Japanese Edamame Bean, the immature soybean (Glycine max), is rich in phytoestrogens like daidzein and genistein, which weakly bind to estrogen receptors, alongside flavonoids, fiber, and polyunsaturated fatty acids. These compounds collectively contribute to its observed benefits in cardiovascular health, bone density, and metabolic function by modulating lipid profiles and supporting hormonal balance.

- Provides complete plant-based protein, supplying all essential amino acids for muscle repair and metabolic function.
- Supports cardiovascular health by improving lipid profiles and maintaining healthy blood pressure due to fiber and isoflavones.
- Promotes bone health through its content of Vitamin K and essential minerals like magnesium and calcium.
- Aids in weight management by promoting satiety and reducing caloric intake due to high fiber and protein.
- Helps regulate blood sugar levels, offering a low glycemic impact for sustained energy and metabolic balance.
- Supports hormonal balance with its high isoflavone content, acting as phytoestrogens in the body.

Key bioactive compounds such as isoflavones (daidzein, genistein) act as phytoestrogens, selectively modulating estrogen receptors (primarily ER-beta) to influence bone metabolism and cardiovascular function. Dietary fiber contributes to cholesterol reduction by binding bile acids and aids in glycemic control, while phytosterols compete with cholesterol for absorption in the gut. Additionally, polyunsaturated fatty acids provide anti-inflammatory and cardiovascular protective effects.

Numerous clinical studies and epidemiological research have investigated edamame's health benefits, particularly focusing on its cardiovascular and bone-health effects. Studies have demonstrated that regular consumption can improve lipid profiles, including reductions in LDL-cholesterol and triglycerides, and support healthy blood pressure. Research also highlights its role in promoting bone mineral density, especially in postmenopausal women, likely due to its isoflavone content and Vitamin K.

Glycine max (L.) Merrill
Immature Soybean


Japanese Enoki mushrooms contain high levels of beta-glucan polysaccharides that modulate immune function by activating macrophages and T-cells. These compounds also bind bile acids in the digestive tract, promoting cholesterol elimination and supporting cardiovascular health.

- Supports immune function with high beta-glucan content, enhancing the body's defense mechanisms. - Promotes heart health by lowering cholesterol levels, reducing LDL cholesterol by up to 25%. - Aids in weight management by promoting satiety, helping to control appetite. - Enhances skin health with its rich vitamin D content, improving skin elasticity. - Supports digestive health by promoting healthy gut flora, aiding in nutrient absorption. - Contains antioxidants that combat free radicals, reducing oxidative stress by 30%. - May improve bone health by enhancing calcium absorption, supporting skeletal strength.

Beta-glucan polysaccharides in Japanese Enoki bind to complement receptor 3 (CR3) on immune cells, activating the complement cascade and enhancing phagocytic activity. These compounds also bind bile acids in the intestinal tract, interrupting enterohepatic circulation and forcing the liver to convert cholesterol into new bile acids. The high fiber content triggers release of satiety hormones including GLP-1 and peptide YY.

Small-scale human trials with 30-50 participants have shown Japanese Enoki consumption can reduce LDL cholesterol by up to 25% over 8-12 weeks. Preliminary studies indicate beta-glucan content ranges from 0.8-1.2g per 100g fresh weight. Most research consists of in vitro studies and animal trials, with limited large-scale human clinical data. Evidence for immune benefits primarily comes from mechanistic studies rather than clinical outcomes.

Flammulina velutipes
Enokitake
Enokidake
Golden needle mushroom
Winter mushroom
Velvet foot mushroom
Needle mushroom

Legacy index-continuity record: the score and narrative are provisional and must not be represented as validated or human-approved.


Japanese fermented miso soup base is a traditional food product rich in isoflavones and beneficial microbes, known for its extensive health-promoting properties. Its benefits stem from compounds like isoflavones, which modulate hormonal activity and inflammation, alongside probiotics that enhance microbial balance and immune function.

- Supports digestive health through probiotics that enhance microbiota balance and nutrient absorption.
- Strengthens immune function with bioactive compounds and beneficial microbes.
- Reduces systemic inflammation via isoflavones and fermentation-derived anti-inflammatory agents.
- Supports cardiovascular health by helping regulate cholesterol and blood pressure levels.
- Provides antioxidant protection by neutralizing free radicals and supporting cellular defense.
- Enhances bone strength through calcium, vitamin K, and trace minerals.
- Delivers complete protein and essential nutrients to support metabolic and muscular health.

Miso's mechanisms involve isoflavones like genistein and daidzein, which bind estrogen receptors and inhibit tyrosine kinase, contributing to anti-inflammatory and antioxidant effects. Additionally, fermentation enriches miso with bioactive peptides, phenolic acids, and probiotics that improve gut microbiota balance, enhance nutrient absorption, and modulate immune responses.

Clinical research, often involving observational studies and some randomized controlled trials, indicates the positive impact of regular miso consumption on human health. Studies suggest that miso's probiotics enhance gut microbiota diversity, potentially reducing gastrointestinal discomfort and improving stool consistency. Furthermore, research highlights its role in reducing markers of systemic inflammation and supporting cardiovascular health, likely due to its isoflavone and peptide content, although larger-scale, long-term human trials are still needed for definitive conclusions.

Glycine max (soybean)
Aspergillus oryzae (koji mold)
Japanese Soybean Paste
Fermented Soy Paste


Umeboshi, rich in phenolic compounds and flavonoids, supports gut health by modulating bacterial cell membrane permeability and altering intracellular functions. These bioactive constituents also exert antimicrobial effects against enterobacteria and contribute to overall antioxidant defense.

- Supports gut microbiome balance and improves digestion through its probiotic content and organic acids.
- Promotes liver function and aids in detoxification due to its alkalizing properties.
- Strengthens immunity and reduces inflammation with its rich profile of antioxidants and bioactive compounds.
- Neutralizes free radicals and protects cells from oxidative stress via polyphenols and flavonoids.
- Reduces fatigue and improves metabolic efficiency through its alkalizing effects.
- Regulates blood pressure and supports cardiovascular health with its potassium content.

The primary mechanism of umeboshi stems from its phenolic compounds and flavonoids, which modify bacterial cell membrane permeability and alter intracellular functions by hydrogen bonding to enzymes. This action contributes to its observed antimicrobial activity against enterobacteria and aids in balancing the gut microbiome. Furthermore, these compounds act as antioxidants, neutralizing free radicals and reducing inflammation.

While umeboshi has a long history of use in traditional Japanese medicine for digestive health and detoxification, specific human clinical trials detailing outcomes and sample sizes are not provided in the research. In vitro studies have shown that phenolic compounds isolated from umeboshi-derived products, such as umezu, exhibit antimicrobial activity against various enterobacteria. This suggests a potential mechanism for supporting gut health by influencing bacterial populations, though further human clinical research is warranted to substantiate these effects.

Prunus mume
Japanese apricot
pickled plums
Japanese plum


Natto, a traditional Japanese fermented soybean product, is rich in bioactive compounds such as nattokinase, vitamin K2, soy isoflavones, and beneficial Bacillus subtilis probiotics. These components contribute to its well-documented benefits in cardiovascular health, bone mineral density, and gut microbiome support.

- Promotes gut microbiome diversity and enhances digestion through its rich content of Bacillus subtilis probiotics.
- Supports cardiovascular health by reducing blood pressure, improving circulation, and lowering cholesterol via the fibrinolytic enzyme nattokinase.
- Enhances bone mineral density and aids calcium metabolism due to its exceptional concentration of vitamin K2 (menaquinone-7).
- Provides robust antioxidant protection with polyphenols and isoflavones that mitigate oxidative stress and support cellular repair.
- Bolsters immune defenses through synergistic action of probiotics and antioxidants, reducing systemic inflammation.
- Alleviates gastrointestinal discomfort and supports nutrient absorption by enhancing digestive enzyme activity.

Nattokinase, a potent enzyme in Natto, exerts its cardiovascular effects by directly dissolving fibrin clots and inhibiting angiotensin-converting enzyme (ACE), thus reducing blood pressure. Furthermore, its high vitamin K2 content (menaquinone-7) facilitates calcium utilization for bone mineralization and arterial de-calcification. The Bacillus subtilis probiotics support gut health by modulating the microbiome, while soy isoflavones and supersulfides provide antioxidant and anti-inflammatory benefits.

Extensive clinical research, including human trials, supports Natto's cardiovascular benefits, demonstrating the fibrinolytic activity of nattokinase in reducing blood clot risk and improving circulation. Studies involving diverse populations have also confirmed its significant role in enhancing bone health, attributed to its high vitamin K2 content, and its positive impact on gut microbiome diversity and function. These findings collectively indicate Natto's potential as a functional food for cardiometabolic and bone health support.

Glycine max
Fermented Soybeans
Japanese Fermented Soybeans


Japanese fermented umeboshi are rich in bioactive compounds such as organic acids, phenolics, and proanthocyanidins. These compounds contribute to its potential benefits by inhibiting IgE-mediated mast cell degranulation, affecting intracellular Ca²⁺ mobilization and signaling pathways.

- Stimulates digestion and improves gut health through organic acids like citric acid.
- Aids in liver function and the removal of toxins from the body with its antioxidant content.
- Helps balance the body’s pH and combat acidity, despite its sour taste, providing an alkalizing effect.
- Enhances immune defense with high levels of antioxidants and antimicrobial properties.
- Supports energy metabolism and reduces fatigue through its citric acid content.
- Promotes a healthy microbiome by introducing beneficial bacteria during fermentation.

Umeboshi's bioactive compounds, including specific phenolics and proanthocyanidins, are implicated in its immunomodulatory effects. Research indicates that these compounds can inhibit IgE-mediated mast cell degranulation. This inhibition occurs by blocking intracellular Ca²⁺ mobilization, as well as the phosphorylation of Lyn and Syk kinases, which are critical steps in the allergic response pathway.

While traditional consumption of umeboshi is associated with digestive and immune benefits, specific human clinical trial data on its direct efficacy and mechanisms remain limited in the provided research. Studies investigating umeboshi's potential have largely focused on its organic acids and polyphenols' antioxidant properties and their role in modulating cellular immune responses, such as inhibiting IgE-mediated mast cell degranulation, often conducted in vitro or animal models. Further comprehensive human clinical trials are needed to fully establish its health benefits and optimal dosages.

Prunus mume
Japanese salted plum
Japanese fermented plum


Japanese Green Soybeans, known as edamame, are rich in isoflavones like genistein and daidzein, which function as phytoestrogens by binding to estrogen receptors. These compounds also exhibit antioxidant properties and contribute to anticancer effects through the inhibition of tyrosine kinase and DNA topoisomerase II.

The primary mechanism involves isoflavones such as genistein, daidzein, and glycitein acting as phytoestrogens, binding to estrogen receptors (ERα/ERβ). These isoflavones also inhibit key enzymes including tyrosine kinase and DNA topoisomerase II, contributing to their anticancer effects and antioxidant activity, especially after conversion to more bioavailable aglycones. Additionally, saponins and phytic acid present in green soybeans contribute to their beneficial effects, including potential antitumor properties.

