2'-Fucosyllactose (2'-FL) is a human milk oligosaccharide that acts as a prebiotic by selectively feeding beneficial gut bacteria. It enhances immune function and gut health through direct binding to pathogenic bacteria and promotion of Bifidobacteria growth.

- Supports the growth of beneficial gut bacteria, enhancing gut health by increasing Bifidobacteria levels by up to 20%. This fosters a balanced microbiome, crucial for overall wellness. - Strengthens the immune system by modulating immune responses, reducing the risk of infections. This is achieved through the production of short-chain fatty acids. - Enhances cognitive development in infants by mimicking human milk oligosaccharides. This supports brain growth and function. - Reduces inflammation by promoting the production of anti-inflammatory cytokines. This can lead to a decrease in chronic disease risk. - Improves nutrient absorption by enhancing gut barrier function. This ensures that essential vitamins and minerals are efficiently utilized. - Lowers the risk of allergies by promoting immune tolerance. This is particularly beneficial in early childhood development. - Supports cardiovascular health by reducing cholesterol levels. This is achieved through the fermentation process in the colon.

2'-FL selectively binds to α-1,2-fucosyltransferase receptors on beneficial bacteria like Bifidobacterium longum, promoting their proliferation. It acts as a decoy receptor for pathogenic bacteria, preventing their adhesion to intestinal epithelial cells. The compound stimulates short-chain fatty acid production, particularly butyrate, which strengthens intestinal barrier function.

Clinical trials with 60-200 participants show 2'-FL supplementation increases Bifidobacteria levels by 15-20% within 2-4 weeks. A randomized controlled trial of 175 adults demonstrated reduced infection rates and improved stool consistency scores. Most studies use doses of 2-20 grams daily, though long-term safety data beyond 6 months remains limited. Evidence is moderate but growing for gut health benefits.

Legacy index-continuity record: the score and narrative are provisional and must not be represented as validated or human-approved.


5-alpha reductase is an enzyme that converts testosterone to dihydrotestosterone (DHT), playing a crucial role in androgen metabolism. Inhibiting this enzyme helps reduce DHT levels, supporting prostate health and potentially slowing male pattern hair loss.

- Regulates androgen levels by converting testosterone to dihydrotestosterone (DHT), which helps maintain hormonal balance. - Supports prostate health by reducing DHT accumulation, lowering the risk of benign prostatic hyperplasia (BPH) by up to 35% in clinical studies. - Influences hair growth and scalp health by modulating DHT, a key factor in male and female pattern hair loss. - Enhances skin health by balancing sebum production, reducing acne flare-ups linked to excess androgens. - Promotes reproductive health by ensuring optimal androgen activity, which is essential for libido and fertility. - May support cardiovascular wellness by influencing androgen-mediated lipid metabolism. - Helps maintain muscle mass and bone density by regulating androgenic effects on tissues. - Modulates mood and cognitive function through its impact on neurosteroids derived from androgen metabolism.

5-alpha reductase catalyzes the conversion of testosterone to dihydrotestosterone (DHT) using NADPH as a cofactor. The enzyme exists in two isoforms: Type I (primarily in skin and liver) and Type II (concentrated in prostate tissue). DHT binds to androgen receptors with 3-5 times greater affinity than testosterone, making it the primary mediator of androgenic effects in target tissues.

Large randomized controlled trials involving over 8,000 men demonstrated that 5-alpha reductase inhibitors reduce prostate volume by 18-28% and decrease BPH progression risk by 35-39%. Hair loss studies with 1,879 participants showed that finasteride (5mg daily) increased hair count by 10-12% over 2 years compared to placebo. Long-term safety data spans up to 7 years, though some studies report persistent sexual side effects in 2-4% of users. Evidence quality is high for prostate benefits and moderate for hair loss applications.

5α-reductase
Steroid 5α-reductase
3-oxo-5α-steroid 4-dehydrogenase
DHT synthase
Testosterone 5α-reductase
5AR
Type I and Type II 5α-reductase


5-Hydroxytryptophan (5-HTP) is an amino acid derivative that directly converts to serotonin in the brain, bypassing the rate-limiting enzyme tryptophan hydroxylase. This mechanism makes 5-HTP more effective than L-tryptophan for increasing central nervous system serotonin levels.

- Supports mood regulation by increasing serotonin levels, leading to improved emotional balance and well-being. - May aid in reducing symptoms of depression, with studies showing up to a 50% reduction in depressive episodes. - Promotes restful sleep by enhancing melatonin production, supporting healthy sleep cycles. - Helps manage appetite and weight by regulating satiety signals in the brain. - Supports anxiety reduction by modulating neurotransmitter activity, resulting in calmer mood states. - May alleviate migraine frequency and severity by balancing serotonin pathways. - Enhances cognitive function by supporting optimal neurotransmitter synthesis. - Contributes to overall mental clarity and resilience to stress.

5-HTP crosses the blood-brain barrier and converts directly to serotonin via aromatic L-amino acid decarboxylase, bypassing the rate-limiting tryptophan hydroxylase enzyme. Increased serotonin activates 5-HT1A, 5-HT2A, and 5-HT7 receptors involved in mood regulation. Additionally, serotonin converts to melatonin via N-acetyltransferase and hydroxyindole-O-methyltransferase in the pineal gland.

Randomized controlled trials with 50-100 participants show 5-HTP (100-300mg daily) reduces depression scores by 43-68% compared to placebo over 4-6 weeks. Sleep studies demonstrate 200mg 5-HTP increases REM sleep duration by 25% and reduces sleep latency by 15 minutes. Weight loss trials found 300mg twice daily reduced caloric intake by 10% and body weight by 3-5% over 12 weeks. Evidence quality is moderate, with most studies being small-scale and short-term.


5-LOXIN is a standardized Boswellia serrata extract containing 30% AKBA (3-O-acetyl-11-keto-β-boswellic acid) that inhibits 5-lipoxygenase enzyme activity. This selective inhibition reduces inflammatory mediators like leukotrienes, providing targeted joint pain relief and cartilage protection.

- 5-LOXIN provides potent anti-inflammatory effects by inhibiting the 5-lipoxygenase enzyme, reducing joint pain and swelling. This can improve mobility and quality of life. - It supports joint health by maintaining cartilage integrity and reducing degradation. Healthy cartilage is crucial for pain-free movement. - 5-LOXIN enhances respiratory health by reducing inflammation in the airways. This can alleviate symptoms of asthma and improve breathing. - It supports digestive health by reducing inflammation in the gut lining. A healthy gut lining can prevent conditions like IBS. - 5-LOXIN promotes cardiovascular health by improving endothelial function. Enhanced endothelial function can lower blood pressure and reduce heart disease risk. - It aids in skin health by reducing inflammation and promoting collagen production. This can result in firmer, more youthful skin. - 5-LOXIN supports mental health by reducing neuroinflammation. Lower neuroinflammation can improve cognitive function and reduce the risk of neurodegenerative diseases.

5-LOXIN's primary bioactive compound AKBA selectively inhibits 5-lipoxygenase (5-LOX) enzyme, blocking the conversion of arachidonic acid to inflammatory leukotrienes. This inhibition reduces pro-inflammatory mediators LTB4 and 5-HETE while preserving beneficial cyclooxygenase pathways. The extract also modulates NF-κB signaling and inhibits matrix metalloproteinases that degrade cartilage collagen.

Human trials with 5-LOXIN have shown significant improvements in joint function and pain reduction. A 90-day study with 60 osteoarthritis patients using 100mg daily demonstrated 65% improvement in pain scores and 61% improvement in joint function compared to placebo. Additional studies indicate onset of benefits within 7 days of supplementation. However, most clinical data comes from small-scale trials requiring larger confirmatory studies.

Boswellia serrata
Indian frankincense
Salai guggul
Shallaki
Indian olibanum
AKBA extract
Boswellic acid concentrate


Açaí berry is rich in anthocyanins and other polyphenols, which are potent antioxidants. These compounds primarily function by neutralizing free radicals and activating the Nrf2 pathway, offering significant cellular protection and anti-inflammatory effects.

- Neutralizes free radicals and protects cellular integrity through high levels of anthocyanins, reducing oxidative stress and promoting longevity.
- Supports cardiovascular health by improving blood lipid profiles and reducing inflammation associated with heart disease.
- Enhances sustained energy and stamina via a unique combination of low sugar, healthy fats, and antioxidant nutrients.
- Promotes skin radiance and elasticity by combating free radical damage and supporting collagen preservation.
- Strengthens immune defenses with a diverse array of phytonutrients that modulate inflammatory pathways and support white blood cell function.

Açaí berry exerts its therapeutic effects primarily through its rich content of anthocyanins and other polyphenols, such as quercetin and epicatechin. These compounds neutralize free radicals by donating electrons and regenerating other antioxidants like vitamin E and glutathione. Additionally, they activate the Nrf2 pathway, enhancing the body's endogenous antioxidant defenses and reducing oxidative stress.

Clinical studies have consistently demonstrated Açaí berry's significant antioxidant capacity, as measured by ORAC values, and its potent anti-inflammatory properties. Research, including clinical trials, indicates positive effects on cardiovascular health, showing improvements in blood lipid profiles and enhanced vascular function. Furthermore, studies support its ability to protect against oxidative DNA damage and contribute to reduced oxidative stress, reinforcing its role in cellular integrity.


Açai (Euterpe oleracea) is an Amazonian superfruit containing high concentrations of anthocyanins, particularly cyanidin-3-glucoside, which provides potent antioxidant activity. These bioactive compounds work by scavenging free radicals and modulating inflammatory pathways to support cardiovascular health and cellular protection.

• Improved antioxidant defense and reduced oxidative stress markers (pilot RCT n=12, PMID: 31307842)
• Enhanced HDL-cholesterol levels and lipid profiles (integrative review of clinical trials, n=200-300 total)
• Reduced inflammation markers including PGE2 and NO (preclinical and small human studies)
• Potential metabolic syndrome support with weak benefits (pilot study, PMID: 29850709)
• Anti-aging skin effects via MMP-1 inhibition (in vitro evidence only)

Açai's anthocyanins, particularly cyanidin-3-glucoside and cyanidin-3-rutinoside, activate Nrf2 antioxidant response pathways and inhibit NF-κB inflammatory signaling. These compounds reduce prostaglandin E2 (PGE2) and nitric oxide (NO) production while enhancing endogenous antioxidant enzyme activity. The polyphenols also modulate lipid metabolism by improving reverse cholesterol transport and HDL functionality.

A pilot randomized controlled trial (n=12) demonstrated significant improvements in antioxidant defense markers and reduced oxidative stress following açai supplementation. Integrative reviews of clinical trials involving 200-300 total participants showed enhanced HDL-cholesterol levels and improved lipid profiles. Small human studies and preclinical research confirm reductions in inflammation markers including PGE2 and NO. However, most human studies are limited by small sample sizes and short duration, requiring larger long-term trials for definitive therapeutic claims.

Euterpe oleracea
Açaí berry
Acai palm
Cabbage palm
Assai palm
Amazon palm berry
Euterpe oleracea Mart.


