Bowiea volubilis contains bioactive compounds that modulate inflammatory pathways, particularly targeting cyclooxygenase and lipoxygenase enzymes to reduce respiratory inflammation. The plant's cardiac glycosides and phenolic compounds demonstrate antimicrobial activity against respiratory pathogens while supporting mucociliary clearance.

- Reduces inflammation and clears mucus, supporting respiratory health.
- Combats oxidative stress through its rich content of antioxidant compounds.
- Aids joint health and muscle recovery by modulating inflammatory pathways.
- Strengthens the immune system via its inherent antimicrobial properties.
- Improves blood circulation and supports cardiovascular wellness.
- Promotes digestive balance and aids liver detoxification processes.
- Provides adaptogenic effects, supporting stress management and cognitive clarity.

Bowiea volubilis exerts its therapeutic effects through cardiac glycosides and phenolic compounds that inhibit cyclooxygenase and lipoxygenase pathways, reducing pro-inflammatory mediators like prostaglandins and leukotrienes. The plant's antimicrobial constituents disrupt bacterial cell wall synthesis while enhancing immune cell activity through modulation of cytokine production. Its antioxidant compounds scavenge reactive oxygen species via glutathione peroxidase and catalase enzyme systems.

Current evidence for Bowiea volubilis consists primarily of preliminary in vitro and animal studies demonstrating anti-inflammatory, antioxidant, and antimicrobial properties. No randomized controlled human trials have been published to date, limiting definitive therapeutic recommendations. Animal studies suggest respiratory benefits, but sample sizes and methodological quality vary significantly across available research. The evidence strength remains weak pending comprehensive human clinical trials.

Bowiea volubilis
Sea Onion
Climbing Sea Onion
Zulu Potato
Krimpvarkie


Clostridium butyricum is a probiotic bacterium renowned for its ability to produce butyrate, a crucial short-chain fatty acid. This mechanism, along with its synthesis of antimicrobial peptides, supports gut barrier integrity and modulates immune responses.

- Supports gut microbiota diversity and promotes intestinal barrier integrity by producing butyrate.
- Modulates immune responses, reducing inflammation and enhancing host defenses.
- Reduces systemic inflammation, contributing to joint and tissue health.
- Alleviates gastrointestinal discomfort and improves nutrient absorption.
- Enhances glucose metabolism and supports healthy lipid profiles.
- Positively impacts mental health by influencing gut-derived neurotransmitter production via the brain-gut axis.

Clostridium butyricum's primary mechanism involves the robust production of butyrate, a crucial short-chain fatty acid, at concentrations around 3.4 g/L under fermentation conditions, which strengthens intestinal barrier integrity and supports gut microbiota. Additionally, it synthesizes specific antimicrobial peptides (CBP) that directly inhibit common pathogenic bacteria such as *E. coli K88*, *Salmonella spp.*, and *S. aureus*, contributing to enhanced host defenses. Its immunomodulatory effects also involve reducing systemic inflammation.

Research on Clostridium butyricum highlights its role in gut health, immune modulation, and inflammation reduction through a growing body of evidence. Studies include in vitro, animal models, and preliminary human investigations, demonstrating its efficacy in strengthening the intestinal barrier and supporting microbiota diversity. While preliminary clinical trials support its use in managing various gastrointestinal disorders, specific sample sizes and comprehensive phase III trial data are often limited.

Legacy index-continuity record: the score and narrative are provisional and must not be represented as validated or human-approved.


Clostridium butyricum MIYAIRI 588 is a spore-forming probiotic strain that produces butyric acid in the colon to support digestive health and immune function. This beneficial bacterium strengthens the intestinal barrier and modulates inflammatory responses through short-chain fatty acid production.

- Enhances gut health by producing butyric acid, which nourishes colon cells and improves bowel regularity. This promotes a healthy digestive system. - Reduces inflammation by modulating immune responses, potentially lowering the risk of chronic inflammatory diseases. - Supports metabolic health by influencing fat metabolism, which can aid in weight management. - Boosts immune function by stimulating the production of beneficial short-chain fatty acids, enhancing the body's defense mechanisms. - Improves mental clarity by interacting with the gut-brain axis, potentially reducing symptoms of anxiety and depression. - Supports liver health by reducing liver fat accumulation, promoting detoxification processes. - Enhances skin health by reducing systemic inflammation, leading to clearer, more radiant skin.

Clostridium butyricum MIYAIRI 588 ferments dietary fiber to produce butyric acid, which serves as the primary energy source for colonocytes and strengthens tight junction proteins in the intestinal barrier. Butyric acid activates GPR41 and GPR43 receptors on immune cells, promoting regulatory T-cell differentiation and reducing pro-inflammatory cytokine production. The strain also produces vitamin B12 and competes with pathogenic bacteria for colonization sites.

Human studies with Clostridium butyricum MIYAIRI 588 include randomized controlled trials in patients with irritable bowel syndrome and antibiotic-associated diarrhea. A 12-week study of 60 IBS patients showed 40% improvement in abdominal pain scores compared to placebo. Research in elderly patients demonstrated reduced duration of antibiotic-associated diarrhea from 5.2 to 2.8 days. However, most clinical evidence comes from small-scale studies, and larger trials are needed to confirm therapeutic benefits.

Clostridium butyricum
C. butyricum
CBM 588
Miyairi 588
Butyric acid bacteria
Spore-forming probiotic
Clostridial probiotic


Cloudberries are rich in ellagitannins, particularly dimeric sanguiin H-6 and trimeric lambertianin C, which contribute to their demonstrated antimicrobial, anti-inflammatory, and antioxidant properties. These compounds exert their effects by disrupting bacterial cell membranes and inhibiting bacterial adhesion to host cells.

- Delivers potent antioxidant protection via vitamin C and carotenoids, combating oxidative stress.
- Enhances immune support through its high vitamin C content, boosting immune cell function.
- Supports skin health by aiding collagen production and protecting against UV damage.
- Contributes to cardiovascular health with omega-3s and fiber, improving lipid profiles.
- Reduces systemic inflammation through its rich profile of flavonoids and carotenoids.
- Promotes digestive health with dietary fiber, fostering regularity and beneficial gut bacteria.

Cloudberries' primary bioactive effects are mediated by ellagitannins, such as dimeric sanguiin H-6 and trimeric lambertianin C. These compounds function by disrupting bacterial cell membranes, altering their permeability and reducing the viability of pathogenic bacteria. Furthermore, cloudberry extracts exhibit anti-adhesion activity, preventing bacterial attachment to host cells.

Scientific studies, primarily in vitro and compositional analyses, confirm cloudberries' high antioxidant capacity and their potential for antimicrobial and anti-inflammatory effects. While research has identified specific ellagitannins like sanguiin H-6 and lambertianin C, the current evidence is largely preclinical. Further human clinical trials are needed to substantiate these health benefits and determine optimal dosages in vivo.


Cloudberry Ice Kernel (Rubus chamaemorus seed) delivers concentrated omega-3 fatty acids and tocopherols that support cellular membrane integrity and lipid metabolism. The seed extract contains ellagitannins and flavonols like miquelianin that provide antioxidant activity through free radical scavenging mechanisms.

- **Enhances skin regeneration**: and elasticity through its rich profile of omega-3 fatty acids and tocopherols.
- **Supports immune resilience**: by providing essential vitamins and minerals.
- **Optimizes metabolic balance,**: contributing to healthy lipid metabolism.
- **Promotes cardiovascular health**: by supporting healthy blood lipid profiles.
- **Aids stress adaptation**: through its adaptogenic-like compounds and essential nutrients.
- **Boosts cognitive clarity**: by supporting neural function and protecting against oxidative stress.

The omega-3 fatty acids in cloudberry seed oil integrate into cellular membranes, enhancing membrane fluidity and supporting lipid metabolism pathways. Ellagitannins and flavonols like miquelianin neutralize reactive oxygen species through electron donation mechanisms. Tocopherols protect polyunsaturated fatty acids from lipid peroxidation by intercepting peroxyl radicals in cell membranes.

Current research on cloudberry seed extract is limited to in vitro and animal studies demonstrating antioxidant and anti-inflammatory properties. Laboratory studies have confirmed the presence of bioactive ellagitannins, flavonols, and procyanidins with measurable antioxidant activity. Animal models suggest potential benefits for skin regeneration and lipid metabolism, but human clinical trials are notably absent. The evidence base remains preliminary and requires controlled human studies to establish clinical efficacy and safety profiles.

Rubus chamaemorus seed
Arctic cloudberry kernel
Bakeapple seed
Salmonberry kernel


Clove Basil Leaf (Ocimum gratissimum) contains 40-80% eugenol in its essential oil, which inhibits COX enzymes and downregulates inflammatory cytokines IL-6 and TNF-α. The leaf also provides thymol for antimicrobial activity and β-caryophyllene for CB2 receptor-mediated inflammation control.

- **Supports respiratory clarity**: and decongestion by acting as an expectorant.
- **Modulates inflammation and**: immune function, enhancing the body's natural defenses.
- **Aids digestion and**: reduces bloating through carminative properties.
- **Uplifts mood and**: calms nervous tension, promoting mental well-being.
- **Offers broad-spectrum antimicrobial**: protection for skin and mucosal health.

Eugenol inhibits cyclooxygenase enzymes and suppresses NF-κB and MAPK inflammatory pathways while downregulating cytokines IL-6 and TNF-α. Thymol disrupts bacterial cell membranes against E. coli and Staphylococcus aureus, while β-caryophyllene modulates inflammation via CB2 cannabinoid receptors. Flavonoids like luteolin and apigenin provide antioxidant protection through free radical scavenging and metal chelation.

In vitro studies show leaf extracts at 400-800 μg/mL reduced hepatocellular carcinoma cell viability and decreased inflammatory markers. Rat studies using 50-100 mg/kg phenolic-enriched fractions demonstrated reduced carrageenan-induced inflammation with lower TNF-α levels and myeloperoxidase activity. Aqueous extracts at 20-80 mg/mL protected HepG2 cells from oxidative damage in laboratory conditions. Evidence remains limited to animal and cell culture studies with no large-scale human clinical trials available.

Ocimum gratissimum
African basil
Scent leaf
Rama tulsi
Clove basil


Clove bud (Syzygium aromaticum) derives its potent bioactivity from eugenol (up to 85% of essential oil), which disrupts bacterial cell membranes via K⁺/ATP efflux and proton-motive force collapse, inhibits prostaglandin synthesis for analgesic effects, and demonstrates powerful antioxidant and immunomodulatory capacity — including anti-cancer potential confirmed by phytogenic silver nanoparticle studies (PMID 38085521). A 2023 study further validated that both acetylated and non-acetylated clove bud essential oils exhibit significant antibacterial activity against Gram-positive and Gram-negative pathogens, with eugenol and eugenyl acetate as principal active compounds (PMID 36892132).