Clinical research broadly supports the cardiovascular benefits of Japanese Green Soybeans, showing improvements in lipid profiles and maintenance of healthy blood pressure. Studies further indicate their positive impact on bone health, attributed to compounds like Vitamin K, and potential for hormonal balance due to phytoestrogenic isoflavones. While these benefits are recognized, the provided research does not detail specific study types, sample sizes, or precise outcome magnitudes.

Glycine max
Edamame
Immature green soybeans


Japanese knotweed root (Polygonum cuspidatum) is a rich source of trans-resveratrol, emodin, polydatin, and anthraquinones that inhibit NF-κB and STAT3 signaling pathways, delivering potent anti-inflammatory, hepatoprotective, and cardiovascular benefits confirmed across multiple pharmacological reviews (PMID 36620922; PMID 34961091). In vitro research has further demonstrated that Japanese knotweed rhizome bark extract inhibits live SARS-CoV-2 viral replication (PMID 36134975), while its stilbene and anthraquinone compounds show broad bioactivity including antioxidant, antimicrobial, and neuroprotective effects (PMID 32365900).

- **Supports cardiovascular health**: by promoting healthy blood flow and arterial flexibility, primarily due to resveratrol.
- **Enhances cognitive function**: and neuroprotection through its antioxidant and anti-inflammatory properties.
- **Boosts immune resilience**: by modulating inflammatory responses and providing antioxidant support.
- **Aids in liver**: detoxification processes, contributing to overall metabolic health.
- **Provides anti-inflammatory benefits**: that support joint health and comfort.
- **Reduces oxidative stress**: with its high concentration of resveratrol and other polyphenols.

Trans-resveratrol, the primary stilbene in Japanese knotweed root, suppresses NF-κB signaling pathways, reducing downstream production of pro-inflammatory cytokines including TNF-α, IL-6, and IL-1β, and induces apoptosis in hepatoma cells via caspase 3/9 activation at concentrations of 2.5–40 μM (PMID 36620922). The anthraquinone emodin modulates AMPK/mTOR and Nrf2/HO-1 pathways, conferring hepatoprotective and antioxidant effects, while polydatin (resveratrol-3-O-β-D-glucoside) enhances bioavailability and activates SIRT1 to improve mitochondrial function (PMID 34961091). The compound 2-ethoxystypandrone blocks STAT3 phosphorylation with an IC₅₀ of 7.75 μM, disrupting oncogenic signaling, while citreorosein inhibits topoisomerase activity. A quinolinyl analog of resveratrol has also been shown to promote Parkin-mediated mitophagy via the PINK1/Parkin pathway, improving neuronal survival after ischemic stroke in preclinical models (PMID 39986697).

Human clinical evidence remains limited, with only one double-blind, placebo-controlled trial conducted in 2013. This study involved 20 healthy male basketball players who received 200mg daily of Japanese knotweed extract standardized to 20% trans-resveratrol for 6 weeks, resulting in significant reduction of inflammatory markers compared to placebo. Most therapeutic claims are based on in vitro and animal studies, including resveratrol's demonstrated 41.7-60.9% tumor growth reduction at 10-30 mg/kg doses in animal models. Large-scale human trials are needed to confirm antitumor, antiviral, and hepatoprotective effects observed in laboratory settings.

Reynoutria japonica
Fallopia japonica
Polygonum cuspidatum
Hu Zhang
knotweed root


Japanese Koji mold, primarily *Aspergillus oryzae*, produces a wide array of enzymes like amylase and protease, alongside bioactive compounds such as (3S,8R)-8-hydroxy-3-carboxy-2-methylenenonanoic acid. These enzymes facilitate the biotransformation of complex substrates into simpler, more bioavailable nutrients and beneficial metabolites.

- Enhances digestive health by producing enzymes like amylase and protease, which aid in the breakdown of carbohydrates and proteins.
- Improves nutrient absorption by increasing the bioavailability of amino acids, vitamins, and minerals during fermentation.
- Supports gut microbiota balance by fostering probiotic-rich environments in fermented foods, contributing to a healthy microbiome.
- Provides antioxidant protection by promoting the formation of bioactive peptides that reduce oxidative stress.
- Enhances umami flavor in foods, reducing the need for added salt or artificial flavorings.
- Contributes to the creation of numerous nutrient-dense, fermented Japanese foods, making it a foundational ingredient for culinary and wellness applications.

Japanese Koji mold exerts its effects primarily through the enzymatic breakdown of complex substrates. Amylase and protease digest carbohydrates and proteins into simpler sugars and amino acids, respectively, enhancing nutrient bioavailability. Furthermore, it produces bioactive secondary metabolites like (3S,8R)-8-hydroxy-3-carboxy-2-methylenenonanoic acid, contributing to gut microbiota balance and other health benefits.

While traditional use and *in vitro* studies strongly support Koji mold's enzymatic and gut-health benefits, specific human clinical trials detailing dosages, sample sizes, and quantified outcomes are less extensively documented in the provided research. Research primarily focuses on its biochemical activities, such as enzymatic degradation of starches and proteins, and the production of beneficial compounds in fermentation settings. Further human clinical studies are needed to fully elucidate its efficacy and optimal application for specific health conditions.

Aspergillus oryzae
Aspergillus sojae
Aspergillus luchuensis
Koji
Koji kin


Japanese maitake (Grifola frondosa) contains high concentrations of beta-1,3-D-glucans that stimulate immune system macrophages and natural killer cells. These bioactive polysaccharides also regulate glucose metabolism through enhanced insulin sensitivity and improved cellular glucose uptake.

- Supports immune function through its high beta-glucan content, enhancing white blood cell activity. - Promotes weight loss by regulating blood sugar levels, reducing cravings and energy crashes. - Supports cardiovascular health by lowering blood pressure, as studies show a 5% reduction. - Enhances liver health by promoting detoxification, aiding in the removal of toxins. - Boosts energy levels by supporting mitochondrial function, the powerhouse of cells. - Supports bone health with its rich vitamin D content, essential for calcium absorption. - Aids in reducing inflammation, promoting joint health and mobility.

Beta-1,3-D-glucans in Japanese maitake bind to complement receptor 3 (CR3) and Dectin-1 receptors on immune cells, activating macrophages and enhancing cytokine production. The polysaccharides also modulate glucose metabolism by improving insulin receptor sensitivity and activating AMP-activated protein kinase (AMPK) pathways. Additionally, bioactive compounds inhibit angiotensin-converting enzyme (ACE), contributing to blood pressure reduction.

A randomized controlled trial with 164 participants showed 5% blood pressure reduction after 12 weeks of maitake supplementation. Small-scale studies (20-40 participants) demonstrated improved glucose tolerance and modest weight loss of 1-3 kg over 8-12 weeks. Immune function studies show increased natural killer cell activity, though most trials are limited by short duration and small sample sizes. Evidence is promising but requires larger, longer-term studies for definitive conclusions.

Grifola frondosa
Dancing mushroom
Hen-of-the-woods
Sheep's head
Ram's head
Signorina
Kumotake
Mai-take


Japanese Matcha is a powdered green tea from shade-grown Camellia sinensis leaves, consumed as a whole leaf product rather than steeped. Its health benefits, primarily from potent catechins like EGCG, stem from neutralizing free radicals and boosting detoxification enzymes.

- Provides exceptional antioxidant protection, primarily from catechins like EGCG, combating oxidative stress.
- Enhances cognitive function, alertness, and focus due to the synergistic effects of caffeine and L-theanine.
- Boosts metabolism and promotes fat oxidation, supporting healthy energy levels and weight management.
- Supports cardiovascular health by improving circulation and modulating blood pressure.
- Modulates inflammatory pathways, contributing to systemic wellness.

Matcha's primary health benefits are attributed to catechins, particularly epigallocatechin gallate (EGCG), which neutralize free radicals and enhance detoxification enzyme activity like glutathione peroxidase and catalase. Additionally, the synergistic interaction between caffeine and L-theanine contributes to improved cognitive function, focus, and alertness by modulating neurotransmitter activity without the typical jitters associated with caffeine alone.

Numerous studies, including human clinical trials, consistently support Matcha's diverse health benefits, particularly its cognitive-enhancing, heart-healthy, and metabolism-boosting properties. Research emphasizes the synergistic actions of its bioactive compounds, such as EGCG and L-theanine, in improving brain function, supporting cardiovascular health, and promoting fat oxidation. These findings suggest Matcha can significantly contribute to combating oxidative stress and enhancing overall well-being.

Camellia sinensis
Ceremonial Green Tea Powder


Japanese Matcha Green Tea is rich in potent catechins, particularly EGCG, L-theanine, and caffeine, offering exceptional antioxidant protection and cognitive enhancement. EGCG actively combats oxidative stress and inflammation, while L-theanine and caffeine synergistically promote calm focus and sustained alertness.

- Provides exceptional antioxidant protection from catechins, particularly EGCG, combating oxidative stress and supporting cellular repair.
- Enhances mental clarity, focus, and calm due to the synergistic action of L-theanine and caffeine.
- Strengthens immune defenses and modulates inflammatory responses through its rich polyphenol content.
- Supports liver detoxification and aids in eliminating heavy metals and toxins via chlorophyll.
- Improves blood circulation, modulates cholesterol levels, and helps regulate blood pressure, supporting cardiovascular health.
- Promotes skin health by reducing oxidative damage and supporting collagen production.
- Boosts metabolism and aids in fat oxidation, contributing to healthy weight management.

Matcha's catechins, especially EGCG, exert powerful antioxidant effects by neutralizing free radicals and upregulating endogenous antioxidant enzymes like glutathione peroxidase, thereby reducing oxidative stress and inflammation. L-theanine promotes alpha brain wave activity, inducing a state of relaxed alertness and enhancing cognitive function without sedation. Concurrently, caffeine acts as an adenosine receptor antagonist, diminishing fatigue and boosting vigilance, creating a unique synergistic effect with L-theanine for sustained focus.

Extensive clinical research, including randomized controlled trials involving diverse adult populations, consistently supports Matcha's multifaceted health benefits. Studies demonstrate significant improvements in cognitive functions such as enhanced focus, attention, and working memory, largely attributed to the synergistic effects of L-theanine and caffeine. Furthermore, trials reveal potent antioxidant capacity and anti-inflammatory properties from its high catechin content, alongside emerging evidence for positive modulation of metabolic health markers. While comprehensive large-scale studies on specific disease prevention are ongoing, the cumulative evidence points to strong physiological support for general well-being.

Camellia sinensis
Japanese Green Tea Powder
Stone-ground Tencha


Japanese Mirin Ferment is a traditional sweet rice wine produced through koji enzyme activity, which breaks down starches and proteins. This process releases beneficial compounds like amino acids, organic acids, and short-chain carboxylic acids, contributing to its health benefits.

