Nepalese Himalayan Salt provides a rich array of trace minerals, including magnesium, iodine, and zinc, which are crucial for numerous physiological functions. These compounds work synergistically to maintain electrolyte balance, support thyroid hormone synthesis, and enhance cellular regeneration.

- Replenishes essential electrolytes, including sodium, calcium, magnesium, and potassium, to maintain optimal fluid balance.
- Supports cellular hydration by promoting proper water retention and distribution throughout the body.
- Contributes to bone health and muscle function through its natural calcium and magnesium content.
- Enhances skin health by improving moisture retention and supporting dermal rejuvenation when used topically.
- Aids in gentle detoxification by providing minerals that support the body's natural cleansing processes.

The diverse array of trace minerals in Nepalese Himalayan Salt acts through several mechanisms. Magnesium regulates metabolic processes and facilitates the absorption of vitamins C, D, and calcium, while iodine is essential for thyroid hormone synthesis. Furthermore, iron and zinc support cellular regeneration and the maintenance of healthy skin, hair, and nails.

Specific clinical trials investigating Nepalese Himalayan Salt are currently limited, making direct causal links challenging. However, general research on mineral-rich salts widely supports their critical role in maintaining electrolyte balance and promoting optimal hydration at a cellular level. Anecdotal evidence and centuries of traditional use highlight perceived benefits, particularly for skin health and detoxification, though these claims await rigorous scientific validation. Future studies are needed to substantiate the specific benefits attributed to this unique mineral composition.

Nepalese Rock Salt
Mineral-rich Himalayan Salt


Nepalese honey contains key bioactive compounds like naringenin-7-O-glucuronide and chlorogenic acid. These compounds primarily function as potent antioxidants, scavenging free radicals and balancing oxidative stress, with potential anti-inflammatory properties.

- Provides potent antioxidant defense, particularly from anthocyanins and flavonoids, combating oxidative stress.
- Supports immune function through its high vitamin C content, strengthening natural defenses.
- Boosts brain health by improving cognitive function and offering neuroprotective effects.
- Enhances skin health by promoting collagen production and supporting cellular rejuvenation.
- Reduces systemic inflammation, contributing to the prevention of chronic diseases.
- Supports cardiovascular health by improving endothelial function.

Nepalese honey's mechanism of action primarily stems from its rich profile of bioactive compounds, including naringenin-7-O-glucuronide, chlorogenic acid, and ophthalmic acid. These compounds exert potent antioxidant effects by directly scavenging harmful free radicals, thereby mitigating oxidative stress and cellular damage. Additionally, the presence of various flavonoids and polyphenols contributes to its anti-inflammatory properties, modulating inflammatory pathways akin to other therapeutic honeys.

While HR-LCMS has identified key bioactive compounds in Nepalese honey, specific human clinical trials detailing efficacy, sample sizes, and outcomes for Nepalese honey are not provided in the current research. General knowledge of honey suggests potential benefits based on its antioxidant and anti-inflammatory components. However, direct clinical evidence establishing these benefits for Nepalese honey specifically is not elaborated.

Nepalese Honey
Apis cerana Nepal Honey
Himalayan Honey

Legacy index-continuity record: the score and narrative are provisional and must not be represented as validated or human-approved.


Nepalese Honeycomb, produced by Apis mellifera bees, is rich in bioactive compounds like phenolic compounds, flavonoids, and polyphenols. These compounds primarily act as potent antioxidants by scavenging free radicals and exhibit significant antimicrobial properties against various bacteria and fungi.

- Supports immune function through its natural antimicrobial properties and antioxidant content.
- Boosts energy levels by providing readily available natural sugars and complex carbohydrates from wax.
- Promotes skin health by offering moisturizing, anti-inflammatory, and antioxidant effects.
- Provides anti-inflammatory benefits, helping to soothe systemic inflammation.
- Delivers antioxidant protection, safeguarding cells from oxidative damage.

The primary mechanism of action for Nepalese Honeycomb stems from its rich content of phenolic compounds, flavonoids, and polyphenols, which act as potent antioxidants. These compounds exert their effects by scavenging free radicals, as demonstrated by DPPH scavenging activity, and enhancing reducing power. Furthermore, these bioactive constituents contribute to its antimicrobial properties by inhibiting the growth of various bacteria and fungi, providing a broad-spectrum defense.

Research on honeycomb, specifically its constituents such as honey, pollen, and propolis, collectively supports its immune-boosting, skin health, and energy-providing properties. While specific clinical studies focusing solely on Nepalese Honeycomb are noted as emerging, the robust evidence for its *Apis mellifera* components includes in vitro studies demonstrating significant antioxidant capacity (e.g., 9.16–66.11 mg EAQ/100g DPPH scavenging) and antimicrobial activity. These studies highlight the presence of key bioactive compounds like phenolic compounds (averaging 62.66 mg GAE/g) and flavonoids (averaging 8.33 mg QE/g) which contribute to these health benefits.

Apis mellifera Honeycomb
Western Honey Bee Honeycomb


Nepalese Juniper Berries exert their beneficial effects primarily through key bioactive compounds like α-pinene, flavonoids, and phenolic acids. These compounds provide potent antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, and antimicrobial actions by neutralizing free radicals, inhibiting inflammatory enzymes, and disrupting microbial membranes.

- Supports digestive health by stimulating bile production and aiding enzymatic activity.
- Boosts immune function through its antimicrobial and anti-inflammatory essential oils.
- Provides potent antioxidant defense, protecting cells from oxidative damage.
- Promotes respiratory health by acting as an expectorant and soothing airways.
- Exhibits diuretic properties, supporting kidney function and fluid balance.
- Aids in reducing systemic inflammation due to its terpene content.

The primary mechanism involves terpenoids, such as α-pinene and limonene, and phenolics like flavonoids and phenolic acids. These compounds neutralize reactive oxygen species and free radicals, providing potent antioxidant protection. Their anti-inflammatory action stems from inhibiting COX and LOX enzymes, which reduces the production of pro-inflammatory mediators, while antimicrobial effects involve disrupting microbial cell membranes and inhibiting bacterial growth.

Preclinical studies, including in vitro and animal models, support the antimicrobial, anti-inflammatory, and antioxidant properties of Juniper berries, particularly those rich in essential oils and flavonoids. These studies indicate potential benefits for digestive, immune, and respiratory health. However, specific human clinical trials evaluating the efficacy and safety of Nepalese Juniper varieties are limited, and more comprehensive human research is needed to substantiate these effects.


Nepalese Lemon Grass, primarily Cymbopogon flexuosus, supports digestive health and offers anti-inflammatory benefits due to its rich content of bioactive compounds, notably citral. This key monoterpene aldehyde exerts its effects by inhibiting various enzymes, including acetylcholinesterase and α-amylase, which contributes to its traditional uses and potential neuroprotective and antidiabetic properties.

- Supports digestive health by soothing the gastrointestinal tract and reducing discomfort.
- Provides anti-inflammatory benefits through its bioactive compounds, helping to modulate systemic inflammation.
- Enhances relaxation and reduces stress, promoting a sense of calm.
- Promotes skin health by supporting regeneration and protecting against environmental stressors.
- Offers antioxidant protection, neutralizing free radicals and safeguarding cellular integrity.

The primary bioactive compound, citral (a mixture of geranial and neral), along with other terpenes, exerts its effects by binding with high affinity to target proteins via molecular docking. It significantly inhibits enzymes such as acetylcholinesterase (AChE) and butyrylcholinesterase (BChE), relevant for neuroprotection, and α-amylase and α-glucosidase, crucial for managing blood glucose. These inhibitory actions, combined with antioxidant properties, combat oxidative stress, support nervous system function, and mediate its anti-inflammatory and antimicrobial activities.

Research into Nepalese Lemon Grass, primarily through in vitro and animal studies, has highlighted its potential for various health benefits. These studies have demonstrated its capacity to support digestive health, provide anti-inflammatory effects, and promote relaxation. Furthermore, investigations often focusing on its main compound, citral, indicate promise in combating oxidative stress, neurodegeneration, diabetes, and microbial growth through specific enzyme inhibition. While these findings support its traditional applications and bioactive potential, robust human clinical trials are currently limited, necessitating further research to confirm efficacy and safety in humans.

Cymbopogon flexuosus
East Indian Lemon Grass
Lemongrass


Nepalese Lemon Shoots, likely derived from *Citrus pseudolimon*, contain D-limonene and other terpenes that exert antimicrobial effects by disrupting microbial membranes. They also possess bioflavonoids and polyphenols which can modulate inflammation and support metabolic health pathways.

- Boosts immune function through high vitamin C content, enhancing cellular defense.
- Supports skin health by promoting collagen production and protecting against oxidative damage.
- Aids in detoxification processes via limonene and other bioactive compounds.
- Provides anti-inflammatory benefits, contributing to overall cellular health.
- Exhibits antimicrobial properties, supporting internal balance.
- Enhances digestive comfort by stimulating gastric secretions.

Nepalese Lemon Shoots contain D-limonene and other terpenes that exert antimicrobial effects by disrupting microbial cell membranes, leading to lysis and inhibiting biofilm formation. Furthermore, bioactive compounds like bioflavonoids and polyphenols may modulate metabolic pathways by upregulating PPARγ, GLUT4, and DGAT-1, which contribute to improved insulin sensitivity and reduced inflammation through TNF-α pathway inhibition.

While direct human clinical trials on Nepalese Lemon Shoots are limited, *in vitro* and animal studies on related *Citrus* species, particularly *Citrus limon* and *Citrus pseudolimon*, indicate potential benefits. Research suggests that compounds like D-limonene and various flavonoids contribute to antimicrobial activity and possess anti-inflammatory properties by modulating cellular pathways. These studies, primarily focusing on extracts from peel or fruit, support the inferred health-promoting qualities of the shoots, though direct efficacy in humans for specific conditions requires further investigation.

Citrus pseudolimon
Hill Lemon
Citrus hillii


Nepalese Mint Shoots, likely derived from Mentha arvensis or related species, are rich in menthol, flavonoids, and phenolic acids. These compounds exert their effects through potent antioxidant activity, antimicrobial action, and potential cytotoxic properties.

- Supports digestive health by soothing gastrointestinal muscles and reducing discomfort.
- Enhances respiratory function by clearing nasal passages and alleviating congestion.
- Reduces oxidative stress through a high concentration of antioxidant compounds.
- Promotes relaxation and calms the nervous system with its aromatic essential oils.
- Provides anti-inflammatory benefits, potentially easing systemic inflammation.

The primary mechanisms of Nepalese Mint Shoots are attributed to key compounds such as menthol, flavonoids, and phenolic acids. These compounds exert significant antioxidant activity through DPPH and ABTS radical scavenging, reducing oxidative stress. Furthermore, they demonstrate antimicrobial effects via bactericidal action and show potential cytotoxic properties against certain cancer cell lines.

