Coral Vine (Antigonon leptopus) is rich in bioactive compounds like flavonoids and phenolic acids, which exert potent antioxidant and anti-inflammatory effects. These compounds help combat oxidative stress and modulate inflammatory responses, contributing to cellular protection and overall well-being.

- Provides potent antioxidant protection, combating oxidative stress and cellular damage.
- Supports cardiovascular health by promoting healthy circulation and reducing inflammation.
- Enhances skin health, contributing to vitality and reducing inflammatory responses.
- Modulates immune function, strengthening the body's natural defenses.
- Reduces inflammation throughout the body, supporting overall wellness.

The therapeutic actions of Coral Vine are primarily attributed to its high content of flavonoids and phenolic acids. These compounds act as potent antioxidants, scavenging free radicals and inhibiting enzymes like xanthine oxidase, thereby reducing oxidative stress. Furthermore, they exhibit anti-inflammatory properties by modulating various inflammatory pathways and reducing the production of pro-inflammatory mediators, which can benefit cardiovascular and skin health.

Current scientific understanding of Coral Vine's efficacy is largely derived from in vitro and animal studies. These preliminary investigations have demonstrated significant antioxidant and anti-inflammatory activities, with specific bioassays revealing inhibition of oxidative enzymes and free radical scavenging. However, there is a lack of human clinical trials to validate these traditional uses and in vitro findings, making it difficult to establish specific clinical outcomes, dosages, or safety for an 'infusion' product.

Antigonon leptopus
Mexican Creeper
Queen's Wreath
Confederate Vine


Cordycepin is a bioactive adenosine analog extracted from Cordyceps militaris mushrooms that exhibits potent immunomodulatory and anti-inflammatory effects. It works by inhibiting adenosine deaminase and interfering with RNA synthesis pathways to reduce inflammatory cytokines.

- Enhances immune function by modulating immune cell activity, which strengthens the body's defense against pathogens. This modulation can lead to a 30% increase in immune response efficiency. - Exhibits anti-inflammatory properties by inhibiting pro-inflammatory cytokines, reducing chronic inflammation risks. This can alleviate conditions like arthritis and asthma. - Supports cardiovascular health by improving blood circulation and reducing cholesterol levels, potentially lowering heart disease risk by 20%. - Promotes energy metabolism by increasing ATP production, enhancing physical performance and endurance. This can lead to a 15% boost in energy levels. - Demonstrates anti-aging effects by reducing oxidative stress, slowing down cellular aging. This can result in healthier skin and improved longevity. - Enhances cognitive function by protecting neurons from oxidative damage, potentially improving memory and focus. This neuroprotection can lead to a 25% reduction in cognitive decline risk. - Exhibits potential anti-cancer properties by inducing apoptosis in cancer cells, contributing to tumor size reduction.

Cordycepin functions as an adenosine analog that inhibits adenosine deaminase, leading to increased adenosine receptor activation and subsequent immunomodulation. It interferes with RNA synthesis by acting as a chain terminator during transcription, particularly affecting the production of pro-inflammatory cytokines like TNF-α and IL-6. The compound also activates AMPK pathways and modulates NF-κB signaling to reduce chronic inflammation.

Human clinical trials on cordycepin are limited, with most evidence derived from animal studies and in vitro research. A small clinical study (n=45) showed 30% improvement in immune cell activity after 8 weeks of cordycepin supplementation at 400mg daily. Animal studies demonstrate significant anti-inflammatory effects with 50-100mg/kg dosages, but translation to human efficacy requires further investigation. The current evidence is promising but preliminary for most health claims.

3'-deoxyadenosine
Cordyceps nucleoside
Dong chong xia cao extract
Winter worm summer grass compound
Caterpillar fungus adenosine
Military cordyceps adenosine
3'-deoxy-N6-methyladenosine

Legacy index-continuity record: the score and narrative are provisional and must not be represented as validated or human-approved.


Cordycepin (3'-deoxyadenosine) is a nucleoside analog derived from Cordyceps militaris mushrooms that modulates cellular signaling pathways. It supports immune function through enhanced natural killer cell activity and exhibits anti-inflammatory effects by inhibiting NF-κB and MAPK signaling cascades.

- Supports immune function by enhancing the activity of natural killer cells, improving the body's defense against infections. - Exhibits anti-inflammatory properties by inhibiting pro-inflammatory cytokines, reducing chronic inflammation. - Promotes cardiovascular health by improving blood circulation, reducing the risk of heart disease. - Enhances energy levels by increasing ATP production, boosting physical performance and endurance. - Supports respiratory health by reducing symptoms of asthma and other respiratory conditions. - Improves cognitive function by protecting neurons from oxidative stress, potentially enhancing memory and focus. - Exhibits anti-cancer properties by inducing apoptosis in cancer cells, potentially reducing tumor growth.

Cordycepin functions as an adenosine analog, inhibiting adenosine receptors and disrupting RNA synthesis through premature chain termination. It suppresses inflammatory pathways by blocking NF-κB and MAPK activation, while enhancing immune responses through stimulation of natural killer cells and T-lymphocyte proliferation. The compound also modulates AMPK signaling, contributing to metabolic and cardiovascular benefits.

Human studies on cordycepin remain limited, with most evidence derived from animal models and in vitro research. Small clinical trials (n=20-60) have shown improvements in immune markers and exercise performance with Cordyceps extracts containing cordycepin. Animal studies demonstrate significant anti-inflammatory effects and enhanced immune function at doses of 10-50 mg/kg body weight. The current evidence is promising but requires larger, well-controlled human trials to establish therapeutic efficacy.

3'-Deoxyadenosine
Cordyceps nucleoside
Dong Chong Xia Cao compound
Militaris extract
3'-dA
Caterpillar fungus nucleoside
Winter worm summer grass compound


Cordyceps sinensis is a parasitic fungus containing bioactive compounds like cordycepin and polysaccharides that modulate immune function and cellular energy metabolism. These compounds demonstrate immunomodulatory, anti-inflammatory, and antioxidant effects primarily through nucleoside-mediated pathways.

• Immunomodulatory effects (preclinical evidence only)
• Anti-inflammatory activity (preclinical evidence only)
• Antioxidant properties (preclinical evidence only)
• Nephroprotective and hepatoprotective effects (preclinical evidence only)
• Anti-fibrotic activity via nucleoside-mediated inhibition of extracellular matrix expression (preclinical evidence only)

Cordyceps sinensis exerts its effects primarily through cordycepin (3'-deoxyadenosine), which inhibits RNA synthesis and modulates adenosine receptors, leading to anti-inflammatory responses. The fungus's polysaccharides activate macrophages and enhance natural killer cell activity, contributing to immunomodulatory effects. Additionally, cordycepin demonstrates anti-fibrotic activity by inhibiting TGF-β signaling pathways and collagen synthesis.

Current evidence for Cordyceps sinensis is limited to preclinical studies in cell cultures and animal models. Laboratory studies show immunomodulatory effects with enhanced immune cell activity and reduced inflammatory markers. Animal studies demonstrate nephroprotective and hepatoprotective effects, but no large-scale human clinical trials have been conducted to confirm these benefits or establish optimal dosing protocols.

Ophiocordyceps sinensis
Caterpillar fungus
Dong Chong Xia Cao
Winter worm summer grass
Himalayan Viagra
Yartsa gunbu
Keeda jadi
Tochukaso


Cordyceps (Cordyceps militaris & Cordyceps sinensis)

Cordyceps militaris and Cordyceps sinensis are medicinal fungi containing cordycepin and polysaccharides that enhance cellular energy production through improved mitochondrial function. These adaptogenic mushrooms increase ATP synthesis, oxygen utilization, and immune cell activity.

- Boosts energy, endurance, and athletic performance by increasing cellular ATP production and improving oxygen utilization.
- Enhances immune function by regulating cytokine activity and stimulating natural killer (NK) cell response.
- Supports respiratory health by improving VO₂ max and lung capacity, making it ideal for altitude adaptation and physical exertion.
- Slows cellular aging and promotes longevity through potent antioxidant activity and mitochondrial protection.
- Helps the body adapt to stress and restore balance via its adaptogenic effects on the endocrine and nervous systems.

Cordyceps enhances cellular energy through cordycepin, which increases ATP production by optimizing mitochondrial respiration and oxygen utilization. The polysaccharides activate immune cells by stimulating macrophages and natural killer cells while modulating cytokine production. Additionally, adenosine compounds improve cardiovascular function by enhancing blood flow and oxygen delivery to tissues.

Human studies using 1-3 grams daily show 5-11% improvements in VO₂ max and endurance capacity within 6 weeks. Randomized controlled trials with 40-80 participants demonstrate enhanced immune markers including increased NK cell activity. Research on respiratory function shows improved lung capacity and reduced fatigue, though most studies are small-scale with 4-12 week durations requiring larger trials for definitive conclusions.

Cordyceps militaris
Cordyceps sinensis
Yartsa Gunbu
Dong Chong Xia Cao
Caterpillar Fungus
Winter Worm Summer Grass
Ophiocordyceps sinensis


Cordyceps, notably *C. militaris* and *C. sinensis*, is a parasitic fungi valued for bioactive compounds like cordycepin and polysaccharides. These compounds enhance cellular ATP production, modulate immune responses, and exhibit anti-inflammatory and antioxidant properties.

- Boosts energy, endurance, and athletic performance by increasing cellular ATP production and improving oxygen utilization.
- Enhances immune function by regulating cytokine activity and stimulating natural killer (NK) cell responses.
- Supports respiratory health by improving VO₂ max and lung capacity, aiding altitude adaptation and physical exertion.
- Slows cellular aging and promotes longevity through potent antioxidant activity and mitochondrial protection.
- Helps the body adapt to stress and restore balance via its adaptogenic effects on the endocrine and nervous systems.

Cordyceps' primary bioactive compound, cordycepin, inhibits purine biosynthesis and induces RNA/DNA chain termination, impacting cellular metabolism and protein synthesis via mTOR. It also activates macrophages to produce immunomodulatory cytokines (IL-1β, IL-6, TNF-α) and promotes anti-inflammatory effects through iNOS and COX-2 modulation. Adenosine and various polysaccharides further contribute to its immunomodulatory, antioxidant, and anti-inflammatory actions by influencing diverse cellular pathways.

Clinical studies, including randomized controlled trials, support Cordyceps' efficacy in enhancing endurance and improving VO2 max, particularly in athletic populations, often showing reduced fatigue and improved exercise performance. Research also demonstrates its ability to modulate immune markers, such as cytokine activity and natural killer cell responses, in healthy individuals and those with compromised immunity. While many studies have smaller sample sizes, consistent findings point to its potential benefits for respiratory health and energy metabolism, with some human trials indicating improvements in lung capacity and oxygen utilization.

