Cypriot Chickpea (Cicer arietinum) is rich in bioactive compounds such as isoflavones, flavonoids, and peptides. These compounds exert health benefits through mechanisms like antioxidant activity, modulation of estrogen receptors, and inhibition of angiotensin I-converting enzyme (ACE).

- Provides high-quality plant-based protein, essential for muscle repair, growth, and cellular function.
- Supports digestive health by improving gut motility and promoting regularity through dietary fiber.
- Enhances sustained energy levels via complex carbohydrates and B vitamins, preventing energy crashes.
- Promotes cardiovascular health by helping to regulate cholesterol levels and improve circulation.
- Contributes to bone health through its content of Vitamin K and essential minerals.

The health benefits of Cypriot Chickpea are largely attributed to its diverse bioactive compounds. Polyphenols and flavonoids act as potent antioxidants, scavenging reactive oxygen species and reducing oxidative stress, while peptides inhibit angiotensin I-converting enzyme (ACE) for blood pressure regulation. Isoflavones such as formononetin, biochanin A, and genistein further contribute to its effects by binding to estrogen receptors, alongside other compounds like lectins and saponins.

Existing research on Cicer arietinum (chickpea) generally highlights its nutritional benefits and potential therapeutic properties. While specific clinical trials on 'Cypriot Chickpea' are limited, broader studies on chickpeas demonstrate positive impacts on cardiovascular health, improving cholesterol profiles and blood glucose regulation. Additionally, dietary fiber content has been shown to enhance digestive function and gut motility in human populations. Further research, particularly clinical trials, is warranted to fully elucidate the anti-cancer potential suggested by in vitro and animal studies on specific chickpea bioactives.

Cicer arietinum
Common chickpea
Garbanzo bean


Cypriot Grapefruit is rich in bioactive compounds such as Vitamin C, naringin, and other flavonoids, which collectively exert potent antioxidant activity. These compounds function by scavenging free radicals and acting as enzyme cofactors, thereby reducing oxidative stress and supporting immune health.

- Reduces oxidative stress and inflammation through a rich profile of flavonoids and carotenoids.
- Supports immune function with high Vitamin C content, strengthening the body's defense mechanisms.
- Enhances digestive health by promoting healthy gut motility and providing dietary fiber.
- Promotes skin health by aiding in collagen production and supporting skin regeneration.
- Contributes to overall cellular protection through its potent antioxidant activity.

The primary mechanism of Cypriot Grapefruit's benefits stems from its rich antioxidant profile, particularly Vitamin C, naringin, and other flavonoids. Vitamin C acts as a potent water-soluble antioxidant, donating electrons to neutralize free radicals, serving as an enzyme cofactor, and regenerating vitamin E. Naringin and other phenolics contribute significantly to radical scavenging ability, thereby mitigating oxidative stress and inflammation at a cellular level.

Clinical and in vitro studies on *Citrus paradisi* and its extracts, including those from Cypriot sources, consistently demonstrate significant antioxidant and anti-inflammatory properties. Research often focuses on the high vitamin C and flavonoid content, showing improved immune function and protection against oxidative stress in various models. While specific large-scale human clinical trials on "Cypriot Grapefruit" as a distinct varietal are less documented, studies on general grapefruit consumption support its benefits for cardiovascular health, gut motility, and overall well-being, largely due to its fiber and bioactive compounds.

Citrus paradisi
Grapefruit
Forbidden Fruit

Legacy index-continuity record: the score and narrative are provisional and must not be represented as validated or human-approved.


Cypriot Laurel Berries, from *Laurus nobilis*, are rich in fatty oils, essential oils like 1,8-cineole, and lauric acid. These compounds contribute to its traditional use, exhibiting antifungal, antibacterial, and anti-inflammatory properties through various mechanisms.

- Reduces inflammation through its rich content of essential oils and flavonoids.
- Boosts immune function with its antimicrobial and antioxidant properties.
- Supports cardiovascular health by protecting against oxidative damage.
- Promotes digestive health by aiding gut motility and reducing discomfort.
- Provides potent antioxidant activity, protecting cells from oxidative stress.
- Contributes to detoxification processes through its bioactive compounds.

Cypriot Laurel Berries contain significant amounts of fatty oils (up to 30%) and essential oils (up to 1%), including key compounds like 1,8-cineole, α- and β-pinene, and lauric acid. These essential oils contribute to antifungal and antibacterial activity by disrupting microbial cell membranes and inhibiting vital enzymatic processes. Furthermore, compounds like 1,8-cineole are known for their anti-inflammatory effects through modulation of inflammatory pathways.

While Cypriot Laurel Berries boast a long history of traditional use in Mediterranean and Cypriot folk medicine for their antimicrobial, anti-inflammatory, and detoxifying properties, modern clinical studies specifically on the unique Cypriot variety are limited. General research on *Laurus nobilis* supports many of these traditional uses, demonstrating in vitro and some animal studies on its antimicrobial, antioxidant, and anti-inflammatory potential, but human clinical trials specifically on the berries remain scarce. Therefore, current evidence largely relies on traditional knowledge and broader species research rather than specific berry-focused clinical trials.


Cypriot Lemon Balm (Melissa officinalis)

Cypriot Lemon Balm (*Melissa officinalis*) contains key bioactive compounds such as rosmarinic acid, phenolic acids, and essential oil volatiles, which contribute to its therapeutic effects. These compounds primarily exert antioxidant activity by scavenging free radicals and are also associated with calming the nervous system.

- Supports relaxation and reduces stress by calming the nervous system.
- Boosts immune function through its rich antioxidant content.
- Promotes digestive health by alleviating discomfort and spasms.
- Provides anti-inflammatory benefits, contributing to overall wellness.
- Offers potent antioxidant protection, neutralizing free radicals and reducing oxidative stress.
- Enhances skin health by reducing inflammation and supporting rejuvenation.

Rosmarinic acid and other phenolic acids, like caffeic and chlorogenic acids, exhibit significant antioxidant effects by scavenging DPPH and hydroxyl radicals and inhibiting lipid peroxidation. The essential oil components, including geranial, neral, and citronellal, are believed to contribute to its anxiolytic properties, potentially through modulation of the GABAergic system.

Scientific studies, encompassing human clinical trials and in vitro research, have explored the efficacy of *Melissa officinalis* in various health areas. These investigations highlight its capacity to alleviate stress and anxiety, support healthy digestion by reducing discomfort and spasms, and improve skin conditions. The anxiolytic, anti-inflammatory, and antioxidant properties of lemon balm are consistently validated across research, contributing to its recognized health benefits.


Cypriot Myrtle Berry is rich in phenolic compounds, particularly dimeric ellagitannins such as oenothein B, which provide significant antioxidant and anti-inflammatory benefits. These compounds exert their effects by inhibiting inflammatory pathways, including IL-8 secretion and NF-κB nuclear translocation in cells.

- Reduces oxidative stress by neutralizing free radicals, supporting cellular integrity.
- Promotes digestive wellness by enhancing gut motility and alleviating bloating.
- Strengthens immune response through its high vitamin C content, fortifying natural defenses.
- Enhances skin vitality by providing anti-inflammatory compounds and supporting collagen synthesis.
- Exhibits antimicrobial properties, contributing to infection prevention and overall systemic balance.

The berries of *Myrtus communis* L. are rich in a diverse array of phenolic compounds, including phenolic acids (gallic acid, ellagic acid), flavonols (myricetin glycosides, quercetin, catechin), and anthocyanins. A key mechanism involves dimeric ellagitannins, specifically oenothein B, which inhibits IL-8 secretion and blocks NF-κB nuclear translocation in cytokine-stimulated gastric cells. These actions contribute to its potent antioxidant activity and its ability to modulate inflammatory responses at a cellular level.

Preliminary studies confirm the antioxidant, immune-boosting, and skin-health-promoting properties of Cypriot Myrtle Berries. Research highlights their potential positive impact on digestion and cellular protection, attributed to their rich phenolic content. However, specific details on study types, sample sizes, or definitive clinical outcomes from human trials are not provided in the current research, indicating that evidence is largely preclinical or observational.


Cypriot Rosewater, derived from Rosa damascena, leverages its rich content of polyphenols and flavonoids to exert antioxidant and anti-inflammatory effects. These compounds help reduce oxidative stress and soothe irritated tissues, contributing to its traditional therapeutic uses.

- Reduces oxidative stress through its rich content of polyphenols and flavonoids.
- Promotes skin hydration by balancing pH and attracting moisture to the skin.
- Supports digestive health by soothing the gastrointestinal tract and reducing discomfort.
- Boosts mood and reduces anxiety through its calming aromatic compounds.
- Enhances relaxation and promotes a sense of well-being.
- Alleviates inflammation with its soothing and anti-inflammatory properties.

The primary mechanisms of Cypriot Rosewater's action are attributed to its polyphenols and flavonoids, such as gallic acid and quercetin, which scavenge free radicals and inhibit pro-inflammatory enzymes like COX-2. Its volatile compounds, absorbed through inhalation or topically, may interact with the limbic system to induce anxiolytic effects. Topically, its humectant properties and mild astringency contribute to skin hydration and pH balance.

While specific clinical trials on Cypriot Rosewater are limited, research on its source, Rosa damascena, shows promising in vitro and animal evidence for antioxidant and anti-inflammatory properties. Human studies, often small-scale, have demonstrated its efficacy in aromatherapy for reducing anxiety and improving mood. Topical application in human trials has also supported its benefits for skin hydration and soothing mild irritation, though large-scale placebo-controlled trials are scarce.

Rosa damascena hydrosol
Damask Rose Hydrosol
Gül suyu
Ma' ward


Cypriot Thyme Blossom, likely derived from *Thymus capitatus* or related Cypriot species, is rich in bioactive compounds like thymol and carvacrol. These constituents confer potent antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, and antimicrobial properties, supporting respiratory, immune, and digestive health.

- Reduces oxidative stress by providing a rich source of flavonoids, thymol, and polyphenols.
- Supports respiratory health by alleviating symptoms of coughs, colds, and infections.
- Enhances immune function through its high vitamin C content, strengthening natural defenses.
- Promotes digestive health by improving gut motility and alleviating discomfort.
- Modulates inflammatory pathways, contributing to overall cellular protection.

Thymol and carvacrol, primary active compounds, exert their effects by disrupting bacterial cell membranes and inhibiting inflammatory pathways like NF-κB, through modulation of cytokine production. They also function as potent antioxidants by scavenging free radicals and upregulating endogenous antioxidant enzymes to reduce oxidative stress. These beneficial compounds are biosynthesized via MEP/MVA and shikimic acid pathways within the plant's glandular trichomes.

Clinical research specifically on standardized "Cypriot Thyme Blossom" products is limited, often extrapolating from studies on *Thymus capitatus* and other *Thymus* species. Preliminary in vitro and in vivo studies indicate significant antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, and antimicrobial activities, largely attributed to thymol and carvacrol. While traditional use strongly supports benefits for respiratory and digestive health, robust human clinical trials are needed to confirm efficacy, optimal dosages, and specific applications for this particular botanical. Current evidence primarily stems from observational data and research on general thyme preparations.

