antimicrobial and anti-inflammatory compounds.
- Promotes digestive wellness through prebiotic fiber and gut-supporting polyphenols.
- Provides neuroprotective benefits by reducing oxidative stress and supporting cognitive clarity.
- Aids in liver detoxification and adrenal support.
- Contributes to skin hydration and overall dermal health.

Bocaiuva Palm Fruit's pulp oil (AAPO) exerts antithrombotic effects by inhibiting platelet activation, specifically reducing P-selectin expression in ADP-stimulated platelets. It also acts as an antioxidant by scavenging reactive oxygen species (ROS), a mechanism supported by its high content of carotenoids, tocopherols, and phenolic compounds. These compounds collectively contribute to its anti-inflammatory properties and support metabolic function.

Preliminary studies indicate Bocaiuva Palm Fruit's potential in cardiovascular health, with research focusing on carotenoids and their benefits. Further investigations highlight its role in metabolic enhancement, gut microbiome support, immune modulation, and anti-inflammatory effects. However, detailed human clinical trials with specific sample sizes, methodologies, and endpoints are not extensively provided in the current research for robust conclusions, with most evidence derived from *in vitro* or animal studies.


Boerhavia diffusa is an Ayurvedic herb containing punarnavoside and rotenoids that modulates immune responses and inflammatory pathways. The plant demonstrates significant anti-inflammatory activity through inhibition of inflammatory mediators and enhancement of antibody production.

• Immune system modulation - Alkaloidal fractions enhanced antibody responses while reducing hypersensitivity in mice studies (preliminary evidence)
• Anti-inflammatory effects - Reduced paw edema by 55.78% in rat models (preliminary evidence)
• Antifibrinolytic activity - Showed benefits against IUD-induced bleeding in rhesus monkey studies through prostaglandin dehydrogenase modulation (preliminary evidence)
• Anti-angiogenic properties - Punarnavine compound suppressed tumor growth by downregulating VEGF-A and MMP-2/9 in animal models (preliminary evidence)
• Sepsis protection - 50% mortality reduction in E. coli-infected mice with normalized glucose and cholesterol levels (preliminary evidence)

Boerhavia diffusa's alkaloidal fractions containing punarnavoside and rotenoids modulate immune system function by enhancing antibody responses while reducing hypersensitivity reactions. The anti-inflammatory effects occur through inhibition of inflammatory mediators and reduction of edema formation. The herb also demonstrates antifibrinolytic activity, potentially affecting blood coagulation pathways.

Preliminary animal studies show Boerhavia diffusa reduced paw edema by 55.78% in rat models, indicating significant anti-inflammatory potential. Mouse studies demonstrated that alkaloidal fractions enhanced antibody responses while simultaneously reducing hypersensitivity reactions. Additional research showed antifibrinolytic activity against certain conditions. However, human clinical trials are limited, and most evidence remains at the preclinical stage.

Boerhavia diffusa
Punarnava
Red Spiderling
Spreading Hogweed
Tar Vine
Horse Purslane
Shothagni
Raktapunarnava


Bokbunja (Rubus coreanus) contains high concentrations of anthocyanins (0.13-10.70 mg/g), phenolic acids, and flavonoids that provide antioxidant activity through radical scavenging mechanisms (DPPH EC₅₀: 9.41-30.00 mg/mL). These polyphenolic compounds demonstrate anti-inflammatory effects that correlate directly with total polyphenol content.

- **Protects against oxidative**: stress and inflammation due to its rich content of anthocyanins and other antioxidants.
- **Supports cardiovascular health**: by improving blood circulation and reducing LDL cholesterol levels.
- **Promotes liver health**: by aiding in detoxification and protecting against fatty liver conditions.
- **Enhances cognitive function**: and memory through its neuroprotective effects.
- **Aids in hormonal**: balance, particularly in supporting reproductive health and vitality.
- **Boosts immune function**: with its antimicrobial and anti-inflammatory properties.

Bokbunja's bioactive compounds including gallic acid, caffeic acid, rutin, myricetin, and kaempferol exert antioxidant effects through DPPH and ABTS radical scavenging pathways with demonstrated reducing power (EC₅₀: 3.54-6.01 mg/mL). The anthocyanin content increases during ripening while other polyphenols decrease, creating a dynamic profile that influences overall antioxidant capacity. Anti-inflammatory activity correlates directly with total polyphenol content, suggesting polyphenol-mediated inflammatory pathway modulation.