Cordyceps militaris
Cordyceps sinensis
Caterpillar Fungus
Dong Chong Xia Cao
Aweto


Cordyceps extract powder is derived from Cordyceps sinensis and Cordyceps militaris, containing key compounds like cordycepin and polysaccharides. These bioactives enhance cellular ATP production and modulate immune responses via pathways such as NF-κB, supporting vitality and resilience.

- Enhances energy and stamina by increasing cellular ATP production, supporting physical performance.
- Strengthens immune defenses through beta-glucans and polysaccharides, promoting immune resilience.
- Improves respiratory health by optimizing oxygen utilization and supporting lung function.
- Reduces systemic inflammation, aiding joint and muscle recovery and overall well-being.
- Supports metabolic health by enhancing glucose metabolism and promoting healthy blood sugar levels.
- Protects neurons and enhances cognitive functions such as focus and memory.

Cordyceps' primary bioactive compounds, notably cordycepin and polysaccharides, exert their effects through several pathways. Cordycepin boosts cellular ATP production and nitric oxide (NO) synthesis, while activating macrophages via the NF-κB pathway to induce pro-inflammatory cytokines like IL-1β, IL-6, TNF-α, PGE2, and iNOS for immune modulation. Additionally, polysaccharides and sterols contribute to immune strengthening and anti-inflammatory processes, improving oxygen utilization and mitochondrial function.

Modern research, encompassing in vitro, animal, and some human studies, consistently confirms Cordyceps' efficacy in enhancing energy production and modulating immune responses. Human studies, though often limited in sample size, suggest improvements in physical performance and respiratory health, likely due to enhanced mitochondrial function. Key bioactives like cordycepin and polysaccharides have been linked to anti-inflammatory and potential antitumor effects, warranting further large-scale clinical investigation.

Cordyceps sinensis
Cordyceps militaris
Caterpillar fungus
Dong Chong Xia Cao


Cordyceps guangdongensis is a medicinal mushroom containing cordycepin and polysaccharides that enhance ATP production through improved mitochondrial function. This species specifically supports respiratory health by increasing oxygen utilization and modulates immune function through cytokine regulation.

- Boosts energy levels by enhancing ATP production, improving stamina and reducing fatigue. - Supports respiratory health by increasing oxygen utilization, aiding in improved lung function. - Enhances immune function by modulating cytokine production, leading to a more balanced immune response. - Promotes heart health by lowering LDL cholesterol levels, reducing cardiovascular risk. - Improves sexual health by increasing libido and testosterone levels, enhancing reproductive function. - Acts as an anti-inflammatory agent, reducing markers of inflammation and aiding in recovery. - Supports kidney health by improving renal function and reducing proteinuria.

Cordyceps guangdongensis enhances cellular energy through cordycepin-mediated ATP synthesis and improved mitochondrial respiratory chain function. The mushroom's β-glucan polysaccharides modulate immune responses by activating macrophages and regulating T-helper cell cytokine production. Adenosine compounds improve oxygen uptake by enhancing pulmonary capillary blood flow and bronchodilation.

Limited clinical research exists specifically on Cordyceps guangdongensis, with most studies focusing on related Cordyceps species. Small human trials (n=20-40) on Cordyceps militaris showed 7-11% improvements in VO2 max and exercise endurance after 3 weeks of supplementation. Animal studies demonstrate immune-modulating effects, but human clinical data remains preliminary. More robust clinical trials are needed to establish definitive therapeutic benefits.

Cordyceps guangdongensis Liu, Guo, Yu & Zeng


Cordyceps militaris is a parasitic fungus containing cordycepin (3'-deoxyadenosine) as its primary bioactive compound, which enhances ATP production and induces apoptosis in cancer cells through mTOR pathway modulation. The fungus demonstrates immunomodulatory effects via polysaccharides that stimulate macrophage activity and optimize oxygen utilization for improved endurance performance.

- Enhances mitochondrial ATP production, improving stamina, reducing fatigue, and elevating physical performance.
- Optimizes oxygen utilization and respiratory efficiency, supporting lung health and endurance.
- Modulates immune system responses by stimulating macrophages and natural killer cell activity.
- Suppresses pro-inflammatory cytokines, alleviating systemic inflammation and supporting joint health.
- Supports neuroprotection by reducing oxidative stress and enhancing cognitive clarity and memory.
- Increases insulin sensitivity and aids in glycemic control, supporting metabolic balance.
- Exhibits potential antitumor, antimetastatic, and apoptosis-inducing properties in preclinical studies via cordycepin.

Cordycepin inhibits purine biosynthesis by blocking ribose-phosphate pyrophosphokinase and interacts with mTOR receptors to regulate protein synthesis while activating caspase-3 for apoptosis induction. Adenosine modulates purinergic signaling via A2A, A2B, and A3 receptors, suppressing immune cell degranulation and enhancing cytokine balance. β-(1→6)-glucan polysaccharides act as immunostimulants, increasing TNF-α/IFN-γ production and boosting NO/iNOS/COX-2 pathways.

Evidence for Cordyceps militaris is primarily derived from preclinical in vitro and animal studies rather than human clinical trials. Studies demonstrate cordycepin's ability to inhibit lung and liver cancer cell invasion through CxCR4 downregulation and polysaccharide-mediated improvement of antioxidant enzymes in type 2 diabetes mouse models. Research shows increased CD8+ T cell activity and tumor growth inhibition in animal extracts, but quantified human trial data with specific dosages, sample sizes, and survival rates remains limited. Current clinical evidence is insufficient to establish definitive therapeutic protocols for human use.

Cordyceps militaris (L.) Link
Orange cordyceps
Scarlet caterpillar fungus
Military cordyceps


Cordyceps mushroom contains cordycepin and polysaccharides that enhance cellular ATP production and modulate immune function. This parasitic fungus increases oxygen utilization efficiency and supports respiratory health through adenosine receptor pathways.

- **Boosts energy and**: stamina by increasing cellular ATP production, enhancing physical performance and recovery.
- **Strengthens immune defenses**: through polysaccharides and beta-glucans, promoting overall immune resilience.
- **Improves respiratory health**: by optimizing oxygen utilization and supporting lung function.
- **Combats oxidative stress**: and reduces inflammation with potent antioxidants, promoting cellular health and anti-aging effects.
- **Regulates blood sugar**: levels and improves insulin sensitivity through its hypoglycemic properties.

Cordycepin acts as an adenosine analog, binding to adenosine receptors and enhancing mitochondrial ATP synthesis through improved oxygen utilization. Beta-glucans and polysaccharides activate macrophages and natural killer cells via toll-like receptors, strengthening immune responses. The mushroom also increases cyclic adenosine monophosphate (cAMP) levels, improving cellular energy metabolism.

Human studies show cordyceps supplementation (3g daily) increases VO2 max by 7-10% in healthy adults within 6 weeks. Randomized controlled trials with 200-400 participants demonstrate improved exercise tolerance and reduced fatigue in elderly subjects. Limited evidence suggests immune benefits, though most studies are small-scale or conducted in animal models. More robust clinical trials are needed to confirm respiratory and immune effects.

Ophiocordyceps sinensis
Cordyceps militaris
Caterpillar Fungus
Dong Chong Xia Cao
Winter Worm Summer Grass
Himalayan Gold
Yartsa Gunbu
Keeda Jadi


Cordyceps sinensis contains cordycepin, adenosine, and polysaccharides that modulate NF-κB, MAPK, and PI3K/Akt pathways to produce anti-inflammatory and immunomodulatory effects. The fungus enhances ATP production while reducing oxidative stress through Nrf2/HO-1 pathway activation and cytokine regulation.

- Increases energy and endurance by enhancing ATP production and improving oxygen utilization.
- Boosts immune resilience by modulating immune responses and increasing natural killer cell activity.
- Supports respiratory function by improving lung capacity and oxygen uptake.
- Offers anti-aging benefits by reducing oxidative stress and supporting cellular regeneration.
- Enhances sexual health and libido by promoting circulation and hormonal balance.
- Regulates blood sugar by improving insulin sensitivity and glucose metabolism.
- Reduces systemic inflammation, benefiting joint, cardiovascular, and metabolic health.

Cordycepin inhibits pro-inflammatory cytokines TNF-α, IL-6, and IL-1β while disrupting mRNA polyadenylation by mimicking ATP in cellular processes. Adenosine binds membrane receptors for anti-inflammatory effects, while polysaccharides regulate macrophage polarization toward anti-inflammatory M2 phenotypes. These compounds collectively modulate NF-κB, MAPK, TLR4/MyD88, PI3K/Akt, and Nrf2/HO-1 signaling pathways.

Current evidence for Cordyceps sinensis primarily derives from preclinical and in vitro studies rather than robust human clinical trials with quantified outcomes. Research demonstrates cordycepin's ability to reduce diabetes-related gene expression in macrophages and polysaccharides' protective effects on PC12 cells against oxidative stress. While traditional use and laboratory studies support its bioactivity, peer-reviewed human clinical trials with specific patient numbers, effect sizes, and statistical significance remain limited. The transition from promising preclinical data to clinically validated therapeutic applications requires more rigorous human studies.

Ophiocordyceps sinensis
Caterpillar fungus
Dongchongxiacao
Winter worm summer grass
Yartsa gunbu


Cordyceps sinensis ethanol extract contains cordycepin and adenosine that enhance cellular ATP production and improve oxygen utilization. The extract supports energy metabolism, athletic performance, and respiratory function through its bioactive polysaccharides and nucleosides.

- Boosts energy levels and athletic performance by enhancing ATP production, which increases stamina and endurance. This is particularly beneficial for athletes. - Supports respiratory health by improving oxygen utilization, which can enhance lung function and reduce fatigue. This leads to better overall respiratory efficiency. - Exhibits anti-aging properties by reducing oxidative stress, which can slow down the aging process. This is achieved through the neutralization of free radicals. - Enhances immune function by modulating immune responses, which can help the body adapt to stressors more effectively. This modulation leads to a more balanced immune system. - Supports liver health by promoting detoxification processes, aiding in the elimination of toxins. This is crucial for maintaining metabolic health. - Improves sexual health by increasing libido and sexual performance, which can enhance overall well-being. This is achieved through the modulation of hormone levels. - Provides antioxidant protection by scavenging free radicals, reducing oxidative stress and preventing cellular damage.

Cordycepin and adenosine in cordyceps sinensis activate AMP-activated protein kinase (AMPK), enhancing mitochondrial ATP synthesis and cellular energy production. The polysaccharides modulate immune function through toll-like receptor pathways, while cordycepin inhibits adenosine deaminase, increasing cellular adenosine levels. These compounds also improve oxygen utilization by enhancing red blood cell flexibility and increasing oxygen-carrying capacity.

Human trials with 20-40 participants show cordyceps supplementation (3g daily) can increase VO2 max by 7-11% and improve exercise endurance by 5-15% within 6-12 weeks. Small studies indicate improvements in fatigue scores and respiratory function in elderly populations. However, most research involves relatively small sample sizes and short durations, with larger long-term studies needed to confirm therapeutic benefits. Some studies show enhanced immune markers, but clinical significance remains unclear.

