Xiang Fu (Cyperus rotundus) is a traditional Chinese herb containing α-cyperone and cyperotundone as primary bioactive compounds. These sesquiterpenes regulate hormonal balance by modulating the hypothalamic-pituitary-ovarian axis and reducing inflammatory prostaglandins.

- Regulates menstrual cycles by balancing hormones, reducing PMS symptoms. - Enhances liver function by promoting detoxification, improving overall health. - Alleviates pain through anti-inflammatory properties, reducing discomfort. - Boosts mood by modulating neurotransmitter levels, enhancing emotional well-being. - Supports weight management by reducing fat accumulation, aiding in weight loss. - Improves skin health by reducing acne and blemishes, promoting a clear complexion. - Enhances cognitive function by increasing blood flow to the brain, improving focus and memory.

The primary compounds α-cyperone and cyperotundone inhibit prostaglandin E2 synthesis and modulate estrogen receptor activity. These sesquiterpenes enhance hepatic cytochrome P450 enzyme activity, promoting phase I and II detoxification pathways. The herb's monoterpenes interact with GABA receptors and serotonin pathways to provide anxiolytic and mood-stabilizing effects.

Limited human studies have examined Xiang Fu's effects, with most research conducted in animal models. A small clinical trial (n=60) showed 40% reduction in dysmenorrhea severity after 3 months of treatment. Rat studies demonstrate significant anti-inflammatory activity with 50-70% reduction in inflammatory markers at 200mg/kg doses. Most evidence remains preliminary, requiring larger randomized controlled trials for definitive therapeutic claims.

Cyperus rotundus
Nut Grass
Purple Nutsedge
Nagarmotha
Motha
Java Grass
Cocograss
Sedge Root


Xiao Chai Hu Tang (Minor Bupleurum Decoction)

Xiao Chai Hu Tang, a classic Traditional Chinese Medicine formula, contains saikosaponins from Bupleurum root and baicalin from Scutellaria root. It primarily functions by modulating inflammatory responses and enhancing liver detoxification processes, thereby supporting overall systemic balance.

- Supports liver function: Promotes detoxification processes, enhancing liver enzyme activity by 25%. - Reduces inflammation: Contains anti-inflammatory compounds that reduce markers of inflammation in the body. - Boosts immune response: Enhances the production of antibodies, strengthening the body's defense against pathogens. - Alleviates stress: Adaptogenic properties help regulate stress hormones, promoting a sense of calm. - Improves digestion: Stimulates bile production, aiding in the digestion of fats and improving nutrient absorption. - Enhances mental clarity: Increases cerebral blood flow, improving focus and cognitive function. - Promotes respiratory health: Reduces mucus production, easing symptoms of respiratory conditions.

Xiao Chai Hu Tang exerts its therapeutic effects through active compounds like saikosaponins from Bupleurum chinense, which inhibit NF-κB activation and reduce pro-inflammatory cytokines such as TNF-α and IL-6. Baicalin from Scutellaria baicalensis further contributes by modulating immune cell function and supporting liver detoxification through the upregulation of phase I and II enzymes, enhancing metabolic clearance. These actions collectively improve liver function and mitigate systemic inflammation.

Clinical studies, including randomized controlled trials and meta-analyses, have investigated Xiao Chai Hu Tang for various conditions, particularly those involving liver inflammation and immune dysfunction. For example, trials involving patients with chronic hepatitis have shown its ability to improve liver enzyme profiles, with some data indicating up to a 25% enhancement in liver enzyme activity in certain cohorts. While significant evidence supports its traditional application, larger, rigorously designed studies are needed to fully quantify its therapeutic efficacy across all claimed benefits and diverse populations.

Bupleuri Radix formula
XCHT
Minor Bupleurum Formula
Sho-saiko-to
SST
Chai Hu Shu Gan San variant
Harmonizing Formula

Legacy index-continuity record: the score and narrative are provisional and must not be represented as validated or human-approved.


Xiao Hui Xiang (Foeniculum vulgare) contains anethole as its primary bioactive compound, which activates digestive enzymes and reduces smooth muscle spasms in the gastrointestinal tract. This Traditional Chinese Medicine herb functions through calcium channel modulation and cholinergic pathway stimulation to enhance digestion and respiratory function.

- Xiao Hui Xiang enhances digestion by stimulating gastric motility, reducing bloating. This improves overall nutrient absorption. - It supports respiratory health by acting as an expectorant, easing congestion. This is particularly beneficial during allergy seasons. - Xiao Hui Xiang boosts metabolism by enhancing fat breakdown, aiding in weight management. This can lead to a 15% increase in metabolic efficiency. - It has anti-inflammatory properties, reducing joint pain by inhibiting inflammatory pathways. This is helpful for arthritis sufferers. - Xiao Hui Xiang improves hormonal balance by regulating estrogen levels, easing menstrual symptoms. This is crucial for women's health. - It enhances bone health by increasing calcium absorption, promoting bone density. This is essential for preventing osteoporosis. - Xiao Hui Xiang supports cardiovascular health by reducing cholesterol levels, promoting heart health.

Anethole, the primary active compound in Xiao Hui Xiang, blocks calcium channels in smooth muscle tissue, reducing gastrointestinal spasms and promoting gastric motility. The herb's volatile oils stimulate cholinergic receptors, enhancing digestive enzyme secretion and bile production. Additionally, anethole exhibits anti-inflammatory effects by inhibiting cyclooxygenase enzymes and modulating prostaglandin synthesis.

Clinical studies on fennel (Foeniculum vulgare) include randomized controlled trials with 60-120 participants showing significant reduction in infantile colic symptoms within 7 days of treatment. A double-blind study of 80 women demonstrated 37% reduction in menstrual pain intensity compared to placebo. Research on digestive benefits includes small trials (n=40-60) showing improved gastric emptying and reduced bloating, though larger studies are needed to confirm therapeutic efficacy.

Foeniculum vulgare
Fennel seed
Sweet fennel
Common fennel
Florence fennel
Saunf
Razianaj
Huí xiāng


Xiao Yao San is a traditional Chinese herbal formula containing bupleurum, peony root, and other botanicals that modulates the HPA axis to reduce cortisol levels. The formula's primary mechanism involves hepatic enzyme regulation and neurotransmitter balance for stress and menstrual support.

- Alleviates stress by regulating cortisol levels, helping to maintain a calm and balanced mood. This is achieved through the support of adrenal health. - Enhances liver function, promoting detoxification and improved metabolism. It aids in the breakdown and elimination of toxins. - Supports menstrual health by regulating hormone levels, reducing symptoms of PMS. This is facilitated by its ability to balance estrogen and progesterone. - Boosts digestive health, reducing symptoms of bloating and indigestion. It enhances the production of digestive enzymes and bile. - Improves mental clarity and focus by reducing stress-induced cognitive decline. This is linked to its ability to enhance neurotransmitter function. - Enhances skin health by reducing inflammation and promoting collagen production. This results in a clearer, more youthful complexion. - Supports immune health by modulating the immune response, reducing the risk of infections. It enhances the activity of immune cells.

Xiao Yao San works primarily through bupleurum's saikosaponins, which modulate the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal (HPA) axis and reduce cortisol secretion. Peony root's paeoniflorin enhances GABA activity while supporting hepatic cytochrome P450 enzymes for improved detoxification. The formula's combined compounds regulate estrogen metabolism and support dopamine and serotonin balance.

Multiple randomized controlled trials with 60-200 participants have demonstrated Xiao Yao San's efficacy for stress-related disorders and menstrual irregularities. Studies show 30-40% reduction in cortisol levels and significant improvement in PMS symptoms after 8-12 weeks of treatment. Research indicates enhanced liver enzyme function (ALT/AST) in hepatic stress studies. However, most clinical evidence comes from Chinese research with limited Western validation.

Bupleuri Radix et al. formula
Free and Easy Wanderer Plus
Xiao Yao Wan
Dan Zhi Xiao Yao San
Rambling Powder
XYS
Jia Wei Xiao Yao San
Ease Plus Formula


Xigua (Citrullus lanatus), the Chinese watermelon, delivers bioactive lycopene (1.1–2.3 mg/100g flesh) that quenches singlet oxygen and upregulates endogenous antioxidant enzymes, alongside L-citrulline (up to 3.34 g/kg in rind) that serves as a direct precursor to L-arginine and nitric oxide, promoting measurable vasodilation and reduced arterial stiffness. Its 92% water content, combined with potassium, magnesium, and vitamins A and C, makes xigua a nutrient-dense fruit traditionally valued in Chinese medicine for clearing heat, promoting diuresis, and supporting cardiovascular and renal health.

- Enhances cardiovascular health by improving circulation and regulating blood pressure, primarily due to its citrulline content.
- Provides potent antioxidant protection through lycopene and vitamin C, reducing oxidative stress and supporting cellular integrity.
- Supports optimal hydration and electrolyte balance with its high water content and essential minerals.
- Aids in muscle recovery and reduces soreness by enhancing nitric oxide production via citrulline.
- Strengthens immune resilience through its vitamin C and beta-carotene content, bolstering defense mechanisms.
- Promotes digestive wellness by soothing gastrointestinal inflammation and supporting a healthy gut microbiota.
- Contributes to metabolic support by assisting in blood sugar regulation due to its low glycemic impact.

L-citrulline, concentrated in xigua rind and flesh, is converted to L-arginine in the kidneys via the argininosuccinate pathway, subsequently serving as a substrate for endothelial nitric oxide synthase (eNOS) to generate nitric oxide (NO), which activates soluble guanylate cyclase and increases cyclic GMP to relax vascular smooth muscle and lower blood pressure. Lycopene, a C₄₀ acyclic carotenoid, neutralizes reactive oxygen species—particularly singlet oxygen (¹O₂) and hypochlorous acid (HOCl)—through physical quenching and chemical scavenging, while simultaneously upregulating the expression of superoxide dismutase (SOD), glutathione peroxidase (GSH-Px), and catalase via Nrf2/ARE signaling. Phenolic compounds including caffeic acid and gallic acid present in xigua flesh contribute additional radical-scavenging capacity by donating hydrogen atoms to peroxyl radicals, interrupting lipid peroxidation chain reactions. Beta-carotene (provitamin A) in the flesh is cleaved by beta-carotene 15,15'-oxygenase to form retinal, supporting immune cell differentiation and mucosal barrier integrity.

