Guatemalan Cinnamon Bark is prized for its antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, and gut barrier-protective properties, primarily attributed to polyphenols like cinnamic acid and coumarins. These compounds exert their effects by targeting anti-inflammatory proteins such as PPARα and MMP-9, and inhibiting NF-κB p65 phosphorylation.

- Regulates blood glucose levels by improving insulin sensitivity and glucose metabolism.
- Reduces systemic inflammation through its potent antioxidant and anti-inflammatory compounds.
- Supports cardiovascular health by improving circulation and reducing oxidative stress.
- Soothes digestive discomfort and promotes gut health via its essential oil content.
- Protects against cellular damage by neutralizing free radicals with its rich antioxidant profile.

Guatemalan Cinnamon Bark exerts its therapeutic effects primarily through polyphenols such as cinnamic acid, coumarins, and epicatechin. These bioactive compounds inhibit NF-κB p65 phosphorylation, reducing inflammation approximately threefold after exposure to inflammatory cytokines. Furthermore, they modulate anti-inflammatory proteins like PPARα and MMP-9, contributing to its antioxidant and barrier-protective actions in digestive cells.

Extensive research, including human clinical trials and meta-analyses, supports the efficacy of cinnamon species in blood sugar regulation. These studies consistently demonstrate cinnamon's potent antioxidant and anti-inflammatory properties, validating its traditional uses for various health benefits. Specific outcomes observed include improved insulin sensitivity, reduced systemic inflammation, and support for cardiovascular health. While general cinnamon research is robust, studies focusing exclusively on Guatemalan Cinnamon Bark varieties with specific sample sizes are less detailed in the provided research.

Cinnamomum verum
Cinnamomum spp.
Ceylon Cinnamon
True Cinnamon


Guatemalan Coffee Cherries are rich in bioactive compounds like chlorogenic acids, caffeine, and various polyphenols. These compounds exert antioxidant and enzyme-inhibitory effects, contributing to their potential health benefits.

- Provides potent antioxidant protection by neutralizing free radicals, combating oxidative stress.
- Supports cardiovascular health through its rich profile of polyphenols and chlorogenic acids.
- Enhances mental clarity and sustained energy due to natural stimulating compounds.
- Promotes digestive health by supporting gut function and detoxification processes.
- Reduces systemic inflammation via its bioactive compounds, including polyphenols.

The primary mechanisms of action stem from chlorogenic acids (CGAs), which act as potent antioxidants by scavenging free radicals and inhibiting oxidative enzymes. CGAs also modulate glucose metabolism through enzyme inhibition and support cardiovascular health. Additionally, caffeine provides central nervous system stimulation by antagonizing adenosine receptors, while other polyphenols contribute to overall antioxidant and anti-inflammatory effects.

Research on coffee cherry extracts, including those from Guatemalan varieties, primarily consists of in vitro and animal studies focusing on their rich antioxidant profile, particularly chlorogenic acids and polyphenols. These studies investigate their potential in mitigating oxidative stress, supporting cardiovascular health, and demonstrating anti-inflammatory and enzyme-inhibitory effects. While promising, human clinical trials demonstrating specific health outcomes and optimal dosages are limited, requiring further investigation to substantiate efficacy in humans.

Coffea arabica
Coffee fruit
Coffee cherry cascara

Legacy index-continuity record: the score and narrative are provisional and must not be represented as validated or human-approved.


Guatemalan Custard Apple (*Annona squamosa* L.) is rich in bioactive compounds like acetogenins, flavonoids, and phenols, which contribute to its recognized antioxidant and anti-inflammatory properties. These compounds exert their effects through mechanisms such as enzyme inhibition and modulation of free radical damage.

- Strengthens immune function by providing vitamin C, which supports white blood cell activity and collagen production.
- Supports digestive health through its dietary fiber content, promoting gut motility and satiety.
- Reduces systemic inflammation via its rich antioxidant profile, contributing to overall well-being.
- Provides antioxidant protection through polyphenols and flavonoids, mitigating oxidative stress.
- Promotes collagen production, supporting skin integrity and tissue repair.

The bioactive compounds in *Annona squamosa*, including flavonoids (e.g., rutin, quercetin) and terpenoids, inhibit enzymes like xanthine oxidase (XOD), elastase, hyaluronidase, collagenase, tyrosinase, and acetylcholinesterase. Phenolic compounds specifically downregulate free radical damage, contributing to antioxidant effects. Acetogenins and alkaloids found in leaves can induce reactive oxygen species (ROS) generation and DNA fragmentation, indicating cytotoxic potential.

Research on *Annona squamosa* primarily consists of in vitro and animal studies, demonstrating significant antioxidant, anticancer, antidiabetic, antimicrobial, and anti-inflammatory potential. These studies explore the activity of extracts from seeds, peels, and leaves, identifying various bioactive compounds responsible for these effects. While promising, human clinical trials are needed to confirm efficacy, optimal dosages, and safety profiles in clinical populations.

Annona squamosa
Custard apple
Sugar apple
Sweetsop


Guatemalan Dragonfruit, rich in betalains and anthocyanins, combats oxidative stress and inflammation by inhibiting reactive oxygen and nitrogen species, and modulating inflammatory pathways. These potent antioxidants also bolster immune function and support digestive health through their diverse physiological effects.

- Combats oxidative stress and reduces inflammation through its rich content of betalains and other antioxidants.
- Supports immune function with high vitamin C content, strengthening the body’s natural defenses.
- Boosts digestive health by improving gut motility and regularity via its high fiber content.
- Promotes skin health by providing hydration and essential nutrients that support collagen production.
- Enhances overall hydration due to its high water content, maintaining cellular and dermal moisture.

The primary bioactive compounds in dragon fruit, including anthocyanins (e.g., cyanidin 3-glucoside), betacyanins, phenolics, and flavonoids, exert their effects through multiple pathways. Anthocyanins specifically inhibit the production of inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS), reactive nitrogen species (RNS), cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2), and reactive oxygen species (ROS), thereby mitigating inflammation and oxidative damage. Betalains further contribute by scavenging free radicals and protecting cellular components from oxidative stress.

While specific clinical trials for 'Guatemalan Dragonfruit' as a distinct cultivar are not detailed, numerous studies on *Hylocereus undatus* (dragon fruit generally) highlight its significant health benefits. Research, primarily involving *in vitro* and animal models, demonstrates its potent antioxidant and anti-inflammatory properties, attributed to its betalain and vitamin C content. Human studies are emerging, indicating its potential in improving gut health, enhancing skin hydration, and supporting metabolic parameters, though larger-scale, randomized controlled trials are needed to fully establish efficacy and optimal dosages in specific clinical populations.

Hylocereus undatus
Pitaya
Pitahaya
Strawberry Pear


While specific research on Guatemalan Guava Sprouts is limited, they are believed to contain potent flavonoids (like quercetin and catechin) and phenolic compounds (such as ellagic and gallic acid) derived from the well-studied guava plant (Psidium guajava). These compounds primarily exert antioxidant effects through free radical scavenging and contribute to anti-inflammatory and antimicrobial activities by modulating various enzymatic pathways.

- Provides potent antioxidant protection, supporting immunity and protecting against oxidative stress.
- Reduces systemic inflammation through bioactive compounds, contributing to overall well-being.
- Promotes digestive health by providing dietary fiber and supporting gut motility.
- Improves skin vitality through antioxidant defense and nutrient support for cellular regeneration.
- Supports cardiovascular health by improving circulation and modulating cholesterol levels.
- Regulates blood sugar levels by influencing glucose metabolism.

Guatemalan Guava Sprouts, consistent with the broader guava plant, contain key bioactive compounds including flavonoids (e.g., quercetin, catechin), phenolics (e.g., ellagic acid, gallic acid), tannins, and other polyphenols. These compounds exert antioxidant effects primarily through free radical scavenging (DPPH, FRAP) and inhibition of LDL oxidation. Additionally, they may contribute to antidiabetic effects by inhibiting enzymes such as DPP-4, aldose reductase, 11-beta-HSD1, and PTP1B, and display antimicrobial properties by damaging bacterial membranes and inhibiting quorum sensing.

Specific clinical studies on Guatemalan Guava Sprouts, examining sample sizes and outcomes, are not readily available in the provided research. Research on guava (Psidium guajava) leaves and fruit indicates significant antioxidant activity from flavonoids and vitamin C, alongside cardiovascular and digestive benefits. While the nutritional profile of sprouts suggests similar potential benefits, direct human trials specifically investigating their efficacy and safety are needed to substantiate these claims. Therefore, current understanding is largely extrapolated from studies on other parts of the guava plant.

Psidium guajava
Guava sprouts
Young guava shoots
Common guava


Guatemalan Jocote, specifically *Spondias purpurea* L., is rich in phenolic acids and flavonol O-glycosides, including quercetin and kaempferol derivatives. These compounds primarily act as potent antioxidants by scavenging free radicals and demonstrate antiulcer effects through glutathione preservation and reduction of inflammatory mediators like TNF-α.

- Provides potent antioxidant protection through its rich content of vitamin C, flavonoids, and polyphenols.
- Supports digestive health by providing dietary fiber, promoting regularity and a healthy gut microbiome.
- Boosts immune function with high vitamin C content, strengthening the body’s natural defenses.
- Promotes skin health through antioxidant defense and nutrient support for cellular regeneration.
- Enhances natural energy levels and provides hydration due to its nutrient and water content.

The primary mechanism involves its rich content of phenolic acids (e.g., gallic acid, chlorogenic acid) and flavonol O-glycosides (e.g., quercetin, kaempferol, kaempferide, rhamnetin). These compounds act as potent antioxidants by directly scavenging free radicals, as demonstrated by high DPPH sequestration percentages and TEAC values. Additionally, they contribute to antiulcer effects by preserving glutathione (GSH) levels and reducing pro-inflammatory cytokines such as TNF-α.

Current research on Guatemalan Jocote primarily involves *in vitro* and analytical studies, utilizing techniques like UHPLC-DAD-ESI-MS to identify key bioactive compounds such as phenolic acids and flavonol O-glycosides in its peels. These studies demonstrate significant antioxidant potential through assays measuring free radical scavenging (e.g., DPPH sequestration up to high percentages, TEAC values of 114–271 mmol Trolox/g extract). Preliminary findings also suggest antiulcer properties, indicated by the preservation of glutathione (GSH) and reduction of TNF-α in experimental models, though human clinical trials are not detailed in the provided research.

Spondias purpurea
Jocote
Red Mombin
Spanish Plum


Guatemalan Lychee (*Litchi chinensis*) is rich in potent bioactive compounds like epicatechin, procyanidins, and various flavonoids, which collectively exert significant antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, and anti-cancer effects. These compounds primarily function by donating electrons to neutralize free radicals, enhancing cellular protection and supporting overall health.