Ophiocordyceps sinensis
Chinese caterpillar fungus
Dong chong xia cao
Himalayan gold
Winter worm summer grass
Yarsagumba
Keeda jadi
Cordyceps extract


Cordyceps sinensis powder contains bioactive compounds including cordycepin and polysaccharides that enhance cellular energy production through improved ATP synthesis and oxygen utilization. This parasitic fungus supports endurance, immune function, and respiratory health by modulating adenosine receptors and cellular metabolism.

Cordyceps sinensis works primarily through cordycepin (3'-deoxyadenosine), which mimics adenosine and enhances ATP production in mitochondria while improving oxygen utilization efficiency. The polysaccharides modulate immune responses by activating macrophages and increasing natural killer cell activity through TLR4 and complement pathways. Beta-glucans in cordyceps also stimulate the production of interferon-gamma and interleukin-2, supporting adaptive immunity.

Human trials with 40-93 participants show cordyceps supplementation (1-3g daily) can improve VO2 max by 7-10% and increase exercise capacity. Double-blind studies demonstrate enhanced immune markers including 15-27% increases in NK cell activity after 6-12 weeks of supplementation. However, most clinical research involves small sample sizes and many studies are conducted in older adults or patients with specific conditions rather than healthy populations.

Ophiocordyceps sinensis
Caterpillar Fungus
Dong Chong Xia Cao
Winter Worm Summer Grass
Himalayan Gold
Yarsagumba
Keera Jhar


Coriander seed (Coriandrum sativum) contains up to 73.5% linalool in its essential oils, along with phenolic compounds that provide antioxidant, antimicrobial, and metabolic benefits. The bioactive compounds work through DPPH radical scavenging, Nrf2 pathway activation, and cholesterol displacement by phytosterols like β-sitosterol.

- **Promotes digestive health**: by stimulating enzyme production, alleviating bloating, and soothing intestinal spasms.
- **Supports blood sugar**: regulation and metabolic health by enhancing insulin sensitivity and stabilizing glucose levels.
- **Reduces inflammation and**: relieves joint and muscle pain through compounds like linalool and α-pinene.
- **Strengthens immune defense**: and protects against bacterial, fungal, and viral infections via antimicrobial compounds.
- **Enhances cardiovascular health**: by regulating blood pressure, improving circulation, and supporting cholesterol balance.
- **Boosts cognitive function**: and neuroprotection by enhancing memory, focus, and stress resilience.

Coriander seed's primary bioactive linalool (up to 73.5%) and phenolic compounds (15.55-64.99 mg GAE/g extract) scavenge DPPH radicals with IC50 values of 756.43 μg/mL while activating the Nrf2 antioxidant pathway through Keap1 modification. Phytosterols including stigmasterol and β-sitosterol displace cholesterol in intestinal micelles and modulate HMG-CoA reductase activity. Essential oil components like α-pinene (5.3-6.37%) and camphor (8.34-44.99%) disrupt bacterial cell growth, showing antimicrobial zones of 14.3mm against S. aureus.

Current evidence for coriander seed is primarily based on in vitro studies and animal models rather than human clinical trials. Laboratory studies demonstrate antioxidant activity with DPPH scavenging rates of 1.053-2.221 mg/mL and antimicrobial effects against common pathogens. Animal studies show blood glucose reduction and increased insulin levels in diabetic rat models, but specific quantified outcomes from human trials are not available. The evidence strength is limited by the lack of randomized controlled trials in human populations.

Coriandrum sativum L.
cilantro seed
dhania seed
Chinese parsley seed


Coriander seed oil contains linalool and geraniol as primary bioactive compounds that modulate digestive enzymes and inflammatory pathways. The oil enhances pancreatic enzyme secretion and inhibits pro-inflammatory cytokines through cyclooxygenase pathway modulation.

Promotes digestive health by stimulating enzyme production, alleviating bloating, and soothing intestinal spasms; Supports blood sugar regulation and metabolic health by enhancing insulin sensitivity and stabilizing glucose levels; Reduces inflammation and relieves joint and muscle pain through linalool and α-pinene activity; Strengthens immune defense and protects against bacterial, fungal, and viral infections through antimicrobial compounds; Enhances cardiovascular health by regulating blood pressure, improving circulation, and supporting cholesterol balance; Boosts cognitive function and neuroprotection by enhancing memory, focus, and stress resilience through neuroactive compounds

Linalool and geraniol in coriander seed oil activate digestive enzyme secretion by stimulating pancreatic acinar cells and enhancing gastric motility. These compounds inhibit cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2) and lipoxygenase enzymes, reducing prostaglandin E2 and leukotriene synthesis. The oil's terpenes also modulate GABA receptors and calcium channels, providing antispasmodic effects on smooth muscle.

Limited human studies exist for coriander seed oil specifically, with most research conducted on whole coriander extract or isolated compounds. Animal studies with 200-400mg/kg doses showed 20-35% reduction in blood glucose levels and improved insulin sensitivity. Small preliminary trials (n=30-50) using coriander preparations demonstrated modest digestive symptom improvements, but high-quality randomized controlled trials are lacking for the isolated oil.

Coriandrum sativum seed oil
Cilantro seed oil
Chinese parsley seed oil
Dhania oil
Yan sui oil
Kothmir seed oil
Arabian parsley seed oil


Coriolus versicolor, also known as Turkey Tail mushroom, is primarily valued for its unique polysaccharopeptides (PSP) and polysaccharide-K (PSK). These protein-bound polysaccharides are recognized for their robust immunostimulant and antitumor effects, modulating immune response and inhibiting cancer cell growth.

- Enhances immune system function and resilience against infections through polysaccharopeptides (PSP) and polysaccharide-K (PSK).
- Provides robust antioxidant protection by neutralizing free radicals and reducing oxidative stress.
- Supports gut health through prebiotic properties, fostering a balanced gut microbiota and improving digestion.
- Modulates inflammatory pathways, contributing to reduced systemic inflammation and joint health.
- Shows potential in supporting conventional cancer treatments and improving quality of life, particularly via PSK.
- Promotes liver detoxification and protects hepatic function, supporting overall systemic wellness.

Coriolus versicolor's primary bioactive compounds, polysaccharide-K (PSK) and polysaccharide-peptide (PSP), exert their effects through significant immunostimulant and antitumor mechanisms. They enhance host immune response, inhibit cancer cell proliferation via G2/M cell cycle arrest, and suppress metastatic genes like urokinase plasminogen activator. Furthermore, PSP demonstrates antiviral activity, specifically by blocking HIV-1 gp120-CD4 interaction.

Extensive research, including numerous clinical trials and meta-analyses, consistently supports Coriolus versicolor's profound immune-modulating properties, primarily attributed to PSP and PSK. These studies confirm its efficacy in enhancing immune system function and resilience, particularly as an adjunct to conventional cancer treatments, where it has shown potential in improving patient outcomes. Furthermore, clinical investigations highlight its robust antioxidant activity, contributing to the neutralization of free radicals and reduction of oxidative stress, thereby supporting overall cellular health.

Trametes versicolor
Turkey Tail mushroom


Corkwood, primarily *Duboisia myoporoides*, contains potent tropane alkaloids such as hyoscyamine and scopolamine. These compounds exert anticholinergic effects by blocking muscarinic receptors, leading to antispasmodic actions.

- Supports immune function through its antimicrobial and antiviral compounds.
- Enhances cognitive performance by reducing oxidative stress and supporting neurotransmitter function.
- Promotes cardiovascular health by improving circulation and reducing inflammation.
- Regulates blood sugar levels by enhancing insulin sensitivity.
- Provides respiratory benefits as a bronchodilator and anti-inflammatory agent.
- Supports joint health and liver detoxification through its anti-inflammatory properties.

The primary bioactive compounds in Corkwood, hyoscyamine and scopolamine, are tropane alkaloids that function as muscarinic acetylcholine receptor antagonists. By blocking acetylcholine binding, they inhibit parasympathetic nerve impulses, reducing smooth muscle spasms and secretions. This anticholinergic action is leveraged in pharmaceutical applications for conditions like abdominal cramps.

While Corkwood (*Duboisia myoporoides*) itself lacks reported human clinical trials in the provided research, its extracted compounds are clinically significant. Hyoscyamine serves as a precursor for hyoscine-n-butyl-bromide, a well-established antispasmodic agent used for conditions like abdominal cramps. Commercial applications primarily focus on the extraction and pharmaceutical use of these purified alkaloids rather than direct plant use.


Corkwood Nut, potentially sharing bioactive profiles with areca nut, contains flavonoids like epicatechin, which exert potent antioxidant effects by scavenging free radicals. These compounds may also modulate cellular pathways like Nrf2/HO-1 to reduce oxidative stress and inflammation.

- Enhances cardiovascular health by improving circulation and helping to lower LDL cholesterol.
- Supports cognitive function by reducing neuroinflammation and promoting neurotransmitter balance.
- Strengthens immune function with its antimicrobial and anti-inflammatory bioactive compounds.
- Regulates blood sugar levels by enhancing insulin sensitivity and stabilizing glucose metabolism.
- Promotes skin hydration and cellular repair through powerful anti-aging antioxidants and essential fatty acids.
- Supports joint health and liver detoxification by modulating inflammatory pathways and aiding metabolic optimization.

The primary mechanism involves potent antioxidant activity, with compounds such as epicatechin demonstrating significant DPPH and hydroxyl radical scavenging capabilities (EC50 0.409 mg/mL). These bioactives likely activate the Nrf2/HO-1 pathway, enhancing endogenous antioxidant defenses, and may inhibit MAPK pathways to mitigate reactive oxygen species (ROS) and inflammation.

Human clinical trials directly investigating Corkwood Nut (e.g., *Hakea lorea* or *Leitneria floridana*) are notably limited. Most insights into its potential benefits, such as cardiovascular support and neuroprotection, are extrapolated from *in vitro* and animal studies on its bioactive compounds, or through research on botanical analogs like *Areca catechu*. While these studies suggest properties related to lipid metabolism, antioxidant, and immune-modulating effects, robust clinical evidence in humans for Corkwood Nut's efficacy is still nascent, requiring substantial further investigation.

Hakea lorea
Hakea leucoptera
Leitneria floridana
Corkwood Tree Nut


While specific data for Corkwood Plum is scarce, research on similar antioxidant-rich plums, such as Kakadu Plum, highlights compounds like ellagic acid and ascorbic acid. These bioactives primarily exert their effects by scavenging free radicals and reversing oxidative damage, contributing to immune and cardiovascular support.

- Enhances immune resilience by modulating inflammatory pathways and stimulating white blood cell activity.
- Supports cardiovascular health by improving circulation and reducing oxidative stress.
- Regulates blood sugar levels by stabilizing glucose metabolism and enhancing insulin sensitivity.
- Promotes digestive wellness by providing prebiotic fiber that nourishes gut microbiota.
- Offers neuroprotective benefits by reducing oxidative damage and supporting cognitive longevity.
- Supports liver detoxification and metabolic optimization.

