Dried jujube (Ziziphus jujuba) contains triterpenic acids and cyclic adenosine monophosphate that enhance GABA neurotransmitter activity for improved sleep quality. The fruit's high fiber content and bioactive compounds support digestive health and immune function through white blood cell activation.

- Promotes relaxation and improves sleep quality by increasing GABA levels. This results in deeper, more restful sleep. - Supports digestive health with high fiber content, aiding in regular bowel movements. This enhances gut function. - Enhances immune function by boosting white blood cell activity. This strengthens the body's defense against pathogens. - Reduces stress and anxiety through saponins, which modulate neurotransmitter activity. This promotes mental well-being. - Supports skin health with antioxidants that combat free radicals. This helps maintain a youthful appearance. - Aids in weight management by regulating metabolism and reducing appetite. This supports a balanced body weight. - Improves cognitive function by enhancing memory and concentration. This supports overall brain health.

Dried jujube's triterpenic acids, particularly jujubosides A and B, cross the blood-brain barrier and modulate GABA-A receptors to produce sedative effects. The fruit's cyclic adenosine monophosphate (cAMP) enhances neurotransmitter signaling pathways that regulate sleep-wake cycles. High levels of vitamin C and flavonoids stimulate lymphocyte proliferation and enhance natural killer cell activity for immune support.

Small human studies with 20-40 participants have shown dried jujube extract (400-600mg daily) can reduce sleep latency by 15-20% and improve sleep quality scores. Animal studies demonstrate significant increases in sleep duration and GABA levels with jujube seed extract administration. Limited clinical research exists on digestive and immune benefits, with most evidence coming from traditional use and preliminary laboratory studies rather than large-scale human trials.

Ziziphus jujuba
Red date
Chinese date
Da zao
Hongzao
Indian plum
Chinese jujube
Tsao


Dried kiwi contains concentrated vitamin C, polyphenols, and dietary fiber that support immune function and digestive health. The vitamin C enhances white blood cell activity while polyphenols reduce oxidative stress through antioxidant pathways.

- Supports immune health with vitamin C, enhancing white blood cell function. This boosts your body's defense against pathogens. - Rich in antioxidants like polyphenols, reducing oxidative stress by 34% according to studies. This helps prevent cellular damage. - Promotes digestive health with dietary fiber, aiding in regular bowel movements. Fiber also supports a healthy gut microbiome. - Enhances skin health through vitamin E, which improves skin elasticity and hydration. This results in a more youthful appearance. - Aids in weight management by providing low-calorie, nutrient-dense energy. This helps maintain a healthy metabolism. - Improves eye health with lutein and zeaxanthin, which filter harmful blue light. These antioxidants reduce the risk of macular degeneration. - Supports cardiovascular health by lowering LDL cholesterol levels. This reduces the risk of heart disease.

Vitamin C in dried kiwi enhances neutrophil chemotaxis and lymphocyte proliferation, boosting immune response. Polyphenol compounds like quercetin and catechins scavenge free radicals through electron donation, reducing cellular oxidative damage. The dietary fiber promotes beneficial gut bacteria growth and improves intestinal barrier function.

Studies on fresh kiwi show vitamin C content supports immune function, with dried forms retaining 60-80% of original levels. Research indicates polyphenol-rich fruits can reduce oxidative stress markers by 20-34% in human trials with 50-100 participants. Most evidence comes from fresh kiwi studies and general dried fruit research rather than specific dried kiwi clinical trials. The concentrated nature of dried kiwi may enhance certain effects while reducing others due to processing.

Actinidia deliciosa
Chinese gooseberry
Kiwifruit
Yang tao
Mihoutao
Dehydrated kiwi
Dried Chinese gooseberry

Legacy index-continuity record: the score and narrative are provisional and must not be represented as validated or human-approved.


Dried lingonberries are concentrated sources of anthocyanins and proanthocyanidins that support cardiovascular health and urinary tract function. These polyphenolic compounds reduce oxidative stress and inhibit bacterial adhesion to urinary tract walls.

- Rich in antioxidants, dried lingonberries combat oxidative stress, reducing the risk of chronic diseases. They contain polyphenols that enhance cellular resilience. - Contains anthocyanins, which support cardiovascular health by improving blood circulation and reducing arterial stiffness. - High in vitamin C, lingonberries boost immune function by enhancing the body's defense against pathogens. - Provides quercetin, a flavonoid that has anti-inflammatory effects, reducing allergy symptoms and improving respiratory health. - Supports urinary tract health by preventing bacterial adhesion, reducing the risk of infections. - Contains resveratrol, which has been shown to improve metabolic health and support weight management. - Promotes skin health with its high content of vitamin E, which protects against UV damage and aging.

Anthocyanins in dried lingonberries inhibit bacterial adhesion to uroepithelial cells by blocking P-fimbriae binding sites, particularly effective against E. coli. Proanthocyanidins activate endothelial nitric oxide synthase, improving vascular function and reducing arterial inflammation. These compounds also upregulate antioxidant enzymes like superoxide dismutase and catalase.

Small human studies (n=20-50) suggest lingonberry consumption may reduce UTI recurrence rates by 20-35% over 6-month periods. Cardiovascular studies show modest improvements in endothelial function and blood pressure reduction of 3-5 mmHg in hypertensive individuals. Most research involves fresh lingonberries or juice concentrates rather than dried forms. Evidence remains preliminary with limited large-scale randomized controlled trials.

Vaccinium vitis-idaea
Cowberry
Mountain Cranberry
Foxberry
Red Whortleberry
Partridgeberry
Lingon


Dried mangosteen contains xanthones, particularly alpha-mangostin and gamma-mangostin, which provide potent antioxidant and anti-inflammatory effects. These bioactive compounds work by scavenging free radicals and inhibiting pro-inflammatory enzymes like cyclooxygenase and lipoxygenase.

- Rich in antioxidants, dried mangosteen helps combat oxidative stress by neutralizing free radicals, reducing cellular damage. - Contains anti-inflammatory properties that may alleviate joint pain by inhibiting inflammatory cytokines. - Supports heart health by improving blood circulation, thanks to its xanthones which enhance endothelial function. - Boosts immune system efficiency by increasing the production of white blood cells, as shown in a study where participants saw a 30% increase. - Promotes healthy skin by reducing acne and improving elasticity, due to its natural antibacterial properties. - Aids in digestion by providing dietary fiber, which enhances gut health and regularity. - May help in weight management by inhibiting enzymes that promote fat storage, as suggested by a 2018 study.

The primary bioactive compounds in dried mangosteen are xanthones, including alpha-mangostin, beta-mangostin, and gamma-mangostin. These xanthones exert their effects by inhibiting nuclear factor-kappa B (NF-κB) signaling pathways, reducing production of inflammatory cytokines like TNF-alpha and IL-6. They also activate the Nrf2 pathway, enhancing endogenous antioxidant enzyme production including superoxide dismutase and catalase.

Most research on mangosteen has focused on fresh fruit or standardized extracts rather than dried forms. A randomized controlled trial with 60 participants showed mangosteen extract (400mg daily) reduced inflammatory markers by 46% over 30 days. Limited studies on dried mangosteen suggest lower xanthone concentrations compared to fresh fruit, with bioavailability studies showing peak plasma levels 2-4 hours post-consumption. More clinical trials are needed to establish specific therapeutic doses for dried mangosteen.

Garcinia mangostana
Queen of Fruits
Purple Mangosteen
Mangosteen Pericarp
Manggis
Mangkhut
Saptarangi
Kokum Butter Tree


Maqui berry contains exceptionally high levels of anthocyanins, particularly delphinidin-3-sambubioside-5-glucoside, which provide potent antioxidant activity. These compounds work by neutralizing free radicals and modulating inflammatory pathways through NF-κB inhibition.

- Extremely high in antioxidants, maqui berries combat oxidative stress, supporting cellular health and longevity. This reduces the risk of chronic diseases. - May help reduce inflammation by inhibiting inflammatory pathways, which can alleviate symptoms of arthritis and other inflammatory conditions. - Supports eye health by protecting retinal cells from oxidative damage, potentially improving vision and reducing the risk of age-related eye diseases. - Enhances metabolic function by improving insulin sensitivity, aiding in blood sugar regulation and reducing the risk of type 2 diabetes. - Promotes heart health by lowering cholesterol levels and reducing blood pressure, decreasing the risk of cardiovascular diseases. - Boosts immune function by enhancing the production of white blood cells, improving the body's defense against infections. - Supports weight management by boosting metabolism and reducing fat accumulation, helping to maintain a healthy weight.

Maqui berry's primary bioactive compounds are anthocyanins, especially delphinidin glycosides, which scavenge reactive oxygen species and inhibit lipid peroxidation. These compounds suppress inflammatory pathways by blocking NF-κB activation and reducing pro-inflammatory cytokine production including TNF-α and IL-6. The anthocyanins also enhance cellular antioxidant enzyme activity including superoxide dismutase and catalase.

Limited human studies show maqui berry extract (162mg daily) significantly increased antioxidant capacity in healthy adults over 4 weeks. Small pilot studies suggest 180mg daily may improve inflammatory markers in overweight individuals. Most research remains preclinical, with animal studies demonstrating anti-inflammatory effects at doses equivalent to 500-1000mg daily in humans. More robust clinical trials are needed to establish therapeutic efficacy.

Aristotelia chilensis
Chilean wineberry
Maqui
Mapuche berry
Patagonian berry
Chilean blackberry
Aristotelia maqui


Dried miracle fruit contains miraculin, a glycoprotein that binds to taste buds and makes sour foods taste sweet for 30-60 minutes. This mechanism helps reduce sugar intake and manage cravings while providing antioxidants like anthocyanins and flavonoids.

- Alters taste perception, making it useful for reducing sugar intake by enhancing the sweetness of low-sugar foods. - Provides antioxidants that protect against oxidative stress, reducing the risk of chronic diseases. - Supports weight management by reducing sugar cravings, aiding in healthier dietary choices. - Enhances oral health by neutralizing acidity in the mouth, reducing the risk of cavities. - Boosts immune function with its vitamin C content, enhancing the body's natural defenses. - Improves mood by influencing serotonin levels, promoting a sense of well-being. - Supports metabolic health by improving insulin sensitivity, aiding in blood sugar regulation.

Miraculin binds to sweet taste receptors (TAS1R2/TAS1R3) on the tongue and undergoes conformational changes in acidic conditions, triggering sweet taste perception. The fruit's anthocyanins and phenolic compounds scavenge free radicals through electron donation, reducing oxidative stress markers. This dual mechanism supports both metabolic health through reduced sugar consumption and cellular protection through antioxidant activity.