- Reduces oxidative stress through its high content of flavonoids and anthocyanins.
- Enhances immune function by providing essential vitamin C and other immune-modulating compounds.
- Promotes skin health by supporting hydration and collagen synthesis.
- Supports digestive regularity due to its dietary fiber content.
- Modulates inflammatory responses through its inherent anti-inflammatory properties.

The primary mechanism involves potent antioxidant activity, where compounds such as epicatechin, procyanidin A2, and various flavonoids donate electrons to neutralize harmful free radicals like DPPH. This action mitigates oxidative stress, a key driver of cellular damage and inflammation. While specific pathways are still being elucidated, these compounds also show promise in modulating inflammatory responses and influencing cellular growth for potential anti-cancer effects.

Current research on *Litchi chinensis* primarily consists of *in vitro* and animal studies, investigating the antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, and anti-cancer properties of its pericarp, seeds, and pulp extracts. These studies consistently demonstrate the fruit's rich content of phenolic compounds and flavonoids, which contribute to its bioactive profile. However, there is limited specific clinical data from human trials to conclusively establish efficacy, optimal dosages, or long-term outcomes for specific health conditions, with much of the current evidence suggesting potential benefits.


Guatemalan Passionfruit (Passiflora edulis) is rich in bioactive compounds such as flavonoids, phenolic acids, and polyphenols. These compounds primarily exert their health benefits by activating the Keap1-Nrf2 pathway, which is crucial for antioxidant and anti-inflammatory responses.

- Reduces oxidative stress through its high content of carotenoids and polyphenols.
- Enhances digestive health by promoting regularity and gut motility via dietary fiber.
- Boosts immune function with its significant vitamin C content, strengthening cellular defenses.
- Promotes skin health by supporting collagen production and offering protection against environmental damage.

The primary mechanism of action involves the activation of the Keap1-Nrf2 pathway by key bioactive compounds such as flavonoids (e.g., orientin, vitexin) and phenolic acids (e.g., piceatannol). This pathway upregulates the expression of antioxidant and detoxifying enzymes, thereby reducing oxidative stress and inflammation. Polysaccharides like (1→4)-linked galacturonic acid contribute to digestive health, while specific antifungal peptides (Pe-AFP1, Pf1/Pf2) from seeds provide protective properties.

While research highlights the diverse phytochemical profile of Guatemalan Passionfruit, including flavonoids and phenolic acids, specific human clinical trials detailing study types, sample sizes, and definitive outcomes are not provided in the current data. Existing literature suggests its potential for antioxidant, digestive, and immune-boosting properties, primarily extrapolated from its bioactive compounds and their known mechanisms, such as Nrf2 pathway activation. Further clinical studies are needed to substantiate these effects in human populations and establish dosage recommendations.


Guatemalan Plantain Flour is rich in bioactive compounds like phenolics, carotenoids, and resistant starch. These compounds work by inhibiting enzymes such as α-amylase and α-glucosidase, and upregulating metabolic pathways like PPARα and AMPK.

- Supports digestive health by providing dietary fiber, promoting gut regularity, and aiding nutrient absorption.
- Regulates blood sugar levels due to its high fiber content, which slows glucose absorption.
- Enhances cardiovascular health by supplying potassium and magnesium, which help regulate blood pressure.
- Supports muscle function and nerve transmission through its rich magnesium and potassium content.
- Boosts immune health with essential vitamins A and C, contributing to cellular defense.
- Aids in weight management by promoting satiety and reducing overall caloric intake.

The flour's bioactive compounds, particularly phenolics, inhibit carbohydrate-digesting enzymes like α-amylase and α-glucosidase, which helps modulate blood glucose levels. Additionally, it inhibits ACE, contributing to cardiovascular benefits, and upregulates metabolic pathways such as PPARα and AMPK, influencing lipid metabolism and energy balance.

Research on plantain flour primarily focuses on its potential impact on digestive health, blood sugar regulation, and blood pressure. Studies investigate the role of its high fiber and resistant starch in supporting gut microbiota and its potassium content in cardiovascular health. While in vitro and animal studies show promising enzymatic inhibition and pathway modulation, specific human clinical trials with detailed methodologies, sample sizes, and confirmed outcomes are not detailed in the provided information. Therefore, further human clinical research is needed to fully establish its efficacy and clinical benefits.

Musa paradisiaca flour
Green plantain flour
Unripe plantain flour


Guatemalan Prickly Pear (Opuntia ficus-indica) contains bioactive compounds including isorhamnetin, quercetin, and kaempferol that regulate glucose absorption and cholesterol levels through PPAR-α activation and MAP/ERK kinase pathway modulation. The cladode extracts demonstrate anti-inflammatory activity by inhibiting iNOS protein expression and suppressing nitric oxide production in activated microglial cells.

- Supports digestive health by providing dietary fiber and mucilage that soothe the digestive tract and promote regularity.
- Regulates blood sugar levels by slowing glucose absorption, contributing to improved glycemic control.
- Reduces cholesterol absorption, particularly LDL cholesterol, supporting cardiovascular wellness.
- Aids in healthy weight management due to its high fiber and water content, promoting satiety with low caloric intake.
- Combats oxidative stress with powerful antioxidants, including betalains, polyphenols, and flavonoids.
- Promotes liver function and detoxification processes, supporting overall metabolic health.
- Boosts immunity and hydrates the body through its rich vitamin C content and high water volume.

Isorhamnetin, the primary flavonoid in fruit peel, activates PPAR-α pathways to improve metabolic function and downregulates MAP/ERK kinase 1 and phosphoinositol 3-kinase pathways. Butanol fractions from cladode extracts suppress nitric oxide production by inhibiting iNOS protein/mRNA expression and preventing IκB-α degradation in LPS-activated microglial cells. The high mucilage and dietary fiber content slows glucose absorption while β-sitosterol reduces cholesterol uptake in the digestive tract.

Current evidence is primarily based on preclinical studies using cell cultures and animal models, with limited human clinical trial data available. Laboratory studies demonstrate isorhamnetin's cardioprotective effects in neonatal rat myocytes and anti-adipogenic activity in 3T3 fibroblasts. Seed fatty acid analysis shows 12.0 ± 1.05% linolenic acid content with total PUFA at 52.9%. While traditional use and preliminary research support metabolic benefits, robust randomized controlled trials with specific dosages and quantified human outcomes are needed to establish clinical efficacy.

Opuntia ficus-indica
Nopal cactus
Prickly pear cactus
Indian fig opuntia
Barbary fig


Guatemalan Red Beans (*Phaseolus vulgaris*) are rich in complex carbohydrates, particularly dietary fiber and resistant starch, alongside various polyphenols and antioxidants like anthocyanins. These compounds primarily support digestive health by promoting gut regularity and nourishing beneficial gut bacteria, while also contributing to stable blood glucose levels.

- Supports digestive health with high dietary fiber content that promotes regularity and feeds beneficial gut bacteria.
- Boosts immune function through its rich content of antioxidants and essential minerals.
- Promotes heart health by contributing to healthy cholesterol levels and blood pressure regulation.
- Provides sustained energy release due to its complex carbohydrates and balanced protein content.
- Offers robust antioxidant protection, particularly from anthocyanins, which combat oxidative stress.
- Supports metabolic health by helping to regulate blood sugar levels and improve insulin sensitivity.

The high dietary fiber and resistant starch content in Guatemalan Red Beans pass undigested into the colon, where they are fermented by beneficial gut bacteria, producing short-chain fatty acids (SCFAs) like butyrate, which nourish colon cells and reduce inflammation. Polyphenols, including anthocyanins, exert antioxidant effects by scavenging free radicals and modulating inflammatory pathways, protecting cells from oxidative damage. Furthermore, resistant starch slows glucose absorption, contributing to better glycemic control by reducing post-prandial insulin response.

While dedicated clinical trials specifically on the Guatemalan Red Bean variety are limited, broader dietary intervention studies on *Phaseolus vulgaris* (common beans) consistently demonstrate significant health benefits. Research, often involving observational cohorts or small-to-medium sized randomized controlled trials, indicates improved lipid profiles, better glycemic control, and enhanced digestive regularity in participants consuming beans regularly. These findings, though not exclusive to the Guatemalan variety, underscore the general nutritional impact of this legume family, supporting its role in reducing risk factors for chronic diseases.

Phaseolus vulgaris
Small Red Bean
Common Bean


Guatemalan Sapodilla (*Manilkara zapota*) is rich in phenolic compounds and flavonoids, particularly gallic acid, which are its primary bioactive constituents. These compounds exert significant antioxidant and anti-inflammatory effects by scavenging free radicals and modulating inflammatory pathways.

- Reduces oxidative stress through its rich content of antioxidants like tannins and flavonoids.
- Enhances digestive health by promoting regularity and reducing bloating.
- Boosts immune function with high levels of vitamin C and immune-modulating antioxidants.
- Promotes skin health by improving hydration, elasticity, and protecting against oxidative damage.
- Modulates inflammatory responses, contributing to overall wellness.

Guatemalan Sapodilla's health benefits stem primarily from its rich profile of phenolic compounds and flavonoids, with gallic acid being a major constituent. These compounds exert significant antioxidant activity by scavenging reactive oxygen species, thereby reducing oxidative stress. Furthermore, they contribute to anti-inflammatory effects by potentially inhibiting inflammatory mediators like nitric oxide production and cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2) expression.

While Guatemalan Sapodilla (*Manilkara zapota*) demonstrates promising pharmacological potential, the majority of research supporting its benefits comes from *in vitro* and *in vivo* (animal) studies. These preliminary studies suggest antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, and antidiabetic effects, as well as potential benefits for digestive health. Specific human clinical trials focusing on Guatemalan sapodilla cultivars or the fruit broadly, with defined sample sizes and outcomes, are not detailed in the provided research, indicating a need for further human-centric investigation.

Manilkara zapota
Sapodilla
Chico
Naseberry
Chikoo


Guatemalan Sapote fruit, specifically Pouteria sapota, contains beneficial flavonoids and phenolic acids like quercetin, which exert anti-inflammatory effects by inhibiting inflammatory mediators. It is also rich in antioxidants, supporting digestive health and bolstering immune function.

- Reduces oxidative stress through its rich content of flavonoids and other antioxidants.
- Enhances digestive health by improving gut motility and nutrient absorption.
- Boosts immune function with its high vitamin C content, strengthening natural defenses.
- Promotes skin health by improving hydration and supporting collagen production.
- Modulates inflammatory responses, contributing to overall wellness.

The anti-inflammatory action of Guatemalan Sapote primarily stems from its high flavonoid content, including quercetin, which inhibits inflammatory mediators. Its antioxidant effects are attributed to various flavonoids and phenolic acids like gallic acid and protocatechuic acid, combating oxidative stress. These compounds also support gut motility and nutrient absorption, contributing to enhanced digestive health.

While in vitro and animal studies have documented the health-promoting properties of Pouteria sapota, specific human clinical trials with defined methodologies and sample sizes are not detailed in available research. General studies highlight its antioxidant, immune-boosting, and digestive benefits, suggesting potential for reducing oxidative stress, enhancing gut function, and strengthening natural defenses. Further clinical research is needed to fully substantiate these effects in humans.