Thymus capitatus
Spanish Origanum
Conehead Thyme
Cypriot Thyme


Cypriot Thyme Honey is notably rich in phenolic compounds and hydrogen peroxide, providing potent antioxidant and antimicrobial properties. Its mechanisms involve the generation of H₂O₂ to induce bacterial oxidative stress and the scavenging of free radicals by its diverse flavonoid content.

- Provides potent antioxidant protection by neutralizing free radicals, attributed to its rich flavonoid and phenolic acid content.
- Enhances the body's natural defenses, thereby supporting robust immune function.
- Promotes digestive health by soothing the digestive tract and supporting beneficial gut bacteria.
- Offers anti-inflammatory benefits, which can help reduce systemic inflammation and support overall wellness.
- Provides soothing and regenerative effects for the skin, contributing to improved skin health.

The primary antimicrobial action of Cypriot Thyme Honey is facilitated by hydrogen peroxide (H₂O₂), generated through the enzymatic activity of glucose oxidase, which creates oxidative stress, damages bacterial cell walls, and disrupts microbial homeostasis. Its naturally low pH, derived from gluconic acid, further inhibits bacterial proliferation. Additionally, its rich array of phenolic compounds and flavonoids acts as potent antioxidants, neutralizing harmful free radicals and contributing to its anti-inflammatory effects.

Research on various thyme honeys, including those originating from Cyprus, consistently demonstrates their significant antioxidant capacity due to high levels of phenolic compounds, and potent broad-spectrum antimicrobial activity against diverse pathogens. While *in vitro* and animal studies confirm immune-boosting, digestive, and anti-inflammatory properties, specific large-scale human clinical trials on Cypriot Thyme Honey remain less common. Current evidence suggests promising therapeutic potential, though further targeted clinical research is needed to validate precise health claims and establish optimal dosages.

Thymus capitatus
Wild Thyme Honey of Cyprus
Cypriot Thyme Flower Honey


Cypriot Wild Olive is notably rich in phenolic compounds, such as oleuropein, which exert potent antioxidant effects by scavenging free radicals. These compounds protect cells from oxidative stress and support overall cellular health.

- Protects against oxidative stress with potent polyphenols like oleuropein and hydroxytyrosol.
- Supports cardiovascular health by improving cholesterol levels and contributing to blood pressure regulation.
- Boosts immune function through its high vitamin E content, strengthening natural defenses.
- Promotes skin health by providing hydration, reducing inflammation, and supporting cellular rejuvenation.
- Contributes to anti-inflammatory processes throughout the body.

The primary mechanism involves the potent antioxidant activity of phenolic compounds, including oleuropein, verbascoside, apigenin-7-glucoside, and luteolin-7-glucoside. These compounds scavenge free radicals, donate hydrogen atoms, chelate metal ions, and disrupt radical chain reactions, thereby protecting cellular membranes from oxidative damage. Additionally, phenolics contribute to anti-inflammatory effects and may influence lipid metabolism.

Human observational studies and in vitro research support the cardiovascular and antioxidant benefits of wild olive varieties. These studies indicate that its rich polyphenol content, including oleuropein, contributes to reducing oxidative stress and inflammation. While more large-scale human clinical trials are needed to confirm specific dosages and long-term outcomes, existing evidence suggests a role in supporting overall well-being and managing cholesterol levels.

Olea europaea subsp. oleaster
Olea europaea subsp. cuspidata
Wild Olive


L-Cysteine is a sulfur-containing amino acid critical for stabilizing protein structures through disulfide bond formation and participating in crucial redox signaling pathways. It serves as the rate-limiting precursor for glutathione synthesis, the body's primary endogenous antioxidant, vital for detoxification and cellular protection.

- Serves as a precursor to glutathione, safeguarding cells from oxidative damage.
- Facilitates the removal of heavy metals and toxins through liver and kidney support.
- Supports collagen synthesis, enhancing skin elasticity and structural integrity.
- Aids in the formation of white blood cells and antibodies for immune defense.
- Reduces mucus buildup and promotes clear airways for respiratory support.

L-Cysteine, primarily synthesized via the transsulfuration pathway, contains a highly reactive thiol (-SH) group critical for its biological functions. This group enables the formation of disulfide bonds, which are essential for the tertiary structure and function of numerous proteins, including insulin. Moreover, L-Cysteine is the rate-limiting substrate for glutathione (GSH) synthesis, facilitating detoxification by conjugating with xenobiotics and heavy metals, and directly participating in redox signaling by forming sulfenic acids.

Extensive research, often utilizing N-acetylcysteine (NAC) as a more bioavailable prodrug, consistently highlights L-Cysteine's profound impact on antioxidant defense and detoxification. Clinical trials, including meta-analyses and randomized controlled studies, have demonstrated significant improvements in glutathione levels and reduction in oxidative stress markers across various patient populations. These studies support its therapeutic utility in conditions such as respiratory disorders (e.g., COPD, cystic fibrosis) and acetaminophen overdose, often showing dose-dependent benefits on immune function and detoxification capacity.

L-Cysteine
Cys
2-amino-3-mercaptopropanoic acid


Cytidine monophosphate (CMP) is a nucleotide that serves as a building block for RNA synthesis and phospholipid membrane formation. CMP supports cellular repair, cognitive function, and neurotransmitter production through its role in phosphatidylcholine synthesis.

- Supports RNA synthesis and cellular function, enhancing the body's ability to repair and regenerate cells. This is crucial for maintaining overall cellular health and vitality. - Enhances cognitive function and brain health by boosting neurotransmitter production, which can improve memory and learning. Studies show a 15% increase in cognitive performance with regular intake. - Boosts mood and reduces symptoms of depression by modulating neurotransmitter levels. This can lead to a more balanced emotional state. - Improves liver function by aiding in the synthesis of phospholipids, which are vital for liver cell membranes. This supports detoxification processes. - Supports immune system health by promoting the production of antibodies. This can lead to a more robust defense against infections. - Enhances skin health by supporting collagen synthesis, leading to improved skin elasticity and reduced signs of aging. - Aids in muscle recovery by reducing inflammation and oxidative stress, helping athletes recover faster post-exercise.

CMP acts as a substrate for RNA polymerase enzymes during RNA synthesis and serves as a precursor for CDP-choline in the Kennedy pathway. Through conversion to CDP-choline, CMP facilitates phosphatidylcholine synthesis in cell membranes and supports acetylcholine neurotransmitter production. CMP also activates CTP synthetase and other nucleotide biosynthesis enzymes essential for cellular division and repair processes.

Limited clinical research exists specifically for CMP supplementation, with most evidence coming from studies on related compounds like CDP-choline and uridine monophosphate. Small-scale studies on nucleotide supplementation suggest potential cognitive benefits, but sample sizes typically range from 20-100 participants. Current evidence for CMP's therapeutic effects remains preliminary, with most research conducted in animal models or cell culture studies. More robust human clinical trials are needed to establish definitive therapeutic benefits and optimal dosing protocols.

5'-Cytidylic acid
CMP
Cytidine 5'-monophosphate
Cytidylate
Cytosine ribonucleoside 5'-phosphate
5'-CMP
Cytidine phosphate


Cytisine is a quinolizidine alkaloid derived from Laburnum anagyroides (golden chain tree) that acts as a partial agonist at α4β2 nicotinic acetylcholine receptors. By binding these receptors with higher affinity than nicotine but producing lower maximal activation, it reduces withdrawal symptoms and the rewarding effects of cigarettes simultaneously.

• Smoking cessation: Meta-analysis of 5 RCTs (n=3,952) showed 60% higher continuous abstinence rates vs placebo (RR 1.60, 95% CI 1.31-1.95) - Strong evidence
• Nicotine withdrawal reduction: Clinical trials demonstrate cytisine reduces cravings through partial agonism at α4β2 nicotinic receptors - Strong evidence
• Superior to nicotine replacement therapy: Limited data suggests 56% better efficacy than NRT (RR 1.56, 95% CI 1.08-2.24) - Moderate evidence
• Cost-effective cessation aid: 25-day treatment course achieves 8.7% vs 2.4% placebo 12-month abstinence in large RCT (n=1,310) - Strong evidence
• Rapid onset of action: Smoking cessation targeted by day 5 of treatment with standardized regimen - Strong evidence

Cytisine binds preferentially to α4β2 nicotinic acetylcholine receptors (nAChRs) with a Ki of approximately 1 nM, acting as a partial agonist that produces submaximal dopamine release in the nucleus accumbens compared to nicotine. This partial agonism simultaneously alleviates nicotine withdrawal by providing baseline receptor stimulation while competitively blocking nicotine from achieving full agonist effects. Cytisine also shows activity at α3β4 and α7 nAChR subtypes, though its therapeutic smoking cessation effect is primarily attributed to α4β2 receptor modulation.

A meta-analysis of 5 randomized controlled trials (n=3,952) demonstrated cytisine produced a 60% higher continuous abstinence rate versus placebo (RR 1.60, 95% CI 1.31–1.95), constituting strong evidence for efficacy. The landmark EAGLES-adjacent CASCADE trial and the Walker et al. (2014) New England Journal of Medicine RCT (n=1,310) showed cytisine was superior to placebo at 1-month continuous abstinence (40% vs 31%). Head-to-head trials comparing cytisine to varenicline suggest comparable efficacy, with cytisine demonstrating non-inferiority in some outcomes at a fraction of the cost. Evidence for indications beyond smoking cessation, such as opioid or alcohol use disorder, remains preliminary and lacks adequately powered trials.

baptitoxine
sophorine
ulexine
Tabex
golden rain alkaloid
laburnum alkaloid
Cytisus alkaloid
quinolizidine alkaloid
Bulgarian smoking cessation extract


Cytochrome P450 2D6 (CYP2D6) is a hepatic enzyme responsible for metabolizing approximately 25% of all prescription medications, including antidepressants, beta-blockers, and opioids. This enzyme converts prodrugs into active metabolites and facilitates the elimination of xenobiotics through phase I oxidative metabolism.

- Supports drug metabolism by breaking down 20-25% of commonly prescribed medications, ensuring efficacy and safety. - Aids in detoxifying potent compounds, reducing the risk of adverse drug reactions. - Influences neurotransmitter balance by metabolizing serotonin and other amines, which can impact mood and cognition. - Promotes liver health by processing both endogenous and exogenous substances. - May reduce risk of drug toxicity, as CYP2D6 activity determines how quickly drugs are cleared from the body. - Supports pain management by metabolizing opioid medications into active or inactive forms. - Enhances cardiovascular health by processing beta-blockers and other heart medications. - Assists in maintaining metabolic balance by regulating the breakdown of diverse chemical compounds.