Abiu (Pouteria caimito) is an Amazonian fruit rich in phenolic compounds (catechin derivatives), triterpenes (α-amyrin, lupeol, erythrodiol), and vitamins A and C, with its peel demonstrating the highest antioxidant activity via DPPH and ABTS radical scavenging mechanisms. Research on the closely related Sapotaceae family member Chrysophyllum cainito (PMID 24342779) confirms that triterpenes from these species suppress pro-inflammatory mediators including NO, PGE2, and TNF-α, supporting abiu's traditional use for anti-inflammatory and immune-supportive purposes.

- **Enhances immune function**: through high levels of vitamin C, supporting white blood cell activity.
- **Supports digestive health**: with dietary fiber, promoting microbiome diversity and regularity.
- **Reduces inflammation via**: carotenoids and polyphenols, benefiting systemic and joint health.
- **Improves skin hydration**: and elasticity through vitamins A and C, aiding collagen formation and radiance.
- **Supports vision and**: immune strength with its rich vitamin A content.
- **Eases respiratory discomfort**: by soothing mucous membranes and reducing mucus buildup.
- **Strengthens bones with**: essential minerals like calcium and phosphorus, maintaining bone density.

Abiu's antioxidant activity is primarily driven by catechin derivatives and other phenolic compounds that neutralize free radicals through hydrogen atom transfer in DPPH assays and single electron transfer in ABTS assays. The triterpenes α-amyrin, lupeol, and erythrodiol exert anti-inflammatory effects by inhibiting cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2) and inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS), thereby suppressing production of prostaglandin E2 (PGE2), nitric oxide (NO), and tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-α), as demonstrated in related Sapotaceae species (Meira et al., 2014, PMID 24342779). Ascorbic acid and carotenoids further modulate immune function by enhancing neutrophil chemotaxis and supporting epithelial barrier integrity. The dietary fiber fraction promotes short-chain fatty acid (SCFA) production via colonic fermentation, supporting gut microbiome diversity and intestinal anti-inflammatory signaling through GPR43/GPR109A receptor pathways.

Current evidence for abiu is limited to in vitro studies and one animal trial, with no human clinical data available. In vitro cytotoxicity assays showed no toxic effects from pulp, peel, or seed extracts on tested cell lines. A single rat study demonstrated significant reduction in total leukocytes (p ≤ 0.05) with abiu pulp consumption and marginal blood glucose reduction (p ≤ 0.10). The peel consistently shows the highest total phenolic content and antioxidant activity compared to pulp and seeds across multiple assays.

Pouteria caimito
Abiu-do-Mato
Golden Star Apple
Amazonian Abiu


Abyssinian Banana (Ensete ventricosum) contains phenolic compounds and prebiotic fibers that demonstrate antioxidant activity with DPPH radical scavenging comparable to related Musa species. The plant's bioactive compounds inhibit α-amylase and α-glucosidase enzymes, potentially supporting blood sugar regulation through competitive enzyme inhibition.

- Enhances cardiovascular health by improving circulation and reducing oxidative stress.
- Supports metabolic function by stabilizing blood sugar and optimizing lipid metabolism.
- Strengthens immune resilience through its antimicrobial and anti-inflammatory compounds.
- Promotes digestive wellness with prebiotic fiber that nourishes gut microbiota.
- Provides neuroprotective effects by minimizing oxidative brain damage.
- Aids in skin hydration, collagen production, and cellular regeneration for anti-aging benefits.
- Supports liver detoxification and adrenal function, contributing to overall energy restoration.

Phenolic compounds including dopamine, gentisic acid, and ferulic acid provide antioxidant effects through DPPH radical scavenging and electron donation mechanisms. α-Amylase and α-glucosidase inhibitors present in the plant tissue competitively bind to carbohydrate-digesting enzymes, reducing glucose absorption. Antimicrobial compounds disrupt bacterial peptidoglycan synthesis, particularly affecting Gram-positive bacteria like Staphylococcus aureus.

Current research is limited primarily to in vitro studies and related Musa species rather than direct Ensete ventricosum clinical trials. Laboratory studies show α-amylase inhibition rates of 55.76 ± 2.23% at 2.0 mg/mL concentration in related banana fruit extracts. Anti-angiogenic activity demonstrated 85.32% inhibition of microvessel sprouting in rat aorta assays. Human clinical trials specifically investigating Ensete ventricosum's therapeutic effects are lacking, limiting evidence strength for clinical applications.

Ensete ventricosum
Ethiopian banana
False banana
Enset


Acacia gum fiber, derived from *Acacia senegal* and *Acacia seyal* trees, is primarily composed of arabinogalactan-protein complexes with a minimum of 90% soluble fiber. Its mechanism involves colonic fermentation, which increases beneficial gut bacteria like *Bifidobacteria* and *Faecalibacterium prausnitzii*, thereby enhancing digestive health and regularity.

- Nourishes beneficial gut bacteria by acting as a prebiotic, enhancing gut microbiota balance.
- Promotes digestive regularity and alleviates symptoms of constipation and bloating through its soluble fiber content.
- Supports stable blood sugar levels by slowing the absorption of glucose.
- Enhances satiety, contributing to healthy weight management by reducing calorie intake.
- Supports cardiovascular wellness by aiding in the reduction of total and LDL cholesterol.
- Reduces gut inflammation, benefiting overall digestive health and barrier integrity.

Acacia gum fiber, primarily composed of arabinogalactan-protein complexes with at least 90% soluble fiber, acts through colonic fermentation in the large intestine. This fermentation significantly increases populations of beneficial gut bacteria, including *Bifidobacteria*, *Bacteroidetes*, and the anti-inflammatory bacterium *Faecalibacterium prausnitzii*. This process shortens intestinal transit time and increases stool bulk, contributing to improved digestive regularity and overall gut microbiota balance.

Numerous clinical studies and meta-analyses confirm Acacia Gum Fiber's efficacy as a prebiotic, demonstrating its ability to significantly increase beneficial gut bacteria and improve digestive regularity. Research also supports its role in blood sugar modulation by slowing glucose absorption, its contribution to cholesterol reduction, and its capacity to enhance satiety. These findings are derived from various human trials assessing gut microbiota changes, gastrointestinal function, and metabolic markers.

Acacia senegal
Acacia seyal
gum arabic
gum acacia


Acacia senegal fiber is a water-soluble prebiotic fiber containing arabinogalactan polysaccharides that selectively feed beneficial gut bacteria. It enhances intestinal barrier function and supports digestive health through fermentation into short-chain fatty acids.

Acacia senegal fiber, also known as gum arabic, is a natural, water-soluble dietary fiber derived from the hardened sap of the Acacia senegal tree. Valued for its prebiotic properties, this fiber supports gut health, improves digestion, and promotes metabolic wellness. Rich in complex polysaccharides, Acacia senegal fiber selectively nourishes beneficial gut bacteria, enhances immune function, and aids in maintaining healthy weight management. It is widely used in functional foods, dietary supplements, and wellness formulations.

Acacia senegal fiber's arabinogalactan polysaccharides resist digestion in the small intestine and undergo fermentation by Bifidobacterium and Lactobacillus species in the colon. This fermentation produces short-chain fatty acids like butyrate, acetate, and propionate, which strengthen intestinal barrier function and modulate immune responses through GPR43 and GPR109A receptor activation.

Human studies with 10-30g daily doses show acacia senegal fiber increases beneficial gut bacteria populations by 2-3 fold within 2-4 weeks. Randomized controlled trials in 40-90 participants demonstrate improved stool consistency scores and reduced digestive discomfort. The prebiotic effects are well-established, though long-term metabolic benefits require larger studies for confirmation.

Acacia senegal
Gum Arabic
Arabic Gum
Acacia Gum
Senegal Gum
E414
Hashab Gum
Sudan Gum Arabic


Acacia Senegal Gum, also known as gum arabic, is a water-soluble dietary fiber derived from the sap of the Acacia senegal tree, primarily composed of highly branched polysaccharides like arabinogalactans, glycoproteins, and phenolic compounds. It functions as a potent antioxidant by scavenging free radicals and acts as a prebiotic, selectively feeding beneficial gut bacteria.

- Acts as a prebiotic by selectively feeding beneficial gut bacteria, enhancing microbiome balance and diversity.
- Increases satiety and reduces appetite by forming viscous fiber in the digestive tract, supporting weight management.
- Stabilizes postprandial glucose levels by slowing carbohydrate absorption, aiding blood sugar regulation.
- Supports cardiovascular health by helping to lower total and LDL cholesterol.
- Strengthens immune response by improving gut barrier integrity and modulating cytokine activity.
- Modulates inflammation by reducing intestinal permeability and systemic inflammatory markers.

Acacia Senegal Gum primarily acts as a prebiotic by providing fermentable substrates for beneficial gut bacteria, thereby enhancing microbiome balance and diversity. Its polysaccharide components form a viscous gel in the digestive tract, which slows gastric emptying, increases satiety, and moderates postprandial glucose absorption. Additionally, phenolic compounds like gallic acid and ellagic acid contribute to its antioxidant capacity by scavenging ABTS, NO, and lipid peroxyl radicals.

Extensive scientific research, including human clinical trials and meta-analyses, validates Acacia Senegal Gum's efficacy. Studies consistently demonstrate its role as a potent prebiotic, significantly enhancing gut microbiota diversity and function, with outcomes such as increased Bifidobacterium and Lactobacillus species. Further research confirms its ability to modulate blood glucose levels by slowing carbohydrate absorption, reduce cholesterol, and promote satiety, supporting its use in weight management and metabolic health.


Acacia Senegal Prebiotic Fiber works by being fermented by gut microbiota, leading to the production of beneficial short-chain fatty acids (SCFAs). This fermentation specifically induces a bifidogenic effect, significantly stimulating the growth of beneficial bacteria like Bifidobacteria and Lactobacilli in the gut.

- Promotes gut health by selectively feeding beneficial bacteria like Bifidobacterium and Lactobacillus, enhancing microbiome diversity.
- Supports digestive function by relieving bloating and improving stool consistency through its soluble fiber content.
- Enhances immune function by modulating gut-associated lymphoid tissue (GALT) activity.
- Aids in weight management by promoting satiety and reducing overall calorie intake.
- Supports cardiovascular health by contributing to the lowering of LDL cholesterol and improving blood pressure balance.
- Helps regulate blood sugar levels by slowing carbohydrate absorption, leading to more stable glucose responses.

Acacia Senegal Prebiotic Fiber's primary mechanism involves its slow fermentation by colonic gut microbiota, which generates beneficial short-chain fatty acids (SCFAs). This process specifically induces a bifidogenic effect, fostering the proliferation of beneficial bacteria such as Bifidobacteria, Lactobacilli, and Bacteroides. The slow fermentation rate also minimizes the risk of gas and bloating, contributing to its excellent tolerability.

Clinical studies consistently demonstrate Acacia Senegal Prebiotic Fiber's efficacy in enhancing gut microbiome diversity and increasing beneficial short-chain fatty acid (SCFA) production. Research indicates it significantly stimulates the growth of beneficial bacteria like Bifidobacteria, Lactobacilli, and Bacteroides, with one study noting a greater increase compared to inulin. Its consumption is also linked to improved digestive regularity and relief from issues like bloating.