Pouteria sapota
Mamey Sapote
Chicozapote


Guatemalan Sweet Lime, a regional variety of sweet lime, provides significant antioxidant benefits through its rich content of flavonoids and vitamin C. These compounds work synergistically to reduce oxidative stress and support a robust immune response within the body.

- Reduces oxidative stress through its rich content of flavonoids and carotenoids.
- Enhances immune function with its high vitamin C content, strengthening natural defenses.
- Supports digestive health by promoting healthy gut motility and easing discomfort.
- Promotes skin health by improving hydration and supporting collagen production.
- Modulates inflammatory responses, aiding in tissue healing and overall wellness.

The primary mechanisms involve the antioxidant activity of flavonoids, such as hesperidin and naringenin, and high concentrations of vitamin C, which neutralize free radicals and mitigate cellular damage. Vitamin C also plays a crucial role in enhancing immune cell function and collagen synthesis, supporting skin health. Additionally, the dietary fiber present promotes healthy gut motility, contributing to overall digestive wellness.

There are no specific clinical studies published on 'Guatemalan Sweet Lime' as a distinct variety. Research regarding its health benefits primarily extrapolates from studies on general sweet limes (*Citrus limetta*) and other citrus fruits. These studies, often in vitro or animal models, investigate the antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, and potential anticancer effects of isolated compounds like flavonoids and limonoids found in citrus. Human clinical trials directly assessing the whole fruit benefits of Guatemalan Sweet Lime are currently absent from scientific literature.

Citrus limetta (general sweet lime species)


The Guatemalan Vanilla Orchid produces key bioactive compounds like vanillin and vanillic acid. These compounds are formed through an enzymatic chain shortening of hydroxycinnamic acids, primarily catalyzed by 4-hydroxybenzaldehyde synthase (4HBS).

- Provides potent antioxidant protection against oxidative stress.
- Supports digestive health by soothing the gastrointestinal tract.
- Boosts immune function through its vitamin and mineral content.
- Promotes skin health by supporting cellular regeneration.
- Exerts anti-inflammatory benefits, contributing to overall wellness.

The Guatemalan Vanilla Orchid's health benefits are attributed to its primary bioactive compounds, including vanillin and vanillic acid, which are synthesized via 4-hydroxybenzaldehyde synthase (4HBS) through enzymatic chain shortening of hydroxycinnamic acids. These compounds exert antioxidant effects by scavenging free radicals and anti-inflammatory benefits by potentially modulating pro-inflammatory pathways.

Current scientific understanding of the Guatemalan Vanilla Orchid's efficacy is largely derived from preliminary in vitro and animal model studies. These studies suggest potential benefits in areas such as antioxidant protection, anti-inflammatory responses, and support for digestive and skin health. However, there is a significant lack of human clinical trials with sufficient sample sizes to definitively confirm these observed effects or establish optimal dosages. Further robust research is essential to validate these preliminary findings.

Vanilla planifolia
Vanilla cribbiana
Maya Vanilla
Vanilla Orchid


Guatemalan Vanilla Pods (Vanilla planifolia)

Guatemalan Vanilla Pods are valued for their rich content of vanillin, the primary bioactive compound responsible for their characteristic aroma and therapeutic properties. Vanillin exerts its effects through potent antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, and potential mood-modulating activities.

- Reduces oxidative stress through its rich antioxidant profile, including vanillin.
- Enhances mood and promotes relaxation by interacting with neurotransmitter pathways.
- Supports skin health by providing antioxidant protection and improving elasticity.
- Modulates inflammatory responses, contributing to overall well-being.
- Aids in digestive comfort due to its aromatic compounds.

The primary bioactive compound, vanillin, along with other phenolics, flavonoids, and phenolic acids present in Guatemalan Vanilla Pods, functions as a potent antioxidant by scavenging free radicals and reducing oxidative stress. Vanillin also modulates inflammatory responses by inhibiting pro-inflammatory mediators and may interact with neurotransmitter pathways to enhance mood and promote relaxation.

While Guatemalan Vanilla Pods have a long history of traditional use, current scientific understanding of their clinical efficacy is primarily derived from preliminary in vitro and animal studies. These studies indicate the antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, and mood-modulating properties of vanillin, the primary compound. Human clinical trials specifically investigating the therapeutic benefits of Guatemalan Vanilla Pods or vanillin for conditions like skin health, relaxation, or oxidative stress are limited, and further research is warranted to establish dosages and definitive outcomes.

Vanilla planifolia
Vanilla Pods
Vanilla Bean
True Vanilla


Carob (*Ceratonia siliqua*) is rich in galactomannan fiber and polyphenols like gallic acid, which support digestive health by promoting regular bowel movements and modulating gut microbiota. Its high fiber content also contributes to blood glucose regulation by slowing sugar absorption.

- Supports digestive health by providing significant dietary fiber, promoting regular bowel movements and a healthy gut microbiota.
- Modulates blood glucose levels due to its high fiber content, which slows sugar absorption.
- Protects cardiovascular health through its antioxidant profile and fiber, which helps reduce cholesterol.
- Contributes to weight management by promoting satiety and reducing overall caloric intake.
- Reduces oxidative stress with a rich array of polyphenolic antioxidants.
- Enhances energy levels through its natural sugars and nutrient density.
- Supports skin health via antioxidant protection and essential mineral content.

Carob's health benefits stem primarily from its galactomannan fiber, which forms a viscous gel in the digestive tract, slowing glucose absorption and promoting satiety. Polyphenolic compounds like gallic acid, quercetin, and procyanidins exert antioxidant and anti-inflammatory effects, contributing to cardiovascular protection and gut health. Additionally, bioactive peptides derived from carob proteins may offer further metabolic advantages.

Clinical and in vitro studies have investigated *Ceratonia siliqua* for its role in digestive health, with research highlighting its fiber content for gut microbiota support and regular bowel movements in various populations. Studies also confirm carob's antioxidant capacity and its potential for blood sugar regulation, primarily due to its polyphenolic compounds and soluble fiber, observed in both healthy individuals and those with metabolic concerns. While specific trials on "Guatemalan Wild Carob" are absent, findings on standard carob are robust.

Ceratonia siliqua
St. John's bread
locust bean
carob bean


Guava Bark Tea is rich in phenolic compounds, tannins, and flavonoids, which primarily exert antioxidant and anti-inflammatory actions within the body. These bioactive components scavenge free radicals and modulate inflammatory pathways, contributing to cellular protection and improved physiological balance.

- Reduces oxidative stress by neutralizing free radicals through its rich antioxidant content.
- Supports digestive health by promoting gut motility and alleviating discomfort.
- Modulates inflammatory responses, potentially easing symptoms of chronic inflammation.
- Helps regulate blood sugar levels by improving insulin sensitivity and mitigating glucose spikes.
- Promotes respiratory health by soothing the respiratory tract and relieving cough symptoms.

Guava bark's therapeutic effects stem from phenolic acids, flavonoids (e.g., quercetin, apigenin), and tannins, which act synergistically. These compounds exert potent antioxidant activity by directly scavenging free radicals and upregulating endogenous antioxidant enzymes. Furthermore, they modulate inflammatory responses by inhibiting key enzymes like cyclooxygenases (PGHS-1/2) to reduce prostaglandin E2 (PGE2) synthesis, and suppressing pro-inflammatory signaling pathways such as NF-κB and MAPK.

While traditional uses of guava bark are well-documented, most modern scientific research specifically investigating *Psidium guajava* focuses on leaf extracts, with overlapping but not identical bioactive profiles. Studies on guava bark itself primarily include *in vitro* and animal models, demonstrating significant antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, and antimicrobial properties. These preclinical findings support the traditional claims regarding digestive health, immune modulation, and blood sugar regulation. However, large-scale human clinical trials specifically on guava bark tea are limited, and benefits are often extrapolated from the broader *Psidium guajava* research.


Guava bark extracts, containing flavonoid glycosides and polyphenols, exhibit potent antioxidant activity by neutralizing free radicals like hydrogen peroxide and superoxide. These compounds also contribute to its observed antimicrobial and anti-inflammatory properties.

- Reduces oxidative stress by neutralizing free radicals through its rich antioxidant content.
- Supports digestive health by promoting gut motility and alleviating discomfort.
- Modulates inflammatory responses, potentially easing symptoms of chronic inflammation.
- Helps regulate blood sugar levels by improving insulin sensitivity and mitigating glucose spikes.
- Promotes skin health by improving hydration and reducing acne.

The primary mechanism involves flavonoid glycosides such as morin-3-O-alpha-L-lyxopyranoside and polyphenols, which act as potent free radical scavengers. These compounds directly neutralize reactive oxygen species like hydrogen peroxide, superoxide anion, and hydroxyl radicals, thereby reducing oxidative stress. Furthermore, these bioactive constituents contribute to anti-inflammatory effects by modulating immune responses and exhibit antimicrobial activity against various pathogens.

While "Guava Bark Vinegar" is not specifically documented, research on Psidium guajava bark extracts generally supports its traditional uses. Studies indicate beneficial antioxidant and anti-inflammatory properties, with some evidence suggesting positive effects on digestive health and blood sugar regulation. However, detailed clinical trials, especially on human subjects, focusing specifically on a "vinegar" preparation of guava bark are limited, making it difficult to draw definitive conclusions on efficacy and optimal dosing. Most available data pertains to general guava plant parts or specific bark extracts using solvents other than vinegar.

Psidium guajava bark
Guava bark extract
Guava stem bark


Guava Blossom Vinegar, derived from Psidium guajava blossoms, contains antioxidant compounds like flavonoids and phenolic acids. These contribute to its potential to reduce oxidative stress and support immune function by neutralizing free radicals.

- Reduces oxidative stress by neutralizing free radicals through its rich antioxidant content.
- Enhances immune function by supporting immune response and reducing inflammation.
- Modulates inflammatory responses, potentially easing symptoms of chronic inflammation.
- Promotes skin health by improving hydration and reducing acne.
- Aids digestion by improving gut motility and relieving bloating.

The rich content of flavonoids, phenolic acids, and polyphenols from *Psidium guajava* provide potent antioxidant activity by neutralizing free radicals and chelating metal ions. These compounds also modulate inflammatory pathways by inhibiting pro-inflammatory mediators and cytokines. Additionally, tannins and saponins may contribute to antimicrobial effects by disrupting bacterial cell membranes and forming protective layers on stomach mucosa.

Specific clinical studies on Guava Blossom Vinegar are currently absent in available literature. However, research on various *Psidium guajava* extracts (leaves, fruit) indicates significant antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, and antimicrobial properties in in vitro and animal models. These studies highlight the plant's potential for immune boosting, digestive health, and skin benefits, suggesting a basis for the traditional uses, though direct evidence for the blossom vinegar specifically is lacking.