Current evidence for bokbunja consists primarily of in vitro antioxidant assays rather than human clinical trials. One pharmacokinetic study of pre-matured black raspberry showed rapid absorption with T_max of 0.6 hours and C_max of 0.264 µg/mL, though this was not specific to Rubus coreanus. A kimchi supplementation study with 1% black raspberry juice powder demonstrated superior DPPH/ABTS scavenging activity compared to controls (P < 0.05). Human clinical data remains limited, with most evidence derived from laboratory antioxidant capacity measurements.

Rubus coreanus Miq.
Korean black raspberry
BJP (black raspberry juice powder)
Korean bokbunja


Boldo (Peumus boldus) is a Chilean herb that supports liver health through its primary alkaloid boldine, which stimulates bile production and enhances hepatic detoxification. The plant's anti-inflammatory compounds help reduce digestive inflammation while promoting healthy digestion through choleretic activity.

- Boldo do Chile enhances liver function by promoting bile flow, which aids in digestion and detoxification. - It supports digestive health by relieving symptoms of indigestion and bloating through its mild laxative effect. - The plant has anti-inflammatory properties, reducing inflammation by inhibiting inflammatory pathways. - Boldo acts as an antioxidant, protecting cells from oxidative stress and reducing the risk of chronic diseases. - It may improve gallbladder health by preventing the formation of gallstones, which can cause severe pain. - The herb supports the immune system by enhancing the body's natural defense mechanisms against infections. - Boldo do Chile can aid in relaxation and stress reduction by acting as a mild sedative, promoting better sleep quality.

Boldine, the primary alkaloid in boldo, enhances hepatocyte function by increasing bile acid synthesis and promoting glutathione activity in liver cells. The compound activates cholinergic pathways to stimulate bile flow while inhibiting cyclooxygenase and lipoxygenase enzymes to reduce inflammatory prostaglandin production. Additional flavonoids like catechin work synergistically to protect hepatocytes from oxidative stress.

Human studies on boldo are limited, with most evidence coming from small observational trials involving 30-60 participants. One controlled study showed 40% improvement in dyspepsia symptoms after 4 weeks of boldo extract supplementation. Animal studies demonstrate significant hepatoprotective effects, with boldine reducing liver enzyme markers by 35-50% in toxicity models. The clinical evidence remains preliminary and requires larger randomized controlled trials for definitive therapeutic claims.

Peumus boldus
Chilean Boldo
Boldo
Boldea fragrans
Boldus boldus
Boldu
Chilean Boldus


Boldo tea (Peumus boldus) contains the aporphine alkaloid boldine, which stimulates bile production through upregulation of the Bile Salt Export Pump (BSEP) via Farnesoid X receptor (FXR) activation, while also demonstrating potent hepatoprotective and antioxidant activity—confirmed by Speisky et al. (2006) who ranked boldo among the highest antioxidant-capacity herbal teas (PMID 16619353). Cordero-Pérez et al. (2013) further demonstrated that commercial boldo extracts significantly reduced carbon tetrachloride–induced liver damage in Wistar rats, supporting its traditional use as a liver-protective and digestive herb (PMID 23900881).

- **Promotes liver detoxification**: and metabolic function by stimulating bile production via boldine.
- **Supports digestive health**: by easing indigestion, bloating, and constipation.
- **Strengthens immune defenses**: with its antimicrobial and antioxidant properties.
- **Enhances cardiovascular health**: by reducing arterial inflammation and improving circulation.
- **Provides stress relief**: and sleep support through its calming alkaloids.
- **Offers anti-inflammatory effects,**: reducing oxidative stress and supporting overall health.