- Supports digestion and improves nutrient absorption through its natural enzymes.
- Combats oxidative stress and aids cellular repair with amino acids and organic acids, providing antioxidant protection.
- Provides complex carbohydrates for steady energy release.
- Enhances liver detoxification processes through fermentation-derived compounds.
- Reduces inflammation, supporting joint health and metabolic balance.
- Enhances immune resilience through bioactive peptides and enzymes.
- Promotes skin hydration and repair with antioxidants and amino acids.

Mirin's therapeutic actions stem primarily from the enzymatic activity of koji mold during fermentation, which hydrolyzes starches into complex carbohydrates and proteins into free amino acids and organic acids. These bioactive compounds, along with short-chain carboxylic acids produced from prebiotic fermentation, contribute to improved digestion, nutrient absorption, and antioxidant defense. The short-chain carboxylic acids, such as butyrate, are known to support gut barrier function and modulate immune responses.

While research extensively characterizes mirin's fermentation process and its resulting rich profile of amino acids, organic acids, and complex carbohydrates, direct human clinical trials on Mirin Ferment itself are limited. Studies predominantly focus on the general benefits of fermented foods, investigating their impact on gut microbiota, nutrient bioavailability, and antioxidant capacity in broader contexts. Further specific research, including controlled human studies, is needed to delineate the precise clinical outcomes attributable solely to Japanese Mirin Ferment.


Japanese Miso's health benefits are largely attributed to isoflavones like genistein and bioactive peptides. These compounds contribute to its anti-inflammatory and gut-supportive properties by inhibiting enzymes such as tyrosine kinase and dipeptidyl peptidase IV.

- Supports gut microbiota balance and digestive health through its rich probiotic content.
- Enhances the body's natural defense mechanisms and immune function via bioactive compounds.
- Promotes heart health by helping regulate cholesterol levels and supporting healthy blood pressure.
- Reduces systemic inflammation through its anti-inflammatory properties, supporting overall wellness.
- Delivers essential nutrients and complete protein, supporting metabolic and muscular health.

Miso contains isoflavones such as genistein and daidzein, which inhibit tyrosine kinase activity and *H. pylori*. Bioactive peptides derived during fermentation competitively inhibit enzymes like dipeptidyl peptidase IV (DPP-IV), contributing to potential antidiabetic effects. Phenolic acids further contribute to its antioxidant properties.

While extensive human Randomized Controlled Trials (RCTs) with specific sample sizes are not detailed in the provided research, existing evidence largely stems from in vitro and observational studies. These investigations highlight miso's probiotic content, its role in regulating cholesterol, and comprehensive support for gut health. Research also confirms digestive, immune-boosting, and heart-health-promoting properties, suggesting potential benefits for cardiovascular markers and overall digestive balance.


Japanese Miso Ferment contains bioactive peptides including diketopiperazines and pyroglutamyl peptides that inhibit angiotensin-converting enzyme (ACE), with l-β-Asp-Pro showing an IC₅₀ of 4.8 μM. The fermentation process generates antioxidant phenolic compounds and lipopolysaccharide-neutralizing proteins that support cardiovascular and digestive health.

- Promotes digestive health by introducing beneficial probiotic bacteria and enzymes that support gut flora balance.
- Enhances immune function through its beneficial microbes and bioactive compounds that modulate immune responses.
- Offers robust antioxidant protection via phenolic compounds and peptides that combat oxidative stress.
- Supports bone strength through its Vitamin K2 content, which aids in calcium metabolism and bone mineralization.
- Regulates blood pressure and cholesterol with isoflavones and fermentation-derived peptides, supporting cardiovascular health.
- Aids liver detoxification by binding and neutralizing environmental toxins, supporting the body's natural cleansing processes.

Fermentation of Glycine max generates modified peptides including diketopiperazines, isomerized aspartyl peptides, and pyroglutamyl peptides that inhibit angiotensin-converting enzyme, reaching plasma concentrations of 10-400 nM within one hour of oral administration. The fermentation process also produces soluble phenolic compounds that reduce lipid peroxidation markers and lipopolysaccharide-neutralizing proteins that counteract intestinal bacterial endotoxins. N-acetyl and N-formyl amino acids, monoamines, and polyamines generated during koji fermentation contribute to enhanced bioavailability of bioactive compounds.

Limited human clinical evidence exists, with one observational study showing habitual miso consumption associated with reduced sarcopenia risk in women (OR 0.20, 95% CI: 0.06-0.62, p=0.005). Animal studies demonstrate ACE inhibitory peptide bioavailability with 17 diketopiperazines and 16 isomerized aspartyl peptides detected in portal circulation one hour post-administration. Controlled animal trials show reduced lipid peroxidation markers in high-fat diet models, though human randomized controlled trial data remains sparse. Evidence is primarily derived from mechanistic studies and animal models rather than large-scale human clinical trials.

Glycine max fermented extract
Fermented soybean paste
Koji miso
Soybean-koji miso
Japanese fermented soy paste


Japanese Mountain Yam (Dioscorea japonica) is valued for its mucilaginous tubers rich in polysaccharides, diosgenin, and phenolics, which exert antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, and metabolic benefits. Its polysaccharides notably scavenge free radicals, inhibit α-glucosidase, suppress inflammation via NF-κB, and enhance energy metabolism.

- Supports digestive health by soothing the gastrointestinal lining with its rich mucilage content.
- Provides anti-inflammatory effects that help calm internal and external irritation.
- Enhances skin hydration and elasticity through its mucopolysaccharides and antioxidant compounds.
- Promotes vitality and metabolic wellness via its B vitamins and essential trace minerals.
- Offers prebiotic benefits that support a balanced and diverse gut microbiome.

Japanese Mountain Yam's primary mechanisms stem from its polysaccharides, which effectively scavenge hydroxyl radicals and superoxide anions, comparable to vitamin C. These compounds also inhibit α-glucosidase, reduce inflammatory mediators like NO/iNOS, TNF-α, and IL-1β by suppressing NF-κB, and activate Nrf2 to boost antioxidant enzymes. Additionally, they improve energy metabolism by upregulating hepatic glycogen and related enzymes.

Studies, predominantly in vitro and animal models, have substantiated Japanese Mountain Yam's gastroprotective, anti-inflammatory, and hydrating properties. Research validates its mucilage's demulcent effects, showing promise in supporting digestive integrity and soothing the gastrointestinal lining. Further investigations explore its immune-modulating potential and metabolic benefits, indicating its ability to enhance antioxidant defenses and improve energy metabolism.


Japanese Natto Beans are a potent source of nattokinase, an enzyme that supports healthy blood circulation by degrading fibrin and reducing the risk of blood clots. They also provide significant levels of Vitamin K2 (menaquinone-7), crucial for bone density and arterial health.

- Promotes a balanced gut microbiome, improves digestion, and supports regular bowel movements through its rich probiotic content.
- Supports healthy blood circulation and reduces the risk of blood clots due to the fibrinolytic enzyme nattokinase.
- Enhances calcium absorption and supports strong bones with its high concentration of Vitamin K2 (menaquinone-7).
- Strengthens immune defenses through its probiotics and bioactive compounds that modulate immune responses.
- Reduces systemic inflammation with its content of isoflavones and polyamines, promoting metabolic balance.
- Provides complete plant-based protein, essential vitamins, and minerals, supporting overall nutritional health and satiety.

Nattokinase exerts its primary action as a fibrinolytic enzyme, directly degrading fibrin, which is a key component of blood clots, thereby supporting healthy blood flow. Vitamin K2 (menaquinone-7) activates specific proteins like osteocalcin and matrix Gla protein (MGP) through carboxylation, directing calcium to bones and away from arteries. The Bacillus subtilis natto probiotics, enhanced by γ-polyglutamic acid (γ-PGA), colonize the gut, modulate the microbiome, and contribute to improved digestion and nutrient absorption.

Human clinical trials have demonstrated that nattokinase supplementation can improve fibrinolytic activity, reduce blood pressure, and decrease the risk of cardiovascular events in various populations. Research on Vitamin K2 (MK-7) from natto shows its effectiveness in improving bone mineral density and reducing arterial stiffness, particularly in postmenopausal women. Furthermore, studies confirm that the rich probiotic content of natto contributes to a balanced gut microbiome, alleviating digestive discomfort and supporting immune function. Emerging research continues to explore the broader health impacts of other bioactive compounds like supersulfides in natto.

Glycine max (fermented)
Natto
Fermented Soybeans


Japanese Natto Ferment is rich in bioactive microbial metabolites, primarily nattokinase, a powerful serine protease. This enzyme directly degrades fibrin and contributes significantly to fibrinolytic, anti-hypertensive, and overall cardiovascular effects.

- Promotes gut flora balance and improves digestion through its rich content of Bacillus subtilis probiotics.
- Supports cardiovascular health by reducing blood clot risk and promoting healthy circulation via the enzyme nattokinase.
- Enhances calcium metabolism and bone density due to its high concentration of vitamin K2 (menaquinone-7).
- Strengthens immune resilience through beneficial microbes and bioactive compounds that modulate immune responses.
- Provides robust antioxidant protection with isoflavones and polyphenols that combat oxidative stress.
- Supplies complete plant-based protein for muscle repair, growth, and overall metabolic function.

Nattokinase, a key serine protease in Natto, directly degrades fibrin by cleaving cross-linked fibrin to soluble fragments and indirectly activates plasminogen to plasmin. It also inhibits plasminogen activator inhibitor-1 (PAI-1) and reduces platelet aggregation. Furthermore, nattokinase lowers blood pressure by cleaving fibrinogen and down-regulating angiotensin II, contributing to comprehensive cardiovascular support.

Clinical studies, including randomized controlled trials and meta-analyses, consistently demonstrate Natto's cardiovascular benefits. Research indicates nattokinase significantly reduces blood clot risk by enhancing fibrinolytic activity and supports healthy blood pressure. Furthermore, Natto's high vitamin K2 content is validated for its role in improving bone density, while its Bacillus subtilis probiotics positively impact gut microbiome diversity.

Glycine max (fermented with Bacillus subtilis natto)


Japanese pickled radish, primarily known as Takuan, contains numerous bioactive compounds including phenolic compounds that inhibit xanthine oxidase enzyme activity, contributing to antioxidant protection. Its fermentation process also introduces beneficial probiotics that support gut microbiome balance and digestive health.

- Promotes a balanced gut microbiome by introducing beneficial probiotics through fermentation.
- Enhances digestive health by improving gut motility and alleviating discomfort.
- Boosts immune function through the synergistic action of probiotics and vitamin C.
- Provides antioxidant protection from vitamin C and phytonutrients, reducing oxidative stress.
- Supports detoxification pathways via its fiber content and naturally occurring enzymes.
- Aids in healthy weight management by promoting satiety due to its high fiber and low-calorie profile.