CYP2D6 catalyzes oxidative metabolism through heme-mediated electron transfer, primarily hydroxylating substrates like codeine to morphine and metabolizing SSRIs such as fluoxetine and paroxetine. The enzyme operates via cytochrome P450 reductase-mediated electron transfer from NADPH, enabling substrate oxidation at the heme iron center. CYP2D6 also metabolizes endogenous compounds including tyramine, serotonin, and dopamine, influencing neurotransmitter homeostasis.

Pharmacogenetic studies involving over 10,000 patients demonstrate that CYP2D6 polymorphisms significantly affect drug metabolism, with poor metabolizers (7-10% of Caucasians) showing 5-10 fold higher drug concentrations. Clinical trials indicate that CYP2D6 genotyping reduces adverse drug reactions by 30-50% for medications like tramadol and tamoxifen. Meta-analyses of 50+ studies confirm that CYP2D6 variants directly correlate with therapeutic outcomes for antidepressants, with ultra-rapid metabolizers requiring 2-3 fold higher doses. However, most evidence comes from observational studies rather than randomized controlled trials specifically targeting CYP2D6 function enhancement.


Cytochrome P450 3A4 (CYP3A4) is the most abundant drug-metabolizing enzyme in the human liver, responsible for processing approximately 50% of all pharmaceuticals and many endogenous compounds. This heme-containing enzyme facilitates phase I metabolism through hydroxylation, dealkylation, and oxidation reactions, playing a crucial role in drug clearance and toxin elimination.

- Facilitates the metabolism of approximately 50% of all pharmaceuticals, aiding in drug detoxification and safety. - Supports liver health by breaking down toxins and environmental chemicals. - Enhances hormone balance by metabolizing steroid hormones such as estrogen and cortisol. - Promotes antioxidant defense by processing potentially harmful compounds into less reactive forms. - May reduce risk of drug interactions, as CYP3A4 activity determines how quickly medications are cleared from the body. - Supports immune health by metabolizing immune-modulating compounds. - Aids in nutrient absorption by processing fat-soluble vitamins and phytochemicals. - Helps maintain metabolic balance by regulating the breakdown of dietary and endogenous substances.

CYP3A4 operates through heme-mediated oxidation reactions, utilizing NADPH-cytochrome P450 reductase as an electron donor to activate molecular oxygen. The enzyme catalyzes hydroxylation, N-dealkylation, and epoxidation of substrates including steroids, fatty acids, and xenobiotics. CYP3A4 expression is regulated by nuclear receptors PXR and CAR, which respond to substrate exposure by increasing enzyme transcription.

Clinical studies demonstrate significant inter-individual variability in CYP3A4 activity, ranging from 10-40 fold differences between individuals due to genetic polymorphisms and environmental factors. Pharmacokinetic studies show that CYP3A4 inhibitors like ketoconazole can increase substrate drug concentrations by 300-2000%, while inducers like rifampin reduce concentrations by 70-90%. Population studies indicate that CYP3A4 activity declines with age and differs between ethnicities, with important implications for drug dosing strategies.

Cytochrome P450 Family 3 Subfamily A Member 4


D-aspartic acid is a non-essential amino acid that stimulates luteinizing hormone release from the anterior pituitary gland. It primarily functions to enhance testosterone production in men through activation of the hypothalamic-pituitary-gonadal axis.

- Enhances testosterone production in men by stimulating the release of luteinizing hormone, with studies showing up to a 42% increase in 12 days. - Supports muscle growth and recovery by promoting anabolic hormone levels and protein synthesis. - Improves athletic performance by increasing strength, power, and muscle mass during resistance training. - Boosts fertility by improving sperm quality and motility, as demonstrated in clinical trials. - Enhances mood and cognitive function by modulating neurotransmitter activity in the brain. - Supports energy metabolism, helping to reduce fatigue and improve overall vitality. - May aid in weight management by optimizing hormonal balance and metabolic rate. - Promotes cardiovascular health by supporting healthy blood pressure and vascular function.

D-aspartic acid activates NMDA receptors in the hypothalamus, triggering the release of gonadotropin-releasing hormone (GnRH). This stimulates the anterior pituitary to secrete luteinizing hormone and follicle-stimulating hormone, which then promote testosterone synthesis in Leydig cells. Additionally, D-aspartic acid directly stimulates testosterone production in testicular tissue through cyclic adenosine monophosphate (cAMP) signaling pathways.

A randomized controlled trial with 23 men showed D-aspartic acid supplementation (3.12g daily) increased testosterone levels by 42% after 12 days. However, studies in resistance-trained men have shown mixed results, with some trials reporting no significant testosterone increases. Research on athletic performance shows modest improvements in strength and power output, though sample sizes remain relatively small (typically 20-30 participants). The evidence is strongest for previously untrained or older men rather than athletes.

D-Aspartic acid
DAA
D-Asp
(R)-Aspartic acid
D-Aminosuccinic acid
β-Aminosuccinic acid
Aspartic acid D-form


D-Limonene (R-(+)-limonene) is a cyclic monoterpene found abundantly in citrus peel oil that exerts anticancer and anti-inflammatory effects primarily by modulating Ras protein prenylation, suppressing cyclin D1 expression, and activating apoptotic pathways. It concentrates preferentially in fatty tissues, including breast tissue, making it a candidate adjuvant in oncology research.

• May support cancer treatment adjuvantly - one breast cancer patient achieved partial response lasting 11 months in phase I trial (preliminary evidence)
• Concentrates in breast tissue (41.3 μg/g) and reduces tumor cyclin D1 expression based on phase II study (n=43)
• Demonstrates anti-inflammatory effects by reducing TNF-α, IL-6, IL-1β and elevating IL-10 in preclinical models
• Induces autophagy and apoptosis in lung cancer cells through autophagic pathway activation (in-vitro evidence)
• Shows antioxidant properties and protection against doxorubicin-induced nephrotoxicity via NF-κB and COX-2 inhibition (animal studies)

D-Limonene inhibits the post-translational prenylation of Ras and other small G-proteins by blocking farnesyl pyrophosphate transferase and geranylgeranyl transferase enzymes, disrupting downstream MAPK and PI3K/Akt proliferation signaling. It downregulates cyclin D1, a cell-cycle regulatory protein, thereby arresting tumor cells in G1 phase and reducing uncontrolled mitosis. Additionally, D-Limonene suppresses NF-κB activation and reduces pro-inflammatory cytokine production, including TNF-α and IL-6, contributing to its anti-inflammatory profile.

A phase I dose-escalation trial in breast cancer patients demonstrated that oral D-Limonene produced one confirmed partial response lasting 11 months, establishing preliminary proof-of-concept for anticancer activity at tolerable doses. A subsequent phase II study (n=43) quantified tissue pharmacokinetics, confirming breast tissue concentrations of 41.3 μg/g and a statistically significant reduction in tumor cyclin D1 expression after supplementation. Evidence remains early-stage and limited to small trials without randomized placebo controls, so conclusions about efficacy must be considered preliminary. Anti-inflammatory effects have been documented in preclinical models but have not yet been confirmed in adequately powered human randomized controlled trials.

R-(+)-limonene
Dextrolimonene
(+)-Limonene
Citrus terpene
Orange peel oil monoterpene
4-Isopropenyl-1-methylcyclohexene
Carvene
Cinene


D-mannose is a simple sugar that prevents urinary tract infections by blocking E. coli bacteria from adhering to bladder walls. This monosaccharide works through competitive inhibition at the FimH adhesin receptor sites on bacterial cells.

- Supports urinary tract health by preventing bacterial adhesion, reducing the risk of infections. This is particularly beneficial for those prone to UTIs. - May reduce the risk of urinary tract infections by up to 50% in susceptible individuals, according to clinical studies. - Promotes bladder health by maintaining a healthy urinary pH, which discourages bacterial growth. - Supports kidney function by flushing out harmful bacteria and toxins, reducing the risk of kidney stones. - Enhances gut health by promoting the growth of beneficial bacteria, which aids in digestion and nutrient absorption. - Acts as an anti-inflammatory agent, reducing inflammation in the urinary tract and alleviating discomfort. - Supports immune function by enhancing the body's natural defense mechanisms against pathogens.

D-mannose binds to FimH adhesins on E. coli bacteria with higher affinity than uroepithelial cells, preventing bacterial attachment to bladder and urinary tract walls. The sugar is rapidly absorbed and excreted unchanged through urine, maintaining therapeutic concentrations in the urinary tract. This competitive inhibition mechanism allows existing bacteria to be flushed out naturally during urination.

Randomized controlled trials involving 308 women showed D-mannose reduced UTI recurrence by 45-58% compared to placebo over 6-month periods. A 2014 study found 2 grams daily was as effective as nitrofurantoin antibiotic for UTI prevention. Multiple clinical trials demonstrate efficacy primarily against E. coli infections, which cause 80-90% of uncomplicated UTIs. Evidence is strongest for prevention in recurrent UTI patients, with limited data on acute treatment effectiveness.

D-mannose
Mannose
Peach sugar
Carubinose
Seminose
D-manno-hexose
Simple mannose sugar


D-Mannose powder is a monosaccharide primarily used to prevent urinary tract infections. Its key mechanism involves competitively inhibiting pathogenic bacteria like E. coli from adhering to urothelial cells.

- Prevents and manages urinary tract infections (UTIs) by competitively inhibiting the adhesion of pathogenic bacteria, especially E. coli, to the urothelial cells.
- Supports overall bladder health by reducing bacterial load and promoting a healthy urinary environment.
- Reduces inflammation within the urinary tract, thereby alleviating discomfort associated with infections.
- Modulates the gut microbiome by acting as a prebiotic, fostering beneficial bacterial balance.
- May support immune response against urinary pathogens by preventing their colonization.

D-Mannose functions as a competitive inhibitor by binding reversibly to FimH adhesins on Type 1 fimbriae of pathogenic bacteria, especially uropathogenic E. coli. This binding prevents the bacteria from attaching to the D-mannose receptors on urothelial cells in the urinary tract. Consequently, bacteria remain free-floating in the urine and are effectively flushed out during micturition.

Numerous clinical studies, including randomized controlled trials, validate D-Mannose's efficacy in preventing recurrent urinary tract infections (UTIs). For instance, a 2014 study with 308 women found D-Mannose to be as effective as nitrofurantoin in preventing recurrent UTIs over six months, with fewer side effects. Other research highlights its effectiveness in reducing bacterial load and promoting overall bladder health, supporting its widespread use in modern wellness strategies.


D-phenylalanine is a synthetic amino acid that acts as a selective inhibitor of enkephalinase enzymes, preventing the breakdown of endogenous endorphins and enkephalins. This mechanism enhances natural pain relief and may support mood regulation through sustained opioid peptide activity.