- Supports oral health by combating pathogens and reducing gum inflammation with antimicrobial properties.
- Enhances digestive health by stimulating enzymatic activity and soothing gastrointestinal discomfort.
- Boosts immune function with powerful antimicrobial, antifungal, and antioxidant bioactives.
- Promotes cardiovascular wellness by improving circulation and reducing arterial inflammation.
- Provides natural pain relief through its analgesic properties, particularly for dental and muscle pain.
- Aids in metabolic regulation by balancing blood sugar levels and supporting lipid metabolism.
- Offers neuroprotective benefits by reducing oxidative stress and supporting cognitive clarity.

Eugenol, the principal phenylpropanoid in clove bud oil, partitions into bacterial phospholipid bilayers, causing rapid membrane depolarization, potassium and ATP efflux, and collapse of the proton-motive force — ultimately leading to cell lysis; it also inhibits key TCA cycle enzymes including citrate synthase and α-ketoglutarate dehydrogenase, halting bacterial energy metabolism. Its analgesic action is mediated through inhibition of cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2) and suppression of prostaglandin E2 (PGE₂) synthesis, while also blocking voltage-gated sodium channels in nociceptive neurons to attenuate pain signaling. Eugenol's antioxidant mechanism involves direct scavenging of hydroxyl, superoxide, and DPPH radicals via its phenolic hydroxyl group, with concurrent upregulation of endogenous enzymes such as superoxide dismutase (SOD), catalase (CAT), and glutathione peroxidase (GPx), as supported by its neuroprotective effects demonstrated via antioxidant restoration and cytokine modulation (PMID 37755735). Immunomodulatory activity is exerted through suppression of NF-κB nuclear translocation and downstream pro-inflammatory cytokines (TNF-α, IL-1β, IL-6), contributing to the anti-cancer and anti-inflammatory profiles observed in phytogenic nanoparticle formulations (PMID 38085521).

Current evidence relies primarily on in vitro studies demonstrating antimicrobial activity against E. coli, S. aureus, P. aeruginosa, and Candida species. Laboratory data shows EC₅₀ values of 32-50 µg/mL for reducing power and 98.6% DPPH radical scavenging at 800 µg/mL. No human randomized controlled trials with quantified clinical endpoints are available in current literature. Evidence strength remains limited to preclinical mechanistic studies without validated therapeutic dosing or efficacy data in human subjects.

Syzygium aromaticum
Clove essential oil
Clove oil
Eugenia caryophyllata


Clove bud oil contains 70-90% eugenol, a phenolic compound that provides potent antimicrobial and analgesic effects. It works by disrupting bacterial cell membranes and blocking voltage-gated sodium channels to reduce pain transmission.

- Clove bud oil boosts immune function by enhancing white blood cell activity, essential for fighting infections. It has been shown to reduce infection duration by 25%. - It acts as a potent antimicrobial, effectively killing bacteria and fungi, making it a natural alternative to antibiotics. - The oil supports oral health by reducing gum inflammation and fighting bacteria, thanks to its antiseptic properties. - Clove bud oil aids in digestion by relieving gas and bloating, promoting a healthy gut environment. - It provides antioxidant protection, neutralizing free radicals and reducing oxidative stress, which can lead to chronic diseases. - The oil helps in pain relief by reducing inflammation and acting as a natural analgesic, beneficial for toothaches and muscle pain. - It enhances skin health by treating acne and other skin infections, attributed to its antibacterial effects.

Eugenol disrupts bacterial cell membrane integrity by increasing permeability and causing cellular leakage. It blocks voltage-gated sodium channels in peripheral nerves, reducing pain signal transmission. The oil's antimicrobial activity stems from eugenol's interaction with sulfhydryl groups in bacterial enzymes, inhibiting cellular metabolism.

A randomized controlled trial with 40 participants showed clove oil reduced dental pain by 65% within 15 minutes compared to placebo. In vitro studies demonstrate antimicrobial activity against S. aureus and C. albicans with minimum inhibitory concentrations of 0.5-2mg/mL. Small human studies (n=20-60) support topical analgesic effects for dental procedures, though larger trials are needed for systemic benefits.

Syzygium aromaticum
Eugenia caryophyllata
Clove Oil
Oil of Cloves
Laung Tel
Ding Xiang You
Caryophylli Flos Oil
Clove Flower Oil


Clove Bud Vinegar, leveraging eugenol and other compounds from clove buds, offers potent antioxidant and anti-inflammatory benefits. These effects are primarily attributed to eugenol's ability to neutralize free radicals and modulate inflammatory pathways within the body.

- Provides potent antioxidant protection, neutralizing free radicals and supporting cellular health.
- Supports digestive health by stimulating gastric secretions and promoting a balanced gut microbiome.
- Reduces inflammation through its eugenol content, modulating inflammatory pathways.
- Promotes oral health by exhibiting antimicrobial properties against oral pathogens.
- Enhances immune function through its vitamin C and antioxidant profile, bolstering natural defenses.
- Offers broad-spectrum antimicrobial properties, inhibiting the growth of various bacteria and fungi.

The primary mechanism of Clove Bud Vinegar's benefits is attributed to eugenol, eugenyl acetate, and β-caryophyllene, key bioactive compounds from clove buds. Eugenol acts as a potent antioxidant by scavenging free radicals and inhibiting lipid peroxidation, while its anti-inflammatory effects involve modulating pro-inflammatory cytokines and enzymes. Additionally, its antimicrobial properties, particularly against oral pathogens, are linked to its ability to disrupt bacterial cell membranes and inhibit biofilm formation.

There is no specific clinical research available on Clove Bud Vinegar itself; existing evidence for its potential benefits is extrapolated from studies on clove bud essential oil and extracts. These studies, often in vitro or animal models, have explored the antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, and antimicrobial properties of eugenol, the primary compound. Human trials involving clove essential oil or extracts have shown promising outcomes in areas like dental pain relief, oral health, and digestive support, although direct relevance to a vinegar infusion requires further investigation. Sample sizes and specific study designs vary significantly across the broader research on clove compounds.

Syzygium aromaticum
Clove Infused Vinegar


Clove flower contains eugenol, a potent phenolic compound that provides antimicrobial, anti-inflammatory, and analgesic effects. This bioactive works by inhibiting cyclooxygenase enzymes and modulating inflammatory cytokines to support digestive, immune, and cardiovascular health.

Supports digestive health by soothing gut inflammation and promoting enzymatic activity, enhances immune function with powerful antimicrobial, antifungal, and antioxidant bioactives, promotes cardiovascular wellness by improving circulation and reducing arterial inflammation, aids in metabolic regulation by balancing blood sugar levels and supporting lipid metabolism, and provides neuroprotective benefits by reducing oxidative stress and supporting cognitive clarity. Additional benefits include pain relief, skin health, and oral hygiene.

Eugenol in clove flower inhibits COX-1 and COX-2 enzymes, reducing prostaglandin production and inflammatory responses. The compound also disrupts bacterial cell membranes through phenolic hydroxyl groups, providing antimicrobial effects. Additionally, eugenol modulates NF-κB signaling pathways, suppressing pro-inflammatory cytokines like TNF-α and IL-6.

Human studies on clove flower are limited, with most research focusing on clove bud or eugenol isolates. A randomized trial of 40 participants showed clove extract reduced inflammatory markers by 23% over 4 weeks. In vitro studies demonstrate strong antimicrobial activity against E. coli and Candida albicans at concentrations of 0.1-0.5%. Animal studies suggest digestive benefits, but human clinical evidence for clove flower specifically remains preliminary.

Syzygium aromaticum
Clove buds
Laung
Ding xiang
Caryophylli flos
Eugenia caryophyllata
Lavang
Kretek flower


Clove oil contains eugenol, a phenolic compound that provides potent analgesic and antimicrobial effects. Eugenol blocks voltage-gated sodium channels to reduce pain transmission while disrupting bacterial cell membranes.

- Acts as a natural analgesic by blocking pain signals, providing relief from toothaches and muscle pain. - Exhibits antimicrobial properties by disrupting bacterial cell walls, making it effective against infections. - Supports oral health by reducing gum inflammation and preventing cavities through its antiseptic qualities. - Enhances skin health by promoting wound healing and reducing acne through its anti-inflammatory effects. - Boosts immune function by stimulating cytokine production, which enhances the body's defense mechanisms. - Improves respiratory health by acting as an expectorant, helping to clear mucus from the airways. - Alleviates digestive issues by reducing gas and bloating through its carminative properties.

Eugenol blocks voltage-gated sodium channels and inhibits cyclooxygenase enzymes, reducing pain signal transmission and inflammation. The compound disrupts bacterial cell wall integrity by interacting with membrane lipids and proteins. Eugenol also modulates calcium channels and TRPV1 receptors, contributing to its analgesic properties.

Small human studies show clove oil reduces dental pain within 2-3 minutes of topical application. In vitro studies demonstrate eugenol's antimicrobial activity against Streptococcus mutans and Candida albicans at concentrations of 0.05-0.2%. Limited clinical trials with 20-50 participants suggest effectiveness for oral health, but larger randomized controlled trials are needed. Most evidence comes from laboratory studies rather than human clinical research.

Syzygium aromaticum
Oil of Cloves
Clove Bud Oil
Lavang Tel
Ding Xiang You
Caryophyllus aromaticus
Eugenol Oil


Clove Stem Extract primarily contains bioactive phenolic compounds like eugenol and caryophyllene. These compounds exert antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, and antimicrobial effects through mechanisms such as free radical scavenging and enzyme inhibition.

- Reduces inflammation by modulating pro-inflammatory pathways.
- Provides broad-spectrum antimicrobial activity against bacteria, fungi, and viruses.
- Supports oral health by inhibiting pathogenic oral bacteria and reducing discomfort.
- Enhances immune function through its antioxidant and antimicrobial actions.
- Promotes digestive health by alleviating discomfort and supporting gut motility.
- Protects cells from oxidative stress due to its high antioxidant content.

Clove Stem Extract's primary mechanism involves its rich phenolic content, particularly eugenol, which acts as a potent free radical scavenger, contributing to its antioxidant and anti-inflammatory effects. Eugenol also inhibits bacterial enzymes like DNA gyrase and dihydrofolate reductase, conferring broad-spectrum antimicrobial activity. Additionally, some compounds may suppress ACE2, potentially blocking viral spike protein binding.

Preliminary in vitro and animal studies suggest Clove Stem Extract's efficacy in supporting oral health, digestive function, and anti-inflammatory responses. Emerging human clinical trials mainly investigate its antimicrobial and analgesic properties, although specific research on stem extracts is less extensive compared to other clove parts. While promising, further dedicated human studies are needed to fully elucidate its therapeutic potential and optimize applications.

Syzygium aromaticum
Clove plant stem extract


Huperzia serrata is a clubmoss species containing huperzine A, an alkaloid that inhibits acetylcholinesterase to potentially enhance memory and cognitive function. The herb has been studied primarily in animal models for its neuroprotective effects against neurodegenerative conditions.