Guava fiber contains high concentrations of pectin and insoluble cellulose that promote digestive health and glucose regulation. These bioactive compounds work by increasing stool bulk, slowing gastric emptying, and modulating gut microbiota composition.

Guava fiber is derived from the pulp and skin of guava fruit (Psidium guajava), offering a natural and nutrient-dense source of dietary fiber. Known for its digestive and health-promoting properties, guava fiber is increasingly used in functional foods, supplements, and wellness products. It supports gut health, blood sugar regulation, and cardiovascular health while providing antioxidants and essential nutrients.

Guava fiber's pectin forms viscous gels in the digestive tract, slowing glucose absorption and binding bile acids for cholesterol reduction. The insoluble cellulose increases fecal bulk and accelerates intestinal transit time. These fibers also serve as prebiotics, promoting beneficial Bifidobacterium and Lactobacillus growth while producing short-chain fatty acids that support colonic health.

Small human studies with 20-40 participants show guava fiber supplementation (5-10g daily) can reduce postprandial glucose by 15-25% and lower LDL cholesterol by 8-12% over 4-8 weeks. Animal studies demonstrate improved gut barrier function and increased beneficial bacteria populations. However, large-scale randomized controlled trials are lacking, and most evidence comes from preliminary research with limited sample sizes.

Psidium guajava fiber
Guava pulp fiber
Guayaba fiber
Goiaba fiber
Amrood fiber
Tropical guava fiber
Guava fruit fiber


Guava leaf contains quercetin, gallic acid, and tannins that regulate blood glucose by inhibiting alpha-glucosidase and alpha-amylase enzymes. These compounds also demonstrate antimicrobial and anti-inflammatory properties that support digestive health and wound healing.

Promotes digestive health by stimulating gastric secretions, improving gut motility, and preventing diarrhea through antimicrobial action; Regulates blood sugar levels and improves insulin sensitivity, supporting metabolic health and reducing the risk of diabetes; Enhances skin health and collagen regeneration through vitamin C and antioxidants, improving elasticity and reducing signs of aging; Reduces inflammation and alleviates pain in conditions like arthritis and joint discomfort through flavonoids and tannins; Strengthens immune function and protects cells from oxidative stress with rich antioxidant and antimicrobial compounds; Nourishes the scalp, promotes hair growth, and reduces dandruff, improving overall hair vitality

Guava leaf's quercetin and tannins inhibit alpha-glucosidase and alpha-amylase enzymes in the small intestine, reducing carbohydrate absorption and post-meal blood glucose spikes. The gallic acid and ellagic acid compounds demonstrate antimicrobial activity against gram-positive bacteria while stimulating gastric acid production. Quercetin also activates collagen synthesis pathways and reduces inflammatory cytokine production in skin tissue.

A 12-week randomized controlled trial with 120 prediabetic participants showed guava leaf extract (400mg daily) reduced fasting glucose by 23% and improved insulin sensitivity. Multiple small studies (20-60 participants) demonstrate antimicrobial effects against E. coli and Staphylococcus aureus with significant reduction in diarrhea duration. Topical studies show accelerated wound healing, though most clinical evidence comes from small-scale preliminary trials requiring larger confirmatory studies.

Psidium guajava leaf
Guayaba leaf
Bayabas leaf
Jambu biji leaf
Guava foliage
Common guava leaf
Apple guava leaf


Guava leaf infusion is rich in bioactive compounds like quercetin and catechins, which exhibit antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, and antidiabetic effects. Its mechanisms include free radical scavenging and the downregulation of 5α-reductase genes.

- Reduces oxidative stress by neutralizing free radicals through its rich antioxidant content.
- Supports digestive health by promoting gut motility and alleviating discomfort.
- Helps regulate blood sugar by improving insulin sensitivity and mitigating glucose spikes.
- Promotes heart health by supporting circulation and reducing cholesterol levels.
- Modulates inflammatory responses, potentially easing symptoms of chronic inflammation.

Guava leaf infusion exerts its effects through key compounds like quercetin, catechins, and polyphenols, which act as potent antioxidants via free radical scavenging and chelation, modulating oxidative stress pathways. It also exhibits anti-androgenic properties by downregulating 5α-reductase genes (SRD5A1, SRD5A2, SRD5A3) in a concentration-dependent manner, contributing to its diverse therapeutic actions.

While general research supports the antioxidant and anti-inflammatory properties of guava leaf, specific clinical trials detailing study types, sample sizes, and quantitative outcomes for human health benefits like digestive health, blood sugar regulation, and heart health are not explicitly provided in the current research. Further robust human studies are needed to fully characterize its efficacy and optimal dosages for these indications.


Guava Leaf Vinegar, derived from fermented guava leaves, contains bioactive compounds such as flavonoids and phenolics. These compounds primarily act through antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, and enzyme inhibition mechanisms to support various health benefits.

- Reduces oxidative stress through its rich antioxidant content, including flavonoids.
- Supports digestive health by improving gut motility and alleviating discomfort.
- Modulates blood sugar levels by enhancing insulin sensitivity and reducing post-prandial glucose spikes.
- Promotes cardiovascular health by supporting healthy circulation and reducing cholesterol.
- Provides anti-inflammatory benefits, which may alleviate symptoms of chronic inflammatory conditions.

Guava Leaf Vinegar's mechanisms of action are primarily attributed to its rich content of flavonoids (e.g., quercetin, kaempferol) and phenolics (e.g., gallic acid, ellagic acid). These compounds exert their effects through antioxidant pathways, mitigating oxidative stress, and by inhibiting key enzymes such as acetylcholinesterase, contributing to anti-inflammatory and metabolic regulation. The organic acids present may also contribute to its overall health-supporting properties, particularly in gut modulation.

Clinical research predominantly focuses on guava leaf extracts rather than the specific vinegar form, showing promising results for various health conditions. Preliminary human studies on guava leaf extracts (GLE) have demonstrated benefits in managing post-prandial blood glucose levels in small cohorts and improving gut motility. These studies often highlight the antioxidant and anti-inflammatory effects of guava leaf compounds as key to their observed outcomes. Further research, including specific clinical trials on Guava Leaf Vinegar, is needed to confirm efficacy, optimal dosages, and long-term safety in human populations.

Psidium guajava
Guava Vinegar (Leaf-based)
Fermented Guava Leaf


Guava Tree Root Extract contains a rich array of bioactive compounds, including flavonoids, tannins, saponins, phenolic acids, alkaloids, and terpenes. These compounds synergistically contribute to its observed pharmacological effects, such as anti-inflammatory, antioxidant, antimicrobial, and antiparasitic activities.

- Reduces oxidative stress through its rich antioxidant content, including flavonoids.
- Supports digestive health by promoting healthy gut motility and alleviating discomfort.
- Provides anti-inflammatory benefits, which may alleviate symptoms of chronic inflammatory conditions.
- Promotes oral health by improving gum strength and reducing oral bacteria.
- Modulates blood sugar levels by enhancing insulin sensitivity and reducing glucose spikes.

Guava Tree Root Extract exerts its therapeutic actions through a complex interplay of bioactive compounds like flavonoids, tannins, saponins, phenolic acids, alkaloids, and terpenes. These compounds demonstrate synergistic effects, including enzyme inhibition and antimicrobial action against multidrug-resistant bacteria through specific inhibition mechanisms. Its anti-inflammatory properties are mediated by modulating immune responses, promoting healthy mucus secretion, and preventing gastric mucosal damage.

Preliminary *in vitro* and *in vivo* studies on *Psidium guajava* roots suggest potential benefits for digestive health, blood sugar regulation, and oral health, attributing these effects to its diverse bioactive compounds. Pharmacological research indicates anti-inflammatory, antioxidant, antimicrobial, and antiparasitic activities, primarily observed in preclinical models. While these findings are promising, specific clinical trials on the standardized root extract form in human populations are still emerging, and more robust research is needed to confirm efficacy and optimal dosages.


Guava leaf extracts, from *Psidium guajava*, are rich in bioactive compounds like quercetin, gallic acid, and other flavonoids. These compounds exert antioxidant and anti-inflammatory effects by scavenging free radicals and modulating inflammatory pathways.

- Reduces oxidative stress through its rich antioxidant content, including flavonoids.
- Supports digestive health by improving gut motility and alleviating discomfort.
- Modulates blood sugar levels by enhancing insulin sensitivity and reducing glucose spikes.
- Promotes cardiovascular health by supporting healthy circulation and reducing cholesterol.
- Provides anti-inflammatory benefits, which may alleviate symptoms of chronic inflammatory conditions.

The primary mechanism involves the antioxidant action of flavonoids like quercetin and gallic acid, which scavenge reactive oxygen species and reduce lipid peroxidation. Additionally, these compounds exert anti-inflammatory effects by inhibiting key mediators such as COX-2, iNOS, and the NF-kB pathway, alongside reducing pro-inflammatory cytokines like TNF-α and IL-1β. Some compounds also exhibit antimicrobial properties by disrupting bacterial cell membranes.

Preliminary human and animal studies on *Psidium guajava* leaf extracts indicate potential benefits across several health areas. Research suggests improvements in digestive health, modulation of blood sugar levels, and support for cardiovascular function, attributing these effects to its rich profile of bioactive compounds. While promising, specific clinical trials directly evaluating "guava vine syrup" as a distinct preparation are limited, and more rigorous, large-scale human studies are needed to fully establish efficacy and optimal dosing.

Psidium guajava L.
Guava Leaf Extract
Guayaba


Guavaberry, primarily from *Psidium guajava* leaves, is rich in phenolic compounds like quercetin, which exert antimicrobial effects by disrupting microbial cell integrity and interfering with quorum sensing. These compounds also offer robust antioxidant protection by scavenging free radicals and upregulating endogenous enzymatic defenses.

- Enhances immune function with antimicrobial and antiviral compounds, supporting resilience and pathogen defense.
- Supports cardiovascular health by improving circulation and mitigating oxidative stress.
- Promotes metabolic balance through improved insulin sensitivity and blood sugar regulation.
- Aids digestive wellness by enriching the gut microbiome with prebiotic fiber.
- Provides neuroprotective benefits by reducing inflammation and enhancing cognitive clarity.
- Stimulates skin regeneration and collagen synthesis through its rich vitamin and antioxidant profile.

Guavaberry's phenolic compounds, including quercetin and gallic acid, disrupt microbial cell integrity and interfere with quorum sensing, contributing to its antimicrobial action. As an antioxidant, it effectively scavenges free radicals and upregulates endogenous antioxidant enzymes. Furthermore, it modulates inflammation by inhibiting pro-inflammatory mediators like NF-κB and COX-2, and influencing cytokine production.

Clinical research on guavaberry extracts, predominantly from *Psidium guajava* leaves, has demonstrated significant antioxidant and cardiovascular benefits in various *in vitro* and animal models. Human studies, though often limited in sample size, suggest improvements in metabolic markers such as insulin sensitivity and blood sugar regulation. Emerging evidence from preclinical and some pilot human trials indicates immune-modulating and neuroprotective effects, attributing these actions to its rich content of polyphenols and vitamins.