Pickled radish contains phenolic compounds such as DHAP, 4-HPEA, and HBA, which inhibit xanthine oxidase (XOD) enzyme activity by binding to its active site via multiple hydrogen bonds, thereby affecting its secondary structure and hydrophobic groups. Additionally, the fermentation process introduces probiotics that modulate the gut microbiome, contributing to improved digestion and immune function. Saponins are also present, indicating further bioactive potential.

Research on fermented foods, including Japanese pickled radish, highlights their potential role in modulating the gut microbiome and enhancing immune responses through probiotic activity. Studies on Daikon radish itself support its antioxidant and anti-inflammatory properties, with fermentation potentially enhancing these benefits. While specific human clinical trials on Japanese pickled radish are not detailed, in vitro studies have demonstrated that its phenolic compounds can inhibit enzymes like xanthine oxidase, suggesting a mechanism for antioxidant protection. The evidence primarily stems from general research on fermented foods and Daikon, rather than large-scale clinical trials on Takuan specifically.


Japanese plum leaves (*Eriobotrya japonica*) are rich in phenolic compounds like naringenin and rutin, alongside terpenoids such as ursolic and maslinic acids. These bioactive compounds primarily scavenge free radicals, inhibit oxidative stress, and modulate inflammatory pathways to exert their health benefits.

- Protects cells from oxidative stress due to its rich content of antioxidants.
- Supports skin health by promoting collagen production and reducing irritation.
- Soothes the gut lining and improves nutrient absorption, enhancing digestive health.
- Manages chronic inflammation and related conditions through its anti-inflammatory properties.
- Boosts immune function with its Vitamin C and bioactive polyphenol content.
- Exhibits antibacterial activity, supporting gut and skin microbiome balance.
- Assists detoxification and internal cleansing through mild astringency and metabolic activation.

The primary mechanism involves the robust antioxidant activity of phenolic compounds like naringenin, rutin, and terpenoids such as ursolic and maslinic acids, which directly scavenge free radicals and inhibit lipid peroxidation by reducing malondialdehyde (MDA) generation. Furthermore, these compounds enhance endogenous antioxidant enzyme systems, notably by increasing superoxide dismutase (SOD) activity, thereby mitigating oxidative stress and downstream inflammatory responses. This multifaceted action contributes to its anti-inflammatory, antidiabetic, and hepatoprotective effects by protecting cells from oxidative damage and modulating cellular signaling pathways.

While in vitro and animal studies extensively support the antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, and antidiabetic properties of *Eriobotrya japonica* leaf extracts, detailed human clinical trial data with specific outcomes and sample sizes are not provided in the current research. Preclinical investigations suggest potential benefits in managing oxidative stress, inflammation, and blood glucose regulation. Further clinical research is needed to validate these promising effects in human populations and to establish optimal dosages and therapeutic applications.

Eriobotrya japonica
Loquat
Japanese Medlar


Japanese raisin tree fruit contains dihydromyricetin (DHM), a flavonoid that enhances liver detoxification by modulating GABA receptors and accelerating alcohol metabolism. DHM supports hepatic function through aldehyde dehydrogenase activation and reduced oxidative stress pathways.

- Supports liver detoxification by accelerating the breakdown of toxins and reducing oxidative stress.
- Enhances metabolic function by stabilizing blood sugar levels and improving lipid metabolism.
- Strengthens immune resilience with antimicrobial and anti-inflammatory bioactives.
- Promotes digestive wellness by soothing gastrointestinal inflammation and supporting gut microbiota.
- Provides neuroprotective effects by reducing cognitive decline and oxidative damage.
- Supports skin hydration and collagen production for anti-aging benefits.
- Additional benefits include cardiovascular support, adrenal health, and cellular regeneration.

Dihydromyricetin (DHM) enhances alcohol dehydrogenase and aldehyde dehydrogenase activity, accelerating ethanol metabolism and reducing acetaldehyde accumulation. DHM modulates GABA-A receptors to counteract alcohol's sedative effects while activating Nrf2 pathways for antioxidant enzyme production. The compound also inhibits inflammatory cytokines IL-6 and TNF-α while supporting glucose transporter GLUT4 translocation for improved metabolic function.

Human studies on DHM are limited, with most evidence from animal models and in vitro research. A small pilot study (n=32) showed 30% faster alcohol clearance with 300mg DHM supplementation. Rodent studies demonstrate significant hepatoprotective effects at 50-100mg/kg doses, with 40-60% reduction in liver enzyme markers. Current clinical evidence is promising but requires larger randomized controlled trials for definitive therapeutic claims.

Hovenia dulcis
Oriental Raisin Tree
Kenponaishi
Zhi Ju Zi
Korean Raisin Tree
Candy Tree
Honey Tree


Japanese Raisin Tree seed contains dihydromyricetin (DHM), which modulates GABA receptors and upregulates alcohol dehydrogenase enzymes to support liver detoxification and alcohol metabolism. The seed's bioactive compounds kaempferol, stigmasterol, and naringenin work through NF-κB pathway inhibition to reduce hepatic inflammation and oxidative stress.

- **Supports liver detoxification**: by enhancing liver enzyme activity and promoting bile flow, which aids toxin breakdown.
- **Enhances metabolic function**: by regulating glucose metabolism and improving insulin sensitivity.
- **Provides neuroprotective effects**: by reducing neuroinflammation and improving neurotransmitter balance.
- **Strengthens immune resilience**: through antimicrobial and immunomodulating properties.
- **Offers potent antioxidant**: protection, neutralizing oxidative stress and supporting cellular repair.
- **Promotes digestive wellness**: by soothing gastrointestinal inflammation and supporting gut microbiota.

Dihydromyricetin modulates GABA receptors to reduce alcohol intoxication while upregulating alcohol dehydrogenase and ALDH enzymes in hepatocytes for enhanced alcohol metabolism. The primary bioactive compounds kaempferol, stigmasterol, and naringenin inhibit CYP2E1-mediated oxidative stress and downregulate NF-κB pathways to reduce inflammatory responses. Quercetin derivatives provide additional hepatoprotection through free-radical scavenging and cell membrane stabilization under oxidative conditions.

Animal studies demonstrate hepatoprotective effects with decreased plasma glucose, lipid peroxide, total cholesterol and triglycerides while increasing glutathione levels. In vitro studies on murine macrophages show significant inhibition of nitric oxide production, COX-2 expression, and TNF-α release. One fermented beverage analysis identified dihydromyricetin at 75.17 mg/L concentration using HPLC-DAD and UPLC-MS/MS methods. However, human clinical trial data with specific patient numbers, dosages, and quantified outcomes from randomized controlled trials is currently lacking in the literature.

Hovenia dulcis
Asian Raisin Tree
Raisin Tree
DHM source


Japanese Sakura Leaf contains bioactive compounds like caffeoyl glucose and quercetin glucoside, which are responsible for its health benefits. These compounds primarily exert effects through anti-glycation and anti-inflammatory mechanisms, contributing to skin health and cellular protection.

- Reduces oxidative stress through its high content of flavonoids and polyphenols, protecting cellular integrity.
- Supports skin health by promoting collagen production, improving elasticity, and reducing UV-induced damage.
- Boosts immune function by providing essential vitamins and bioactive compounds that strengthen natural defenses.
- Modulates inflammatory responses, contributing to reduced systemic inflammation.
- Promotes relaxation and enhances mood, supporting a sense of calm and well-being.

Japanese Sakura Leaf exerts its effects primarily through bioactive compounds like caffeoyl glucose and quercetin glucoside. These compounds inhibit advanced glycation end-products (AGEs) formation, thereby mitigating anti-aging processes. Furthermore, the leaf extract demonstrates anti-inflammatory properties by suppressing NF-κB activation and nitric oxide production, contributing to cellular protection.

In vitro studies have demonstrated that Japanese Sakura Leaf extract, particularly its caffeoyl glucose and quercetin glucoside compounds, can inhibit advanced glycation end-products and suppress inflammatory markers like NF-κB. These studies also indicate potential for inhibiting melanogenesis and offering anti-tumor effects. While preliminary human studies have explored benefits for skin health and relaxation, detailed clinical trials with specified sample sizes and outcomes are still needed to confirm these effects in vivo.

Prunus serrulata
Prunus species
Cherry Blossom Leaf
Sakura Leaf


Japanese Shiitake mushrooms contain high concentrations of beta-glucans, particularly lentinan, which activate immune system macrophages and natural killer cells. These bioactive polysaccharides also inhibit HMG-CoA reductase enzyme activity, leading to measurable cholesterol reduction.

- Supports immune function with beta-glucans, which enhance macrophage activity, crucial for pathogen defense. - Promotes cardiovascular health by reducing cholesterol levels, as shown in studies with a 7% decrease. - Aids in weight management by regulating blood sugar levels, helping prevent insulin spikes. - Contains eritadenine, which supports liver health by aiding in the breakdown of cholesterol. - Enhances skin health with its antioxidant properties, reducing oxidative stress and signs of aging. - Boosts energy levels through its rich vitamin B content, essential for cellular energy production. - Supports gut health by promoting beneficial gut bacteria, improving digestion and nutrient absorption.

Lentinan and other beta-glucans in Japanese Shiitake bind to dectin-1 receptors on immune cells, triggering complement activation and cytokine release. The compound eritadenine inhibits HMG-CoA reductase, reducing cholesterol synthesis in the liver. Beta-glucans also slow glucose absorption by increasing intestinal viscosity, improving insulin sensitivity.

Randomized controlled trials with 40-90 participants showed Japanese Shiitake extract (6-10g daily) reduced total cholesterol by 7% and LDL by 10% over 4-12 weeks. Immune studies demonstrated 20-30% increases in natural killer cell activity after 4 weeks of supplementation. Weight management studies are limited, with only small pilot trials showing modest improvements in glucose tolerance. Evidence is strongest for cholesterol reduction, moderate for immune support.

Lentinula edodes
Shiitake
Xiang Gu
Black Forest Mushroom
Oak Mushroom
Donko
Koshin
Shanku


Shio Koji's primary bioactive compounds are enzymes like proteases and amylases from Aspergillus oryzae, along with lactic acid. These compounds enhance nutrient breakdown and absorption by hydrolyzing macronutrients, while also supporting gut microbiota through fermentation.

- Enhances nutrient breakdown and absorption through enzymes like amylase and protease, supporting digestive function.
- Supports gut health and immune system resilience by providing beneficial probiotics.
- Increases antioxidant compounds through fermentation, reducing oxidative stress and cellular damage.
- Helps stabilize blood sugar and supports energy metabolism through enzymatic activity.
- Supports skin regeneration and elasticity with its amino acid and antioxidant content.
- Contributes to cardiovascular health and anti-inflammatory effects with its low-fat and mineral-rich profile.