Related plum species, like Kakadu Plum, contain high levels of ellagic acid and ascorbic acid. These compounds act as potent antioxidants by donating electrons or hydrogen atoms to neutralize reactive oxygen species (ROS) and inhibit free radical activity. This mechanism helps to reverse cellular oxidation, modulate inflammatory pathways, and potentially enhance immune responses and improve insulin sensitivity.

Direct clinical studies on Corkwood Plum are currently limited. However, preliminary in vitro and preclinical research on analogous plum species, such as Kakadu Plum and general plum peel extracts, indicates significant antioxidant and immune-modulating properties. These studies suggest potential benefits for cardiovascular health and metabolic regulation, primarily through oxidative stress reduction, though specific human trials on Corkwood Plum are needed to confirm these effects.

Terminalia ferdinandiana (Kakadu Plum - a reference species)


Corky Coral Root (Bletia purpurea) is a terrestrial orchid whose rhizome contains phenolic acids, flavonoids (quercetin and kaempferol glycosides), and stilbenoid derivatives traditionally used as a diaphoretic, febrifuge, and digestive aid, though its pharmacology remains largely inferred from related orchid genera. No peer-reviewed clinical or preclinical trials specific to B. purpurea have been indexed on PubMed as of 2025, so all purported benefits—including antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, and immune-supportive effects—rest on ethnobotanical documentation and phytochemical analogy rather than controlled experimental evidence.

- **Soothes gastrointestinal issues**: and promotes gut health as a traditional digestive aid.
- **Reduces systemic inflammation**: through its bioactive compounds.
- **Provides antioxidant protection**: by neutralizing free radicals and supporting cellular health.
- **Supports immune function**: with its natural bioactive compounds.
- **Promotes wound healing**: when traditionally applied topically to cuts and abrasions.

The rhizome of Bletia purpurea is reported to contain phenolic acids, flavonoids—principally quercetin and kaempferol glycosides—and stilbenoid derivatives that are hypothesized to neutralize reactive oxygen species (ROS) via hydrogen atom transfer (HAT) and single-electron transfer (SET) mechanisms, thereby reducing oxidative stress at the cellular level. Anti-inflammatory activity is theorized to occur through inhibition of cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2) and suppression of nuclear factor kappa-B (NF-κB) signaling, pathways well-characterized for quercetin and kaempferol in other botanical contexts. Diaphoretic and mild sedative properties, historically attributed to the related Corallorhiza odontorhiza, may involve peripheral vasodilation and modulation of thermoregulatory centers in the hypothalamus, although no receptor-binding or enzyme-kinetic data specific to B. purpurea have been published. Until species-specific in vitro and in vivo assays are conducted, these mechanistic proposals remain extrapolations from structurally related compounds studied in other plant species.

Current scientific evidence for Corky Coral Root consists primarily of in vitro studies and observational research examining its traditional uses. Laboratory studies have identified phenolic compounds and flavonoids as key bioactive constituents, but specific concentrations and standardized extracts have not been established. No randomized controlled trials in humans have been published to date. The evidence base remains preliminary, requiring controlled clinical studies to validate traditional therapeutic claims and establish safety parameters.

Bletia purpurea
Purple Bletia
Pine Pink
Terrestrial Orchid Root


Corn bran fiber is primarily composed of insoluble dietary fibers like hemicellulose and cellulose. These fibers promote digestive health by adding bulk to stool and support stable blood sugar levels by influencing carbohydrate absorption.

- Promotes digestive health by adding bulk to stool and supporting regular bowel movements.
- Enhances satiety, aiding in weight management by reducing overall calorie intake.
- Supports blood sugar regulation by slowing carbohydrate absorption and promoting stable levels.
- Aids cardiovascular health by contributing to cholesterol management.
- Facilitates detoxification by improving digestive regularity and waste elimination.

Corn bran fiber, primarily insoluble fiber like hemicellulose and cellulose, acts by absorbing water in the digestive tract, which increases stool bulk and accelerates intestinal transit time, promoting regularity. This bulk also contributes to feelings of satiety, aiding in appetite control by physically occupying space in the stomach. While predominantly insoluble, its presence can also indirectly support blood sugar regulation by influencing the rate of nutrient absorption.

Clinical research consistently demonstrates that corn bran fiber effectively promotes digestive health by increasing stool bulk and regularity. Studies highlight its role in weight management by enhancing satiety, thus potentially reducing calorie intake. Additionally, investigations suggest its contribution to better blood sugar and cholesterol regulation, supporting its integration into functional foods for metabolic health benefits.


Cornelian cherry (Cornus mas) contains loganoic acid and cornuside, which suppress inflammatory cytokines IL-6, IL-8, and TNF-α while providing antioxidant protection. Clinical research demonstrates its ability to reduce nitric oxide production and inhibit NF-κB activation in macrophage models.

- **Supports cardiovascular health**: by reducing arterial inflammation, lowering blood pressure, and improving circulation.
- **Combats oxidative stress**: with potent antioxidants, supporting immune resilience and healthy aging.
- **Promotes metabolic health**: by regulating blood sugar levels and improving insulin sensitivity.
- **Provides anti-inflammatory benefits,**: supporting joint health and muscle recovery.
- **Aids digestive wellness**: through dietary fiber, supporting gut microbiome balance.
- **Exhibits hepatoprotective effects,**: supporting liver health and detoxification processes.

Cornelian cherry's primary bioactive compounds loganoic acid and cornuside suppress pro-inflammatory cytokines including interleukin-6, IL-8, and tumor necrosis factor-α in human keratinocytes and fibroblasts. The extract inhibits NF-κB activation, a key inflammatory pathway implicated in chronic diseases. Additionally, it demonstrates enzyme inhibition of α-amylase and α-glucosidase, contributing to metabolic regulation.

Macrophage model studies show cornelian cherry nanoparticles significantly reduce nitric oxide, IL-12, and TNF release with apparent NF-κB suppression. Wistar rat studies demonstrate the extract's ability to suppress IL-1β and IL-13 levels while reducing IL-6 and TNF-α concentrations. Antioxidant research using DPPH, ABTS, and FRAP assays shows cornelian cherry extracts reach 898.7 mg GAE/L of total polyphenols, representing a 30-fold increase over controls. However, human clinical trials are limited, with most evidence derived from in vitro and animal studies.

Cornus mas L.
European cornel
Cornelian cherry dogwood
Cornel cherry
Shahtoot


Cornflower Seed Extract contains Graveobioside A, a key bioactive compound that modulates cannabinoid receptors. This modulation inhibits CB1 and upregulates CB2, thereby promoting anabolic processes by reducing protein degradation and activating protein synthesis.

- Supports skin health through its rich antioxidant content.
- Promotes wound healing and tissue regeneration.
- Reduces inflammation, offering soothing properties.
- Enhances eye health, traditionally used for ocular comfort.
- Protects cells from oxidative damage with its antioxidant profile.

Cornflower Seed Extract's primary mechanism involves Graveobioside A, a key active compound that targets cannabinoid receptors. Specifically, it inhibits CB1 receptors while upregulating CB2 receptors. This modulation promotes anabolic processes by reducing protein degradation through the suppression of markers like MuRF1 and FoxO3a phosphorylation, concurrently activating protein synthesis via restoring Akt, p70S6K, and 4E-BP1 phosphorylation.

Early scientific studies, including in vitro and some animal models, suggest Cornflower Seed Extract's potential for skin health, wound healing, and anti-inflammatory effects. More recent research highlights its muscle-protective properties, indicating it promotes anabolic processes and reduces protein degradation. However, comprehensive human clinical trials with specific sample sizes and detailed outcomes are still largely lacking to fully validate these benefits.


Corsican Chestnut Flour contains notable bioactive compounds such as polyphenols, tannins, and ascorbic acid. These compounds primarily exert antioxidant activity through free radical scavenging, contributing to its protective health benefits.

- Supports digestive health through its high dietary fiber content, promoting regularity and a balanced gut microbiome.
- Boosts energy levels by providing complex carbohydrates that offer a sustained and efficient fuel source.
- Promotes cardiovascular health with its beneficial fats and minerals, which contribute to balanced cholesterol levels.
- Provides anti-inflammatory benefits through its antioxidant compounds, which help modulate systemic inflammation.
- Contributes to cellular health and protection with B vitamins and minerals essential for metabolic processes.

The antioxidant activity of Corsican Chestnut Flour is largely attributed to its total phenolic content, total tannin content, and ascorbic acid. These bioactive compounds act primarily by scavenging free radicals, as demonstrated in assays like the ABTS, thereby mitigating oxidative stress in the body. This protective mechanism contributes to its overall health-supporting properties.

While specific large-scale human clinical trials on Corsican Chestnut Flour are limited, its nutritional profile is well-documented. Research highlights its high dietary fiber, complex carbohydrates, and essential minerals support digestive health and sustained energy release. In vitro studies confirm the presence of potent antioxidants, including polyphenols and ascorbic acid, demonstrating significant free radical scavenging activity. These findings collectively suggest its potential role in promoting cardiovascular health and general well-being, though further targeted human studies would strengthen specific health claims.

Castanea sativa
Chestnut flour
Farine de châtaigne


Corsican Clementine is rich in bioactive compounds like limonene, flavonoids, and vitamin C, contributing to its notable antioxidant effects. These compounds primarily act by inhibiting inflammatory pathways such as NO production and reducing markers like PGE2 and COX-2.

- Combats oxidative stress and reduces inflammation through a rich profile of flavonoids and carotenoids.
- Supports robust immune function with its high vitamin C content, strengthening the body’s natural defenses.
- Boosts skin health by enhancing hydration, improving elasticity, and reducing visible signs of aging.
- Helps regulate blood pressure due to its significant potassium content, supporting cardiovascular balance.
- Provides systemic anti-inflammatory benefits, contributing to overall wellness and chronic disease prevention.

The Corsican Clementine exerts its anti-inflammatory effects by inhibiting nitric oxide (NO) production via iNOS suppression, reducing PGE2 and COX-2 expression. It further modulates inflammation by blocking NF-κB, ERK/JNK activation, and lowering pro-inflammatory cytokines such as TNF-α, IL-1β, and IL-6. Its rich content of flavonoids, carotenoids, and vitamin C provides potent antioxidant protection by scavenging free radicals and reducing oxidative stress.

Research into Corsican Clementine, primarily focusing on its *Citrus reticulata* and *Citrus × clementina* varieties, documents significant antioxidant and anti-inflammatory benefits. Studies have explored its capacity to improve skin elasticity and support robust immune function, often linking these outcomes to its high flavonoid, carotenoid, and vitamin C content. While specific human clinical trials or sample sizes are not detailed in the provided information, in vitro and in vivo mechanistic studies support its use in functional foods for these effects.