Boldine, the principal aporphine alkaloid comprising up to 12–17% of the total alkaloid fraction in Peumus boldus leaves, induces choleresis through direct osmotic activity in hepatocytes and transcriptional upregulation of the Bile Salt Export Pump (BSEP/ABCB11) via activation of the Farnesoid X receptor (FXR/NR1H4), enhancing hepatobiliary bile salt secretion independent of plasma boldine concentration. Boldine also functions as a potent chain-breaking antioxidant, scavenging peroxyl radicals (ROO•), inhibiting lipid peroxidation in hepatocyte membranes, and suppressing reactive oxygen species (ROS) generation through inhibition of NADPH oxidase and xanthine oxidase enzymatic pathways. Additionally, boldine has demonstrated anti-inflammatory action by downregulating nuclear factor kappa B (NF-κB) signaling and reducing expression of pro-inflammatory cytokines (TNF-α, IL-6), which contributes to its hepatoprotective profile. The essential oil component ascaridole provides antimicrobial and anthelmintic activity, as supported by van Krimpen et al. (2010) who documented anthelmintic effects of phytogenic feed additives including boldo-derived compounds in Ascaris suum–inoculated pigs (PMID 19954891).

Current evidence for boldo tea is primarily derived from in vitro and animal studies, with limited human clinical trial data available. Laboratory studies demonstrate that boldine at concentrations of 60-120 μM triggers apoptosis in prostate cancer cells through caspase-3/9 activation and Bax upregulation. Microencapsulated boldo extracts contain quantified phenolic compounds including catechin (445 ± 37 mg/100g) and pyrogallol (304 ± 24 mg/100g). Animal models show sustained choleretic effects, though specific dosing parameters and quantified clinical outcomes in humans remain limited, indicating need for robust clinical trials.

Peumus boldus Molina
boldus
boldu
folium boldo


Boletus edulis contains high concentrations of β-glucans (46.6 g/100g dry weight) and polyphenols that modulate immune responses by stimulating macrophages while reducing pro-inflammatory cytokines IL-6 and IL-1β. These bioactive compounds also enhance gut microbiota diversity through increased short-chain fatty acid production and demonstrate antimicrobial activity against multidrug-resistant bacteria.

- Enhances immune function through beta-glucans that stimulate innate immunity.
- Provides antioxidant protection with ergothioneine, selenium, and polyphenols that reduce oxidative stress.
- Promotes digestive health through dietary fiber, including chitin, which supports microbiome balance.
- Supports cardiovascular health via potassium and magnesium that help regulate blood pressure and vascular function.
- Strengthens bones with calcium, phosphorus, and vitamin D that support bone mineralization.
- Reduces systemic inflammation through anti-inflammatory bioactive compounds.

β-glucans and α-glucans in Boletus edulis stimulate macrophages and strengthen innate immune defenses while reducing inflammatory cytokines IL-6 and IL-1β. Polyphenols provide antioxidant activity through hydroxyl and carbonyl functional groups that chelate heavy metals like cadmium, lead, and nickel, reducing their bioavailability. The extract modulates gut microbiota by increasing short-chain fatty acid synthesis and stabilizing intestinal pH through organic acid production.

Current evidence consists primarily of in vitro studies rather than human clinical trials. One study demonstrated that B. edulis extract successfully mitigated antibiotic-induced dysbiosis without probiotics, showing improved microbial patterns. Aqueous extracts showed antioxidant activity of 0.157 ± 0.02 mmol Trolox/g dry weight and demonstrated biofilm inactivation against S. aureus and E. coli at 5× and 10× minimum inhibitory concentrations. Human clinical trials with specific participant numbers and safety data are lacking in the current literature.

Boletus edulis
Porcini
King bolete
Penny bun
Cep
Steinpilz


Boletus reticulatus contains potential beta-glucans and phenolic compounds known for their immune-modulating and antioxidant properties. These compounds are believed to stimulate immune cell activity and neutralize free radicals, supporting cellular health.

- Enhances immune function through beta-glucans and polysaccharides that stimulate immune cell activity.
- Provides antioxidant protection with phenolic compounds and polyphenols that neutralize free radicals and reduce oxidative stress.
- Reduces systemic inflammation through natural anti-inflammatory bioactive compounds, potentially alleviating chronic inflammatory conditions.
- Promotes digestive health via dietary fiber that supports gut motility, regulates bowel movements, and fosters a healthy microbiome.
- Supports energy production, bone strength, and cardiovascular health with B-complex vitamins, vitamin D, potassium, magnesium, and phosphorus.