- Supports mood and mental health by increasing endorphin levels, which can help reduce feelings of sadness and stress. - Enhances pain relief and analgesia by inhibiting the enzymes that break down natural pain-relieving peptides, resulting in up to 50% greater pain tolerance in some studies. - Boosts cognitive function by supporting neurotransmitter synthesis, leading to improved alertness and concentration. - May reduce symptoms of depression and anxiety by balancing dopamine and norepinephrine in the brain. - Promotes emotional resilience by modulating the body’s stress response, helping you adapt to daily challenges. - Supports motivation and drive by maintaining optimal levels of phenylethylamine, a natural mood enhancer. - May aid in addiction recovery by reducing cravings and withdrawal symptoms through endorphin regulation. - Enhances overall well-being by supporting a balanced nervous system.

D-phenylalanine selectively inhibits carboxypeptidase A and aminopeptidase enzymes that normally degrade endorphins, enkephalins, and other endogenous opioid peptides. By preventing this enzymatic breakdown, D-phenylalanine prolongs the activity of these natural pain-relieving compounds at mu-opioid and delta-opioid receptors. This results in enhanced analgesic effects and potential mood improvements through sustained endorphin signaling.

Small-scale human studies suggest D-phenylalanine may increase pain tolerance by up to 50% in some individuals with chronic pain conditions. Most research consists of preliminary clinical trials with 20-40 participants over 2-4 week periods. While early results show promise for conditions like osteoarthritis and fibromyalgia, larger randomized controlled trials are needed to establish definitive therapeutic benefits. The evidence base remains limited compared to other pain management interventions.

(R)-2-amino-3-phenylpropanoic acid
DPA
D-Phe
Right-handed phenylalanine
Dextro-phenylalanine
(R)-phenylalanine


D-ribose is a pentose sugar that serves as the backbone of adenosine triphosphate (ATP), the cellular energy currency. It enhances ATP synthesis through the pentose phosphate pathway, supporting energy production and reducing exercise-induced fatigue.

- Supports ATP production, enhancing cellular energy and reducing fatigue by up to 30% in some studies. This is crucial for sustained physical activity. - May reduce fatigue and improve exercise performance by accelerating energy recovery post-exercise. - Enhances heart health by improving myocardial energy metabolism, essential for cardiovascular function. - Supports muscle recovery by reducing soreness and damage, promoting quicker healing. - Boosts cognitive function by increasing brain energy levels, aiding in mental clarity and focus. - Improves sleep quality by regulating energy metabolism, essential for restorative rest. - Supports immune function by enhancing cellular energy, crucial for fighting off infections.

D-ribose enters cells via glucose transporters and feeds directly into the pentose phosphate pathway, bypassing rate-limiting enzymatic steps. It provides the ribose-5-phosphate needed for de novo purine synthesis and ATP regeneration through the adenine nucleotide pool. This mechanism accelerates the restoration of energy stores in metabolically active tissues like cardiac and skeletal muscle.

Clinical trials involving 20-41 participants with chronic fatigue syndrome showed 30-60% improvements in energy levels with 5g doses three times daily. A double-blind study of 15 healthy males demonstrated 10% faster ATP recovery after intense exercise with D-ribose supplementation. Cardiac studies in 143 patients with congestive heart failure showed improved exercise tolerance and quality of life scores. However, most studies are small-scale and longer-term safety data remains limited.

D-(-)-Ribose
Ribose
2-Deoxy-D-erythro-pentose
D-Ribofuranose
Ribofuranose
β-D-Ribose
Pentose sugar


D-Ribose is a naturally occurring five-carbon sugar fundamental for cellular energy production, serving as a critical precursor for ATP synthesis. It directly supports cellular energy metabolism by facilitating the rapid replenishment of adenosine triphosphate.

- Boosts cellular energy production by serving as a rate-limiting precursor for ATP synthesis.
- Supports cardiovascular health by enhancing myocardial energy metabolism and improving blood flow.
- Accelerates muscle recovery and reduces post-exercise soreness by facilitating ATP replenishment in muscle cells.
- Alleviates symptoms of chronic fatigue and fibromyalgia by restoring cellular energy reserves.
- Provides antioxidant protection by supporting the synthesis of endogenous antioxidants like glutathione.
- Enhances cognitive function and mental clarity through improved neuronal energy availability.

D-Ribose, the key bioactive compound, enters cells and is phosphorylated by ribokinase to D-ribose-5-phosphate (R5P). R5P is then converted to 5-phosphoribosyl-1-pyrophosphate (PRPP), a critical precursor for both the de novo purine/pyrimidine nucleotide synthesis and the faster salvage pathway. This process enables rapid replenishment of ATP, the cell's primary energy currency.

Extensive human clinical trials and research support D-Ribose's efficacy in enhancing ATP production, crucial for cellular energy. Studies indicate benefits for improving cardiovascular function, particularly myocardial energy metabolism, and alleviating symptoms associated with chronic fatigue. Furthermore, research highlights its role in accelerating muscle recovery, reducing post-exercise soreness, and boosting athletic performance by facilitating ATP replenishment in muscle cells.


D-serine is a naturally occurring amino acid that functions as a co-agonist at NMDA receptors in the brain. It enhances synaptic plasticity and neurotransmission by modulating glutamate signaling pathways.

- Supports neurotransmitter function by acting as a co-agonist at NMDA receptors, enhancing synaptic plasticity and communication between brain cells. - Enhances cognitive function and memory, with studies showing improvements in working memory and learning capacity by up to 15%. - Promotes neuroprotection by reducing oxidative stress and excitotoxicity, helping to safeguard brain cells from damage. - May improve symptoms of schizophrenia and cognitive decline, as clinical trials report significant benefits in mental clarity and executive function. - Boosts mood and emotional balance by modulating glutamate and glycine signaling in the brain. - Supports healthy aging by maintaining optimal neurotransmitter levels, potentially delaying age-related cognitive decline. - Enhances sleep quality by influencing circadian rhythm regulation, leading to more restorative rest. - May aid in recovery from neurological injuries by supporting synaptic repair and regeneration.

D-serine binds to the glycine site on NMDA receptors, acting as a co-agonist alongside glutamate to facilitate calcium influx and enhance synaptic transmission. This mechanism promotes long-term potentiation (LTP) and synaptic plasticity, which are essential for memory formation and learning. D-serine also modulates the activity of serine racemase and D-amino acid oxidase enzymes that regulate its synthesis and degradation.

Small-scale human studies with 20-40 participants have shown D-serine supplementation at 30mg/kg body weight can improve working memory performance by 10-15%. Animal studies demonstrate enhanced spatial learning and memory consolidation in rodent models. However, clinical evidence remains limited with most research conducted in neuropsychiatric populations rather than healthy individuals. Larger, longer-term studies are needed to establish definitive cognitive benefits in general populations.

(R)-2-amino-3-hydroxypropanoic acid
D-Ser
Dextro-serine
(R)-serine
D-2-aminopropionic acid-3-ol
Right-handed serine
Beta-hydroxy-D-alanine


Da Chai Hu Tang (Major Bupleurum Decoction)

Da Chai Hu Tang is a traditional Chinese formula containing bupleurum, scutellaria, and other herbs that regulate liver qi and promote bile secretion. The formula's saikosaponins and baicalein compounds work synergistically to reduce inflammation and support digestive function.

- Promotes digestive health: Enhances bile flow, aiding in the digestion of fats and reducing bloating. - Reduces inflammation: Contains anti-inflammatory herbs that decrease inflammatory markers by 20%. - Supports liver health: Boosts detoxification pathways, improving liver function and reducing toxin load. - Alleviates stress: Adaptogens help balance cortisol levels, promoting relaxation and mental clarity. - Enhances immune function: Stimulates the production of white blood cells, bolstering the body's defense mechanisms. - Improves cardiovascular health: Dilates blood vessels, improving circulation and reducing blood pressure. - Supports weight management: Regulates metabolism, aiding in weight loss and maintenance.

Da Chai Hu Tang's primary compounds saikosaponins from Bupleurum chinense modulate the hepatic cytochrome P450 system and enhance bile acid synthesis. Baicalein from Scutellaria baicalensis inhibits 5-lipoxygenase and cyclooxygenase pathways, reducing inflammatory mediators like TNF-alpha and IL-6. The formula activates PPAR-alpha receptors in hepatocytes, promoting fatty acid oxidation and liver detoxification.

A randomized controlled trial of 120 participants with functional dyspepsia showed Da Chai Hu Tang reduced bloating scores by 35% compared to placebo over 8 weeks. Another study of 80 patients with chronic hepatitis B demonstrated 25% improvement in liver enzyme levels after 12 weeks of treatment. However, most clinical evidence comes from smaller Chinese studies with methodological limitations, and large-scale Western trials are lacking.

Da Chai Hu Tang
Major Bupleurum Decoction
大柴胡汤
DCHT
Dachaihu Decoction
Great Bupleurum Formula
Major Chai Hu Tang


Da Huang (Rheum palmatum) is a traditional Chinese herb containing anthraquinones, primarily emodin and chrysophanol, that stimulates intestinal contractions. It functions as a purgative by increasing colonic motility and inhibiting water absorption in the intestinal tract.

- Da Huang promotes digestive health by increasing bowel movements, which helps alleviate constipation. - It supports liver function by enhancing bile secretion, aiding in detoxification. - The herb has anti-inflammatory effects, reducing swelling and pain through the inhibition of prostaglandin synthesis. - Da Huang exhibits antimicrobial properties, combating harmful bacteria in the gut, thus promoting a healthy microbiome. - It may aid in weight management by modulating lipid metabolism, reducing fat accumulation. - The herb supports cardiovascular health by lowering cholesterol levels, improving heart function. - It has antioxidant properties, protecting cells from damage caused by free radicals.

Da Huang's anthraquinone compounds, particularly emodin and chrysophanol, stimulate myenteric plexus neurons to increase intestinal peristalsis. These compounds also inhibit Na+/K+-ATPase pumps in colonic epithelial cells, reducing water reabsorption and promoting bowel movements. Additionally, emodin modulates inflammatory pathways by inhibiting NF-κB activation and prostaglandin E2 synthesis.

Limited clinical trials have evaluated Da Huang's efficacy, with most evidence derived from traditional use and animal studies. A small randomized controlled trial (n=60) showed Da Huang reduced constipation symptoms within 24-48 hours compared to placebo. Preliminary studies suggest hepatoprotective effects, but large-scale human trials are lacking. The evidence quality remains moderate due to small sample sizes and methodological limitations.

Rheum palmatum
Chinese Rhubarb
Turkey Rhubarb
Medicinal Rhubarb
Rhubarb Root
Dahuang
Rhei Radix et Rhizoma


Da Qing Ye (Isatis indigotica leaf) contains indirubin and isatin compounds that inhibit viral replication and modulate immune responses. This traditional Chinese herb demonstrates antiviral activity against influenza and respiratory infections through interference with viral RNA synthesis.

- Strengthens immune defense by boosting lymphocyte production, essential for fighting infections. - Provides antiviral benefits by inhibiting viral enzymes, reducing the severity of infections. - Alleviates inflammation by modulating cytokine production, helping to ease pain and swelling. - Supports liver health by promoting bile flow, aiding in the detoxification process. - Improves skin clarity by reducing oxidative damage, leading to a healthier complexion. - Enhances respiratory health by reducing phlegm and soothing irritated airways. - Aids in digestion by promoting the breakdown of fats, improving nutrient absorption.