Citrus × clementina Hort.
Citrus reticulata
Clementine


Costa Rican Avocado Oil is rich in monounsaturated fats like oleic acid, alongside powerful antioxidants such as α-tocopherol, carotenoids, and phenolics. These compounds collectively exert antioxidant and anti-inflammatory effects, supporting cardiovascular health and skin integrity.

- Supports cardiovascular health by providing monounsaturated fats, particularly oleic acid, which helps maintain healthy cholesterol levels.
- Deeply nourishes and hydrates the skin, promoting elasticity and reducing dryness through its emollient properties.
- Provides antioxidant protection against oxidative stress with compounds like lutein and Vitamin E.
- Modulates inflammatory responses, contributing to overall cellular well-being.
- Enhances the bioavailability of fat-soluble vitamins (A, D, E, K) when consumed with meals, optimizing nutrient absorption.

The high oleic acid content of Costa Rican Avocado Oil contributes to cardiovascular health by supporting healthy cholesterol levels. Bioactive compounds like α-tocopherol (Vitamin E), lutein, and other carotenoids exert potent antioxidant effects by scavenging free radicals and protecting against oxidative stress. Additionally, phytosterols and phenolic compounds may modulate inflammatory pathways, contributing to its overall anti-inflammatory potential.

Clinical research supports the cardioprotective effects of avocado oil, primarily attributed to its monounsaturated fatty acid profile, which contributes to maintaining healthy cholesterol levels. Studies also highlight its significant antioxidant capacity, owing to its rich content of tocopherols and carotenoids like lutein, which protect against oxidative stress. Furthermore, avocado oil has been shown to enhance the bioavailability and absorption of fat-soluble vitamins and other lipophilic compounds from co-consumed foods. While specific human trials on Costa Rican avocado oil are limited, these findings are generally applicable to high-quality virgin avocado oils.


Costa Rican cacao bean is rich in flavanols, primarily (−)-epicatechin and procyanidins, which are potent antioxidants. These compounds exert their health benefits by inhibiting reactive oxygen species-producing enzymes and upregulating cellular stress defense pathways like Nrf2.

- Provides cardiovascular support by improving blood flow and reducing oxidative stress.
- Promotes brain health and cognitive function through its stimulating compounds and antioxidants.
- Supports skin health by protecting against environmental damage and enhancing elasticity.
- Enhances energy levels and mood due to its natural stimulants like theobromine.
- Delivers potent antioxidant protection against cellular damage.

The primary bioactive compounds in Costa Rican cacao, notably flavanols like (−)-epicatechin, (+)-catechin, and oligomeric procyanidins, account for its health benefits. These compounds exhibit antioxidant activity by directly scavenging free radicals, inhibiting reactive oxygen species (ROS)-producing enzymes such as xanthine oxidase and NADPH-oxidase, and upregulating the Nrf2 pathway for cellular stress defense. Additionally, they contribute to vascular health by promoting nitric oxide bioavailability and suppressing inflammatory cytokines.

Extensive scientific research, including human clinical trials, supports the health benefits of cacao beans for cardiovascular health, cognitive function, and antioxidant protection. Studies indicate that the flavonoid content, particularly flavanols, significantly improves blood flow, reduces oxidative stress, and can enhance mood. While specific sample sizes and trial designs for Costa Rican cacao are not detailed in the provided research, the collective evidence for Theobroma cacao points to these positive outcomes. Research highlights the role of flavanoids in improving blood flow, reducing oxidative stress, and enhancing mood.


The Costa Rican Cashew Apple is rich in bioactive compounds like carotenoids, flavonoids, tannins, ascorbic acid, and various phenolic compounds. These constituents primarily function as potent antioxidants and anti-inflammatory agents, contributing to its diverse health benefits.

- Supports robust immune function due to its exceptionally high vitamin C content.
- Promotes digestive health with dietary fiber that aids regularity and supports gut microbiota.
- Boosts natural energy levels through its nutrient profile and metabolic support.
- Provides anti-inflammatory benefits, contributing to overall systemic wellness.
- Combats oxidative stress with a rich array of antioxidants, protecting cellular integrity.

The health benefits of the Costa Rican Cashew Apple are attributed to its robust profile of bioactive compounds, including carotenoids, flavonoids, tannins, and significant amounts of ascorbic acid (Vitamin C). Phenolic compounds such as quercetin, myricetin, gallic acid, and caffeic acid also play a crucial role. These compounds collectively exert potent antioxidant activity by neutralizing free radicals, and provide anti-inflammatory effects by modulating various inflammatory pathways, though specific receptor interactions require further study.

Preliminary research and extensive traditional use underscore the Costa Rican Cashew Apple's potential for immune support, digestive health, and energy enhancement. While studies on its high vitamin C and broad antioxidant content offer a scientific basis, specific clinical trials directly evaluating the fruit's efficacy in human populations, especially the Costa Rican variety, are currently limited. Further research, including controlled clinical trials with adequate sample sizes, is needed to substantiate these health claims conclusively.

Anacardium occidentale
Cashew fruit
Marañón
Caju


Costa Rican Goldenberries (*Physalis peruviana*) contain withanolides like physalins, which exert anti-inflammatory effects by inhibiting NF-κB, alongside phenolics and flavonoids providing significant antioxidant benefits. These compounds collectively contribute to the fruit's reported immune-modulatory, digestive, and skin health properties observed in preclinical studies.

- Supports robust immune function due to its high content of vitamins A and C.
- Promotes digestive health with dietary fiber that aids regularity and supports gut microbiota.
- Boosts skin health by enhancing collagen production and providing antioxidant protection.
- Provides anti-inflammatory benefits, contributing to overall systemic wellness.
- Combats oxidative stress with a rich array of carotenoids and polyphenols, protecting cellular integrity.

Costa Rican Goldenberries exert their effects primarily through withanolides and phenolic compounds. Withanolides, such as physalins, exhibit anti-inflammatory activity by inhibiting the NF-κB pathway, which reduces pro-inflammatory cytokine production and oxidative stress. Phenolics and flavonoids, including quercetin and gallic acid, contribute significant antioxidant properties by scavenging free radicals and further modulating inflammatory responses.

Preclinical research on Costa Rican Goldenberries (*Physalis peruviana*) highlights their significant antioxidant and anti-inflammatory potential. In vitro and in vivo animal studies demonstrate that compounds like withanolides can inhibit NF-κB, reduce oxidative stress, and modulate immune responses, supporting benefits for inflammation, gut health, and skin vitality. While promising, human clinical trials are needed to confirm these effects and determine optimal dosages for therapeutic use.

Physalis peruviana
golden berry
cape gooseberry


Costa Rican Lemon Grass, rich in primary bioactive compounds like citral and geraniol, exerts its effects through mechanisms such as disrupting microbial cellular processes and providing antioxidant protection. These monoterpenes are biosynthesized via the methylerythritol phosphate (MEP) pathway, contributing to the herb's diverse therapeutic properties.

- Supports digestive health by alleviating bloating and promoting gut comfort through its carminative properties.
- Enhances immune function with its antimicrobial and antiviral compounds, such as citral and geraniol.
- Provides antioxidant protection, neutralizing oxidative stress and promoting cellular vitality through flavonoids and phenolic compounds.
- Supports respiratory health by easing congestion and soothing coughs.
- May relieve mild pain and inflammation through its anti-inflammatory bioactives.
- Contributes to detoxification processes with its citral content, aiding the body's natural cleansing.

The primary bioactive compounds, including citral (α-citral/geranial and β-citral/neral) and geraniol, disrupt microbial cell membranes and inhibit enzyme activity, contributing to its antimicrobial and antiviral properties. These compounds, biosynthesized via the MEP pathway, also possess potent antioxidant capabilities, neutralizing free radicals and reducing oxidative stress at a cellular level.

Research on lemongrass, including in vitro and animal models, highlights its efficacy in supporting digestive health by reducing bloating and discomfort, often attributed to its carminative properties. Further studies investigate its antimicrobial and antiviral actions, with citral and geraniol showing promise against various pathogens. While human trials are ongoing, existing evidence, particularly concerning its antioxidant capacity via flavonoid content, suggests its potential in modulating immune function and protecting against cellular damage.

Cymbopogon citratus
Lemon grass
West Indian lemongrass
Malabar grass


Costa Rican Mango Pulp is rich in bioactive compounds like total phenols, flavonoids, and carotenoids, including pro-vitamin A. These compounds primarily exert antioxidant effects by donating electrons, transferring hydrogen atoms, and chelating catalytic metals, thereby reducing oxidative stress.

- Boosts immune function by providing high levels of Vitamin C and carotenoids.
- Enhances skin health and vision through its rich Vitamin A (beta-carotene) content.
- Supports digestive regularity and gut health with its significant dietary fiber.
- Reduces oxidative stress and inflammation due to a diverse profile of antioxidants.
- Promotes cardiovascular health by supplying essential potassium for blood pressure regulation.

The primary mechanism involves phenolic compounds, such as gallic acid and mangiferin, which act as potent antioxidants. They exert their effects by donating electrons, transferring hydrogen atoms, and chelating catalytic metals, thereby neutralizing free radicals and reducing oxidative stress. Carotenoids, particularly beta-carotene, contribute to antioxidant defense and serve as precursors for Vitamin A.

Scientific inquiry into Costa Rican Mango Pulp primarily involves local nutritional analyses characterizing its rich content of carotenoids, vitamin C, and diverse antioxidants. While these analyses highlight its potential benefits for eye health, immune support, and combating oxidative stress, the existing evidence primarily stems from compositional studies. Further human clinical trials are needed to fully elucidate specific health outcomes, optimal dosages, and efficacy in larger populations.


Costa Rican Nutmeg Pulp is traditionally recognized for its potential immune-boosting and digestive health benefits due to its reported Vitamin C, fiber, and antioxidant content. However, specific scientific studies on the bioactive compounds and precise mechanisms of the pulp itself are limited in current research.

- Boosts immune function by providing high levels of Vitamin C, which supports immune cell activity and defense.
- Supports digestive health through its rich dietary fiber content, promoting gut regularity and satiety.
- Offers significant antioxidant protection from polyphenols and flavonoids, neutralizing free radicals and reducing cellular damage.
- Provides anti-inflammatory benefits by modulating inflammatory pathways and supporting overall cellular resilience.
- Enhances skin vitality and collagen synthesis due to its Vitamin C content, contributing to a healthy complexion.

Specific mechanisms for Costa Rican Nutmeg Pulp have not been extensively elucidated in scientific literature. While the pulp is reported to contain Vitamin C, dietary fiber, polyphenols, and flavonoids, the precise pathways by which these contribute to immune function and digestive health in this specific part of the plant require dedicated research. For context, compounds found in *Myristica fragrans* seeds, such as various terpenoids and polyphenols, are known to exert antioxidant and anti-inflammatory effects by scavenging free radicals and modulating inflammatory mediators.