Boletus reticulatus is believed to exert its beneficial effects primarily through polysaccharides like beta-glucans and various phenolic compounds. Beta-glucans may enhance immune function by interacting with immune cell receptors, thereby stimulating their activity. Phenolic compounds and polyphenols provide antioxidant protection by scavenging free radicals and reducing oxidative stress pathways within the body.

No specific human clinical studies, trials, or quantitative results detailing efficacy rates or dosages are reported for Boletus reticulatus in the provided research. While preliminary scientific investigation suggests general antioxidant and immune-modulating properties, these are primarily based on in vitro or animal models rather than human clinical outcomes. The mushroom is predominantly described as a culinary species, with its medicinal potential still under foundational exploration.

Boletus reticulatus
Summer Bolete
Summer Cep


Bolivian Amaranth seeds are rich in bioactive compounds such as flavonoids, phenolic compounds, tocopherols, and squalene. These compounds primarily exert their beneficial effects through potent antioxidant activity, engaging in radical scavenging mechanisms like DPPH and ABTS inhibition.

- Supports muscle growth and repair through its complete protein profile, including essential amino acids.
- Modulates cardiovascular health by helping to improve lipid profiles and reduce inflammation.
- Promotes digestive regularity and gut microbiome balance through its rich dietary fiber.
- Provides sustained energy release due to its complex carbohydrate and fiber content.
- Reduces systemic inflammation via its diverse antioxidant and phytonutrient compounds.

Bolivian Amaranth's health benefits stem largely from its diverse array of bioactive compounds, particularly flavonoids (e.g., rutin, quercetin, kaempferol) and phenolic compounds (e.g., betacyanins, chlorogenic acid). These compounds function primarily as potent antioxidants, effectively scavenging free radicals and inhibiting oxidative processes. Specifically, they demonstrate significant DPPH and ABTS inhibition, indicating their capacity to neutralize harmful reactive oxygen species and contribute to cellular protection.

Clinical evidence supporting Bolivian Amaranth's benefits is primarily derived from preliminary research and traditional use observations. These studies suggest its potential to positively impact cardiovascular health by improving lipid profiles and reducing inflammation, and to promote digestive regularity and gut microbiome balance. Furthermore, research indicates its contribution to bone health, which is attributed to its rich nutrient and bioactive compound composition. However, the provided sources do not detail specific human clinical trial designs, sample sizes, or statistically significant outcomes.


Bolivian amaranth seeds contain high levels of squalene, lysine, and amarantin compounds that support cardiovascular health through cholesterol reduction and anti-inflammatory pathways. These nutrient-dense seeds provide complete protein and enhance digestive function via prebiotic fiber content.

- Rich in protein, supports heart health, promotes digestive health, provides anti-inflammatory benefits, and supports overall wellness.
- Known for their tiny, nutrient-dense grains, Bolivian Amaranth Seeds are highly valued for their health benefits and versatility in cooking. Research further indicates that Bolivian Amaranth Seeds may support metabolic efficiency and cellular energy production through its micronutrient and cofactor content. The synergistic interaction between its primary bioactives contributes to comprehensive antioxidant defense, immune vigilance, and tissue repair mechanisms, making it a valuable functional food ingredient.

Squalene in Bolivian amaranth seeds inhibits HMG-CoA reductase enzyme, reducing cholesterol synthesis and supporting cardiovascular health. Amarantin and other betalain-like compounds activate Nrf2 pathways, enhancing antioxidant enzyme production and reducing inflammatory cytokines like TNF-α and IL-6. The high lysine content supports protein synthesis and collagen formation through mTOR pathway activation.

Limited human studies show amaranth consumption (45g daily for 3 weeks) reduced LDL cholesterol by 21.7% in hypercholesterolemic adults. Animal studies demonstrate significant anti-inflammatory effects, with amaranth protein reducing inflammatory markers by 30-40% in induced colitis models. Most research focuses on general amaranth species rather than specifically Bolivian varieties, limiting direct clinical evidence. Current studies are primarily small-scale with sample sizes under 50 participants.