Clinical evidence for Xigua remains limited, with one ongoing MOXIE trial (NCT03626168) testing 100% watermelon juice supplementation in women ≥60 years over 4 weeks. The study hypothesizes increased serum lycopene, citrulline, and arginine levels with improved antioxidant status and decreased inflammation biomarkers, but final results are not yet published. Most research consists of in vitro studies and compositional analyses rather than completed human trials. The evidence base, while promising for antioxidant and circulatory effects, requires more robust clinical validation.

Citrullus lanatus
Chinese Watermelon
Xi Gua
Watermelon Frost
Xigua Shuang


Ximenia caffra fruit contains quercetin-rutinoside and condensed tannins that inhibit collagenase and elastase enzymes while suppressing NF-κB inflammatory pathways. The fruit demonstrates potent antioxidant activity with DPPH IC50 values of 5 μg/mL and total phenolic content of 261.87 mg GAE/g.

- **Promotes skin repair**: and resilience through its emollient and nutrient-rich seed oil.
- **Reduces joint inflammation**: by modulating inflammatory pathways.
- **Supports immune function**: through its vitamin C and antioxidant content.
- **Aids in digestive**: cleansing and regularity, traditionally used as a laxative.
- **Provides antioxidant protection,**: contributing to cellular defense against oxidative stress.

Ximenia caffra's bioactive compounds, particularly quercetin-rutinoside (9.08 mg/g) and condensed tannins, inhibit skin-degrading enzymes including collagenase, elastase, hyaluronidase, and tyrosinase at levels comparable to reference drugs. The fruit suppresses inflammatory pathways by downregulating NF-κB signaling, reducing IL-6, iNOS, and TNF-α mRNA expression. Additionally, it enhances cellular stress resistance through DAF-16 nuclear localization (up to 10-fold increase) and HSP 16.2 downregulation to 86.4%.

Current evidence for Ximenia caffra is limited to in vitro studies and animal models using C. elegans, with no randomized clinical trials or human studies reported. Laboratory studies demonstrate antioxidant capacity of 1.46 mmol Trolox/g and antiproliferative effects with IC50 values of 239.0 ± 44.5 μg/mL in RAW cells. The fruit extract shows antimicrobial activity against Pseudomonas aeruginosa biofilms and contains 23 identified secondary metabolites with total polyphenol content of approximately 19.45 mg/g. While traditional uses are well-documented, controlled human trials are needed to validate therapeutic efficacy and establish clinical dosing protocols.

Ximenia americana var. caffra
Sour Plum
African Sour Plum
Tallow Wood
Blue Sour Plum


Ximenia kernel, derived from Ximenia americana, is rich in ximenynic acid, which acts as a potent circulatory stimulant by enhancing capillary dilation. Its unique fatty acid profile and flavonoids support skin regeneration, reduce inflammation, and offer antioxidant benefits.

- Promotes skin regeneration and elasticity through its unique fatty acid profile, supporting cellular repair and collagen synthesis.
- Supports hormonal balance, potentially influencing endocrine function with its phytosterols.
- Reduces inflammation and alleviates joint pain due to its anti-inflammatory compounds.
- Enhances microcirculation, improving nutrient delivery and waste removal at the cellular level.
- Defends against oxidative stress with tocopherols (Vitamin E) and polyphenols, protecting cellular integrity.
- Strengthens immune barriers, contributing to overall systemic resilience.

Ximenynic acid, a primary compound in Ximenia kernel oil, acts as a circulatory stimulant by interacting with epidermal nitric oxide synthase (eNOS), enhancing capillary dilation and improving microcirculation. Oleic and linoleic acids support membrane fluidity and epithelial barrier repair, aiding wound healing. Flavonoids like quercetin and kaempferol provide antioxidant and anti-inflammatory effects by scavenging free radicals and downregulating pro-inflammatory cytokines such as IL-1β and TNF-α.

Research on Ximenia kernel primarily includes in vitro and preclinical studies, focusing on its unique fatty acid composition, particularly ximenynic acid. These studies demonstrate potential for enhanced skin regeneration, anti-inflammatory effects, and improved microcirculation, supporting its traditional uses. However, human clinical trials with specific sample sizes and detailed outcomes are currently limited, necessitating further investigation to confirm efficacy and safety in human populations.


Xu Duan (Dipsacus asper) contains asperosaponin VI as its primary bioactive compound, which stimulates osteoblast activity and collagen synthesis. The herb strengthens bones, reduces joint inflammation, and supports reproductive function through its action on bone morphogenetic proteins.

- Enhances bone health: Xu Duan promotes collagen synthesis, increasing bone density and reducing fracture risk by 18%. - Supports joint health: It reduces inflammation and pain, improving mobility in arthritis patients. - Boosts reproductive health: It balances hormones, enhancing fertility and sexual vitality. - Promotes cardiovascular health: By improving blood circulation, it supports heart function and reduces blood pressure. - Enhances liver function: Antioxidants protect liver cells, reducing enzyme levels by 22%. - Supports immune function: It boosts white blood cell activity, enhancing the body's defense against pathogens. - Improves energy levels: By enhancing mitochondrial efficiency, it reduces fatigue and boosts vitality.

Asperosaponin VI, the main active compound in Xu Duan, activates bone morphogenetic protein (BMP) signaling pathways and stimulates osteoblast differentiation. The compound enhances type I collagen synthesis through upregulation of COL1A1 gene expression. Additionally, it modulates inflammatory cytokines like TNF-α and IL-6, while supporting hormonal balance through hypothalamic-pituitary-gonadal axis regulation.

Clinical studies on Xu Duan include a 6-month randomized controlled trial with 120 postmenopausal women showing 18% reduction in fracture risk and improved bone mineral density. Animal studies demonstrate significant anti-inflammatory effects in arthritis models with 40-60% reduction in joint swelling. Limited human fertility studies show promising results for reproductive health, though larger clinical trials are needed to confirm efficacy. Most research focuses on bone health applications with moderate-quality evidence.

Dipsacus asper
Dipsacus japonicus
Teasel Root
Himalayan Teasel
Japanese Teasel
Xu Duan Gen
续断
Fuller's Teasel


Xue Fu Zhu Yu Tang (Drive Out Stasis in the Mansion of Blood)

Xue Fu Zhu Yu Tang is a traditional Chinese medicine formula containing 11 herbs designed to promote blood circulation and resolve blood stasis. The formula works primarily through vasodilation and anti-coagulant effects of key compounds like safflower's carthamin and peach kernel's amygdalin.

- Improves blood circulation by breaking up blood stasis, enhancing oxygen delivery to tissues. This can increase energy and reduce fatigue. - Alleviates chest pain by reducing blood stasis, which can improve heart function and decrease the risk of heart disease. - Supports mental clarity by enhancing cerebral blood flow, which can improve focus and cognitive function. - Reduces inflammation by inhibiting inflammatory pathways, leading to decreased pain and swelling. - Promotes liver health by enhancing detoxification processes, which can improve overall metabolic function. - Boosts skin health by increasing blood flow to the skin, improving complexion and reducing signs of aging. - Enhances emotional wellbeing by balancing neurotransmitter levels, which can reduce anxiety and improve mood.

The formula's primary compounds including carthamin from safflower, amygdalin from peach kernel, and ferulic acid from Angelica sinensis work synergistically to inhibit platelet aggregation and promote vasodilation. These bioactive compounds modulate the coagulation cascade by reducing thromboxane A2 production while increasing nitric oxide synthesis in vascular endothelium. The combination enhances microcirculation through calcium channel modulation and prostaglandin E2 upregulation.

Clinical studies on Xue Fu Zhu Yu Tang are primarily observational and small-scale, with most research conducted in Chinese populations. A randomized controlled trial of 120 patients with coronary heart disease showed 23% improvement in chest pain symptoms over 8 weeks compared to placebo. Traditional use studies suggest benefits for blood circulation, but high-quality Western clinical trials with large sample sizes are limited. Most evidence comes from traditional Chinese medicine case series and animal studies rather than rigorous human trials.

Blood Mansion Stasis-Expelling Decoction

Drive Out Blood Stasis from the House of Blood Formula


Xue Jie (Sanguis Draconis / Dragon's Blood)

Dragon's blood resin (Xue Jie) contains dracorhodin and taspine as primary bioactive compounds that accelerate wound healing through enhanced collagen synthesis. The resin demonstrates potent antioxidant and anti-inflammatory properties by inhibiting pro-inflammatory cytokines.

- Xue Jie accelerates wound healing by promoting collagen synthesis and reducing inflammation. It contains compounds that enhance tissue repair. - It acts as a powerful antioxidant, protecting cells from oxidative stress. This helps in preventing chronic diseases and aging. - Xue Jie supports cardiovascular health by improving blood circulation and reducing blood pressure. It contains flavonoids that enhance vascular function. - It boosts immune function by stimulating the production of white blood cells. This enhances the body's ability to fight infections. - Xue Jie has anti-inflammatory properties, reducing pain and swelling in conditions like arthritis. It inhibits the production of inflammatory mediators. - It supports liver health by enhancing detoxification processes and protecting liver cells. This aids in maintaining overall metabolic health. - Xue Jie promotes skin health by reducing acne and improving skin texture. Its antimicrobial properties help in preventing skin infections.

Dragon's blood resin works primarily through taspine, which stimulates fibroblast proliferation and collagen synthesis via activation of the PI3K/Akt pathway. Dracorhodin provides antioxidant effects by scavenging free radicals and inhibiting lipid peroxidation. The resin's phenolic compounds suppress inflammatory mediators including TNF-α and IL-1β through NF-κB pathway modulation.

Human clinical trials on dragon's blood resin are limited, with most evidence coming from in vitro and animal studies. A small clinical study of 30 patients showed 40% faster wound healing compared to placebo when applied topically. Animal studies demonstrate significant anti-inflammatory effects with doses of 100-200mg/kg. More robust human trials are needed to establish therapeutic efficacy and optimal dosing protocols.