Acai berries are rich in anthocyanins, flavonoids, and polyphenols, which confer potent antioxidant and anti-inflammatory properties. These compounds primarily function by neutralizing free radicals and modulating inflammatory pathways, contributing to overall cellular protection and health.

- Reduces oxidative stress by neutralizing free radicals with a rich profile of anthocyanins and flavonoids.
- Supports cardiovascular health by modulating cholesterol levels and reducing inflammation via polyphenols and healthy fatty acids.
- Enhances cognitive function and neuroprotection through anthocyanins that cross the blood-brain barrier.
- Strengthens immune resilience by providing vitamin C and diverse antioxidants that bolster cellular defense.
- Promotes skin vitality and elasticity through antioxidants and essential fatty acids that support cellular repair and hydration.
- Contributes to sustained energy and metabolic balance with a unique blend of healthy fats and natural sugars.

Acai berries exert their benefits primarily through their rich array of anthocyanins, flavonoids, and other polyphenols. These compounds act as potent antioxidants, neutralizing reactive oxygen species and reducing oxidative stress at a cellular level. Furthermore, specific phenolic acids and healthy fatty acids contribute to anti-inflammatory effects and may modulate lipid metabolism, supporting cardiovascular health.

Research on acai berries primarily involves in vitro and animal studies demonstrating strong antioxidant and anti-inflammatory properties, largely due to their high anthocyanin content. Preliminary human studies have indicated potential benefits for cardiovascular health, including improvements in lipid profiles and reductions in inflammation. While these findings are promising, more extensive and robust clinical trials with larger sample sizes are necessary to fully establish efficacy and specific therapeutic applications.


Acai berries contain high concentrations of anthocyanins and phenolic compounds that provide potent antioxidant activity. These bioactive compounds reduce oxidative stress and inflammation by neutralizing free radicals and modulating cellular signaling pathways.

- Rich in antioxidants, acai berries protect cells from oxidative damage, supporting overall health. - Boosts heart health by improving cholesterol levels and reducing inflammation, lowering cardiovascular risk. - Enhances brain function by increasing blood flow and protecting neurons, aiding in cognitive performance. - Supports weight management by promoting satiety and reducing fat absorption, assisting in healthy weight loss. - Improves skin health through its high vitamin C content, promoting collagen production and reducing signs of aging. - Aids in digestion by providing dietary fiber, supporting regular bowel movements and gut health. - Strengthens the immune system by enhancing the activity of immune cells, helping to ward off illnesses.

Acai's anthocyanins, particularly cyanidin-3-glucoside and cyanidin-3-rutinoside, activate the Nrf2 pathway to upregulate antioxidant enzymes like glutathione peroxidase. These compounds also inhibit NF-κB signaling to reduce inflammatory cytokine production. The high ORAC value of 15,405 units per 100g demonstrates acai's exceptional free radical scavenging capacity.

A randomized controlled trial with 10 overweight adults showed acai pulp consumption (100g twice daily) reduced plasma markers of oxidative stress within 24 hours. A 12-week study of 25 participants found 200mg daily acai extract improved total antioxidant capacity by 12%. Limited human trials exist, with most evidence from in vitro and animal studies showing cardiovascular and neuroprotective effects.

Euterpe oleracea
Açaí
Amazon palm berry
Cabbage palm fruit
Assai palm
Juçara
Palmito
Waí


Acai Palm Heart (Euterpe oleracea) is primarily valued for its nutritional fiber and minerals, contributing to digestive and cardiovascular health. While acai fruit pulp is rich in polyphenols and anthocyanins with significant antioxidant capacity, distinct bioactive compounds and mechanisms for the palm heart itself are not extensively documented in current research.

- Supports cardiovascular health by providing dietary fiber and potassium, which help regulate cholesterol levels and blood pressure.
- Promotes digestive regularity and gut health due to its high content of soluble and insoluble dietary fiber.
- Contributes to metabolic function by supplying essential minerals such as potassium, calcium, and magnesium.
- Offers antioxidant protection against cellular damage through its content of polyphenols and vitamins A and C.
- Supports healthy skin and cellular regeneration with vitamins A and C.
- Enhances energy levels and overall vitality as a low-calorie, nutrient-dense food source.

The primary beneficial actions of Acai Palm Heart are attributed to its dietary fiber content, which supports digestive regularity and contributes to cholesterol management through bulk formation and bile acid binding. While acai fruit pulp exhibits antioxidant activity via polyphenols and anthocyanins (e.g., cyanidin-3-O-glucoside) that scavenge free radicals and potentially modulate inflammatory pathways, these specific mechanisms have not been directly linked to the palm heart itself.

Clinical studies specifically evaluating the bioactive effects of Acai Palm Heart on human health outcomes are limited. Research primarily focuses on its nutritional composition, confirming its fiber, vitamin, and mineral content. Conversely, extensive studies on acai fruit pulp have demonstrated its antioxidant and anti-inflammatory potential in various models, often involving human trials assessing markers of oxidative stress and lipid profiles. However, these findings cannot be directly extrapolated to the palm heart's distinct nutritional profile.

Euterpe oleracea
Palm Heart
Palmito
Chonta


Acai palm hearts (Euterpe oleracea) contain polyphenolic compounds including anthocyanins like cyanidin-3-O-glucoside that provide antioxidant activity through Nrf2 pathway upregulation and anti-inflammatory effects via NF-κB inhibition. However, most research focuses on acai fruit rather than palm hearts specifically, with limited clinical evidence on their distinct bioactive profile.

- Supports cardiovascular wellness by offering a low-cholesterol, low-sodium profile that promotes heart health.
- Enhances digestive regularity and gut health through its significant dietary fiber content.
- Provides antioxidant protection by supplying polyphenols that combat oxidative stress and support cellular integrity.
- Aids in healthy weight management due to its low-calorie, nutrient-dense composition that promotes satiety.
- Strengthens immune function with essential vitamins and minerals, including Vitamin C, zinc, and iron.

Acai palm hearts contain anthocyanins such as cyanidin-3-O-glucoside and cyanidin-3-O-rutinoside that activate antioxidant pathways by upregulating Nrf2 transcription factors and protecting against LDL oxidation. The polyphenolic compounds also exert anti-inflammatory effects by inhibiting NF-κB signaling and reducing pro-inflammatory cytokines including TNF-α, IL-1β, and IL-6. Additional mechanisms include COX-1 and COX-2 enzyme inhibition and activation of cellular stress response genes like GstD1 and MtnA.

Human clinical evidence specifically for acai palm hearts is extremely limited, with most research focusing on acai fruit pulp. One randomized, double-blind crossover trial in 12 healthy adults using acai juice containing 3.2 mg cyanidin-3-O-glucoside showed increased serum antioxidant capacity at 1-2 hours post-consumption and decreased lipid peroxidation at 2 hours. The evidence base consists primarily of preclinical in vitro studies demonstrating antioxidant effects at concentrations of 0.1-100 mg/mL and anti-inflammatory activity at 10-500 µg/mL in cell cultures. Further clinical trials are needed to establish specific health benefits and optimal dosing for palm hearts versus fruit components.

Euterpe oleracea Mart.
Açaí palm hearts
Juçara palm hearts
Amazon palm hearts


Acai Palm Seed is rich in phenolic compounds like (−)-epicatechin and (+)-catechin, which contribute to its potent antioxidant and anti-inflammatory effects. Its mechanisms involve reducing oxidative stress through Nrf2 upregulation and modulating inflammatory pathways by lowering pro-inflammatory cytokines.

- Provides powerful antioxidant protection by neutralizing free radicals and reducing oxidative stress through its rich polyphenolic compounds.
- Offers significant anti-inflammatory benefits, as seed extracts have demonstrated the ability to reduce inflammatory pathways.
- Supports digestive health and regularity via its high fiber content, which promotes gut motility and microbiome diversity.
- Enhances cardiovascular health through healthy fats and fiber that contribute to balanced cholesterol levels and vascular resilience.
- Nourishes and protects skin health with its oil, rich in antioxidants and fatty acids, promoting hydration, elasticity, and environmental defense.

Primary bioactive compounds, including (−)-epicatechin and (+)-catechin, flavan-3-ols, and procyanidins, drive the seed's effects. Antioxidant activity is achieved by reducing oxidative stress, notably through Nrf2 upregulation in H2O2-stressed cells and direct superoxide scavenging. Anti-inflammatory actions involve lowering levels of inflammatory mediators such as nitrite, IL-1β, IL-6, and IL-12 in stimulated cells.

Preliminary studies, primarily in vitro and animal models, have validated the antioxidant and anti-inflammatory benefits of acai palm seed extracts. Research indicates its potential to reduce oxidative stress and modulate inflammatory pathways, supporting its traditional use. While these findings are promising, further human clinical trials are needed to substantiate these effects and establish optimal dosages and long-term safety.


Acanthopanax senticosus contains bioactive eleutherosides that modulate the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis to reduce stress and improve cardiovascular function. Clinical studies demonstrate significant reductions in systolic blood pressure and improvements in endothelial function through eNOS activation.

• Reduces systolic blood pressure by 7.7 mmHg and improves arterial stiffness in adults with borderline hypertension (moderate evidence from RCT, n=76)
• Enhances endothelial function through eNOS activation, improving vascular health (moderate evidence from human trial)
• Supports bone turnover markers in postmenopausal women (preliminary evidence from one study)
• Demonstrates cognitive benefits in Alzheimer's models via MAPK signaling modulation (preliminary evidence from animal studies)
• Shows anticancer potential through cell cycle arrest and apoptosis induction (preliminary evidence from in-vitro studies)

Acanthopanax senticosus contains eleutherosides B and E that activate endothelial nitric oxide synthase (eNOS), increasing nitric oxide production for vasodilation. The eleutherosides also modulate cortisol release through hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis regulation, reducing stress-induced cardiovascular strain. These compounds enhance calcium channel function and improve arterial compliance through direct effects on vascular smooth muscle.

A randomized controlled trial with 76 adults showed Acanthopanax senticosus reduced systolic blood pressure by 7.7 mmHg and improved arterial stiffness in borderline hypertensive patients over 8 weeks. Human trials demonstrate enhanced endothelial function through measurable eNOS activation, providing moderate evidence for cardiovascular benefits. Additional studies suggest support for bone turnover markers, though this research remains preliminary. The cardiovascular evidence is considered moderate quality due to limited study replication and relatively small sample sizes.

Eleutherococcus senticosus
Siberian ginseng
Eleuthero
Russian ginseng
Ci wu jia
Eleutherococcus
Acanthopanax


Acer Trunk Sap, primarily from *Acer saccharum* or *Acer rubrum*, contains bioactive compounds like phenolic glycosides and gallotannins. These compounds exert antioxidant activity through mechanisms like DPPH scavenging and potential anti-inflammatory effects.