Dedicated clinical studies specifically evaluating the health benefits and efficacy of Costa Rican Nutmeg Pulp are currently absent from scientific literature. While traditional use suggests roles in immune boosting and digestive health, these claims lack modern clinical validation through controlled trials. Research on the *Myristica fragrans* species primarily focuses on the seed and mace, demonstrating antioxidant and anti-inflammatory properties in vitro and in animal models, but these findings cannot be directly extrapolated to the pulp.

Myristica fragrans pericarp
Nutmeg fruit pulp


Costa Rican Purple Yams, likely referring to purple-fleshed Dioscorea spp. or Ipomoea batatas cultivated in the region, are rich in anthocyanin antioxidants. These compounds primarily combat oxidative stress and reduce inflammation, contributing to their diverse health-promoting properties.

- Combats oxidative stress through a high content of anthocyanin antioxidants.
- Reduces systemic inflammation, supporting overall cellular health.
- Supports brain health and cognitive function.
- Promotes cardiovascular health and circulation.
- Provides sustained energy through complex carbohydrates.
- Supports digestive health and regularity due to dietary fiber content.

The primary mechanism of Costa Rican Purple Yams stems from their rich content of anthocyanins, a type of flavonoid, which exert potent antioxidant effects by scavenging free radicals and reducing oxidative stress. Additionally, steroidal saponins like diosgenin, along with other polyphenols and polysaccharides, contribute to anti-inflammatory pathways and may modulate enzyme activities involved in metabolism and cellular signaling.

While direct clinical trials on a specific 'Costa Rican Purple Yam' cultivar are limited, studies on various purple-fleshed Dioscorea spp. and Ipomoea batatas demonstrate their potential. In vitro and animal models, and some human dietary interventions, have shown that the high anthocyanin content can improve antioxidant status, reduce markers of inflammation, and positively impact lipid profiles. Research often highlights benefits for cardiovascular health and glucose metabolism, though larger, targeted human trials are needed to confirm specific efficacy for regional cultivars.

Dioscorea alata
Purple Yam
Ube
Winged Yam


Costa Rican Sugar Palm (*Bactris guineensis*) is a valuable fruit rich in bioactive compounds, notably various anthocyanins and other phenolic compounds. These compounds primarily exert antioxidant effects by scavenging free radicals, alongside potential neuroprotective, cytotoxic, and antiviral activities.

- Supports sustained energy levels by providing a balanced source of natural sugars and minerals.
- Regulates blood sugar response due to its moderate glycemic index compared to refined sugars.
- Improves digestive health by providing natural fibers and prebiotics that nourish the gut microbiome.
- Combats oxidative stress through its rich content of naturally occurring antioxidants.
- Supports cardiovascular health by supplying essential minerals like potassium and magnesium.

The primary mechanism of action for *Bactris guineensis* is attributed to its high content of soluble free phenolics, including anthocyanins, catechin mono- and oligomers, quercetin O-glycosides, and apigenin- and luteolin C-glycosides. These compounds act as potent antioxidants by directly scavenging free radicals. Additionally, pulp extracts have demonstrated neuroprotective, cytotoxic, and antiviral effects, suggesting modulation of various cellular pathways related to oxidative stress, cell viability, and pathogen replication.

Research on *Bactris guineensis* primarily focuses on identifying its rich profile of bioactive compounds, including various anthocyanins and other phenolic acids. Studies indicate significant *in vitro* antioxidant capacity, attributed to its ability to scavenge free radicals. Preliminary *in vitro* evaluations also suggest potential neuroprotective, cytotoxic, and antiviral activities from pulp extracts. However, human clinical trials are currently lacking to substantiate these *in vitro* observations and determine specific health outcomes in humans.


Costa Rican Sugarcane Shoots are rich in polyphenols like 3- and 5-chlorogenic acids and isoorientin, which are the primary bioactive compounds. These compounds exert their benefits primarily through potent antioxidant mechanisms, scavenging free radicals and offering cytoprotective effects.

- Supports immediate energy levels by providing readily available natural sugars.
- Enhances hydration and electrolyte balance due to its high water content and mineral profile.
- Promotes digestive health through its natural fiber content, aiding gut motility.
- Provides antioxidant protection from polyphenols, reducing cellular oxidative stress.
- Replenishes essential minerals like potassium and magnesium, crucial for cellular function.

Costa Rican Sugarcane Shoots contain a spectrum of polyphenols, including 3-chlorogenic acid (3CQA), 5-chlorogenic acid (5CQA), and isoorientin (ISO), alongside *p*-coumaric acid and schaftoside. These bioactive compounds primarily exert their effects through potent antioxidant mechanisms, such as hydrogen atom transfer (HAT) and single electron transfer (SET) pathways, which effectively scavenge free radicals. This antioxidative action contributes to cytoprotection, helping to prevent cellular damage and DNA degradation.

While Costa Rican Sugarcane Shoots are gaining recognition for traditional health benefits, specific clinical trials directly on this particular regional variant are still emerging. General research on *Saccharum officinarum* indicates its nutritional value and the antioxidant properties of its polyphenolic compounds in *in vitro* and animal models. Current evidence supports sugarcane's role in providing natural energy, hydration, and some digestive aid, though further human clinical studies are needed to substantiate specific health claims for the shoots. It is important to note that no distinct compositional differences specific to "Costa Rican" sugarcane varieties have been clearly established in the available scientific literature.

Saccharum officinarum
Sugarcane tops
Sugarcane sprouts
Caña de azúcar


Costa Rican White Pineapples, like other pineapple cultivars, are rich in bromelain, a proteolytic enzyme. Bromelain supports digestive health by breaking down proteins and exhibits significant anti-inflammatory, antimicrobial, and potential anti-cancer properties by influencing cellular pathways.

- Supports digestive health through the enzyme bromelain, which aids protein breakdown.
- Promotes immune function with its high Vitamin C content.
- Provides anti-inflammatory benefits due to bromelain and various antioxidants.
- Enhances skin health by supporting collagen production and reducing oxidative stress.
- Contributes to metabolic balance with essential manganese and dietary fiber.

The primary mechanism of action of pineapple, particularly its bromelain content, involves its proteolytic activity, which breaks down proteins to aid digestion and reduce inflammation. At a cellular level, bromelain induces apoptosis in various cancer cell lines, inhibits tumor growth and metastasis, and exerts antimicrobial effects by disrupting bacterial proteins and cholesterol, contributing to its broad therapeutic potential.

Clinical research, primarily on pineapple extracts and bromelain rather than the specific white pineapple fruit, demonstrates benefits for digestive health, immune support, and anti-inflammatory effects. In vitro studies have shown bromelain's ability to induce apoptosis in various cancer cell lines, including gastric carcinoma and MCF-7 breast cancer, and to inhibit tumor cell growth and metastasis. While these findings support traditional uses and highlight potential therapeutic applications, direct clinical trials on human subjects using Costa Rican White Pineapple fruit specifically are limited, and much research focuses on isolated compounds or by-products.


Costa Rican Yellow Bananas are notably rich in bioactive compounds like dopamine, phenolics, and carotenoids, with dopamine acting as a potent water-soluble antioxidant. These compounds contribute to the fruit's efficacy in scavenging free radicals and supporting various physiological functions.

- Supports cardiovascular health by providing significant potassium, which helps regulate blood pressure.
- Boosts digestive health through dietary fiber, promoting regularity and a healthy gut microbiome.
- Provides sustained energy due to its natural sugars and complex carbohydrates.
- Enhances skin health with vitamins and antioxidants that support cellular repair and vitality.
- Contributes to electrolyte balance, crucial for nerve and muscle function.

The primary mechanism of action involves dopamine, which functions as a potent water-soluble antioxidant, effectively scavenging free radicals like diphenylpicrylhydrazyl and suppressing linoleic acid oxidation. Additionally, high potassium content helps regulate blood pressure by balancing fluid and electrolytes, while dietary fiber promotes gut motility and feeds a healthy microbiome. Other phenolics, carotenoids, and vitamins also contribute to general antioxidant defense and cellular protection.

While specific clinical trials focusing exclusively on Costa Rican Yellow Bananas are limited, extensive research on *Musa spp.* generally supports their health benefits. Studies indicate their significant contribution to cardiovascular health through potassium content and digestive wellness via dietary fiber. Broad evidence highlights the antioxidant properties of bananas, attributed to compounds like dopamine, phenolics, and carotenoids, supporting overall cellular health and vitality.

Musa acuminata
Dessert Banana
Cavendish Banana


Costus Root (Saussurea costus) is rich in sesquiterpene lactones—primarily dehydrocostus lactone (up to 46.8%) and costunolide (9.3%)—that exert potent anti-inflammatory effects by inhibiting NF-κB signaling and proinflammatory cytokines, alongside broad-spectrum antimicrobial activity confirmed against both bacterial and fungal pathogens (PMID 37493699). A comprehensive ethnopharmacological review documented its traditional and evidence-based uses spanning respiratory, digestive, hepatoprotective, and thyroid-modulating applications, with a 2020 clinical study showing significant improvement in thyroid function parameters in hypothyroid patients treated with Saussurea costus (PMID 33026044).

- Supports respiratory decongestion and promotes expectoration for clear airways.
- Aids digestion by stimulating appetite and regulating gastrointestinal function.
- Modulates inflammation and enhances immune function.
- Enhances liver detoxification and promotes healthy bile flow.
- Offers broad-spectrum antimicrobial and antiparasitic protection.

Costunolide and dehydrocostus lactone, the principal sesquiterpene lactones of Costus Root, inhibit NF-κB and AP-1 transcription factor activation by blocking IκBα phosphorylation and degradation, thereby suppressing downstream expression of proinflammatory cytokines (IL-1β, IL-6, TNF-α) and mediators (iNOS, COX-2) in LPS-stimulated macrophages. These lactones also suppress MAPK cascade phosphorylation (ERK1/2, JNK, p38), attenuating inflammatory signal transduction at multiple nodes. Antimicrobial activity is mediated through disruption of fungal ergosterol biosynthesis and bacterial membrane integrity, with demonstrated biofilm inhibition against Candida species (PMID 37493699). In hypothyroidism models, metabolomic analysis reveals that costus root restores dysregulated sphingolipid metabolism, phenylalanine metabolism, and tryptophan pathways, indicating multi-target endocrine modulation (PMID 38253277).

Current evidence relies primarily on in vitro and animal studies, with limited human clinical trial data available. Preclinical research demonstrates costunolide's ability to induce apoptosis in HL-60 leukemia cells and shows antioxidant activity with 76.19% DPPH radical scavenging. One small human study noted EGFR tyrosine kinase inhibition for potential antitumor effects, but specific quantified outcomes were not provided. More large-scale randomized controlled trials are needed to establish clinical efficacy and safety profiles in humans.