While traditional use of Nepalese Mint Shoots for digestive and respiratory health is widespread, specific clinical trials directly assessing the shoots of Mentha arvensis in humans are currently emerging or limited. Research primarily focuses on the isolated bioactive compounds, like menthol and flavonoids, found in various Mentha species, demonstrating in vitro antioxidant, antimicrobial, and anti-inflammatory potential. Further robust human studies are needed to substantiate traditional claims and establish efficacy and dosage for Nepalese Mint Shoots specifically.

Mentha arvensis
Japanese Mint Shoots
Field Mint Shoots


Nepalese Mountain Honey contains unique grayanotoxins, diterpenoids that bind to voltage-dependent sodium channels, disrupting normal neural and muscular function. This imparts its distinctive psychoactive properties alongside antioxidant and antimicrobial benefits derived from its phenolic compounds.

- Supports immune function through its natural antimicrobial properties and rich antioxidant content.
- Promotes digestive health via natural enzymes and potential prebiotic effects.
- Boosts energy levels by providing readily available natural sugars for metabolic fuel.
- Provides anti-inflammatory benefits, helping to soothe systemic inflammation.
- Delivers potent antioxidant protection, safeguarding cells from oxidative damage.

Nepalese Mountain Honey's primary mechanism involves grayanotoxins, such as grayanotoxin I, binding to voltage-dependent sodium channels on excitable cell membranes. This binding keeps the channels persistently open, leading to sustained depolarization and disruption of normal nerve and muscle action potentials. Additionally, the presence of various phenolic compounds like chlorogenic and ferulic acids contributes to its antioxidant activity by scavenging free radicals and reducing oxidative stress.

While general scientific literature supports the immune-modulating, digestive, and anti-inflammatory properties of honey, specific clinical trials on Nepalese Mountain Honey are limited. Its traditional use highlights its psychoactive and medicinal properties, attributed to unique grayanotoxins and a rich profile of phenolic compounds. Research focuses on characterizing its bioactive profile, indicating a high antioxidant capacity linked to phenolic content. Therefore, much of its perceived benefit outside of the grayanotoxin effects is extrapolated from general honey studies and its distinct phytochemical composition.

Apis laboriosa
Himalayan honey
mad honey


Nepalese Raksi, a traditional grain ferment, contains bioactive compounds like terpenoids, fatty acid derivatives, coumarins, and peptides derived from microbial action. These compounds contribute to its observed antioxidant activity by radical scavenging and anti-inflammatory effects through the inhibition of oxidative stress.

- Supports digestive processes through beneficial enzymes and compounds introduced during fermentation.
- May improve blood circulation with moderate consumption.
- Supports heart health with moderate consumption.
- Provides antioxidant properties from bioactive compounds derived from fermented grains, reducing oxidative stress.
- Promotes relaxation at low doses due to its mild sedative effects.
- Reduces stress at low doses due to its mild sedative effects.

The natural fermentation of Raksi yields various bioactive compounds, including terpenoids (e.g., squalene, geranylgeraniol formate), fatty acid derivatives (e.g., methyl esters of linoleic acid), coumarins (e.g., meranzin), and specific peptides. These compounds contribute to antioxidant activity by scavenging free radicals and exhibit anti-inflammatory effects by inhibiting oxidative stress pathways. Additionally, beneficial enzymes and probiotic compounds introduced during fermentation may support digestive processes.

Scientific research on Nepalese Raksi is largely preliminary, often focusing on its cultural significance and traditional production methods rather than rigorous clinical trials. While in vitro and in vivo studies have identified various bioactive compounds with antioxidant and anti-inflammatory potential, human clinical trials are critically needed to substantiate specific health benefits. Current understanding of its health effects remains largely anecdotal or inferred from the general impacts of moderate alcohol consumption and grain-derived compounds.

Nepali liquor
Homemade Nepali alcohol
Millet Raksi
Rice Raksi


Nepalese Red Sandalwood, derived from the heartwood of *Pterocarpus santalinus*, is valued for its bioactive compounds, including santalins and pterostilbenes. These compounds primarily exert potent antioxidant and anti-inflammatory effects, contributing to its traditional medicinal uses.

- Supports skin health by reducing blemishes and promoting an even skin tone.
- Reduces inflammation through its potent bioactive compounds, easing discomfort.
- Neutralizes free radicals and mitigates oxidative stress due to its rich antioxidant content.
- Promotes mental clarity and relaxation through its soothing aromatic properties.
- Boosts immune function by supporting cellular defense mechanisms.

Nepalese Red Sandalwood's primary mechanism involves its rich array of bioactive compounds, including santalin A and B, pterostilbenes, lignans, and various flavonoids. These compounds primarily act as potent antioxidants, neutralizing free radicals and mitigating oxidative stress. They also exert anti-inflammatory effects by modulating inflammatory pathways, contributing to reduced discomfort and supporting cellular health.

Research on Nepalese Red Sandalwood (*Pterocarpus santalinus*) predominantly focuses on in vitro and animal studies, elucidating its phytochemical composition and demonstrating antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, and antimicrobial properties. These preclinical findings support its traditional uses for various health benefits, including skin health and reducing inflammation. However, robust human clinical trials specifically investigating its efficacy, optimal dosages, and safety in human populations are currently limited, necessitating further research to substantiate these findings.

Pterocarpus santalinus
Red Sandalwood
Red Sanders


Nepalese Rhododendron, primarily *Rhododendron arboreum*, contains key bioactive compounds such as flavonoids and terpenoids. These compounds are responsible for its noted antioxidant activity through radical scavenging and anti-inflammatory effects via inhibition of inflammatory mediators.

- Supports liver detoxification and cleansing through its rich antioxidant content, promoting internal purity.
- Enhances skin radiance and vitality, attributed to its antioxidant and vitamin C profile.
- Aids digestive balance and soothes gastrointestinal discomfort.
- Strengthens immune resilience by providing Vitamin C and protective flavonoids.
- Provides anti-inflammatory support, contributing to overall systemic balance.

Nepalese Rhododendron exerts its effects primarily through its rich content of flavonoids (e.g., quercetin, hyperin) and terpenoids (e.g., ursolic acid). These compounds demonstrate potent antioxidant activity by scavenging DPPH radicals and exhibit anti-inflammatory properties by inhibiting COX-2 and iNOS, and downregulating pro-inflammatory cytokines like TNF-α, IL-1β, and IL-6. Additionally, these bioactives contribute to its observed antimicrobial and hepatoprotective actions.

Current scientific understanding of Nepalese Rhododendron's benefits largely stems from in vitro and animal studies. These investigations have demonstrated significant antioxidant, hepatoprotective, and anti-inflammatory effects, supporting its traditional use for liver health and immune resilience, as seen in animal models protecting liver cells. However, human clinical trials with sufficient sample sizes are critically needed to validate these findings and establish definitive efficacy, dosage, and safety in humans.


Nepalese Rhododendron Petals (*Rhododendron arboreum*) contain bioactive compounds like flavonoids, phenols, and specific phenolic compounds such as quercetin, rutin, and coumaric acid. These compounds contribute to its antioxidant activity by DPPH free radical scavenging and anti-inflammatory effects through inhibition of ERK and p38 activation.

- Supports robust immune function through its high content of Vitamin C and flavonoids.
- Provides significant anti-inflammatory benefits, contributing to systemic balance and comfort.
- Promotes respiratory health by soothing airways and supporting lung function.
- Enhances skin vitality and radiance, attributed to its antioxidant and mineral profile.
- Protects cells from oxidative stress and environmental damage due to its rich array of antioxidants.

Nepalese Rhododendron Petals exert their therapeutic effects primarily through bioactive compounds such as flavonoids (e.g., quercetin, rutin) and phenolic acids (e.g., coumaric acid). These compounds demonstrate potent antioxidant activity by scavenging DPPH free radicals, thereby neutralizing oxidative stress. Anti-inflammatory actions are mediated by inhibiting the activation of key signaling pathways, specifically Extracellular signal-regulated kinase (ERK) and p38, which are involved in inflammatory responses.

Preliminary scientific investigations into Nepalese Rhododendron Petals primarily involve in vitro and animal models. These studies have indicated immune-supporting, anti-inflammatory, and respiratory-enhancing properties, alongside significant antioxidant capacity and potential benefits for skin vitality. Outcomes from these pre-clinical trials suggest a promising therapeutic profile, particularly concerning the modulation of oxidative stress and inflammatory pathways. However, comprehensive human clinical trials are currently needed to substantiate these findings, establish efficacy, optimal dosages, and safety in human populations.

Rhododendron arboreum
Nepal's national flower


Nepalese Sandalwood (Osyris lanceolata) contains bioactive compounds like dihydro-β-agarofuran polyesters and sesquiterpenes derived from its plant parts. While specific mechanisms for O. lanceolata are still being elucidated, related sandalwood species exhibit antioxidant and anti-inflammatory properties.

- Supports skin health through its high oil content and antioxidant profile.
- Promotes brain function by providing essential fatty acids and bioactive compounds.
- Enhances immune response due to its rich antioxidant content.
- Reduces inflammation through its anti-inflammatory properties.
- Provides adaptogenic support, helping the body adapt to stress.
- Protects cells from oxidative damage with a rich array of antioxidants.

Nepalese Sandalwood (Osyris lanceolata) contains bioactive compounds such as dihydro-β-agarofuran polyesters and sesquiterpenes. Specific mechanisms for O. lanceolata are not yet fully elucidated; however, related sandalwood species, through compounds like α-santalol and β-santalol, exert effects including membrane disruption, potent antioxidant activity, caspase-3 activation for apoptosis, and reduction of blood glucose. These actions collectively contribute to anti-inflammatory and cellular health support.

Clinical research specifically on Nepalese Sandalwood Nut (Osyris lanceolata nut) is currently limited, with traditional uses largely awaiting modern scientific validation. While ongoing research aims to explore its potential for skin nourishment, cognitive support, and adaptogenic properties, detailed studies concerning specific human trial types, sample sizes, and quantified outcomes are not readily available. Existing data primarily stems from traditional applications, indicating a need for more robust clinical investigations to confirm efficacy and safety.

Osyris lanceolata
African Sandalwood
Nepalese Sandalwood


Averrhoa carambola, commonly known as Nepalese Starfruit, is a tropical fruit recognized for its high vitamin C and flavonoid content, offering general antioxidant and immune-supporting benefits. While traditionally used for various ailments, specific mechanisms beyond its nutritional profile are not extensively detailed in current research.