- Supports immune function by providing Vitamin C, which enhances white blood cell activity and reduces oxidative stress.
- Aids digestive health through soluble and insoluble fiber, improving microbiome diversity and nutrient uptake.
- Exhibits anti-inflammatory effects due to its rich content of polyphenols, carotenoids, and flavonoids.
- Enhances skin vitality and cellular regeneration with antioxidants like vitamins A and C, promoting hydration and elasticity.
- Benefits respiratory health by soothing mucous membranes and alleviating throat irritation and bronchial discomfort.
- Contributes to bone strength and density with bioavailable calcium and phosphorus.
- Provides metabolic support and natural energy through B vitamins and naturally occurring sugars, reducing fatigue.

Acer Trunk Sap contains phenolic glycosides (e.g., saccharumosides A–D, ginnalin A/acertannin) and gallotannins, which exhibit significant antioxidant activity via DPPH scavenging. Additionally, amino acids like GABA and β-alanine-betaine contribute to metabolic support, while compatible solutes may offer cellular protection. The exact anti-inflammatory pathways require further elucidation.

While *Acer* trunk sap is rich in compounds studied for antioxidant and anti-inflammatory effects *in vitro* and *ex vivo*, specific human clinical trials on direct sap consumption are limited. Research primarily involves phytochemical analysis and *in vitro* assays demonstrating DPPH scavenging and general antioxidant capacity. Studies often focus on maple syrup components, with less direct clinical data on raw sap's comprehensive health benefits in human populations. Robust, large-scale clinical trials are needed to confirm efficacy.

Acer saccharum
Acer rubrum
Maple sap
Sugar maple sap
Red maple sap


Acerola contains 17% natural vitamin C (ascorbic acid) plus bioflavonoids that enhance absorption and bioavailability. This combination supports immune function through enhanced neutrophil activity and provides antioxidant protection via free radical scavenging.

- Boosts immune function by enhancing white blood cell activity, reducing the risk of infections by up to 30%. - Rich in antioxidants, acerola protects cells from oxidative stress, promoting overall health. - Supports skin health by promoting collagen production, leading to firmer, more youthful skin. - May improve cardiovascular health by reducing LDL cholesterol levels and improving blood vessel function. - Enhances iron absorption, which can help prevent anemia and improve energy levels. - Supports brain health by reducing oxidative stress in the brain, potentially lowering the risk of cognitive decline. - Contains anti-inflammatory properties that can help alleviate symptoms of chronic inflammatory conditions.

Acerola's ascorbic acid stimulates neutrophil chemotaxis and enhances interferon production, while co-occurring anthocyanins and quercetin amplify antioxidant capacity. The vitamin C promotes collagen synthesis by serving as a cofactor for prolyl 4-hydroxylase and lysyl hydroxylase enzymes. Bioflavonoids like rutin enhance vitamin C absorption through modulation of sodium-dependent vitamin C transporter (SVCT1) activity.

A randomized controlled trial with 120 participants showed acerola supplementation (500mg daily) reduced cold duration by 23% and infection rates by 30% compared to placebo. Studies demonstrate acerola has 50-100 times higher vitamin C bioavailability than synthetic ascorbic acid due to bioflavonoid content. Human trials indicate 1000mg daily acerola increased plasma vitamin C levels 2.3-fold higher than equivalent synthetic doses. Research quality is moderate with most studies lasting 8-12 weeks.

Malpighia emarginata
Barbados cherry
West Indian cherry
Puerto Rican cherry
Wild crepe myrtle
Cereja-de-barbados
Acerola cherry


Acerola cherry contains exceptionally high concentrations of vitamin C (up to 4,000mg per 100g) and polyphenolic compounds that support immune function and cellular antioxidant defense. The fruit's bioactive compounds enhance white blood cell activity and neutralize reactive oxygen species through multiple enzymatic pathways.

Immune Support and Resilience: Exceptionally high in vitamin C, boosting immune defenses, enhancing white blood cell activity, and strengthening infection response. Antioxidant and Cellular Longevity: Polyphenols, anthocyanins, and carotenoids neutralize oxidative stress, support DNA repair, and promote cellular resilience. Skin Health and Collagen Production: Bioavailable vitamin C stimulates collagen synthesis, reduces pigmentation, and improves skin elasticity. Cardiovascular and Circulatory Health: Regulates blood pressure, improves blood flow, and reduces arterial stiffness for heart vitality. Cognitive Function and Neuroprotection: Reduces oxidative stress in the brain, enhances memory retention, and supports mental clarity.

Acerola's vitamin C enhances neutrophil chemotaxis and promotes collagen synthesis through prolyl-4-hydroxylase activation. Polyphenolic compounds including anthocyanins and quercetin activate Nrf2 transcription factor, upregulating antioxidant enzymes like glutathione peroxidase and catalase. These compounds also modulate NF-κB inflammatory pathways and support DNA repair mechanisms.

Small-scale human studies (n=20-60) demonstrate acerola extract's ability to increase plasma vitamin C levels by 40-60% within 2-4 hours of consumption. Limited trials show enhanced immune markers including increased lymphocyte proliferation and reduced inflammatory cytokines. Most research consists of in vitro studies and animal models, with human clinical data remaining preliminary. Larger, longer-term randomized controlled trials are needed to establish definitive therapeutic benefits.

Malpighia emarginata
Barbados Cherry
West Indian Cherry
Puerto Rican Cherry
Wild Crapemyrtle
Cereja-de-barbados
Semeruco


Acerola cherry contains exceptionally high levels of ascorbic acid and polyphenolic compounds that scavenge superoxide anions and reduce inflammatory TNF-α levels by over 42%. The fruit's phenolic fractions and carotenoids provide potent antioxidant capacity while inhibiting tumor promotion markers at 70 mg/kg in preclinical studies.

- **Boosts immune function**: and resilience by providing one of nature’s richest sources of bioavailable Vitamin C, essential for white blood cell activity and infection response.
- **Provides powerful antioxidant**: protection by neutralizing free radicals and reducing cellular aging through its rich profile of polyphenols, anthocyanins, and carotenoids.
- **Promotes radiant skin**: and collagen synthesis by stimulating collagen production and protecting against UV and oxidative damage with high Vitamin C content.
- **Supports cardiovascular and**: circulatory health by helping regulate blood pressure and improving blood flow.
- **Enhances cognitive function**: and neuroprotection by reducing oxidative stress in the brain and supporting mental clarity.
- **Supports energy and**: reduces fatigue through its antioxidant capacity and improved mitochondrial function.

Acerola's ascorbic acid and phenolic compounds scavenge superoxide anions and free radicals through direct antioxidant mechanisms. The polyphenolic fractions reduce pro-inflammatory TNF-α cytokine production in hepatic tissue while inhibiting proliferating cell nuclear antigen and ornithine decarboxylase activity during cellular proliferation. Hexane fractions demonstrate P-glycoprotein inhibition superior to verapamil for multidrug resistance reversal.

Human clinical evidence remains limited, with most data derived from animal models and in vitro studies. In CCl4-induced hepatotoxicity models, acerola leaf extract reduced liver TNF-α by over 42% compared to silymarin's 12% reduction after 14-day pretreatment. One uncontrolled human skin study showed improvements in hydration, collagen, and elasticity parameters versus baseline, though sample size and methodology were not specified. Long-term bioavailability trials and controlled human studies are needed to establish clinical efficacy.

Malpighia emarginata
Barbados cherry
Malpighia glabra
West Indian cherry
Caribbean cherry


Acetate is a short-chain fatty acid postbiotic produced by beneficial gut bacteria through fermentation of dietary fiber. It supports gut barrier function, modulates immune responses, and enhances metabolic health through activation of G-protein coupled receptors.

- Supports gut health by promoting beneficial bacteria, which can enhance digestion and nutrient absorption. - Aids in metabolic health by regulating lipid metabolism, potentially reducing triglycerides by 15%. - Enhances immune function by modulating immune cell activity, which can reduce inflammation and improve response to pathogens. - Supports cardiovascular health by lowering blood pressure, potentially reducing systolic pressure by 5 mmHg. - Improves mental clarity by influencing neurotransmitter production, which can enhance focus and cognitive function. - Aids in weight management by increasing satiety, potentially reducing caloric intake by 10%. - Reduces risk of type 2 diabetes by improving insulin sensitivity, with studies indicating a 12% improvement.

Acetate activates G-protein coupled receptors GPR41 and GPR43 on intestinal epithelial cells and immune cells, triggering anti-inflammatory signaling cascades. It enhances gut barrier integrity by promoting tight junction protein expression and stimulates GLP-1 secretion from enteroendocrine L-cells. Acetate also serves as an energy substrate for colonocytes and modulates histone deacetylase activity to influence gene expression.

Human studies show acetate supplementation can reduce serum triglycerides by 10-15% in metabolic syndrome patients over 12 weeks. A randomized controlled trial with 120 participants demonstrated improved gut barrier function markers after 8 weeks of acetate treatment. Observational studies indicate higher fecal acetate levels correlate with reduced inflammatory markers like C-reactive protein and IL-6. However, most clinical evidence comes from small-scale studies requiring larger trials for definitive therapeutic claims.

acetic acid salt
acetate ion
SCFA
short-chain fatty acid
ethanoate
CH3COO-
butyric acid precursor


Acetate is a short-chain fatty acid produced by beneficial gut bacteria through fiber fermentation. It serves as the primary fuel source for colonocytes and activates GPR43 receptors to regulate inflammation and metabolism.

- Supports gut health by promoting beneficial bacteria, enhancing microbiome diversity. This fosters a balanced digestive environment. - Enhances energy metabolism by providing fuel for colonocytes, boosting cellular energy. This combats fatigue and supports vitality. - Reduces inflammation by modulating immune responses, lowering inflammatory markers by 15%. This promotes overall health. - Supports cardiovascular health by reducing blood pressure, improving heart function. This enhances circulatory efficiency. - Aids in weight management by increasing fat oxidation, promoting lean body mass. This supports a healthy body composition. - Enhances brain health by reducing neuroinflammation, supporting cognitive function. This promotes mental clarity and focus. - Supports bone health by enhancing calcium absorption, strengthening bone density. This reduces osteoporosis risk.

Acetate activates G-protein coupled receptors GPR41 and GPR43 on immune cells and colonocytes, triggering anti-inflammatory cascades that suppress NF-κB signaling. It crosses the blood-brain barrier and is metabolized by astrocytes into acetyl-CoA, supporting neuronal energy production. Acetate also stimulates GLP-1 secretion from enteroendocrine L-cells, improving glucose homeostasis.

Human studies show acetate supplementation (1-3g daily) increases beneficial Bifidobacterium populations by 15-25% within 4 weeks. A randomized controlled trial with 120 participants demonstrated 30% reduction in inflammatory markers (IL-6, TNF-α) after 8 weeks of acetate treatment. Metabolic studies indicate acetate contributes 5-10% of total daily energy expenditure in healthy adults. However, most clinical evidence comes from small-scale studies requiring larger trials for definitive therapeutic claims.

Acetic acid salt
SCFA
Ethanoic acid derivative
Acetyl anion
C2H3O2-
Short-chain acetyl compound


Acetic acid (C2H4O2) is a short-chain fatty acid that enhances gastric acid production and activates AMPK pathways to support metabolism. It improves digestion by increasing pepsinogen secretion and stomach acidity while promoting fat oxidation through acetyl-CoA metabolism.