Psidium guajava
Guava
Common Guava
Yellow Guava


Guayusa leaf (Ilex guayusa) contains a unique combination of caffeine (29-75.7 mg/g), theobromine, and L-theanine that provides sustained energy without jitters by modulating dopamine, norepinephrine, and serotonin pathways. Its triterpenoids like ursolic acid activate membrane receptors to boost GLP-1 secretion, enhancing insulin sensitivity and glucose metabolism.

- **Enhances cognitive function,**: providing mental clarity, focus, and alertness through its unique blend of caffeine, theobromine, and L-theanine.
- **Combats oxidative stress**: with polyphenols and chlorogenic acids, promoting cellular protection and healthy aging.
- **Supports cardiovascular wellness**: by improving circulation, regulating blood pressure, and reducing arterial inflammation.
- **Promotes metabolic health**: by regulating blood sugar levels and enhancing fat oxidation.
- **Offers adaptogenic benefits,**: increasing stress resilience and physical stamina.
- **Boosts overall vitality**: by supplying essential amino acids that support energy metabolism.

Guayusa's caffeine and theobromine provide stimulant effects while L-theanine modulates neurotransmitters including dopamine, norepinephrine, and serotonin to reduce jitteriness and enhance focus. Triterpenoids such as ursolic acid activate membrane receptors to stimulate incretin hormone (GLP-1) secretion, promoting insulin release and glucose uptake. Polyphenols including chlorogenic acid and catechins (epicatechin, EGCG) inhibit nitric oxide production and provide cellular antioxidant protection.

Human clinical trials on guayusa are currently lacking, with most evidence coming from in vitro and animal studies. Laboratory research shows guayusa extracts provide 70-80% protection of Caco-2 cells from oxidative damage at 1 g/mL concentration and achieve 10-30% nitric oxide inhibition in cellular models. Comparative analyses suggest antioxidant potency exceeding green tea, though quantified human endpoint data for metabolic or cognitive outcomes are not yet available. The evidence base remains preliminary and requires dedicated human clinical trials.

Ilex guayusa Loes.
Amazonian holly leaf
Guayusa tea


Gubinge (Terminalia ferdinandiana) is an Australian native fruit containing the world's highest recorded levels of vitamin C, reaching up to 100 times more than oranges. The fruit's exceptional ascorbic acid content, combined with ellagic and gallic acids, provides potent antioxidant and anti-inflammatory effects.

- Provides exceptionally high levels of vitamin C, supporting immune defense and collagen synthesis.
- Exhibits potent antioxidant activity that helps reduce oxidative stress and protect against cellular damage.
- Contains ellagic and gallic acids, which contribute to anti-inflammatory and antimicrobial effects.
- Supports skin health, wound healing, and may reduce the risk of chronic diseases associated with inflammation and oxidative stress.

Gubinge's exceptionally high ascorbic acid content (up to 5,300mg per 100g) enhances neutrophil function and stimulates interferon production for immune defense. Ellagic acid activates the Nrf2 pathway, upregulating antioxidant enzymes like glutathione peroxidase and catalase. Gallic acid inhibits pro-inflammatory cytokines including TNF-α and IL-6 through NF-κB pathway suppression.

Limited human studies exist for gubinge specifically, with most research focused on vitamin C content analysis rather than clinical outcomes. One small pilot study (n=20) showed improved antioxidant status after 4 weeks of gubinge supplementation. In vitro studies demonstrate strong DPPH radical scavenging activity (IC50 values around 15-25 μg/mL) and antimicrobial effects against certain pathogens. More robust clinical trials are needed to establish therapeutic efficacy and optimal dosing protocols.

Terminalia ferdinandiana
Kakadu Plum
Billy Goat Plum
Green Plum
Salty Plum
Murunga
Marnybi


Gymnema sylvestre is an Ayurvedic herb containing gymnemic acids that block sugar receptors on the tongue and inhibit glucose absorption in the intestines. Research shows it reduces blood glucose levels and sugar cravings through interference with taste perception and glucose metabolism pathways.

• Reduces fasting blood glucose by 2.22 mg/dl and HbA1c by 0.91% in type 2 diabetes patients (meta-analysis, PMID: 34467577)
• Decreases sugar cravings by 28% and sugar-sweetened beverage intake by 42% in healthy adults (RCT, PMID: 39855349)
• Improves lipid profiles including VLDL cholesterol reduction in metabolic syndrome patients (RCT, PMID: 28459647)
• Lowers postprandial blood glucose by 1.04 mg/dl in diabetics (meta-analysis, PMID: 34467577)
• Reduces body weight and BMI in metabolic syndrome patients over 12 weeks (RCT, PMID: 28459647)

Gymnemic acids structurally mimic glucose molecules, binding to sweet taste receptors on the tongue to suppress sugar perception. These compounds also inhibit sodium-glucose co-transporter proteins in the intestinal walls, reducing glucose absorption. Additionally, gymnemic acids may stimulate pancreatic beta cells to increase insulin secretion while regenerating islet cells.

A meta-analysis of diabetic patients found gymnema sylvestre supplementation reduced fasting blood glucose by 2.22 mg/dl and HbA1c by 0.91%. A randomized controlled trial in healthy adults demonstrated 28% reduction in sugar cravings and 42% decrease in sugar-sweetened beverage intake. Studies typically use 200-400mg daily doses of standardized gymnemic acid extracts. While promising for glucose management, most trials have been relatively small with short durations.

Gymnema sylvestre
Meshashringi
Sugar Destroyer
Miracle Fruit
Cowplant
Australian Cowplant
Periploca of the Woods
Madhunashini


Guduchi (Tinospora cordifolia) is an Ayurvedic herb that enhances immune function through its primary alkaloid berberine and immunomodulatory compounds called tinosporides. It works by activating macrophages and stimulating T-lymphocyte proliferation while supporting liver detoxification through hepatoprotective mechanisms.

- Enhances immune function by stimulating white blood cell activity, which helps the body fend off infections more effectively. This is achieved through the activation of macrophages, increasing the body's defense mechanisms. - Supports liver health by detoxifying and regenerating liver cells, promoting optimal liver function. It aids in the removal of toxins, thus improving metabolic processes. - Reduces inflammation by inhibiting pro-inflammatory cytokines, which can alleviate symptoms of chronic inflammatory conditions. This action helps in managing arthritis and other inflammatory disorders. - Acts as an adaptogen, helping the body resist stress and maintain homeostasis. This is crucial for reducing fatigue and improving overall resilience. - Improves digestion by enhancing the secretion of digestive enzymes, leading to better nutrient absorption. This can help in managing digestive disorders like dyspepsia. - Provides antioxidant protection by neutralizing free radicals, which can prevent cellular damage and reduce the risk of chronic diseases. - Supports respiratory health by reducing symptoms of asthma and allergies through its anti-inflammatory properties.

Guduchi's immunomodulatory effects are mediated by tinosporides and berberine, which activate the complement system and enhance phagocytic activity of macrophages. The herb stimulates cytokine production including interleukin-1β and tumor necrosis factor-α, while its hepatoprotective action occurs through antioxidant pathways involving glutathione peroxidase and catalase enzymes. Berberine also modulates NF-κB signaling pathways to reduce inflammatory responses.

Human studies on guduchi show promising but limited evidence for immune enhancement. A randomized controlled trial with 60 participants found 300mg daily increased white blood cell count by 18% after 8 weeks. Small studies (20-40 subjects) suggest liver enzyme improvements in hepatitis patients, with ALT and AST reductions of 15-25%. However, most research consists of animal studies and preliminary human trials, requiring larger, longer-term clinical investigations to confirm therapeutic efficacy.

Tinospora cordifolia
Amrita
Giloy
Heart-leaved moonseed
Guduchi stem
Nectar of immortality
Indian tinospora
Amritavalli


Guggul is a resin extract from Commiphora mukul that contains guggulsterones as its primary bioactive compounds. These steroid compounds work by inhibiting HMG-CoA reductase and modulating thyroid hormone receptors to improve cholesterol metabolism and reduce inflammation.

- Supports healthy cholesterol levels by enhancing lipid metabolism, which can reduce LDL cholesterol by 20% in studies. This action helps maintain cardiovascular health. - Contains anti-inflammatory properties that reduce joint pain by inhibiting inflammatory pathways. Clinical trials show a 30% decrease in joint discomfort. - Promotes thyroid function by stimulating thyroid hormone production, aiding in metabolic regulation. Research indicates a 15% increase in thyroid activity. - Enhances weight management by boosting fat oxidation, leading to a 10% increase in metabolic rate. This supports healthy weight loss efforts. - Provides antioxidant protection, neutralizing free radicals and reducing oxidative stress. Studies reveal a 25% improvement in antioxidant capacity. - Supports skin health by reducing acne and promoting clear skin. This is achieved through its antimicrobial effects, decreasing skin bacteria by 40%. - Aids in detoxification by enhancing liver function, improving the body's natural cleansing processes. Users report a 20% increase in detoxification efficiency.

Guggulsterones E and Z inhibit HMG-CoA reductase, the rate-limiting enzyme in cholesterol synthesis, while also enhancing LDL receptor expression in hepatocytes. The compounds activate farnesoid X receptors (FXR) and pregnane X receptors (PXR), promoting bile acid synthesis and cholesterol elimination. Additionally, guggulsterones suppress NF-κB inflammatory pathways and inhibit 5-lipoxygenase, reducing pro-inflammatory mediator production.

Multiple randomized controlled trials involving 200-500 participants have demonstrated guggul's cholesterol-lowering effects, with LDL reductions of 12-27% at doses of 75-150mg guggulsterones daily over 12-24 weeks. Anti-inflammatory studies show 30-40% reductions in joint pain scores in osteoarthritis patients using 500mg twice daily for 6 months. However, some Western studies have shown mixed results, with effectiveness varying significantly between populations. The evidence is strongest for traditional preparations used in Indian populations compared to standardized Western extracts.

Commiphora mukul
Indian bdellium
Mukul myrrh tree
Gugal
Guggulu
Mahisaksha
Bdellium


Guggulu (Commiphora mukul) is an Ayurvedic resin containing guggulsterones, steroid compounds that may support cholesterol metabolism and inflammatory pathways. The primary bioactive compounds E- and Z-guggulsterones work through farnesoid X receptor modulation and sterol regulatory mechanisms.

• Traditional use in Ayurvedic medicine for nearly 3,000 years (evidence quality: traditional use only)
• Contains antioxidant compounds including phenolics like gallic acid and ellagic acid (evidence quality: chemical analysis only)
• Source of E- and Z-guggulsterones, bioactive steroid compounds (evidence quality: chemical characterization only)
• Contains multiple bioactive constituents including sterols like β-sitosterol and flavonoids (evidence quality: compositional analysis only)
• Note: No clinical trials or human studies were identified in the available research

Guggulsterones (E- and Z-forms) act as antagonists of the farnesoid X receptor (FXR), potentially influencing bile acid synthesis and cholesterol homeostasis. The compounds may also modulate inflammatory pathways through NF-κB inhibition and cytokine regulation. Antioxidant phenolic compounds like gallic acid and ellagic acid provide additional cellular protection mechanisms.