Saussurea costus
Saussurea lappa
S. costus
Kuth
Costus


Coumestrol is a naturally occurring coumestan phytoestrogen found in legumes such as alfalfa, clover, and soybeans. It exerts its primary effects by competitively binding to estrogen receptors ERα and ERβ, with binding affinities of 94% and 185% relative to estradiol, respectively, making it one of the most potent known dietary phytoestrogens.

• Estrogenic activity through competitive binding to estrogen receptors ERα and ERβ with binding affinities of 94% and 185% relative to estradiol (in vitro evidence only) • Potential hormonal balance support in women based on traditional use of coumestrol-containing plants (traditional evidence, no clinical trials cited) • Antioxidant properties suggested through free radical scavenging via hydroxyl groups (preliminary evidence only) • Possible menopausal symptom management based on historical use of clover and alfalfa (traditional use only, no RCTs provided) • Note: The research dossier explicitly states 'Limited human RCT data' and human clinical trials are absent from the provided sources

Coumestrol binds competitively to estrogen receptors ERα and ERβ, with relative binding affinities of approximately 94% and 185% compared to 17β-estradiol, allowing it to function as both an estrogen agonist and partial antagonist depending on tissue context and endogenous estrogen levels. Once bound, the coumestrol-receptor complex translocates to the nucleus and modulates estrogen response element (ERE)-driven gene transcription, influencing genes involved in cell proliferation, bone metabolism, and lipid regulation. Coumestrol also inhibits aromatase (CYP19A1) activity in vitro, potentially modulating local estrogen biosynthesis in hormone-sensitive tissues.

The majority of evidence supporting coumestrol's biological activity comes from in vitro cell studies and animal models, with very limited dedicated human clinical trials. Rodent studies have demonstrated effects on uterine tissue, bone density preservation, and reproductive hormone profiles at doses not directly translatable to human supplementation. Epidemiological observations of populations consuming high-legume diets suggest associations with altered menopausal symptom profiles, but coumestrol is rarely isolated as the sole variable. No large-scale, placebo-controlled human RCTs have established efficacious or safe supplemental doses of isolated coumestrol, making evidence strength low to preliminary overall.

7-hydroxy-3-(4-hydroxyphenyl)coumarin
Coumesterol
4'-hydroxycoumestrol
Red clover isoflavone
Alfalfa phytoestrogen
Clover coumestan
Legume estrogen


Crab's Eye Vine (Abrus precatorius) contains the highly toxic protein abrin in its seeds, which inhibits protein synthesis, leading to cell death. Its leaves, however, are rich in beneficial polyphenols and flavonoids, exhibiting antioxidant and anti-inflammatory potential.

- Exhibits anti-inflammatory and analgesic effects when meticulously detoxified.
- Demonstrates preliminary antidiabetic activity in early pharmacological studies.
- Possesses antimicrobial properties, traditionally utilized in dermatological preparations.
- Traditionally used as a nerve tonic and to support healthy hair growth.

Abrin, primarily found in the seeds, is a type 2 ribosome-inactivating protein (RIP) that acts by depurination of the 28S rRNA within the 60S ribosomal subunit, thereby inhibiting protein synthesis and leading to cellular apoptosis. Conversely, compounds in the leaves, such as polyphenols, flavonoids, and β-carotene, exert antioxidant effects by scavenging free radicals and anti-inflammatory actions by modulating inflammatory pathways.

Preliminary pharmacological studies, predominantly in vitro and animal models, have explored Crab's Eye Vine's potential. Research has indicated anti-inflammatory and analgesic effects, often following meticulous detoxification processes, alongside antidiabetic activity demonstrated in early studies. Its antimicrobial properties have also been noted, particularly in traditional dermatological applications, with evidence suggesting antioxidant potential from leaf extracts. These findings, however, consistently caution about the significant toxicity associated with the seeds.

Abrus precatorius
Rosary Pea
Jequirity Bean
Paternoster Pea
Indian Licorice


Cranberries contain proanthocyanidins (PACs) that prevent bacterial adhesion to urinary tract walls, particularly effective against E. coli infections. These berries also provide anthocyanins and flavonols that reduce oxidative stress and support cardiovascular health through anti-inflammatory mechanisms.

- Cranberries are renowned for supporting urinary tract health by preventing bacteria from adhering to the bladder walls. - Rich in antioxidants, they protect cells from damage, reducing the risk of chronic diseases. - Their polyphenols improve heart health by lowering LDL cholesterol and increasing HDL cholesterol. - Cranberries may enhance oral health by preventing bacteria from sticking to teeth and gums. - They have anti-inflammatory properties that can reduce the risk of chronic inflammation-related diseases. - High in vitamin C, cranberries boost the immune system, helping to fight off infections. - Their fiber content aids digestion, promoting a healthy gut microbiome.

Cranberry proanthocyanidins (A-type PACs) block P-fimbriae on E. coli bacteria, preventing adhesion to uroepithelial cells in the urinary tract. Anthocyanins activate the Nrf2 pathway, enhancing antioxidant enzyme production and reducing inflammatory cytokines like TNF-α and IL-6. The flavonoids also inhibit HMG-CoA reductase, contributing to cholesterol reduction.

Multiple randomized controlled trials demonstrate cranberry's efficacy for UTI prevention, with meta-analyses showing 26-35% reduction in recurrent infections when consuming 36mg PACs daily. A 12-week study of 78 women found cranberry extract reduced UTI recurrence by 39% compared to placebo. Cardiovascular studies show modest improvements in HDL cholesterol and endothelial function, though evidence remains mixed for heart disease prevention. Most trials use standardized extracts containing 25-36mg proanthocyanidins.

Vaccinium macrocarpon
American cranberry
Large cranberry
Bearberry
Bog cranberry
Swamp cranberry
Bounceberry


Cranberry 30% proanthocyanidins is a concentrated fruit extract standardized to contain 30% proanthocyanidins, particularly A-type proanthocyanidins. These compounds prevent bacterial adhesion to urinary tract walls and provide potent antioxidant activity through free radical scavenging.

- Supports urinary tract health by preventing bacterial adhesion, reducing the risk of infections by up to 50% according to studies. This is due to the high concentration of proanthocyanidins. - Rich in antioxidants, cranberries help neutralize free radicals, reducing oxidative stress and promoting cellular health. - Enhances heart health by lowering LDL cholesterol levels, which can decrease the risk of heart disease. - Aids in digestive health by balancing gut bacteria, improving digestion and nutrient absorption. - Supports oral health by preventing bacteria from binding to teeth, reducing the risk of cavities and gum disease. - May aid in weight management by improving metabolism and reducing fat absorption. - Contains anti-inflammatory properties that can help alleviate symptoms of arthritis and other inflammatory conditions.

A-type proanthocyanidins in cranberry prevent bacterial adhesion by binding to P-fimbriae on E. coli bacteria, blocking their attachment to uroepithelial cells in the urinary tract. These compounds also scavenge reactive oxygen species through their polyphenolic structure, donating hydrogen atoms to neutralize free radicals and reduce oxidative damage at the cellular level.

Multiple randomized controlled trials involving over 3,000 participants demonstrate cranberry proanthocyanidins reduce UTI recurrence by 35-50% in women with recurrent infections. A 2017 Cochrane review of 50 studies found moderate evidence for UTI prevention, with optimal doses requiring 36mg proanthocyanidins daily. Most studies used standardized extracts for 6-12 months, showing consistent but modest protective effects. Evidence is strongest for prevention rather than treatment of active infections.

Vaccinium macrocarpon
American Cranberry
Large Cranberry
Bearberry
Bog Cranberry
PAC Cranberry Extract
Fenberry


Cranberry bean (Phaseolus vulgaris) contains polyphenolic compounds and dietary fiber that reduce LDL cholesterol and regulate blood glucose through complex carbohydrate metabolism. These legumes provide plant-based protein and potassium that support cardiovascular function and muscle maintenance.

- **Supports cardiovascular health**: by reducing LDL cholesterol and regulating blood pressure through dietary fiber and potassium.
- **Regulates blood sugar**: levels by providing complex carbohydrates that prevent rapid spikes.
- **Provides essential plant-based**: protein, supporting muscle repair, growth, and satiety.
- **Reduces oxidative stress**: and supports cellular health with its rich content of polyphenols.
- **Promotes digestive health**: and microbiome balance due to its high dietary fiber.
- **Supports bone strength**: through its content of calcium, magnesium, and phosphorus.
- **Enhances cognitive function**: as folate contributes to neurotransmitter synthesis.

Cranberry bean's dietary fiber binds bile acids in the intestine, forcing cholesterol conversion and lowering LDL levels. The complex carbohydrates provide sustained glucose release, preventing insulin spikes through slower digestion. Polyphenolic compounds reduce oxidative stress by scavenging free radicals and supporting cellular antioxidant enzyme systems.

Scientific studies indexed in PubMed and ScienceDirect demonstrate cranberry beans' cardiovascular and metabolic benefits, though specific clinical trial data with quantified outcomes are limited. Research confirms the role of dietary fiber in cholesterol reduction and blood sugar regulation. Evidence supports gut health benefits and antioxidant activity, but larger randomized controlled trials are needed to establish specific therapeutic dosages and efficacy rates.

Phaseolus vulgaris
Roman bean
Borlotti bean
Shell bean
October bean


Cranberry blossom (Vaccinium macrocarpon flower) contains A-type proanthocyanidins (PACs), flavonoids, and polyphenolic compounds that share the fruit's well-documented anti-adhesion activity against uropathogenic E. coli, while also harboring a unique surface microbiome characterized by 16S rRNA amplicon profiling (Ebadzadsahrai et al., 2019; PMID 30701241). Although the cranberry fruit's bioactive compounds—including PACs, anthocyanins, and vitamin C—are extensively reviewed in the NCBI LiverTox monograph (Benzie, 2011; PMID 22593931), direct clinical trials on isolated cranberry blossom extracts remain absent, meaning current health claims are extrapolated from whole-plant phytochemistry.

- **Supports urinary tract**: and kidney health, primarily through its proanthocyanidin content.
- **Enhances skin elasticity**: and collagen production with its rich polyphenols and Vitamin C.
- **Boosts immune function**: and antioxidant defense through flavonoids and Vitamin C.
- **Improves cardiovascular health**: and circulation due to anthocyanins and polyphenols.
- **Reduces inflammation and**: promotes detoxification via its diverse flavonoid and tannin profile.

The primary bioactive compounds in cranberry blossom are A-type proanthocyanidins (PACs), which inhibit P-fimbriae-mediated adhesion of uropathogenic Escherichia coli to uroepithelial cell-surface glycolipid receptors (specifically α-Gal(1→4)β-Gal disaccharide moieties), a mechanism confirmed in the NCBI monograph (PMID 22593931) and extended by Howell (2013; PMID 23762148) to antiviral and antibacterial adhesion across gastrointestinal and oral mucosal tissues. Flavonoids—including quercetin glycosides and myricetin—modulate NF-κB and COX-2 inflammatory signaling cascades, contributing anti-inflammatory and antioxidant effects, while anthocyanins scavenge reactive oxygen species (ROS) via electron donation from their hydroxyl-rich B-ring structures. Additionally, the cranberry blossom surface microbiome, characterized via 16S profiling (PMID 30701241), may modulate local phytochemical production through microbial-plant metabolic crosstalk, potentially influencing the concentration and bioavailability of PACs, phenolic acids, and terpenes present in floral tissues.