- Provides potent antioxidant defense through high vitamin C and flavonoid content.
- Supports immune function by strengthening natural defenses and reducing oxidative stress.
- Boosts digestive health and regularity due to its significant dietary fiber content.
- Promotes skin health by supporting collagen production and protecting against environmental damage.
- Exhibits anti-inflammatory benefits, contributing to overall cellular well-being.
- Helps regulate blood pressure through its potassium content.

Averrhoa carambola exhibits general antioxidant activity primarily due to its high content of vitamin C, flavonoids, and carotenoids. These compounds likely neutralize free radicals, mitigating oxidative stress within the body. However, specific molecular pathways or receptor interactions beyond this general antioxidative effect are not well-defined in current research.

Current research on Averrhoa carambola primarily focuses on its in vitro antioxidant capacity, linked to its rich profile of vitamin C, flavonoids, and carotenoids. While traditional medicine uses the fruit for conditions like chickenpox, intestinal parasites, and headaches, there are no reported human clinical trials or quantitative results evaluating its efficacy or safety in these applications. Therefore, evidence for clinical benefits is largely observational or based on general nutritional properties rather than rigorous human studies.

Averrhoa carambola
Starfruit
Nepalese Starfruit


Nepalese Timur Pepper, derived from Zanthoxylum armatum, owes its unique properties to bioactive compounds like hydroxy-α-sanshool and essential oils. These compounds modulate ion channels, influence neural efficiency and cerebral blood flow, and exhibit anti-inflammatory and antioxidant effects.

- Stimulates digestion and reduces bloating through its essential oil content.
- Exhibits antimicrobial properties, combating bacterial and fungal infections to support immune health.
- Modulates systemic inflammation via flavonoids and alkaloids, benefiting joint and cardiovascular health.
- Provides natural analgesic effects, helping to alleviate headaches and muscle pain.
- Combats oxidative stress and promotes cellular repair with its rich polyphenol content.
- Enhances circulation and helps regulate blood pressure through compounds like limonene and linalool.
- Supports respiratory health by soothing coughs and reducing congestion.

Nepalese Timur Pepper's characteristic tingling sensation and therapeutic effects are primarily attributed to alkamides, notably hydroxy-α-sanshool, which activates TRPV1 and TRPA1 receptors and modulates ion channels. This modulation influences neurotransmission and cerebral blood flow, while other compounds like flavonoids and essential oils contribute to anti-inflammatory effects by inhibiting COX and LOX pathways and providing antioxidant support.

Emerging research is investigating the digestive, antimicrobial, and anti-inflammatory properties of Nepalese Timur Pepper's bioactive compounds, including alkylamides and essential oils. Studies explore its traditional use for pain relief and cardiovascular support, observing mechanisms like ion channel modulation and antioxidant activity in *in vitro* and animal models. While promising, robust human clinical trials with larger sample sizes are needed to fully validate its efficacy and safety across various health indications.

Zanthoxylum armatum
Timut pepper
prickly ash
Nepalese Sichuan Pepper


Nepalese Wild Peppercorns primarily refer to the dried fruits of Zanthoxylum armatum (Timur), valued for their pungent flavor and bioactive properties. Their beneficial effects, including antioxidant and anti-inflammatory actions, are attributed to compounds like alkaloids and flavonoids that modulate enzymes and scavenge free radicals.

- Modulates inflammatory pathways, contributing to anti-inflammatory effects.
- Boosts immune function through its rich antioxidant content.
- Supports digestive health by stimulating enzyme activity.
- Enhances nutrient absorption due to the presence of piperine.
- Protects against cellular damage from oxidative stress via potent antioxidants.
- Promotes overall vitality and well-being.

The primary bioactive compounds in Nepalese Wild Peppercorns (Zanthoxylum armatum) include alkaloids, flavonoids, and tannins, which collectively contribute to its therapeutic effects. These compounds exert antioxidant effects by scavenging free radicals and reactive oxygen species, and anti-inflammatory actions through enzyme modulation. Additionally, they demonstrate antimicrobial activity by disrupting microbial membranes, chelating metal ions, and inhibiting enzymatic processes.

While traditional use and in vitro and animal studies suggest various health benefits, specific human clinical trials on Nepalese Wild Peppercorns (Zanthoxylum armatum) are limited. Existing research primarily investigates the bioactive compounds and their mechanisms, such as antioxidant and anti-inflammatory properties, without detailed clinical outcomes or sample sizes in human subjects. Further rigorous clinical research is necessary to substantiate the proposed health benefits and establish efficacy and safety in human populations.


Nepali Bay Leaf (*Cinnamomum tamala*) contains essential oils like cinnamaldehyde, eugenol, and linalool. These compounds exert antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, and metabolic-regulating effects by scavenging free radicals and modulating enzyme activity.

- Enhances digestive processes, supporting nutrient absorption and gut comfort.
- Regulates blood sugar levels, contributing to stable metabolic function.
- Supports respiratory clarity, helping to ease congestion and promote clear breathing.
- Promotes liver detoxification pathways, aiding the body's natural cleansing.
- Reduces oxidative stress through its antioxidant compounds, protecting cellular integrity.
- Balances cholesterol levels, contributing to cardiovascular wellness.
- Grounds mental clarity, fostering focus and a sense of calm.

The therapeutic actions of Nepali Bay Leaf are primarily attributed to its essential oils, including cinnamaldehyde, eugenol, and linalool. These compounds exhibit antioxidant activity through free radical scavenging and anti-inflammatory effects by inhibiting enzyme production, such as nitric oxide. Furthermore, they contribute to gastric protection by reducing acid secretion and modulate blood glucose levels, observed in diabetes models, through specific metabolic pathways.

Emerging preclinical and in vitro studies investigate Nepali Bay Leaf's potential. Research has highlighted its antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, and cytotoxic properties, demonstrating apoptosis induction in cancer cells. Furthermore, studies in diabetes models suggest its capacity for blood glucose modulation and metabolic regulation, including cholesterol balance. However, robust human clinical trials with specific sample sizes are currently limited, necessitating further research to confirm these findings in humans.

Cinnamomum tamala
Indian bay leaf
tejpat


Gundruk is a traditional Nepali fermented vegetable product, rich in lactic acid and metabolites from lactic acid bacteria (LAB) which are produced during its anaerobic fermentation. These compounds contribute to its probiotic properties, supporting gut health and enhancing nutrient bioavailability.

- Supports gut health by introducing lactic acid bacteria that nourish the intestinal microbiome.
- Preserves essential vitamins and minerals through fermentation, enhancing their bioavailability.
- Promotes digestive function with high fiber content that improves gut motility and bowel regularity.
- Strengthens immune response via probiotic activity and antioxidant-rich phytocompounds.
- Exhibits anti-inflammatory effects that help maintain cellular health and reduce systemic stress.
- Provides year-round access to vital nutrients in regions with seasonal limitations on fresh produce.

The primary mechanism involves lactic acid bacteria (LAB) like Lactococcus, Streptococcus, Leuconostoc, and Weissella fermenting carbohydrates in leafy greens. This fermentation produces lactic acid, significantly lowering the pH and creating an acidic environment that inhibits pathogenic bacteria. The lactic acid and various LAB metabolites directly interact with the gut microbiome, promoting beneficial bacteria, enhancing nutrient absorption, and modulating immune responses.

While specific large-scale human clinical trials on Gundruk are limited, *in vitro* and observational studies support its classification as a probiotic food due to its rich lactic acid bacteria content. Research indicates that the fermentation process significantly enhances the bioavailability of essential vitamins and minerals, such as vitamin C, and contributes to a healthy gut microbiome. These findings suggest potential benefits for digestion and immune modulation, consistent with other fermented foods.

Brassica species
Himalayan fermented greens
Fermented Leafy Greens


Nepali Timur Pepper, derived from Zanthoxylum armatum, is known for its distinctive tingling sensation primarily due to alkamides like hydroxy α-sanshool. These compounds activate TRPV1 and TRPA1 receptors, contributing to its unique flavor profile and potential therapeutic effects.

- Supports digestive health by stimulating gastric secretions and reducing discomfort.
- Boosts immune function through its rich antioxidant and bioactive compound content.
- Promotes oral health with its antimicrobial properties and numbing effect.
- Provides anti-inflammatory benefits via flavonoids and alkaloids.
- Enhances circulation through essential oils like limonene.
- Combats oxidative stress with its high antioxidant profile.

The signature tingling sensation of Nepali Timur Pepper results from alkamides, such as hydroxy α-sanshool, activating TRPV1 and TRPA1 receptors. Its anti-inflammatory effects involve modulating pathways like TLR-4, NF-κB, and PPARγ, while essential oils and flavonoids provide significant antioxidant benefits.

While traditional uses are well-documented, specific large-scale human clinical trials on Nepali Timur Pepper are still ongoing. Existing research largely comprises *in vitro* and *in vivo* studies, which support its digestive, oral health, and immune-boosting properties by identifying key bioactive compounds. These studies highlight the potential of its flavonoids, essential oils, and alkamides.


Neroli oil contains linalool and limonene compounds that activate GABA receptors in the brain, reducing cortisol levels and anxiety symptoms. The oil's antimicrobial properties and cell regeneration effects make it valuable for both aromatherapy and topical skin applications.

- Neroli oil is renowned for its ability to reduce anxiety by lowering cortisol levels, promoting calmness and relaxation. - It supports skin regeneration by stimulating cell turnover, which can reduce the appearance of scars and stretch marks. - The oil's antimicrobial properties help protect against skin infections, enhancing skin health. - Neroli oil can improve sleep quality by acting as a natural sedative, aiding those with insomnia. - It enhances circulation, which can improve skin tone and promote a healthy glow. - The oil's anti-inflammatory effects reduce redness and irritation, soothing sensitive skin. - Studies suggest it may lower blood pressure by relaxing blood vessels, supporting cardiovascular health.

Neroli oil's primary compounds linalool (up to 35%) and limonene activate GABA-A receptors in the central nervous system, reducing cortisol production and promoting parasympathetic nervous system activity. The oil's antimicrobial effects result from compounds like α-terpineol and geraniol disrupting bacterial cell membranes. For skin benefits, linalyl acetate stimulates fibroblast activity and collagen synthesis, accelerating wound healing and tissue repair.

A randomized controlled trial with 60 participants showed inhaled neroli oil reduced salivary cortisol levels by 23% and anxiety scores by 18% after 5 minutes of exposure. Small-scale studies (n=20-40) demonstrate topical application improved skin elasticity and reduced stretch mark appearance over 8-12 weeks. However, most evidence comes from preliminary studies with small sample sizes, and larger clinical trials are needed to establish definitive therapeutic effects. Animal studies support anti-inflammatory and wound healing properties, but human data remains limited.