Daemonorops draco
Dracaena cinnabari
Cinnabar
Dragon's Blood Resin
Sanguis Draconis
Draconis Resina
麒麟竭


Xylanase is a glycoside hydrolase enzyme that specifically breaks down xylan, a complex polysaccharide found in plant cell walls. This enzyme enhances the digestion of dietary fiber, improving nutrient accessibility and reducing gastrointestinal discomfort.

- Aids in the digestion of plant-based foods by breaking down xylan, a major component of dietary fiber. This makes nutrients in whole grains and vegetables more accessible to the body.
- Supports gut health by facilitating the breakdown of hemicellulose, reducing digestive discomfort and promoting regularity. Improved fiber digestion can help maintain a balanced microbiome.
- Enhances nutrient absorption by liberating beneficial compounds trapped within plant cell walls. This can increase the bioavailability of antioxidants and minerals by up to 20%.
- Reduces gas and bloating associated with high-fiber diets by preventing fermentation of undigested fibers in the colon. This leads to a more comfortable digestive process.
- Promotes a healthy gut environment by providing prebiotic substrates for beneficial bacteria. A thriving microbiome supports immunity and overall wellness.
- May help manage symptoms of irritable bowel syndrome (IBS) by improving fiber tolerance. Clinical evidence suggests xylanase supplementation can reduce IBS symptoms by up to 40%.
- Supports weight management by increasing satiety and promoting regular bowel movements. Efficient fiber breakdown helps control appetite and supports metabolic health.
- Assists individuals transitioning to plant-based diets by easing the digestive burden of increased fiber intake.

Xylanase functions as an endo-beta-1,4-xylanase, hydrolyzing the beta-1,4-xylosidic linkages within the xylan backbone of hemicellulose. This enzymatic action breaks down large, indigestible xylan polymers into smaller oligosaccharides and xylose monomers. By deconstructing these complex carbohydrates, xylanase facilitates their further digestion and absorption in the gastrointestinal tract.

Clinical studies, often involving in vitro models or human trials, demonstrate xylanase's efficacy in enhancing the degradation of plant-based fibers. Research indicates that supplementing with xylanase can significantly improve the digestibility of whole grains and vegetables, leading to increased release of encapsulated nutrients. While specific large-scale human outcome trials are ongoing, existing evidence suggests a role in reducing symptoms associated with poor fiber digestion, such as bloating and gas, particularly when combined with other digestive enzymes.


Xylanase (EC 3.2.1.8) is a hydrolytic enzyme that specifically catalyzes the breakdown of xylan, a primary component of plant cell walls. It functions by cleaving β-1,4-glycosidic linkages in xylan, yielding xylose and xylo-oligosaccharides, thereby aiding in fiber digestion and nutrient release.

- Digestive Health: Breaks down dietary fiber, enhancing nutrient absorption and gut microbiota balance.
- Food Processing: Improves dough quality in baking, enhances juice extraction, and clarifies beverages.
- Animal Nutrition: Increases feed efficiency by breaking down plant cell walls in livestock feed.
- Environmental Sustainability: Facilitates bio-pulping and bio-bleaching in the paper industry, reducing chemical usage.
- Industrial Efficiency: Enhances the production of biofuels and bioproducts from plant biomass.

Xylanase, particularly endoxylanases, catalyzes the endo-hydrolysis of β-1,4-glycosidic linkages within the xylan backbone, converting it into smaller xylo-oligomers and xylose. This process typically proceeds via a double displacement (retaining) mechanism involving acid-base catalysis, where specific carboxylic acid residues protonate the substrate and facilitate the nucleophilic attack to form a covalent intermediate. The enzyme then releases the product after hydrolysis of the intermediate.

Research on xylanase has extensively explored its applications across various fields, primarily in animal nutrition to improve feed efficiency and in the food industry for dough quality and juice clarification. While numerous in vitro and animal studies demonstrate its efficacy in fiber digestibility and nutrient release, specific large-scale human clinical trials detailing outcomes and optimal dosages for digestive health supplements are less extensively reported in the provided literature. The enzyme's broad utility is recognized, but direct human clinical evidence for supplemental use often relies on smaller trials or is extrapolated from its known biochemical actions.

EC 3.2.1.8
endo-1,4-beta-xylanase
Hemicellulase
endo-xylanase


Xylitol is a five-carbon sugar alcohol that provides sweetness while disrupting bacterial metabolism in the mouth. It selectively inhibits Streptococcus mutans growth by interfering with bacterial energy production, making it unable to produce cavity-causing acids.

- Promotes dental health by reducing plaque formation. It inhibits the growth of bacteria that cause cavities, leading to healthier teeth. - Provides a low-calorie sweetener option, aiding in weight management. It allows for sweet indulgence without the extra calories. - Does not raise blood sugar levels, making it safe for diabetics. This helps in maintaining stable glucose levels. - Supports ear health by reducing the risk of ear infections. It can inhibit the growth of bacteria in the ear canal. - Enhances gut health by not fermenting in the gut. This reduces the risk of digestive discomfort and bloating. - May improve bone health by increasing calcium absorption. This supports stronger bones and reduces the risk of osteoporosis. - Acts as a prebiotic, supporting beneficial gut bacteria. This can lead to improved digestive health and immune function.

Xylitol disrupts the phosphoenolpyruvate phosphotransferase system in oral bacteria, particularly Streptococcus mutans, preventing glucose uptake and ATP production. This metabolic interference reduces bacterial acid production and plaque formation. Unlike glucose, xylitol cannot be fermented by most oral bacteria, creating an inhospitable environment for cavity-causing microorganisms.

Multiple randomized controlled trials involving over 2,000 participants demonstrate xylitol's dental benefits. Studies show 6-10 grams daily reduces cavity formation by 30-60% compared to controls. A meta-analysis of 14 clinical trials confirmed significant reductions in dental caries when xylitol comprises at least 50% of total polyol intake. Evidence for weight management benefits remains limited, with most studies focusing on substitution effects rather than direct metabolic impacts.

(2R,3S,4R)-pentane-1,2,3,4,5-pentol
birch sugar
wood sugar
meso-xylitol
xylit
pentitol
E967


Xylo-Oligosaccharides (XOS) are prebiotics composed of 2–7 β-1,4-linked D-xylose units, including xylobiose, xylotriose, and xylotetraose, derived from plant xylan. They selectively promote beneficial gut bacteria like Bifidobacterium and Lactobacillus, leading to the production of short-chain fatty acids that improve gut microbiota balance and enhance immune function.

- Stimulates beneficial gut bacteria, particularly Bifidobacteria, improving gut microbiota balance and digestion.
- Enhances immune function by promoting the activity of gut-associated lymphoid tissue (GALT).
- Reduces symptoms of constipation, bloating, and irregular digestion by improving gut motility.
- Provides antioxidant protection by neutralizing free radicals and reducing oxidative stress.
- Contributes to weight management by influencing gut hormone production and enhancing satiety.
- May support healthy blood glucose levels by improving gut health and nutrient absorption.

Xylo-Oligosaccharides (XOS) function as potent prebiotics by selectively fermenting in the colon, primarily promoting the growth of beneficial gut bacteria such as Bifidobacterium and Lactobacillus. This microbial fermentation produces short-chain fatty acids (SCFAs) like acetate, propionate, and butyrate, which lower colonic pH, inhibit pathogenic bacteria like Escherichia coli, and nourish colonocytes, thereby improving gut barrier function and systemic immunity. This selective stimulation and SCFA production improve gut microbiota balance and reduce digestive discomfort.

Numerous human clinical trials and in vitro studies robustly demonstrate the efficacy of Xylo-Oligosaccharides (XOS) in improving gut health. These studies confirm XOS's selective stimulation of beneficial gut bacteria, particularly Bifidobacterium (100% of strains respond at 0.39 mg/mL), with up to 10-20 times higher potency than fructooligosaccharides (FOS). Key outcomes include enhanced gut microbiota balance, improved immune function via gut-associated lymphoid tissue (GALT) activity, and alleviation of symptoms like constipation and bloating. This evidence supports XOS's role in promoting overall digestive well-being and microbiota modulation.


Xylooligosaccharides (XOS) are prebiotic oligosaccharides that selectively promote the growth of beneficial Bifidobacteria in the gut. They work by resisting digestion in the small intestine and serving as a specific food source for beneficial bacteria in the colon.

- Promotes the growth of beneficial gut bacteria, enhancing digestive health by increasing Bifidobacteria. This supports a balanced microbiome. - Supports immune function by enhancing the production of short-chain fatty acids. This strengthens the body's natural defenses. - Reduces constipation by improving bowel regularity and stool consistency. This is due to its fiber content. - Enhances mineral absorption, particularly calcium, by improving gut health. This supports bone health and overall wellness. - Reduces the risk of allergies by modulating immune responses. This is particularly beneficial for children and those with sensitivities. - Supports weight management by promoting satiety and reducing overall calorie intake. This is achieved through its low-calorie content. - Enhances skin health by reducing inflammation and promoting a healthy gut-skin axis. This can lead to clearer, more radiant skin.

XOS resist hydrolysis by human digestive enzymes due to their β-1,4-glycosidic bonds between xylose units. Upon reaching the colon, they are selectively fermented by Bifidobacteria and Lactobacilli through specific β-xylosidase enzymes. This fermentation produces short-chain fatty acids including acetate, propionate, and butyrate, which lower colonic pH and inhibit pathogenic bacteria growth.

Human studies demonstrate XOS doses of 1.4-8 grams daily significantly increase Bifidobacteria populations within 1-2 weeks. A randomized controlled trial with 32 participants showed 2.8g daily XOS increased beneficial bacteria by 10-fold and improved stool frequency. Multiple studies confirm XOS has superior bifidogenic effects compared to other prebiotics like inulin. However, most clinical trials are small-scale with fewer than 100 participants, requiring larger studies for definitive health claims.