Clinical research on miracle fruit remains limited, with most evidence coming from small-scale taste perception studies involving 20-50 participants. These studies demonstrate that miraculin effects last 30-90 minutes and can reduce added sugar consumption by 25-40% in controlled settings. Antioxidant activity has been measured in vitro, showing ORAC values of 2,500-3,000 μmol TE/g, but human bioavailability studies are lacking. Long-term clinical trials on weight management and metabolic outcomes have not been conducted.

Synsepalum dulcificum
Miracle Berry
Sweet Berry
Flavor Berry
Taste Modifier Berry
West African Miracle Fruit
Agbayun
Ledidi


Dried mulberry contains anthocyanins and resveratrol that support cardiovascular health and blood sugar regulation. The fruit's 1-deoxynojirimycin compound inhibits alpha-glucosidase enzymes to slow carbohydrate absorption.

- Rich in antioxidants, dried mulberry supports cellular health by neutralizing harmful free radicals. - Contains resveratrol, which may support heart health by improving endothelial function and reducing blood pressure. - Promotes healthy blood sugar levels by inhibiting carbohydrate absorption, beneficial for managing diabetes. - Enhances bone health by providing calcium and vitamin K, essential for maintaining bone density. - Supports cognitive function by improving memory and reducing oxidative stress in the brain. - Aids in weight management by boosting metabolism, as shown in studies with a 10% increase in metabolic rate. - May improve skin health by promoting collagen production, leading to firmer and more youthful skin.

Dried mulberry's 1-deoxynojirimycin (DNJ) inhibits intestinal alpha-glucosidase and alpha-amylase enzymes, reducing postprandial glucose spikes. Resveratrol activates SIRT1 pathways and enhances nitric oxide production for improved endothelial function. Anthocyanins scavenge reactive oxygen species and modulate inflammatory cytokines like TNF-alpha and IL-6.

Small human studies (n=20-40) show dried mulberry extract reduces postprandial blood glucose by 15-25% when consumed before meals. A 12-week trial found 1g daily improved fasting glucose and HbA1c in prediabetic adults. Most cardiovascular benefits are extrapolated from resveratrol research rather than mulberry-specific studies. Evidence remains preliminary with limited large-scale clinical trials.

Morus alba
Morus nigra
Morus rubra
White mulberry
Black mulberry
Sang Shen
Shahtoot
Mulberry fruit


Dried nance contains high concentrations of vitamin C and dietary fiber that support immune function and digestive health. The fruit's antioxidant compounds, including phenolic acids and flavonoids, protect cells from oxidative damage through free radical scavenging mechanisms.

- Supports digestive health with its high fiber content, promoting regular bowel movements and gut health. - Rich in vitamin C, Nance boosts immune function by enhancing the production of white blood cells, crucial for fighting infections. - Acts as an antioxidant, protecting cells from oxidative damage and reducing the risk of chronic diseases. - Promotes skin health by supporting collagen synthesis, which improves skin elasticity and reduces wrinkles. - Aids in weight management by providing a low-calorie, nutrient-dense option that helps control appetite. - Supports bone health by supplying essential minerals like calcium and phosphorus, which strengthen bone density. - Enhances mood and cognitive function through its vitamin B6 content, which is vital for neurotransmitter production.

Dried nance's vitamin C enhances immune function by stimulating white blood cell production and collagen synthesis through ascorbic acid pathways. The fruit's phenolic compounds and flavonoids neutralize reactive oxygen species by donating electrons to free radicals. Dietary fiber promotes gut health by serving as a prebiotic substrate for beneficial bacteria like Bifidobacterium and Lactobacillus.

Limited clinical research exists specifically on dried nance, with most studies focusing on fresh nance fruit. Laboratory analyses confirm vitamin C content ranges from 50-80mg per 100g of fresh fruit, though concentrations may vary in dried forms. Small-scale studies on similar tropical fruits suggest potential digestive benefits from fiber content of 8-12g per 100g. More human clinical trials are needed to establish definitive therapeutic effects and optimal dosing protocols.

Byrsonima crassifolia
Golden Spoon
Changunga
Nancite
Savanna Serette
Chi
Peralejo


Dried noni fruit contains antioxidants like quercetin and scopoletin that help reduce oxidative stress and support immune function. The fruit's vitamin C content and phenolic compounds work together to boost white blood cell production and cellular protection mechanisms.

- Supports immune function with high vitamin C, boosting white blood cell production. This enhances the body's ability to fight infections. - Contains antioxidants like quercetin, reducing oxidative stress by 30% in studies. This helps protect cells from damage. - Promotes skin health by enhancing collagen synthesis. This leads to firmer, more youthful skin. - Aids in digestion with natural enzymes, improving nutrient absorption. This supports overall gut health. - Reduces inflammation through compounds like scopoletin, which modulate inflammatory pathways. This can alleviate joint pain. - Enhances energy levels by improving mitochondrial function. This results in increased stamina and vitality. - Supports cardiovascular health by reducing LDL cholesterol levels by up to 20%. This helps maintain healthy arteries.

Dried noni fruit's quercetin and scopoletin compounds neutralize free radicals by donating electrons, reducing cellular oxidative damage. The high vitamin C content stimulates neutrophil and lymphocyte production in bone marrow while enhancing interferon activity. Phenolic compounds activate Nrf2 pathways, upregulating antioxidant enzyme production including glutathione peroxidase.

Small human studies (20-40 participants) show dried noni consumption reduces oxidative stress markers by 25-30% over 8-12 weeks. Limited trials suggest modest improvements in immune markers like white blood cell count and natural killer cell activity. Most research consists of preliminary studies and animal models, with larger randomized controlled trials needed to confirm therapeutic benefits.

Morinda citrifolia
Indian Mulberry
Cheese Fruit
Beach Mulberry
Great Morinda
Nonu
Mengkudu
Nhau


Dried papaya contains papain, a proteolytic enzyme that breaks down proteins into amino acids to enhance digestion and nutrient absorption. The concentrated vitamin C and lycopene content provides antioxidant protection and immune system support.

- Supports digestion with papain enzyme, which breaks down proteins and aids in nutrient absorption. - Boosts immune health with vitamin C, which enhances the body's defense mechanisms against pathogens. - Contains antioxidants that reduce oxidative stress and protect cells from damage, promoting overall health. - Supports eye health with beta-carotene, which is converted into vitamin A, essential for vision and eye health. - Promotes skin health by providing nutrients that support collagen production and protect against UV damage. - Aids in weight management with low-calorie content and high fiber, helping to control appetite and promote fullness. - Supports heart health by improving cholesterol levels and reducing the risk of cardiovascular disease.

Papain enzyme cleaves peptide bonds in proteins at the digestive tract, converting them into absorbable amino acids and reducing digestive strain. Vitamin C enhances neutrophil function and collagen synthesis while acting as an electron donor to neutralize free radicals. Lycopene and beta-carotene scavenge reactive oxygen species through conjugated double bond systems.

Small human trials (n=30-60) show papain supplementation reduces bloating and improves protein digestion scores by 25-40% compared to placebo. Observational studies indicate regular papaya consumption correlates with 15-20% higher vitamin C status and reduced inflammatory markers. However, most research focuses on fresh papaya rather than dried forms, and large-scale randomized controlled trials are lacking.

Carica papaya
Papaw
Pawpaw
Tree melon
Papita
Mamao
Lechosa
Fruta bomba


Dried pawpaw contains concentrated levels of carotenoids, particularly lycopene and beta-carotene, which provide antioxidant protection and support immune function. The fruit's high fiber content promotes digestive health by enhancing gut motility and supporting beneficial bacterial growth.

- Supports digestive health by providing 30% of daily fiber needs, promoting regularity and a healthy gut. - Provides antioxidants like carotenoids, which help fight free radicals and reduce oxidative stress. - Enhances immune function with vitamin C, boosting the body's defense against infections. - Supports heart health with potassium, which helps maintain healthy blood pressure levels. - Promotes skin health with vitamin A, which aids in cell regeneration and reduces signs of aging. - Provides anti-inflammatory benefits through flavonoids, reducing inflammation and the risk of chronic diseases. - Supports eye health with lutein and zeaxanthin, which help protect against age-related macular degeneration.

Dried pawpaw's carotenoids, including lycopene and beta-carotene, neutralize reactive oxygen species through electron donation, reducing cellular oxidative damage. The soluble fiber forms gel-like structures that slow gastric emptying and promote satiety, while insoluble fiber increases fecal bulk and stimulates peristalsis. Vitamin C enhances neutrophil function and supports collagen synthesis through its role as a cofactor for prolyl and lysyl hydroxylases.

Limited clinical research exists specifically on dried pawpaw, with most studies focusing on fresh pawpaw fruit. Observational studies on carotenoid-rich fruits show associations with reduced oxidative stress markers and improved immune response in groups of 50-200 participants. Fiber intervention studies demonstrate that 25-35g daily fiber intake improves bowel movement frequency and gut microbiome diversity. Evidence for dried pawpaw's specific health benefits remains preliminary and requires dedicated clinical trials.

Asimina triloba
American Pawpaw
Prairie Banana
Indiana Banana
Poor Man's Banana
Custard Apple
Wild Banana
Papaw


Dried quince contains high levels of pectin and quercetin, which support digestive health by forming protective gels in the gastrointestinal tract. The fruit's antioxidant compounds help reduce oxidative stress and inflammation throughout the body.

- Supports digestive health by soothing the gastrointestinal tract, which can relieve discomfort and bloating. This is due to its high fiber content that aids in digestion. - Rich in antioxidants, it protects against cellular damage, reducing the risk of chronic diseases. These antioxidants, like quercetin, enhance overall health. - May improve respiratory health by reducing inflammation in the airways, which can alleviate symptoms of asthma. This is achieved through its anti-inflammatory compounds. - Supports immune function by enhancing the activity of immune cells, providing a stronger defense against infections. This is due to its vitamin C content. - Promotes skin health by improving hydration and elasticity, reducing the appearance of wrinkles. The antioxidants in quince help maintain youthful skin. - Enhances heart health by lowering blood pressure and cholesterol levels, reducing the risk of cardiovascular diseases. This is attributed to its polyphenolic compounds. - May help manage weight by promoting satiety and reducing appetite, aiding in weight loss efforts. This is due to its fiber content that prolongs fullness.

Dried quince's pectin forms viscous gels in the digestive tract that soothe irritated mucosa and slow gastric emptying, improving digestive comfort. Quercetin and other flavonoids scavenge free radicals by donating electrons, while also inhibiting pro-inflammatory enzymes like cyclooxygenase and lipoxygenase. The high fiber content promotes beneficial gut bacteria growth and supports regular bowel movements.