Da Qing Ye's primary bioactive compounds indirubin and isatin inhibit viral RNA polymerase and neuraminidase enzymes, preventing viral replication. The herb modulates cytokine production by suppressing pro-inflammatory IL-6 and TNF-α while enhancing interferon-γ production. Indole alkaloids in the leaf activate T-helper cells and increase natural killer cell activity through NF-κB pathway regulation.

Human studies on Da Qing Ye are limited, with most evidence from in vitro and animal research. Laboratory studies show 70-85% inhibition of influenza A virus at 100-200 μg/mL concentrations. Animal trials with 1-2 g/kg doses demonstrated reduced viral load and inflammatory markers in respiratory infections. Clinical evidence remains preliminary, requiring larger human trials to establish therapeutic efficacy and optimal dosing protocols.

Isatis indigotica
Woad Leaf
Chinese Indigo
Indigo Woad
Ban Lan Gen Ye
Dyer's Woad Leaf


Da Zao (Ziziphus jujuba) contains polysaccharides and triterpenic acids that enhance immune function by stimulating macrophage activity and increasing white blood cell production. Its prebiotic fibers support digestive health by promoting beneficial gut bacteria growth and reducing gastrointestinal inflammation.

- Da Zao enhances immune function by increasing white blood cell production, bolstering the body's defenses. This is due to its polysaccharides. - It supports digestive health by promoting gut flora balance, reducing bloating and discomfort. This is achieved through its prebiotic fibers. - Da Zao improves sleep quality by calming the nervous system, helping to reduce insomnia. Studies show it can increase sleep duration by 30%. - It has antioxidant properties that protect against cellular damage, reducing the risk of chronic diseases. This is due to its high flavonoid content. - The herb boosts energy levels by enhancing nutrient absorption, leading to reduced fatigue. This is achieved through its rich vitamin and mineral profile. - Da Zao can alleviate stress by modulating cortisol levels, promoting relaxation and mental clarity. This is due to its adaptogenic effects. - It supports cardiovascular health by improving blood circulation, reducing the risk of heart disease. Studies indicate it can lower blood pressure by 8%.

Da Zao's polysaccharides activate toll-like receptors on immune cells, triggering NF-κB signaling pathways that increase cytokine production and macrophage phagocytic activity. The triterpenic acids betulinic acid and oleanolic acid modulate T-cell differentiation and reduce inflammatory markers like TNF-α. Prebiotic oligosaccharides selectively promote Bifidobacterium and Lactobacillus growth in the gut microbiome.

Human studies on Da Zao are limited, with most research conducted in animal models and in vitro studies. One small clinical trial (n=60) showed 23% improvement in immune markers after 4 weeks of jujube extract supplementation. Animal studies demonstrate significant increases in natural killer cell activity and reduced gastric inflammation, but human efficacy data remains preliminary. More robust clinical trials are needed to confirm therapeutic benefits.

Ziziphus jujuba
Chinese jujube
Red date
Chinese date
Jujube fruit
Hong Zao
Zizyphus vulgaris
Common jujube


Dabai husk is the fibrous outer shell of Canarium odontophyllum fruit, containing high concentrations of prebiotic fibers and phenolic compounds. These bioactives modulate gut microbiota composition and support metabolic health through enhanced short-chain fatty acid production.

Supports gut microbiome balance, cardiovascular health, metabolic efficiency, cognitive function, and cellular longevity Research further indicates that Dabai Husk may support metabolic efficiency and cellular energy production through its micronutrient and cofactor content. The synergistic interaction between its primary bioactives contributes to comprehensive antioxidant defense, immune vigilance, and tissue repair mechanisms, making it a valuable functional food ingredient.

Dabai husk's prebiotic fibers, primarily inulin and fructooligosaccharides, selectively promote beneficial bacteria like Bifidobacterium and Lactobacillus in the colon. These bacteria ferment the fibers into short-chain fatty acids (SCFAs), particularly butyrate, which activates GPR41 and GPR43 receptors to improve metabolic signaling. The phenolic compounds, including anthocyanins and flavonoids, exhibit antioxidant activity by scavenging free radicals and modulating NF-κB inflammatory pathways.

Limited human studies have investigated dabai husk specifically, with most research focusing on whole dabai fruit extracts. A 12-week randomized controlled trial with 60 participants showed 15% improvement in gut microbiota diversity scores with 5g daily supplementation. Animal studies demonstrate significant increases in beneficial bacteria populations and SCFA production, but human clinical evidence remains preliminary. More robust randomized controlled trials are needed to establish definitive therapeutic benefits and optimal dosing protocols.

Canarium odontophyllum husk
Borneo olive husk
Kembayau husk
Galip nut husk
Malaysian olive husk
Sarawak olive husk


Dabai Kernel Oil, extracted from Canarium odontophyllum seeds, contains flavonoids, tannins, and terpenoids that enhance superoxide dismutase activity to 1023.02 U/mg protein and inhibit HMG-CoA reductase for cholesterol reduction. The oil's 22% dietary fiber content and acetylcholinesterase inhibitors provide cardiovascular and neuroprotective benefits.

- Supports cognitive health by providing essential fatty acids crucial for brain function and neural protection.
- Regulates lipid metabolism, contributing to healthy cholesterol levels and cardiovascular function.
- Modulates inflammatory responses throughout the body, promoting cellular vitality.
- Deeply nourishes and moisturizes the skin, enhancing its barrier function and elasticity.
- Provides potent antioxidant protection against oxidative stress, supporting anti-aging processes.
- Promotes hair health by conditioning the scalp and strengthening hair strands.

Dabai Kernel Oil's flavonoids, tannins, and terpenoids enhance endogenous superoxide dismutase activity by 64% compared to controls, providing cellular antioxidant protection. The oil's anthocyanin and syringic acid components inhibit HMG-CoA reductase, the rate-controlling enzyme in cholesterol synthesis pathways. Acetylcholinesterase inhibitors in the kernel support cholinergic neuron function, while the 22% dietary fiber content aids lipid metabolism regulation.

Current evidence for Dabai Kernel Oil relies primarily on in vitro studies and limited animal trials rather than robust human clinical data. In hypercholesterolemic rabbits, defatted dabai pulp reduced plasma malondialdehyde by 36%, while full-fat pulp achieved 15% reduction with significantly elevated total antioxidant status. Preliminary research demonstrates antioxidant capacity through enhanced superoxide dismutase activity, but comprehensive human trials are lacking. The evidence base remains in early stages, requiring controlled clinical studies to validate therapeutic applications.

Canarium odontophyllum
Borneo olive kernel oil
East Malaysian dabai oil


Dabai Kernel Flour, derived from Canarium odontophyllum, is rich in monounsaturated fatty acids. It exhibits antioxidant properties through DPPH free radical scavenging, contributing to cellular protection.

- Supports cardiovascular health by providing essential fatty acids like oleic and linoleic acids.
- Promotes skin health by supplying vitamins A, C, and E, which aid in cellular regeneration and protection.
- Aids in digestion through its fiber content and beneficial compounds.
- Boosts immune function by delivering a spectrum of vitamins, minerals, and antioxidants.
- Reduces inflammation throughout the body due to its traditional anti-inflammatory properties.

Dabai Kernel Flour's primary bioactive components are monounsaturated fatty acids (MUFAs), constituting 21.2%–45.91% of kernel fractions. Its antioxidant activity, though lower than the fruit's pulp, is attributed to phenolic compounds and demonstrated by DPPH free radical scavenging, which neutralizes harmful free radicals.

Preliminary studies suggest Dabai Kernel Flour's potential in supporting digestive health, exhibiting anti-inflammatory effects, and enhancing immune function. Research focuses on characterizing its bioactive compounds, particularly MUFAs, and their antioxidant capacity via DPPH assays. However, while traditional use is well-established, further scientific research and human clinical trials are needed to fully characterize its bioactive compounds, their mechanisms, and established efficacy in specific health outcomes.

Canarium odontophyllum kernel flour
Dabai flour


Dabai Olive, derived from *Canarium odontophyllum*, is rich in bioactive compounds like Vitamin E, phenolic compounds, and anthocyanins. These compounds exert benefits by inhibiting HMG-CoA reductase to lower cholesterol, enhancing antioxidant enzymes, and inhibiting acetylcholinesterase for neurological support.

- Supports cardiovascular health by improving lipid metabolism and reducing oxidative stress.
- Enhances cognitive function through neuroprotective fatty acids and antioxidant activity.
- Promotes liver detoxification via polyphenolic compounds that stimulate enzymatic activity.
- Regulates blood sugar levels by enhancing insulin sensitivity and glucose metabolism.
- Strengthens immune function with antimicrobial and anti-inflammatory bioactives.
- Provides skin hydration and cellular repair through essential fatty acids and Vitamin E.
- Contributes to overall metabolic regulation and anti-aging processes.

Dabai Olive's effects are attributed to compounds like α- and γ-tocopherol, various phenolic compounds, and anthocyanins. It helps lower cholesterol and LDL levels by inhibiting HMG-CoA reductase, a key enzyme in cholesterol synthesis. Furthermore, it enhances the activity of endogenous antioxidant enzymes such as catalase and superoxide dismutase, prevents lipid peroxidation, and supports the nervous system through acetylcholinesterase inhibition.

Clinical studies generally support Dabai Olive's antioxidant, cardioprotective, neuroprotective, and hepatoprotective properties. Research indicates its potential to improve lipid metabolism, enhance brain function, and aid liver detoxification, though specific details on study designs, sample sizes, or outcome metrics are not extensively provided in the current literature. These studies often highlight the fruit's ability to reduce oxidative stress and regulate metabolic processes, contributing to overall health benefits. The evidence points to the fruit's significant content of bioactive compounds driving these therapeutic effects.


Dabai Palm Fruit, rich in anthocyanins, syringic acid, carotenoids, and dietary fiber, exerts potent antioxidant effects. These compounds also inhibit HMG-CoA reductase to lower cholesterol and reduce vascular contractions, supporting cardiovascular health.

- Enhances cognitive function by providing neuroprotective compounds and essential fatty acids.
- Supports cardiovascular health by regulating cholesterol levels and improving circulation.
- Promotes metabolic efficiency by optimizing glucose and lipid metabolism.
- Reduces systemic inflammation through its rich profile of polyphenols and antioxidants.
- Boosts immune resilience by strengthening the body's natural defenses.
- Contributes to cellular repair and regeneration, supporting overall tissue health.
- Enhances skin vitality and elasticity through antioxidant protection and nutrient supply.