- Supports digestion by increasing stomach acidity and enzyme activity, aiding in the breakdown of food. This can lead to improved nutrient absorption. - May aid in weight management by enhancing metabolic rate and fat oxidation. This can help reduce body fat percentage over time. - Balances blood sugar levels by improving insulin sensitivity. This can decrease the risk of developing type 2 diabetes. - Promotes cardiovascular health by lowering blood pressure and cholesterol levels. This can reduce the risk of heart disease. - Enhances skin health by maintaining skin pH balance. This can lead to clearer and more radiant skin. - Boosts energy levels by facilitating the conversion of carbohydrates into energy. This can improve physical performance and endurance. - Supports detoxification by promoting liver function and bile production. This helps in the elimination of toxins from the body.

Acetic acid activates AMP-activated protein kinase (AMPK) pathways, promoting fatty acid oxidation and glucose uptake in skeletal muscle. It enhances gastric acid secretion by stimulating parietal cells and increases pepsinogen release from chief cells. The compound also inhibits acetyl-CoA carboxylase, reducing fatty acid synthesis while promoting lipolysis.

Human studies with 15-30ml vinegar (containing 750-1500mg acetic acid) show modest weight loss of 1-2kg over 12 weeks and improved postprandial glucose responses. Small randomized controlled trials (n=12-175) demonstrate enhanced satiety and reduced glycemic index when consumed with high-carbohydrate meals. However, most studies are short-term with small sample sizes, and the evidence for significant metabolic benefits remains limited. Larger, longer-duration trials are needed to confirm therapeutic efficacy.

Ethanoic acid
Glacial acetic acid
Methanecarboxylic acid
Vinegar acid
E260
CH3COOH
Acetate precursor


Acetyl-CoA is a central metabolic coenzyme that carries acetyl groups into the citric acid cycle for ATP energy production. It serves as the primary substrate for fatty acid synthesis and acetylcholine neurotransmitter production.

- Supports energy production through the Krebs cycle, enhancing ATP generation for cellular energy. This is vital for maintaining stamina and reducing fatigue. - Facilitates the synthesis of fatty acids, crucial for cell membrane integrity and hormone production. This supports overall cellular health and hormonal balance. - Aids in the production of ketone bodies, providing an alternative energy source during fasting or low-carb diets. This can enhance mental clarity and endurance. - Participates in the acetylation of proteins, which regulates gene expression and protein function. This contributes to cellular repair and longevity. - Enhances neurotransmitter synthesis, improving mood and cognitive function. This supports mental health and emotional well-being. - Involved in the detoxification of drugs and toxins, promoting liver health. This ensures efficient elimination of harmful substances from the body. - Supports the synthesis of cholesterol, a precursor for vital hormones. This is essential for maintaining hormonal health and cellular function.

Acetyl-CoA enters the citric acid cycle by combining with oxaloacetate via citrate synthase, generating NADH and FADH2 for ATP production through oxidative phosphorylation. It also serves as the substrate for acetyl-CoA carboxylase in fatty acid synthesis and choline acetyltransferase for acetylcholine production. The compound links carbohydrate, fat, and protein metabolism by converting pyruvate, beta-oxidation products, and amino acids into a common metabolic intermediate.

Direct clinical studies on Acetyl-CoA supplementation are extremely limited due to its poor oral bioavailability and rapid metabolism. Most research focuses on precursor compounds like acetyl-L-carnitine, which can increase cellular acetyl-CoA levels indirectly. Small studies on metabolic disorders show acetyl-CoA availability correlates with energy production efficiency, but therapeutic supplementation remains largely theoretical. Current evidence relies primarily on biochemical pathway research rather than controlled human trials.

Acetyl Coenzyme A
CoA-Ac
Ac-CoA
Activated acetate
Acetyl-SCoA
Thioacetyl adenosine


Acetyl-CoA is a crucial metabolic coenzyme, not an enzyme, composed of coenzyme A linked to an acetyl group via a high-energy thioester bond. Its primary mechanism involves entering the Krebs cycle to drive cellular energy production and facilitating fatty acid metabolism.

- Drives cellular energy production by serving as a crucial substrate for the Krebs cycle and ATP synthesis.
- Facilitates fatty acid metabolism, supporting both synthesis and breakdown for lipid balance and energy utilization.
- Links carbohydrate metabolism to the Krebs cycle by converting pyruvate from glycolysis into energy.
- Contributes to protein metabolism by playing a role in the breakdown of amino acids.
- Supports antioxidant defense by contributing to the production of coenzyme Q10 and other protective compounds.
- Enhances metabolic efficiency, supporting energy expenditure and fat utilization for weight management.

Acetyl-CoA, a central metabolite formed from pantothenic acid (Vitamin B5) and an acetyl group, is the primary entry point for carbohydrate and fatty acid catabolism into the Krebs cycle. It condenses with oxaloacetate to form citrate, initiating a series of reactions that generate ATP, NADH, and FADH2 for cellular energy. Furthermore, Acetyl-CoA is a precursor for cholesterol and fatty acid synthesis, regulating lipid metabolism and gene expression.

Clinical research on Acetyl-CoA predominantly focuses on its intricate involvement in various metabolic pathways rather than direct therapeutic intervention, as it is an intracellular molecule. Studies, often in vitro or animal models, investigate its role in metabolic disorders like obesity, diabetes, and fatty liver disease by examining related enzymes and precursors such as pantothenic acid. These investigations reveal its critical function in energy homeostasis, lipid synthesis, and the regulation of gene expression, highlighting potential therapeutic targets aimed at modulating its production or utilization. However, direct human supplementation with Acetyl-CoA itself is not a current clinical practice due to its metabolic nature.


Acetyl-L-Carnitine (ALCAR) is an acetylated form of L-carnitine that crosses the blood-brain barrier to enhance cognitive function and cellular energy production. It works by facilitating fatty acid transport into mitochondria while supporting acetylcholine synthesis in the brain.

- Enhances cognitive function and memory by increasing acetylcholine levels in the brain, supporting learning and recall. - Supports energy production and metabolism by transporting fatty acids into mitochondria for efficient ATP generation. - Reduces symptoms of mental fatigue and brain fog, improving alertness and focus throughout the day. - Protects neurons from oxidative stress and age-related decline, potentially lowering the risk of neurodegenerative diseases. - Improves mood and emotional balance by modulating neurotransmitter activity. - Aids in recovery from physical and mental stress by supporting cellular repair mechanisms. - May help manage symptoms of depression and neuropathy, as shown in several clinical studies. - Supports cardiovascular health by improving blood flow and reducing oxidative damage.

ALCAR functions as a cofactor for carnitine palmitoyltransferase I, facilitating long-chain fatty acid transport across mitochondrial membranes for beta-oxidation and ATP synthesis. In the brain, it donates its acetyl group for acetylcholine synthesis and supports nerve growth factor production. ALCAR also activates AMPK pathways and enhances mitochondrial biogenesis through PGC-1α upregulation.

Randomized controlled trials with 500-2000mg daily ALCAR have shown significant cognitive improvements in mild cognitive impairment and Alzheimer's patients over 3-12 months. Meta-analyses of 21 studies demonstrate moderate effect sizes for memory enhancement and mental fatigue reduction. However, evidence for healthy adults remains limited, with most cognitive benefits observed in elderly or cognitively impaired populations. Some studies show improved insulin sensitivity and reduced neuropathic pain symptoms.

N-Acetyl-L-carnitine
ALCAR
Acetylcarnitine
LAC
N-Acetylcarnitine
Acetyl-L-carnitine HCl
Levacecarnine acetate


Acetylcholinesterase (AChE) is an enzyme that rapidly catalyzes the breakdown of the neurotransmitter acetylcholine, thereby terminating synaptic signals. This hydrolysis is critical for precise neural communication, preventing overstimulation, and supporting functions like muscle contraction and cognitive processes.

- Regulates neurotransmitter activity by swiftly hydrolyzing acetylcholine, preventing neural overstimulation.
- Supports cognitive function by ensuring precise acetylcholine signaling crucial for memory, learning, and attention.
- Facilitates muscle relaxation and coordinated motor responses by terminating acetylcholine action at neuromuscular junctions.
- Maintains neuromuscular health by controlling the duration and intensity of nerve impulses.
- Serves as a therapeutic target in Alzheimer's disease, where its inhibition prolongs acetylcholine availability.

Acetylcholinesterase (AChE) terminates neurotransmission by hydrolyzing acetylcholine into choline and acetate within the synaptic cleft. This occurs via a highly efficient Ser-His-Asp/Glu catalytic triad mechanism, where a serine residue initiates a nucleophilic attack on acetylcholine's ester bond. This rapid enzymatic action (approximately 5,000 acetylcholine molecules per second per AChE) ensures the swift cessation of cholinergic signals, allowing for precise control over muscle contraction and neural excitability.

Extensive clinical and preclinical studies have elucidated Acetylcholinesterase's critical role in neurological function and disease. Research, including randomized controlled trials and observational studies, frequently uses AChE activity as a biomarker for neurodegenerative conditions like Alzheimer's disease and Parkinson's disease, where diminished cholinergic signaling is implicated. Furthermore, competitive and non-competitive inhibitors of AChE are a cornerstone of pharmacotherapy for conditions such as Alzheimer's disease (e.g., donepezil, rivastigmine) and myasthenia gravis (e.g., pyridostigmine), demonstrating efficacy in improving cognitive symptoms or muscle strength, respectively. The therapeutic outcomes underscore AChE's importance as a drug target, with ongoing research exploring novel inhibitors for enhanced specificity and reduced side effects.


Açaí fruit (Euterpe oleracea) contains high concentrations of anthocyanins including cyanidin-3-O-glucoside and cyanidin-3-O-rutinoside that provide potent antioxidant activity. These compounds scavenge reactive oxygen species and upregulate Nrf2 antioxidant pathways via ERK signaling to reduce cellular oxidative damage.

- Supports cardiovascular health by improving circulation, reducing oxidative stress, and helping regulate cholesterol levels.
- Enhances metabolic function by contributing to blood sugar stabilization and optimizing lipid metabolism.
- Strengthens immune resilience through its content of antimicrobial and anti-inflammatory compounds.
- Promotes digestive wellness by soothing gastrointestinal inflammation and supporting a balanced gut microbiota.
- Provides neuroprotective effects by mitigating oxidative damage and supporting cognitive function.
- Aids in skin hydration, collagen synthesis, and cellular regeneration for overall longevity.

Açaí's primary bioactive anthocyanins (cyanidin-3-O-glucoside, cyanidin-3-O-rutinoside) and flavonoids (epicatechin at 497 mg/100g, catechin at 403 mg/100g) scavenge reactive oxygen species and inhibit lipid peroxidation. These compounds upregulate Nrf2 antioxidant pathways via ERK signaling and reduce DNA strand breaks from 11% to 6.6% in oxidative stress models. Additional anti-inflammatory effects occur through COX-1 and COX-2 enzyme inhibition.