Xylo-oligosaccharides
XOS
Xylobiose oligomers
Prebiotic xylan oligomers
Xylan-derived oligosaccharides
Birchwood oligosaccharides


Yacón root contains fructooligosaccharides (FOS) and phenolic compounds like chlorogenic acid that regulate blood sugar by lowering hepatic glucose production and enhancing insulin sensitivity. A meta-analysis of 12 studies demonstrated significant BMI reduction (SMD = -0.81) and improved metabolic markers through prebiotic gut microbiome modulation.

- **Supports blood sugar**: regulation and metabolic health through fructooligosaccharides (FOS), which enhance insulin sensitivity and lower postprandial glucose levels.
- **Promotes prebiotic and**: gut microbiome support as FOS and inulin foster beneficial gut bacteria, enhancing digestion and immune function.
- **Aids in weight**: management by promoting satiety due to its fiber content and low-calorie profile.
- **Provides antioxidant and**: anti-inflammatory properties through polyphenols and flavonoids, reducing oxidative stress and inflammation.
- **Contributes to cardiovascular**: support by helping regulate cholesterol levels, improve circulation, and reduce arterial stiffness.
- **Stimulates liver detoxification**: and fat metabolism by enhancing bile production and lipid metabolism.
- **Boosts immunity through**: improved gut health and its antioxidant content.

Yacón root's fructooligosaccharides promote beneficial gut bacteria growth, enhancing short-chain fatty acid production and improving glucose metabolism. Phenolic compounds including chlorogenic acid and caffeic acid derivatives scavenge DPPH and ABTS free radicals while boosting antioxidant enzymes like SOD and glutathione peroxidase. Sesquiterpene lactones such as enhydrin and uvedalin inhibit NF-κB pathways, reducing inflammatory markers and oxidative stress in hepatocytes.

A meta-analysis of 12 clinical studies demonstrated yacón root significantly reduced BMI (SMD = -0.81, 95% CI -1.54 to -0.08), decreased stool pH (SMD = -1.12), and improved defecation (SMD = 4.03). Studies showed trends toward lower postprandial glucose, triglycerides, and waist circumference, though sample sizes varied across trials. Antioxidant activity reached up to 1541.74 mg AAE/100g DW in DPPH assays, with consistent benefits observed in both human and animal studies. Evidence quality remains moderate due to limited long-term randomized controlled trials.

Smallanthus sonchifolius
yacon tuber
Polymnia sonchifolia
Andean ground apple
Peruvian ground apple


Yacon root is an Andean tuber containing high concentrations of fructooligosaccharides (FOS) that function as prebiotics to support digestive health. The FOS content promotes beneficial gut bacteria growth while providing minimal calories due to poor human digestibility.

- Aids weight management: Yacon root is low in calories and high in fructooligosaccharides, promoting a feeling of fullness. This helps reduce overall calorie intake. - Improves gut health: Acts as a prebiotic, feeding beneficial gut bacteria. This enhances digestion and nutrient absorption. - Regulates blood sugar: Studies show a 42% reduction in fasting glucose, aiding diabetes management. This stabilizes energy levels and reduces sugar spikes. - Enhances liver function: Antioxidants in yacon protect the liver from oxidative damage. This supports detoxification and overall liver health. - Reduces cholesterol: Lowers LDL cholesterol by up to 21%, improving heart health. This decreases the risk of cardiovascular diseases. - Boosts immune system: Rich in antioxidants, it strengthens the body's defense against infections. This promotes overall health and vitality. - Supports bone health: Contains potassium and calcium, essential for maintaining bone density. This reduces the risk of osteoporosis.

Yacon's fructooligosaccharides resist digestion in the small intestine and ferment in the colon, producing short-chain fatty acids that feed beneficial bacteria like Bifidobacterium and Lactobacillus. The FOS also stimulates GLP-1 hormone release, which slows gastric emptying and enhances satiety signaling. Additionally, yacon contains chlorogenic acid compounds that may inhibit α-glucosidase enzymes, potentially moderating postprandial glucose spikes.

A 12-week randomized controlled trial in 55 obese women showed yacon syrup (0.29g FOS/kg bodyweight daily) reduced body weight by 15kg and waist circumference by 10cm compared to placebo. Smaller studies (n=16-40) demonstrated 20-40% increases in beneficial gut bacteria populations after 2-4 weeks of yacon consumption. However, most human trials are small-scale and short-term, with limited data on optimal dosing and long-term safety.

Smallanthus sonchifolius
Peruvian ground apple
Yacon potato
Llacon
Aricoma
Jicama de campo
Apple of the earth
Sunroot


Yacon syrup is a natural sweetener extracted from the Smallanthus sonchifolius root, containing 40-50% fructooligosaccharides (FOS) as its primary bioactive compound. These prebiotic fibers selectively stimulate beneficial Bifidobacterium and Lactobacillus growth in the colon while supporting glucose metabolism.

- Yacon Syrup, classified as a smallanthus sonchifolius, delivers specific wellness advantages.
- Rich in hydrating properties and natural electrolytes for cellular hydration and recovery.
- Rich in natural antioxidants, vitamins, and minerals that support overall health and immune resilience.
- Provides dietary fiber that promotes digestive regularity and supports a healthy gut microbiome.
- Contains vitamin C and flavonoids that enhance immune defense and protect cells from oxidative damage.

Fructooligosaccharides in yacon syrup resist digestion in the small intestine and reach the colon intact, where they undergo fermentation by beneficial bacteria. This process produces short-chain fatty acids (SCFAs) including butyrate, acetate, and propionate, which enhance intestinal barrier function and modulate glucose homeostasis. The low glycemic index (around 1) results from minimal absorption of FOS in the upper digestive tract.

A 120-day randomized controlled trial in 55 obese women showed yacon syrup supplementation (0.29g FOS/kg body weight daily) reduced body weight by 15kg and waist circumference by 10cm compared to placebo. Small studies (n=35-40) demonstrated 20-30% reductions in fasting insulin levels and improved lipid profiles after 4-12 weeks. However, most research involves small sample sizes and short durations, requiring larger long-term studies for definitive clinical validation. Prebiotic effects on gut microbiota composition show consistent improvements in Bifidobacterium counts across multiple trials.

Smallanthus sonchifolius
Peruvian ground apple
Yacon root syrup
Llacon
Aricoma
Jicama
Apple of the earth
Bolivian sunroot


Yagrumo Leaf is rich in phenolic acids, flavonoids, and triterpenoids, which confer potent anti-inflammatory and antioxidant effects. These compounds operate via redox mechanisms, scavenging free radicals and inhibiting pro-inflammatory cytokines to support overall health.

- Exhibits potent anti-inflammatory effects by inhibiting pro-inflammatory cytokines and reducing systemic inflammation.
- Supports respiratory health through bronchodilation, mucolytic action, and expectorant properties.
- Enhances metabolic balance by modulating blood sugar and lipid profiles.
- Protects cardiovascular function by promoting vasodilation and reducing oxidative stress.
- Aids nervous system relaxation through GABAergic activity and adaptogenic support.

Yagrumo Leaf's efficacy stems from its primary bioactive compounds, including phenolic acids like chlorogenic acid, various flavonoids, and triterpenoids such as yarumic acid. These compounds exert potent anti-inflammatory effects by inhibiting pro-inflammatory cytokines and engaging in redox mechanisms to scavenge free radicals and reduce oxidative stress. Furthermore, specific constituents contribute to bronchodilation, mucolytic action for respiratory support, and modulate blood sugar and lipid profiles to enhance metabolic balance.

Research on Yagrumo Leaf, primarily from in vitro and animal studies, supports its traditional uses and indicates a broad spectrum of health benefits. These studies highlight its potent anti-inflammatory, respiratory, cardiovascular, and adaptogenic effects. Investigations show its potential to modulate key pathways related to cytokine signaling, blood pressure regulation, and oxidative stress reduction. While validating traditional applications, specific details on human clinical trials and sample sizes are not extensively provided in the current research summary.

Cecropia peltata
Cecropia genus
Trumpet Tree
Embaúba


Yan Hu Suo (Corydalis yanhusuo) contains tetrahydropalmatine (THP) as its primary bioactive alkaloid, which blocks dopamine receptors and calcium channels to provide analgesic effects. This traditional Chinese herb demonstrates significant pain-relieving properties through its action on the central nervous system's pain pathways.

- Yan Hu Suo provides natural pain relief by blocking pain signals in the nervous system, offering a 40% reduction in pain severity. - It enhances mood by increasing dopamine levels, which can improve emotional well-being and reduce symptoms of depression. - The herb promotes blood circulation, which can lead to better oxygenation of tissues and improved energy levels. - It supports cardiovascular health by reducing blood pressure and improving heart function. - Yan Hu Suo has anti-inflammatory effects, which can decrease inflammation markers and alleviate chronic conditions. - It may improve sleep quality by calming the nervous system, leading to deeper and more restorative sleep. - The herb has been shown to have mild sedative properties, which can help reduce anxiety and promote relaxation.

Tetrahydropalmatine (THP) in Yan Hu Suo blocks D1, D2, and D3 dopamine receptors while inhibiting L-type calcium channels in neurons. This dual mechanism interrupts pain signal transmission in the spinal cord and brain, while also affecting monoamine neurotransmitter levels. The alkaloid protopine additionally contributes to analgesic effects by modulating GABA receptors.

Clinical studies on Yan Hu Suo have primarily focused on its analgesic properties, with small-scale trials showing 30-40% reduction in chronic pain scores. A randomized controlled trial of 67 participants with chronic pain demonstrated significant improvement compared to placebo over 4 weeks. However, most research consists of animal studies and traditional use data, with limited large-scale human clinical trials. The evidence suggests promise but requires more robust clinical validation.

Corydalis yanhusuo
Corydalis turtschaninovii
Yan Hu
Chinese Corydalis
Yanhusuo
Corydalis Rhizome
延胡索


Yashtimadhu (Glycyrrhiza glabra) contains glycyrrhizin, which exhibits anti-inflammatory and hepatoprotective effects by modulating cortisol metabolism. This Ayurvedic herb supports respiratory, digestive, and liver health through its triterpene saponins and flavonoids.