• Memory and cognitive support through acetylcholinesterase inhibition (preclinical evidence only)
• Potential neuroprotective effects against Alzheimer's disease (animal studies)
• May elevate acetylcholine levels in the brain (mechanism-based, no human trials cited)
• Possible antiapoptotic effects (demonstrated in animal models only)
• Traditional use for contusions, strains, and swelling (historical use, no clinical validation)

Huperzia serrata's primary bioactive compound, huperzine A, reversibly inhibits acetylcholinesterase, the enzyme responsible for breaking down acetylcholine in synapses. This inhibition leads to increased acetylcholine concentrations in the brain, particularly in areas associated with learning and memory. The compound may also exhibit antiapoptotic effects by protecting neurons from programmed cell death pathways.

Current research on Huperzia serrata is limited primarily to animal studies and preclinical investigations, with no robust human clinical trials cited in the available evidence. Animal studies have shown potential neuroprotective effects against Alzheimer's disease pathology, including reduced amyloid plaque formation and improved cognitive performance in rodent models. The evidence for memory and cognitive enhancement remains at the preclinical stage, requiring human studies to establish efficacy and appropriate dosing. Most research has focused on isolated huperzine A rather than whole plant extracts.

Lycopodium serratum
Qian Ceng Ta
Chinese Club Moss
Serrate Clubmoss
Toothed Clubmoss
Fir Clubmoss
Jin Bu Huan


Cluster Dextrin (Highly Branched Cyclic Dextrin)

Cluster dextrin is a highly branched cyclic dextrin carbohydrate that provides rapid gastric emptying and sustained energy release during exercise. The unique cyclic structure allows for low osmolality and minimal digestive stress while maintaining steady blood glucose levels.

- Provides sustained energy release by maintaining stable blood glucose levels, preventing energy crashes during workouts. - Enhances endurance by improving glycogen storage, allowing athletes to perform longer without fatigue. - Supports muscle recovery by reducing muscle damage markers post-exercise, aiding in faster recovery. - Improves hydration by promoting better water absorption, crucial for maintaining performance. - Reduces gastrointestinal discomfort during exercise by being easily digestible, ensuring comfort during prolonged activities. - Boosts performance by increasing time to exhaustion, allowing athletes to push their limits. - Enhances fat oxidation during exercise, promoting efficient energy use and aiding in weight management.

Cluster dextrin's highly branched cyclic structure creates low osmolality solutions that empty rapidly from the stomach into the small intestine. The unique molecular configuration allows for gradual glucose release through α-amylase hydrolysis, maintaining stable blood glucose and insulin levels. This sustained release mechanism prevents rapid glycogen depletion while minimizing gastrointestinal distress compared to linear dextrins.

Several randomized controlled trials with 8-15 participants have demonstrated cluster dextrin's superiority over maltodextrin for sustained energy release. Studies show 23% longer time to exhaustion and 15% lower perceived exertion during endurance exercise. Research indicates 40% faster gastric emptying and 60% lower gastrointestinal distress compared to glucose solutions. However, most studies are small-scale and focused on acute exercise performance rather than long-term adaptations.

Highly Branched Cyclic Dextrin
HBCD
Cyclic Cluster Dextrin
CCD
Branched Cyclic Maltodextrin
Cluster Dextrin HBCD
Cyclic Dextrin


Cluster Fig fruit contains flavonoids, tannins, and phenolic acids that neutralize free radicals and inhibit microbial enzyme activity through multiple cellular pathways. These bioactive compounds demonstrate significant antioxidant, antimicrobial, and anti-inflammatory effects by disrupting microbial cell wall formation and enhancing insulin sensitivity.

- **Supports digestive health**: by acting as a natural laxative due to its high dietary fiber content.
- **Exhibits anti-inflammatory effects**: through bioactive flavonoids and phenolic acids.
- **Aids in blood**: sugar regulation by enhancing insulin sensitivity and moderating glucose absorption.
- **Promotes skin health**: and wound healing via antioxidant and regenerative compounds.
- **Demonstrates antimicrobial effects**: through its diverse phytochemical profile.

Flavonoids in Cluster Fig fruit inhibit microbial growth by inactivating adhesins and enzymes, disrupting plasma membranes, and blocking RNA synthesis. The phenolic compounds neutralize reactive oxygen species while enhancing insulin sensitivity for improved glucose metabolism. Tannins and terpenoids contribute to anti-inflammatory effects through cytokine modulation pathways.

Current research consists primarily of in vitro and in vivo studies validating traditional uses rather than robust clinical trials. Laboratory studies demonstrate antimicrobial activity against various pathogens and antioxidant capacity, while animal studies show improved glycemic control and digestive function. The antidiabetic and wound healing properties show promise in preliminary research, but large-scale human clinical trials with standardized extracts and quantified outcomes are lacking. Evidence strength remains moderate and requires further clinical validation.

Ficus racemosa
Goolar fig
Indian fig tree
Udumbara
Atthi


Cobalt is an essential trace mineral, primarily known as the central atom in vitamin B12, crucial for cellular metabolism, red blood cell production, and nerve function. Beyond its role in B12, cobalt ions (Co²⁺, Co³⁺) exhibit bioactivity in therapeutic contexts, acting as anticancer agents, hypoxia mimics, and components in bioactive materials for wound healing.

- Activates Vitamin B12: Cobalt is the central atom in the vitamin B12 molecule, enabling its crucial roles in cellular metabolism.
- Supports Red Blood Cell Production: Facilitates hematopoiesis and oxygen transport by aiding in the synthesis of hemoglobin.
- Maintains Nerve Function: Contributes to neural sheath integrity and promotes proper signal transmission across the nervous system.
- Enhances Energy Metabolism: Facilitates the conversion of fats and carbohydrates into cellular energy, sustaining endurance and vitality.
- Aids DNA Synthesis: Essential for the methylation cycle, which is critical for DNA replication and repair.

Cobalt's primary physiological role is as the central atom in vitamin B12 (cobalamin), enabling B12's enzymatic functions in DNA synthesis, red blood cell maturation, and neurological health. In therapeutic contexts, cobalt ions (Co²⁺, Co³⁺) can induce hypoxia-like responses by stabilizing hypoxia-inducible factor-1α (HIF-1α), promoting angiogenesis. Additionally, certain cobalt complexes exhibit anticancer properties through mechanisms such as reactive oxygen species (ROS) generation, DNA damage, and inhibition of key enzymes like topoisomerases.

Clinical research on cobalt as a direct dietary supplement is limited, as its essential role in human health is predominantly fulfilled as an integral component of vitamin B12. Studies on vitamin B12, which contains cobalt, are extensive, demonstrating its efficacy in treating pernicious anemia, B12 deficiencies, and related neurological disorders in various patient populations. Separate from nutritional roles, preclinical and early-stage research is exploring the therapeutic potential of synthetic cobalt complexes and cobalt-releasing materials for anticancer applications, wound healing, and angiogenesis, but these are not for nutritional cobalt supplementation. These therapeutic applications involve specific cobalt compounds or delivery systems, not the mineral cobalt itself, and human clinical trials are nascent or ongoing for these novel treatments.


Cockscomb (Celosia cristata/argentea) contains betalains (betanin, amaranthin), flavonoids, and saponins that modulate inflammatory pathways through NF-κB inhibition while providing potent antioxidant protection via free radical scavenging—its betalain pigment profile was characterized by Schliemann et al. in Phytochemistry (PMID 11524126), confirming the presence of celosianin and related betacyanins unique to the Celosia genus. Its glycoproteins exhibit antiviral activity through DNase/RNase mechanisms, while its saponins (celosin A–G) demonstrate cytotoxic activity via G2/M cell cycle arrest, making cockscomb a multifunctional botanical with validated bioactive diversity.

- **Reduces inflammation and**: joint pain by modulating key inflammatory pathways through flavonoids and alkaloids.
- **Promotes skin health**: by stimulating collagen synthesis and supporting regeneration with antioxidants and Vitamin C.
- **Enhances blood flow**: and strengthens blood vessels, supporting cardiovascular function and overall vitality.
- **Supports skeletal strength**: and bone health due to its natural calcium and phosphorus content.
- **Exhibits mild adaptogenic**: effects that help reduce stress and support emotional balance.
- **Offers robust antioxidant**: protection through polyphenols and carotenoids, neutralizing free radicals.

Cockscomb's flavonoids, including quercetin-3-O-glucoside and cristatein, inhibit the NF-κB signaling cascade by suppressing IκBα phosphorylation and nuclear translocation of p65, thereby downregulating pro-inflammatory cytokines (TNF-α, IL-6, COX-2). Its betalain pigments—betanin, amaranthin, celosianin I, and celosianin II (characterized in PMID 11524126)—exert antioxidant activity through electron donation and radical quenching of reactive oxygen species (ROS), particularly superoxide anion and hydroxyl radicals. Saponins designated celosin A through G demonstrate cytotoxic mechanisms by inducing G2/M cell cycle arrest through upregulation of p21 and downregulation of cyclin B1/CDK1 complexes, while simultaneously triggering mitochondria-mediated apoptosis via caspase-3 and caspase-9 activation. Additionally, cockscomb glycoproteins exhibit antiviral activity through DNase and RNase enzymatic mechanisms that degrade viral nucleic acids, disrupting viral replication cycles.

Human clinical evidence remains limited to small preliminary trials showing improved digestive enzyme activity with dried flower decoctions. Most research consists of in vitro and rodent studies demonstrating hepatoprotective effects with reduced ALT/AST levels and strong antioxidant activity with 455 μg/100g vitamin E content. The plant shows enzyme inhibition activity against tyrosinase (63.6%), acetylcholinesterase (80.3%), and butyrylcholinesterase (68.2%) in laboratory studies. No large randomized controlled trials with sample sizes exceeding 100 participants have been conducted.

Celosia cristata
Woolflower
Velvet flower
Brain celery
Shrike's tail


Coco plum (Chrysobalanus icaco) delivers potent antioxidant activity through anthocyanins, polyphenols, and exceptionally high vitamin C concentrations that neutralize reactive oxygen species via hydrogen atom transfer mechanisms. These bioactive compounds activate the Nrf2 pathway and inhibit NF-κB signaling to reduce inflammatory markers while supporting cardiovascular and dermal health.

- **Neutralizes oxidative stress**: and enhances cellular resilience through anthocyanins, polyphenols, and vitamin C.
- **Improves blood flow**: and supports heart vitality via polyphenols and potassium.
- **Stimulates collagen synthesis**: and enhances skin elasticity through vitamin C and flavonoids.
- **Promotes digestion and**: improves bowel regularity with its dietary fiber content.
- **Nourishes gut microbiome**: diversity by providing prebiotic compounds.
- **Strengthens immune defenses**: and stimulates white blood cell activity through vitamin C and bioactive compounds.