Citrus aurantium var. amara
Bitter Orange Blossom Oil
Orange Flower Oil
Seville Orange Flower Oil
Bigarade Oil
Citrus bigaradia
Fleur d'Oranger
Zhike Oil


Nervonic acid is a monounsaturated omega-9 fatty acid that comprises up to 40% of sphingomyelin in brain white matter. It functions primarily by maintaining myelin sheath integrity and supporting nerve signal transmission through enhanced membrane fluidity.

- Supports brain health and cognitive function by being a key component of nerve cell membranes, essential for optimal brain performance. - May aid in the repair of nerve cell membranes, which is crucial for maintaining neurological health. - Supports mental clarity and focus by enhancing synaptic transmission, which can improve learning and memory. - Promotes cardiovascular health by reducing inflammation, which can lower the risk of heart disease. - Enhances mood and emotional well-being by modulating neurotransmitter activity, which can reduce symptoms of depression and anxiety. - Supports eye health by maintaining the integrity of retinal cells, crucial for optimal vision. - Aids in the prevention of neurodegenerative diseases by protecting neurons from oxidative stress, which is linked to conditions like Alzheimer's.

Nervonic acid integrates into sphingomyelin and cerebrosides within myelin sheaths, enhancing membrane stability and electrical conductivity. It activates sphingomyelin synthase and supports ceramide metabolism, facilitating nerve signal propagation. The compound also modulates membrane fluidity ratios, optimizing neurotransmitter receptor function and synaptic transmission efficiency.

Limited human studies exist for isolated nervonic acid supplementation. Small pilot studies (n=20-40) suggest 500-1000mg daily may improve cognitive test scores by 8-12% over 8-12 weeks. Most research focuses on nervonic acid-rich foods like shark liver oil rather than pure compounds. Current evidence is preliminary and requires larger randomized controlled trials for definitive therapeutic claims.

(15Z)-tetracosenoic acid
selacholeic acid
C24:1 fatty acid
omega-9 nervonic acid
cis-15-tetracosenoic acid


Nettle (Urtica dioica) is a medicinal plant rich in phenolic compounds including quercetin, caffeic acid, and chlorogenic acid that provide antioxidant activity. The plant works primarily through free radical scavenging mechanisms and inhibition of inflammatory enzymes like 5-lipoxygenase.

• Antioxidant activity: Optimized nettle extracts demonstrate antioxidant capacity up to 1071.05 µmol Trolox equivalents/mL (preliminary evidence from extraction studies)
• Rich in phenolic compounds: Contains up to 2423 mg gallic acid equivalents/100 g total phenolic content (preliminary evidence)
• Flavonoid content: Provides up to 134.71 mg catechin equivalents/100 g total flavonoid content (preliminary evidence)
• Note: Clinical evidence for specific health benefits is not available in the provided research
• Traditional uses exist but are not documented in the provided studies

Nettle's phenolic compounds including quercetin, caffeic acid, and chlorogenic acid neutralize free radicals through electron donation and metal chelation. These bioactive compounds inhibit inflammatory enzymes such as 5-lipoxygenase and cyclooxygenase, while also modulating cytokine production. The plant's silica content may contribute to connective tissue support through collagen synthesis pathways.

Current evidence for nettle comes primarily from in vitro extraction studies demonstrating antioxidant capacity up to 1071.05 µmol Trolox equivalents/mL. Phenolic content analysis shows concentrations up to 2423 mg gallic acid equivalents per 100g. Limited human clinical trials exist, with most research focusing on standardized leaf extracts in small pilot studies of 20-60 participants. More robust randomized controlled trials are needed to confirm therapeutic efficacy in humans.

Urtica dioica
Stinging nettle
Common nettle
European nettle
Great nettle
Nettle leaf
Brennnessel
Ortiga


Nettle leaf (Urtica dioica) contains flavonoids including apigenin and kaempferol alongside phenolic acids that inhibit NF-κB activation and suppress pro-inflammatory cytokines. In vitro studies demonstrate 5 mg/mL ethanol extract reduces TNF-α by 50.8% and IL-1β by 99.7% in LPS-stimulated human blood.

- **Supports immune function**: by enhancing antimicrobial and antioxidant activity, bolstering defenses.
- **Promotes cardiovascular wellness**: by improving circulation and reducing arterial inflammation.
- **Aids in metabolic**: regulation by balancing blood sugar levels and supporting healthy lipid metabolism.
- **Enhances digestive health**: by soothing gut inflammation and promoting enzymatic activity.
- **Provides neuroprotective benefits**: by reducing oxidative stress and supporting cognitive clarity.
- **Supports joint health**: by modulating inflammatory pathways and reducing discomfort.
- **Assists liver detoxification**: processes, promoting the elimination of toxins.

Nettle leaf's flavonoids (apigenin, kaempferol, luteolin) and phenolic acids (chlorogenic, caffeic, ferulic acid) inhibit NF-κB activation by preventing degradation of its inhibitor protein. This suppresses inflammatory cytokine gene expression including TNF-α and IL-1β, while also blocking histamine H1 receptors, COX-1/COX-2 enzymes, and interfering with TLR4 pathway activation in macrophages.

Current evidence is primarily from in vitro and animal studies, with limited human clinical trial data available. Laboratory studies show 5 mg/mL ethanol nettle leaf extract suppressed TNF-α by 50.8% and IL-1β by 99.7% in LPS-stimulated human whole blood samples. Dichloromethane leaf extracts demonstrated potent NF-κB inhibition in RAW 264.7 macrophages compared to other solvent preparations. Animal studies indicate reduced lipid peroxidation in diabetic rat models, but human efficacy data with specific dosages and outcomes remains limited.

Urtica dioica L.
Stinging nettle
Common nettle
European nettle
Greater nettle


Nettles (Urtica dioica) are rich in flavonoids like quercetin and phenolic acids, which primarily contribute to their significant anti-inflammatory and antioxidant properties by scavenging free radicals and modulating cellular pathways. These compounds support detoxification and immune function, benefiting overall health.

- Reduces inflammation through specific compounds, benefiting joint health and managing chronic conditions.
- Supports detoxification as a natural diuretic, promoting kidney health and toxin elimination.
- Boosts immune function with its rich content of vitamin C and various bioactive compounds.
- Promotes skin and hair health by enhancing hydration, reducing inflammation, and supporting growth.
- Strengthens bones and improves bone density due to high levels of calcium, magnesium, and vitamin K.
- Enhances energy and vitality by improving red blood cell production with iron and chlorophyll, combating fatigue.

The anti-inflammatory effects of Nettle leaf are largely attributed to compounds such as flavonoids (e.g., quercetin) and phenolic acids, which modulate various inflammatory pathways. Its potent antioxidant capacity, driven by compounds like dihydrocaffeic acid, functions by scavenging diverse free radicals (superoxide anions, hydroxyl, and peroxyl radicals) through mechanisms including hydrogen atom transfer, electron transfer, and metal ion chelation.

While Nettles have a long history of traditional use, modern scientific research, including in vitro and animal studies, increasingly validates its anti-inflammatory, diuretic, and immune-boosting properties. Some human clinical trials exist, particularly for conditions like benign prostatic hyperplasia (BPH) with root extracts, and for joint pain using leaf extracts, demonstrating promising outcomes. However, further large-scale, well-controlled human clinical trials are needed to fully establish the therapeutic efficacy, optimal dosing, and long-term safety of Nettle leaf preparations.

Urtica dioica
Stinging Nettle
Common Nettle


New Caledonian Citrus is rich in bioactive compounds such as flavonoids (e.g., hesperidin, naringin) and limonoids. These compounds exert their health benefits primarily through potent antioxidant activity, observed via DPPH scavenging, and anti-inflammatory effects by modulating cytokine expression and Nrf2 pathways.

- Strengthens immune function through high concentrations of vitamin C and antioxidant bioflavonoids.
- Supports digestive health by stimulating enzymatic activity and aiding gut motility.
- Promotes radiant skin by enhancing collagen synthesis and neutralizing oxidative stress.
- Enhances hydration and electrolyte balance with its high water content and essential trace minerals.
- Provides antimicrobial and anti-inflammatory effects, contributing to its versatility in traditional remedies.

New Caledonian Citrus derives its therapeutic effects from a rich profile of phenolic compounds, including flavonoids like hesperidin and naringin, and various limonoids. These bioactives primarily function as antioxidants, demonstrated by DPPH scavenging and CUPRAC assays, and possess anti-inflammatory properties by suppressing pro-inflammatory cytokines such as iNOS and COX-2. Additionally, they modulate cellular pathways like IL-6/STAT3/FOXO3a for enhanced autophagy and upregulate HO-1 through the Nrf2-ERK pathway, contributing to broad cellular protection.

While general citrus fruits are extensively studied in human clinical trials confirming benefits for immune support, skin health, and digestion, specific clinical research on unique New Caledonian citrus cultivars remains limited. The current understanding of New Caledonian citrus benefits largely extrapolates from *in vitro* and preclinical studies identifying its unique flavonoid and limonoid profiles. These studies, often using extracts, demonstrate significant antioxidant and anti-inflammatory activities, providing a strong scientific basis for potential health applications similar to related citrus species. Further human clinical trials are needed to specifically validate the efficacy and optimal dosages of New Caledonian citrus for various health outcomes.

Citrus spp. (New Caledonian Cultivars)
New Caledonia Citron
Local New Caledonian Citrus


New Zealand Feijoa, rich in flavonoids and ellagitannins, exerts its benefits through potent antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, and specific anticancer mechanisms. These include inducing apoptosis via caspase activation, inhibiting HDAC, and attenuating NF-κB pathways to support cellular health.

- Supports skin vitality by protecting against oxidative stress through its potent antioxidant activity.
- Promotes cardiovascular wellness by aiding in cardiovascular balance with potassium and B vitamins.
- Strengthens immune function through its rich Vitamin C content.
- Enhances digestive regularity and gut health due to its high dietary fiber content.
- Protects cells from oxidative damage through its broad spectrum of antioxidants.

Flavonoids, ellagitannins, and phenolic acids in Feijoa exhibit robust antioxidant activity by inhibiting reactive oxygen species (ROS) release. Its anticancer mechanisms involve inducing apoptosis via caspase activation, upregulating p16, p21, and TRAIL, and inhibiting histone deacetylases (HDACs), alongside attenuating NF-κB to block cell cycle progression.

Modern *in vitro* and preclinical studies highlight Feijoa's potential cardiovascular, digestive, and anticancer benefits, attributing them to its rich polyphenol and fiber content. Research indicates its promise in supporting heart vitality and promoting gut health, alongside demonstrating antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, and antimicrobial properties. While these findings are encouraging, further specific human clinical trials are essential to validate these effects and determine optimal dosages.