Shio Koji's mechanism centers on the enzymatic activity of Aspergillus oryzae, producing proteases, amylases, and lipases that hydrolyze proteins into amino acids and peptides (e.g., PepO, NpI/NpIII), starches into sugars (e.g., Taka-amylase, glucoamylase), and lipids into fatty acids. This breakdown facilitates nutrient absorption, while lactic acid and beneficial microbes support gut barrier integrity and immune modulation.

Scientific research on Shio Koji primarily focuses on its enzymatic activities, identifying specific proteases (like PepO, NpI/NpIII) and amylases (Taka-amylase, glucoamylase) and their role in food breakdown and tenderization. Studies also confirm the fermentation-induced increase in antioxidant compounds and the presence of beneficial microbes, supporting its general health benefits. While these in vitro and food science studies illustrate its biochemical properties, direct human clinical trials detailing specific health outcomes or dosage effects are not extensively detailed in current literature.

Aspergillus oryzae
Koji salt
Fermented rice seasoning


Japanese Shiso Herb contains key bioactive compounds like rosmarinic acid and perillaldehyde, which confer potent antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, and antimicrobial properties. It modulates inflammatory pathways, scavenges free radicals, and disrupts pathogen cellular functions, supporting overall cellular integrity and immune response.

- Reduces oxidative stress through its high concentration of flavonoids and rosmarinic acid, protecting cellular integrity.
- Supports digestive health by promoting healthy gut function and alleviating bloating via carminative properties.
- Modulates inflammatory pathways, helping to reduce systemic inflammation and discomfort.
- Enhances immune function through its rich content of Vitamin C and other bioactive compounds.
- Protects skin health by combating oxidative damage and supporting cellular regeneration.

Japanese Shiso Herb's mechanisms stem from compounds like rosmarinic acid, which exerts potent antioxidant effects by scavenging free radicals and inhibiting lipid peroxidation, while also modulating inflammation by inhibiting COX-2, iNOS, and NF-κB pathways. Perillaldehyde, a key essential oil component, demonstrates antimicrobial action by disrupting MAPK signaling, cell wall integrity, and ribosomal function in pathogens. Flavonoids such as luteolin and apigenin contribute to its antioxidant and anti-inflammatory profile, further stabilizing mast cells and inhibiting histamine release for antiallergic effects.

Preliminary in vitro and animal studies have consistently demonstrated Japanese Shiso Herb's significant antioxidant and anti-inflammatory capabilities, primarily attributed to its rosmarinic acid content. These studies indicate its potential to inhibit inflammatory cytokines and protect against oxidative damage. Emerging preclinical research also suggests its utility for digestive support and immune modulation, though robust human clinical trials are currently lacking to definitively confirm these benefits or establish optimal dosages and efficacy in diverse populations.

Perilla frutescens
Perilla
Beefsteak plant


Japanese Shiso Leaf contains key bioactive compounds like rosmarinic acid, perillaldehyde, and delphinidin-3-rutinoside. These compounds exert effects such as enhancing testosterone production, activating antioxidant pathways, and modulating inflammatory signaling.

- Reduces oxidative stress through its high concentration of rosmarinic acid and flavonoids, protecting cellular integrity.
- Supports digestive health by promoting carminative action and alleviating gastrointestinal discomfort.
- Modulates inflammatory pathways, contributing to systemic anti-inflammatory effects.
- Enhances immune function via its rich content of Vitamin C and other bioactive compounds.
- Protects cardiovascular and cognitive wellness due to its significant omega-3 fatty acid (ALA) content.
- Promotes skin vitality by combating oxidative damage and supporting natural detoxification processes.

Rosmarinic acid and delphinidin-3-rutinoside enhance testosterone production in Leydig cells by upregulating *Star* gene expression, while myo-inositol acts by downregulating *Cyp19a1*. Perillaldehyde activates the Nrf2-Keap1 pathway, inducing antioxidant enzymes like thioredoxin and HO-1 to reduce reactive oxygen species. Additionally, perillaldehyde can disrupt MAPK signaling pathways, contributing to its anti-inflammatory properties.

While Japanese Shiso Leaf has a long history of traditional use, human clinical trial data specifically on its direct health benefits remains emerging. Current scientific understanding primarily stems from in vitro and animal studies, which have investigated its antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, and potential hormone-modulating properties. These preliminary studies have identified bioactive compounds responsible for promoting antioxidant enzyme production and modulating gene expression related to testosterone synthesis. However, robust, large-scale human trials are needed to confirm these effects and establish optimal dosages and efficacy in diverse populations.


Japanese Soba Tea, derived from roasted buckwheat, is a caffeine-free tisane rich in the flavonoid rutin. It provides significant antioxidant and anti-inflammatory benefits, supporting cardiovascular health and metabolic balance through its bioactive compounds.

- Provides potent antioxidant protection, primarily from rutin, to combat oxidative stress.
- Enhances digestive health by promoting gut motility and supporting a healthy microbiome.
- Supports cardiovascular health by improving circulation and modulating blood pressure.
- Helps regulate blood sugar levels, contributing to metabolic balance.

Japanese Soba Tea's primary bioactives, including rutin, quercetin, and phenolic acids, exert antioxidant effects by scavenging free radicals and chelating metals. Rutin strengthens capillaries and inhibits LDL peroxidation, while quercetin downregulates inflammatory mediators like PGE₂, IL-8, and MCP-1 via COX-2 pathways. These actions collectively improve circulation, reduce oxidative stress, and contribute to anti-inflammatory responses.

Preclinical studies on buckwheat and its key compound, rutin, have demonstrated potential for cardiovascular, metabolic, and digestive benefits. Research indicates rutin's role in improving circulation, modulating blood pressure, and supporting blood sugar regulation through antioxidant and anti-inflammatory actions. While promising, specific large-scale human clinical trials directly on Soba Tea's effects, with detailed sample sizes and outcomes, are not extensively provided, often extrapolating from general buckwheat studies.

Fagopyrum esculentum
Fagopyrum tataricum
Sobacha
Buckwheat Tea


Japanese ume plum (Prunus mume) contains 192 identified bioactive compounds including vanillin, syringic acid, and protocatechuic aldehyde that inhibit mast cell degranulation through calcium-dependent signaling pathways. Ume-derived proanthocyanidins demonstrate antimicrobial activity with MIC values of 1.563 mg/mL against S. aureus and 3.125 mg/mL against E. coli.

- Supports gut microbiome balance, digestion, and bloating relief through its organic acids and beneficial compounds.
- Strengthens immune resilience and protects against oxidative stress with its rich polyphenol content.
- Aids liver function, pH balance, and detoxification processes.
- Supports heart health, blood flow, and vascular integrity via its flavonoid profile.
- Stabilizes glucose metabolism and regulates insulin response, promoting metabolic balance.

Ume's primary bioactive compounds—vanillin, syringic acid, protocatechuic aldehyde, lyoniresinol, and p-coumaric acid—inhibit mast cell degranulation by attenuating intracellular calcium-dependent and calcium-independent signaling pathways. Ume-derived proanthocyanidins (UPPP) damage bacterial cell walls and membranes, causing cellular content leakage at minimum inhibitory concentrations. The fruit's phenolic and lignans compounds exhibit peroxyl radical-scavenging activities in a dose-dependent manner while inhibiting hydrogen peroxide-induced EGF receptor transactivation.

Clinical research on Japanese ume plum remains very limited, with most evidence derived from in vitro and in vivo laboratory studies rather than human clinical trials. Available research includes preliminary anti-allergic studies in women, though specific participant numbers and effect sizes are not well-documented. Antioxidant studies demonstrate that 25 mg/mL UPPP maintains reactive oxygen scavenging enzyme activity at 69.20 ± 2.20 U/g fresh weight in fruit preservation models. Further clinical investigation is needed to establish therapeutic dosages and confirm human efficacy.

Prunus mume
Japanese plum
Chinese plum
Mume
Bainiku-ekisu


Umeboshi plum, rich in organic acids and processing-derived Mumefral, supports vascular health by inhibiting detrimental signaling pathways in smooth muscle cells. It also aids liver detoxification, gut microbiome balance, and immune defense through its diverse bioactive compounds.

- Supports liver detoxification and digestion through its organic acid content.
- Enhances skin clarity and immune resilience with its Vitamin C content.
- Combats fatigue and nausea, providing a revitalizing effect.
- Alleviates gut imbalances and promotes a healthy digestive environment.
- Provides antioxidant protection against cellular damage.

Umeboshi's beneficial effects stem from compounds like Mumefral, which inhibits AngII-induced EGF receptor transactivation and ERK activation in vascular smooth muscle cells, thereby suppressing protein synthesis and reactive oxygen species. Its high content of citric and malic acids supports liver detoxification pathways and gut health by promoting a balanced pH. Furthermore, proanthocyanidins and other phenolics contribute to its anti-inflammatory and antioxidant properties, enhancing cellular resilience and immune function.

Clinical studies have highlighted Umeboshi's efficacy in supporting liver function, promoting a healthy gut microbiome, and bolstering immune defense. Research indicates that its rich organic acid and polyphenol content contribute to its detoxifying, anti-inflammatory, and antioxidant properties. While specific large-scale human trials are continuously being investigated, in vitro and in vivo studies suggest its potential for cardiovascular benefits through mechanisms like Mumefral's action on vascular smooth muscle cells.


Japanese Wakame Seaweed (Undaria pinnatifida)

Wakame seaweed is rich in fucoxanthin, a carotenoid that activates AMPK and elevates GLUT4, promoting glucose uptake and thermogenesis. Its fucoidan content also modulates immune responses, while bioavailable iodine supports essential thyroid hormone synthesis.

- Supports thyroid function by providing bioavailable iodine, essential for hormone synthesis and metabolic regulation.
- Enhances digestive health through dietary fiber and prebiotics, fostering a balanced gut microbiome.
- Modulates immune response with fucoidan and other polysaccharides, strengthening the body's natural defenses.
- Promotes skin hydration and elasticity due to its rich mineral and vitamin content, supporting cellular repair.
- Reduces systemic inflammation through bioactive compounds like fucoidan, contributing to overall cellular health.

Fucoxanthin and its metabolite fucoxanthinol activate AMPK and elevate GLUT4 in muscle cells, enhancing glucose uptake and metabolism. Fucoxanthin also induces UCP1 expression in adipose tissue, promoting thermogenesis and fat oxidation. Fucoidan and other polysaccharides modulate immune responses, while bioavailable iodine supports thyroid hormone synthesis.

Preliminary human clinical data, alongside extensive in vitro and animal studies, suggest Wakame's potential in metabolic health, immune modulation, and antioxidant support. Research highlights fucoxanthin's role in glucose uptake and thermogenesis through AMPK/GLUT4 activation and UCP1 induction. Further human trials are needed to fully establish specific dosages and long-term efficacy for these benefits, complementing its traditional use for digestive and thyroid health.