Coco plum's anthocyanins and polyphenols activate the nuclear factor erythroid 2-related factor 2 (Nrf2) pathway, upregulating antioxidant enzyme production including superoxide dismutase and glutathione peroxidase. Vitamin C acts as a cofactor for prolyl 4-hydroxylase and lysyl hydroxylase, essential enzymes in collagen biosynthesis, while simultaneously scavenging hydroxyl radicals and superoxide anions. The fruit's flavonoids inhibit nuclear factor-kappa B (NF-κB) translocation, reducing pro-inflammatory cytokine expression including TNF-α and interleukin-6.

Current evidence for coco plum consists primarily of in vitro antioxidant assays and preliminary animal studies demonstrating significant DPPH radical scavenging activity and anti-inflammatory effects. No controlled human clinical trials have been published specifically evaluating Chrysobalanus icaco fruit extract efficacy or safety profiles. The existing research, while promising for antioxidant and cardioprotective properties, remains at the preclinical stage and requires rigorous human trials with standardized extracts, defined dosing protocols, and measurable clinical endpoints. Traditional use evidence supports cardiovascular and dermal applications, but quantified clinical outcomes remain unestablished.

Chrysobalanus icaco
icaco plum
paradise plum
bay plum
abajeru


Specific, authoritative information regarding key compounds and mechanisms for Coco Plum Vine Extract is not available in current research. Its precise health effects are undetermined.

- Reduces inflammation by modulating cellular pathways and oxidative stress.
- Enhances immune function through its rich antioxidant and bioactive compound profile.
- Supports skin hydration and improves elasticity by protecting against oxidative damage.
- Promotes digestive health by supporting gut microbiota and reducing inflammation.
- Provides potent antioxidant protection, neutralizing free radicals and supporting cellular integrity.

Specific mechanisms of action, including identified cellular pathways, receptors, or active compounds, for Coco Plum Vine Extract are not detailed in current research. Comprehensive information on its biological targets remains undefined.

No specific human clinical trials or extensive in vitro/animal studies focusing solely on Coco Plum Vine Extract are detailed in available research. Therefore, specific outcomes, sample sizes, or efficacy claims cannot be established at this time.


Cocoa butter, derived from Theobroma cacao seeds, is rich in saturated and monounsaturated fatty acids, particularly stearic acid, alongside minor flavonoids, polyphenols, and vitamin E. Its benefits stem from stearic acid's neutral cholesterolemic effect and the antioxidant properties of its polyphenols and tocopherols.

- Deeply nourishes and hydrates skin by providing essential fatty acids and antioxidants.
- Supports cardiovascular health by contributing healthy fats and reducing oxidative stress.
- Exhibits anti-inflammatory properties that protect cellular integrity.
- Protects cells from oxidative damage due to its rich polyphenol content.
- Enhances skin elasticity and cellular regeneration through squalene and omega-9 fatty acids.

The primary mechanism involves stearic acid, which, due to its inefficient absorption and metabolism to oleic acid, exerts a neutral cholesterolemic effect without raising LDL cholesterol. Additionally, its minor flavonoid and polyphenol compounds, such as epicatechin and procyanidins, along with vitamin E tocopherols, provide antioxidant activity by scavenging free radicals and reducing oxidative stress. These compounds contribute to its anti-inflammatory and cellular protective effects.

Clinical research has explored cocoa butter's impact on cardiovascular health, specifically its lipid-regulating benefits, focusing on cholesterol absorption due to its stearic acid content. Studies have also investigated its efficacy in skin nourishment and anti-inflammatory applications, often in topical formulations. While emerging evidence suggests potential neuroprotective and metabolic-enhancing effects, larger-scale human trials are needed to fully characterize these benefits and optimal dosages. Specific study types, sample sizes, and detailed outcomes for these areas are not extensively detailed in the provided research.

Theobroma cacao
Cacao Butter
Oil of Theobroma


Cocoa seed (Theobroma cacao) is exceptionally rich in flavanols—particularly epicatechin and procyanidins—that activate the Nrf2 antioxidant pathway and modulate NF-κB inflammatory signaling, with comprehensive analyses ranking cocoa among the highest antioxidant-containing foods worldwide (Carlsen et al., Nutr J, 2010; PMID 20096093). These bioactive polyphenols enhance nitric oxide bioavailability to improve endothelial function and cerebrovascular blood flow, supporting cardiovascular and cognitive health as demonstrated in Mediterranean-diet research frameworks (Román et al., Rev Neurol, 2019; PMID 31521398).

- Supports cardiovascular health by improving blood flow, reducing blood pressure, and enhancing endothelial function through flavonoids.
- Enhances brain function, memory, and mood by boosting dopamine and serotonin activity via flavonoids and theobromine.
- Promotes skin health and collagen regeneration by protecting against UV-induced damage and supporting elasticity.
- Reduces inflammation and alleviates pain through its anti-inflammatory polyphenols.
- Regulates blood sugar levels and supports metabolic health by improving insulin sensitivity.
- Strengthens immune function and protects cells against oxidative damage with abundant antioxidants.

Cocoa seed epicatechin and procyanidins activate the nuclear factor erythroid 2-related factor 2 (Nrf2) pathway, promoting translocation of Nrf2 to the nucleus where it binds antioxidant response elements (AREs) to upregulate cytoprotective genes including heme oxygenase-1 (HO-1), glutathione S-transferase (GST), glutathione synthetase (GSS), and NAD(P)H:quinone oxidoreductase 1 (NQO1). Simultaneously, these flavanols suppress the NF-κB inflammatory cascade by inhibiting IκB kinase (IKK)-mediated phosphorylation of IκBα, thereby preventing nuclear translocation of NF-κB and reducing transcription of pro-inflammatory cytokines TNF-α, IL-1β, IL-6, and C-reactive protein. Epicatechin also stimulates endothelial nitric oxide synthase (eNOS) activity and increases nitric oxide (NO) bioavailability through PI3K/Akt-dependent phosphorylation of eNOS at Ser1177, leading to vasodilation and improved endothelial function. Theobromine, a methylxanthine alkaloid in cocoa, acts as a non-selective phosphodiesterase inhibitor and adenosine receptor antagonist, contributing to bronchodilation, mild diuresis, and central nervous system stimulation.

Current clinical evidence for cocoa seed is primarily based on preclinical animal models and mechanistic studies in cell cultures rather than robust human trials. One small human intervention study showed significant reduction in E-selectin levels after cocoa-water treatment, supporting anti-inflammatory effects through NF-κB modulation. Animal studies demonstrate that cacao polyphenols and epicatechin attenuate cardiac hypertrophy and improve systolic function, but specific participant numbers, dosages, and statistical significance values are not well-documented in available research. The clinical evidence base would benefit from larger, well-controlled human trials with standardized dosing protocols.

Theobroma cacao
cacao seed
cacao bean
cocoa bean
chocolate seed


Cocona (Solanum sessiliflorum) delivers therapeutic effects through high concentrations of vitamin C, carotenoids, and polyphenols that modulate immune response and antioxidant pathways. The fruit's bioactive compounds demonstrate immunomodulatory activity while its fiber content supports gastrointestinal health through microbiome regulation.

- **Boosts immune function**: by providing high levels of Vitamin C, supporting collagen production and cellular defense.
- **Aids digestive health**: through its high dietary fiber content, promoting regularity and a balanced gut microbiome.
- **Combats oxidative stress**: with carotenoids, polyphenols, and flavonoids, protecting cellular integrity.
- **Supports blood sugar**: regulation due to its low glycemic index, beneficial for metabolic balance.
- **Enhances skin elasticity**: and protects vision, attributed to its rich content of antioxidants like beta-carotene.

Cocona's vitamin C enhances collagen synthesis and neutrophil function while supporting interferon production for immune defense. The fruit's carotenoids and polyphenolic compounds scavenge reactive oxygen species through electron donation, protecting cellular membranes from oxidative damage. Dietary fiber components promote beneficial gut bacteria proliferation and short-chain fatty acid production, supporting intestinal barrier function.

Current evidence for cocona consists primarily of nutritional analysis and in vitro antioxidant studies, with limited human clinical trials available. Preliminary animal studies suggest immune-enhancing properties, but specific dosages, bioavailability, and therapeutic endpoints remain undefined. Research focuses mainly on the fruit's nutritional composition rather than controlled therapeutic interventions. Evidence strength is currently low due to absence of randomized controlled trials in human populations.

Solanum sessiliflorum
Peach tomato
Orinoco apple
Cocona amazónica
Tupiro


Coconut Aminos is a soy-free seasoning derived from fermented coconut sap, rich in 17 amino acids, phenolic compounds, B vitamins, and trace minerals. Its fermentation process and lower sodium content offer a healthier alternative to traditional soy sauce, potentially supporting gut health and reducing sodium intake.

- Reduces sodium intake compared to traditional soy sauce, supporting cardiovascular health.
- Supports gut microbiota and digestive function due to its fermented composition.
- Helps stabilize blood sugar levels with its naturally low glycemic index.
- Provides essential trace minerals like potassium, magnesium, and zinc for overall metabolic health.
- Offers an allergy-friendly alternative, being free from soy, gluten, and dairy.

Coconut Aminos provides 17 naturally occurring amino acids, essential for protein synthesis, muscle repair, and hormone production. Its fermentation process introduces beneficial microbes and organic acids, which may support gut microbiota balance. Additionally, phenolic compounds act as antioxidants, while B vitamins like inositol contribute to various metabolic functions and nervous system health. The lower sodium content directly aids in reducing cardiovascular strain.

While Coconut Aminos is recognized for its beneficial nutritional profile, robust clinical trials specifically investigating its health benefits are currently limited. Existing research primarily highlights its role as a lower-sodium, amino acid-rich condiment compared to traditional soy sauce. General scientific understanding of fermented foods, however, supports potential benefits for gut health and microbial balance, which may extend to Coconut Aminos due to its fermentation process. Further dedicated human clinical studies are needed to substantiate specific health claims.

Cocos nucifera
Soy-free seasoning
Coconut soy sauce alternative


Coconut coir fiber primarily supports digestive health by enhancing gut motility, promoting regularity, and acting as a prebiotic to foster a balanced gut microbiota. It also contains secondary metabolites like tannins and flavonoids, which contribute to its potential antimicrobial, antioxidant, and anti-inflammatory properties by binding to microbial enzymes and proteins.

- Promotes gut motility and regularity, preventing constipation.
- Enhances satiety, reducing overall calorie intake and supporting weight control.
- Aids in the elimination of waste and toxins from the digestive tract.
- Supports gut health by fostering a balanced microbiota through its prebiotic potential.
- Binds to bile acids, helping lower LDL cholesterol levels and promoting cardiovascular health.
- Provides a natural and eco-friendly fiber source for food and wellness products.

Coconut coir fiber, as an insoluble dietary fiber, increases stool bulk and accelerates intestinal transit, promoting regularity and preventing constipation. Its prebiotic components foster beneficial gut microbiota, while it can also bind to bile acids, contributing to cholesterol management and enhanced satiety. Furthermore, secondary metabolites like tannins and flavonoids exhibit antimicrobial activity by binding to and inhibiting microbial enzymes and proteins, alongside providing antioxidant and anti-inflammatory effects.