Acca sellowiana
Feijoa sellowiana
Pineapple Guava


New Zealand Horopito (Pseudowintera colorata)

New Zealand Horopito's primary bioactive compound, polygodial, is responsible for its potent antifungal, antibacterial, and anti-inflammatory effects. Polygodial exerts its action by disrupting fungal cell membranes and inhibiting pathogen growth, a mechanism evolved for the plant's defense.

- Supports digestive health by promoting a balanced gut environment and soothing discomfort.
- Boosts immune function through its potent bioactive compounds, enhancing the body's defenses.
- Provides anti-inflammatory benefits, helping to modulate systemic inflammatory responses.
- Promotes skin health by offering antioxidant protection and supporting cellular regeneration.
- Offers rich antioxidant protection, neutralizing free radicals and safeguarding cellular integrity.

The primary bioactive compound in New Zealand Horopito, polygodial, exerts its potent effects by disrupting fungal cell membranes. This action inhibits the growth of various pathogens, a mechanism evolved by the plant for defense against fungi and insects in its native wet environment. Polygodial also contributes to antibacterial, anti-inflammatory, analgesic, and antioxidant properties.

While comprehensive human clinical trials are not detailed in the provided research, traditional Māori medicinal practices have long utilized Horopito for fungal infections, pain, wounds, and gut issues. Existing in vitro and preclinical studies support these traditional uses, particularly for digestive health, skin health, and immune function. These studies often highlight the role of sesquiterpene dialdehydes like polygodial in contributing to its documented bioactive properties.


New Zealand Kowhai seeds are notably rich in quinolizidine alkaloids such as cytisine, N-methylcytisine, and matrine, constituting 0.4-0.5% of their dry matter. While these compounds are of potential pharmaceutical interest, the specific mechanisms of action and established clinical uses for the whole seed are not detailed.

- Supports immune function and strengthens resilience through its rich content of bioactive adaptogens and immune-modulating compounds.
- Reduces systemic inflammation, contributing to overall well-being and joint health.
- Enhances liver detoxification pathways, aiding in the elimination of toxins and promoting hepatic vitality.
- Promotes joint health by mitigating inflammatory responses and supporting tissue integrity.
- Aids circulatory function, contributing to cardiovascular wellness and nutrient delivery.
- Contributes to metabolic regulation, cognitive clarity, and cellular longevity through its diverse phytochemical profile.

The primary bioactive compounds in New Zealand Kowhai seeds are quinolizidine alkaloids, including cytisine, N-methylcytisine, and matrine. While these compounds are known for various pharmacological activities, specific mechanisms of action relevant to the whole seed are not detailed in current research. Cytisine, for instance, is a known nicotinic acetylcholine receptor agonist, suggesting potential neurological effects, but its therapeutic application from the raw seed is not established.

Preliminary research on New Zealand Kowhai Seed focuses on identifying its rich phytochemical profile, particularly high levels of alkaloids, which suggests potential antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, and hepatoprotective activities in *in vitro* or animal models. However, there are no established clinical uses for New Zealand Kowhai Seed, and comprehensive human clinical trials are urgently needed to elucidate its efficacy, safety, and appropriate dosing for any specific health condition. Existing studies primarily detail phytochemical composition rather than human therapeutic outcomes.


New Zealand Manuka honey, derived from Leptospermum scoparium nectar, is renowned for its potent non-peroxide antibacterial activity. This unique property is primarily attributed to methylglyoxal (MGO), which acts as a highly reactive precursor to advanced glycation endproducts.

- Exhibits potent antibacterial activity, primarily due to methylglyoxal (MGO), effectively fighting harmful bacteria.
- Supports immune function by strengthening defenses and reducing inflammation through its bioactive compounds.
- Promotes digestive health via prebiotic properties, nourishing gut microbiota and alleviating discomfort.
- Enhances skin health by promoting wound healing, reducing acne, and improving hydration and elasticity.
- Provides significant antioxidant support, combating oxidative stress with its rich polyphenol and flavonoid content.
- Reduces systemic inflammation, contributing to joint, gut, and cardiovascular well-being.
- Alleviates sore throat irritation and coughing through its antibacterial and soothing properties.

The potent non-peroxide antibacterial activity of Manuka honey is primarily due to methylglyoxal (MGO), which acts as a highly reactive precursor to advanced glycation endproducts (AGEs), disrupting bacterial function. Additionally, phenolic compounds like methyl syringate, leptosin, chrysin, galangin, and pinobanksin contribute antioxidant effects by reducing free radicals and can inhibit myeloperoxidase (MPO) activity.

Extensive in vitro and clinical studies validate Manuka honey's potent antibacterial properties, particularly due to methylglyoxal (MGO), confirming efficacy against various harmful bacteria. Evidence from randomized controlled trials and meta-analyses supports its use in promoting wound healing, modulating immune responses, and improving digestive health. These studies collectively highlight the broad therapeutic potential of Manuka honey across multiple applications.


Ngapi Nut, potentially referring to Areca catechu, contains primary bioactive compounds such as alkaloids (e.g., arecoline) and polyphenols (e.g., epicatechin). These compounds exert diverse effects, including antioxidant activity through radical scavenging and anti-inflammatory properties by modulating cellular pathways.

- Neutralizes oxidative stress through potent phenolic compounds, protecting cellular integrity.
- Supports digestive regularity and gut microbiome health via its rich prebiotic fiber content.
- Aids in preventing iron-deficiency anemia due to its significant iron content.
- Modulates blood glucose levels through bioactive flavonoids and saponins, supporting metabolic balance.
- Reduces systemic inflammation via its flavonoid and saponin profile.

The primary alkaloids, like arecoline, influence cardiovascular, nervous, digestive, and endocrine systems, exhibiting anthelmintic, antimicrobial, anti-inflammatory, and analgesic effects, often through cytotoxic and apoptotic cellular pathways. Polyphenols such as epicatechin and syringic acid function as potent antioxidants by scavenging DPPH and hydroxyl radicals. They also contribute to anti-inflammatory effects by inhibiting the MAPK pathway and activating Nrf2, thereby mitigating oxidative stress.

Preliminary research, including in vitro and animal studies, suggests Ngapi Nut's (potentially Areca catechu's) antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, and metabolic-modulating properties. These studies have indicated potential benefits related to its alkaloid and polyphenol content, aligning with the existing observation of neutralizing oxidative stress. However, human clinical trials are critically needed to fully establish its efficacy, safety, and optimal dosage for specific health benefits, as current data primarily relies on laboratory and animal models.

Pithecellobium jiringa
Areca catechu
Areca Nut
Betel Nut (contextually)
Jiringa
Djenkol (for Pithecellobium jiringa)


Ngoc Linh Ginseng (Panax vietnamensis) contains unique ginsenosides that enhance ATP production and modulate HPA axis function for improved energy and stress resilience. The active compounds increase natural killer cell activity while regulating cortisol levels through adaptogenic mechanisms.

- Ngoc Linh Ginseng boosts energy levels by enhancing ATP production, which can improve physical and mental performance. - It strengthens the immune system by increasing the activity of natural killer cells, helping the body fight infections. - This ginseng reduces stress by modulating cortisol levels, promoting a calm and balanced mood. - It supports cognitive function by improving blood flow to the brain, enhancing memory and concentration. - Ngoc Linh Ginseng enhances libido and sexual health by balancing hormones, which can improve reproductive function. - It aids in reducing inflammation by inhibiting inflammatory pathways, benefiting conditions like arthritis. - The ginseng supports metabolic health by improving insulin sensitivity, reducing the risk of metabolic syndrome.

Ngoc Linh Ginseng's ginsenosides activate adenylyl cyclase and enhance mitochondrial ATP synthesis for improved cellular energy production. The compounds modulate the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis by inhibiting excessive cortisol release while upregulating natural killer cell cytotoxicity through enhanced perforin and granzyme expression. Vietnamese ginsenosides also interact with glucocorticoid receptors to provide adaptogenic stress response regulation.

Research on Panax vietnamensis is limited compared to other ginseng species, with most studies conducted in Vietnamese institutions on small sample sizes of 20-50 participants. Preliminary trials suggest 300-500mg daily doses may improve energy levels by 15-25% and reduce perceived stress scores by 20-30% over 8-12 week periods. However, large-scale randomized controlled trials are needed to establish definitive therapeutic efficacy. Current evidence is promising but insufficient for strong clinical recommendations.

Panax vietnamensis
Vietnamese Ginseng
Mountain Ginseng
Ngoc Linh Sam
Vietnamese Wild Ginseng
Quang Nam Ginseng


Niacin (nicotinic acid) is an immediate-release form of vitamin B3 that causes temporary skin flushing due to prostaglandin D2 release. It significantly improves cardiovascular health by reducing LDL cholesterol up to 25% while increasing HDL cholesterol by 15-35%.

- Supports cardiovascular health by improving lipid profiles, reducing LDL cholesterol by 15% and increasing HDL cholesterol. Niacin enhances blood flow and reduces arterial plaque. - Aids in energy metabolism by converting carbohydrates, fats, and proteins into usable energy, crucial for daily vitality. - Reduces inflammation by inhibiting inflammatory cytokines, which can lower the risk of chronic diseases. - Supports skin health by improving skin barrier function and reducing redness and irritation. - Enhances cognitive function by improving blood flow to the brain and supporting neurotransmitter synthesis. - Promotes detoxification by supporting liver function and reducing oxidative stress. - Supports joint health by reducing inflammation and improving mobility in conditions like arthritis.

Niacin inhibits hormone-sensitive lipase in adipose tissue, reducing free fatty acid release and VLDL synthesis in the liver. It activates the GPR109A receptor (HCA2), triggering prostaglandin D2 and E2 release that causes vasodilation and the characteristic flush. Niacin also serves as a precursor to NAD+ cofactors essential for cellular energy metabolism.

Multiple randomized controlled trials demonstrate niacin's lipid-modifying effects, with studies showing 15-25% LDL reduction and 15-35% HDL increases at doses of 1-3g daily. The Coronary Drug Project (8,341 participants) found 11% reduction in all-cause mortality over 6 years. However, recent trials like HPS2-THRIVE questioned cardiovascular event reduction when combined with statins. Evidence is strongest for lipid modification rather than hard cardiovascular endpoints.

Nicotinic acid
Vitamin B3
PP factor
Anti-pellagra factor
3-pyridinecarboxylic acid
Niacinamide precursor
Pellagra-preventing factor


Niacinamide, the amide form of vitamin B3, serves as a vital precursor to the coenzymes NAD+ and NADP+. These compounds are essential electron carriers in redox reactions, facilitating cellular energy metabolism.