Research on dried quince is limited, with most evidence coming from traditional use and small observational studies. One study of 45 participants showed improved digestive symptoms after consuming 15g daily for 4 weeks. Antioxidant activity has been demonstrated in laboratory studies, but human clinical trials are lacking. Current evidence is primarily based on the known effects of its individual compounds like pectin and quercetin.

Cydonia oblonga
Quince fruit
Golden apple
Pear of Cydonia
Safarjal
Bahi
Armenian apple


Dried red mulberry contains high concentrations of anthocyanins and vitamin C that support immune function and provide antioxidant protection. These compounds work by neutralizing free radicals and promoting white blood cell production to enhance the body's natural defense mechanisms.

- High in vitamin C, it supports immune function by promoting the production of white blood cells. This enhances the body's defense mechanisms. - Rich in antioxidants, it reduces oxidative stress by neutralizing free radicals. This lowers the risk of chronic diseases. - Contains anthocyanins, which support eye health by protecting retinal cells. This helps maintain clear vision. - Provides dietary fiber, which aids in digestion by promoting regular bowel movements. This supports gut health. - Contains potassium, which regulates blood pressure by balancing sodium levels. This is crucial for cardiovascular health. - Offers anti-inflammatory properties, reducing inflammation by inhibiting inflammatory pathways. This can alleviate symptoms of arthritis. - Contains resveratrol, which supports heart health by improving blood vessel function. This reduces the risk of heart disease.

Anthocyanins in dried red mulberry activate the Nrf2 pathway, upregulating antioxidant enzymes like superoxide dismutase and catalase. Vitamin C enhances neutrophil chemotaxis and supports collagen synthesis through hydroxylation of proline and lysine residues. The flavonoids also modulate NF-κB signaling to reduce inflammatory cytokine production.

Limited human studies exist on dried red mulberry specifically, with most research conducted on fresh mulberry extracts. Animal studies using 100-500mg/kg mulberry extract showed improved antioxidant enzyme activity and reduced inflammatory markers. Small human trials (n=30-50) with fresh mulberry juice demonstrated modest improvements in immune markers, but results cannot be directly extrapolated to dried forms. More controlled human trials are needed to establish definitive therapeutic effects.

Morus rubra
Red Mulberry
American Mulberry
Native Mulberry
Wild Mulberry
Sang Shen
Mulberry Fruit


Dried rosehip provides concentrated vitamin C (up to 1,200mg per 100g) and bioactive compounds including gallic acid, ellagic acid, and lycopene. These compounds enhance immune function through increased white blood cell activity and reduce inflammatory markers via COX-2 enzyme inhibition.

- High in vitamin C, boosting immune health by enhancing white blood cell production. This strengthens the body's defense mechanisms. - Contains antioxidants like flavonoids, reducing oxidative stress by 35%. This protects against cellular aging. - Supports joint health by reducing inflammation and pain through galactolipids. This improves mobility and comfort. - Enhances skin health by promoting collagen synthesis, leading to firmer, more youthful skin. This combats signs of aging. - Aids in weight management by increasing metabolism and reducing fat absorption. This supports a healthy body composition. - Supports cardiovascular health by lowering blood pressure and improving circulation. This promotes a healthy heart. - Boosts digestive health by enhancing gut flora balance. This supports efficient nutrient absorption.

Dried rosehip's high ascorbic acid content stimulates neutrophil and lymphocyte function while enhancing interferon production for immune support. The galactolipids GOPO (galactosyl-1,2-diacyl-3-galactosyl glycerol) inhibit COX-2 and 5-LOX enzymes, reducing inflammatory cytokines like TNF-α and IL-1β. Anthocyanins and flavonoids activate Nrf2 pathways, increasing endogenous antioxidant enzyme production.

A 4-month randomized controlled trial with 112 osteoarthritis patients found 5g daily dried rosehip powder reduced WOMAC pain scores by 40% compared to placebo. Multiple studies demonstrate vitamin C levels increase 2-3 fold after 4-6 weeks of supplementation. Small-scale trials (n=20-40) suggest anti-inflammatory effects, though larger studies are needed. Evidence is strongest for immune support and moderate for joint health applications.

Rosa canina
Rose haw
Rose hip
Hip berries
Dog rose fruit
Wild rose fruit
Rosehaw
Hip fruit


Saskatoon berries contain high concentrations of anthocyanins, particularly cyanidin-3-glucoside, which provide potent antioxidant and anti-inflammatory effects. These compounds work by neutralizing free radicals and modulating inflammatory pathways to support cardiovascular health and reduce oxidative stress.

- High in antioxidants, saskatoon berry helps combat oxidative stress by neutralizing free radicals and reducing cellular aging. - Contains anthocyanins, supporting heart health by improving blood vessel function and reducing inflammation. - Rich in fiber, saskatoon berry aids digestion by promoting regular bowel movements and supporting gut health. - Provides vitamin C, boosting the immune system by enhancing pathogen defense and reducing infection risk. - Contains manganese, which supports bone health by aiding in bone formation and reducing osteoporosis risk. - Offers magnesium, crucial for muscle function, by reducing cramps and enhancing energy metabolism. - Contains flavonoids, which have anti-inflammatory properties, reducing inflammation and supporting joint health.

Anthocyanins in saskatoon berries, primarily cyanidin-3-glucoside and delphinidin-3-glucoside, activate the Nrf2 pathway to enhance cellular antioxidant defenses. These compounds inhibit inflammatory enzymes like cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2) and nuclear factor-kappa B (NF-κB) signaling. The high fiber content promotes beneficial gut bacteria growth and short-chain fatty acid production, supporting digestive health.

Limited clinical research exists specifically on saskatoon berries, with most evidence derived from in vitro and animal studies. Small human trials on similar anthocyanin-rich berries show 10-15% improvements in endothelial function and 20-30% increases in antioxidant capacity after 4-8 weeks of consumption. One pilot study with 24 participants demonstrated modest improvements in postprandial glucose response following saskatoon berry consumption. More rigorous human clinical trials are needed to establish definitive therapeutic benefits.

Amelanchier alnifolia
Serviceberry
Juneberry
Shadbush
Chuckley pear
Pigeon berry
Sugar plum
Saskatoons


Dried sea buckthorn berries contain exceptionally high levels of vitamin C (200-1500mg per 100g) and rare omega-7 fatty acids that support immune function and cardiovascular health. The bioactive compounds include flavonoids, carotenoids, and palmitoleic acid that reduce inflammation through multiple cellular pathways.

- Rich in vitamin C, sea buckthorn berries boost immune health, enhancing the body's ability to fight off infections. This can reduce the duration and severity of colds. - Contains omega fatty acids that support heart health by improving cholesterol levels and reducing inflammation. This lowers the risk of cardiovascular diseases. - Promotes skin health by enhancing hydration and elasticity, thanks to its high vitamin E and omega content. This results in a more youthful appearance. - Supports digestive health by promoting the growth of beneficial gut bacteria, improving digestion and nutrient absorption. - May aid in weight management by boosting metabolism and reducing fat accumulation, helping to maintain a healthy weight. - Enhances liver health by supporting detoxification processes, aiding in the removal of toxins and improving liver function. - Anti-inflammatory properties help reduce inflammation, which can alleviate symptoms of arthritis and other inflammatory conditions.

Sea buckthorn's vitamin C enhances neutrophil function and antibody production while stimulating interferon synthesis for antiviral activity. The omega-7 fatty acid palmitoleic acid modulates inflammatory pathways by reducing NF-κB activation and cytokine production. Flavonoids like quercetin and isorhamnetin provide additional antioxidant effects by scavenging free radicals and supporting endothelial function.

Small human studies (n=20-80) suggest sea buckthorn supplementation may reduce cold duration by 1-2 days and improve inflammatory markers. One 12-week trial showed 300mg daily reduced LDL cholesterol by 15% in hyperlipidemic adults. However, most evidence comes from animal studies and in vitro research. Larger, well-controlled human trials are needed to confirm therapeutic benefits and establish optimal dosing protocols.

Hippophae rhamnoides
Seaberry
Sandthorn
Sallow thorn
Swallow thorn
Tibetan Wonder Berry
Dhar-bu


Dried serviceberry provides concentrated anthocyanins and vitamin C that support immune function and antioxidant defense. The anthocyanins activate cellular antioxidant pathways while vitamin C enhances white blood cell production and collagen synthesis.

- High in vitamin C, it boosts immune health by stimulating the production of antibodies. This helps the body resist pathogens. - Rich in antioxidants, it reduces oxidative stress by scavenging harmful free radicals. This lowers the risk of chronic illnesses. - Contains dietary fiber, which supports heart health by lowering cholesterol levels. This reduces the risk of cardiovascular disease. - Packed with potassium, it regulates blood pressure by balancing sodium levels. This is vital for maintaining cardiovascular health. - Provides quercetin, which has anti-inflammatory effects by inhibiting histamine release. This can help manage allergies. - Contains polyphenols, which enhance brain function by improving neural communication. This supports cognitive health. - Offers anti-aging benefits, promoting skin health by protecting against UV damage. This helps maintain youthful skin.

Anthocyanins in dried serviceberry activate the Nrf2 pathway, upregulating antioxidant enzymes like glutathione peroxidase and catalase. Vitamin C (ascorbic acid) enhances neutrophil chemotaxis and supports collagen synthesis through prolyl hydroxylase activation. The fiber content promotes beneficial gut bacteria growth, indirectly supporting immune function through the gut-immune axis.

Limited clinical research exists specifically on dried serviceberry, with most studies focusing on fresh serviceberries or related Amelanchier species. In vitro studies demonstrate significant antioxidant activity with ORAC values of 15,000-20,000 μmol TE/100g. Small observational studies (n=20-40) suggest modest improvements in inflammatory markers when consumed regularly. Evidence remains preliminary and larger randomized controlled trials are needed to establish definitive health benefits.

Amelanchier canadensis
Saskatoon berry
Juneberry
Shadbush
Sugar plum
Indian pear
Chuckley pear


Dried sloe berry contains high concentrations of anthocyanins and tannins that provide potent antioxidant activity and digestive support. These compounds work by scavenging free radicals and stimulating digestive enzyme secretion to improve gastrointestinal function.

- Rich in antioxidants, it supports cellular health by neutralizing harmful free radicals, reducing oxidative stress. This helps prevent cellular damage and aging. - May aid in digestion by promoting the secretion of digestive enzymes, which helps break down food more efficiently. This can reduce bloating and discomfort. - Reduces gastrointestinal inflammation by soothing the gut lining, which can alleviate symptoms of IBS and other digestive disorders. This is due to its anti-inflammatory compounds. - Supports immune health by enhancing the body's natural defenses, making it more resilient against infections. This is achieved through its high vitamin C content. - Promotes skin health by improving elasticity and hydration, reducing the appearance of fine lines. The antioxidants in sloe berries help maintain youthful skin. - May help regulate blood sugar levels by slowing carbohydrate absorption, which can benefit those with insulin sensitivity. This is due to its fiber content. - Enhances mood and reduces stress by modulating neurotransmitter activity, providing a calming effect. This is attributed to its natural compounds that influence serotonin levels.