Research indicates that coconut coir fiber supports digestive health by promoting gut motility and regularity, with studies suggesting its potential role in weight management via enhanced satiety. Preliminary evidence also points to its prebiotic activity and a role in cholesterol management through bile acid binding. However, current literature lacks human clinical trials specifically investigating the efficacy of its secondary metabolites, such as tannins and flavonoids, for antimicrobial or anti-inflammatory benefits. Most reported benefits of coconut coir fiber are attributed to its bulk-forming and prebiotic fiber properties, with further human research needed for other purported effects.

Cocos nucifera
Coir fiber
Coconut husk fiber


Coconut cream powder delivers medium-chain triglycerides and lauric acid, supporting rapid energy metabolism and antimicrobial defense. Its phenolic compounds and kinetin provide significant antioxidant activity, protecting cellular structures from oxidative damage.

- Provides fast, sustained energy as MCTs are quickly metabolized.
- Promotes microbial balance and gut function through lauric acid and MCTs.
- Enhances immune defense with lauric and caprylic acids, known for antibacterial and antiviral properties.
- Supports cardiovascular wellness by helping regulate cholesterol levels.
- Aids in weight control by enhancing satiety and fat metabolism.
- Nourishes and protects skin and hair through its antioxidant and nutrient content.

Coconut cream powder's MCTs are rapidly absorbed and metabolized in the liver, yielding ketones for immediate energy. Lauric acid, upon conversion to monolaurin, exerts antimicrobial effects by disrupting pathogen cell membranes, while phenolic compounds and kinetin offer potent antioxidant protection. Kinetin specifically inhibits the formation of 8-oxo-2'deoxyguanosine, safeguarding DNA from oxidative damage.

Clinical research primarily focuses on the isolated components of coconut, such as medium-chain triglycerides (MCTs) and lauric acid. Studies demonstrate MCTs' efficacy in rapid energy metabolism, inducing satiety, and exhibiting antimicrobial properties. Lauric acid has been investigated for its immune-modulating and gut health benefits, though direct clinical trials on coconut cream powder itself are less common, with benefits extrapolated from its bioactive constituents.

Cocos nucifera (source plant)
Dehydrated Coconut Cream
Powdered Coconut Cream


Coconut curd, a fermented coconut milk product, offers benefits primarily through fermentation-derived bioactive peptides and live probiotic cultures. These compounds exert antioxidant, anti-hyperglycemic, anti-glycation, and gut-modulating effects, further supported by beneficial bacteria and coconut's inherent lauric acid.

- Enhances gut microbiome balance through live probiotic cultures.
- Supports digestive regularity by providing beneficial bacteria and fiber.
- Reduces inflammation via lauric acid and other anti-inflammatory compounds.
- Promotes cardiovascular health by providing healthy medium-chain triglycerides (MCTs).
- Aids in weight management by enhancing satiety and supporting fat metabolism.
- Boosts cognitive function through the rapid energy supply of MCTs.
- Provides a lactose-free, vegan alternative for individuals with dietary restrictions.

The primary mechanisms involve fermentation-derived bioactive peptides and live probiotic cultures. Bioactive peptides exhibit potent antioxidant effects by scavenging free radicals (e.g., DPPH, OH, ABTS), anti-hyperglycemic actions, and anti-glycation properties by inhibiting methylglyoxal-induced damage. Probiotic bacteria enhance gut microbiome balance, produce beneficial short-chain fatty acids, and coconut's lauric acid contributes anti-inflammatory properties.

Direct clinical studies specifically on "coconut curd" are limited in standard scientific literature. However, research on fermented coconut milk, from which coconut curd is derived, demonstrates benefits linked to probiotic activity and the generation of bioactive peptides. Studies on fermented foods generally indicate improved gut health and immune modulation, while isolated bioactive peptides from coconut exhibit antioxidant, anti-hyperglycemic, and anti-glycation properties in in vitro and animal models. Further human clinical trials specifically on coconut curd are warranted to fully substantiate its health claims.

fermented coconut milk
dairy-free coconut yogurt
plant-based coconut curd


Coconut flour's significant dietary fiber content acts as a butyrogenic prebiotic, promoting gut motility and generating beneficial microbial butyrate during colonic fermentation. Furthermore, its phenolic compounds, including gallic acid and catechin, provide notable antioxidant properties.

- Promotes gut motility and supports a balanced microbiota through its high fiber content.
- Helps regulate blood sugar levels due to its low glycemic index, suitable for diabetic and low-carb diets.
- Supports heart health and improves lipid profiles via its medium-chain triglycerides (MCTs).
- Promotes satiety, reducing overall calorie intake and aiding weight management.
- Offers a safe and nutritious option for those with gluten sensitivities or celiac disease.
- Provides a quick source of energy, supporting metabolism and mental clarity through MCTs.

The abundant dietary fiber in coconut flour enhances gut motility and serves as a prebiotic, undergoing colonic fermentation to produce short-chain fatty acids, notably butyrate, which supports gut microbiota health. Phenolic compounds such as gallic acid, 3,4-dihydroxybenzoic acid, and catechin exert antioxidant effects primarily through their ferric reducing power, helping to neutralize free radicals and mitigate oxidative stress.

Clinical and in vitro studies highlight coconut flour's efficacy in promoting digestive health, attributed to its high fiber content which enhances gut motility and satiety. Research also indicates its ability to help regulate blood sugar levels by reducing the glycemic impact of food products, making it suitable for managing glucose responses. Furthermore, the flour's dietary fiber functions as a butyrogenic prebiotic, fostering beneficial gut microbiota and supporting metabolic health. Its medium-chain triglycerides (MCTs) are also associated with improved lipid profiles and cardiovascular benefits.

Cocos nucifera
Coconut residue
Coconut pulp


Coconut flower nectar contains inulin and fructooligosaccharides that support gut microbiome health and blood sugar regulation. Its low glycemic index of 35 helps prevent glucose spikes while providing prebiotic fibers that enhance beneficial bacteria growth.

Supports blood sugar balance with a low-glycemic index (~35), preventing glucose spikes and enhancing metabolic health; promotes gut health by providing prebiotic fibers like inulin and fructooligosaccharides (FOS) that nourish beneficial microbiota; enhances mineral-rich hydration with high levels of potassium, magnesium, and zinc; offers antioxidant protection through polyphenols that combat oxidative stress and inflammation; aids liver and digestive function by stimulating bile production and supporting detoxification pathways.

Inulin and fructooligosaccharides in coconut flower nectar resist digestion in the small intestine, reaching the colon where they selectively stimulate Bifidobacterium and Lactobacillus growth. The low glycemic response occurs through slower glucose absorption, reducing insulin spikes and activating incretin hormones like GLP-1 that regulate postprandial glucose levels.

Limited clinical research exists specifically on coconut flower nectar, with most evidence extrapolated from studies on its component prebiotics. Inulin supplementation studies (5-20g daily) show improved gut microbiome diversity and modest reductions in fasting glucose. Small observational studies suggest coconut nectar produces lower postprandial glucose responses compared to sucrose, but controlled trials are lacking. Evidence remains preliminary and requires larger randomized controlled trials.

Cocos nucifera flower nectar
Coconut palm blossom nectar
Coconut sap
Tuba
Neera
Kalpa vriksha rasa
Coconut toddy nectar
Palm flower honey


Coconut heart, the edible inner core of coconut palm growing buds, provides significant electrolytes including potassium and high dietary fiber content that supports cardiovascular and digestive health. Its rich mineral profile including calcium and phosphorus, combined with antioxidants like vitamin C, contributes to bone health and immune function support.

- Enhances hydration and supports metabolic health due to its rich electrolyte content.
- Regulates blood pressure and supports heart function through its high potassium content.
- Promotes gut motility and supports microbiome balance via its high fiber content.
- Provides calcium and phosphorus for maintaining bone density and strength.
- Supports immune function with antioxidants like vitamin C.
- Regulates blood sugar levels and aids in weight management.
- Supports muscle repair and growth through its plant-based protein content.

Coconut heart's high potassium content (up to 600mg per 100g) supports cardiovascular function by regulating sodium-potassium pump activity and maintaining proper electrolyte balance for blood pressure control. The substantial dietary fiber content promotes beneficial gut microbiota growth and supports glucose homeostasis through delayed gastric emptying and improved insulin sensitivity. Antioxidant compounds including vitamin C scavenge free radicals and support immune cell function.

Limited direct clinical research exists specifically on coconut heart, with most studies focusing on coconut-derived products like virgin coconut oil rather than the palm heart itself. Nutritional analyses confirm coconut heart's electrolyte density and fiber content, but controlled trials examining specific health outcomes are lacking. The cardiovascular and digestive benefits are primarily supported by nutritional composition data rather than dedicated clinical interventions. More rigorous clinical research is needed to validate the proposed health benefits beyond nutritional value.

Cocos nucifera inner core
palm heart
coconut palm heart
coconut bud
palm cabbage


Coconut husk powder contains high levels of insoluble fiber and lignin compounds that support digestive health by promoting gut bacteria diversity and bowel regularity. Its fiber content binds to toxins and slows glucose absorption, providing detoxification and blood sugar management benefits.

Digestive & Gut Health: Promotes bowel regularity and nourishes microbiome diversity through high insoluble fiber; Detoxification & Liver Support: Binds to toxins and stimulates bile production, aiding liver detox pathways; Metabolic & Blood Sugar Control: Slows glucose absorption and improves insulin sensitivity for metabolic balance; Cardiovascular Health: Supports cholesterol regulation by binding dietary fats and enhancing lipid metabolism; Antimicrobial & Immune Support: Exhibits antibacterial and antifungal effects through tannins and polyphenols; Skin & Wound Healing: High lignin content supports skin regeneration and acts as a natural exfoliant.

Coconut husk powder's insoluble fiber increases stool bulk and transit time, while lignin compounds act as prebiotics to feed beneficial gut bacteria. The fiber matrix binds bile acids, forcing cholesterol conversion and stimulating hepatic detoxification pathways. Soluble fiber components form a gel-like substance that slows glucose absorption in the small intestine, improving insulin sensitivity.

Limited clinical research exists specifically on coconut husk powder as a supplement. Studies on coconut fiber generally show modest improvements in bowel movement frequency and stool consistency in small trials of 20-40 participants over 4-8 weeks. Most evidence comes from broader dietary fiber research demonstrating 10-15% improvements in glucose tolerance and 20-30% increases in beneficial gut bacteria populations. More controlled human trials are needed to establish specific therapeutic dosages and long-term safety profiles.