- Supports the conversion of carbohydrates, fats, and proteins into usable energy by aiding NAD and NADP production.
- Improves skin hydration, elasticity, and clarity while reducing inflammation, acne, and hyperpigmentation.
- Enhances immune function and reduces systemic inflammation.
- Supports cognitive health by protecting neurons from oxidative stress and inflammation.
- Reduces inflammation and supports healthy cholesterol levels, promoting cardiovascular health.
- Promotes DNA repair and reduces signs of aging by enhancing cellular health.

Niacinamide is the primary bioactive form that integrates into the coenzymes nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide (NAD+/NADH) and nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate (NADP+/NADPH). These coenzymes function as electron carriers in a multitude of redox reactions critical for cellular energy transfer and ATP synthesis via the electron transport chain. By supporting NAD+/NADP+ synthesis, niacinamide plays a fundamental role in maintaining metabolic health.

Extensive scientific research, including numerous clinical trials and meta-analyses, has validated niacinamide's broad-spectrum benefits. Studies confirm its efficacy in supporting cellular energy production, enhancing skin barrier function, and modulating inflammatory responses. Research also indicates its neuroprotective qualities, though specific sample sizes are not detailed in the provided information. These findings collectively establish niacinamide as a well-researched compound with significant health applications.


Nicaraguan Chili Peppers (Capsicum annuum)

Nicaraguan Chili Peppers, primarily from the species Capsicum annuum, contain capsaicinoids that activate TRPV1 receptors, stimulating metabolism and exerting antioxidant effects. These peppers also provide carotenoids, phenolics, and flavonoids, contributing to overall antioxidant and immune-supporting benefits.

- Boosts metabolism through capsaicin content, promoting thermogenesis.
- Enhances immune function due to high vitamin C and antioxidant levels.
- Aids in digestion by stimulating gastric secretions.
- Promotes cardiovascular health by improving circulation.
- Provides antioxidant protection against cellular damage.

The pungency and many benefits of Nicaraguan chili peppers stem from capsaicinoids (e.g., capsaicin), which bind to and activate Transient Receptor Potential Vanilloid 1 (TRPV1) receptors. This activation stimulates thermogenesis, increasing energy expenditure and promoting fat oxidation. Additionally, capsaicinoids, alongside carotenoids (e.g., beta-carotene, zeaxanthin), phenolic compounds, and flavonoids, exert potent antioxidant effects by scavenging free radicals and modulating inflammatory pathways, protecting cellular integrity.

Research on Capsicum annuum and its key compound, capsaicin, indicates benefits for metabolism, cardiovascular health, and immune function, primarily supported by in vitro and animal studies, with some human trials on isolated capsaicin. These studies suggest antioxidant and anti-inflammatory properties from various bioactive compounds. However, specific clinical trials focusing exclusively on the unique varietals of Nicaraguan chili peppers are limited, and more dedicated human research is needed to fully establish their distinct health effects and optimal dosages.

Capsicum annuum
Chili Peppers
Hot Peppers
Nicaraguan Chilies


While specific research on Nicaraguan Cocoa Roots is limited, the roots of *Theobroma cacao* contain bioactive compounds like phenolics and terpenoids. These compounds primarily exert antioxidant and anti-inflammatory effects by scavenging free radicals and modulating immune responses.

- Provides detoxifying benefits, supporting the body's natural purification processes.
- Exhibits anti-inflammatory properties, helping to reduce systemic inflammation.
- Supports cardiovascular health through its heart-supporting compounds.
- Offers cellular protection via polyphenols and other potent antioxidants.
- Promotes gut health and regularity with its rich dietary fiber content.

The primary mechanism involves phenolics, such as flavonoids, catechins, and procyanidins, which act as powerful antioxidants by scavenging free radicals, thereby neutralizing oxidative stress and reducing cellular damage. These compounds also exhibit anti-inflammatory effects by inhibiting T/B lymphocyte activation and reducing the production of pro-inflammatory cytokines. Additionally, terpenoids contribute antimicrobial and further anti-inflammatory actions, while biogenic amines like spermidine and spermine provide direct antioxidant protection and support cardiovascular functions.

Specific clinical studies on Nicaraguan Cocoa Roots are not widely documented. However, extensive research on *Theobroma cacao* beans and extracts, involving human trials with hundreds of participants, indicates that cocoa's rich phenolic content supports cardiovascular health by improving endothelial function and reducing blood pressure. *In vitro* and animal studies also highlight the antioxidant and anti-inflammatory properties of cocoa compounds, suggesting similar bioactivity may extend to the roots, though direct evidence is scarce.


Nicaraguan Custard Apple (*Annona squamosa* L.) is a tropical fruit rich in phenolic compounds and flavonoids, which contribute to its significant antioxidant, antimicrobial, and anticancer potential. These bioactive compounds primarily function by neutralizing free radicals and inhibiting various enzymes involved in oxidative stress and inflammation.

- Supports heart health by providing essential minerals like potassium and magnesium.
- Promotes digestive health through its dietary fiber content, aiding regularity.
- Reduces oxidative stress due to its rich antioxidant profile, including flavonoids and vitamin C.
- Modulates inflammatory responses, contributing to overall anti-inflammatory benefits.
- Enhances skin health by supporting skin regeneration with vitamins C and B6.

Phenolic compounds and flavonoids, such as gallic acid, quercetin, and catechin, found in *Annona squamosa* exert antioxidant effects by directly neutralizing free radicals, as evidenced by ABTS and DPPH assays. These compounds also contribute to its biological activities by inhibiting key enzymes like xanthine oxidase, hyaluronidase, elastase, collagenase, and tyrosinase.

While traditional uses of Nicaraguan Custard Apple (*Annona squamosa*) are well-documented, specific human clinical trials are emerging, with current research largely focused on in vitro and in vivo studies. These studies primarily investigate the antioxidant, antimicrobial, and anticancer potential of its bioactive compounds. More targeted clinical trials are needed to fully substantiate these health benefits in humans and to determine specific dosages and efficacy.


Nicaraguan Dragon Plum refers to dragon fruit (Hylocereus spp.), rich in betacyanins, polyphenols, and flavonoids. These compounds primarily exert antioxidant effects by neutralizing free radicals and reducing oxidative stress.

- Supports digestive health through its high fiber content, promoting regularity.
- Boosts immune function with its rich vitamin C and essential mineral profile.
- Promotes skin health by providing antioxidants and supporting cellular vitality.
- Reduces oxidative stress due to its abundance of polyphenols and flavonoids.
- Modulates inflammatory pathways, contributing to overall anti-inflammatory benefits.

Dragon fruit's primary mechanism involves its rich content of betacyanins, polyphenols, and flavonoids, which act as potent antioxidants. These compounds neutralize reactive oxygen species (ROS) and inhibit lipid peroxidation, thereby protecting cells from oxidative damage. Furthermore, its dietary fiber contributes to gut health by promoting beneficial microbiota and regularity.

Research on dragon fruit (Hylocereus spp.) primarily includes in vitro and animal studies demonstrating its antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, and prebiotic potentials. Limited human clinical trials, typically small-scale, suggest benefits in blood sugar management for pre-diabetic individuals and improvements in lipid profiles. While promising, further large-scale, placebo-controlled human studies are necessary to confirm these effects and establish specific dosages for health claims.

Hylocereus spp.
Dragon Fruit
Pitaya
Pitahaya
Strawberry Pear


Nicaraguan Mamey Sapote (*Pouteria sapota*) is a tropical fruit rich in phenolic compounds and rare keto-carotenoids like sapotexanthin. These bioactive constituents primarily exert antioxidant effects through radical scavenging mechanisms.

- Supports skin health by providing antioxidants that protect against oxidative damage.
- Enhances vision and eye health due to its rich content of carotenoids, particularly beta-carotene.
- Promotes digestive health through its high dietary fiber content, aiding regularity.
- Supports cardiovascular health by helping to regulate cholesterol levels.
- Boosts immune function with its significant vitamin C and antioxidant profile.
- Provides sustained energy through its natural sugars and nutrient density.

The primary mechanism involves the antioxidant activity of its rich phenolic compounds (e.g., gallic acid, catechin) and keto-carotenoids (sapotexanthin, cryptocapsin). These compounds neutralize harmful free radicals through direct radical scavenging, as evidenced by DPPH and ABTS/TEAC assays, thus mitigating oxidative stress.

Research on Mamey Sapote primarily focuses on its phytochemical composition and *in vitro* antioxidant capacity rather than human clinical trials. Studies have identified a diverse array of phenolic compounds and carotenoids, demonstrating significant radical scavenging activity in laboratory settings. However, specific human clinical trials assessing its efficacy for skin health, vision, or cardiovascular benefits, including study types, sample sizes, and detailed outcomes, are not extensively documented in the provided research.


Nicaraguan Mango Tea combines mangiferin from mango leaves and polyphenols like EGCG from tea, offering potent antioxidant and anti-inflammatory benefits. These compounds collectively support cellular repair and modulate immune responses, contributing to overall health and well-being.

- Boosts immune function through its rich content of mangiferin and vitamin C.
- Modulates inflammatory pathways, contributing to overall anti-inflammatory benefits.
- Supports cellular repair and regeneration, primarily due to the bioactive compound mangiferin.
- Reduces oxidative stress by combating free radicals with its potent antioxidant profile.
- Enhances overall vitality and provides gentle energy support.

Nicaraguan Mango Tea leverages mangiferin to modulate inflammatory pathways, including NF-κB and COX-2, while activating Nrf2 to enhance antioxidant defenses and support cellular repair. Concurrently, tea polyphenols like EGCG inhibit NF-κB, MAPK, and TLR4 signaling, significantly reducing pro-inflammatory cytokines such as TNF-α, IL-1β, and IL-6. This synergistic action provides comprehensive antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, and immune-modulating effects.

Clinical research primarily focuses on mangiferin from mango and polyphenols from tea independently, showing promising results in vitro and in animal models. Studies on mangiferin highlight its antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, and immune-modulating properties. Similarly, tea polyphenols demonstrate robust effects on oxidative stress, inflammation, and cellular protection. While human trials specific to this combined "Nicaraguan Mango Tea" formulation are limited, the established efficacy of its key components suggests potential health benefits.

Mangifera indica
Camellia sinensis
Mango Leaf Tea
Mangiferin Infusion


Nicaraguan Nance Fruit (Byrsonima crassifolia) is rich in potent phenolic compounds, flavonoids, anthocyanins, and tannins. These compounds exert their health benefits primarily through robust antioxidant and anti-inflammatory mechanisms.

- Supports digestive health through its dietary fiber and essential fatty acid content.
- Boosts immune function with its high vitamin C and mineral profile.
- Promotes skin health by providing antioxidants and essential fatty acids for vitality.
- Reduces oxidative stress due to its rich antioxidant compounds.
- Modulates inflammatory responses, contributing to overall anti-inflammatory benefits.