Anthocyanins in dried sloe berry activate the Nrf2 pathway, upregulating antioxidant enzymes like superoxide dismutase and catalase to neutralize reactive oxygen species. The high tannin content stimulates gastric acid and digestive enzyme secretion through interaction with taste receptors and vagal nerve pathways. These compounds also exhibit anti-inflammatory effects by inhibiting NF-κB signaling and reducing pro-inflammatory cytokine production.

Research on sloe berry is limited, with most studies conducted in vitro or using animal models rather than human trials. Laboratory studies demonstrate significant antioxidant capacity with ORAC values exceeding 15,000 μmol TE/100g. Small observational studies suggest digestive benefits, but lack placebo controls and adequate sample sizes. The evidence base requires more rigorous human clinical trials to establish therapeutic efficacy and optimal dosing protocols.

Prunus spinosa
Blackthorn berry
Wild plum
Sloe plum
Hedge plum
Winter sloe
Prunelle


Dried soursop contains powerful acetogenins that inhibit mitochondrial complex I in cancer cells, potentially reducing tumor growth by up to 57% in laboratory studies. This tropical fruit also provides concentrated vitamin C to enhance immune system function through increased white blood cell activity.

- Contains acetogenins, which may have anti-cancer properties by inhibiting the growth of cancer cells. Studies show a 57% reduction in tumor size in lab tests. - Rich in Vitamin C, supporting immune function by enhancing white blood cell activity. This boosts your body's defense against pathogens. - Provides dietary fiber, aiding digestion and promoting gut health by increasing stool bulk. This helps prevent constipation. - Contains potassium, which supports heart health by regulating blood pressure. Potassium intake is linked to a 24% lower risk of stroke. - Offers anti-inflammatory effects through its phytochemicals, reducing chronic inflammation. This can alleviate symptoms of arthritis. - Supports healthy skin with its antioxidant content, protecting against UV damage. This helps maintain youthful skin appearance. - May improve mood and reduce stress due to its magnesium content, which is crucial for neurotransmitter function.

Acetogenins in dried soursop target mitochondrial complex I (NADH-ubiquinone oxidoreductase) in cancer cells, disrupting ATP synthesis and triggering apoptosis. The high concentration of ascorbic acid (vitamin C) enhances neutrophil chemotaxis and lymphocyte proliferation. These compounds work synergistically to support cellular defense mechanisms against oxidative stress and abnormal cell growth.

Laboratory studies demonstrate that soursop acetogenins can reduce tumor size by 57% in controlled environments, though human clinical trials remain limited. Most research focuses on in vitro cancer cell lines and animal models rather than human subjects. The vitamin C content has been validated in nutritional analyses, showing significant immune-supporting potential. However, more randomized controlled trials are needed to establish definitive therapeutic benefits in humans.

Annona muricata
Graviola
Guanábana
Custard apple
Prickly custard apple
Brazilian paw paw
Soursap
Corossol


Dried white mulberry contains 1-deoxynojirimycin (DNJ), an alpha-glucosidase inhibitor that blocks carbohydrate digestion and reduces post-meal blood glucose spikes. The fruit also provides anthocyanins and resveratrol that combat oxidative stress and support cardiovascular health.

- Supports healthy blood sugar levels by providing high fiber content. This helps regulate glucose absorption. - Contains antioxidants that protect against oxidative stress by neutralizing free radicals. This reduces the risk of chronic diseases. - Provides resveratrol, which supports heart health by improving blood vessel function. This lowers the risk of cardiovascular issues. - Offers anti-inflammatory properties, reducing inflammation by inhibiting pro-inflammatory enzymes. This can alleviate joint pain. - Contains vitamin C, which boosts immune function by enhancing white blood cell activity. This helps fend off infections. - Provides iron, which boosts energy levels by improving oxygen transport in the blood. This enhances physical performance. - Contains calcium, which supports bone health by aiding in bone density maintenance. This is crucial for preventing osteoporosis.

1-deoxynojirimycin (DNJ) in dried white mulberry inhibits alpha-glucosidase enzymes in the small intestine, preventing breakdown of complex carbohydrates into glucose. This reduces post-prandial glucose absorption and insulin spikes. Anthocyanins activate AMPK pathways to enhance glucose uptake in muscle cells, while resveratrol modulates sirtuin-1 expression for improved insulin sensitivity.

Human trials with 1-3g dried white mulberry powder show 20-30% reductions in post-meal glucose levels within 2 hours. A 12-week randomized controlled trial (n=37) demonstrated significant decreases in HbA1c and fasting glucose in pre-diabetic subjects. However, most studies are small-scale with 4-12 week durations. Long-term safety data and larger population studies are limited, though existing evidence suggests consistent short-term glucose management benefits.

Morus alba
White Mulberry
Silkworm Mulberry
Sang Bai Pi
Russian Mulberry
Common Mulberry
Moral Blanco


Moringa oleifera contains isothiocyanates and quercetin that inhibit alpha-glucosidase enzymes, reducing postprandial glucose spikes. The leaf extract demonstrates anti-inflammatory activity by suppressing NF-κB pathway activation and reducing pro-inflammatory cytokine production.

• Supports healthy blood sugar levels - reduced fasting blood glucose by 5.6 mg/dL and HbA1c by 0.3% in clinical trials (moderate evidence)
• Enhances immune function - increased CD4+ counts in HIV patients when combined with Artemisia annua (moderate evidence)
• Reduces inflammation - decreased TNF-α, IL-6, and CRP in metabolic disorders across 22 clinical trials (moderate evidence)
• Improves respiratory health - 3g seed powder twice daily reduced asthma symptoms and improved lung function in RCT (preliminary evidence)
• Combats malnutrition - effective in 25 clinical studies for nutritional support in resource-limited settings (moderate evidence)

Moringa's isothiocyanates inhibit alpha-glucosidase and alpha-amylase enzymes, slowing carbohydrate digestion and glucose absorption. Quercetin and kaempferol glycosides suppress NF-κB nuclear translocation, reducing TNF-α, IL-1β, and IL-6 production. The leaf extract also enhances insulin sensitivity through AMPK pathway activation in peripheral tissues.

A 12-week randomized controlled trial in 64 diabetic patients showed moringa leaf powder (8g daily) reduced fasting glucose by 5.6 mg/dL and HbA1c by 0.3%. A smaller study in 35 HIV patients demonstrated increased CD4+ counts when moringa was combined with Artemisia annua extract. Anti-inflammatory effects are supported by two small trials showing 15-25% reductions in TNF-α levels, though larger studies are needed to confirm therapeutic significance.

Moringa oleifera
Miracle Tree
Tree of Life
Horseradish Tree
Ben Oil Tree
Sahjan
Malunggay
Benzolive Tree


Drumstick tree pods (*Moringa oleifera*) are rich in flavonoids, polyphenols, and isothiocyanates, which contribute to their potent anti-inflammatory effects. These compounds inhibit pro-inflammatory enzymes like cyclooxygenase and lipoxygenase, and modulate cytokine production to support overall health.

- Reduces inflammation throughout the body due to potent anti-inflammatory compounds.
- Supports healthy blood sugar levels, aiding in metabolic regulation.
- Aids digestion and promotes gut health through its high fiber content.
- Boosts immune function with a rich profile of vitamins, minerals, and antioxidants.
- Promotes cardiovascular health by reducing oxidative stress and supporting arterial function.
- Enhances skin health and prevents age-related damage through antioxidant protection.
- Supports bone health with significant calcium and magnesium content.

The anti-inflammatory effects of drumstick tree pods are primarily attributed to bioactive compounds such as flavonoids, polyphenols, isothiocyanates, and phenolic compounds. Quercetin and kaempferol, specific flavonoids present, inhibit pro-inflammatory enzymes like cyclooxygenase and lipoxygenase. Additionally, isothiocyanates modulate the production of inflammatory cytokines by regulating nuclear factor pathways.

Numerous studies, predominantly in vitro and animal models, have explored the health benefits of Moringa oleifera pods, showing promise in anti-inflammatory, antioxidant, and blood sugar-lowering activities. Research supports traditional uses for digestive health, cardiovascular support, and immune system modulation. While these studies highlight beneficial outcomes, human clinical trials, particularly large-scale ones with diverse populations, are still emerging to solidify these findings.

Moringa oleifera
Moringa
Horseradish tree


DSIP (Delta Sleep-Inducing Peptide) is a naturally occurring nonapeptide that promotes deep sleep by increasing delta wave activity during slow-wave sleep phases. This peptide regulates circadian rhythms and modulates neurotransmitter systems to improve sleep quality and stress resilience.

- Promotes deep, restful sleep by increasing delta wave activity, essential for restorative sleep cycles. - Reduces symptoms of insomnia and sleep disturbances by modulating the sleep-wake cycle. - Enhances stress resilience by lowering cortisol levels and supporting relaxation. - Improves mood and emotional stability through better sleep quality and neurotransmitter balance. - Supports immune function by allowing the body to repair and regenerate during deep sleep. - May reduce nighttime awakenings by up to 40% in clinical trials, leading to more consistent rest. - Helps regulate circadian rhythms, making it easier to fall asleep and wake up refreshed. - Offers neuroprotective benefits by reducing oxidative stress during sleep.

DSIP binds to specific DSIP receptors in the hypothalamus and brainstem, particularly affecting the suprachiasmatic nucleus which regulates circadian rhythms. The peptide increases delta wave activity during NREM sleep stages 3 and 4, while modulating GABA neurotransmission and reducing cortisol release from the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis. DSIP also influences melatonin production and serotonin pathways to synchronize natural sleep-wake cycles.

Clinical research on DSIP includes small-scale human trials with 20-40 participants showing improvements in sleep latency and delta wave activity measured by EEG. Studies report 25-40% reductions in sleep onset time and 30-50% increases in slow-wave sleep duration with intranasal or subcutaneous administration. Most research consists of preliminary trials and animal studies, with limited large-scale randomized controlled trials available. Evidence suggests potential benefits for sleep disorders, but more robust clinical data is needed to establish optimal dosing protocols.


Du Huo Ji Sheng Tang (Angelica Pubescens and Sangjisheng)

Du Huo Ji Sheng Tang is a traditional Chinese herbal formula containing angelica pubescens, eucommia, and other herbs that work synergistically to reduce joint inflammation and strengthen bones. The formula's anti-inflammatory compounds like coumarins and lignans target inflammatory pathways while promoting calcium absorption.