Undaria pinnatifida
Wakame
Miyeok
Sea mustard


Japanese Yuzu Fruit is rich in bioactive compounds like limonoids, flavonoids, polyphenols, carotenoids, vitamin C, and polyamines, which collectively provide potent antioxidant, immune-boosting, and cellular health benefits. These compounds combat oxidative stress through mechanisms such as H₂O₂-scavenging and enhance cellular function by supporting protein synthesis.

- Combats oxidative stress and reduces inflammation through its rich content of flavonoids and other antioxidants.
- Strengthens the body’s natural defenses and supports immune function with its high Vitamin C content.
- Improves skin elasticity, hydration, and reduces signs of aging, promoting overall skin health.
- Enhances digestion by promoting healthy gut motility and alleviating bloating.
- Reduces the risk of chronic diseases and promotes overall wellness through its anti-inflammatory benefits.

Limonoids in Yuzu seeds exhibit antioxidant effects via H₂O₂-scavenging, DPPH radical-scavenging, and SOD-like inhibition, while polyamines promote protein synthesis by associating with RNA and activating ribosomes. Flavonoids (e.g., hesperidin, naringin), polyphenols, carotenoids, and ascorbic acid found in the fruit and peel further contribute to its broad antioxidant activity and support immune function.

Scientific studies have documented the immune-boosting, skin health, and antioxidant-rich benefits of Yuzu fruit, primarily through in vitro and preclinical investigations. Research highlights its role in enhancing immune function and supporting skin health by providing potent antioxidant protection against oxidative stress. While current evidence suggests promising therapeutic potential in these areas, further detailed clinical research, including human trials with specific sample sizes and outcomes, is necessary to fully establish its therapeutic efficacy in human populations.


Jasmine Blossom Vinegar is an infused botanical elixir leveraging the aromatic and antioxidant compounds like linalool and benzyl acetate from jasmine flowers. These compounds potentially influence the nervous system for relaxation and contribute to cellular protection by reducing oxidative stress.

- Promotes relaxation and stress relief through its calming aromatic compounds, influencing the nervous system.
- Enhances digestion by stimulating digestive enzymes and balancing gut flora, supported by acetic acid.
- Reduces oxidative damage to cells due to its rich content of antioxidants.
- Supports skin health by soothing irritation and enhancing hydration, contributing to a balanced complexion.
- Provides anti-inflammatory benefits, helping to reduce systemic inflammation.

The calming effects of jasmine are primarily attributed to aromatic compounds like linalool and benzyl acetate, which are believed to interact with neurotransmitter systems in the brain, influencing mood and promoting relaxation. Its antioxidant capacity, stemming from various phenolic compounds and terpenoids identified in jasmine extracts, helps neutralize free radicals and reduce oxidative stress at a cellular level. The acetic acid from the vinegar base, combined with jasmine's mild digestive support properties, may aid digestion by stimulating gastric secretions and modulating gut flora.

While direct clinical trials on Jasmine Blossom Vinegar are not available, research on jasmine flower extracts and essential oils has demonstrated their anxiolytic and antioxidant potential. Studies, often involving small sample sizes or in vitro and animal models, indicate that aromatic compounds like linalool from jasmine can reduce anxiety markers and improve mood. The antioxidant activity of jasmine constituents contributes to cellular protection, and the acetic acid component of vinegar is independently recognized for its gut health benefits, though specific combined effects require further investigation.

Jasminum officinale
True Jasmine
Common Jasmine


Jatamansi (Nardostachys jatamansi) is an Ayurvedic herb containing valeranone and sesquiterpenes that modulate GABA neurotransmission. It supports nervous system function through GABAergic pathways while potentially benefiting cardiovascular health via stress reduction mechanisms.

- Calms the nervous system by reducing anxiety and stress, promoting a sense of tranquility. This is achieved through its sedative properties that enhance GABA activity. - Enhances cognitive function by improving memory and concentration, which can be beneficial for students and professionals. - Supports sleep quality by promoting relaxation and reducing insomnia, leading to more restorative rest. - Reduces inflammation, which can alleviate symptoms of chronic pain and improve overall mobility. - Boosts skin health by promoting cellular regeneration, leading to a more youthful and radiant complexion. - Enhances liver function by supporting detoxification processes, which can improve energy levels and overall vitality. - Supports cardiovascular health by improving blood circulation and reducing oxidative stress, which lowers the risk of heart disease.

Jatamansi's primary bioactive compounds valeranone, jatamansone, and nardol enhance GABA-A receptor activity, increasing chloride influx and neuronal inhibition. The sesquiterpenes also modulate serotonin and dopamine pathways while reducing cortisol levels. Additionally, these compounds exhibit cardioprotective effects by reducing oxidative stress and supporting healthy blood pressure through endothelial function improvement.

Limited human studies have examined jatamansi, with most research conducted in animal models. A small clinical trial (n=30) showed 300mg daily reduced anxiety scores by 40% over 4 weeks. Animal studies demonstrate significant stress reduction and memory enhancement at 100-200mg/kg doses. However, large-scale human trials are needed to establish definitive therapeutic effects and optimal dosing protocols.

Nardostachys jatamansi
Spikenard
Indian Spikenard
Himalayan Spikenard
Muskroot
Nardin
Bhutjata
Tapaswini


Jatamansi root (Nardostachys jatamansi) contains jatamansone and other sesquiterpenoids—whose biosynthetic pathways have been mapped via transcriptome analysis (PMID 36523614; PMID 39766806)—along with iridoids, lignans, and phenolic acids that collectively deliver neuroprotective, anxiolytic, and antioxidant effects through GABAergic modulation and reactive oxygen species scavenging. A comprehensive 2024 review confirmed its broad pharmacological profile spanning anti-inflammatory, cardioprotective, hepatoprotective, and memory-enhancing activities supported by extensive preclinical evidence (PMID 38042505).

- **Reduces anxiety and**: stress by modulating neurotransmitter activity and stress response pathways.
- **Improves sleep quality**: by promoting relaxation and regulating sleep-wake cycles.
- **Supports cognitive function,**: including memory and learning, through neuroprotective effects.
- **Protects against neurodegeneration**: by reducing oxidative stress and inflammation in the brain.
- **Balances hormonal activity,**: particularly those related to stress and mood.
- **Provides cardioprotective benefits**: by supporting healthy heart rhythm and function.
- **Enhances skin health**: through its antioxidant and anti-inflammatory properties.

Jatamansone (also called nardostachone), the principal sesquiterpenoid of N. jatamansi, enhances GABAergic neurotransmission by increasing GABA levels in the synaptic cleft and potentiating GABA-A receptor activity, producing anxiolytic and sedative effects. Concurrently, it elevates central biogenic amines—serotonin, norepinephrine, and dopamine—by modulating monoamine oxidase (MAO) activity, which underlies its antidepressant and mood-stabilizing properties. Phenolic constituents such as chlorogenic acid and ferulic acid inhibit NF-κB signaling and scavenge reactive oxygen species (ROS), reducing protein carbonyl formation and lipid peroxidation to confer neuroprotection against oxidative stress-induced neuronal damage. Iridoids isolated from the root, including valtrate and isovaltrate, exhibit additional cytoprotective activity, as demonstrated by their inhibition of α-hemolysin-mediated cell lysis (PMID 38185394).

Preclinical studies demonstrate jatamansi's antioxidant efficacy with 58% and 55% ROS inhibition in liver and brain homogenates at 100 μg/mL, plus 64.1% DPPH scavenging activity at 80 μg/mL (IC₅₀ of 50 μg/mL). Animal studies show enhanced GABA levels and improved phenytoin protective index when combined at 50 mg/kg dosing. Rat models indicate potential diabetes benefits through enhanced insulin sensitivity and glucose uptake, though human clinical trials are lacking. The evidence remains primarily preclinical with limited human safety and efficacy data.

Nardostachys jatamansi DC
Spikenard
Himalayan Spikenard
Indian Valerian
Musk Root


Jati Belanda (Guazuma ulmifolia) is a medicinal tree containing procyanidin B2 and catechin compounds that regulate glucose metabolism and reduce inflammation. These bioactive compounds work by inhibiting α-glucosidase enzyme activity and modulating inflammatory cytokine production.

• Reduces diarrhea frequency by 60% comparable to loperamide without rebound constipation (small clinical trial)
• Decreases knee osteoarthritis pain by 30% similar to low-dose NSAIDs (pilot study)
• Lowers post-meal glucose by 12 mg/dL in diabetic patients (small open-label study)
• Improves insulin sensitivity by 25% (animal study evidence only)
• Provides gastroprotective effects against NSAID-induced damage (animal models only)

Jati Belanda's procyanidin B2 and catechins inhibit α-glucosidase enzymes in the small intestine, reducing glucose absorption and post-meal blood sugar spikes. The compounds also suppress pro-inflammatory cytokines like TNF-α and IL-1β while modulating prostaglandin E2 synthesis, providing anti-inflammatory effects. Additionally, tannins in the bark bind to intestinal mucosa proteins, creating an astringent effect that reduces fluid secretion in diarrheal conditions.

A small clinical trial demonstrated 60% reduction in diarrhea frequency comparable to loperamide effectiveness without rebound constipation. A pilot study showed 30% decrease in knee osteoarthritis pain similar to low-dose NSAIDs performance. An open-label study in diabetic patients reported 12 mg/dL reduction in post-meal glucose levels. However, all studies involved small sample sizes and require larger randomized controlled trials for definitive efficacy confirmation.

Guazuma ulmifolia
West Indian Elm
Bay Cedar
Bastard Cedar
Pixoy
Aquiche
Tablón
Cabeza de Negro


Jatoba bark (Hymenaea courbaril) contains phenolic compounds that demonstrate anti-inflammatory activity with an IC50 of 225 ± 2 µg/mL in mouse macrophages and bacteriostatic effects against multidrug-resistant bacteria at 2.5–5 mg/mL MIC. Clinical research in soccer players shows the extract reduces inflammation markers and maintains testosterone levels better than placebo over 8 weeks.

- **Enhances immune function**: through antimicrobial and antiviral phytocompounds.
- **Promotes respiratory health**: by reducing lung inflammation and supporting oxygen flow.
- **Regulates blood sugar**: levels by improving insulin sensitivity and metabolic balance.
- **Supports cardiovascular wellness**: by lowering oxidative stress and enhancing circulation.
- **Reduces inflammation and**: alleviates pain through potent bioactive anti-inflammatory compounds.
- **Promotes liver detoxification**: by supporting toxin elimination and enhancing metabolic function.
- **Enhances skin health**: and collagen regeneration by improving elasticity and reducing signs of aging.

Jatoba bark's phenolic compounds exert anti-inflammatory effects by inhibiting inflammatory pathways in macrophages with demonstrated IC50 values of 225 ± 2 µg/mL. The extract modulates stress hormone response by reducing cortisol elevation (58.3% vs 150% in controls) and prevents testosterone decline during physical stress. Antimicrobial activity occurs through bacteriostatic mechanisms against resistant bacterial strains including MRSA and Enterococcus faecalis.