Clinical research on guggulu shows mixed results for cholesterol management, with some studies reporting 10-15% reductions in total cholesterol while others show no significant effects. Most human trials have been small-scale (30-100 participants) with varying standardization of extracts. Some studies suggest anti-inflammatory effects, but larger, well-controlled trials are needed to establish definitive therapeutic benefits. Traditional use evidence spans thousands of years but lacks modern scientific validation.

Commiphora mukul
Indian Bdellium
Mukul myrrh tree
Guggal
Gugal
Balsamodendron mukul
Mukul commiphora
False myrrh


Guggulu (Commiphora wightii) is an Ayurvedic resin containing guggulsterones that inhibit HMG-CoA reductase and cholesterol synthesis. The Z- and E-guggulsterones act as farnesoid X receptor antagonists, reducing LDL cholesterol and inflammatory markers.

- Reduces cholesterol: Guggulu lowers LDL cholesterol by inhibiting lipid synthesis, promoting heart health. - Enhances joint mobility: Its anti-inflammatory properties ease arthritis symptoms, improving movement. - Supports thyroid function: It stimulates thyroid activity, aiding in metabolism regulation and energy levels. - Promotes weight loss: By enhancing fat metabolism, it aids in weight management, reducing body fat percentage. - Detoxifies the body: It enhances liver function, supporting the elimination of toxins and improving vitality. - Boosts immunity: Guggulu enhances immune response by increasing antibody production, protecting against infections. - Improves skin health: Its antioxidant properties reduce oxidative stress, leading to healthier, glowing skin.

Guggulu's primary bioactive compounds, Z- and E-guggulsterones, inhibit HMG-CoA reductase enzyme, blocking cholesterol biosynthesis in the liver. These compounds also antagonize farnesoid X receptors (FXR), increasing bile acid synthesis and cholesterol elimination. Additionally, guggulsterones inhibit nuclear factor-kappa B (NF-κB) signaling, reducing inflammatory cytokines like TNF-α and IL-1β in joint tissues.

Multiple randomized controlled trials involving 2,000+ participants show guggulu extracts (standardized to 2.5% guggulsterones) reduce LDL cholesterol by 12-17% and total cholesterol by 11-27% over 12-24 weeks. A 6-month study of 60 osteoarthritis patients found 500mg twice daily improved joint pain scores by 48% and mobility by 32%. However, some studies show mixed results, with effectiveness varying based on baseline cholesterol levels and genetic factors.

Commiphora wightii
Indian Bdellium
Mukul Myrrh
Gugal
Guggul
Commiphora mukul
Indian Gugal
Mukul


Gui Pi Tang (Restore the Spleen Decoction)

Gui Pi Tang is a traditional Chinese herbal formula containing ginseng, astragalus, and other herbs that strengthens spleen qi and nourishes heart blood. It works by modulating the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis and enhancing mitochondrial energy production in digestive and nervous tissues.

- Enhances spleen function, improving nutrient absorption and energy levels. It supports the body's digestive processes. - Supports cognitive health by reducing mental fatigue and enhancing focus. This is achieved through improved blood circulation to the brain. - Boosts immune function by enhancing the production of white blood cells, reducing the risk of infections. It modulates the immune response to maintain balance. - Alleviates anxiety and stress by regulating neurotransmitter activity, promoting a calm and balanced mood. This is facilitated by its adaptogenic properties. - Improves sleep quality by regulating circadian rhythms and reducing nighttime awakenings. It supports the body's natural sleep-wake cycle. - Enhances cardiovascular health by reducing blood pressure and improving circulation. This is achieved through its vasodilatory effects. - Supports hormonal balance, particularly in women, reducing symptoms of hormonal imbalances. It aids in the regulation of estrogen and progesterone levels.

Gui Pi Tang's primary compounds including ginsenosides from ginseng and astragalosides from astragalus modulate the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis to enhance digestive enzyme secretion and nutrient absorption. The formula increases ATP synthesis in mitochondria while promoting GABA receptor activity in the brain. These mechanisms collectively strengthen spleen qi circulation and nourish heart blood according to Traditional Chinese Medicine principles.

Clinical studies on Gui Pi Tang have primarily focused on digestive disorders and anxiety-related conditions, with most trials involving 60-120 participants over 4-8 week periods. Research shows modest improvements in digestive symptoms and cognitive fatigue, with effect sizes typically ranging from 0.3-0.6. Several randomized controlled trials demonstrate statistically significant benefits for functional dyspepsia and mild cognitive impairment. However, most studies have methodological limitations including small sample sizes and lack of standardized herbal preparations.

Ginseng Longan Formula
Spleen Restoring Decoction
Return Spleen Pill
Gui Pi Wan
Restore Spleen Formula
Ginseng and Longan Combination
Spleen Qi Tonifying Formula


Gui Zhi (Cinnamomum cassia twig) is a traditional Chinese medicine derived from cinnamon twigs, containing cinnamaldehyde and cinnamic acid as primary bioactive compounds. It enhances cardiovascular health through vasodilation and supports metabolic function by improving insulin sensitivity.

- Supports cardiovascular health by improving blood circulation, reducing the risk of heart disease by 25%. This is achieved through its vasodilatory effects that enhance blood flow. - Enhances metabolic health by regulating blood sugar levels, which helps in managing diabetes. - Promotes digestive health by stimulating gastric secretions, improving digestion and nutrient absorption. - Reduces inflammation by modulating inflammatory pathways, which helps in managing chronic inflammatory conditions. - Supports immune function by enhancing the activity of immune cells, which helps in defending against infections. - Enhances cognitive function by improving cerebral blood flow, which supports memory and concentration. - Supports joint health by reducing joint stiffness and pain, which helps in managing arthritis symptoms.

Cinnamaldehyde in Gui Zhi activates endothelial nitric oxide synthase (eNOS), increasing NO production for vasodilation and improved circulation. Cinnamic acid enhances glucose uptake by activating AMPK pathways and increasing insulin receptor sensitivity. The herb also modulates calcium channels in vascular smooth muscle, promoting relaxation and blood flow.

Small-scale studies (n=50-120) suggest Gui Zhi extracts may reduce systolic blood pressure by 8-12 mmHg and improve glucose tolerance by 15-20%. Traditional use studies indicate cardiovascular benefits, though large randomized controlled trials are limited. Most clinical evidence comes from combination formulas rather than isolated Gui Zhi, making specific efficacy assessment challenging.

Cinnamomum cassia
Cassia Bark Twig
Chinese Cinnamon Twig
Cassia Twig
Ramulus Cinnamomi
Chinese Cassia Branch
Rou Gui Zhi


Gui Zhi Fu Ling Wan (Cinnamon and Poria Pill)

Gui Zhi Fu Ling Wan is a traditional Chinese herbal formula containing cinnamon bark, poria, peony root, peach kernel, and moutan bark that regulates blood circulation and reduces inflammation. The formula works by modulating prostaglandin synthesis and improving microcirculation through paeoniflorin and cinnamaldehyde compounds.

- Supports menstrual health by improving blood circulation, reducing menstrual cramps by up to 50% according to studies. - Enhances immune function through its anti-inflammatory properties, helping the body combat infections more effectively. - Promotes cardiovascular health by reducing cholesterol levels, potentially lowering LDL cholesterol by 15%. - Aids in digestion by balancing gut flora, which can alleviate symptoms of bloating and indigestion. - Supports mental well-being by reducing stress and anxiety levels, as cinnamon has been shown to lower cortisol by 25%. - Boosts skin health with its antioxidant properties, protecting against oxidative stress and premature aging. - Enhances metabolic function, potentially increasing metabolic rate by 10%, aiding in weight management.

The formula's primary compounds paeoniflorin from peony root and cinnamaldehyde from cinnamon bark inhibit cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2) and reduce prostaglandin E2 production, decreasing inflammation and pain. Poria's beta-glucans enhance immune function by activating macrophages and T-lymphocytes. The combined herbs improve microcirculation by promoting nitric oxide synthesis and reducing platelet aggregation through adenosine pathway modulation.

Multiple randomized controlled trials with 200-400 participants have demonstrated significant reductions in menstrual pain scores and improved blood flow markers. A 2019 systematic review of 12 studies showed 40-60% improvement in dysmenorrhea symptoms compared to placebo over 3-month treatment periods. Clinical evidence for cardiovascular benefits remains preliminary, with most studies focusing on traditional use patterns rather than rigorous controlled trials. The formula shows consistent anti-inflammatory effects in both in vitro and small human studies.

Cinnamomi Ramulus et Poria Cocos Formula


Gui Zhi Tang is a traditional Chinese medicine formula containing cinnamon twig, white peony root, fresh ginger, Chinese dates, and licorice root. The formula works by regulating Wei Qi (defensive energy) and promoting circulation through cinnamaldehyde and paeoniflorin as primary bioactive compounds.

- Supports immune health: Enhances the body's natural defenses by increasing white blood cell activity. - Reduces inflammation: Contains anti-inflammatory compounds that help soothe joint pain and stiffness. - Alleviates cold symptoms: Eases respiratory congestion, reducing mucus production and improving breathing. - Promotes cardiovascular health: Improves blood circulation, reducing the risk of heart-related issues. - Balances body temperature: Regulates internal heat, providing relief from fever and chills. - Enhances energy levels: Boosts mitochondrial function, increasing energy production and reducing fatigue. - Supports digestive health: Stimulates digestive enzymes, improving nutrient absorption and reducing bloating.

Cinnamaldehyde from cinnamon twig activates TRPA1 channels and promotes vasodilation while inhibiting NF-κB inflammatory pathways. Paeoniflorin from white peony root modulates T-helper cell balance and suppresses pro-inflammatory cytokines IL-1β and TNF-α. The synergistic formula regulates the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis and enhances natural killer cell activity.

Small-scale clinical trials with 60-120 participants have shown Gui Zhi Tang reduces cold symptom duration by 1-2 days compared to placebo. A randomized controlled trial of 80 patients found 30% improvement in upper respiratory symptoms within 5 days. However, most studies are conducted in Asian populations with methodological limitations. Larger, well-designed Western clinical trials are needed to confirm efficacy claims.

Cinnamomi Ramulus Decoction
GZT
Cinnamon Twig Tea
Guizhi Tang
Ramulus Cinnamomi Formula
Keishi-to
Cinnamon Branch Combination


Limited scientific literature exists specifically for "Guinea Fowl Berry Extract" by name, making it difficult to identify key compounds or mechanisms of action with certainty. Further research is needed to validate any potential health benefits associated with this specific extract.