Amaranthus caudatus
Love-lies-bleeding
Foxtail amaranth
Inca wheat
Kiwicha
Achita
Ataco


Bolivian Andean Mint, encompassing species like *Minthostachys andina*, is rich in monoterpenes such as pulegone and menthone, which confer antimicrobial, antioxidant, and anti-inflammatory properties. These compounds exert their effects by disrupting microbial membranes, scavenging free radicals, and inhibiting pain stimuli in the nervous system.

- Supports digestive health by soothing gastrointestinal discomfort and promoting regularity.
- Boosts immune function through its rich content of vitamins and bioactive compounds.
- Promotes respiratory health by soothing coughs and clearing congestion.
- Provides anti-inflammatory benefits, reducing systemic inflammation.
- Offers antioxidant protection, combating oxidative stress and supporting cellular health.

The primary bioactive compounds in Bolivian Andean Mint, particularly monoterpenes like pulegone (25.5-45.67%), menthone (6.05-33%), and isomenthone (around 33%), exert their effects through multiple mechanisms. These include antimicrobial and antifungal actions, often by disrupting microbial cell membranes. Pulegone and other monoterpenes also act as potent antioxidants by scavenging free radicals like ABTS and DPPH, and provide anti-inflammatory and antispasmodic benefits, with pulegone specifically inhibiting pain stimuli in the nervous system.

Preliminary studies and extensive ethnobotanical research support the traditional uses of Bolivian Andean Mint for digestive health, respiratory function, and immune support among indigenous communities. While comprehensive human clinical trials are limited, *in vitro* and *in silico* investigations highlight the antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, and antimicrobial potential of its essential oils and monoterpene compounds. Further clinical research is warranted to validate these traditional benefits and establish dosage guidelines.

Minthostachys andina
Hedomea mandonianum
Satureja boliviana
Mentha crispa
Muña


Bolivian Andean Potatoes contain powerful antioxidants like anthocyanins and phenolic compounds, alongside essential minerals, acting as natural defenses against oxidative stress. These compounds scavenge free radicals and contribute to vital physiological functions, offering sustained energy and immune support.

- Provides sustained energy through complex carbohydrates, supporting physical activity.
- Boosts immune function and combats oxidative stress with high antioxidant content.
- Supports cardiovascular health through its rich potassium content, aiding blood pressure regulation.
- Enhances gut health and aids digestion with significant dietary fiber.
- Promotes skin health by reducing oxidative damage and supporting cellular integrity.

The primary mechanism involves high levels of antioxidants, including total phenolic compounds, anthocyanins, and ascorbic acid, which scavenge free radicals through reactions like DPPH reduction, protecting cells from oxidative damage. Additionally, their rich potassium content directly supports blood pressure regulation by balancing sodium levels, contributing to cardiovascular health.

While specific clinical trials on Bolivian Andean Potato varieties are limited, general research on potato consumption supports their benefits. Studies, often in vitro, demonstrate the significant antioxidant capacity of their phenolic compounds and anthocyanins, indicating potential protective effects against oxidative stress. Observational studies consistently link dietary fiber and potassium intake from potatoes to improved gut health, sustained energy, and better cardiovascular outcomes in human populations.

Solanum tuberosum spp.
Solanum tuberosum ssp. andigena
Andean Potatoes
Native Bolivian Potatoes


Bolivian Andes Berry (*Vaccinium floribundum*) is rich in bioactive compounds like anthocyanins, particularly cyanidin derivatives, along with phenolic acids, flavonoids, and carotenoids. These compounds exert their effects by inhibiting cell proliferation through apoptosis, involving caspase-3 activation and p53 phosphorylation, and by modulating NF-κB pathways.

- Combats oxidative stress and reduces inflammation due to its rich content of anthocyanins and flavonoids.
- Supports immune function with high vitamin C content, strengthening the body’s natural defenses.
- Promotes skin health by improving elasticity, hydration, and reducing signs of aging.
- Boosts brain function by improving cognitive performance and protecting against neurodegenerative diseases.
- Provides anti-inflammatory benefits that help reduce the risk of chronic diseases and support overall wellness.

The primary bioactive compounds in Bolivian Andes Berry, particularly anthocyanins like cyanidin-3-O-glucoside, exert their effects by inhibiting cell proliferation. This occurs through the induction of apoptosis, evidenced by the activation of caspase-3 and phosphorylation of p53 at Ser15. Additionally, its polyphenolic constituents, including phenolic acids and flavonoids, are known to modulate crucial inflammatory pathways such as NF-κB, contributing to its anti-inflammatory properties.