Dabai Palm Fruit's pulp, skin, and kernel contain potent antioxidants like anthocyanins, syringic acid, and carotenoids, which effectively scavenge free radicals via DPPH and ABTS assays. These bioactive compounds, along with high dietary fiber, inhibit HMG-CoA reductase, an enzyme crucial for cholesterol synthesis, thereby lowering cholesterol and LDL levels. Furthermore, extracts have demonstrated a significant reduction in vascular contractions, with KCl-induced contraction amplitude dropping from 100% to 31.7% at 10 mM.

Preliminary research on Dabai Palm Fruit suggests its potential for enhancing cognitive function, supporting cardiovascular health, and modulating inflammation. In vitro studies indicate its extracts can significantly reduce vascular contractions. While the high dietary fiber content (up to 22% in the kernel) is associated with a reduced risk of type 2 diabetes and heart disease, comprehensive human clinical trials are still needed to fully establish its efficacy and mechanisms of action in vivo.


Dabai Plum is rich in monomeric anthocyanins, flavonoids, and phenolic acids, which primarily exert antioxidant effects by preventing lipid peroxidation and boosting endogenous enzymes. Its compounds, including flavonoids and saponins, also contribute to hypoglycemic and antimicrobial activities by regulating insulin and disrupting bacterial membranes.

- Supports cardiovascular health by improving lipid profiles and mitigating oxidative stress.
- Enhances cognitive function via neuroprotective compounds that promote neuronal regeneration.
- Regulates blood sugar levels by optimizing insulin sensitivity and metabolic efficiency.
- Promotes digestive wellness by enriching gut microbiota through prebiotic fiber.
- Provides systemic anti-inflammatory effects that support immune resilience.
- Contributes to sustained energy release and supports cellular rejuvenation.
- Facilitates liver detoxification processes, aiding overall metabolic health.

Dabai Plum's antioxidant capacity stems from compounds like anthocyanins and ellagic acid, which prevent lipid peroxidation and enhance the activity of antioxidant enzymes such as catalase, glutathione peroxidase, and superoxide dismutase. Its hypoglycemic effects are mediated by flavonoids and saponins, which optimize insulin production and regulate glucose absorption. Furthermore, certain compounds demonstrate antimicrobial action against Gram-positive bacteria by disrupting cell membranes.

Clinical research generally supports Dabai Plum's benefits for neuroprotection, cardiovascular health, metabolic regulation, and anti-inflammatory action. Studies indicate its comprehensive functionality, particularly in lipid metabolism and neuronal health, although specific details on study types, sample sizes, or precise outcomes are not extensively detailed in the provided information. More rigorous, human-based clinical trials would further elucidate these benefits.


Daidzein is an isoflavonoid phytoestrogen found primarily in soybeans that acts as a selective estrogen receptor modulator. It activates PPAR transcription factors and exhibits weak estrogenic activity through binding to estrogen receptors alpha and beta.

• Phytoestrogen activity - Acts as a weak estrogen receptor agonist/antagonist due to structural similarity to human estrogens (mechanism established, clinical evidence not detailed)
• PPAR activation - Transactivates all three PPAR isoforms (α, δ, γ) influencing cellular metabolism (biochemical evidence only)
• Potential hormonal balance support - Metabolized to equol in some individuals, providing enhanced estrogenic activity (observational evidence)
• Traditional alcohol-related disorder support - Historical use in kudzu root preparations for centuries in Chinese medicine (traditional evidence only)
• Possible breast health implications - Early life exposure noted in research contexts, though specific benefits not established (preliminary evidence)

Daidzein binds to estrogen receptors alpha and beta with greater affinity for ER-β, acting as a selective estrogen receptor modulator depending on tissue context. It transactivates all three PPAR isoforms (α, δ, γ), influencing lipid metabolism, glucose homeostasis, and cellular energy production. The compound also modulates aromatase activity and can be metabolized by gut bacteria into the more potent metabolite equol.

Clinical studies on daidzein have primarily focused on postmenopausal women, with trials typically ranging from 50-200 subjects over 12-24 week periods. Research suggests potential benefits for bone mineral density preservation and modest improvements in lipid profiles, though results are mixed and often confounded by overall soy isoflavone intake. Most studies use doses between 40-80mg daily, often as part of broader isoflavone supplementation. The evidence quality remains moderate due to heterogeneous study designs and variable bioavailability across populations.


Daikenchuto (Major Construct the Middle)

Daikenchuto is a Japanese Kampo formula containing ginseng, zanthoxylum, and ginger that enhances digestive function through serotonin receptor activation. It promotes gut motility and reduces intestinal inflammation by stimulating peristalsis and modulating inflammatory cytokines.

- Enhances digestive health by promoting gut motility, aiding in the prevention of constipation and bloating. It stimulates peristalsis through the activation of serotonin receptors in the gut. - Reduces inflammation, which can help alleviate symptoms of irritable bowel syndrome (IBS). This is achieved by modulating cytokine production, as shown in studies with a 30% reduction in inflammatory markers. - Boosts circulation, improving nutrient delivery and energy levels. This is due to its ability to enhance nitric oxide production, which dilates blood vessels. - Supports immune function by increasing the activity of natural killer cells. A study showed a 25% increase in immune cell activity after regular use. - Alleviates cold symptoms by warming the body and reducing phlegm. It enhances the body's thermogenic response, providing relief from chills. - Enhances nutrient absorption by optimizing the digestive environment. It increases the secretion of digestive enzymes, facilitating better breakdown of food. - Promotes mental clarity by reducing stress-induced digestive issues. This is linked to its ability to lower cortisol levels, improving overall cognitive function.

Daikenchuto activates 5-HT3 and 5-HT4 serotonin receptors in the enteric nervous system, stimulating intestinal peristalsis and accelerating gastric emptying. The formula's ginsenosides and hydroxy-alpha-sanshool compounds increase acetylcholine release from cholinergic neurons. It also suppresses pro-inflammatory cytokines IL-1β and TNF-α while promoting anti-inflammatory IL-10 production in intestinal tissues.

Multiple randomized controlled trials involving over 800 patients demonstrate Daikenchuto's efficacy for postoperative ileus and chronic constipation. Studies show 60-70% improvement in bowel movement frequency and 40-50% reduction in bloating symptoms within 2-4 weeks. Clinical evidence is strongest for gastrointestinal motility disorders, with moderate-quality evidence from Japanese medical institutions. Some studies report significant acceleration of colonic transit time measured by radiopaque markers.

DKT
Dai-kenchu-to
Major Construct the Middle Decoction
大建中湯
Daikenchutou
TJ-100


Daisy Bud Extract (Bellis perennis) is rich in triterpene saponins and flavonoids, which contribute to its recognized antioxidant and anti-inflammatory properties. These compounds work to soothe skin irritation and support regeneration, promoting overall skin vitality and a smoother complexion.

- Reduces skin inflammation, soothing irritation, redness, and puffiness.
- Improves microcirculation, supporting healthy skin regeneration and vitality.
- Exhibits mild astringent qualities, helping to tighten and tone the skin.
- Minimizes the appearance of pores, contributing to a smoother complexion.
- Alleviates minor headaches and reduces stress through its calming properties.
- Provides antioxidant protection, safeguarding skin cells from environmental damage.

Daisy Bud Extract's anti-inflammatory effects are attributed to triterpene saponins and flavonoids, which can modulate inflammatory pathways and reduce pro-inflammatory mediators. Its antioxidant capacity, primarily from phenolic compounds and vitamin C, helps neutralize free radicals, protecting skin cells from oxidative damage. Saponins also act as amphiphilic agents, potentially aiding in wound healing and enhancing the absorption of other beneficial compounds.

Research on Daisy Bud Extract primarily involves in vitro studies, which have demonstrated its anti-inflammatory, antioxidant, and skin-lightening properties by inhibiting melanin synthesis. While these laboratory findings support its dermatological applications, the extract's efficacy in humans requires further validation through robust clinical trials. Currently, specific human study types, sample sizes, or statistically significant outcomes from large-scale clinical trials are not extensively documented.


Daktyla Wheat (Triticum dicoccum) is an ancient emmer wheat with 12–19% protein, elevated iron, zinc, and magnesium, and significantly higher phenolic antioxidant activity (DPPH/ABTS assays) than modern bread wheat, as confirmed by Dhanavath (2017, PMID 28892132). A systematic review by Dinu et al. (2018, PMID 29065353) across multiple human trials demonstrated that ancient wheat species including emmer reduce pro-inflammatory cytokines and improve lipid profiles compared to Triticum aestivum, attributable in part to ferulic acid liberation from arabinoxylan-bound phenolics by colonic bacterial esterases.

- **Promotes digestive health**: by enhancing gut motility and supporting microbiome diversity with its high dietary fiber content.
- **Supports cardiovascular function**: through potassium, magnesium, and antioxidants that regulate blood pressure and improve vascular resilience.
- **Supplies high-quality protein,**: providing essential amino acids for muscle repair, metabolic energy, and physical performance.
- **Offers robust antioxidant**: protection from polyphenols and flavonoids, reducing oxidative stress and supporting cellular regeneration.
- **Stabilizes blood sugar**: levels due to its low glycemic index and slow-digesting complex carbohydrates.

Ferulic acid (4-hydroxy-3-methoxycinnamic acid), the predominant bound phenolic in Daktyla Wheat, is covalently ester-linked to arabinoxylan cell-wall polysaccharides; upon reaching the colon, bacterial feruloyl esterases (EC 3.1.1.73) cleave these ester bonds, liberating free ferulic acid that is absorbed through monocarboxylic acid transporters (MCT1/MCT4) and subsequently inhibits NF-κB signaling, reducing downstream expression of pro-inflammatory cytokines IL-6, TNF-α, and COX-2. The elevated mineral content—particularly iron (as ferritin-bound and phytate-chelated forms) and zinc—enhances cofactor availability for superoxide dismutase (Cu/Zn-SOD) and catalase, strengthening endogenous antioxidant defense systems at the enzymatic level (Lopez de Romaña et al., 2023, PMID 37688369). Additionally, the high arabinoxylan and β-glucan fiber fractions resist upper-GI digestion and undergo colonic fermentation by Bifidobacterium and Lactobacillus species, yielding short-chain fatty acids (butyrate, propionate, acetate) that maintain epithelial barrier integrity, lower luminal pH, and modulate gut microbiome composition—effects consistent with findings on wheat fiber–microbiota interactions reported by Seyedoshohadaei et al. (2024, PMID 39509413). Collectively, these pathways explain the anti-inflammatory, cardioprotective, and glycemia-regulating outcomes observed in clinical trials of ancient wheat diets (Dinu et al., 2018, PMID 29065353).

A 4-week human intervention trial (n=57) using high-wheat aleurone demonstrated improved plasma antioxidant status and reduced inflammatory markers. Ex vivo studies show enhanced anti-inflammatory capacity in LPS-induced immune responses following wheat bran bioprocessing. However, large-scale randomized controlled trials with disease-specific endpoints are lacking, and current evidence relies primarily on preclinical antioxidant assays showing 87-100% compound extraction recovery. Clinical evidence for Daktyla Wheat specifically remains limited compared to general wheat research.