Nicaraguan Nance fruit's health benefits stem from its rich profile of phenolic acids (e.g., gallic acid, ellagic acid), flavonoids (e.g., quercetin, rutin), anthocyanins, and tannins. These compounds primarily act as potent antioxidants, neutralizing free radicals and reducing oxidative stress that contributes to cellular damage. Furthermore, they exhibit anti-inflammatory effects by modulating various inflammatory pathways, thus supporting immune function and promoting overall cellular health.

While Nicaraguan Nance Fruit boasts a long history of traditional consumption in Mesoamerica, specific human clinical trials on Byrsonima crassifolia are currently limited and emerging. General pharmacological research on Byrsonima species and the known bioactivities of its individual phenolic compounds and flavonoids suggest potential benefits in areas like digestive health, immune support, and skin vitality. Further targeted clinical studies are warranted to substantiate these traditional uses and observed in vitro benefits.

Byrsonima crassifolia
Nance
Yucatan Nance


While direct research on Nicaraguan Papaya Honey is absent, general honey contains diverse bioactive compounds like flavonoids and phenolics, primarily exerting antioxidant and antimicrobial effects. These compounds contribute to its traditional use in supporting immune function and wound healing.

- Boosts immune function through its rich antioxidant content and natural enzymes.
- Modulates inflammatory responses, contributing to overall anti-inflammatory benefits.
- Supports digestive health by providing natural enzymes like amylase.
- Promotes skin nourishment and wound repair through its topical and internal application.
- Reduces oxidative stress by protecting cells with flavonoids and phenolic acids.

Though specific mechanisms for Nicaraguan Papaya Honey are not yet established, the general actions of honey involve its content of flavonoids, phenolic acids, and enzymes like glucose oxidase. These compounds collectively exert antioxidant effects by scavenging free radicals and modulate inflammatory pathways, while also contributing to broad-spectrum antimicrobial activity. Enzymes like amylase support digestive processes.

As no dedicated clinical studies exist specifically on Nicaraguan Papaya Honey, evidence relies on general honey research. Numerous in vitro and animal studies, along with some human trials, demonstrate honey's efficacy in wound healing, cough suppression, and gut health. For example, clinical trials on various types of honey, often involving dozens to hundreds of participants, show improvements in wound infection rates and faster healing times compared to conventional treatments. However, these findings cannot be directly extrapolated to a specific papaya-derived honey without targeted research.

Carica papaya floral honey
Nicaraguan Papaya Blossom Honey


Nicaraguan Pitanga Fruit is exceptionally rich in polyphenols, including anthocyanins, proanthocyanidins, and flavonoids, alongside vitamins A and C. These compounds primarily function as potent antioxidants and anti-inflammatory agents, supporting overall cellular health and immune function.

- Supports immune function through its high content of vitamins A and C.
- Boosts digestive health by providing dietary fiber for regularity.
- Promotes skin health by supplying antioxidants like flavonoids and supporting cellular vitality.
- Reduces oxidative stress due to its rich profile of flavonoids and tannins.
- Modulates inflammatory responses, contributing to overall anti-inflammatory benefits.

Nicaraguan Pitanga Fruit exerts its therapeutic effects primarily through its rich array of bioactive compounds, particularly polyphenols like anthocyanins (e.g., cyanidin-3-O-glucoside), proanthocyanidins, and flavonoids (myricetin, quercetin). These compounds act as potent antioxidants, scavenging free radicals and reducing oxidative stress that can damage cells. Furthermore, phenolic acids, carotenoids (β-cryptoxanthin, β-carotene, lycopene), and hydrolysable tannins like oenothein B contribute to anti-inflammatory pathways, potentially modulating immune responses and supporting cellular integrity.

While traditional uses of Nicaraguan Pitanga Fruit are well-documented, specific human clinical trials remain limited. Emerging research, largely from *in vitro* and animal studies, supports the potential benefits observed in *Eugenia* species for digestive, skin, and immune health. These studies often highlight the antioxidant and anti-inflammatory properties of its rich polyphenol content, with outcomes suggesting protective effects against oxidative damage. Further targeted clinical investigations are warranted to confirm efficacy and determine optimal dosages in human populations.

Eugenia uniflora L.
Surinam Cherry
Brazilian Cherry


Nicaraguan Pitaya, primarily Hylocereus polyrhizus, is rich in betalains, flavonoids, and polyphenols. These compounds exert antioxidant effects by scavenging free radicals and demonstrate antidiabetic potential through enzyme inhibition.

- Enhances digestive health through dietary fiber and natural prebiotics, supporting gut microbiota balance.
- Supports immune function with high vitamin C and bioactive antioxidants that protect against oxidative stress.
- Promotes cardiovascular wellness by helping regulate blood pressure and lipid profiles via fiber and betalain compounds.
- Improves skin vitality by neutralizing free radicals and supporting collagen synthesis.
- Provides hydrating, low-calorie energy due to its water-rich composition and natural sweetness.

Nicaraguan Pitaya exerts its benefits primarily through its rich content of betalains (e.g., betacyanins), flavonoids, and polyphenols. These compounds act as potent antioxidants, neutralizing free radicals and reducing oxidative stress. Antidiabetic effects are mediated by the inhibition of α-amylase and α-glucosidase enzymes, thereby slowing carbohydrate digestion and absorption to help manage post-prandial glucose levels. Additionally, its dietary fiber acts as a prebiotic, fostering a balanced gut microbiota.

Preliminary clinical research supports Pitaya's efficacy in enhancing gut health, bolstering antioxidant defenses, and positively influencing lipid metabolism. Studies, including in vitro analyses of its betalain compounds, have demonstrated significant anti-inflammatory and vascular benefits, particularly relevant for cardiovascular health. Specific research shows Hylocereus polyrhizus peel can inhibit α-amylase by 68% and α-glucosidase by 67%, indicating promising antidiabetic potential. While these findings are encouraging, further human clinical trials are needed to fully elucidate its therapeutic benefits and optimal dosages.

Hylocereus undatus
Hylocereus polyrhizus
Dragon Fruit
Pitahaya


Nicaraguan Sorrel Leaves are rich in polyphenolic compounds, including chlorogenic acids and flavonoids, which exert potent antioxidant effects by scavenging radicals and boosting endogenous enzymes. These compounds also contribute to improved cardiovascular health, modulated inflammatory responses, and enhanced immune function.

- Reduces oxidative stress through a high concentration of anthocyanins and flavonoids.
- Enhances immune response with abundant vitamin C and other immune-modulating compounds.
- Supports cardiovascular health by improving blood pressure and lipid profiles.
- Modulates inflammatory pathways, contributing to systemic anti-inflammatory effects.
- Promotes digestive regularity and gut health due to its fiber content and mild laxative properties.

The leaves exert their effects primarily through polyphenolic compounds like neochlorogenic acid, chlorogenic acid, cryptochlorogenic acid, caffeoylshikimic acid, and flavonoids such as quercetin and kaempferol. These act as potent antioxidants by upregulating endogenous enzymes like catalase, scavenging harmful peroxynitrite and hydroxyl radicals, and increasing cellular antioxidant production. Additionally, these compounds modulate inflammatory pathways, contribute to improved blood pressure and lipid profiles for cardiovascular support, and demonstrate antimicrobial properties.

Preliminary in vitro studies and limited animal research have demonstrated the antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, and cardioprotective properties of Nicaraguan Sorrel Leaves, often attributed to their rich polyphenolic content. These studies suggest potential benefits for reducing oxidative stress and supporting cardiovascular health. However, comprehensive human clinical trials are still required to establish optimal dosages, confirm specific mechanisms of action, and validate traditional health benefits in human populations.


Nicaraguan Tropical Plums, primarily *Spondias mombin* L., are rich in ascorbic acid and total phenolics, contributing to significant antioxidant activity. Furthermore, extracts have demonstrated α-amylase inhibition, suggesting a potential role in carbohydrate metabolism.

- Enhances immune function by providing high levels of Vitamin C, a potent antioxidant.
- Supports skin health and collagen synthesis due to its rich Vitamin C content.
- Promotes digestive regularity and gut health through its significant dietary fiber.
- Reduces oxidative stress and inflammation with its diverse antioxidant profile, including anthocyanins.
- Contributes to cardiovascular wellness by mitigating oxidative damage and supporting healthy circulation.
- Aids in vision protection and skin regeneration through its Vitamin A content.

The primary mechanism involves the potent antioxidant activity attributed to its high ascorbic acid (Vitamin C) and total phenolic content, which scavenge free radicals and reduce oxidative stress. Additionally, studies indicate the fruit pulp can inhibit pancreatic α-amylase, a key enzyme in starch digestion, potentially reducing glucose absorption. This α-amylase inhibition suggests a role in modulating postprandial glucose levels.

Scientific research on *Spondias mombin* L. has primarily involved *in vitro* and *in vivo* studies to explore its pharmacological effects. These investigations have demonstrated significant antioxidant capacity due to ascorbic acid and phenolic compounds, as well as the inhibition of pancreatic α-amylase by concentrated fruit pulp. While promising, human clinical trials are largely preliminary or lacking, thus further research is needed to validate these findings and establish specific health claims in larger populations.

Spondias mombin L.
yellow mombin
hog plum


Nicaraguan Wild Vanilla, a genetic relative of cultivated Vanilla planifolia, is characterized by key compounds like vanillin and p-hydroxybenzaldehyde. These bioactives contribute to its distinctive aroma and exert antioxidant and anti-inflammatory effects.

- Modulates mood and reduces stress by influencing neurotransmitter activity.
- Supports digestive health by promoting healthy gut motility and comfort.
- Provides anti-inflammatory benefits, helping to mitigate systemic inflammation.
- Protects skin health by providing antioxidants that shield against free radical damage.
- Aids relaxation by promoting mental clarity and emotional well-being.

Nicaraguan Wild Vanilla's primary bioactive compounds include vanillin and p-hydroxybenzaldehyde, which contribute to its characteristic aroma. Vanillin exerts significant antioxidant effects and provides anti-inflammatory benefits by downregulating the NF-κB pathway. Additionally, vanillin can enhance insulin sensitivity and may modulate neurotransmitter activity, influencing mood and stress response.

While specific human clinical trials on Nicaraguan Wild Vanilla are limited, general research on Vanilla planifolia extracts suggests benefits. Studies, often in vitro or animal models, indicate antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, and potential mood-modulating effects attributed primarily to vanillin. Further specific research is needed to fully characterize the clinical outcomes unique to this wild variety.

Vanilla planifolia
Wild Vanilla (Nicaragua)
Nicaraguan Vanilla


Nicaraguan Yam Root (Dioscorea spp.) is rich in bioactive compounds, including polysaccharides and steroidal saponins like diosgenin, which are key to its therapeutic potential. These compounds primarily exert antioxidant effects through radical scavenging and anti-inflammatory properties by influencing cellular pathways.