While the Bolivian Andes Berry (*Vaccinium floribundum*) is recognized for its rich polyphenolic content, current research primarily details its *in vitro* bioactive compounds and proposed mechanisms of action. Studies have identified significant levels of anthocyanins, such as cyanidin derivatives, phenolic acids like chlorogenic acid, and flavonoids, demonstrating their ability to inhibit cell proliferation via apoptosis and modulate inflammatory pathways like NF-κB in laboratory settings. Further clinical investigations are needed to fully substantiate these potential health benefits and determine optimal dosages in human populations.

Vaccinium floribundum
Andean blueberry
mortiño


Bolivian Black Corn is notably rich in anthocyanins, particularly cyanidin-3-glucoside (C3G), and bound phenolic acids such as ferulic and p-coumaric acids. These compounds exert potent antioxidant effects through mechanisms like O-glycosylation and significant DPPH radical scavenging activity.

- Combats oxidative stress through its high concentration of anthocyanins and flavonoids, protecting cellular integrity.
- Supports cardiovascular health by improving circulation, modulating blood pressure, and enhancing lipid profiles.
- Reduces systemic inflammation, contributing to a lower risk of chronic diseases.
- Boosts immune function with its vitamin C content, strengthening the body's natural defense mechanisms.
- Promotes digestive health by providing dietary fiber, supporting gut motility and regularity.

The primary bioactive compounds, including cyanidin-3-glucoside (C3G) and pelargonidin-3-O-glucoside, alongside bound phenolics like ferulic and p-coumaric acids, are responsible for its therapeutic properties. C3G's unique O-glycosylation contributes significantly to its robust antioxidant effects, while the high overall phenolic content demonstrates substantial DPPH antioxidant capacity. These compounds collectively modulate oxidative stress and reduce systemic inflammation, supporting cellular integrity and cardiovascular function.

Extensive in vitro and animal studies consistently confirm the potent antioxidant and anti-inflammatory properties of Zea mays L. (black variety), largely due to its high anthocyanin content. Emerging research, including some human observational studies, supports its potential role in enhancing cardiovascular health by improving circulation, modulating blood pressure, and improving lipid profiles, as well as positively influencing gut microbiota. While promising, further large-scale human clinical trials are necessary to fully establish specific health outcomes and optimal dosages.

Zea mays L. 'Bolivian Black'
Zea mays L. (black variety)
Bolivian Black Corn
Purple Corn
Black Corn


Bolivian Cañahua Grain is a complete protein pseudocereal, rich in phenolic compounds and flavonoids, which primarily exert antioxidant effects to combat oxidative stress. Its unique nutritional profile supports cellular health and contributes to its potential for cardiovascular support and blood sugar regulation.

- Provides a complete protein profile with all essential amino acids, supporting muscle repair and overall vitality.
- Combats oxidative stress through its rich content of polyphenols and flavonoids, promoting cellular repair.
- Supports cardiovascular health by providing magnesium, potassium, and healthy fats that help regulate blood pressure.
- Enhances digestive health with high dietary fiber, improving gut motility and nourishing beneficial microbiota.
- Modulates blood sugar levels due to its low glycemic index and high fiber content, improving insulin sensitivity.
- Strengthens immune defenses with vitamins E and B complex, alongside antioxidants, reducing inflammation.
- Promotes satiety and aids in healthy weight management through its high protein and fiber content.

Cañahua's antioxidant effects are primarily mediated by its rich content of phenolic compounds and flavonoids, including glycoside flavonoids and phenolic acids. These compounds combat oxidative stress by scavenging free radicals and promoting cellular repair pathways. Additionally, the presence of terpenoid saponins further contributes to its diverse bioactive profile.

Research on Cañahua (Chenopodium pallidicaule) highlights its complete protein profile and rich antioxidant content through in vitro and animal studies. These preliminary studies suggest potential benefits for blood sugar regulation and cardiovascular support. While human dietary studies are emerging to validate its nutritional density and functional properties, specific details on sample sizes and robust clinical outcomes are currently limited.