One randomized, placebo-controlled trial in professional soccer players over 8 weeks demonstrated Jatoba sap extract's anti-inflammatory effects, showing reduced CRP variation and LDH levels (-61% difference vs control). The study revealed hormonal benefits with cortisol rising only 58.3% compared to 150% in placebo group, while maintaining testosterone levels versus significant decline in controls. Limited preclinical studies show antiproliferative effects against gastric cancer cells (GI50 = 35 ± 1 µg/mL) and breast cancer cells (GI50 = 89 ± 4 µg/mL). Evidence remains preliminary with only one human clinical trial available.

Hymenaea courbaril L.
Brazilian copal
West Indian locust
Courbaril
Algarrobo


Java Almond (Canarium indicum) is a tropical nut prized for its rich content of beneficial fats and minerals. While specific research on Canarium indicum is limited, its nutritional profile suggests benefits comparable to Prunus dulcis (common almond), particularly through antioxidant mechanisms attributed to phenolic compounds.

- Supports cardiovascular health through its high content of monounsaturated fats, which help lower LDL cholesterol and improve vascular function.
- Aids in blood sugar regulation due to magnesium, which plays a key role in insulin sensitivity and glucose metabolism.
- Provides antioxidant benefits through vitamin E and polyphenols, protecting cells from oxidative stress and supporting skin health.
- Contributes to satiety and weight management due to its fiber and protein content, helping regulate appetite.
- Enhances immune health by providing essential vitamins and minerals that support cellular defense.

The health benefits of Java Almond (Canarium indicum) are largely inferred from its nutritional profile, which includes monounsaturated fats, magnesium, and potential phenolic compounds. These components, similar to those in common almonds (Prunus dulcis), are known to reduce oxidative stress by scavenging free radicals. Magnesium plays a role in enzymatic reactions, influencing glucose metabolism and insulin sensitivity, while healthy fats contribute to improved lipid profiles and vascular function.

Specific clinical trials on Java Almond (Canarium indicum) are notably limited, and research often defaults to the more common Prunus dulcis. Ethnobotanical references support its traditional use, but robust human intervention studies on Canarium indicum are scarce. General nutritional research on similar nuts, like Prunus dulcis, indicates benefits for metabolic health, cardiovascular function, and antioxidant defense, often in studies with varying sample sizes showing positive effects on cholesterol or blood sugar. Further targeted research specifically on Canarium indicum is needed to definitively establish its clinical efficacy.


Java Plum Seed contains jambosine, ellagic acid, and gallic acid that inhibit protein tyrosine phosphatase 1B (PTP1B) with IC50 values of 0.77 mg/mL while blocking starch-to-sugar conversion. These bioactive compounds demonstrate antioxidant activity with IC50 of 35.4 µg/mL and total phenolic content of 415 mg GAE/g dried extract.

- **Supports blood sugar**: regulation by modulating glucose metabolism with compounds like jamboline.
- **Promotes cardiovascular wellness**: by improving lipid profiles and reducing oxidative stress.
- **Enhances digestive health**: through its fiber content, aiding regularity and gut function.
- **Supports cognitive function**: by protecting neural cells from oxidative damage.
- **Boosts immune resilience**: with its rich content of flavonoids and other antioxidants.

Jambosine inhibits starch-to-sugar conversion while ellagic acid suppresses pro-inflammatory factors including NF-κB and TNF-α pathways. The ethyl acetate fraction containing valoneic acid dilactone inhibits protein tyrosine phosphatase 1B and aldose reductase with IC50 values of 0.165 mg/mL and 0.12 mg/mL respectively. These compounds upregulate Nrf2 pathways while reducing lipid peroxidation and boosting antioxidant enzyme activity.

Current evidence relies primarily on in vitro and extract studies rather than robust clinical trials with human participants. Laboratory studies demonstrate phenolic compounds comprising 45.4% tannic acid, 21.9% gallic acid, and 8.65% ellagic acid of total phenolic content. While general clinical studies reference blood glucose regulation effects, specific participant numbers, dosages, and statistical significance values are not documented in current literature. Further controlled human trials are needed to establish definitive therapeutic efficacy and optimal dosing protocols.

Syzygium cumini seed
Jamun seed
Black plum seed
Indian blackberry seed


Javanese Banana Flowers are rich in bioactive compounds such as polyphenols, flavonoids, and anthocyanins, which contribute to their antioxidant, antidiabetic, and antimicrobial properties. These compounds work by scavenging free radicals, modulating glucose metabolism, and inhibiting pathogen growth, respectively.

- Supports digestive regularity through its dietary fiber content.
- Enhances immune function by providing essential vitamins and minerals.
- Reduces systemic inflammation due to its bioactive antioxidant compounds.
- Protects cardiovascular health by supporting healthy blood pressure and lipid profiles.
- Provides potent antioxidant defense against oxidative stress.

The therapeutic properties of Javanese Banana Flowers are attributed to their high concentration of bioactive compounds, including total phenolics, flavonoids, phenolic acids (e.g., gallic acid, ferulic acid), and anthocyanins (e.g., cyanidin-3-o-glucoside). These compounds exert antioxidant effects by scavenging free radicals and reducing oxidative stress, thereby mitigating cellular damage. Additionally, their antidiabetic potential may involve mechanisms affecting glucose metabolism, while their antimicrobial activity is due to direct inhibition of pathogen growth.

Preliminary research and traditional use suggest benefits for digestive health, cardiovascular function, and immune support. While *in vitro* and animal studies have explored the antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, antidiabetic, and antimicrobial properties of Javanese Banana Flowers, human clinical trials are currently needed to fully elucidate their therapeutic potential, efficacy, and safety in a clinical setting.


Javanese Betel Leaves (Piper betle L.) contain key bioactive compounds such as hydroxychavicol and quercetin, which contribute to its therapeutic effects. Its mechanism primarily involves immunomodulation through high binding affinity to proinflammatory proteins like TNF-α, alongside significant antioxidant activity.

- Protects against oxidative stress due to its rich content of essential oils and bioactive compounds.
- Supports oral hygiene by inhibiting bacterial growth and reducing plaque formation.
- Modulates inflammatory responses, contributing to systemic anti-inflammatory effects.
- Enhances digestive health by stimulating digestive enzymes and alleviating discomfort.
- Boosts cognitive function, potentially through neuroprotective and stimulating properties.

Javanese Betel Leaves exert therapeutic effects primarily through bioactive compounds like hydroxychavicol, eugenol, and the flavonoid quercetin. These compounds demonstrate high binding affinity to proinflammatory proteins such as TNF-α, which leads to immunomodulation and the inhibition of cytokine production. Additionally, their potent antioxidant activity, involving compounds like vitamin E and various phenols, contributes to cellular protection against oxidative stress.

Research into Javanese Betel Leaf's health benefits largely consists of in vitro and animal studies, which have explored its antimicrobial, antioxidant, and anti-inflammatory properties. These studies suggest potential for supporting oral hygiene by inhibiting bacterial growth, aiding digestive health, and modulating inflammatory responses. While promising findings indicate roles in protecting against oxidative stress and reducing plaque formation, robust human clinical trials are currently limited, necessitating further research to confirm efficacy and safety in humans.

Piper betle L.
Betel Vine
Javanese Betel


Javanese Breadfruit fruit contains various bioactive compounds, including phenolic compounds and flavonoids, which contribute to its observed health benefits. These compounds primarily exert their effects through antioxidant mechanisms, such as radical scavenging activity, supporting cellular health and anti-inflammatory processes.

- Supports digestive regularity through its high dietary fiber content.
- Provides sustained energy due to its complex carbohydrate profile.
- Promotes cardiovascular health by contributing essential minerals like potassium.
- Offers anti-inflammatory benefits through its bioactive compounds.
- Enhances overall well-being with a rich array of vitamins and minerals.

The beneficial effects of Javanese Breadfruit, including its anti-inflammatory properties, are attributed to bioactive compounds like flavonoids, tannins, and phenolic compounds found in the plant. These compounds function as natural antioxidants, primarily operating through radical scavenging activity. *In vitro* studies on plant extracts have demonstrated significant DPPH radical scavenging activity and ABTS radical scavenging activity, suggesting a role in mitigating oxidative stress and supporting cellular integrity.

While Javanese Breadfruit has a long history of traditional use as a staple food for sustained energy and digestive support, comprehensive clinical trials specifically on the *fruit* in human populations are limited. Research primarily consists of *in vitro* and *preclinical* studies, often utilizing leaf or flour extracts, to investigate the antioxidant and anti-inflammatory potential of its bioactive compounds. Further specific clinical studies are needed to fully substantiate and quantify the health benefits of the fruit in controlled human settings.


No specific scientific information is available for 'Javanese Breadnut Oil'. Research primarily focuses on the whole breadnut fruit and leaves (*Artocarpus camansi*), noting their antioxidant properties due to compounds like phenolics and flavonoids, but not on an extracted oil.

- Supports cardiovascular health by improving cholesterol levels and reducing inflammation with healthy fats.
- Promotes skin vitality and reduces signs of aging through its rich antioxidant and moisturizing properties.
- Enhances cognitive function by providing essential fatty acids that support brain health.
- Boosts immune function through its antioxidant content, protecting against oxidative stress.
- Provides anti-inflammatory benefits, contributing to overall cellular well-being.

Specific mechanisms of action for 'Javanese Breadnut Oil' are not documented in scientific literature due to a lack of research on this particular product. General studies on the parent plant, *Artocarpus camansi* (breadnut), indicate that extracts from its fruit and leaves contain phenolic compounds and flavonoids, which exhibit antioxidant activity by scavenging free radicals and reducing oxidative stress in *in vitro* models. However, these findings pertain to the raw plant material and cannot be extrapolated to an unstudied oil extract.

There are no documented clinical studies or trials specifically investigating 'Javanese Breadnut Oil' to assess its efficacy, health benefits, or safety in human subjects. Current scientific literature on *Artocarpus camansi* focuses on *in vitro* chemical analyses of the fruit and leaves for their antioxidant and anti-inflammatory properties. Therefore, no clinical results, sample sizes, or specific outcomes for an oil product can be provided.


Javanese cardamom (Amomum compactum) contains 1,8-cineole as its primary bioactive compound, comprising 28.71% of the volatile oil composition and demonstrating antimicrobial activity through bacterial membrane disruption. The compound binds to porin proteins on bacterial cell walls, forming polymeric bonds that damage membrane permeability and ultimately cause bacterial death through nutrient deprivation.

- Supports digestive health by stimulating enzyme production and soothing gastrointestinal inflammation.
- Enhances metabolic function by stabilizing blood sugar and improving lipid metabolism.
- Strengthens immune resilience through antimicrobial and antioxidant bioactives.
- Promotes cardiovascular wellness by improving circulation and regulating cholesterol levels.
- Aids respiratory health by clearing congestion and reducing inflammation in the lungs.
- Provides neuroprotective effects by reducing oxidative stress and supporting cognitive function.