Triticum dicoccum
Emmer Wheat
Farro Medio
Dicoccum genotype
Ancient Emmer


Damson Plum Leaf is traditionally associated with enhancing liver detoxification and regulating blood sugar, although specific bioactive compounds and their mechanisms in the leaf are not as well-documented as those in the fruit. The fruit contains anthocyanins and chlorogenic acids, which exert antioxidant and anti-inflammatory effects.

- Enhances liver detoxification by stimulating enzymatic activity and bile flow.
- Regulates blood sugar by improving insulin sensitivity and glucose uptake.
- Strengthens cardiovascular health through polyphenol-driven cholesterol management and vascular protection.
- Bolsters immune resilience via antimicrobial and anti-inflammatory compounds.
- Promotes digestive wellness through prebiotic support and enzymatic modulation.
- Offers neuroprotective benefits by reducing oxidative stress and supporting cognitive function.
- Aids in cellular rejuvenation, supporting metabolic balance and skin hydration.

While specific mechanisms for Damson Plum Leaf are not fully elucidated in the provided research, traditional uses suggest it may influence enzymatic pathways for detoxification and improve insulin sensitivity. Research on the Damson Plum fruit indicates its rich content of anthocyanins and chlorogenic acids contributes to antioxidant activity by scavenging free radicals and reducing oxidative stress, potentially underpinning some of the leaf's attributed benefits.

Clinical studies specifically on Damson Plum Leaf are not detailed in the available research regarding human trials. However, existing literature supports the Damson Plum fruit's antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, and hepatoprotective properties from in vitro and animal models. These studies, focusing on fruit extracts rich in polyphenols, demonstrate the potential to regulate glucose metabolism and enhance vascular integrity, though human clinical trial data for the leaf or comprehensively for the fruit's broader effects is limited.

Prunus domestica subsp. insititia
Damson Plum Leaf


Dan Shen (Salvia miltiorrhiza) contains tanshinones and salvianolic acids that improve cardiovascular health by dilating blood vessels and reducing inflammation. This Traditional Chinese Medicine herb enhances blood circulation and supports heart health through multiple molecular pathways.

- Dan Shen improves cardiovascular health by enhancing blood circulation and reducing arterial plaque formation. - It supports liver function by promoting detoxification processes, aiding in the elimination of toxins. - This herb has anti-inflammatory properties that can alleviate symptoms of chronic inflammation by inhibiting inflammatory mediators. - Dan Shen enhances mental clarity by increasing cerebral blood flow, improving focus and cognitive function. - It supports immune health by boosting the activity of immune cells, enhancing the body's defense mechanisms. - The herb aids in skin health by promoting collagen synthesis, leading to improved skin elasticity and appearance. - It can reduce stress levels by modulating cortisol production, promoting a sense of calm and relaxation.

Dan Shen's tanshinones (tanshinone I, IIA) and salvianolic acids enhance nitric oxide production, promoting vasodilation and improved blood flow. These compounds inhibit platelet aggregation through cyclooxygenase pathways and reduce inflammatory markers like TNF-α and IL-6. The herb also activates the Nrf2 pathway, providing antioxidant protection to cardiovascular tissues.

Multiple randomized controlled trials with 50-200 participants show Dan Shen extract (200-600mg daily) improves coronary blood flow by 15-25% in patients with coronary artery disease. A systematic review of 23 studies found significant improvements in angina symptoms and exercise tolerance. However, most studies are short-term (4-12 weeks) and conducted primarily in Asian populations. Evidence for liver protection comes mainly from animal studies, with limited human clinical data.

Salvia miltiorrhiza
Red Sage
Chinese Sage
Danshen
Tan-shen
Red Root Sage
Chinese Salvia


Dandelion Blossom Vinegar extracts polyphenolic compounds like flavonoids and coumaric acid from *Taraxacum officinale* flowers. These compounds contribute to its observed antimicrobial and antioxidant properties, primarily through bacterial growth inhibition and free radical scavenging.

- Supports liver detoxification processes by promoting bile flow and enzymatic activity.
- Enhances digestive function through its bitter compounds, stimulating gastric secretions.
- Reduces systemic inflammation via its rich content of flavonoids and phenolic compounds.
- Boosts immune response by providing antioxidant vitamins and minerals.
- Aids in detoxification pathways, assisting the body in eliminating waste products.

Dandelion Blossom Vinegar's mechanism of action involves its rich array of polyphenolic compounds, including flavonoids and phenolic acids like caffeic acid. These compounds exert antioxidant effects by scavenging free radicals and anti-inflammatory actions by modulating immune responses. Additionally, its bitter compounds stimulate gastric secretions, enhancing digestive function, while triterpenoids like taraxasterol contribute to its potential liver support by promoting bile flow.

Research on *Taraxacum officinale* generally indicates its potential for liver support, detoxification, and diuretic properties. Studies, primarily *in vitro* and animal models, have explored its antioxidant and anti-inflammatory effects, attributed to its rich content of flavonoids and phenolic compounds. However, specific clinical trials directly investigating the efficacy and safety of Dandelion Blossom Vinegar in human health are limited. Further robust human studies are needed to substantiate its purported benefits and establish optimal dosages.

Taraxacum officinale
Dandelion flower vinegar
Dandelion infused vinegar


Dandelion Flower Syrup, derived from *Taraxacum officinale* blossoms, contains phenolic compounds like caffeic acid and chlorogenic acid. These bioactives primarily exert antioxidant effects by scavenging free radicals and chelating metals, supporting overall cellular health.

- Supports liver function by promoting bile production and aiding detoxification pathways.
- Enhances digestive processes through its natural bitter compounds, stimulating gastric secretions.
- Boosts immune response by supplying antioxidant vitamins and minerals.
- Aids in systemic detoxification, assisting the body in eliminating metabolic waste.
- Provides antioxidant protection, reducing cellular damage from free radicals.

Dandelion Flower Syrup's mechanism primarily involves the antioxidant activity of phenolic compounds such as caffeic acid, chlorogenic acid, and flavones, which scavenge free radicals and chelate metals. Although research specific to the syrup is limited, *Taraxacum officinale* as a whole is understood to support liver function by promoting bile flow and aid digestion via bitter compounds stimulating gastric secretions.

Dedicated clinical trials specifically investigating the efficacy of Dandelion Flower Syrup are currently lacking. Existing scientific literature primarily focuses on the broader *Taraxacum officinale* plant, with studies exploring its diuretic, antioxidant, and anti-inflammatory properties across various parts like roots and leaves. While these studies suggest potential benefits for liver support, detoxification, and immune modulation, specific research on the bioavailability and effects of the flower syrup form remains an emerging area. Therefore, current claims of its health benefits are largely extrapolated from general dandelion research and traditional use rather than direct clinical evidence on the syrup.

Taraxacum officinale
Dandelion Blossom Syrup


Dandelion greens (Taraxacum officinale) contain phenolic acids like chlorogenic acid and caffeic acid that scavenge reactive oxygen species and inhibit lipid peroxidation by up to 70% at 50 µg/mL concentrations. These bioactive compounds suppress inflammatory mediators including TNF-α and IL-1β while activating the Nrf2 antioxidant pathway.

- Stimulates liver detoxification by enhancing bile production and supporting hepatic function.
- Promotes digestive health through high dietary fiber and inulin, fostering a balanced gut microbiome.
- Provides robust antioxidant support with beta-carotene, vitamin C, and polyphenols, protecting against oxidative damage.
- Reduces systemic inflammation via bioactive compounds, benefiting joint and cardiovascular health.
- Aids in blood sugar regulation as inulin helps stabilize glucose levels and improve insulin sensitivity.
- Supports bone health by providing essential calcium and vitamin K for mineral density.
- Enhances immune function and resilience through its rich content of vitamins A and C.

Chlorogenic acid, chicoric acid, and luteolin in dandelion greens activate the Nrf2 pathway and upregulate heme oxygenase-1 (HO-1) to enhance cellular antioxidant defenses. These compounds inhibit nuclear factor-κB (NF-κB) translocation and suppress cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2) and inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS) expression in activated macrophages. The phenolic acids also directly scavenge reactive oxygen species and prevent lipid peroxidation through free radical neutralization.

Current evidence for dandelion greens comes primarily from in vitro and animal studies rather than human clinical trials. Laboratory studies demonstrate 70% inhibition of hydrogen peroxide-induced lipid peroxidation at 50 µg/mL extract concentrations. In vitro research shows significant inhibition of α-amylase and α-glucosidase enzymes, suggesting potential blood sugar benefits, though human data remains lacking. Well-designed randomized controlled trials in humans are needed to validate the therapeutic effects observed in laboratory settings.

Taraxacum officinale
medicinal dandelion
dandelion leaf
lion's tooth
blowball greens


Dandelion greens (Taraxacum officinale) are nutrient-dense leaves containing high levels of taraxasterol, chicoric acid, and chlorogenic acid that support liver detoxification and provide potent antioxidant activity. These compounds work through hepatoprotective pathways and free radical scavenging mechanisms to promote overall health.

Dandelion Greens are the leaves of the dandelion plant, a hardy perennial that is often found in gardens, meadows, and roadsides. These greens are rich in vitamins, minerals, and antioxidants, particularly vitamins A, C, and K, as well as folate, iron, and calcium. Dandelion Greens also contain a variety of bioactive compounds, such as flavonoids, tannins, and inulin. Additionally, the nutritional profile of Dandelion Greens (Taraxacum officinale) includes - known for supporting liver function and detoxification. For enhanced efficacy, Dandelion Greens (Taraxacum officinale) can be combined with complementary ingredients. Hermetica Synergy Stack (Formulation Heuristic)
Role: Mineral + chlorophyll base (systemic vitality)
Intention: Immune & Inflammation
Primary Pairings: Ginger (Zingiber officinale); Turmeric (Curcuma longa); Olive Oil; Lemongrass
Notes (from original entry): Pair Dandelion Greens with Milk Thistle for enhanced liver support.

Dandelion greens' bioactive compounds taraxasterol and chicoric acid enhance liver detoxification by upregulating cytochrome P450 enzymes and glutathione S-transferase activity. Chlorogenic acid and other phenolic compounds neutralize reactive oxygen species through direct electron donation. The high potassium content supports diuretic activity through increased sodium excretion in the kidneys.

Most research on dandelion greens consists of animal studies and in vitro experiments rather than human clinical trials. A small human study (n=17) showed increased urination frequency within 5 hours of consuming dandelion leaf extract. Animal studies demonstrate hepatoprotective effects at doses of 200-400mg/kg body weight. Limited human data exists for most claimed benefits, requiring more robust clinical research to establish therapeutic efficacy.

Taraxacum officinale
Common Dandelion
Lion's Tooth
Blowball
Piss-a-bed
Pu Gong Ying
Dent de Lion
Wild Endive


Dandelion leaf is rich in bioactive compounds such as flavonoids, phenolic acids, polysaccharides, and sesquiterpene lactones. These constituents exert their therapeutic effects primarily through antioxidant and anti-inflammatory pathways.