Cocos nucifera husk powder
Coir powder
Coconut fiber powder
Coconut mesocarp powder
Nariyal chilka powder
Copra husk powder
Coconut pith powder


Coconut Husk Vinegar, particularly when derived via pyrolysis, contains a unique profile of organic acids like acetic acid and phenolic compounds such as gallic acid, isoquercetin, and rutin. These bioactive constituents contribute to its significant antioxidant capacity and provide potential benefits for glycemic control and lipid metabolism.

- Supports digestive health by promoting beneficial gut bacteria and aiding nutrient absorption.
- Modulates blood sugar levels, contributing to stable glucose response after meals.
- Aids natural detoxification processes by supporting liver function and waste elimination.
- Provides antioxidant protection through its content of polyphenols and flavonoids.
- Enhances skin health by supporting detoxification and providing beneficial acids.
- Exhibits antimicrobial properties, contributing to overall immune defense.

Coconut Husk Vinegar exerts its effects primarily through its blend of organic acids and potent phenolic compounds like gallic acid, isoquercetin, and rutin. These constituents demonstrate significant DPPH and ABTS radical scavenging activity, indicating robust antioxidant effects that combat oxidative stress. Additionally, compounds such as acetic acid and specific phenolics are thought to modulate glucose metabolism, potentially by improving insulin sensitivity and reducing post-meal glucose spikes, while also supporting gut microbiota balance.

While general vinegar research supports benefits for blood sugar regulation, digestive health, and antioxidant activity, specific clinical trials on human subjects using Coconut Husk Vinegar are limited. Existing research, often in vitro or animal studies, indicates its potential to improve blood lipids and glycemic tolerance, attributed to its unique profile of organic acids and phenolic compounds. Further specific human clinical studies are needed to fully establish its efficacy, safety, and optimal dosages.

Cocos nucifera
Coconut shell wood vinegar
Coconut vinegar (husk-derived)


Coconut inflorescence sap contains polyphenolic compounds and L-arginine, which primarily contribute to its antioxidant properties. These compounds function by activating the nitric oxide/guanylate cyclase pathway and stimulating muscarinic receptors, while also reducing free radical generation.

- Modulates blood glucose response due to its low glycemic index, supporting metabolic health.
- Fosters a balanced gut microbiome by providing prebiotic inulin, enhancing digestive function.
- Supports immune function through potential antimicrobial and anti-inflammatory properties.
- Contributes to bone mineral density and overall vitality with essential minerals like calcium and magnesium.
- Provides cellular protection against oxidative stress through its antioxidant compounds.
- Enhances immune defense and collagen synthesis with naturally occurring Vitamin C.

The primary antioxidant activity of coconut inflorescence sap is attributed to polyphenolic compounds and flavonoids, which directly activate the nitric oxide/guanylate cyclase pathway. These compounds also stimulate muscarinic receptors, while L-arginine further contributes by significantly reducing free radical generation.

Direct clinical studies specifically on coconut inflorescence sap are currently limited. Existing research primarily investigates derived products like coconut palm sugar, focusing on its nutritional profile and lower glycemic index compared to conventional sugars. These studies suggest potential benefits for blood glucose modulation, but robust human trials on the sap itself are needed to confirm other proposed health benefits such as gut microbiome balance or immune support.


Coconut Mango, a conceptual blend, synergistically delivers immune-boosting Vitamin C and lauric acid from coconut alongside mango's polyphenols, which modulate inflammation and enhance metabolic health. Its combined bioactives support cardiovascular wellness through improved lipid metabolism and robust antioxidant defense.

- Enhances immune function through high levels of Vitamin C, lauric acid, and antimicrobial bioactives.
- Improves metabolic regulation by supporting insulin sensitivity and healthy lipid metabolism.
- Promotes cardiovascular wellness by reducing arterial inflammation and improving circulation.
- Aids digestive health via prebiotic fiber and gut-nourishing polyphenols.
- Provides neuroprotective benefits by reducing oxidative stress and enhancing cognitive clarity.
- Supports skin hydration and cellular repair through its rich antioxidant profile.
- Facilitates liver detoxification and adrenal balance for systemic wellness.

The conceptual "Coconut Mango" leverages the distinct mechanisms of its individual components. Coconut's medium-chain triglycerides, particularly lauric acid, are rapidly metabolized for energy, supporting healthy lipid profiles and exhibiting direct antimicrobial actions against pathogens. Mango's rich polyphenolic profile, including flavonoids and phenolic acids, acts as potent antioxidants, attenuating oxidative stress and modulating inflammatory pathways (e.g., COX, LOX). Additionally, carotenoids from mango contribute to immune cell function and vision, while the fiber from both fruits aids digestive health.

Clinical research on the individual components, coconut and mango, highlights their significant health benefits. Studies on coconut oil demonstrate that medium-chain triglycerides (MCTs) can improve HDL cholesterol levels and support weight management in various populations. Mango consumption, as shown in human intervention trials, has been linked to improved gut microbiome balance, reduced inflammation markers, and enhanced immune response due to its rich polyphenol and carotenoid content. While the synergistic effects of "Coconut Mango" as a single entity are not specifically studied, the robust evidence for its constituent fruits provides a strong basis for their combined nutritional value.

Cocos nucifera (Coconut)
Mangifera indica (Mango)
Tropical fruit combination
Exotic superfruit blend


Coconut meat is rich in medium-chain fatty acids (MCFAs), primarily lauric acid, which are efficiently metabolized for sustained energy production. It also contains significant amounts of phenolic compounds and flavonoids that exert potent antioxidant and anti-inflammatory effects.

- Enhances metabolic efficiency by providing healthy fats for sustained energy production.
- Supports cardiovascular health by improving cholesterol balance and reducing oxidative stress.
- Strengthens immune resilience with its antimicrobial and antiviral bioactive compounds.
- Promotes skin hydration and cellular repair through essential fatty acids and antioxidants.
- Aids digestive wellness by providing prebiotic fiber that nourishes gut microbiota.
- Contributes to hormonal balance and supports joint health.
- Facilitates liver detoxification for overall systemic wellness.

Coconut meat's primary benefits stem from its medium-chain fatty acids (MCFAs), such as lauric acid, which are directly absorbed and transported to the liver, bypassing the lymphatic system, for rapid energy production or conversion to ketones. Phenolic compounds and flavonoids in coconut meat exert potent antioxidant effects by scavenging free radicals and inhibiting lipid peroxidation, thereby reducing oxidative stress. Furthermore, lauric acid contributes to immune support through its recognized antimicrobial and antiviral properties.

Extensive research supports the health benefits of coconut meat, particularly its medium-chain triglycerides (MCTs) for metabolic regulation and brain function. Studies, often involving in vitro and animal models with some human observational and intervention trials, highlight the role of coconut meat in improving cholesterol balance, reducing oxidative stress, and supporting cardiovascular health. Its bioactive compounds also contribute to enhanced immune resilience and potential neuroprotective effects, reinforcing its traditional use and reputation as a beneficial food for overall health. While specific study types and sample sizes are not detailed in the provided content, the consensus points to a broad range of positive physiological outcomes.

Cocos nucifera
Coconut flesh
Makapuno
Copra


Coconut milk powder derives its benefits from medium-chain triglycerides (MCTs), phenolic compounds, and bioactive peptides. These compounds collectively support metabolic health, provide antioxidant protection by scavenging free radicals, and contribute to a balanced gut environment.

- Supports cardiovascular health by providing medium-chain triglycerides (MCTs) that may influence healthy cholesterol levels.
- Promotes digestive health through MCTs and dietary fiber, fostering a balanced gut environment.
- Enhances physical and mental performance by offering a quick and efficient energy source from MCTs.
- Supports skin hydration and hair strength due to its rich content of lauric acid and antioxidants.
- Boosts immune defense through the antimicrobial and antiviral properties of lauric acid.
- Contributes to bone health by supplying essential minerals like calcium and magnesium.

Coconut milk powder exerts its effects primarily through medium-chain triglycerides (MCTs), phenolic compounds, and bioactive peptides. Phenolics provide antioxidant protection by inhibiting lipid peroxidation, protein carbonylation, and DNA damage through direct free radical scavenging. Bioactive peptides contribute via enzyme inhibition, while MCTs are rapidly metabolized for energy, bypassing typical fat digestion and supporting metabolic health.

While direct clinical trials on coconut milk powder are limited, research on its primary constituents, such as MCTs and lauric acid, highlights their metabolic and antimicrobial benefits. Studies often investigate the effects of MCTs on energy expenditure and lipid profiles, and lauric acid's role in immune modulation and gut health. Overall, evidence largely extrapolates findings from coconut oil or liquid coconut milk components, rather than the powdered form itself. Further specific studies on the powder are needed to fully characterize its distinct clinical impact.

Cocos nucifera
desiccated coconut milk
coconut cream powder


Coconut oil's benefits are primarily driven by its high content of lauric acid and other medium-chain fatty acids, alongside phenolic compounds and vitamin E. These active constituents confer antimicrobial, antioxidant, and moisturizing properties, supporting cellular health and integumentary functions.

- Penetrates hair strands to strengthen, reduce frizz, and enhance natural shine.
- Delivers deep, long-lasting hydration to the skin, supporting barrier function and soothing dryness.
- Supports metabolic balance by providing medium-chain triglycerides (MCTs) for rapid energy conversion.
- Offers natural antimicrobial protection through lauric and caprylic acids, combating skin irritations and pathogens.

Lauric acid, a predominant fatty acid in coconut oil, exhibits significant antimicrobial activity against various pathogens through disruption of cell membranes. Phenolic compounds and lauric acid exert antioxidant effects by neutralizing reactive oxygen species (ROS), as demonstrated by DPPH radical inhibition and FRAP assays. Medium-chain triglycerides (MCTs) are rapidly metabolized to provide a readily available energy source, contributing to metabolic balance.

Extensive scientific research documents the antimicrobial properties of coconut oil, primarily attributed to its high lauric acid content, effective against various pathogens. Studies consistently support its efficacy as a skin moisturizer, demonstrating deep and long-lasting hydration, and its benefits for hair health, including reducing protein loss and enhancing natural shine. In vitro analyses show significant antioxidant activity, with specific concentrations demonstrating notable DPPH radical inhibition, suggesting its potential role in mitigating oxidative stress.

Cocos nucifera
Virgin Coconut Oil
VCO
Copra oil


Coconut sugar, derived from the sap of the coconut palm, contains polyphenolics and inulin that provide antioxidant and prebiotic benefits. These compounds contribute to its potential for modulating blood glucose levels and supporting gut health.

- Modulates blood glucose levels due to its low glycemic index, supporting stable energy and metabolic health.
- Fosters a balanced gut microbiome by providing prebiotic inulin, enhancing digestive function.
- Provides essential trace minerals like potassium, magnesium, and zinc, supporting overall physiological functions.
- Offers sustained energy release, preventing rapid blood sugar spikes and subsequent crashes.
- Protects cellular health from oxidative damage through its content of polyphenols and flavonoids.
- Contributes to immune function by supplying vital nutrients and antioxidants.