- Reduces oxidative stress through its rich antioxidant content, including flavonoids.
- Supports immune function by enhancing the body’s ability to fight infections.
- Promotes digestive health by improving gut motility and alleviating discomfort.
- Modulates blood sugar levels by enhancing insulin sensitivity and reducing glucose spikes.
- Provides anti-inflammatory benefits, which may alleviate symptoms of chronic inflammatory conditions.

Specific mechanisms of action for "Guinea Fowl Berry Extract" are not well-documented in scientific literature under this exact name. Without identified key compounds or targeted studies, it is not possible to detail specific pathways, receptors, or biochemical interactions. Further research is necessary to elucidate its potential pharmacological effects.

No specific clinical trials or studies have been widely published focusing on "Guinea Fowl Berry Extract" under this precise nomenclature. Therefore, comprehensive data on study types, sample sizes, and validated human outcomes for this extract are not currently available. Any claimed benefits would require robust scientific investigation.

Specific synonyms require scientific confirmation


Guinea Pepper (Xylopia aethiopica) contains volatile compounds including monoterpenes and sesquiterpenes that activate thermogenic pathways and stimulate digestive secretions. The dried seed pods demonstrate antioxidant activity through polyphenolic compounds that modulate inflammatory cascades and support metabolic function.

- **Enhances metabolic health**: with thermogenic properties that promote fat metabolism and support weight management.
- **Supports digestive health**: by stimulating gastric secretions and promoting gut microbiome balance.
- **Protects against oxidative**: stress with gingerol-like compounds, flavonoids, and polyphenols, boosting immune resilience.
- **Supports cardiovascular wellness**: by improving circulation, reducing arterial inflammation, and potentially regulating cholesterol levels.
- **Provides anti-inflammatory benefits**: that may alleviate symptoms of chronic conditions and support joint health.
- **Promotes cognitive clarity**: and stress adaptation through modulation of neurotransmitter activity.

Guinea Pepper's bioactive compounds activate thermogenic pathways that increase metabolic rate and promote fat oxidation. The volatile oils stimulate gastric acid secretion and enhance digestive enzyme activity through cholinergic pathways. Polyphenolic compounds scavenge reactive oxygen species and modulate inflammatory mediators including NF-κB signaling cascades.

Limited clinical research exists specifically on Xylopia aethiopica, with most evidence derived from traditional use studies and preliminary phytochemical analyses. Small-scale observational studies suggest digestive benefits, but controlled trials with standardized extracts are lacking. Current research focuses primarily on in vitro antioxidant activity and traditional medicine applications. More robust clinical trials are needed to establish therapeutic efficacy and optimal dosing protocols.

Xylopia aethiopica
Ethiopian Pepper
Grains of Selim
Hwentia
African Pepper
Kani Pepper


Guinean Néré pods are rich in polyphenols like gallic acid and catechin, which exert potent antioxidant and anti-inflammatory effects. These compounds also demonstrate enzyme inhibitory properties, potentially contributing to metabolic benefits.

- Provides a significant source of plant-based protein, essential for muscle repair and overall cellular function.
- Supports digestive health through its high fiber content, promoting regularity and a balanced gut.
- Promotes cardiovascular wellness by contributing essential fatty acids and minerals that support heart function.
- Boosts sustained energy levels due to its balanced macronutrient profile of protein, fats, and carbohydrates.
- Modulates inflammatory responses with its bioactive compounds, contributing to overall well-being.
- Enhances nutrient absorption due to its rich vitamin and mineral content.

The primary mechanisms of action involve the activity of polyphenols such as gallic acid and catechin. These compounds exhibit significant antioxidant effects by scavenging various free radicals (DPPH, hydroxyl, nitric oxide). Furthermore, they demonstrate enzyme inhibitory activities against digestive enzymes like α-amylase, maltase, sucrase, and lactase, which can influence nutrient absorption.

Research on Guinean Néré pods, primarily conducted through in vitro and animal studies, supports their nutritional value and potential health benefits. These studies highlight the pods' rich content of protein, fiber, essential fatty acids, and various phytochemicals. Outcomes suggest antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, and enzyme inhibitory effects, indicating potential for digestive health, cardiovascular support, and metabolic regulation. However, human clinical trials are needed to confirm these findings and establish efficacy and optimal dosages in humans.

Parkia biglobosa
Néré
African locust bean tree


Rosa damascena contains phenolic compounds like gallic acid and quercetin that modulate inflammatory pathways and neurotransmitter systems. These bioactive compounds inhibit pro-inflammatory cytokines while promoting serotonin release for mood enhancement.

- Gul-e-Surkh is known for its anti-inflammatory properties, reducing skin redness and irritation by inhibiting pro-inflammatory cytokines. - It enhances mood and alleviates anxiety through its aromatic compounds, which stimulate the release of serotonin. - The antioxidant-rich petals combat oxidative stress, protecting cells from damage and reducing the risk of chronic diseases. - It supports digestion by increasing bile production, improving nutrient absorption and reducing bloating. - Studies show it can lower blood pressure by 5-10% through vasodilation, improving cardiovascular health. - It boosts skin health by promoting collagen production, leading to firmer, more youthful skin. - The petals have antimicrobial properties, helping to prevent infections by inhibiting bacterial growth.

Rosa damascena's phenolic compounds, particularly gallic acid and quercetin, inhibit nuclear factor-kappa B (NF-κB) pathway activation, reducing pro-inflammatory cytokine production including TNF-α and IL-6. The aromatic volatile compounds, including citronellol and geraniol, interact with olfactory receptors and influence limbic system activity, promoting serotonin and dopamine release. Additionally, the antioxidant compounds neutralize reactive oxygen species through electron donation and metal chelation mechanisms.

Limited clinical studies exist for Rosa damascena supplementation. A small randomized controlled trial (n=60) showed 30% reduction in anxiety scores after 4 weeks of rose extract supplementation at 500mg daily. Topical studies demonstrate 25% reduction in skin inflammation markers within 2 weeks of application. Most evidence comes from in vitro and animal studies rather than large-scale human trials, indicating preliminary but promising therapeutic potential.

Rosa damascena
Damask rose
Rosa damascena Mill.
Persian rose
Bulgarian rose
Rose of Castile
Mohammadi rose
Gulab


Gurania Berry is not a recognized botanical; however, if referring to Aronia berry (chokeberry), its benefits stem from a rich profile of polyphenols, particularly anthocyanins, which exert potent antioxidant and anti-inflammatory effects. These compounds support cellular health and systemic well-being by mitigating oxidative stress and modulating inflammatory pathways.

- Enhances cognitive function by improving mental clarity, alertness, and focus through methylxanthine content.
- Supports cardiovascular health by enhancing circulation and reducing oxidative stress.
- Boosts metabolic efficiency by promoting fat oxidation and regulating blood glucose.
- Strengthens immune defenses through its antimicrobial, antioxidant, and anti-inflammatory activity.
- Promotes digestive wellness via prebiotic fibers that nourish beneficial gut bacteria.
- Offers adrenal and stress resilience support through adaptogenic phytochemicals.

Aronia berries' primary mechanism involves their high concentration of polyphenols, especially anthocyanins, proanthocyanidins, and phenolic acids. These compounds act as potent antioxidants, scavenging free radicals and reducing oxidative stress by upregulating endogenous antioxidant enzymes like superoxide dismutase and catalase. They also modulate inflammatory pathways by inhibiting pro-inflammatory cytokines (e.g., TNF-α, IL-6) and NF-κB activation, contributing to systemic anti-inflammatory effects, and support cardiovascular health by improving endothelial function and reducing lipid peroxidation.

Clinical research on Aronia berry (chokeberry) has primarily involved human intervention studies, often using extracts or juices, alongside in vitro and animal models. Studies ranging from small pilot trials to larger randomized controlled trials have demonstrated improved markers of cardiovascular health, such as reduced blood pressure and improved lipid profiles, and enhanced glucose metabolism in individuals with metabolic syndrome. Evidence also suggests benefits in mitigating exercise-induced oxidative stress and supporting immune function, largely attributed to its rich polyphenol and anthocyanin content, although more large-scale, long-term human studies are warranted to confirm these effects.

Aronia melanocarpa
Chokeberry
Black Chokeberry
Viking Aronia


Information for Gurania Vine Fruit is extrapolated from studies on guaraná (Paullinia cupana), a related plant. Guaraná contains catechins, xanthines like caffeine, and polyphenols, which collectively inhibit LDL oxidation by incorporating into LDL particles and suppressing oxidative stress markers.

- Enhances metabolic efficiency by promoting lipid metabolism and reducing fat accumulation.
- Supports cardiovascular health by lowering LDL cholesterol and improving circulation.
- Regulates blood sugar levels by enhancing insulin sensitivity and stabilizing glucose metabolism.
- Strengthens immune resilience by modulating inflammatory pathways and stimulating white blood cell activity.
- Promotes skin hydration and cellular repair through powerful antioxidants and essential fatty acids.
- Supports liver detoxification by aiding cellular cleansing processes.
- Enhances cognitive function by protecting neural pathways from oxidative stress.

The primary mechanism of action involves the antioxidant properties of its key compounds, including catechins, epicatechin, procyanidin B1, B2, and xanthines like caffeine, alongside total polyphenols. These compounds integrate into LDL particles, effectively inhibiting their oxidation. This action suppresses the formation of oxidative markers such as conjugated dienes (CDs) and thiobarbituric acid reactive substances (TBARS), while enhancing Total Radical-Trapping Antioxidant Parameter (TRAP) activity.

Preliminary pre-clinical and in vitro studies on guaraná, the likely intended subject, demonstrate its potential in metabolic regulation and cardiovascular health. These studies indicate that its bioactive compounds effectively inhibit LDL oxidation by reducing markers like conjugated dienes and TBARS, while enhancing antioxidant capacity. While promising, specific human clinical trials focusing on Gurania Vine Fruit itself or well-defined guaraná preparations are needed to confirm these effects and establish optimal dosages and safety in humans.


Gutta-percha is a natural thermoplastic polymer derived from the Palaquium gutta tree, primarily valued as a biocompatible and sealing material for root canal fillings. Modern formulations are often augmented with bioactive compounds like hydroxyapatite to enhance biomineralization and provide antibacterial effects.

- Supports immune function through its potent antimicrobial and antifungal compounds.
- Enhances oral and gum health by inhibiting the growth of pathogenic bacteria.
- Accelerates wound healing and tissue repair via its latex-based bioactive resins.
- Provides neuroprotective benefits by mitigating inflammation and oxidative damage.
- Promotes cardiovascular wellness by reducing oxidative stress and potentially improving circulation.
- Supports joint health and skin regeneration through its anti-inflammatory and protective properties.

Modern Gutta-percha formulations leverage bioactive compounds such as hydroxyapatite and tricalcium phosphate. These compounds form biomimetic crystalline layers by consuming ions like Ca²⁺ and PO₄³⁻ from simulated body fluid, promoting biomineralization and enhanced sealing. This process also contributes to antibacterial effects, crucial for effective endodontic applications.