- Supports liver detoxification by promoting bile production and aiding toxin elimination.
- Enhances digestive health by stimulating gastric enzymes and nurturing gut microbiota.
- Strengthens immune function with its antimicrobial and anti-inflammatory compounds.
- Aids in cardiovascular health by contributing to the regulation of cholesterol and blood pressure.
- Provides powerful antioxidant protection, safeguarding against oxidative stress and cellular damage.
- Supports kidney health through its natural diuretic properties, promoting fluid balance.
- Contributes to hormonal balance and metabolic regulation.

Dandelion leaf exerts its therapeutic effects primarily through antioxidant and anti-inflammatory mechanisms. Key compounds like flavonoids and phenolic acids scavenge free radicals, reducing oxidative stress. Additionally, its extracts have been shown to inhibit inflammatory pathways, such as those initiated by lipopolysaccharides, modulating cytokine production.

Extensive research, encompassing in vitro, animal, and some human studies, supports Dandelion Leaf's traditional uses. Studies have demonstrated its efficacy in promoting liver detoxification by enhancing bile production and aiding toxin elimination. Furthermore, research highlights its metabolic supportive role and positive impact on cardiovascular health, attributed to its rich profile of flavonoids and sesquiterpene lactones which also contribute to immune-enhancing and anti-inflammatory properties.

Taraxacum officinale
Lion's Tooth
Piss-a-bed


Dandelion Leaf Infusion, rich in flavonoids, phenolic acids, and sesquiterpene lactones, exerts its benefits through antioxidant and anti-inflammatory mechanisms. It traditionally supports liver health, aids digestion, and acts as a mild diuretic, contributing to systemic detoxification.

- Supports liver health by stimulating bile flow and aiding detoxification pathways.
- Promotes healthy digestion through its bitter compounds and mild carminative action.
- Aids in systemic detoxification, helping the body eliminate waste products.
- Reduces inflammation due to its rich antioxidant and anti-inflammatory phytochemicals.
- Provides robust antioxidant protection, safeguarding cells from oxidative stress.

Dandelion leaf compounds, including flavonoids and phenolic acids, exert antioxidant effects by scavenging reactive oxygen species (ROS) and elevating heme oxygenase-1 (HO-1). Its anti-inflammatory action involves inhibiting nitric oxide (NO) and COX-2 expression, alongside reducing proinflammatory cytokines like TNF-α and IL-1β. Furthermore, bitter compounds stimulate digestive secretions, and its traditional use as a diuretic aids fluid balance.

Scientific literature broadly supports the traditional uses of Dandelion Leaf Infusion for liver health, detoxification, and inflammation reduction. While specific human clinical trial data on standardized infusions with detailed sample sizes are not explicitly provided in the research, studies generally indicate the presence of antioxidant and anti-inflammatory compounds. This research supports the potential for Dandelion Leaf to contribute to its observed therapeutic effects, particularly in areas of oxidative stress and systemic inflammation.

Taraxacum officinale
Dandelion
Wild Dandelion


Dandelion root coffee, rich in sesquiterpene lactones and inulin, supports liver health by stimulating bile flow and aids digestion by fostering a healthy gut microbiome. These primary compounds contribute to its traditional use in detoxification and digestive wellness.

- Supports liver health by promoting bile flow and aiding in detoxification processes.
- Aids in detoxification by stimulating kidney function and promoting the elimination of waste products.
- Promotes healthy digestion through its mild laxative and diuretic properties.
- Reduces systemic inflammation due to its rich content of antioxidant compounds.
- Provides significant antioxidant protection, neutralizing free radicals and protecting cellular integrity.

Sesquiterpene lactones, like taraxacin, stimulate bile production in the liver (choleretic effect) and promote its release from the gallbladder, facilitating fat digestion and toxin elimination. The significant inulin content acts as a prebiotic, nourishing beneficial gut bacteria to enhance gut microbiota balance and nutrient absorption. Additionally, phenolic acids and flavonoids provide antioxidant and anti-inflammatory support, further contributing to cellular health.

Research on dandelion root, primarily in vitro and animal studies, supports its traditional uses for liver health, detoxification, and diuretic effects. These studies have demonstrated its choleretic and anti-inflammatory properties, suggesting a role in supporting liver function and fluid balance. While direct human clinical trials on dandelion root 'coffee' are limited, evidence from extracts indicates potential benefits, though more human-specific research is needed to confirm efficacy in this form.

Taraxacum officinale
common dandelion
lion's tooth


Dandelion root tea's benefits primarily derive from sesquiterpene lactones and phenolic compounds. These compounds stimulate bile production, support gut health, and exert antioxidant and anti-inflammatory effects crucial for liver detoxification and digestion.

- Promotes liver detoxification and improves bile production, supporting metabolic health.
- Stimulates digestion and alleviates bloating, enhancing gastrointestinal function.
- Aids in flushing toxins and excess fluids from the body, supporting kidney health and natural detoxification.
- Reduces systemic inflammation, benefiting joint and tissue health.
- Provides antioxidant protection through polyphenols and flavonoids, neutralizing free radicals and protecting cells.
- Acts as a natural diuretic, supporting healthy water balance and contributing to weight management.

Dandelion root's sesquiterpene lactones stimulate bile secretion from the liver and gallbladder (choleretic effect), facilitating fat digestion and the elimination of metabolic waste products. Phenolic acids and flavonoids contribute potent antioxidant activity, protecting hepatocytes from oxidative stress, while inulin functions as a prebiotic to support a healthy gut microbiome, further aiding digestion and detoxification.

While traditional uses of dandelion root for liver and digestive support are extensive, much of the supporting scientific evidence derives from in vitro studies and animal models. These studies demonstrate choleretic, diuretic, antioxidant, and anti-inflammatory activities, consistent with its traditional applications. Human clinical trials specifically assessing its efficacy for liver detoxification or significant digestive improvement in large, randomized controlled settings are still emerging or limited, often focusing on its diuretic properties.

Taraxacum officinale
Lion's Tooth
Puffball
Piss-a-bed


Dandelion Stalk Syrup, derived from Taraxacum officinale, contains bioactive compounds such as sesquiterpenoids, triterpenoids, and phenolic acids. These compounds primarily contribute to its traditional uses through antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, and diuretic mechanisms, supporting overall detoxification and liver health.

- Supports liver health by promoting bile production and aiding in hepatic detoxification pathways.
- Aids in detoxification processes by acting as a diuretic and enhancing waste elimination.
- Promotes digestive health by stimulating appetite and improving gut motility.
- Reduces systemic inflammation through its content of anti-inflammatory compounds like flavonoids and phenolic acids.
- Provides antioxidant protection, neutralizing free radicals and reducing oxidative stress.

Dandelion stalk compounds like sesquiterpenoids and flavonoids exert antioxidant effects by activating the Nrf2 pathway and scavenging free radicals. Anti-inflammatory actions involve inhibiting pro-inflammatory mediators such as NF-κB. Its diuretic effect, primarily due to potassium content and other compounds, enhances waste elimination, while liver support stems from stimulating bile production and aiding hepatic detoxification enzymes.

While specific human clinical trials on Dandelion Stalk Syrup are limited, broader research on *Taraxacum officinale* extracts, including *in vitro* and animal studies, supports its traditional uses. These studies have shown potential antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, hepatoprotective, and diuretic effects. Ongoing human clinical trials are investigating whole dandelion extracts to further validate their benefits for liver health, detoxification, and digestive support, aiming to establish optimal dosages and efficacy.

Taraxacum officinale
Common Dandelion
Lion's Tooth
Piss-a-bed


Dandelion tea, derived from *Taraxacum officinale*, contains bioactive compounds like phenolic acids and flavonoids, which contribute to its antioxidant and anti-inflammatory effects. These compounds help support liver health by promoting bile flow and aiding detoxification pathways within the body.

- Supports liver health by promoting bile flow and detoxification pathways.
- Promotes digestion by stimulating digestive enzymes and aiding nutrient absorption.
- Aids in detoxification processes, helping to cleanse the body.
- Reduces inflammation through its antioxidant and anti-inflammatory compounds.
- Enhances immune function, contributing to overall resilience.
- Protects against oxidative stress due to its rich antioxidant profile.

Dandelion's efficacy stems from compounds such as phenolic acids (e.g., chlorogenic acid) and flavonoids (e.g., quercetin glycosides), which exert antioxidant and anti-inflammatory actions. Triterpenoids like taraxasterol and sesquiterpenoids contribute to its choleretic (bile-promoting) and diuretic effects, enhancing liver detoxification pathways and digestive enzyme activity. Root extracts have also shown potential to induce intrinsic apoptosis in certain cell lines.

Scientific investigations, primarily involving in vitro and animal models, support the traditional uses of *Taraxacum officinale* for liver health, detoxification, and anti-inflammatory properties. These studies highlight its ability to promote bile production and act as a diuretic. While promising results exist, there is limited human clinical trial data to fully establish efficacy and dosage in humans, necessitating further rigorous research.

Taraxacum officinale
Common Dandelion
Lion's Tooth
Puffball


Angelica sinensis contains ferulic acid and ligustilide that modulate estrogen receptors and enhance nitric oxide production for vascular health. This traditional Chinese herb primarily supports women's reproductive health by regulating menstrual cycles and improving blood circulation.

- Balances hormones by regulating estrogen levels, crucial for women's reproductive health. - Alleviates menstrual discomfort by reducing cramps and bloating, improving quality of life during cycles. - Supports blood health by increasing red blood cell production, enhancing oxygen transport. - Acts as an anti-inflammatory, reducing joint pain and swelling, beneficial for arthritis sufferers. - Improves skin health by promoting circulation, leading to a radiant complexion. - Boosts immune function by enhancing white blood cell activity, fortifying the body's defenses. - Exhibits antioxidant properties, protecting cells from damage and reducing the risk of chronic diseases.

Angelica sinensis works through ferulic acid and Z-ligustilide compounds that bind to estrogen receptors ERα and ERβ, modulating hormonal balance. These bioactive compounds also stimulate nitric oxide synthase activity, promoting vasodilation and improved blood flow. Additionally, the herb's polysaccharides enhance hematopoietic stem cell proliferation in bone marrow, supporting red blood cell production.

A randomized controlled trial of 72 women showed Angelica sinensis extract reduced menstrual pain scores by 68% compared to placebo over 3 cycles. Another study with 120 participants demonstrated 15% improvement in hemoglobin levels after 8 weeks of supplementation. However, most clinical evidence comes from small-scale studies or traditional use data, with limited large-scale Western clinical trials. More robust research is needed to fully establish therapeutic dosing and efficacy parameters.

Angelica sinensis
Chinese Angelica
Female Ginseng
Dong Quai
Tang Kuei
Chinese Dong Quai
Women's Ginseng
Radix Angelicae Sinensis