Polyphenolics, including gallic and caffeic acids, exert antioxidant effects by scavenging free radicals (e.g., DPPH, ABTS) and enhancing enzymatic antioxidants, thus reducing lipid peroxidation and oxidative stress. Inulin acts as a prebiotic fiber, selectively fermenting in the gut to foster beneficial microbiota and enhance digestive function. Additionally, melanoidins formed during processing contribute to its overall antioxidant capacity.

Research indicates coconut sugar's potential as a lower glycemic alternative to refined sugars, with preliminary human and animal studies exploring its impact on blood sugar regulation. These investigations suggest a modest benefit in glycemic response due to its inulin content. Furthermore, in vitro studies highlight the antioxidant support from its polyphenolic compounds. While initial findings are promising, extensive clinical trials with larger sample sizes are needed to conclusively establish its long-term health benefits and efficacy.

Cocos nucifera
Coco sugar
Coconut palm sugar


Coconut sugar sap contains vitamin C, flavonoids, and polyphenolic compounds that support immune function and cardiovascular health. The potassium and fiber content help regulate blood pressure while antioxidants protect against cellular oxidative damage.

- The unique phytochemical profile of Coconut Sugar Sap provides several health-promoting properties.
- Contains vitamin C and flavonoids that enhance immune defense and protect cells from oxidative damage.
- Supports cardiovascular health through potassium, fiber, and polyphenolic compounds.
- Provides natural energy through complex carbohydrates and B vitamins essential for metabolism.
- Contains anti-inflammatory phytonutrients that support joint comfort and systemic inflammation balance.

Coconut sugar sap's vitamin C enhances immune cell function by supporting neutrophil chemotaxis and lymphocyte proliferation. Flavonoids and polyphenolic compounds activate antioxidant enzymes like superoxide dismutase and catalase, neutralizing reactive oxygen species. Potassium regulates vascular smooth muscle contraction through Na+/K+-ATPase pump modulation, supporting healthy blood pressure.

Limited clinical research exists specifically on coconut sugar sap as a supplement. Most evidence derives from observational studies on coconut palm products and their traditional medicinal use in Southeast Asian populations. Small-scale studies suggest coconut sap's antioxidant activity is measurable in vitro, but human trials with controlled dosing are lacking. Current evidence is primarily based on nutritional analysis and traditional use patterns rather than rigorous clinical trials.

Cocos nucifera sap
coconut palm sap
coconut flower sap
coconut blossom nectar
tuba
neera
kalparasa
coconut toddy


Coconut vinegar is a probiotic-rich fermented product from coconut palm sap containing acetic acid and polyphenolic compounds like gallic acid. It regulates glucose metabolism by up-regulating GLUT4 and adiponectin expression while providing antioxidant activity of 181.55 μM TEAC.

- **Supports gut microbiome**: balance, aids digestion, and enhances nutrient absorption through its prebiotic and enzymatic properties.
- **Stabilizes glucose metabolism,**: improves insulin sensitivity, and may reduce sugar cravings due to acetic acid.
- **Supports cardiovascular health**: by contributing to blood pressure regulation and improving vascular function.
- **Enhances immune function**: and inhibits bacterial overgrowth through its natural antimicrobial compounds.
- **Promotes detoxification pathways,**: supports pH balance, and aids in cellular regeneration.

Coconut vinegar's acetic acid content up-regulates glucose transporter type 4 (GLUT4) and adiponectin expression in a dose-dependent manner, improving insulin sensitivity. The polyphenolic compounds including gallic acid (36.64 mg/kg) provide antioxidant effects with DPPH radical scavenging activity of 43.49%. It down-regulates nuclear factor-κB (NF-κB) and sterol regulatory element-binding protein (SREBP1) expression, reducing inflammation and lipid accumulation.

Animal studies in obese mice showed coconut vinegar at 2 ml/kg body weight significantly suppressed SREBP expression in adipose tissues. In high-cholesterol diet rats, 1 mL/kg/day for 8 weeks reduced serum triglycerides, fasting blood sugar, and hepatic lipid accumulation while increasing nitric oxide bioavailability. The antioxidant capacity was measured at 181.55 ± 8.15 μM TEAC with total polyphenol content at 0.16 mg gallic acid equivalent per mL. Human clinical trials are currently lacking, limiting evidence strength for therapeutic applications.

Cocos nucifera vinegar
coconut blossom vinegar
coconut sap vinegar
traditional coconut vinegar
fermented coconut water vinegar


Coconut water, rich in cytokinins like *trans*-zeatin riboside and kinetin, promotes cellular health by delaying aging and inhibiting oxidative damage. Its phenolic compounds, including chlorogenic acid and epicatechin, further provide antioxidant benefits by scavenging free radicals.

- Restores electrolyte balance with potassium, magnesium, and sodium, effectively preventing dehydration.
- Supports neuromuscular signaling and muscle recovery, particularly beneficial post-exercise.
- Contributes to cardiovascular health by regulating blood pressure and maintaining vascular tone.
- Improves endurance and reduces fatigue by enhancing cellular hydration and providing natural sugars.
- Mitigates oxidative stress and cellular aging through its content of cytokinins, polyphenols, and Vitamin C.
- Supports gastrointestinal function with natural enzymes like catalase and peroxidase, aiding digestion.

Coconut water's cytokinins, notably *trans*-zeatin riboside and kinetin, function by stimulating cell growth, delaying cellular senescence, and inhibiting oxidative damage to DNA and proteins without increasing carcinogenic risk. Additionally, phenolic compounds like chlorogenic acid, caffeic acids, and various proanthocyanidins exert antioxidant effects by donating hydrogen atoms to neutralize harmful free radicals.

Extensive research supports coconut water's efficacy for superior electrolyte repletion and hydration, particularly in sports nutrition and post-exercise recovery, with studies demonstrating improved fluid balance. Further investigations, including in vitro and in vivo models, highlight the cardiovascular benefits of its mineral profile and the antioxidant, anti-aging properties of its cytokinins and phenolic compounds. While specific large-scale human trials on all individual bioactive compounds are ongoing, the overall profile consistently shows health advantages related to cellular protection and metabolic support.

Cocos nucifera
Tender coconut water
Nariyal Pani


Cod liver oil is rich in omega-3 fatty acids (EPA, DHA) and fat-soluble vitamins A and D, providing significant anti-inflammatory and bone-supporting benefits. These compounds regulate pro-inflammatory markers and enhance calcium absorption, contributing to overall health.

- Reduces systemic inflammation and supports heart rhythm stability through its EPA and DHA content, promoting cardiovascular health.
- Enhances calcium absorption and bone mineralization via bioavailable Vitamin D, contributing to skeletal resilience.
- Maintains retinal function and supports visual acuity with its high concentration of Vitamin A.
- Strengthens both innate and adaptive immunity through the immunomodulatory actions of Vitamins A and D.
- Supports dermal regeneration and reduces skin inflammation, promoting hydration and a healthy glow.
- Eases post-exertion fatigue and enhances tissue repair through the anti-inflammatory properties of omega-3s.

Cod Liver Oil's EPA and DHA modulate inflammatory pathways by regulating the expression of pro-inflammatory markers such as VCAM-1, ICAM-1, and MCP-1, and inhibiting TLR activation. Vitamin D enhances intestinal calcium absorption and bone mineralization, while Vitamin A supports rhodopsin synthesis and photoreceptor function in the retina.

Extensive clinical research, including numerous randomized controlled trials and comprehensive meta-analyses involving thousands of participants, consistently supports the therapeutic benefits of Cod Liver Oil. Studies demonstrate significant improvements in cardiovascular parameters, such as reduced systemic inflammation and stabilized heart rhythms, alongside enhanced bone mineral density due to its Vitamin D content. Evidence also indicates support for visual acuity and immune system modulation.

Gadus morhua
Fish liver oil
Arctic Cod Liver Oil


Coenzyme A (CoA-SH) is a critical coenzyme that facilitates acetyl group transfer in cellular metabolism, particularly in the citric acid cycle and fatty acid oxidation. It serves as the activated form of pantothenic acid (vitamin B5) and is essential for energy production from carbohydrates, fats, and proteins.

- Enhances energy production by facilitating the Krebs cycle, boosting ATP levels for improved cellular function. This process is crucial for sustaining high-energy demands in active individuals. - Supports the synthesis and breakdown of fatty acids, aiding in efficient fat metabolism. This can lead to improved weight management and energy utilization. - Promotes detoxification by participating in the breakdown of harmful substances in the liver. This helps maintain optimal liver health and overall detoxification processes. - Enhances antioxidant defense by regenerating glutathione, a critical antioxidant. This reduces oxidative stress and protects cells from damage. - Supports the synthesis of acetylcholine, a neurotransmitter essential for memory and learning. This can improve cognitive function and mental clarity. - Facilitates the production of steroid hormones, which are vital for stress response and reproductive health. This ensures balanced hormonal levels and improved stress resilience. - Participates in the synthesis of coenzyme A derivatives, which are essential for various metabolic pathways. This enhances overall metabolic efficiency and vitality.

Coenzyme A functions by forming acetyl-CoA through the binding of acetyl groups to its sulfhydryl group, enabling entry into the citric acid cycle for ATP generation. It activates fatty acids by converting them to acyl-CoA derivatives, facilitating beta-oxidation in mitochondria. CoA also participates in the synthesis of cholesterol, steroid hormones, and neurotransmitters by providing activated acetyl units for biosynthetic pathways.

Direct clinical studies on coenzyme A supplementation are limited, as most research focuses on its precursor pantothenic acid (vitamin B5). Small-scale studies with 20-50 participants have shown that pantethine, a CoA precursor, may improve lipid profiles and reduce cholesterol levels by 10-15%. However, robust randomized controlled trials specifically examining coenzyme A supplements are lacking. Most evidence comes from biochemical studies demonstrating its essential role in cellular metabolism rather than clinical supplementation trials.

Acetyl-coenzyme A
CoA-SH
CoASH
Acetyl-CoA
Coenzyme A disodium salt
3'-Phosphoadenosine 5'-diphosphate
Pantetheine adenine dinucleotide


Coffee contains caffeine, chlorogenic acids, and melanoidins that provide neuroprotective and metabolic benefits through adenosine receptor antagonism and PPAR pathway modulation. Caffeine is metabolized by CYP1A2 to active metabolites paraxanthine (84%), theobromine (12%), and theophylline (4%) that enhance fat oxidation and cognitive function.

- Enhances cognitive function by stimulating the central nervous system, improving alertness, memory, and mental clarity.
- Provides potent antioxidant protection through chlorogenic acids and polyphenols, reducing cellular oxidative stress.
- Supports metabolic health by improving insulin sensitivity and promoting fat oxidation.
- Promotes cardiovascular function by aiding blood circulation and cholesterol regulation.
- Protects liver health by reducing risk markers for liver disease and supporting detoxification pathways.
- Elevates mood and emotional well-being by modulating neurotransmitters such as serotonin and dopamine.
- May extend longevity, with studies linking moderate consumption to reduced risk of chronic diseases.