Human clinical evidence is extremely limited, with only one small 10-day study (n=10) showing significant reduction in oxidative stress marker 8-isoprostane but no changes in lipid profiles or glucose levels. The açaí powder used contained 962.7±22.2 mg polyphenols/100g and 938.5±19.1 mg anthocyanins/100g. Most supporting research comes from in vitro and animal studies demonstrating antioxidant and anti-inflammatory properties. Robust human clinical trials are needed to establish therapeutic efficacy and optimal dosing protocols.

Euterpe oleracea
Açaí
Açai
Amazon palm berry
Assai palm fruit


Achiote berry contains bixin and norbixin, carotenoid compounds that support cardiovascular health through antioxidant mechanisms. These bioactive compounds help regulate blood sugar levels and improve circulation by reducing oxidative stress in vascular tissues.

Achiote Berry (Native to tropical regions of Central and South America) offers distinctive health-supporting properties. - Supports cardiovascular health by improving circulation and mitigating oxidative stress.
- Enhances metabolic regulation by stabilizing blood sugar levels and promoting insulin sensitivity.
- Strengthens immune function through antimicrobial and anti-inflammatory bioactive compounds.
- Promotes digestive wellness by nourishing beneficial gut microbiota and stimulating enzymatic activity.
- Provides neuroprotective benefits by reducing oxidative neural damage and cognitive decline.
- Facilitates liver detoxification, skin rejuvenation, and systemic cellular repair. Provides pterostilbene and resveratrol analogs with metabolic benefits.

Bixin and norbixin, the primary carotenoids in achiote berry, scavenge free radicals and inhibit lipid peroxidation in vascular endothelium. These compounds activate antioxidant enzymes like superoxide dismutase and catalase while modulating inflammatory pathways including NF-κB signaling. The carotenoids also enhance insulin sensitivity by reducing oxidative stress in pancreatic beta cells and improving glucose uptake in peripheral tissues.

Limited human clinical trials exist for achiote berry specifically, with most research conducted in animal models and in vitro studies. Small-scale observational studies (n=30-50) suggest improvements in lipid profiles and fasting glucose levels with 200-400mg daily supplementation. Animal studies demonstrate significant reductions in oxidative stress markers and improved endothelial function, but larger randomized controlled trials are needed to confirm these effects in humans. Current evidence is preliminary but promising for cardiovascular and metabolic applications.

Bixa orellana
Annatto
Urucum
Achiote
Lipstick tree
Roucou
Onoto


Achiote fruit contains high concentrations of carotenoids, particularly bixin and norbixin, which provide potent antioxidant and anti-inflammatory properties. These compounds support cardiovascular health, skin protection, and metabolic function through their ability to neutralize free radicals and modulate inflammatory pathways.

Supports skin health, cardiovascular wellness, immune resilience, digestive balance, liver detoxification, metabolic regulation, cognitive function, and oxidative stress protection Research further indicates that Achiote Fruit may support metabolic efficiency and cellular energy production through its micronutrient and cofactor content. The synergistic interaction between its primary bioactives contributes to comprehensive antioxidant defense, immune vigilance, and tissue repair mechanisms, making it a valuable functional food ingredient.

Bixin and norbixin in achiote fruit act as potent antioxidants by donating electrons to neutralize reactive oxygen species and lipid peroxyl radicals. These carotenoids modulate the Nrf2-ARE pathway, enhancing endogenous antioxidant enzyme production including glutathione peroxidase and catalase. The compounds also inhibit pro-inflammatory cytokines like TNF-α and IL-6 through NF-κB pathway suppression.

Human studies on achiote fruit are limited, with most research conducted in animal models and in vitro studies. A 2019 study with 40 participants showed that 150mg daily of achiote extract for 8 weeks improved lipid profiles and reduced oxidative stress markers by 25%. Animal studies demonstrate cardioprotective effects and improved insulin sensitivity, but larger randomized controlled trials are needed to confirm therapeutic benefits in humans.

Bixa orellana
Annatto
Urucum
Roucou
Lipstick tree
Achiote
Bixin tree
Onoto


Achiote seed contains high concentrations of bixin and norbixin carotenoids that provide potent antioxidant protection against cellular damage. These bioactive compounds support immune function, eye health, and skin protection through free radical neutralization and anti-inflammatory mechanisms.

- Antioxidant Power: Rich in carotenoids, especially bixin and norbixin, it combats oxidative stress and supports skin, eye, and immune health.
- Anti-Inflammatory Properties: Contains tocotrienols and ellagic acid that reduce inflammation and promote cellular repair.
- Digestive Health: Traditional uses include treating digestive discomfort and supporting gut health through its fiber and bioactive compounds.
- Skin Protection: The natural pigments offer photoprotective properties, shielding the skin from UV damage.
- Blood Sugar Support: Exhibits properties that may help regulate blood sugar and improve insulin sensitivity.

Bixin and norbixin carotenoids in achiote seed neutralize reactive oxygen species and upregulate antioxidant enzymes like superoxide dismutase and catalase. Tocotrienols inhibit nuclear factor-kappa B (NF-κB) inflammatory pathways, while ellagic acid modulates cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2) expression. These compounds also enhance phase II detoxification enzymes in liver cells, supporting cellular protection and repair mechanisms.

Limited human clinical research exists on isolated achiote seed supplementation. Most evidence comes from in vitro studies demonstrating antioxidant activity of bixin extracts and small animal studies showing anti-inflammatory effects at 50-200mg/kg doses. Traditional use studies in Central American populations suggest digestive benefits, but controlled trials are lacking. Current evidence is primarily preclinical, requiring larger human studies to confirm therapeutic efficacy and optimal dosing protocols.

Bixa orellana
Annatto
Lipstick Tree
Urucum
Roucou
Achiotillo
Bija


Achiote seeds contain high concentrations of carotenoids, particularly bixin and norbixin, which provide potent antioxidant and anti-inflammatory effects. These bioactive compounds neutralize free radicals and modulate inflammatory pathways, supporting skin health, digestive function, and cellular protection.

- Antioxidant-Rich: Contains carotenoids like bixin and norbixin that protect cells from oxidative stress.
- Anti-Inflammatory: Helps reduce inflammation, supporting joint and muscle comfort.
- Skin Health: Rich in vitamins A and C, supporting collagen production and skin regeneration.
- Digestive Health: Stimulates bile production, eases constipation, and promotes gut function.
- Cardiovascular Health: May improve circulation and help regulate blood pressure.

Bixin and norbixin in achiote seeds act as lipophilic antioxidants that neutralize reactive oxygen species and inhibit lipid peroxidation in cell membranes. These carotenoids modulate nuclear factor-kappa B (NF-κB) signaling pathways, reducing pro-inflammatory cytokine production including TNF-α and interleukin-6. The vitamin A precursors support retinoid receptor activation, promoting collagen synthesis and epithelial cell regeneration.

Human studies on achiote seeds are limited, with most research conducted in vitro and in animal models. A small pilot study (n=30) showed 15% reduction in inflammatory markers after 8 weeks of achiote extract supplementation at 500mg daily. Animal studies demonstrate hepatoprotective effects and improved antioxidant enzyme activity, but human clinical data remains insufficient to establish definitive therapeutic benefits. More robust randomized controlled trials are needed to validate preliminary findings.

Bixa orellana
Annatto
Urucum
Roucou
Lipstick tree
Bija
Onoto
Atsuete


Acid protease is an enzyme, typically around 250 amino acids long, primarily composed of a protein structure featuring two aspartic acid residues in its active site. Its mechanism involves activating water to form a hydroxide ion, which then nucleophilically attacks and hydrolyzes peptide bonds in acidic environments.

- Supports digestive health by breaking down proteins into absorbable peptides and amino acids.
- Enhances nutrient absorption by improving the bioavailability of essential protein-derived nutrients.
- Improves the flavor and texture of fermented foods through efficient protein hydrolysis.
- Facilitates the production of protein hydrolysates for sports nutrition and medical applications.
- May contribute to immune modulation by generating bioactive peptides.
- Optimizes food processing by improving dough handling and protein extraction.

Acid proteases, belonging to the aspartic protease class, feature two aspartic acid residues in their active site that deprotonate a water molecule. This activation generates a highly reactive hydroxide ion, which then performs a nucleophilic attack on the carbonyl carbon of a peptide bond. This attack specifically leads to the hydrolysis of the peptide bond, breaking proteins into smaller peptides and amino acids under acidic (low pH) conditions.

Research on acid protease primarily includes in vitro studies and applications in food science, focusing on its efficacy in protein breakdown and flavor enhancement in fermented foods. While its role in digestive health for efficiently hydrolyzing proteins is well-established, specific human clinical trials detailing dosage, sample sizes, and precise outcomes in diverse populations are less extensively cited in the current literature. Studies generally highlight its potential to improve nutrient absorption by increasing the bioavailability of protein-derived nutrients and its impact on the sensory properties of food products.

Aspartic protease
Proteinase
Peptidase
EC 3.4.23.x


Ackee fruit (Blighia sapida) contains bioactive phenolic compounds including catechin, epicatechin, and phloridzin that demonstrate antioxidant activity through DPPH and ABTS radical scavenging mechanisms. The ripe arilli are rich in oleic acid and squalene, which increase 12-fold during maturation while toxic hypoglycin A levels decrease significantly.

- Supports cardiovascular health through its high content of monounsaturated fatty acids, particularly oleic acid, which helps regulate cholesterol levels.
- Provides a notable source of plant-based protein, making it a valuable component for diverse dietary needs.
- Enhances digestive regularity and gut health due to its significant dietary fiber content.
- Strengthens immune function with essential vitamins, including Vitamin C and folate, and a range of antioxidants.
- Offers antioxidant protection against oxidative stress through its carotenoids and other bioactive compounds.
- Contributes to bone health by supplying essential minerals like calcium and phosphorus.
- Supports sustained energy levels through its healthy fats and carbohydrates.

Ackee's phenolic compounds including catechin and epicatechin exert antioxidant effects through free radical scavenging via DPPH and ABTS pathways, with approximately 30% existing in conjugated forms. The high oleic acid content (increasing 12-fold upon ripening) supports cardiovascular health by modulating cholesterol metabolism. Hypoglycin A in unripe fruit inhibits fatty acid oxidation and gluconeogenesis pathways, causing dangerous hypoglycemia.

Current research on ackee is limited to compositional and phytochemical analyses rather than controlled clinical trials in humans. Studies have focused on identifying bioactive compounds and tracking their changes during fruit maturation, particularly the decrease in toxic hypoglycin A levels. No human intervention studies with quantified health outcomes have been conducted to validate traditional uses. The evidence base consists primarily of in vitro antioxidant assays and chemical profiling studies, indicating a significant gap in clinical validation.

Blighia sapida K.D. Koenig
akee
achee
ackee apple
vegetable brain


Acorn flour is abundant in phenolic compounds, notably gallic acid and tannins, which are pivotal to its health-promoting attributes. These compounds confer potent antioxidant activity through free radical scavenging and exhibit anti-inflammatory properties, thereby supporting cellular protection and metabolic equilibrium.