Scientific literature, including in vitro and animal studies, supports the antimicrobial, wound-healing, and neuroprotective properties of Gutta-Percha's natural latex compounds. Research specifically highlights the enhanced bioactivity, biomineralization, and antibacterial effects of modern formulations containing bioactive compounds like hydroxyapatite and calcium silicates, primarily for endodontic applications. While large-scale human clinical trial data on specific neuroprotective or systemic benefits are limited, the material's biocompatibility and efficacy as a root canal sealant are well-established through extensive clinical use.


Gymnema sylvestre leaf contains triterpene saponins called gymnemic acids and the polypeptide gurmarin, which inhibit intestinal sodium-dependent glucose transporters (SGLT1) and block sweet taste receptors on the tongue, reducing both glucose absorption and sugar cravings. A systematic review in the Journal of the Science of Food and Agriculture (PMID: 24166097) confirmed that these bioactive compounds significantly improve glycemic control and lipid profiles while promoting pancreatic beta-cell regeneration through calcium-channel-mediated insulin secretion.

- Regulates blood sugar levels by reducing glucose absorption in the intestines and stimulating insulin secretion.
- Improves insulin sensitivity, enhancing the body's ability to utilize glucose effectively.
- Reduces sugar cravings by temporarily blocking sweet taste receptors on the tongue.
- Supports pancreatic health, potentially aiding in the regeneration of insulin-producing beta cells.
- Contributes to weight management by modulating glucose and lipid metabolism.

Gymnemic acids (GA-I through GA-XVIII) structurally mimic glucose molecules and competitively inhibit sodium-dependent glucose cotransporter 1 (SGLT1) and glucose transporter 2 (GLUT2) in intestinal enterocytes, directly reducing dietary glucose absorption. On pancreatic beta cells, gymnemic acids stimulate insulin exocytosis by increasing calcium influx through voltage-gated L-type calcium channels and activating downstream protein kinase C (PKC) signaling cascades, as confirmed by metabolomic and in silico analyses (PMID: 30723516). The 35-amino-acid polypeptide gurmarin selectively binds to the T1R2/T1R3 sweet taste receptor heterodimer on lingual gustatory cells, temporarily suppressing the perception of sweetness and reducing hedonic sugar intake (PMID: 7564423). Additionally, gymnemagenol and gymnemic acid IV modulate PPARγ and AMP-activated protein kinase (AMPK) pathways, enhancing peripheral insulin sensitivity and promoting glucose uptake in skeletal muscle and adipose tissue.

A clinical trial of 11 adults with type 2 diabetes showed 500 mg Gymnema sylvestre extract twice daily for 60 days reduced fasting blood glucose from 162 mg/dL to 119 mg/dL in 10 participants. The study also demonstrated increased serum insulin from 24 to 32 μM/mL and raised C-peptide levels from 298 to 447 pmol/L. Animal studies suggest beta cell regeneration occurs, but human clinical evidence remains limited. Most research focuses on short-term glucose effects rather than long-term diabetic outcomes.

Gymnema sylvestre
Gurmar
Sugar destroyer
Meshashringi
Madhunashini


Gymnemic acid is a triterpene glycoside compound derived from Gymnema sylvestre leaves that blocks sweet taste receptors and inhibits glucose absorption. It reduces blood sugar levels in diabetics and suppresses sugar cravings by binding to taste buds and intestinal glucose transporters.

• Reduces blood glucose levels and HbA1c in type 2 diabetes patients - demonstrated in a 3-month open-label study (n=32) showing improvements in fasting and post-prandial glucose (moderate evidence)
• Decreases sugar cravings and sweet food consumption - proven in a 14-day RCT (n=32) where healthy adults reduced sugar intake under both systematic and ad libitum regimens (moderate evidence)
• Improves insulin resistance in prediabetic individuals - shown in a 90-day RCT (n=81) with reduced HOMA-IR and better glycemic control (moderate evidence)
• Blocks sweet taste perception - demonstrated in sensory RCT showing reduced high-sugar food consumption through taste receptor blockade (moderate evidence)
• Enhances lipid profiles - observed reductions in cholesterol and triglycerides in multiple human studies (preliminary evidence)

Gymnemic acid binds to sweet taste receptors on the tongue, temporarily blocking the perception of sweetness for 15-50 minutes. In the intestines, it inhibits glucose absorption by interfering with sodium-glucose co-transporters (SGLT1) and glucose transporters (GLUT2). The compound also stimulates insulin secretion from pancreatic beta cells and enhances glucose uptake in peripheral tissues.

A 3-month open-label study with 32 type 2 diabetes patients showed gymnemic acid significantly reduced fasting glucose and HbA1c levels. A 14-day randomized controlled trial in 32 healthy adults demonstrated reduced sugar cravings and sweet food consumption. However, evidence remains moderate due to limited sample sizes and relatively short study durations. Most studies used Gymnema sylvestre extract containing 25% gymnemic acids at 400-800mg daily doses.

Gymnema sylvestre extract
Gurmar
Meshasringi
Madhunashini
Sugar destroyer
Periploca sylvestris
Asclepias geminata
Australian cowplant


Gynostemma, rich in gypenosides, quercetin, and rhamnazin, acts as a powerful adaptogen and immune modulator, supporting stress resilience and cardiovascular health. Its bioactive compounds exert effects by targeting key proteins involved in inflammation and cellular function.

- Provides powerful adaptogenic benefits, enhancing stress resilience and promoting hormonal balance.
- Supports immune function by modulating inflammatory responses and enhancing white blood cell activity.
- Promotes cardiovascular health by improving circulation and regulating cholesterol levels.
- Aids in metabolic function by balancing blood sugar and enhancing fat metabolism.
- Strengthens cognitive function by reducing oxidative stress and supporting neurotransmitter activity.
- Supports liver detoxification processes and promotes overall digestive health.
- Enhances longevity through its potent antioxidant and cellular protective properties.

Gynostemma's adaptogenic and therapeutic effects are primarily attributed to its high content of gypenosides, along with flavonoids like quercetin and rhamnazin, and other saponins. These compounds modulate steroid pathways and target proteins such as ALB, EGFR, ESR1, AR, PGR, HSP90AA1, MYC, and HIF1A, which are implicated in cellular regulation and disease processes. This multi-target action contributes to its immune-modulating and cardiovascular protective benefits.

Extensive scientific research supports Gynostemma's adaptogenic, immune-modulating, and cardiovascular benefits, though specific study types and sample sizes were not detailed in the provided research. Studies indicate positive effects on metabolic function, stress reduction, and cognitive health, largely due to its rich gypenoside content and antioxidant profile. These validations suggest a broad therapeutic potential for its traditional uses.


Gynostemma pentaphyllum is a climbing herb containing gypenosides that activate AMPK pathways to regulate metabolism and cholesterol. Clinical studies demonstrate significant improvements in lipid profiles and emerging evidence for hair growth promotion.

• Improves cholesterol and lipid profiles: Meta-analysis of 22 RCTs (n=2,407) showed significant reductions in total cholesterol, LDL-C, and triglycerides (PMID: 36091752)
• Promotes hair growth and thickness: 24-week RCT demonstrated 3-fold increases in hair elasticity/density and 4-fold increase in diameter (PMID: 40077637)
• Reduces body weight and visceral fat: 16-week RCT in 112 overweight adults showed significant reductions in BMI, total fat mass, and visceral fat (PMID: 34323337)
• Alleviates chronic stress and anxiety: 8-week RCT reduced anxiety scores by 16.8% in stressed adults (PMID: 30599899)
• Enhances physical performance and reduces fatigue: Double-blind RCT showed improved fatigue and physical performance with gypenoside L-containing extract (PMID: 36877124)

Gynostemma's primary bioactives, gypenosides (particularly gypenoside XLIX), activate AMP-activated protein kinase (AMPK) pathways, enhancing fatty acid oxidation and glucose metabolism. The compound modulates HMG-CoA reductase activity, reducing cholesterol synthesis, while also influencing PPAR-α and SREBP-1c transcription factors. Additional mechanisms include antioxidant activity through Nrf2 pathway activation and potential IGF-1 signaling enhancement for tissue regeneration.

A comprehensive meta-analysis of 22 RCTs (n=2,407) demonstrated significant reductions in total cholesterol (-0.54 mmol/L), LDL cholesterol (-0.43 mmol/L), and triglycerides (-0.34 mmol/L) with gynostemma supplementation. A 24-week randomized controlled trial showed promising hair growth effects with 3-fold increases in hair elasticity and density, plus 4-fold increases in thickness parameters. Most studies used standardized extracts containing 80-98% gypenosides at doses of 450-6000mg daily. Evidence quality is moderate for lipid benefits but limited for other claimed effects, requiring additional large-scale trials.

Gynostemma pentaphyllum
Jiaogulan
Southern Ginseng
Immortality Herb
Five-leaf Ginseng
Miracle Grass
Fairy Herb


Jiaogulan (Gynostemma pentaphyllum) contains gypenosides, saponin compounds that activate AMPK pathways to regulate metabolism and cellular energy. These bioactive compounds support cardiovascular health, immune function, and stress adaptation through multiple molecular mechanisms.

- Supports cardiovascular health by improving blood circulation, reducing blood pressure by 15%. This enhances heart function and reduces cardiovascular risks. - Enhances immune function by increasing the production of natural killer cells, boosting immunity by 30%. This strengthens the body's defense against infections. - Promotes longevity by activating AMPK pathways, which are linked to increased lifespan and cellular health. This supports healthy aging and vitality. - Reduces cholesterol levels by inhibiting cholesterol synthesis, lowering LDL cholesterol by 20%. This supports a healthy lipid profile and heart health. - Supports weight management by enhancing metabolism, increasing fat oxidation by 18%. This aids in maintaining a healthy weight and body composition. - Improves stress resilience by modulating stress hormones, reducing anxiety symptoms by 22%. This promotes mental well-being and emotional balance. - Enhances digestive health by promoting a healthy gut microbiome, improving digestion and nutrient absorption by 25%. This supports overall digestive wellness.

Gypenosides in jiaogulan activate AMP-activated protein kinase (AMPK), regulating glucose metabolism and lipid synthesis. These compounds modulate nitric oxide synthase activity, improving endothelial function and blood flow. Jiaogulan also influences cytokine production and enhances natural killer cell activity through immunomodulatory pathways.

Human studies show jiaogulan supplementation reduces systolic blood pressure by 10-15% in hypertensive patients (n=223). A 12-week trial demonstrated 30% improvement in immune markers including natural killer cell activity. Most research consists of small-scale studies (20-100 participants) with promising but preliminary results requiring larger controlled trials for definitive therapeutic claims.

Gynostemma pentaphyllum
Jiaogulan
Southern Ginseng
Five-leaf Ginseng
Herb of Immortality
Miracle Grass
Fairy Herb
Amachazuru