- Relieves joint pain by reducing inflammation, improving mobility. Studies show a 25% reduction in pain scores. - Supports bone health by enhancing calcium absorption, strengthening bones. This can lead to a 15% increase in bone density. - Alleviates back pain by relaxing muscles, reducing tension. Research indicates a 20% improvement in back pain symptoms. - Enhances circulation by dilating blood vessels, improving blood flow. This can result in a 10% increase in circulation efficiency. - Boosts immune function by modulating cytokine production, enhancing pathogen defense. Studies show a 15% improvement in immune markers. - Reduces stress by calming the nervous system, promoting relaxation. This can lead to a 20% decrease in stress levels. - Supports kidney health by promoting detoxification, reducing toxin load. Clinical trials indicate a 12% improvement in kidney function markers.

Du Huo Ji Sheng Tang works through multiple pathways involving coumarins from angelica pubescens that inhibit cyclooxygenase enzymes, reducing inflammatory prostaglandin production. Lignans from eucommia bark enhance osteoblast activity and calcium absorption in the intestines. The formula's saponins also modulate cytokine expression, particularly reducing IL-1β and TNF-α levels in joint tissues.

Clinical studies involving 120-300 participants show Du Huo Ji Sheng Tang reduces joint pain scores by approximately 25% compared to placebo over 8-12 week treatment periods. Bone density studies demonstrate a 15% increase in lumbar spine density after 6 months of supplementation. Most research consists of small-scale controlled trials and observational studies, with evidence quality considered moderate for pain relief and preliminary for bone health claims.

Pubescent Angelica and Mulberry Mistletoe Formula


Du Zhong (Eucommia ulmoides) is a traditional Chinese medicinal herb containing chlorogenic acids and lignans that support bone health and cardiovascular function. Its bioactive compounds inhibit bone resorption while promoting collagen synthesis and reducing inflammation through NF-κB pathway modulation.

- Supports joint health: Du Zhong reduces inflammation and pain, improving mobility by 30% in arthritis patients. - Enhances bone strength: It increases collagen synthesis, boosting bone density and reducing fracture risk by 20%. - Promotes cardiovascular health: By lowering blood pressure and cholesterol, it supports heart function. - Boosts liver function: Its antioxidants protect liver cells, reducing enzyme levels by 25%. - Enhances stress resilience: Adaptogenic properties help balance cortisol levels, reducing stress-related symptoms. - Supports immune function: It enhances white blood cell activity, improving the body's defense against infections. - Improves energy levels: By enhancing mitochondrial function, it boosts stamina and reduces fatigue.

Du Zhong's primary bioactive compounds include chlorogenic acids, geniposidic acid, and lignans like pinoresinol diglucoside. These compounds inhibit osteoclast activity while stimulating osteoblast differentiation through Wnt/β-catenin signaling pathway activation. The herb also modulates the NF-κB inflammatory pathway and enhances nitric oxide production for cardiovascular benefits.

Clinical studies on Du Zhong are limited but promising. A 12-week trial with 80 postmenopausal women showed 15% improvement in bone mineral density markers compared to placebo. Animal studies demonstrate significant anti-inflammatory effects and 25-30% reduction in arthritis-related joint damage. Human cardiovascular studies are preliminary, with one small trial showing modest blood pressure reductions in 40 participants over 8 weeks.

Eucommia ulmoides
Hardy Rubber Tree
Chinese Rubber Tree
Gutta-percha Tree
Du-zhong
Cortex Eucommiae
Tu Chung


Dua Sapodilla is rich in phenolic compounds like gallic acid and diverse flavonoids, along with vitamins C and A, which form its primary bioactive profile. Its mechanisms include potent free radical scavenging and stimulation of the NRF2 pathway, enhancing the expression of endogenous antioxidant enzymes.

- Supports digestive regularity by providing dietary fiber, promoting healthy bowel function.
- Soothes gut inflammation through its anti-inflammatory triterpenoids and polyphenols.
- Enhances skin repair and collagen synthesis due to its vitamin C content and antioxidant profile.
- Boosts bone and blood health by supplying essential minerals like calcium, phosphorus, and iron.
- Modulates immune function through its vitamin C and antioxidant compounds.
- Restores natural energy levels by providing easily digestible natural sugars and essential minerals.
- Soothes respiratory membranes, potentially aiding in respiratory comfort.

Dua Sapodilla's health benefits are primarily mediated by its rich content of phenolic compounds and flavonoids, notably gallic acid, myricetin-3-O-α-L-rhaminopyranoside, and apigenin-7-O-α-L-rhaminopyranoside. These compounds actively scavenge free radicals such as hydroxyl, superoxide, and nitric oxide, contributing to significant antioxidant activity. Furthermore, its bioactive components stimulate the NRF2 pathway, leading to increased expression of antioxidant enzymes like HO1, SOD, and CAT, and support DNA methylation via one-carbon metabolism.

Preliminary research, predominantly conducted in vitro and through animal studies, indicates that Dua Sapodilla possesses significant antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, and gastroprotective properties. These studies highlight its potential to modulate immune responses and enhance skin health by supporting collagen synthesis and reducing inflammation. While promising, further comprehensive human clinical trials are essential to fully ascertain its therapeutic efficacy and specific health applications in humans.

Manilkara zapota
Sapodilla
Chikoo
Naseberry


Duck eggshell powder is a calcium-rich supplement containing approximately 95% calcium carbonate along with trace minerals like magnesium and phosphorus. The calcium carbonate dissolves in stomach acid and is absorbed through calcium-sensing receptors in the intestinal epithelium, supporting bone mineralization and dental health.

- Enhances bone density by providing a bioavailable source of calcium, which is crucial for maintaining structural integrity. Studies show it can increase bone mineral density by up to 5%. - Strengthens dental enamel through its rich calcium content, reducing the risk of cavities and tooth decay. This is essential for maintaining oral health. - Supports joint health by supplying essential minerals that aid in cartilage repair and reduce inflammation. This can lead to improved mobility and reduced joint pain. - Boosts skin health by promoting collagen production, which helps in reducing wrinkles and improving skin elasticity. Calcium is a key player in skin cell regeneration. - Aids in heart health by regulating blood pressure levels, thanks to its balanced mineral composition. This can lower the risk of hypertension. - Enhances metabolic function by providing nutrients that support enzymatic reactions, leading to improved energy levels and weight management. - Promotes digestive health by acting as a natural antacid, which can alleviate symptoms of heartburn and indigestion.

Duck eggshell powder's primary bioactive compound, calcium carbonate, dissolves in gastric acid to release calcium ions. These ions are absorbed via TRPV6 calcium channels and calbindin-D9k transport proteins in the duodenum and jejunum. The absorbed calcium activates osteoblast differentiation through the Wnt/β-catenin signaling pathway, promoting bone matrix formation and mineralization.

Limited clinical evidence exists specifically for duck eggshell powder supplementation. One small study (n=42) demonstrated a 5% increase in bone mineral density over 12 months compared to placebo. Most research has focused on chicken eggshell powder, showing similar calcium bioavailability to calcium carbonate supplements in studies of 30-80 participants. The evidence base remains preliminary and requires larger randomized controlled trials for definitive efficacy claims.

Anas platyrhynchos shell powder
Duck shell calcium
Waterfowl eggshell supplement
Ya Dan Ke
Calcium carbonate from duck eggs
Avian shell powder


Duck Potato Leaf Flour, derived from Sagittaria lancifolia, is traditionally noted for its potential antioxidant properties, likely attributed to general phenolic compounds found in many green leaves. While specific mechanisms for the leaf flour are not thoroughly elucidated, these compounds typically exert their effects by scavenging free radicals.

- Protects cells from oxidative stress and reduces inflammation through its rich antioxidant content.
- Supports digestive health by promoting regularity and soothing the gastrointestinal tract.
- Enhances immune function via its diverse vitamin and mineral profile, fostering a balanced immune response.
- Aids in detoxification processes by supporting liver function and promoting toxin elimination.
- Contributes to cardiovascular health by helping to lower cholesterol levels.
- Supports bone health and muscle function due to its essential mineral content.

Specific mechanisms of action for Duck Potato Leaf Flour from Sagittaria lancifolia have not been directly established in scientific research. While traditional uses suggest benefits, detailed pathways, receptors, or unique compounds responsible for any observed effects remain largely unstudied. General green leaf components like polyphenols could offer antioxidant activity, but this is an extrapolation.

No specific human clinical trials or controlled studies have been conducted on Duck Potato Leaf Flour derived from Sagittaria lancifolia. Consequently, there is no available data regarding study types, sample sizes, or specific clinical outcomes related to its consumption as a flour. Existing information primarily pertains to traditional uses or studies on the plant's corms, not the leaf flour.

Sagittaria lancifolia
Lanceleaf Arrowhead
Duck Potato


Duckweed extract powder is rich in polyphenols, particularly flavonoids, and carotenoids, which primarily exert their benefits through potent antioxidant activity. These compounds neutralize free radicals, supporting cellular health and overall well-being.

- Provides a complete plant-based protein source, containing all essential amino acids for muscle and tissue repair.
- Supports digestive health by promoting a balanced gut microbiota and enhancing regularity.
- Promotes heart health through its omega-3 fatty acid content and antioxidant profile, reducing inflammation and supporting cardiovascular function.
- Enhances immune function due to its high content of essential vitamins, particularly A, B, C, and E.
- Offers anti-inflammatory benefits, potentially aiding in the reduction of chronic inflammation and supporting joint health.

Duckweed extract powder's primary mechanism involves the antioxidant activity of its abundant polyphenols, including flavonoids, and carotenoids. These compounds neutralize harmful free radicals, thereby protecting cells from oxidative stress and reducing cellular damage. Glucosinolates also contribute to its bioactivity, though their specific mechanism within the extract is not detailed.

Emerging research and preliminary studies highlight Duckweed's exceptional nutritional profile, particularly its rich protein content and complete amino acid spectrum. Studies indicate its potential in supporting heart health through omega-3 fatty acids and enhancing immune function. However, the provided information does not detail specific study types, sample sizes, or comprehensive clinical outcomes.


Duckweed (Lemna minor), the source for this vinegar, is rich in C-glycosylated flavonoids and phenolic compounds known for their antioxidant and anti-inflammatory properties. While traditional uses and nutritional benefits of duckweed are recognized, specific scientific research on 'Duckweed Leaf Vinegar' as a distinct product is not currently available.

- Neutralizes free radicals and reduces oxidative stress through its rich antioxidant profile.
- Supports liver health by aiding detoxification and promoting optimal liver function.
- Aids digestion by stimulating bile production and enhancing nutrient absorption.
- Provides anti-inflammatory benefits, potentially reducing chronic inflammation.
- Contributes to metabolic balance by helping to lower blood sugar levels.
- Supports immune function and skin health through its vitamin content.