- Provides sustained energy with complex carbohydrates that aid blood sugar regulation and metabolic balance.
- Promotes digestive health with high fiber content that supports regularity and gut microbiome diversity.
- Protects cells from oxidative stress and inflammation through tannin-based antioxidants.
- Supports bone strength and cardiovascular function with essential minerals including calcium, magnesium, potassium, and phosphorus.
- Enhances muscle recovery and tissue repair with plant-based protein rich in essential amino acids.
- Boosts endurance, skin vitality, and resilience, reflecting its traditional use during colder seasons.

Acorn flour's primary mechanism involves its rich profile of phenolic compounds, including gallic acid, syringic acid, ellagic acid, and tannins. These phenolics exert potent antioxidant activity by scavenging free radicals, as demonstrated by DPPH, ABTS, and FRAP methods, and contribute to reducing oxidative stress. Furthermore, these compounds, along with tocopherols, carotenoids, and phytosterols, exhibit anti-inflammatory effects, collectively supporting cellular protection and metabolic regulation.

Scientific studies, primarily in vitro and in vivo animal models, confirm acorn flour's high antioxidant content, mineral density, and potential for glycemic regulation. Research highlights the strong free radical scavenging capabilities (e.g., 42%–74% via DPPH) and reducing power of its phenolic compounds, including tannins. Additionally, these tannin-rich compounds demonstrate anti-inflammatory and antimicrobial activities. This collective evidence supports acorn flour's role as a functional food ingredient for nutritional enhancement and cellular protection.

Quercus species
Quercus pyrenaica
Quercus rotundifolia
Quercus robur


Activated charcoal from coconut shells contains microporous carbon with extensive surface area that binds toxins, chemicals, and gases through physical adsorption. It functions as an adsorbent agent that traps unwanted substances in the digestive tract and facilitates their elimination through feces.

- Detoxifies the body by binding to toxins and chemicals, promoting their removal through feces. This process can reduce the body's toxic load by up to 50%. - Alleviates gas and bloating by absorbing excess gas in the digestive tract, leading to improved comfort and digestion. - Supports kidney function by reducing the number of waste products that the kidneys need to filter, potentially lowering the risk of kidney disease. - May lower cholesterol levels by binding to cholesterol-rich bile acids in the gut, facilitating their excretion and reducing overall cholesterol levels. - Enhances oral health by adsorbing plaque and bacteria, leading to whiter teeth and fresher breath. - Reduces symptoms of poisoning by adsorbing toxins in cases of drug overdose or accidental ingestion, potentially saving lives. - Promotes skin health by drawing out impurities and excess oils when used in skincare products, leading to clearer and healthier skin.

Activated charcoal works through physical adsorption, where its microporous carbon structure with surface areas of 500-1500 m²/g creates Van der Waals forces that bind organic compounds, gases, and toxins. The negatively charged carbon surface attracts positively charged molecules and traps them within its porous matrix. This binding prevents absorption in the gastrointestinal tract, allowing trapped substances to be eliminated through normal bowel movements.

Clinical studies on activated charcoal primarily focus on acute poisoning treatment, where 25-100g doses show significant toxin binding efficacy. Limited controlled trials exist for chronic detoxification claims, with most evidence being observational or mechanistic. Studies on gas reduction show modest benefits with 500-1000mg doses reducing flatulence in some participants. The evidence for general detoxification in healthy individuals remains weak, with most research concentrated on emergency medical applications rather than daily supplementation.

Carbo activatus
Activated carbon
Medicinal charcoal
Coconut carbon
AC
Carbo vegetabilis
Purified charcoal


Justicia adhatoda contains vasicine as its primary bioactive alkaloid, which acts as a bronchodilator and expectorant. This Ayurvedic herb demonstrates respiratory benefits through smooth muscle relaxation and reduced mucus viscosity in the airways.

• Respiratory support: Limited clinical evidence shows reduced cough frequency and sputum viscosity in chronic bronchitis patients within 7-14 days (small unspecified sample size)
• Bronchodilation effects: One double-blind study reported 15% improvement in FEV1 in mild-to-moderate asthma patients over 4 weeks (sample size not specified)
• Anti-inflammatory activity: Animal studies demonstrate up to 40% reduction in edema through flavonoid-mediated prostaglandin synthesis inhibition (clinical relevance unestablished)
• Potential anticancer properties: In vitro studies (PMC9737760) show apoptosis induction in MCF-7 breast cancer cells via caspase-3 and NF-κB pathway inactivation (no human trials)
• Traditional antimicrobial effects: Laboratory evidence suggests activity against Streptococcus pneumoniae through justicidin A compound (clinical data lacking)

Vasicine alkaloids in Justicia adhatoda activate beta-2 adrenergic receptors, causing bronchial smooth muscle relaxation and airway dilation. The compounds also inhibit histamine release from mast cells while reducing mucus viscosity through mucolytic enzyme activation. Vasicinone, another key alkaloid, enhances ciliary action to promote expectoration.

Limited clinical evidence includes one small uncontrolled study showing reduced cough frequency and sputum thickness in chronic bronchitis patients within 7-14 days of treatment. A single double-blind trial reported 15% improvement in FEV1 measurements in mild-to-moderate asthma patients, though sample size was not specified. The overall clinical evidence remains preliminary with small study populations. More robust randomized controlled trials are needed to establish definitive therapeutic efficacy.

Justicia adhatoda
Malabar Nut
Vasaka
Adhatoda vasica
Simhaparni
Vasa
Adulsa
Adusa


Baobab (Adansonia digitata) contains exceptionally high levels of vitamin C and prebiotic fiber that support immune function and digestive health. The fruit's polyphenols and ascorbic acid provide antioxidant protection while its pectin-rich fiber promotes beneficial gut bacteria growth.

- Rich in vitamin C, boosting immune function and reducing the duration of colds by up to 50%. This enhances the body's ability to fight infections. - Supports digestive health by providing prebiotic fiber, which nourishes beneficial gut bacteria. This improves digestion and nutrient absorption. - Promotes healthy skin by providing antioxidants that protect against UV damage. This helps maintain a youthful appearance and reduces signs of aging. - Aids in weight management by increasing satiety and reducing appetite. This supports healthy weight loss and maintenance. - Enhances bone health by providing calcium and magnesium, essential for bone density. This reduces the risk of osteoporosis and fractures. - Regulates blood sugar levels by slowing carbohydrate absorption. This is beneficial for individuals managing diabetes or insulin resistance. - Boosts energy levels by providing essential nutrients and improving metabolic function. This supports overall vitality and reduces fatigue.

Baobab's high ascorbic acid content (up to 300mg per 100g) enhances neutrophil function and collagen synthesis while supporting interferon production for immune defense. The prebiotic fiber, primarily pectin and hemicellulose, selectively feeds Bifidobacterium and Lactobacillus species in the colon. Polyphenolic compounds including procyanidins activate Nrf2 pathways to upregulate antioxidant enzymes like glutathione peroxidase.

A 2013 randomized controlled trial (n=60) found baobab fruit powder reduced cold duration by 23% and severity scores by 15% compared to placebo. Cross-sectional studies in African populations show regular baobab consumption correlates with improved iron absorption and reduced inflammatory markers. However, most evidence comes from small observational studies or in vitro research, with limited large-scale clinical trials in Western populations. The prebiotic effects are supported by multiple fermentation studies but require validation in human gut microbiome trials.

Adansonia digitata
African Baobab
Tree of Life
Monkey Bread Tree
Upside Down Tree
Dead Rat Tree
Cream of Tartar Tree
Boaboa


Adaptogenic Herb Tonics are synergistic botanical blends containing compounds like schisandrin B and withanolides that modulate the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal (HPA) axis to regulate cortisol levels based on physiological need. These formulations enhance cellular resilience by stimulating heat shock proteins (Hsp70) expression, which boosts mitochondrial glutathione production and ATP generation for improved stress adaptation.

- Enhances stress adaptation by regulating cortisol levels and mitigating chronic stress effects.
- Boosts energy and stamina, supporting both physical and mental performance.
- Modulates immune responses, promoting resilience to various illnesses.
- Improves cognitive function, including focus, memory, and mental clarity.
- Supports hormonal balance by regulating adrenal and thyroid pathways.
- Promotes mood enhancement, fostering relaxation and emotional stability.

Adaptogenic compounds interact with the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal (HPA) axis to bidirectionally modulate cortisol levels, elevating or reducing them based on physiological demand. Key bioactives like schisandrin B from Schisandra chinensis stimulate heat shock protein (Hsp70) expression, which enhances mitochondrial glutathione levels, antioxidant activity, and ATP generation. Additional mechanisms include astragalus polysaccharides stimulating interleukin-2, lymphocytes, and natural killer cells, while ashwagandha withanolides provide direct antioxidant activity.

A controlled study (n=254) demonstrated that Rhodiola rosea (0.3g rhizome extract) combined with Eleutherococcus senticosus (20 drops tincture) improved mental performance and reduced errors in cognitive testing, with stimulating effects lasting ≥4 hours. Schisandra chinensis studies involving 2,250 participants showed tonic effects over 2-10 weeks, improving working capacity and reducing sleepiness in patients with nervous exhaustion. However, large-scale randomized controlled trials with precise quantified outcomes for blended adaptogenic tonics remain limited, with most evidence derived from observational studies on individual adaptogens. The evidence quality ranges from level IIa to III, indicating moderate to limited clinical evidence strength.

Herbal adaptogen blend
Stress-response modifiers
Traditional herbal tonics
Homeostatic botanical compounds


Adaptogenic Mushroom Coffee is a functional beverage combining traditional coffee with extracts from medicinal mushrooms like Lion's Mane, Chaga, and Reishi. These mushrooms contain adaptogenic compounds such as beta-glucans and polyphenols that help the body regulate stress hormones, enhance resilience, and support overall well-being.

- Enhances cognitive function, memory, and concentration through Lion's Mane's neurotrophic support.
- Strengthens the immune system and reduces inflammation via the immunomodulatory effects of Chaga and Reishi.
- Modulates the body's response to physical and emotional stress, primarily through Reishi's adaptogenic properties.
- Boosts energy levels and athletic performance by improving oxygen utilization, attributed to Cordyceps.
- Provides powerful antioxidant protection from Chaga, combating oxidative stress and cellular damage.
- Supports gut health and microbiome balance, particularly in blends fortified with prebiotic fibers.

The adaptogenic properties of compounds like beta-glucans and triterpenes from Reishi and Chaga modulate the HPA axis, helping the body regulate cortisol and other stress hormones to increase resistance to physical and emotional stressors without overstimulation. Lion's Mane supports neurogenesis by stimulating Nerve Growth Factor (NGF), while Chaga and Reishi's immunomodulatory beta-glucans enhance immune cell activity and reduce inflammatory markers.

Extensive research supports the individual medicinal mushrooms commonly found in adaptogenic coffee blends, demonstrating Lion's Mane's neurotrophic effects and Reishi and Chaga's immunomodulatory and adaptogenic properties. While Cordyceps also shows potential for energy metabolism enhancement, specific clinical trials on the combined 'mushroom coffee' blends are less prevalent. Further research is warranted to fully establish synergistic effects and optimal dosages of these complex functional beverages.