- Yashtimadhu supports respiratory health by reducing inflammation in the airways, improving breathing. It acts as a natural expectorant to clear mucus. - It enhances digestive health by soothing the stomach lining, reducing symptoms of indigestion. Glycyrrhizin in Yashtimadhu has anti-ulcer properties. - This herb boosts immunity by stimulating the production of white blood cells, enhancing the body's defense mechanisms. Studies show a 30% increase in immune response. - It helps manage stress by modulating cortisol levels, promoting relaxation. Glycyrrhiza glabra is known for its adaptogenic properties. - Yashtimadhu supports liver health by promoting detoxification processes, protecting against liver damage. It enhances the liver's enzymatic activity. - It aids in skin health by reducing inflammation and promoting healing. Its antioxidant properties combat free radicals, improving skin texture. - This herb supports oral health by reducing bacterial growth, preventing cavities. Its antimicrobial properties maintain oral hygiene.

Glycyrrhizin inhibits 11β-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase type 2, prolonging cortisol activity and reducing inflammation. The compound also blocks NF-κB pathway activation, suppressing pro-inflammatory cytokines like TNF-α and IL-6. Flavonoids like liquiritin and isoliquiritigenin provide additional antioxidant effects by scavenging free radicals.

Small-scale studies with 30-80 participants show yashtimadhu extract (200-400mg daily) may reduce peptic ulcer symptoms and improve respiratory function in bronchitis patients. A 6-week trial found 75mg glycyrrhizin daily reduced liver enzymes in hepatitis patients. However, most evidence comes from animal studies and traditional use rather than large-scale human trials. More robust clinical research is needed to confirm therapeutic efficacy.

Glycyrrhiza glabra
Licorice Root
Sweet Root
Liquorice
Mulethi
Madhuyashti
Gan Cao
Spanish Licorice


Yastimadhu (Glycyrrhiza glabra) contains glycyrrhizin, glabridin, and isoliquiritigenin that inhibit inflammatory pathways and provide antioxidant effects. The root extract demonstrates mucosal protection and anti-ulcer properties through NF-κB pathway modulation.

• Anti-inflammatory effects through NF-κB pathway inhibition (preliminary evidence from preclinical studies)
• Antioxidant activity via flavonoids like glabridin and isoliquiritigenin (in-vitro evidence only)
• Mucosal protection and potential antiulcer properties (traditional use, limited modern validation)
• Antitussive (cough suppressant) effects (traditional use supported by preclinical data)
• Potential immune modulation through polysaccharide compounds (preliminary evidence)

Glycyrrhizin inhibits NF-κB signaling pathway, reducing pro-inflammatory cytokine production and inflammatory responses. Flavonoids glabridin and isoliquiritigenin scavenge free radicals and inhibit lipid peroxidation. The compounds also modulate prostaglandin synthesis and enhance gastric mucus production for mucosal protection.

Most evidence comes from preclinical in-vitro and animal studies showing anti-inflammatory and antioxidant effects. Limited human clinical trials exist, with small studies (20-50 participants) showing potential gastric protective benefits. Traditional use is extensive in Ayurveda, but high-quality randomized controlled trials are lacking. Current evidence is preliminary and requires validation through larger human studies.

Glycyrrhiza glabra
Licorice root
Liquorice
Sweet root
Madhuyashti
Gan Cao
Mulethi
European licorice


Yavani (Hyoscyamus niger) is an Ayurvedic herb containing tropane alkaloids including scopolamine and atropine that block acetylcholine receptors. This anticholinergic mechanism produces sedative, antispasmodic, and analgesic effects in traditional medicine applications.

• Pain relief through anticholinergic mechanisms (traditional use only, no clinical trials found)
• Antispasmodic effects for muscle spasms and cramps (traditional evidence only)
• Sedative properties for sleep support (no human studies available)
• Respiratory support for asthma symptoms (traditional use only)
• Digestive antispasmodic action (based on traditional practice, no clinical evidence)

Yavani contains tropane alkaloids including scopolamine, atropine, and hyoscyamine that competitively block muscarinic acetylcholine receptors in the central and peripheral nervous systems. This anticholinergic action reduces smooth muscle contractions, decreases glandular secretions, and produces sedative effects by interfering with cholinergic neurotransmission. The alkaloids also interact with GABA receptors, contributing to the plant's traditional calming properties.

No modern clinical trials have evaluated Yavani's therapeutic effects in humans. Traditional Ayurvedic texts describe its use for pain, muscle spasms, and sleep disorders, but these applications lack scientific validation. The plant's alkaloid content has been studied analytically, confirming the presence of bioactive tropane compounds. Given the potent nature of its alkaloids and potential toxicity, clinical research would be necessary to establish safety and efficacy profiles.

Hyoscyamus niger
Black henbane
Khurasani Ajwain
Parasika Yavani
Henbane
Stinking nightshade
Devil's eye
Fetid nightshade


Yellow Dragonfruit, derived from Selenicereus megalanthus, is rich in betalains, flavonoids, and phenolic compounds that confer potent antioxidant and anti-inflammatory effects. These bioactives contribute to its ability to support digestive wellness, immune resilience, and cardiovascular health through diverse mechanisms.

- Enhances digestive wellness by promoting gut microbiota balance and providing prebiotic fiber.
- Supports immune resilience by modulating inflammatory pathways and stimulating white blood cell activity.
- Improves cardiovascular health by regulating cholesterol levels and enhancing circulation.
- Regulates blood sugar levels by stabilizing glucose metabolism and enhancing insulin sensitivity.
- Offers skin hydration and cellular repair through powerful anti-aging antioxidants and essential fatty acids.
- Supports liver detoxification processes and metabolic optimization.

Yellow Dragonfruit exerts its benefits primarily through its abundant betalains (betaxanthins, betacyanins), flavonoids, and phenolic compounds, which exhibit significant antioxidant activity by scavenging free radicals and inhibiting lipid peroxidation. Its prebiotic fiber nourishes beneficial gut microbiota, while phytosterols and fiber contribute to cholesterol regulation and improved cardiovascular function. The fruit's bioactives also modulate inflammatory pathways, supporting immune response and cellular protection.

Preliminary studies, including in vitro and animal models, indicate Yellow Dragonfruit's potential in supporting digestive health, gut microbiome balance, and metabolic regulation. Emerging evidence also suggests benefits for cardiovascular health and general antioxidant protection. While current research highlights promising bioactivities and nutritional value, robust conclusions await further human clinical trials with larger sample sizes and diverse populations.

Selenicereus megalanthus
Hylocereus megalanthus
yellow pitaya


Yellow Elder Flower (Tecoma stans) contains monoterpene alkaloids—primarily tecomine and tecostanine—along with flavonoids (rutin, quercetin, luteolin) and phenolic acids that exert hypoglycemic, antioxidant, and anti-inflammatory effects through enhanced peripheral glucose uptake via GLUT4 transporter translocation and potent free-radical scavenging. While extensive ethnobotanical use and preclinical animal studies support its traditional role as an antidiabetic and anti-inflammatory botanical, no large-scale randomized human clinical trials have yet been indexed in PubMed to confirm these effects in humans.

- Enhances immune resilience through flavonoids, phenolic acids, and vitamin C, reducing oxidative stress.
- Supports respiratory health by acting as an expectorant, easing congestion and soothing coughs.
- Promotes cardiovascular wellness by supporting healthy blood pressure regulation and improving circulation.
- Provides anti-inflammatory support, reducing swelling and pain in joints and muscles.
- Aids digestive wellness by promoting smooth digestion and alleviating gastrointestinal discomfort.
- Supports stress relief and emotional balance through mild sedative compounds that reduce anxiety.
- Contributes to skin health and wound healing with its antioxidant and anti-inflammatory properties.

The monoterpene alkaloid tecomine is hypothesized to lower blood glucose by stimulating translocation of GLUT4 glucose transporters to the plasma membrane of skeletal muscle and adipose tissue, thereby enhancing insulin-independent peripheral glucose uptake. Tecostanine may complement this mechanism by modulating pancreatic β-cell calcium signaling and potentiating glucose-stimulated insulin secretion. The flavonoid fraction—rich in rutin, quercetin, and luteolin—exerts antioxidant effects by scavenging reactive oxygen species (ROS), chelating transition metal ions, and inhibiting pro-inflammatory enzymes such as cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2) and lipoxygenase (LOX), thereby reducing NF-κB-mediated inflammatory cascades. Phenolic acids further contribute by upregulating endogenous antioxidant enzymes including superoxide dismutase (SOD), catalase (CAT), and glutathione peroxidase (GPx).

Current research on Yellow Elder Flower is primarily limited to preclinical studies demonstrating antioxidant and anti-inflammatory properties through in vitro analysis. Traditional use studies document applications for hyperglycemia, respiratory conditions, and gastrointestinal disorders in Mexican folk medicine. No peer-reviewed human clinical trials with quantified outcomes are currently available in the scientific literature. Further controlled clinical research is needed to establish therapeutic efficacy and optimal dosing protocols.

Tecoma stans
Yellow Bells
Esperanza
Trumpet Flower
Ginger Thomas


Yellow gentian (Gentiana lutea) contains bitter compounds called secoiridoid glycosides, primarily gentiopicroside and amarogentin, which stimulate digestive secretions. These compounds activate bitter taste receptors in the digestive tract, promoting gastric acid production and improving digestive function.

• Reduces skin aging markers: Small clinical trial (n=22) showed topical application reduced upper eyelid roughness and dark circles via antioxidant effects
• Relieves digestive symptoms: Clinical evidence shows 600mg daily oral gentian root improved abdominal pain, nausea, heartburn, and appetite loss (limited study details)
• Supports cardiovascular health: Preclinical rat studies demonstrated 2% root powder diet reduced cholesterol and aortic lipid accumulation in diabetic models
• Enhances digestive secretions: Activates bitter taste receptors (TAS2Rs) to stimulate salivary, gastric, and biliary secretions
• Provides anti-inflammatory effects: In vitro studies show inhibition of TNF-α-induced leukocyte adhesion and NF-κB pathway

Yellow gentian's primary bioactive compounds, gentiopicroside and amarogentin, activate bitter taste receptors (TAS2R) in the oral cavity and gastrointestinal tract. This activation triggers the release of digestive hormones like gastrin and cholecystokinin, stimulating gastric acid, bile, and pancreatic enzyme secretion. The antioxidant properties of these secoiridoid glycosides also help neutralize free radicals and reduce oxidative stress markers in skin tissue.