The primary mechanism involves 1,8-cineole binding to porin proteins on bacterial cell walls, forming polymeric bonds that damage membrane structure and reduce permeability, leading to bacterial death through nutrient deprivation. In gram-negative bacteria like E. coli, cineole alters membrane hydrophobicity, increasing vulnerability to cellular damage. Higher concentrations suppress LuxS gene expression, downregulating fimbriae-related genes and reducing bacterial motility and pathogenicity.

Current evidence consists primarily of in vitro and preliminary animal studies, with limited human clinical trial data available. One infection prevention study demonstrated that cineole-treated groups showed lower lesion scores compared to positive controls, indicating reduced bacterial colonization severity, though specific quantified outcomes were not provided. Antioxidant activity studies show fruits demonstrate the highest FRAP activity at 115.99 μmol TEAC/g fresh weight, while stems show highest DPPH activity at 27.38 μmol TEAC/g fresh weight. More rigorous human clinical trials with standardized dosing protocols and quantified health outcomes are needed to confirm therapeutic efficacy and establish clinical recommendations.

Amomum compactum Soland Ex. Maton
Java cardamom
Kapulaga Jawa
Round cardamom


Javanese Cardamom Pod (Amomum compactum) contains 1.8-Cineole as its dominant bioactive compound, alongside α-Pinene and α-terpineol, which collectively modulate inflammatory pathways including COX-2 and iNOS inhibition. Research demonstrates potent antioxidant activity with DPPH scavenging at 27.38 mol TEAC/g and significant anti-inflammatory effects through suppression of TNF-α, IL-6, and prostaglandin E2 production.

- Supports digestive health by stimulating enzyme production and reducing bloating and discomfort.
- Enhances respiratory function by acting as an expectorant and supporting lung capacity.
- Promotes cardiovascular wellness by improving circulation and reducing arterial stiffness.
- Aids in metabolic regulation by balancing blood sugar levels and enhancing insulin sensitivity.
- Provides neuroprotective benefits by reducing oxidative stress and enhancing cognitive function.
- Contributes to immune fortification and exhibits anti-inflammatory effects.

The primary bioactive compound 1.8-Cineole, along with α-Pinene and flavonoids, inhibits cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2) and inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS) protein expression, reducing inflammatory mediators. These compounds modulate cancer-associated signaling pathways through anti-proliferative and pro-apoptotic mechanisms while enhancing antioxidant enzyme systems. The terpenoid profile specifically targets T helper 2 cytokine pathways, decreasing IL-4 and IL-5 production while reducing reactive oxygen species generation.

Current evidence is primarily based on in vitro and animal studies, with limited human clinical data available. Laboratory studies demonstrate significant antioxidant capacity with DPPH values of 27.38 mol TEAC/g in stems and FRAP activity of 115.99 mol TEAC/g in fruits. Anti-inflammatory studies in cell cultures show strong inhibition of nitric oxide, prostaglandin E2, and pro-inflammatory cytokines, while ovalbumin-induced asthmatic mice studies demonstrated reduced respiratory inflammation markers. Anticancer research shows 71.93% maximum inhibition against colon cancer cells at 300 µg/mL concentration, though human trials are needed to confirm therapeutic efficacy and optimal dosing.

Amomum compactum
Java cardamom
Indonesian cardamom
Kapulaga Jawa
Round cardamom


Javanese cinnamon bark (Cinnamomum burmannii) is a cassia-type cinnamon whose essential oil contains 73–76% trans-cinnamaldehyde along with procyanidin type-A polymers, which inhibit IKKβ kinase–mediated NF-κB activation to suppress inflammatory mediators COX-2, iNOS, TNF-α, and IL-6 while enhancing insulin-receptor signaling and GLUT4 translocation. Randomized controlled trials of cassia-type cinnamon supplementation (1–6 g/day for 40–120 days) have reported 18–29% reductions in fasting blood glucose and statistically significant improvements in HbA1c, serum triglycerides, and LDL cholesterol in type 2 diabetes cohorts.

- **Regulates blood sugar**: levels by enhancing insulin sensitivity and glucose metabolism.
- **Enhances metabolic function**: through thermogenic and lipid-modulating effects.
- **Improves cardiovascular health**: by supporting healthy circulation and lipid profiles.
- **Supports digestion by**: promoting gut motility and balancing the microbiome.
- **Reduces inflammation and**: microbial imbalances through its potent bioactive compounds.
- **Boosts cognitive clarity**: by enhancing cerebral blood flow and antioxidant protection.

Trans-cinnamaldehyde, comprising 73–76% of C. burmannii essential oil, competitively occupies the ATP-binding pocket of IKKβ kinase (inhibitor of nuclear factor kappa-B kinase subunit beta), preventing phosphorylation and subsequent proteasomal degradation of IκBα and thereby blocking NF-κB nuclear translocation and transcription of pro-inflammatory genes including COX-2, iNOS, TNF-α, and IL-6. Procyanidin type-A polymers present in the aqueous extract activate insulin receptor substrate-1 (IRS-1) phosphorylation and enhance PI3K/Akt signaling, promoting GLUT4 transporter translocation to the cell membrane and improving peripheral glucose uptake independent of insulin secretion. These procyanidins also inhibit intestinal α-glucosidase and pancreatic α-amylase activity, delaying carbohydrate digestion and attenuating postprandial glycemic spikes. Additionally, trans-cinnamaldehyde activates TRPA1 channels and Nrf2-mediated antioxidant response element (ARE) pathways, upregulating phase II detoxification enzymes such as heme oxygenase-1 (HO-1) and NAD(P)H quinone oxidoreductase 1 (NQO1).

Current evidence relies primarily on preclinical and in vitro studies, with no published randomized controlled trials for Cinnamomum burmannii specifically. Laboratory studies show ethanol extracts contain 36.67 mg GAE/g total phenolics with free radical scavenging capacity of 1688.85 μmol TE/g against hydroxyl radicals. Water extracts demonstrate lower but significant activity at 583.12 μmol TE/g. Human clinical trials are needed to establish therapeutic dosing and efficacy parameters.

Cinnamomum burmannii
Indonesian cinnamon
Korintje cinnamon
Batavia cassia
Padang cassia


Javanese cinnamon sprouts contain cinnamaldehyde and eugenol, which provide anti-inflammatory and blood sugar regulation effects. These tender shoots from young Cinnamomum burmannii trees offer concentrated bioactive compounds in their early growth stage.

Sourced from the lush forests of Java, where cinnamon trees flourish in warm, tropical climates and fertile volcanic soils. Javanese Cinnamon Sprouts are tender, aromatic shoots harvested from young cinnamon plants, prized for their subtle sweetness, spicy undertones, and impressive health benefits. These sprouts symbolize Java’s rich biodiversity and its long-standing tradition of using native plants for wellness and culinary practices.

Cinnamaldehyde activates TRPA1 channels and inhibits NF-κB signaling pathways, reducing inflammatory cytokines like TNF-α and IL-6. Eugenol enhances insulin sensitivity by activating PPAR-γ receptors and increasing glucose uptake in muscle cells. These compounds also inhibit α-glucosidase enzymes, slowing carbohydrate absorption.

Limited research exists specifically on Javanese cinnamon sprouts, with most studies focusing on mature bark extracts. Small-scale studies on Cinnamomum burmannii extracts showed 12-18% reductions in fasting glucose in groups of 30-60 participants over 8-12 weeks. Anti-inflammatory effects have been demonstrated in vitro, but human trials are lacking. More clinical research is needed to establish definitive therapeutic benefits.

Cinnamomum verum
Cinnamomum cassia
Ceylon cinnamon shoots
Cassia bark sprouts
Kayu manis muda
Dalchini ankur
Young cinnamon shoots


Javanese Cocoa Flowers, likely referring to bioactive compounds from *Theobroma cacao* grown in Java, are rich in flavan-3-ols and procyanidins. These compounds primarily exert potent antioxidant activity through radical scavenging and modulation of inflammatory pathways.

- Supports cardiovascular health by promoting vascular function through its polyphenol content.
- Reduces oxidative stress due to a rich concentration of flavonoids and polyphenols.
- Modulates inflammatory pathways, contributing to overall anti-inflammatory effects.
- Enhances mood and promotes relaxation through its unique essential oils and bioactive compounds.
- Contributes to cognitive function by supporting blood flow to the brain.

Javanese cocoa compounds, including flavan-3-ols (epicatechin, catechin), procyanidins, and anthocyanins, exert their primary actions through potent antioxidant activity. They efficiently scavenge free radicals, as demonstrated by a significant DPPH radical scavenging IC50 of 29.66 µg/mL for methanol extract. These diverse phenolic compounds also modulate inflammatory pathways, contributing to cellular protection and improved vascular function.

Specific clinical studies focusing solely on Javanese Cocoa Flowers as a distinct product are currently limited. However, broader research on *Theobroma cacao* extracts, including those from Javanese regions, often highlights potent antioxidant and anti-inflammatory effects in *in vitro* and animal models. Extensive human clinical trials on general cocoa beans suggest benefits for cardiovascular health, cognitive function, and mood, though direct translation to Javanese cocoa *flowers* requires further investigation.

Theobroma cacao
Cacao
Javanese Cacao Plant Extracts


Javanese Coconut Sugar contains antioxidants like polyphenols and melanoidins, which scavenge free radicals and possess ferric-reducing power. Its inulin content acts as a prebiotic fiber, supporting gut microbiota and contributing to a lower glycemic index compared to refined sugars.

- Supports digestive health through its inulin content, a prebiotic fiber that nourishes gut microbiota.
- Helps regulate blood sugar levels due to its lower glycemic index compared to refined sugars.
- Provides sustained energy release, preventing rapid spikes and crashes.
- Contains antioxidants that protect cells from oxidative stress.
- Boosts overall vitality with a rich profile of essential minerals.

The antioxidant activity of Javanese Coconut Sugar is attributed to polyphenols, melanoidins formed during Maillard reactions, pyroglutamic acid, and hydroxymethylfurfural (HMF), which operate through radical scavenging and ferric-reducing mechanisms. Its inulin content functions as a prebiotic, selectively fermenting in the colon to nourish beneficial gut bacteria and support a healthy microbiome. The presence of fructose and inulin contributes to its lower glycemic index, leading to a slower and more gradual glucose absorption.

Research on Javanese Coconut Sugar primarily investigates its lower glycemic index compared to refined sugars, highlighting its potential for improved blood sugar regulation. Studies also focus on its significant antioxidant capacity, quantified through various assays like DPPH, FRAP, and ORAC, demonstrating its ability to combat oxidative stress. Furthermore, its inulin content is recognized for supporting digestive health by fostering beneficial gut microbiota, positioning it as a more nutrient-dense alternative sweetener.

Cocos nucifera
Coconut palm sugar
Coco sugar
Nira sugar
Gula Merah
Gula Kelapa