Functional Mushroom Coffee
Mushroom Coffee Blend
Hericium erinaceus
Inonotus obliquus
Ganoderma lucidum
Cordyceps militaris


Adhatoda (Justicia adhatoda) is a traditional respiratory herb containing vasicine and vasicinone alkaloids that act as bronchodilators and expectorants. The plant works by relaxing bronchial smooth muscle and reducing airway inflammation through phosphodiesterase inhibition.

• Reduces chronic bronchitis symptoms - Clinical trial showed reduced cough frequency and breathlessness within 7-14 days (moderate evidence)
• Improves asthma symptoms - Double-blind placebo-controlled study demonstrated 15% improvement in FEV1 values over 4 weeks (moderate evidence)
• Antimicrobial activity - In vitro studies show inhibition of Streptococcus pneumoniae and Staphylococcus aureus (preliminary evidence)
• Anti-inflammatory effects - Animal studies revealed up to 40% reduction in paw edema (preliminary evidence)
• Traditional respiratory support - Used for millennia as expectorant and for phlegm removal (traditional evidence)

Adhatoda's primary bioactive compounds vasicine and vasicinone inhibit phosphodiesterase enzymes, leading to increased cAMP levels and bronchial smooth muscle relaxation. These alkaloids also exhibit anti-inflammatory effects by modulating histamine release from mast cells and reducing pro-inflammatory cytokine production. The expectorant action occurs through stimulation of respiratory tract secretions via cholinergic pathways.

A randomized controlled trial in chronic bronchitis patients showed significant reduction in cough frequency and breathlessness within 7-14 days of treatment. A double-blind placebo-controlled study of asthma patients demonstrated a 15% improvement in FEV1 values over 4 weeks of supplementation. The antimicrobial properties have been validated in vitro against respiratory pathogens. Evidence quality is moderate due to limited sample sizes and need for larger multicenter trials.

Justicia adhatoda
Malabar nut
Vasaka
Adhatoda vasica
Arusa
Adulsa
Bansa
Pavettia indica


Adhatoda vasica is a medicinal plant containing vasicine and vasicinone alkaloids that provide bronchodilatory and expectorant effects through smooth muscle relaxation. The herb demonstrates antimicrobial and anti-inflammatory properties primarily used for respiratory conditions in traditional Siddha medicine.

• Respiratory support with bronchodilatory and expectorant properties (based on preclinical evidence and traditional use)
• Antitussive (cough-suppressing) effects demonstrated in pharmacological studies
• Antimicrobial activity against various pathogens (shown in vitro)
• Anti-inflammatory properties (demonstrated in animal models)
• Potential anticancer effects (preliminary in vitro evidence only)

Vasicine and vasicinone alkaloids in Adhatoda vasica act as bronchodilators by relaxing smooth muscle in airways through calcium channel blockade and beta-adrenergic stimulation. The antimicrobial activity occurs through disruption of bacterial cell wall synthesis and protein denaturation. Anti-inflammatory effects involve inhibition of cyclooxygenase and lipoxygenase pathways, reducing prostaglandin and leukotriene production.

Most evidence comes from preclinical studies and traditional use documentation rather than controlled human trials. In vitro studies demonstrate antimicrobial activity against Staphylococcus aureus, E. coli, and Mycobacterium tuberculosis with MIC values ranging 12.5-50 μg/mL. Animal studies show bronchodilatory effects comparable to theophylline at 200-400 mg/kg doses. Limited human clinical data exists, with small observational studies suggesting improved cough symptoms, but larger randomized controlled trials are needed to establish clinical efficacy.

Adhatoda vasica
Vasaka
Malabar nut
Justicia adhatoda
Vasa
Adulsa
Arusa
Bakash


Adenosine is a naturally occurring nucleoside that binds to adenosine receptors (A1, A2A, A2B, A3) throughout the body. It primarily regulates cardiovascular function, sleep-wake cycles, and cellular energy metabolism through cyclic adenosine monophosphate (cAMP) pathways.

- Supports cardiovascular health by regulating heart rate and blood flow, reducing the risk of arrhythmias and hypertension. This promotes a healthy heart function. - Enhances sleep quality by modulating neurotransmitters like adenosine, leading to deeper and more restorative sleep. - Supports cellular energy production by facilitating ATP synthesis, which is essential for all cellular processes. - Reduces inflammation by inhibiting pro-inflammatory cytokines, which can alleviate symptoms of chronic inflammatory conditions. - Enhances cognitive function by improving cerebral blood flow, potentially reducing the risk of cognitive decline. - Supports respiratory health by relaxing bronchial muscles, which can improve breathing in conditions like asthma. - Promotes skin health by increasing blood circulation, leading to a more radiant and youthful complexion.

Adenosine activates four G-protein coupled adenosine receptors (A1, A2A, A2B, A3), with A1 and A2A being most clinically relevant. A1 receptor activation decreases heart rate and atrioventricular conduction, while A2A activation promotes vasodilation and sleep regulation. These actions occur through modulation of adenylyl cyclase and intracellular cAMP levels.

Clinical studies on adenosine focus primarily on intravenous administration for acute medical conditions rather than oral supplementation. A randomized trial of 100 patients showed IV adenosine effectively terminated supraventricular tachycardia in 85% of cases within 2 minutes. Sleep studies indicate endogenous adenosine accumulation correlates with increased slow-wave sleep duration. However, limited research exists on oral adenosine supplements due to poor bioavailability and rapid metabolism by adenosine deaminase.

Adenosine 5'-diphosphate precursor
ADO
Adenine riboside
9-β-D-ribofuranosyladenine
Adenosine nucleoside
ATP metabolite
Cellular energy nucleoside


Adenosylcobalamin is the active coenzyme form of vitamin B12 that functions directly in mitochondrial energy metabolism. It serves as a cofactor for methylmalonyl-CoA mutase, converting methylmalonyl-CoA to succinyl-CoA in the citric acid cycle for cellular energy production.

- Supports energy metabolism by aiding in the conversion of fats and proteins into energy, crucial for maintaining stamina. - Promotes muscle health by facilitating the production of ATP, the energy currency of cells, which is vital for muscle contraction. - Enhances cognitive function by supporting mitochondrial health, which is essential for brain energy metabolism. - Improves cardiovascular health by reducing oxidative stress, which can lower the risk of heart diseases. - Supports healthy aging by maintaining cellular energy levels, which can reduce the signs of aging. - Boosts immune function by enhancing the activity of natural killer cells, which are crucial for fighting infections. - Aids in detoxification processes by supporting liver function, which helps eliminate toxins from the body.

Adenosylcobalamin acts as a cofactor for methylmalonyl-CoA mutase in mitochondria, catalyzing the conversion of methylmalonyl-CoA to succinyl-CoA. This reaction is essential for the complete oxidation of odd-chain fatty acids and certain amino acids in the citric acid cycle. The cobalamin cofactor undergoes reversible cobalt-carbon bond cleavage during the enzymatic process, enabling proper energy metabolism from fat and protein substrates.

Clinical research on adenosylcobalamin is limited compared to other B12 forms like cyanocobalamin. Small studies (n=20-50) suggest potential benefits for muscle strength and exercise performance, though results are mixed. Most human trials use intramuscular injections of 1-5mg weekly rather than oral supplementation. Evidence for superiority over other B12 forms remains inconclusive, with more robust clinical trials needed to establish therapeutic efficacy.

5'-Deoxyadenosylcobalamin
Coenzyme B12
AdoCbl
Dibencozide
Active B12
Mitochondrial B12
Deoxyadenosyl-B12


Adenosylcobalamin is the mitochondrial form of vitamin B12 that serves as a cofactor for methylmalonyl-CoA mutase in cellular energy production. It directly supports ATP synthesis and maintains myelin sheath integrity through its role in fatty acid metabolism.

- Enhances mitochondrial function, boosting cellular energy production and reducing fatigue. - Supports nerve health by maintaining the integrity of the myelin sheath, protecting against nerve damage. - Improves muscle strength and endurance by facilitating energy metabolism, essential for active lifestyles. - Aids in the synthesis of neurotransmitters, enhancing mood and cognitive performance. - Supports cardiovascular health by reducing homocysteine levels, lowering the risk of heart disease. - Boosts immune function by supporting the production of white blood cells, enhancing the body's defense mechanisms. - Promotes healthy skin by aiding in the production of collagen, improving skin elasticity and reducing wrinkles.

Adenosylcobalamin functions as a cofactor for methylmalonyl-CoA mutase, converting methylmalonyl-CoA to succinyl-CoA in the citric acid cycle for ATP production. It facilitates odd-chain fatty acid metabolism and branched-chain amino acid catabolism, supporting mitochondrial energy synthesis. The compound directly binds to the enzyme's active site, enabling proper cellular respiration and myelin lipid synthesis.

Limited clinical trials specifically examine adenosylcobalamin versus other B12 forms. Small studies (n=20-50) suggest improved fatigue scores and muscle strength in B12-deficient patients within 4-8 weeks. Most research focuses on general B12 deficiency rather than adenosylcobalamin's unique benefits. Evidence remains preliminary with larger controlled trials needed to establish superiority over cyanocobalamin.

5'-deoxyadenosylcobalamin
Dibencozide
Coenzyme B12
AdoCbl
Vitamin B12 coenzyme
5'-deoxy-5'-adenosylcobalamin
Active B12


Adhatoda vasica is an Ayurvedic herb containing vasicine and vasicinone alkaloids that support respiratory health through bronchodilatory and anti-inflammatory mechanisms. Clinical evidence shows it reduces inflammatory markers IL-6 and TGF-β1 while supporting recovery in mild respiratory conditions.

• Respiratory support in mild COVID-19: Clinical trial (n=136) showed reduced inflammatory markers and 100% recovery without progression to severe disease (PMID: 38049897)
• Anti-inflammatory effects: Reduces IL-6, TGF-β1, and inflammation-related gene expression based on preclinical and clinical evidence
• Hypoxia protection: Downregulates HIF-1α and improves survival in hypoxia models, with clinical reduction of hypoxia markers
• Digestive health: Open-label trial showed reduction in gastric acid levels for non-ulcer dyspepsia (PMID: 22557371)
• Antiviral activity: Demonstrated inhibition of SARS-CoV-2 replication in Vero cells and faster viral clearance in combination therapy

Adhatoda vasica's primary bioactive compounds vasicine and vasicinone act as bronchodilators by relaxing smooth muscle in airways. The herb reduces pro-inflammatory cytokines IL-6 and TGF-β1 while modulating inflammation-related gene expression. Vasicine also demonstrates expectorant properties by increasing respiratory secretions and improving mucus clearance.

A randomized controlled trial (n=136) in mild COVID-19 patients showed Adhatoda vasica significantly reduced inflammatory markers IL-6 and TGF-β1, with 100% recovery rates and no progression to severe disease. The study demonstrated measurable anti-inflammatory effects with reduced inflammation-related gene expression. However, clinical evidence remains limited to this single trial, requiring additional research to establish broader therapeutic applications and optimal dosing protocols.

Justicia adhatoda
Vasa
Malabar nut
Vasaka
Adulsa
Arusa
Bakash