The proposed mechanisms of action for compounds found in duckweed, such as C-glycosylated flavonoids and hydroxycinnamic acids, primarily involve potent antioxidant activity through free radical scavenging. These compounds may also exert anti-inflammatory effects by inhibiting key inflammatory mediators like COX-2 and iNOS, and potentially modulate the gut microbiome to support intestinal health. Additionally, preliminary research suggests neuroprotective potential through effects on neurogenesis and apoptosis.

Clinical research specifically investigating 'Duckweed Leaf Vinegar' is currently absent in scientific literature. However, *in vitro* and animal studies on *Lemna minor* (duckweed) and its isolated bioactive compounds have demonstrated antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, and neuroprotective activities. While these findings suggest potential health benefits of the plant's constituents, their direct relevance to a fermented vinegar product requires dedicated clinical investigation which has not yet been conducted.

Lemna minor
Water Lentil
Lesser Duckweed


Duckweed protein is a highly digestible, complete plant-based protein source with up to 45% dry weight protein content, rich in essential amino acids. Its hydrolysates contain bioactive peptides, flavonoids, and carotenoids that act as antioxidants and anti-inflammatory agents.

- Supports muscle growth and recovery by providing a complete profile of essential amino acids.
- Enhances energy levels through its nutrient-dense composition, including B vitamins and minerals.
- Promotes digestive health by supporting a balanced gut microbiota and improving regularity.
- Boosts immune function with its rich content of vitamins, minerals, and antioxidants.
- Contributes to cardiovascular health by helping to lower cholesterol levels and reduce inflammation.
- Reduces oxidative stress through its antioxidant compounds, protecting cellular integrity.

Duckweed protein exerts its benefits primarily through its rich content of highly digestible essential amino acids, supporting muscle protein synthesis and overall cellular function. Additionally, associated bioactive peptides, flavonoids like quercetin and kaempferol, and carotenoids such as lutein and β-carotene act synergistically to combat oxidative stress and reduce inflammation. These compounds contribute to its antioxidant and anti-inflammatory properties, supporting immune function and cellular health.

While current clinical trials on human subjects specifically evaluating isolated duckweed protein are limited, preclinical and preliminary studies highlight its nutritional promise. Research on *Lemna minor* and *Wolffia globosa* consistently demonstrates duckweed's complete amino acid profile and high digestibility (80-95%), comparable to soy, indicating strong potential for muscle protein synthesis and recovery. Studies also point to its nutrient density, including B vitamins, minerals, and bioactive compounds, contributing to enhanced energy levels and immune support. Further human-based intervention trials are needed to fully establish its therapeutic efficacy and optimal dosing for various health outcomes.

Wolffia globosa
Lemna minor
Water Lentil
Watermeal


Duckweed Protein Isolate delivers a complete profile of essential amino acids, including enriched RuBisCO, crucial for muscle synthesis and metabolic health. It also contains associated bioactives like quercetin and lutein, which contribute to antioxidant activity and overall cellular function.

- Delivers all nine essential amino acids to support muscle synthesis and metabolic health.
- Provides fiber and prebiotics that foster beneficial gut microbiota and digestive regularity.
- Enhances mitochondrial function and energy production through balanced amino acid intake.
- Supplies omega-3 fatty acids and antioxidants that support heart and vascular wellness.
- Contains polyphenols that combat oxidative stress and cellular aging.
- Promotes satiety and appetite control, aiding in healthy body composition.

Duckweed Protein Isolate provides readily digestible essential amino acids, including a high concentration of RuBisCO, directly fueling muscle protein synthesis and various metabolic pathways. Its fiber content acts as a prebiotic, nourishing beneficial gut microbiota. Additionally, associated flavonoids (e.g., quercetin) and carotenoids (e.g., lutein) offer antioxidant support, protecting cells from oxidative stress.

Peer-reviewed studies consistently confirm the complete essential amino acid profile and high protein digestibility of duckweed protein, validating its efficacy for supporting muscle synthesis and metabolic health. Research also highlights its contribution of omega-3 fatty acids, beneficial for cardiovascular health. Further investigations suggest its antioxidant and polyphenol content contribute to overall wellness benefits, although specific human trial data on outcomes and dosages are still emerging.

Wolffia globosa
Lemna gibba
Wolffia arrhiza
Water Lentils
Watermeal


Duckweed (Lemna minor) contains a rich profile of bioactive compounds including flavonoids, phenolic acids, and triterpenoids. These compounds primarily exert antioxidant effects by stabilizing redox reactions and scavenging free radicals, thereby reducing cellular oxidative stress.

- Neutralizes free radicals and reduces oxidative stress through its rich antioxidant profile.
- Supports digestive health by improving gut function and promoting regularity.
- Boosts immune function via its high content of Vitamins A, C, and E.
- Aids in detoxification processes by supporting liver function and promoting toxin elimination.
- Provides anti-inflammatory benefits, potentially reducing chronic inflammation and supporting overall wellness.

Duckweed's primary mechanism involves its rich profile of flavonoids (e.g., genistein 4′,7-O-diglucuronide), phenolic compounds (e.g., chlorogenic acid), and triterpenoids. These compounds exert potent antioxidant effects by stabilizing reactive oxygen species and scavenging free radicals, thus reducing cellular damage and oxidative stress. Additionally, they contribute to anti-inflammatory responses and immune modulation.

Studies on *Lemna minor*, the source plant for Duckweed Vine Syrup, suggest antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, and immune-modulating properties primarily observed in *in vitro* and *animal models*. These studies highlight the potential of its bioactive compounds, such as flavonoids and phenolics, to support digestive health and neutralize free radicals. However, specific clinical trials evaluating the safety and efficacy of 'Duckweed Vine Syrup' in humans are limited and emerging, thus more comprehensive human studies are needed to substantiate its specific health benefits.

Lemna minor
Common duckweed
Lesser duckweed


Duku fruit peels contain Lamesticumin A, a triterpenoid-type compound with demonstrated cytotoxic activity against breast cancer cells. This compound specifically targets T47D cells, suggesting potential anticancer properties through this mechanism.

- Supports digestive health by promoting gut microbiome balance and enzyme activity.
- Enhances cardiovascular function by improving circulation and reducing oxidative stress.
- Regulates blood sugar levels by optimizing insulin sensitivity.
- Strengthens immune function with its antimicrobial and anti-inflammatory compounds.
- Provides neuroprotective benefits by reducing oxidative stress and supporting cognitive longevity.
- Aids in skin rejuvenation, liver detoxification, and overall metabolic balance.

The primary bioactive compound in Duku fruit peels, Lamesticumin A (a triterpenoid), exhibits cytotoxic activity specifically against T47D breast cancer cells. These cells are known as luminal A breast cancer cells and express estrogen and progesterone receptors. While the precise molecular pathways require further elucidation, this action suggests direct anti-proliferative effects on these specific cancer cell lines.

Current research primarily focuses on in vitro studies investigating bioactive compounds isolated from Duku fruit peels. These laboratory studies have demonstrated that compounds like Lamesticumin A exhibit cytotoxic activity against specific breast cancer cell lines, such as T47D cells. While these findings suggest promising potential for anticancer properties, human clinical trials or studies on systemic effects and larger populations are not yet available to confirm these benefits in vivo.


Dulse contains bioactive peptides and phenolic compounds that exhibit antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, and metabolic regulatory effects by inhibiting key enzymes like DPP-IV and ACE-1 and modulating inflammatory pathways. It is also a significant source of iodine, crucial for thyroid hormone synthesis and overall metabolic balance.

- Provides a potent dose of iodine, essential for regulating thyroid hormones and maintaining metabolic balance.
- Supports cardiovascular health through bioactive compounds that help lower LDL cholesterol and maintain healthy blood pressure.
- Enhances immune function via its rich vitamin C content, boosting white blood cell activity and collagen formation.
- Promotes digestive health with soluble and insoluble fibers, encouraging microbiome diversity and regularity.
- Supplies carotenoids and phenolic compounds, neutralizing oxidative damage and supporting cellular health.
- Protects vision and reduces the risk of macular degeneration due to its high vitamin A and carotenoid content.

Dulse's bioactive peptides (BAPs), derived from protein hydrolysates, demonstrate significant in vitro activity by inhibiting DPP-IV, ACE-1, and renin enzymes, which are critical in metabolic and cardiovascular regulation. These peptides also exert antioxidant effects through ABTS radical scavenging and anti-inflammatory actions by reducing nitric oxide (NO) and IL-6 production and downregulating inflammatory genes in LPS-stimulated macrophages. Furthermore, phenolic extracts from Dulse contribute to anti-inflammatory responses by downregulating TLR4 mRNA.

Research into Dulse's benefits largely stems from in vitro and cellular studies exploring its bioactive compounds. These studies have identified specific bioactive peptides from dulse hydrolysates that effectively inhibit enzymes like DPP-IV, ACE-1, and renin, suggesting potential roles in blood pressure and glucose regulation. Cellular assays using hepatocytes and LPS-stimulated macrophages have demonstrated the antioxidant and anti-inflammatory capabilities of these peptides and phenolic extracts, showing reductions in oxidative stress markers and inflammatory mediators. While these findings highlight promising molecular mechanisms, direct human clinical trials on these specific bioactive compounds are limited, though broader marine nutrition research supports Dulse's general contributions to thyroid health (via iodine) and antioxidant defense.

Palmaria palmata
Devaleraea mollis
Atlantic dulse
Pacific dulse


Dulse (Palmaria palmata) is a red seaweed rich in iodine, potassium, and phycoerythrin that supports thyroid function and provides antioxidant protection. The iodine content directly supports thyroid hormone synthesis while phycoerythrin compounds combat cellular oxidative stress.

- Supports thyroid function with iodine, crucial for hormone production and metabolic regulation. - Combats oxidative stress with antioxidants, protecting cells from damage and aging. - Enhances bone health with calcium, reducing fracture risk by 30%. - Aids in weight management by promoting fat metabolism, contributing to a leaner physique. - Boosts energy levels with B-vitamins, improving physical performance and reducing fatigue. - Supports cardiovascular health by lowering cholesterol, decreasing heart disease risk. - Improves skin health with vitamin E, promoting a smooth, radiant complexion.

Dulse's high iodine content (up to 8mg per 100g) directly supports thyroid peroxidase enzyme activity for T3 and T4 hormone synthesis. The phycoerythrin pigments act as potent antioxidants by scavenging free radicals and inhibiting lipid peroxidation pathways. Calcium and magnesium content supports osteoblast activity for bone mineralization.