- Provides sustained energy through its high content of complex carbohydrates.
- Promotes digestive health by supplying dietary fiber, supporting regular bowel movements.
- Supports cardiovascular health by aiding in the regulation of cholesterol levels.
- Aids in blood sugar control due to its naturally low glycemic index.
- Enhances immune function through its rich profile of vitamins and antioxidants.
- Modulates hormonal balance in women due to the presence of phytoestrogens like diosgenin.
- Reduces systemic inflammation via its antioxidant compounds, protecting cellular integrity.

Nicaraguan Yam Root's beneficial effects stem from compounds like polysaccharides and steroidal saponins, including diosgenin. Polysaccharides exhibit significant antioxidant activity by scavenging hydroxyl radicals, comparable to vitamin C, and also show inhibitory effects on cancer cell proliferation. Diosgenin, a key saponin, is recognized for its anti-inflammatory properties and its role as a precursor in steroid synthesis, potentially influencing hormone balance.

Current scientific understanding of Nicaraguan Yam Root's efficacy primarily comes from preliminary research and traditional uses. Studies have explored the role of complex carbohydrates in sustained energy release and dietary fiber in promoting digestive regularity, confirming its nutritional value. Further in vitro and animal studies are investigating the antioxidant capacity of yam roots, specifically polysaccharides, and their potential anti-inflammatory and anti-proliferative impacts, though human clinical trials remain limited to confirm these broader therapeutic effects.


Yellow Pitahaya is rich in phenolic compounds, betalains, and carotenoids, which are potent antioxidants. These compounds primarily exert their effects by scavenging free radicals and reducing oxidative stress within the body.

- Supports immune health through its high concentration of Vitamin C.
- Promotes skin vitality by providing antioxidants that protect against cellular damage.
- Aids in digestion due to its significant dietary fiber content, fostering gut regularity.
- Replenishes fluids and electrolytes, contributing to optimal hydration.
- Supports cardiovascular health by potentially reducing cholesterol levels.
- Helps regulate blood sugar control, beneficial for metabolic balance.

The primary mechanism involves its rich array of antioxidants, including phenolic compounds, betalains, and carotenoids (such as β-carotene and lycopene). These compounds neutralize harmful free radicals, thereby reducing oxidative stress and protecting cellular structures from damage. Additionally, vitamin C contributes to immune function by supporting various cellular functions of both the innate and adaptive immune systems.

While general Yellow Pitahaya (Hylocereus megalanthus/Selenicereus megalanthus) is recognized for its nutritional profile, specific clinical studies on a "Nicaraguan" variant are not readily available. Existing research on yellow pitahaya broadly confirms its high vitamin C content and the presence of antioxidants like betalains and flavonoids, suggesting potential for immune support and cellular protection. However, detailed human clinical trials with specific outcomes or sample sizes for this particular regional variant are currently insufficient to draw definitive conclusions.

Hylocereus megalanthus
Selenicereus megalanthus
Yellow Dragon Fruit
Pitahaya Amarilla


Nickel is primarily recognized as an environmental toxicant and potential human carcinogen rather than a beneficial mineral. Its key mechanisms involve Ni²⁺ ions or insoluble compounds inducing oxidative stress, inhibiting DNA repair, and causing epigenetic alterations within cells.

- Serves as a cofactor for key enzymes involved in lipid, carbohydrate, and amino acid metabolism.
- Enhances membrane stability and cellular respiration by supporting mitochondrial efficiency and nutrient transport.
- Participates in redox processes, supporting enzymes that protect against oxidative stress and cellular damage.
- Assists in collagen synthesis and structural protein formation, promoting skeletal integrity and connective tissue health.
- Supports iron absorption: May play a role in the absorption and utilization of iron, contributing to healthy red blood cell formation.

Nickel, primarily as Ni²⁺ ions or insoluble compounds (e.g., Ni₃S₂, NiS), enters cells via phagocytosis, macropinocytosis, or clathrin-mediated endocytosis, releasing ions within acidic vacuoles. Inside the cell, nickel catalyzes reactive oxygen species (ROS) generation, leading to oxidative stress, disruption of Ca²⁺ homeostasis, and inhibition of DNA repair mechanisms. Furthermore, nickel induces epigenetic alterations, including DNA hypermethylation and histone modifications, contributing to its cytotoxic and genotoxic effects.

Clinical research primarily focuses on nickel's adverse effects, including its role as an environmental toxicant and potential human carcinogen. Studies, often epidemiological and using in vitro or in vivo toxicology models, investigate exposure pathways and the resulting cytotoxic, genotoxic, and carcinogenic outcomes. Outcomes reveal that chronic exposure to nickel compounds is linked to an increased risk of various cancers and systemic toxicity, particularly in occupational settings. There is no evidence supporting nickel as a therapeutic agent or supplement for human health benefits.


Nicotinamide (niacinamide) is the amide form of vitamin B3 that serves as a precursor to NAD+ and NADP+, coenzymes critical for DNA repair, energy metabolism, and cellular signaling. Unlike nicotinic acid, it does not activate GPR109A receptors, so it delivers therapeutic effects without causing skin flushing.

• Reduces non-melanoma skin cancers by 23% in high-risk patients (Strong evidence: Phase 3 RCT, n=386, PMID: 26488693)
• Decreases actinic keratoses by 11-20% over 12 months (Strong evidence: Phase 3 RCT, PMID: 26488693)
• Lowers squamous cell carcinoma risk by 30% (Moderate evidence: Phase 3 RCT, PMID: 26488693)
• Enhances DNA repair and reduces UV-induced immunosuppression (Mechanistic evidence from clinical trials)
• Supports cellular energy metabolism through NAD+ production (Preliminary evidence: related NAD+ precursor studies)

Nicotinamide is converted intracellularly to NAD+ via the salvage pathway, where nicotinamide phosphoribosyltransferase (NAMPT) catalyzes its conversion to nicotinamide mononucleotide (NMN), which is subsequently adenylated by NMNAT enzymes. Elevated NAD+ activates PARP-1 and PARP-2, enzymes that repair UV-induced DNA strand breaks, and also fuels sirtuins (SIRT1–SIRT7), deacetylases that regulate inflammation and genomic stability. Additionally, nicotinamide inhibits poly-ADP-ribose polymerase overactivation that would otherwise deplete NAD+ stores during oxidative stress, preserving cellular energy reserves.

The strongest evidence comes from a Phase 3 RCT (n=386, PMID: 26488693) in high-risk patients, demonstrating that 500 mg twice-daily oral nicotinamide reduced new non-melanoma skin cancers by 23%, actinic keratoses by 11–20%, and squamous cell carcinoma incidence by approximately 30% over 12 months compared to placebo. These benefits disappeared within 6 months of discontinuation, indicating the effect requires sustained supplementation. Dermatological evidence is rated strong given the double-blind, placebo-controlled design and clinically meaningful effect sizes. Evidence for other proposed benefits — including glucose metabolism, inflammatory skin conditions, and osteoarthritis — is generally rated moderate to weak, drawn from smaller or shorter trials with less consistent outcomes.

Niacinamide
Vitamin B3 amide
Nicotinic acid amide
3-Pyridinecarboxamide
Vitamin PP amide
NAM
Pyridine-3-carboxamide
Nicotinamide


Nicotinamide Mononucleotide (NMN) is a direct precursor to NAD+ that enhances cellular energy production and supports healthy aging. NMN activates sirtuins and increases NAD+ levels by up to 40% in aged cells, promoting mitochondrial function and DNA repair mechanisms.

- Supports cellular energy production by boosting NAD+ levels, essential for mitochondrial function and energy metabolism. NMN increases NAD+ by 40% in aged cells. - Promotes healthy aging by enhancing DNA repair mechanisms, reducing the impact of cellular damage over time. - Improves cardiovascular health by enhancing blood vessel function and reducing arterial stiffness. - Boosts brain health by increasing neuroplasticity and cognitive function, potentially reducing the risk of neurodegenerative diseases. - Enhances muscle endurance and strength by improving mitochondrial biogenesis, crucial for athletic performance. - Supports metabolic health by improving insulin sensitivity and reducing the risk of metabolic syndrome. - Increases longevity by activating sirtuins, proteins linked to lifespan extension and cellular health.

NMN is converted to NAD+ through the salvage pathway via nicotinamide mononucleotide adenylyltransferase (NMNAT) enzymes. Increased NAD+ activates sirtuin proteins (SIRT1-7) which regulate mitochondrial biogenesis, DNA repair, and cellular stress responses. NMN also supports poly(ADP-ribose) polymerase (PARP) activity for enhanced DNA damage repair.

Human studies on NMN are limited but emerging. A 12-week randomized controlled trial with 25 postmenopausal women showed NMN supplementation (250mg daily) improved muscle insulin sensitivity. Preclinical studies in aged mice demonstrate significant improvements in energy metabolism, cardiovascular function, and cognitive performance. Most human evidence comes from small pilot studies, requiring larger trials for definitive therapeutic claims.


Niacinamide is the active form of vitamin B3 that serves as a precursor to NAD+ (nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide), essential for cellular energy production and DNA repair. It regulates sebum production, reduces inflammation through inhibiting nuclear factor-kappa B, and supports skin barrier function.

- Supports skin health by reducing inflammation and acne, improving skin texture and clarity. Niacinamide reduces sebum production by 35%. - Enhances energy metabolism by participating in the conversion of nutrients into ATP, the energy currency of cells. - Reduces hyperpigmentation by inhibiting melanin transfer, resulting in a more even skin tone. - Supports brain health by reducing oxidative stress and improving cognitive function. - Enhances joint health by reducing inflammation and pain, improving mobility in conditions like osteoarthritis. - Supports liver health by reducing oxidative stress and promoting detoxification processes. - Boosts immune function by enhancing the body's response to pathogens and reducing inflammation.

Niacinamide converts to NAD+ through the salvage pathway via nicotinamide phosphoribosyltransferase (NAMPT) enzyme. NAD+ functions as a coenzyme in glycolysis, citric acid cycle, and electron transport chain for ATP synthesis. It also activates sirtuins and poly(ADP-ribose) polymerases involved in DNA repair and cellular stress response.

Multiple randomized controlled trials demonstrate niacinamide's efficacy for acne and hyperpigmentation. A 12-week study with 60 participants showed 35% reduction in sebum production with 4% topical niacinamide. Another 16-week trial of 120 subjects found significant improvement in melasma with 5% niacinamide cream. Oral supplementation studies are limited, with most dermatological evidence from topical applications at 2-5% concentrations.

Nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide precursor