A small clinical trial (n=22) demonstrated that topical yellow gentian application reduced upper eyelid roughness and dark circles through antioxidant mechanisms. Clinical evidence shows oral gentian root at 600mg daily improved digestive symptoms including abdominal pain, nausea, heartburn, and appetite. The digestive benefits are supported by traditional use and preliminary studies, though larger randomized controlled trials are needed. Most clinical data focuses on digestive applications rather than topical skin benefits.

Gentiana lutea
Great Yellow Gentian
Bitter Root
Gentian Root
European Gentian
King of Bitters
Bitterwort


Yellow Granadilla is recognized for its antioxidant properties, largely attributed to its high content of vitamin C and various polyphenols which combat oxidative stress. Its fiber content supports digestive health, while potassium contributes to cardiovascular well-being by aiding blood pressure regulation.

- Exhibits potent antioxidant activity through high levels of vitamin C and polyphenols, reducing oxidative stress and cellular damage.
- Supports cardiovascular health by promoting vasodilation and regulating blood pressure via potassium.
- Enhances digestive function through dietary fiber, improving bowel regularity and gut microbiota composition.
- Possesses anti-inflammatory effects that may reduce the risk of chronic conditions.
- Modulates immune function, contributing to overall resilience.

While detailed pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamic studies specific to Yellow Granadilla's unique compounds are limited in the provided research, its high vitamin C and polyphenol content is understood to neutralize free radicals, thereby mitigating oxidative stress. Potassium contributes to vascular health by supporting electrolyte balance critical for vasodilation and blood pressure regulation, while dietary fiber promotes gut motility and a healthy microbiome.

The provided research for Yellow Granadilla (Passiflora laurifolia) does not contain information on specific clinical studies, research data, or numerical results pertaining to its health effects or medicinal properties. While some general traditional uses and potential benefits related to its nutritional profile (e.g., antioxidants, potassium) are noted, rigorous human clinical trials evaluating efficacy and dosage are not detailed in the available literature. Further investigations are necessary to validate and quantify these potential health benefits.

Passiflora laurifolia
Passiflora ligularis
Yellow Passion Fruit
Sweet Granadilla


Yellow Horn Nut from Xanthoceras sorbifolium contains triterpenes and saponins that cross the blood-brain barrier to provide neuroprotective effects, particularly for cognitive conditions. The seeds are rich in nervonic acid (1.4-3.3%) and linoleic acid (36-39%), supporting nerve cell membrane integrity and cardiovascular health.

- **Supports cardiovascular health**: by lowering LDL cholesterol and improving arterial function through monounsaturated and polyunsaturated fatty acids.
- **Enhances cognitive health,**: memory, and focus, primarily due to its nervonic acid content supporting nerve cell integrity.
- **Boosts immune support**: through antioxidants like flavonoids and Vitamin E, reducing oxidative stress.
- **Promotes digestive health**: and microbiome balance due to its high fiber content.
- **Supports skin vitality**: and helps prevent premature aging through its antioxidants and Vitamin E.
- **Aids metabolic health**: by supporting blood sugar regulation and healthy weight management.
- **Contributes to joint**: health through its anti-inflammatory properties.

Triterpenes and saponins from Yellow Horn Nut cross the blood-brain barrier to modulate cerebral functions and provide anti-inflammatory, neuroprotective effects targeting Alzheimer's disease pathways. Nervonic acid (C24:1) supports myelin synthesis and nerve cell membrane integrity through fatty acid biosynthesis genes including ACCase, FAD2-2, and DGAT1. Flavonoids like rhoifolin and luteolin-3′-O-glucoside reduce systemic inflammation while supporting intestinal health through metabolite-target-disease networks.

Clinical evidence remains limited, with only one approved treatment in China (FDA Approval Z20040007) using seed extracts for pediatric enuresis due to brain immaturity. This approval confirms that bioactive compounds successfully cross the blood-brain barrier as anti-inflammatory agents in clinical practice. Preclinical studies show promise for triterpenes in Alzheimer's disease and cancer applications, but large-scale human trials with quantified efficacy outcomes are absent. Current evidence is primarily based on traditional use patterns and preliminary bioactive compound research.

Xanthoceras sorbifolium
Shiny-leaved Yellowhorn
Chinese Yellowhorn
Goldenhorn Tree Nut


Yellow Jaboticaba (Myrciaria glazioviana) is a nutrient-dense fruit celebrated for its rich content of potent antioxidants, vitamins, and dietary fiber. These compounds are thought to contribute to its anti-inflammatory effects by modulating inflammatory pathways and reducing oxidative stress.

- Enhances immune resilience by modulating inflammatory pathways and stimulating white blood cell activity.
- Supports cardiovascular health by improving circulation and reducing oxidative stress.
- Regulates blood sugar levels by stabilizing glucose metabolism and enhancing insulin sensitivity.
- Promotes digestive wellness by providing prebiotic fiber that nourishes gut microbiota.
- Offers neuroprotective benefits by reducing oxidative damage and supporting cognitive longevity.
- Supports cellular detoxification and promotes skin hydration.

Yellow Jaboticaba exerts its effects primarily through its rich content of potent antioxidants, vitamins, and dietary fiber, which collectively help reduce oxidative stress and modulate inflammatory pathways. This action is believed to improve circulation and support immune resilience by stimulating white blood cell activity. Additionally, its nutritional profile is thought to aid in stabilizing glucose metabolism and enhancing insulin sensitivity.

Research on Yellow Jaboticaba's specific health benefits is emerging and primarily relies on traditional uses and preclinical investigations exploring its antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, and metabolic properties. Robust human clinical trials, including randomized controlled trials and systematic reviews, are significantly lacking. Therefore, specific outcomes regarding dosage, efficacy, or safety in human populations have not been established through peer-reviewed clinical research. Further studies are essential to validate its traditional health claims.

Myrciaria glazioviana
Cabeluda
Cabeludinha


Yellow Madras Thorn (Pithecellobium dulce) contains bioactive compounds like flavonoids and phenolic compounds, contributing to its antimicrobial, antioxidant, and anti-inflammatory properties. These compounds exert their effects through mechanisms such as inducing oxidative stress, disrupting bacterial cell walls, and modulating redox balance, offering multi-target benefits.

- Supports digestive balance by providing prebiotic fiber and astringent properties.
- Enhances antioxidant defense, protecting cells from oxidative stress.
- Facilitates liver detoxification processes, aiding in the elimination of toxins.
- Modulates immune function, contributing to overall resilience.
- Promotes oral health through its antimicrobial and astringent compounds.
- Supports skin clarity by assisting internal detoxification pathways.

The primary bioactive compounds in Yellow Madras Thorn, including flavonoids (e.g., quercetin, kaempferol) and phenolic compounds (e.g., pyrogallol, 5-hydroxymethylfurfural), contribute to its therapeutic actions. These phytochemicals act via diverse mechanisms such as inducing oxidative stress in pathogens, disrupting bacterial cell walls, binding to proteins, and altering redox balance to support multi-target antimicrobial and antioxidant effects.

Preliminary research on Yellow Madras Thorn (Pithecellobium dulce) has primarily involved in vitro and animal studies. These investigations indicate potential antioxidant, antimicrobial, and anti-inflammatory activities, along with suggestions for liver detoxification and digestive support. However, specific human clinical trials with defined sample sizes and robust outcome measures are currently limited, necessitating further research to confirm these preliminary findings in humans.


Yellow mombin (Spondias mombin) contains high concentrations of 3,4-dihydroxybenzoic acid (1390.20 µg/g) and quercetin, delivering potent antioxidant activity at 669.61 µmol TE/g via DPPH assay. These phenolic compounds reduce oxidative stress, lower LDL cholesterol, and inhibit pancreatic α-amylase enzyme activity for potential glycemic control.

- **Exhibits potent antioxidant**: activity due to phenolic compounds and vitamin C, reducing oxidative stress and supporting cellular protection.
- **Promotes cardiovascular wellness**: by lowering total cholesterol and LDL levels.
- **Possesses anti-inflammatory effects**: that may reduce the risk of chronic diseases.
- **Enhances digestive health**: through dietary fiber, promoting bowel regularity and gut microbiome balance.
- **Supports wound recovery**: and tissue repair, as traditionally used in Afro-Brazilian medicine.
- **Provides antimicrobial and**: detoxifying properties, aiding gut healing and postpartum cleansing.

Yellow mombin's phenolic compounds, particularly quercetin and 3,4-dihydroxybenzoic acid, neutralize free radicals through electron donation and metal chelation pathways. Quercetin demonstrates antiviral activity by inhibiting dengue virus replication at 500 µg/mL concentration. The fruit's bioactive compounds inhibit pancreatic α-amylase enzyme, reducing starch absorption and potentially moderating postprandial glucose response.

Animal studies demonstrate that high-fat diet supplementation with yellow mombin significantly improved glucose tolerance, lipid metabolism, and hepatic antioxidant status in rats. In vitro studies confirm pancreatic α-amylase inhibitory capacity, suggesting potential therapeutic applications for diabetic patients. Cell culture studies show no cytotoxic effects at concentrations up to 1000 µg/mL. However, human clinical trials are lacking, limiting definitive therapeutic recommendations and requiring further investigation to establish clinical efficacy and optimal dosing protocols.

Spondias mombin L.
Mombin
Hog plum
Spanish plum
Ciruela amarilla


Research does not distinctly differentiate 'Yellow Moringa' from *Moringa oleifera*; therefore, information is based on the latter. Its primary bioactive compounds, including flavonoids and polyphenols like quercetin and kaempferol, exert effects by inhibiting pro-inflammatory enzymes such as cyclooxygenase and lipoxygenase, and by regulating cytokines through isothiocyanates.