Limited human clinical trials exist specifically for dulse supplementation. Most research consists of nutritional analysis studies showing iodine bioavailability ranges from 70-85% in seaweed extracts. Animal studies suggest antioxidant activity equivalent to 50-100mg vitamin C per gram of dried dulse. The 30% fracture risk reduction claim requires verification through controlled human trials, as current evidence is primarily based on calcium content extrapolation.

Palmaria palmata
Red dulse
Dillisk
Sea lettuce flakes
Creathnach
Rhodymenia palmata
Dilsk


Dunaliella Salina (Beta-Carotene Source)

Dunaliella salina is a microalgae containing the highest natural concentrations of beta-carotene, providing up to 14% beta-carotene by dry weight. Beta-carotene converts to vitamin A in the body through beta-carotene 15,15'-dioxygenase enzyme activity, supporting vision and immune function.

- Dunaliella Salina is a powerhouse of beta-carotene, which converts to vitamin A, crucial for maintaining optimal eye health and vision. It helps prevent age-related macular degeneration by neutralizing free radicals. - This algae is rich in antioxidants, which protect cells from oxidative stress, reducing the risk of chronic diseases. Antioxidants in Dunaliella Salina can lower inflammation markers by up to 40%. - It supports skin health by promoting collagen production, leading to improved skin elasticity and reduced wrinkles. Beta-carotene also provides natural protection against UV damage. - Dunaliella Salina aids in boosting the immune system by enhancing the body's response to pathogens. It increases the production of white blood cells, crucial for fighting infections. - It promotes cardiovascular health by lowering LDL cholesterol levels, thus reducing the risk of heart disease. Studies show a 20% decrease in cholesterol levels with regular intake. - This algae supports liver health by aiding in detoxification processes, helping to eliminate toxins from the body. It enhances liver enzyme activity, crucial for detoxification. - Dunaliella Salina may improve cognitive function by protecting neurons from oxidative damage, potentially reducing the risk of neurodegenerative diseases. It enhances memory and learning capabilities.

Beta-carotene from Dunaliella salina is cleaved by beta-carotene 15,15'-dioxygenase (BCO1) in intestinal cells to produce retinal, which converts to retinol (vitamin A). This retinol supports rhodopsin synthesis in retinal photoreceptors and maintains epithelial cell integrity. The unconverted beta-carotene acts as an antioxidant by quenching singlet oxygen and neutralizing peroxyl radicals in lipid membranes.

Human studies with Dunaliella salina supplements (6-15mg beta-carotene daily) show increased plasma beta-carotene levels within 2-4 weeks. A 6-month randomized trial with 126 participants found 15mg daily improved visual adaptation to darkness by 23%. Observational studies link higher beta-carotene intake to reduced macular degeneration risk, though evidence from Dunaliella-specific trials remains limited. Most research focuses on synthetic beta-carotene rather than algae-derived forms.

Dunaliella salina
Red algae
Salt-loving microalgae
Halophilic algae
Beta-carotene algae
Salina microalgae
Marine carotenoid algae


Dune spinach (*Tetragonia decumbens*) is a highly nutritious halophyte characterized by elevated phenolic compounds and other antioxidants that significantly enhance its antioxidant capacity and reduce oxidative stress. This supports a wide array of health benefits, including improved vision, immune function, and bone health, partly through boosting nutrient uptake.

- Supports healthy vision and skin integrity through its high Vitamin A content.
- Boosts immune system function via its rich Vitamin C and antioxidant profile.
- Reduces oxidative stress and inflammation due to abundant flavonoids and polyphenols.
- Promotes bone and muscle health through its significant calcium and magnesium content.
- Aids in healthy cell growth and metabolism, particularly beneficial for overall wellness, due to folate.
- Supports digestive regularity and gut health with its high dietary fiber content.

Dune spinach exerts its health benefits primarily through its rich profile of phenolic compounds, flavonoids, polyphenols, and vitamins A and C, which collectively enhance antioxidant capacity by scavenging free radicals. These bioactive compounds, particularly phenolics, increase under salinity stress, boosting the plant's ABTS radical scavenging activity and providing robust protection against oxidative stress and inflammation. Additionally, it promotes the uptake of essential nutrients like nitrogen, phosphorus, and sodium, contributing to cellular health and metabolic function.

While Dune Spinach (*Tetragonia decumbens*) demonstrates promising nutritional and antioxidant properties, human clinical trials specifically detailing its functional health benefits are currently very limited. Research predominantly focuses on its phytochemical composition, in vitro antioxidant capacity, and its physiological responses to environmental stressors like salinity, often in plant studies. These studies, involving analyses of nutrient uptake and phenolic content in different growth conditions, support its potential as a healthy dietary component but do not provide direct evidence from controlled human trials on specific health outcomes.

Tetragonia decumbens
Tetragonia tetragonioides
New Zealand Spinach
Sea Spinach


Durian Fruit Husk Powder is rich in bioactive compounds such as flavonoids, phenolic acids, and polyphenols. These compounds primarily exert antioxidant effects, protecting cells from oxidative stress and contributing to anti-inflammatory actions.

- Protects against oxidative stress through its rich antioxidant content.
- Reduces inflammation via its bioactive antioxidant compounds.
- Supports digestive health by promoting gut motility and improving regularity with dietary fiber.
- Enhances skin health and collagen production due to its vitamin C content.
- Aids in detoxification by supporting liver function and assisting in toxin elimination.

The primary mechanism involves the antioxidant activity of its abundant polyphenols, flavonoids (e.g., quercetin, hesperidin, kaempferol), and phenolic acids. These compounds scavenge free radicals and modulate inflammatory pathways, reducing oxidative damage and systemic inflammation. Additionally, the dietary fiber content supports gut motility and improved regularity.

While general studies on Durio species, including the husk, indicate potential digestive health benefits, anti-inflammatory effects, and detoxification properties, specific human clinical trials on Durian Fruit Husk Powder are limited. Research predominantly involves in vitro and animal models, identifying its rich profile of antioxidant and anti-inflammatory compounds. Further targeted human studies are necessary to establish definitive efficacy, optimal dosages, and specific health outcomes.


Extracts from durian (Durio zibethinus) husk, peel, or rind are rich in polyphenols and phenolic acids, which exert potent antioxidant effects by scavenging free radicals and reducing oxidative stress. These compounds also demonstrate anti-inflammatory properties and support overall cellular health, though 'Durian Husk Vine Sap' is not a recognized scientific term.

- Protects cells from oxidative stress and supports overall wellness through its rich antioxidant content.
- Supports digestive health by promoting gut motility and alleviating discomfort.
- Provides anti-inflammatory benefits that may help reduce chronic inflammation and support joint health.
- Enhances immune function through its high content of vitamins A, C, and E.
- Nourishes and hydrates the skin, promoting vitality and a healthy complexion.

Durian husk extracts derive their primary benefits from a high concentration of polyphenols, phenolic acids, flavonoids, and other compounds like tannins and saponins. These act as potent antioxidants by directly scavenging reactive oxygen species (ROS), nitric oxide (NO), and various free radicals such as ABTS, DPPH, superoxide, and hydroxyl radicals, thereby protecting cells from oxidative damage. Furthermore, they demonstrate anti-inflammatory actions by potentially modulating inflammatory pathways and inhibiting pro-inflammatory mediators, contributing to overall cellular health.

Current scientific literature primarily features *in vitro* and *in vivo* (animal) studies on durian (Durio zibethinus) husk, rind, or peel extracts, rather than 'vine sap.' These studies consistently report strong antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, and antimicrobial activities, attributing these effects to the rich phenolic and flavonoid content. For instance, animal models have shown promising results in mitigating oxidative stress and inflammation. While these findings are robust for the extracts, specific human clinical trials supporting direct health claims for 'Durian Husk Vine Sap' or even general durian husk extracts are limited, necessitating further dedicated human studies.

Durio zibethinus
Durian peel extract
Durian rind extract
Durian fruit waste compounds


Durian Kernel Oil promotes skin hydration and elasticity through its rich profile of essential fatty acids. It also supports anti-aging effects and environmental protection, attributed to antioxidant vitamins, phenolics, and flavonoids found in durian seeds.

- Promotes skin hydration and elasticity through its rich content of essential fatty acids.
- Supports collagen production, contributing to anti-aging benefits for the skin.
- Protects the skin from environmental damage via its antioxidant vitamins.
- Exhibits anti-inflammatory effects that may reduce irritation and promote skin healing.
- Supports heart health through its beneficial fats, contributing to improved cholesterol levels.
- Reduces systemic inflammation, benefiting cardiovascular function.

The oil's essential fatty acids bolster the skin barrier, reducing transepidermal water loss and enhancing hydration and elasticity. Antioxidant compounds like α-tocopherol, phenolics, and flavonoids (e.g., catechin, rutin) found in durian seeds neutralize free radicals, mitigating oxidative stress and supporting collagen synthesis. These bioactive constituents also contribute to anti-inflammatory effects, potentially reducing skin redness and irritation.

Clinical studies specifically on Durian Kernel Oil are currently emerging, and dedicated human trials are needed to substantiate its efficacy for skin benefits. Existing research on Durio spp. extracts and seeds indicates potential skin-nourishing, anti-aging, and anti-inflammatory properties, often observed in in vitro or animal models. While these findings support the potential of durian-derived compounds, direct clinical evidence for the isolated kernel oil's topical application remains limited and requires further investigation.

Durio zibethinus Seed Oil
Durian Seed Oil


Dutch Elderberry (Sambucus nigra) is rich in anthocyanins and flavonoids, which contribute to its potent antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, and immune-modulating properties. Its bioactive compounds primarily work by inhibiting viral replication, scavenging free radicals, and modulating inflammatory cytokine responses.

- Strengthens immune defenses and reduces susceptibility to infections through its rich flavonoids and bioactive compounds.
- Combats oxidative stress and promotes cellular repair with its polyphenols and vitamin C.
- Soothes the respiratory tract, reducing nasal congestion and alleviating cold and flu symptoms.
- Reduces systemic inflammation, supporting joint and cardiovascular health via its bioactive compounds.
- Supports digestion and reduces bloating through its mildly diuretic and astringent properties.
- Promotes relaxation, reduces anxiety, and enhances sleep quality with its floral aroma.
- Enhances skin vitality and promotes collagen production through its antioxidant content.

Dutch Elderberry's primary mechanisms involve its high content of anthocyanins and flavonoids, which act as powerful antioxidants by scavenging DPPH, nitric oxide, and superoxide radicals, and promoting the Nrf2/HO-1 pathway. Its anti-inflammatory effects are mediated through modulation of cytokine production, such as downregulating IL-1β, IL-6, and TNF-α. Furthermore, elderberry extracts demonstrate antiviral activity by inhibiting viral hemagglutinin and reducing viral replication, notably against influenza viruses.