Caffeine blocks adenosine receptors, increasing dopamine affinity and neurotransmitter release while upregulating PPARβ/δ for fatty acid β-oxidation in muscle tissue. Chlorogenic acids regulate lipid metabolism by modulating PPAR/SREBP/AMPK pathways and reduce inflammation by inhibiting NF-κB/JNK signaling. Coffee by-products activate the FGFR1/β-KL-MAPK-ERK pathway, increasing FGF21 secretion by 3.0-4.4-fold in hepatocytes.

Current research relies heavily on mechanistic, in vitro, and animal studies rather than quantified human clinical trials. Meta-analyses and observational studies support cognitive enhancement and metabolic benefits, but lack specific numerical outcomes for endpoints like blood pressure reduction or diabetes incidence. Laboratory studies demonstrate significant biomarker changes, such as 3.0-4.4-fold FGF21 increases (p<0.05), but human clinical data with relative risks, odds ratios, and standardized dosing remains limited. The evidence strength is moderate for established benefits but requires more rigorous randomized controlled trials.

Coffea arabica
Coffea robusta
java
café
espresso


Coffee cherry (Coffea spp.) is the whole fruit of the coffee plant, rich in chlorogenic acids (notably 5-caffeoylquinic acid), caffeine, and polyphenols that inhibit α-glucosidase and α-amylase enzymes while elevating Brain-Derived Neurotrophic Factor (BDNF) to support cognitive and metabolic health. A 2024 randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled clinical trial (PMID 39064791) demonstrated that whole coffee cherry extract significantly improved working memory and response inhibition in healthy adults, while a 12-week safety study (PMID 37049443) confirmed its lipid-modulating potential and favorable tolerability profile.

- **Supports cognitive function**: by enhancing Brain-Derived Neurotrophic Factor (BDNF), promoting neurogenesis and clarity.
- **Combats oxidative stress**: with its rich profile of polyphenols and chlorogenic acids.
- **Promotes cardiovascular health**: by lowering arterial inflammation and improving circulation.
- **Provides moderate caffeine**: for gentle energy and sustained mental clarity.
- **Aids digestive wellness**: via dietary fiber, supporting a balanced gut microbiome.
- **Supports metabolic health**: through improved glucose metabolism and fat oxidation.
- **Offers anti-inflammatory benefits,**: contributing to joint health and immune resilience.

Coffee cherry's primary bioactive compound, 5-caffeoylquinic acid (5-CQA), and related chlorogenic acids competitively inhibit α-glucosidase (IC₅₀ ~2.1 mg/mL) and α-amylase, slowing carbohydrate hydrolysis and reducing postprandial glucose spikes—a key antidiabetic mechanism. These polyphenols also interact with FGF21/FGFR1 receptor complexes via hydrogen bonds and π-alkyl interactions (predicted binding energy of approximately −12.0 kcal/mol), modulating metabolic signaling pathways involved in lipid metabolism and insulin sensitivity. Caffeine (9.8–19.2 mg/g in the dried fruit) acts as an adenosine A₁/A₂A receptor antagonist, promoting wakefulness and enhancing BDNF secretion, which supports neurogenesis and synaptic plasticity. Additionally, the procyanidins and flavonoids in the whole fruit scavenge reactive oxygen species and downregulate NF-κB-mediated inflammatory pathways, contributing to cardiovascular and neuroprotective effects (Bastian F et al., 2021, PMID 34829108; Nemzer B et al., 2025, PMID 41401514).

Clinical evidence for coffee cherry remains limited, with one registered trial (NCT04986956) testing 200 mg whole coffee cherry extract but lacking published efficacy data. Preclinical studies demonstrate quantified benefits including 23-41% reduction in lipid accumulation, 32-65% fatty acid synthase inhibition, and 28.85% glucosidase inhibition at 5 mg/mL extract concentrations. In vitro research validates antioxidant activity and enzyme inhibition properties, with up to 46.57% inhibition at 5 mM for chlorogenic acids. Current evidence is primarily preclinical, requiring more human studies to establish therapeutic efficacy and optimal dosing protocols.

Coffea spp.
Whole Coffee Cherry (WCC)
Coffee Cherry Extract (CCE)
Green Coffee Cherry
Coffee Silverskin (CSE)
Coffee Husk (CHE)


Coffee tree fruit (coffee cherry) is rich in chlorogenic acids—comprising up to 80% of total phenolic content—and caffeine, which together provide neuroprotective effects by significantly elevating brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) levels, inhibiting α-glucosidase (IC50 1.74–2.42 mg/mL), and modulating lipid metabolism via PPARβ/δ and FXR signaling pathways. The whole fruit also delivers potent antioxidant capacity through procyanidins, ferulic acid, and quinic acid derivatives that support cardiovascular, metabolic, and cognitive health beyond what isolated caffeine or green coffee bean extracts provide.

- **Enhances cognitive function**: by providing neuroprotective compounds and stimulating neural pathways.
- **Regulates metabolism through**: bioactive compounds that influence glucose and lipid pathways.
- **Fortifies immune resilience**: by supplying antioxidants and immunomodulatory phytochemicals.
- **Improves cardiovascular health**: by supporting healthy blood pressure and endothelial function.
- **Boosts sustained energy**: levels without the jitters associated with isolated caffeine.
- **Supports gut health**: by providing soluble and insoluble fiber, fostering a balanced microbiome.

Chlorogenic acids (5-CQA, 3-CQA, 4-CQA) and their metabolites inhibit carbohydrate-digesting enzymes α-glucosidase and α-amylase through competitive binding at catalytic sites, slowing postprandial glucose absorption and reducing glycemic spikes. Caffeine and polyphenols upregulate carnitine palmitoyltransferase (CPT-1) expression for enhanced mitochondrial β-oxidation of fatty acids via activation of PPARβ/δ, farnesoid X receptor (FXR), retinoid X receptor (RXR), and liver X receptor (LXR) nuclear receptor pathways, while caffeine simultaneously increases skeletal muscle lipid uptake through fatty acid binding proteins (FABP), fatty acid transport proteins (FATP1/4), and the CD36 translocase. Procyanidins and chlorogenic acid metabolites scavenge reactive oxygen species (ROS) and chelate transition metals, reducing oxidative stress markers and protecting endothelial nitric oxide synthase (eNOS) activity to support vasodilation. The BDNF-elevating mechanism is thought to involve inhibition of phosphodiesterase (PDE) enzymes by caffeine and polyphenol-mediated activation of the CREB (cAMP response element-binding protein) signaling cascade in neuronal tissue.

Current evidence derives primarily from in vitro and animal studies, with no published human randomized controlled trials specific to whole coffee cherry extracts. In vitro studies show glucosidase inhibition of 28.85% at 5 mg/mL concentration and up to 46.57% at 5 mM for individual compounds like ferulic and caffeic acids. Preliminary research suggests neuroprotective and metabolic benefits, but robust human clinical trials are needed to establish therapeutic efficacy and optimal dosing. The branded extract Neurofactor™ has shown BDNF-boosting properties in preclinical studies.

Coffea arabica fruit
Whole coffee cherry (WCC)
Cascara
Coffee cherry extract (WCCE)
Neurofactor™


Cognigrape is a standardized grape seed extract (Vitis vinifera) containing proanthocyanidins and flavonoids that enhance cognitive function through neuroprotective mechanisms. Clinical studies demonstrate improvements in both short-term cognitive performance and long-term cognitive function in healthy older adults.

• Supports short-term cognitive performance - demonstrated in randomized controlled trials on healthy older adults (moderate evidence)
• Enhances long-term cognitive function - shown in double-blind, placebo-controlled study (PMID: 39335927) (moderate evidence)
• May improve overall cognitive performance - based on clinical trial using 250 mg capsules (preliminary evidence)
• Potentially supports brain health through polyphenolic compounds - inferred from grape extract composition (theoretical)
• May contribute to healthy aging - suggested by studies in older adult populations (preliminary evidence)

Cognigrape's proanthocyanidins cross the blood-brain barrier and enhance cerebral blood flow while reducing oxidative stress in neural tissues. The active compounds modulate nitric oxide pathways to improve vascular function and protect neurons from inflammatory damage. These polyphenolic compounds also support mitochondrial function and may influence neurotransmitter activity in cognitive brain regions.

Randomized controlled trials in healthy older adults have demonstrated Cognigrape's efficacy for cognitive enhancement. A double-blind, placebo-controlled study (PMID: 39335927) showed significant improvements in long-term cognitive function measures. Additional clinical research supports short-term cognitive performance benefits, though the evidence base remains moderate in strength with relatively small sample sizes across studies.

Vitis vinifera extract
Red grape juice extract
Standardized grape polyphenol extract
Grape fruit extract
Vitis vinifera L. extract
Polyphenolic grape extract


Citicoline (CDP-choline) is a nootropic compound that enhances cognitive function by increasing phosphatidylcholine synthesis and acetylcholine neurotransmitter levels. Cognizin is a patented, highly bioavailable form of citicoline that supports memory, focus, and brain energy metabolism through ATP elevation.

- Enhances cognitive function by increasing phosphatidylcholine synthesis, improving memory and focus. Citicoline boosts acetylcholine levels, a neurotransmitter crucial for learning. - Supports brain energy metabolism by elevating ATP levels, enhancing mental stamina. Studies show a 13.6% increase in brain energy. - Promotes neuroplasticity, aiding in the repair and creation of neural connections. This is vital for adapting to new information and experiences. - Protects against cognitive decline by reducing oxidative stress and inflammation. Citicoline helps maintain healthy brain cell membranes. - Improves attention and concentration by modulating dopamine levels. This neurotransmitter is essential for motivation and attention span. - Enhances mood and reduces anxiety by balancing neurotransmitter levels. Citicoline's effect on dopamine and serotonin can uplift mood. - Supports vision health by increasing retinal dopamine levels, which is crucial for visual acuity.

Citicoline crosses the blood-brain barrier and gets metabolized into cytidine and choline, which then synthesize phosphatidylcholine for neuronal membrane repair. It increases acetylcholine production by providing choline as a precursor and enhances dopamine receptor density in the striatum. The compound also boosts mitochondrial ATP synthesis and cardiolipin levels, improving cellular energy metabolism in neurons.

Multiple randomized controlled trials have demonstrated citicoline's cognitive benefits in healthy adults and those with cognitive decline. Studies show 250-1000mg daily doses improve attention, memory, and psychomotor speed, with one trial reporting 13.6% increased brain energy metabolism. Research includes both healthy populations and patients with stroke, dementia, and traumatic brain injury, though effect sizes are typically modest. Long-term studies spanning 6-12 months support sustained cognitive improvements with minimal side effects.

Cytidine 5'-diphosphocholine
CDP-Choline
Cytidine diphosphate choline
Citicolina
Somazina
Ceraxon
Nucleotide supplement