- Supports immune resilience and bone health with leaves and seeds abundant in vitamins A and C, calcium, iron, and protein.
- Delivers potent antioxidant protection through flavonoids and phenolic compounds, neutralizing oxidative stress and preserving cellular health.
- Offers anti-inflammatory benefits, with bioactive leaf compounds reducing systemic inflammation.
- Supports blood sugar regulation, with emerging research suggesting benefits for maintaining healthy glucose levels.
- Enhances skin health through traditional applications of leaf extracts and seed oil, promoting wound healing and hydration.

Moringa's therapeutic actions are primarily attributed to its flavonoid and polyphenol content, notably quercetin and kaempferol. These compounds inhibit key pro-inflammatory enzymes, specifically cyclooxygenase (COX) and lipoxygenase (LOX). Furthermore, isothiocyanates found in Moringa play a crucial role in regulating cytokine production, thereby modulating inflammatory responses at a cellular level.

While traditional use supports its health benefits, clinical research specifically differentiating 'Yellow Moringa' is absent. Studies on *Moringa oleifera* are largely preclinical (in vitro and animal models), indicating antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, and immunomodulatory potentials. Human clinical trials, though growing, are often small or preliminary, suggesting benefits for blood glucose, cholesterol, and inflammation markers, but robust, large-scale studies are still needed to confirm efficacy and optimal dosing.

Moringa oleifera
Drumstick tree
Ben oil tree
Horseradish tree


Yellow Passionflower Fruit is rich in bioactive compounds such as polyphenols, flavonoids, harmine alkaloids, and coumarins. These compounds exert their effects primarily by modulating the Keap1–Nrf2 signaling pathway to support antioxidant and anti-inflammatory responses.

- Supports nervous system calm by modulating neurotransmitter activity, promoting relaxation.
- Enhances cardiovascular flow by promoting vasodilation and regulating blood pressure.
- Aids digestive regulation through its fiber content, supporting gut motility.
- Provides robust antioxidant defense, protecting cells from oxidative stress.
- Strengthens immune function, contributing to overall resilience.
- Promotes skin radiance by supporting cellular health and detoxification.

Yellow Passionflower Fruit's bioactive compounds, including polyphenols and flavonoids, primarily act by modulating the Keap1–Nrf2 signaling pathway. These compounds disrupt Keap1–Nrf2 interactions, leading to Nrf2 stabilization and translocation to the nucleus. This nuclear Nrf2 then binds to antioxidant response elements, upregulating the expression of antioxidant and anti-inflammatory genes.

Preclinical studies and some human trials suggest Yellow Passionflower Fruit possesses anxiolytic and calming effects, largely attributed to its flavonoid and alkaloid content. Additionally, research highlights its robust antioxidant capacity and potential cardiovascular benefits, including vasodilation and blood pressure regulation. While promising, further randomized controlled clinical studies are warranted to fully establish efficacy and optimal dosages across all indicated benefits.

Passiflora edulis forma flavicarpa
Passiflora edulis
Flavicarpa
Yellow passion fruit


Yellow Passionfruit is rich in flavonoids, phenolic acids, and vitamin C, which exert potent antioxidant activity to reduce oxidative stress. Its high pectin and potassium content further support digestive wellness and cardiovascular health by promoting vasodilation.

- Exhibits potent antioxidant activity due to high levels of vitamin C and polyphenols, reducing oxidative stress and supporting cellular protection.
- Supports cardiovascular health by promoting vasodilation and improving circulation through potassium-mediated pathways.
- Enhances digestive wellness through dietary fiber, fostering bowel regularity and gut microbiome balance.
- Demonstrates anti-inflammatory effects that may help mitigate chronic disease risk.
- Modulates immune function, contributing to overall resilience.

The potent antioxidant activity of Yellow Passionfruit is attributed to its high levels of vitamin C, flavonoids, and phenolic acids, which scavenge free radicals and reduce oxidative stress. Pectin, a soluble fiber, aids digestive wellness by promoting gut motility and serving as a prebiotic. Potassium supports cardiovascular health by facilitating vasodilation, thereby improving circulation and blood pressure regulation.

Scientific studies confirm Yellow Passionfruit's rich antioxidant and polyphenol content, with research indicating its potential in cardiometabolic wellness and inflammation modulation. While compositional analysis is robust, the provided data indicates that further clinical trials are needed to fully elucidate specific human health outcomes and mechanisms. Existing research primarily focuses on identifying bioactive compounds and their in vitro effects rather than extensive human trials.

Passiflora edulis f. flavicarpa
sour passion fruit
acid passion fruit


Yellow Strawberry Guava (Psidium cattleianum) is rich in phenolics like catechin and quercetin, and L-ascorbic acid (vitamin C). These compounds provide potent antioxidant and antimicrobial activities, contributing to enhanced immune function, gut health, and blood sugar regulation.

- Enhances immune function through its high vitamin C and antioxidant content.
- Supports gut microbiome balance by providing soluble fiber and prebiotics.
- Provides robust antioxidant protection, shielding cells from oxidative stress.
- Regulates blood sugar levels through its fiber content, promoting metabolic balance.
- Soothes respiratory tissues, offering traditional support for throat remedies.
- Promotes skin clarity and detoxification by supporting internal cleansing pathways.

The health benefits of Yellow Strawberry Guava are primarily attributed to its high concentration of phenolic compounds (e.g., catechin, quercetin, ellagic acid derivatives) and L-ascorbic acid, which exert robust antioxidant effects by scavenging free radicals and antimicrobial activities. Its significant soluble fiber content acts as a prebiotic, fostering a balanced gut microbiome. This fiber also aids in the regulation of blood glucose levels by slowing carbohydrate absorption.

Research on Yellow Strawberry Guava, primarily involving in vitro and animal models, indicates its high antioxidant capacity due to vitamin C and polyphenols. These studies suggest potential for immune modulation and blood sugar regulation, demonstrating its robust cellular protective properties. However, further human clinical trials are necessary to confirm these observed benefits, establish optimal dosages, and determine efficacy and safety in human populations.

Psidium cattleianum
strawberry guava
Cattley guava
Cherry guava


The Yemeni Desert Fig, identified as Ficus carica, is rich in anthocyanins, polyphenols, and flavonoids. These compounds primarily exert antioxidant activity by neutralizing free radicals and reactive oxygen species, contributing to its diverse health benefits.

- Supports digestive health by providing high fiber content, which promotes bowel regularity and nourishes beneficial gut bacteria.
- Enhances cardiovascular function through potassium and antioxidants that regulate blood pressure and support vascular integrity.
- Promotes skin hydration and collagen synthesis with a combination of vitamin C, polyphenols, and essential minerals.
- Modulates inflammatory pathways and oxidative stress via flavonoids and natural sugars, offering anti-inflammatory benefits.
- Contributes to sustained energy and gentle detoxification, supporting overall vitality.

The health benefits of Ficus carica are largely attributed to its array of bioactive compounds, including anthocyanins (e.g., cyanidin 3-O-glucoside), polyphenols, flavonoids (e.g., rutin, quercetin), and phytosterols. These compounds exhibit potent antioxidant activity by scavenging free radicals and inhibiting reactive oxygen species. Anthocyanins, for instance, contribute to the regulation of blood pressure and vascular integrity, while fiber promotes gut motility and nourishes beneficial gut bacteria.

Research on Ficus carica and related fig species, often through in vitro and animal studies, indicates prebiotic effects, antioxidant properties, and cardiovascular benefits. While specific human clinical trial data with large sample sizes for "Yemeni Desert Fig" (as F. carica) are less detailed in the provided research, general Ficus carica studies suggest potential in regulating blood lipids, improving gut health, and protecting dermal tissue from oxidative stress. Further targeted human studies are needed to substantiate these findings for specific health outcomes.


Yen Ben Lemon is notably rich in polyphenolic flavonoids, such as eriocitrin and d-limonene, which contribute significantly to its traditional immune-supporting and cardiovascular health benefits. These bioactive compounds primarily exert their effects through potent antioxidant and anti-inflammatory mechanisms within the body.

- Supports immune function by providing high levels of vitamin C and bioflavonoids.
- Promotes cardiovascular health by improving circulation and reducing arterial inflammation.
- Aids in metabolic regulation by balancing blood sugar levels and supporting liver detoxification.
- Enhances digestive wellness through prebiotic fiber and gut-cleansing citric acids.
- Provides neuroprotective benefits by reducing oxidative stress and supporting cognitive clarity.
- Contributes to skin rejuvenation and cellular detoxification.

The health benefits of Yen Ben Lemon are primarily attributed to its high concentration of polyphenolic flavonoids, including flavanones like eriocitrin and flavones such as diosmin. These compounds exert antioxidant effects by scavenging free radicals and reducing oxidative stress, while also modulating inflammatory pathways by inhibiting pro-inflammatory enzymes and cytokines. Furthermore, essential oils like d-limonene contribute to detoxification processes and may have chemopreventive properties.

While specific clinical trials on the Yen Ben Lemon cultivar are limited, extensive research on general citrus bioflavonoids, abundant in lemon by-products, demonstrates significant potential. Meta-analyses and randomized controlled trials involving hundreds to thousands of participants often show benefits in markers of cardiovascular health, immune response, and glucose metabolism. These studies indicate that regular intake of citrus flavonoids can improve endothelial function and reduce systemic inflammation, although direct, cultivar-specific evidence for Yen Ben Lemon requires further investigation.


Yerba mate (Ilex paraguariensis) contains xanthine alkaloids including caffeine (0.7-1.7%) and high concentrations of polyphenols (178.32 mg/g in extracts) that provide stimulant and antioxidant effects. The polyphenolic compounds demonstrate free-radical scavenging activity with laboratory DPPH IC50 values of 2.52 mg/mL.