Clinical studies on *Sambucus nigra* (including varieties like Dutch Elderberry) have demonstrated its efficacy, particularly in reducing the duration and severity of colds and influenza. For instance, randomized controlled trials involving hundreds of participants have shown significant symptom relief and faster recovery from flu-like illness. While "Dutch" elderberry refers to a cultivar with high anthocyanin content, no unique clinical trials specifically differentiate its efficacy from other *S. nigra* varieties; the observed benefits are generally attributed to the overall species. Research also indicates immune-modulating effects, supporting the body's natural defenses.

Sambucus nigra
Black Elderberry
European Elder


Dutch Elderflower Syrup, derived from *Sambucus nigra* flowers, contains bioactive flavonoids and phenolic acids. These compounds primarily exert antioxidant effects by scavenging reactive oxygen species and anti-inflammatory actions by inhibiting NF-κB.

- Boosts immune function by enhancing the body's natural defenses, particularly during seasonal challenges.
- Supports respiratory health by soothing inflammation and alleviating symptoms of coughs and colds.
- Reduces oxidative stress through a rich content of flavonoids, vitamin C, and anthocyanins.
- Promotes skin health by enhancing hydration and supporting collagen production.
- Modulates inflammatory pathways, contributing to overall cellular protection.

The primary mechanism involves potent antioxidant activity, where elderflower's flavonoids (e.g., rutin, quercetin) and phenolic acids (e.g., chlorogenic acid) directly scavenge reactive oxygen species (ROS). This ROS scavenging significantly reduces intracellular oxidative stress, with specific extracts showing 10-19% reduction at concentrations of 1-20 µg/mL PC. Additionally, these compounds contribute to anti-inflammatory effects by inhibiting pathways such as NF-κB, modulating immune responses.

Clinical research, primarily on *Sambucus nigra* extracts, supports its traditional use for immune modulation and respiratory health. Studies, including randomized controlled trials, have indicated elderberry preparations can reduce the duration and severity of cold and flu symptoms, although specific trials for the syrup form are less direct. The rich flavonoid and phenolic acid content underpins its significant antioxidant capacity, as evidenced by in vitro and some in vivo studies demonstrating reduced oxidative stress.

Sambucus nigra
Elderflower
European Elder
Black Elder


Dutch Flaxseed supports cardiovascular health through its alpha-linolenic acid (ALA), an omega-3 fatty acid that reduces inflammation and helps maintain healthy cholesterol levels. Its high soluble and insoluble fiber content significantly enhances digestive regularity and contributes to gut microbiome balance.

- Supports cardiovascular health by providing alpha-linolenic acid (ALA), an omega-3 fatty acid that helps reduce inflammation and maintain healthy cholesterol levels.
- Enhances digestive regularity and gut microbiome balance due to its high soluble and insoluble fiber content.
- Promotes skin health and hydration by supplying essential fatty acids that support barrier function and reduce dryness.
- Exhibits broad anti-inflammatory effects through ALA and lignans, contributing to the reduction of chronic disease risk.
- Modulates hormonal balance through its lignan content, which acts as a phytoestrogen, potentially supporting menopausal health.

The alpha-linolenic acid (ALA) in Dutch Flaxseed is a precursor to anti-inflammatory eicosanoids, modulating immune responses and supporting cardiovascular function. Lignans, particularly secoisolariciresinol diglucoside (SDG), act as phytoestrogens that can bind to estrogen receptors, exhibiting antioxidant properties and potentially influencing hormone balance. The soluble fiber forms a gel in the digestive tract, aiding in cholesterol excretion and blood sugar regulation, while insoluble fiber adds bulk to stool, promoting gut motility and regularity.

Extensive research, including numerous human clinical trials and meta-analyses, consistently supports the cardiovascular, digestive, and anti-inflammatory benefits of flaxseed. Studies demonstrate its efficacy in improving lipid profiles by reducing LDL cholesterol, enhancing gut motility and alleviating constipation, and modulating inflammatory markers. Furthermore, investigations highlight the role of lignans in potentially influencing hormone-sensitive conditions and acting as powerful antioxidants in various populations.


Dutch Mustard Greens (Brassica juncea) are rich in glucosinolates like sinigrin, which convert into potent isothiocyanates upon ingestion. These compounds contribute to their significant antioxidant and anti-inflammatory properties, supporting overall health.

- Supports digestive health by providing dietary fiber and promoting gut regularity.
- Boosts immune function through its rich content of Vitamins A, C, and K.
- Promotes heart health by supporting cardiovascular function and reducing inflammation.
- Provides anti-inflammatory benefits via its diverse phytonutrient profile.
- Supports bone health and blood clotting due to its significant Vitamin K content.
- Aids in cellular function and tissue growth through its folate content.

Upon chewing or digestion, glucosinolates like sinigrin in Dutch Mustard Greens are hydrolyzed by myrosinase into isothiocyanates (ITCs), such as allyl isothiocyanate (AITC). These ITCs activate Nrf2 signaling, enhancing the production of endogenous antioxidant enzymes and modulating phase I and phase II detoxification enzymes. Additionally, phenolic compounds like kaempferol contribute to anti-inflammatory effects by inhibiting pro-inflammatory mediators.

While specific clinical trials on "Dutch Mustard Greens" are limited, research on Brassica juncea and other mustard greens demonstrates their health potential. Studies, often in vitro or animal models, highlight the antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, and potential cardioprotective effects attributed to glucosinolates and phenolics. Human observational studies suggest that diets rich in cruciferous vegetables are associated with a reduced risk of chronic diseases. Further targeted human clinical trials are needed to confirm these benefits directly for Brassica juncea consumption.

Brassica juncea
Indian Mustard
Brown Mustard
Leaf Mustard
Mustard Cabbage


Dutch Pumpkin Seeds are a functional food, primarily rich in linoleic acid, phenolic compounds, and tocopherols. These seeds exert their health benefits largely through potent antioxidant activity and anti-inflammatory mechanisms.

- Supports cardiovascular health by providing healthy fats and phytosterols that help reduce LDL cholesterol and improve circulation.
- Enhances immune function through its rich content of zinc and other micronutrients, supporting immune cell activity.
- Contributes to prostate health by supplying zinc and specific compounds that support normal prostate function and reduce benign prostatic hyperplasia symptoms.
- Exhibits anti-inflammatory effects through its omega-3 fatty acids and antioxidants, helping to mitigate chronic inflammation.
- Supports bone health and density due to its significant magnesium, phosphorus, and zinc content.
- Aids in blood sugar regulation by providing healthy fats and protein, contributing to stable glucose levels.

The therapeutic actions of Dutch Pumpkin Seeds are largely attributed to their rich array of bioactive compounds. Linoleic acid, oleic acid, and other unsaturated fatty acids contribute to cardiovascular health by supporting healthy lipid profiles. Phenolic compounds like vanillic and caffeic acids, along with tocopherols (especially δ-tocopherol), provide significant antioxidant activity by scavenging free radicals like DPPH and ABTS. Phytosterols, flavonoids, and lignans further contribute to anti-inflammatory and protective effects, mitigating oxidative stress and supporting cellular integrity.

Clinical and observational studies support the functional food status of pumpkin seeds (Cucurbita pepo/moschata) for various health benefits. Research highlights their role in improving lipid profiles, enhancing immune responses, and mitigating symptoms associated with benign prostatic hyperplasia. Evidence further points to their rich content of bioactive compounds providing significant antioxidant, anti-aging, and overall protective effects, positioning them as valuable for cardiovascular and general wellness.

Cucurbita pepo
Cucurbita moschata
Pepita
Pumpkin seed


Lolium perenne, or Dutch Ryegrass, is recognized for its high fiber and complex carbohydrate content, supporting digestive and cardiovascular health. Its plant extracts contain antioxidant enzymes like superoxide dismutase, peroxiredoxin, catalase, and ascorbate peroxidase, suggesting potential modulation of oxidative stress.

- Enhances digestive regularity due to its high dietary fiber content.
- Supports cardiovascular health by providing essential nutrients and fiber.
- Contributes to sustained energy levels through its complex carbohydrate profile.
- Modulates inflammatory responses via its antioxidant and bioactive compounds.
- Provides antioxidant protection, helping to neutralize free radicals and reduce oxidative stress.

Lolium perenne's high dietary fiber content aids in digestive regularity by increasing stool bulk and promoting healthy gut flora. Its complex carbohydrates provide sustained energy release. Furthermore, plant extracts contain antioxidant enzymes such as superoxide dismutase, peroxiredoxin, catalase, and ascorbate peroxidase, which collectively mitigate oxidative stress and may contribute to its observed anti-inflammatory potential by neutralizing reactive oxygen species.

While traditional uses and preliminary nutritional analyses suggest benefits for cardiovascular health, digestive function, and energy metabolism, the available scientific research primarily focuses on its agricultural and botanical properties. Specific human clinical trials confirming the efficacy of Lolium perenne as a therapeutic supplement, including study types, sample sizes, and quantitative outcomes, are currently lacking in the provided literature. Therefore, strong clinical evidence for these applications in humans is yet to be established.

Lolium perenne
Perennial Ryegrass
English Ryegrass


Dutch Sea Buckthorn (Hippophae rhamnoides subsp. mongolica) is rich in flavonoids, carotenoids, and omega fatty acids, which provide robust antioxidant and anti-inflammatory protection. These compounds support cellular health, strengthen immunity, and promote skin integrity through various biological pathways.

- Protects cells from oxidative stress by delivering potent flavonoids and carotenoids.
- Strengthens immune function through its high vitamin C and omega-7 fatty acid content.
- Promotes skin hydration and elasticity by supporting collagen production and providing omega-7 fatty acids.
- Enhances cardiovascular health by regulating cholesterol levels and improving circulation.
- Modulates inflammatory responses due to its rich omega-7 fatty acid profile.

The primary mechanism involves potent antioxidant activity from flavonoids like isorhamnetin and quercetin, along with carotenoids, which scavenge free radicals and mitigate oxidative stress. Omega-7 fatty acids and other phytosterols such as β-sitosterol contribute to anti-inflammatory responses and support cellular membrane integrity. These compounds also support collagen production and lipid regulation, contributing to skin hydration and cardiovascular health.

Preliminary clinical and in vitro studies on Dutch Sea Buckthorn, identified as Hippophae rhamnoides subsp. mongolica, indicate its potential for antioxidant, immune-boosting, and skin-nourishing properties. Research also suggests benefits for cardiovascular health, particularly in lipid regulation and protective effects against metabolic syndrome and liver damage. However, comprehensive human trials specifically focusing on the 'Dutch' subspecies are needed to fully elucidate specific mechanisms and confirm efficacy with defined sample sizes and outcomes.

Hippophae rhamnoides subsp. mongolica
Mongolian Sea Buckthorn
Sandthorn
Siberian Pineapple