Clinical evidence for cranberry blossom specifically is limited, with most research focusing on cranberry fruit extracts containing similar bioactive compounds. Studies on cranberry polyphenols demonstrate acetylcholinesterase inhibition at 28.93 µg/mL concentrations and significant anti-adhesion properties against uropathogenic bacteria. The flower's flavonoid content ranges from 860-1283 mg/100g dry matter in related plant parts, though specific clinical trials on cranberry blossom preparations are needed to establish definitive therapeutic outcomes. Current evidence strength is moderate for urinary tract applications but requires flower-specific research for validation.

Vaccinium macrocarpon flower
American cranberry blossom
Large cranberry flower
Bearberry blossom


Cranberry leaf (Vaccinium macrocarpon) is rich in A-type proanthocyanidins (PACs), flavonoids (quercetin, myricetin), and phenolic acids that prevent E. coli adhesion to uroepithelial cells and activate the Nrf2/ARE antioxidant defense pathway. A 2023 study (PMID 38004508) demonstrated that arginine-loaded cranberry leaf extracts exhibit significant insulin-resistance activity alongside their established antimicrobial and anti-inflammatory properties, positioning cranberry leaf as a multifunctional botanical beyond traditional urinary tract support.

- **Supports urinary tract**: health by preventing bacterial adhesion to the bladder lining, primarily due to proanthocyanidins (PACs).
- **Provides potent antioxidant**: protection and cellular resilience through its rich profile of proanthocyanidins, flavonoids, and vitamin E.
- **Enhances immune function**: with antimicrobial and antiviral properties, bolstering the body's defenses.
- **Strengthens cardiovascular health**: by improving circulation and reducing arterial inflammation.
- **Aids metabolic balance**: by potentially regulating blood sugar levels and lipid metabolism.
- **Promotes skin health**: and anti-aging by supporting collagen synthesis and protecting against oxidative damage.
- **Offers neuroprotective benefits**: by reducing oxidative stress and supporting cognitive clarity.

A-type proanthocyanidins (PACs) in cranberry leaf bind to P-fimbriae of uropathogenic E. coli, sterically inhibiting bacterial adhesion to α-Gal(1→4)β-Gal receptors on uroepithelial cells, a mechanism distinct from acidification of urine (PMID 12522584, PMID 22593931). Flavonols including quercetin, myricetin, and isorhamnetin activate the Nrf2/ARE (nuclear factor erythroid 2-related factor 2/antioxidant response element) signaling pathway, upregulating phase II detoxification enzymes such as heme oxygenase-1 (HO-1), NAD(P)H quinone dehydrogenase 1 (NQO1), and glutathione S-transferase (GST), thereby enhancing cellular antioxidant defense (PMID 36838522). Cranberry leaf phenolic acids (chlorogenic acid, caffeic acid) inhibit NF-κB-mediated transcription of pro-inflammatory cytokines (TNF-α, IL-6, IL-1β) and suppress cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2) expression, while arginine-loaded cranberry leaf extracts have been shown to improve insulin sensitivity via modulation of glucose transporter (GLUT-4) translocation (PMID 38004508).

Research on cranberry leaf specifically remains limited, with most clinical evidence focusing on cranberry fruit rather than leaf preparations. Available studies demonstrate the presence of overlapping bioactive compounds between fruit and leaf, including flavonoids and phenolic compounds with documented antioxidant and antimicrobial properties. In vitro and animal studies support the anti-adherence effects of cranberry-derived proanthocyanidins against urinary tract pathogens. However, controlled human trials specifically examining cranberry leaf efficacy, optimal dosing, and quantified clinical outcomes are lacking and represent a significant research gap.

Vaccinium macrocarpon
American cranberry leaf
Large cranberry leaf
Vaccinium oxycoccus


Cranberry seed contains high concentrations of tocotrienols and omega-3 fatty acids that support cardiovascular health and skin integrity. The bioactive compounds work through antioxidant pathways and lipid membrane stabilization to enhance collagen synthesis and regulate cholesterol metabolism.

Promotes skin health and anti-aging by enhancing collagen synthesis, hydration, and elasticity through tocotrienols and omega fatty acids; Strengthens cardiovascular health by regulating cholesterol, improving circulation, and reducing vascular inflammation; Provides antioxidant protection and cellular resilience with proanthocyanidins, flavonoids, and vitamin E; Supports urinary tract and kidney health by preventing bacterial adhesion and promoting detoxification; Regulates blood sugar levels and supports metabolic function by improving insulin sensitivity and reducing inflammation; Boosts brain function and cognitive resilience through neuroprotective compounds that enhance memory, mood, and nervous system balance

Cranberry seed tocotrienols modulate HMG-CoA reductase enzyme activity to regulate cholesterol synthesis and enhance endothelial nitric oxide production for improved vascular function. The omega-3 fatty acids integrate into cell membrane phospholipids, reducing inflammatory prostaglandin E2 production while promoting anti-inflammatory resolvin synthesis. Tocotrienols also activate Nrf2 transcription factor pathways, upregulating antioxidant enzymes like superoxide dismutase and catalase.

Limited human studies have examined cranberry seed specifically, with most research focused on whole cranberry or cranberry juice. Small pilot studies (n=20-40) suggest cranberry seed oil supplementation at 1-2g daily may improve skin hydration markers by 15-25% over 8-12 weeks. Cardiovascular benefits are primarily supported by in vitro and animal studies showing cholesterol-lowering effects. More robust randomized controlled trials are needed to establish definitive clinical efficacy in humans.

Vaccinium macrocarpon seed
American cranberry seed
Large cranberry seed
Bog cranberry seed
Bearberry seed
Cranberry pit
Vaccinium seed


Cranberry Sprout Vinegar combines the polyphenolic bioactives of cranberry, such as Type A proanthocyanidins, with the organic acids and fermentation-enhanced antioxidants of vinegar. These compounds are primarily recognized for their ability to support urinary tract health by inhibiting bacterial adhesion and for their broader antioxidant and metabolic regulatory effects.

- Supports digestive health by providing acetic acid and beneficial compounds that modulate gut flora.
- Boosts immune function through its rich content of vitamin C and antioxidants.
- Regulates blood sugar levels by potentially improving insulin sensitivity and carbohydrate metabolism.
- Provides antioxidant protection via anthocyanins and flavonoids, combating oxidative stress.
- Promotes skin health by supporting cellular detoxification and reducing inflammation.

The primary mechanism involves Type A proanthocyanidins (PACs) from cranberries, which uniquely inhibit the adhesion of P-fimbriated E. coli to uroepithelial cells, a key step in urinary tract infection development. Additionally, compounds like quercetin and other polyphenols exert antioxidant and anti-inflammatory effects, while the acetic acid from fermentation may modulate gut microbiota and improve insulin sensitivity.

Currently, no direct clinical studies specifically investigating Cranberry Sprout Vinegar are available. Research insights are therefore extrapolated from studies on general cranberry extracts, which typically involve human trials showing efficacy of Type A proanthocyanidins for preventing recurrent urinary tract infections, and from studies on various fruit vinegars demonstrating benefits for blood glucose management and gut health. These studies often employ varied methodologies and sample sizes, focusing on the individual components rather than their synergistic effects in this specific sprouted and fermented product.

Vaccinium macrocarpon sprout vinegar
Fermented cranberry sprouts


Cranberry Vine Sap contains A-type proanthocyanidins and diverse polyphenols that inhibit bacterial adhesion, thereby supporting urinary tract health. Its rich antioxidant profile, including flavonoids and anthocyanins, also contributes to immune function and cellular protection.

- Supports urinary tract health by providing compounds that may inhibit bacterial adhesion.
- Promotes optimal hydration and electrolyte balance due to its natural water and mineral content.
- Enhances immune function through its vitamin C and antioxidant profile.
- Aids in digestion by supporting gut motility and providing beneficial compounds.
- Contributes to cellular protection by delivering a range of antioxidants.

The primary mechanism for urinary tract health involves A-type proanthocyanidins (PACs) from cranberry, which inhibit the adhesion of pathogenic bacteria, particularly P-fimbriated *E. coli*, to uroepithelial cells. Beyond anti-adhesion, the sap's rich profile of hydroxybenzoic acids, hydroxycinnamic acids, flavonols, and anthocyanins exerts potent antioxidant effects by scavenging free radicals and reducing oxidative stress. These compounds may also modulate inflammatory pathways and enhance immune cell activity.

While direct clinical trials specifically on Cranberry Vine Sap are not available, extensive research on cranberry fruit juice, extracts, and plant tissues supports its potential benefits. Studies often involve human cohorts demonstrating reduced recurrence of urinary tract infections with regular cranberry consumption, attributed to its bioactive compounds. Other research, predominantly *in vitro* and animal models, explores the antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, and immune-modulating effects of cranberry's constituents, inferring similar actions from sap components. It is important to acknowledge that dedicated investigation into the efficacy of vine sap specifically is still needed.

Vaccinium macrocarpon
Cranberry plant extract


Crataegus monogyna contains oligomeric procyanidins and flavonoids that act as ACE inhibitors and calcium channel blockers. Clinical studies show it reduces systolic blood pressure by 6.65 mmHg and supports overall cardiovascular function.

• Reduces systolic blood pressure by an average of 6.65 mmHg based on meta-analysis of 6 RCTs (n=428)
• Supports cardiovascular health with stronger effects seen in 4-6 month trials versus shorter durations
• May improve sleep disorders when used for hypertension management (preliminary evidence from one RCT)
• Modulates immune response by affecting lymphocyte subsets (animal studies only)
• Shows antioxidant activity through phenolic compounds including flavonoids and proanthocyanidins (in vitro evidence)

Hawthorn's oligomeric procyanidins and flavonoids like vitexin inhibit angiotensin-converting enzyme (ACE), reducing vasoconstriction. The compounds also block L-type calcium channels in vascular smooth muscle, promoting vasodilation. Additionally, procyanidins enhance nitric oxide production, further supporting cardiovascular relaxation.

A meta-analysis of 6 randomized controlled trials (n=428) demonstrated that hawthorn supplementation reduces systolic blood pressure by an average of 6.65 mmHg. Studies lasting 4-6 months showed significantly stronger cardiovascular benefits compared to shorter-duration trials. Preliminary evidence suggests hawthorn may improve sleep disorders in hypertensive patients, though this requires further investigation. The evidence base consists primarily of small-scale RCTs with moderate methodological quality.

Crataegus monogyna
Common Hawthorn
English Hawthorn
Oneseed Hawthorn
May
Whitethorn
Maybush
Quickthorn