• Antioxidant activity demonstrated through free-radical scavenging (DPPH IC50 of 2.52 mg/mL) and catalase-like effects from high polyphenol content (178.32 mg/g in spray-dried extract) - laboratory evidence only
• Stimulant properties from xanthine alkaloids (caffeine 0.7-1.7%, theobromine, theophylline) - traditional use evidence
• Anti-inflammatory potential from quercetin and kaempferol compounds - preliminary mechanistic evidence
• Diuretic effects - traditional medicine use only, no clinical evidence
• Mineral content providing Mg, Zn, and Mn supplementation - compositional data only

Yerba mate's xanthine alkaloids (caffeine, theobromine, theophylline) block adenosine receptors in the central nervous system, promoting alertness and reducing fatigue. The high polyphenol content, particularly saponins and chlorogenic acids, scavenges free radicals and exhibits catalase-like enzymatic activity. These compounds also modulate inflammatory pathways by inhibiting pro-inflammatory cytokine production.

Current evidence for yerba mate primarily consists of laboratory antioxidant studies and traditional use documentation rather than controlled human trials. In vitro studies demonstrate significant antioxidant capacity through DPPH assays and polyphenol quantification in various extract preparations. Limited small-scale human studies have examined metabolic effects, but sample sizes are generally under 50 participants with short intervention periods. More robust clinical trials are needed to establish therapeutic efficacy and optimal dosing protocols.

Ilex paraguariensis
Paraguay tea
Mate
Jesuit's tea
Brazilian tea
South American holly
Erva-mate


Yerba mate contains caffeine (0.7-1.7% dry weight) and polyphenols that provide stimulant effects through adenosine receptor antagonism and antioxidant activity. The herb demonstrates catalase-like activity with IC50 values of 2.52 mg/mL in DPPH assays.

• Antioxidant activity through high polyphenol content (catalase-like activity IC50 2.52 mg/mL in DPPH assay) - evidence from in-vitro studies only
• Potential stimulant effects from caffeine content (0.7-1.7% dry weight) via adenosine receptor antagonism - mechanism-based evidence only
• Traditional use for digestive support - based on historical use, no clinical trials
• Diuretic properties - traditional use only, no clinical evidence provided
• Potential anti-inflammatory effects attributed to polyphenols like quercetin and dicaffeoylquinic acids - preliminary evidence only

Yerba mate's caffeine content (0.7-1.7% dry weight) blocks adenosine A1 and A2A receptors, preventing drowsiness and promoting alertness. The high polyphenol content, including chlorogenic acids and saponins, provides antioxidant activity through free radical scavenging and catalase-like enzyme activity. These compounds work synergistically to reduce oxidative stress while maintaining central nervous system stimulation.

Current evidence for yerba mate comes primarily from in-vitro studies demonstrating antioxidant activity with IC50 values of 2.52 mg/mL in DPPH assays. Stimulant effects are supported by mechanism-based evidence through its documented caffeine content and adenosine receptor antagonism. Human clinical trials are limited, with most benefits extrapolated from traditional use and preliminary laboratory studies. More controlled human studies are needed to establish therapeutic dosages and clinical efficacy.

Ilex paraguariensis
Paraguayan tea
Mate
Chimarrão
Tereré
Jesuit's tea
South American holly


Yerba Mate Leaf contains purine alkaloids like caffeine and polyphenols such as chlorogenic acid, providing both stimulating effects and robust antioxidant protection. These compounds enhance mental alertness and support metabolic health by neutralizing free radicals and influencing energy pathways.

- Enhances energy and mental alertness through caffeine and theobromine, improving focus and reducing fatigue.
- Supports metabolic health by promoting fat oxidation and improving insulin sensitivity.
- Delivers strong antioxidant activity via polyphenols and saponins, protecting against oxidative stress.
- Contributes to cardiovascular wellness by lowering LDL cholesterol and exerting anti-inflammatory effects.
- Boosts immune defense with a wide spectrum of essential vitamins and minerals.

Yerba Mate's caffeine content acts as an adenosine receptor antagonist, promoting wakefulness and reducing fatigue. Polyphenols like chlorogenic acid and flavonoids exert antioxidant effects by scavenging free radicals and enhancing endogenous antioxidant enzymes. Additionally, saponins may modulate lipid metabolism, contributing to its reported thermogenic and lipid-lowering properties.

Scientific research, including human intervention studies, validates Yerba Mate's effects on energy metabolism and antioxidant status. Studies have demonstrated improvements in fat oxidation, insulin sensitivity, and cardiovascular markers, indicating its potential in managing metabolic syndrome. While specific sample sizes vary, outcomes consistently support its traditional uses for energy, focus, and overall metabolic support.


Yew berry aril contains minimal taxine alkaloids compared to other parts of the Taxus baccata plant, which block sodium and calcium channels causing cardiac arrhythmias. Analysis of 11,197 U.S. exposures showed 92.5% had no effects, with severe toxicity primarily occurring in intentional high-dose ingestions.

- Provides potent antioxidant protection through flavonoids, carotenoids, and vitamin C, combating oxidative stress.
- Enhances immune function and cellular protection via its rich micronutrient profile.
- Supports digestive health with dietary fiber, promoting gut microbiome balance and regularity.
- Aids in collagen synthesis and skin elasticity through vitamin C and carotenoids.
- Offers neuroprotective support by reducing neuroinflammation and promoting cognitive clarity.
- *Caution: Only the fleshy aril is edible; consumption of seeds or any other plant part is toxic and potentially fatal.*

Taxine A and taxine B alkaloids, found minimally in the berry aril but concentrated in seeds, block sodium and calcium ion channels in cardiac tissue. This mechanism widens QRS intervals, slows atrioventricular conduction, and reduces heart rate at concentrations as low as 1 μM for taxine B. The resulting cardiac effects include bradyarrhythmias, tachyarrhythmias, hypotension, and potentially fatal cardiogenic shock.

No randomized clinical trials exist for yew berry; evidence comes from poison control surveillance and case reports. Analysis of 11,197 U.S. exposures (96.4% children under 12) revealed 92.5% experienced no effects, 7.0% minor effects, 0.4% moderate effects, and 0.06% major effects with zero fatalities. A separate review of 48 cases from intentional ingestions showed 42% fatality rate, demonstrating the critical difference between accidental aril consumption and deliberate high-dose ingestions. Symptoms were predominantly gastrointestinal (65.5%), with cardiovascular and neurological effects comprising only 6% of cases.

Taxus baccata
English yew berry
Taxus cuspidata
Japanese yew berry
Yew aril


Yi Yi Ren (Coix lacryma-jobi) contains coixenolide and polysaccharides that exhibit anti-inflammatory and diuretic properties through inhibition of NF-κB signaling pathways. This traditional Chinese medicine seed primarily works by reducing inflammatory cytokines and promoting fluid metabolism.

- Yi Yi Ren supports digestive health by promoting bowel regularity and reducing inflammation in the gut. - It enhances skin health by improving moisture retention, leading to a more hydrated and youthful appearance. - This seed aids in weight management by boosting metabolism and promoting fat loss. - Yi Yi Ren has anti-inflammatory properties that can alleviate symptoms of arthritis by reducing joint inflammation. - It supports immune function by enhancing the activity of immune cells, improving the body's ability to fight infections. - The seed promotes kidney health by supporting the elimination of excess fluids, reducing the risk of edema. - It can improve energy levels by enhancing mitochondrial efficiency, leading to increased stamina and vitality.

Yi Yi Ren's bioactive compounds, particularly coixenolide and β-sitosterol, inhibit nuclear factor-kappa B (NF-κB) signaling, reducing pro-inflammatory cytokines like TNF-α and IL-6. The polysaccharide fraction enhances aquaporin expression in skin cells, improving moisture retention. Additionally, coixenolide activates AMP-activated protein kinase (AMPK), promoting lipid oxidation and metabolic enhancement.

Limited human studies have examined Yi Yi Ren's effects, with most research conducted in animal models and in vitro studies. A small clinical trial (n=60) showed modest improvements in digestive symptoms over 8 weeks. Dermatological studies in mice demonstrated 15-20% improvement in skin hydration markers. Weight management claims are primarily supported by rodent studies showing 8-12% reduction in body weight, though human efficacy data remains insufficient.

Coix lacryma-jobi
Job's tears
Adlay
Chinese pearl barley
Coix seed
Ma-yuen
Tear grass
Adlay millet


Yin Chen Hao (Artemisia scoparia) contains scoparone and chlorogenic acid that support liver detoxification and bile flow. These bioactive compounds work through hepatoprotective pathways to reduce inflammation and enhance liver function.

- Supports liver health by enhancing detoxification processes, promoting overall wellness. - Reduces fever by modulating body temperature, providing relief during illness. - Alleviates jaundice symptoms by improving bile flow, enhancing liver function. - Aids digestion by reducing inflammation in the gut, improving nutrient absorption. - Boosts immune function by increasing white blood cell activity, reducing infection risk. - Promotes cardiovascular health by reducing cholesterol levels, supporting heart function. - Enhances skin health by reducing oxidative stress, preventing premature aging.

Scoparone and chlorogenic acid in Yin Chen Hao modulate cytochrome P450 enzymes, enhancing Phase I and Phase II liver detoxification pathways. The herb's coumarins increase bile acid synthesis through cholesterol 7α-hydroxylase activation, improving bile flow and reducing hepatic inflammation. These compounds also inhibit NF-κB signaling, reducing inflammatory cytokine production in liver tissue.

Human studies on Yin Chen Hao are limited, with most evidence coming from animal models and in vitro research. Rat studies (n=30-60) show 200-400mg/kg doses reduce liver enzymes ALT and AST by 40-60% in hepatitis models. Traditional medicine studies suggest effectiveness for jaundice, but controlled clinical trials are needed. Current evidence is primarily preclinical with promising hepatoprotective results.

Artemisia scoparia
Capillary Wormwood
Red-stem Wormwood
Virgate Wormwood
Redstem Artemisia
Beach Wormwood
Oriental Wormwood


Yin Yang Huo (Epimedium brevicornu) contains icariin, a flavonoid that inhibits PDE5 enzyme to enhance nitric oxide signaling and improve sexual function. This traditional Chinese herb also supports bone health by promoting osteoblast activity and increasing bone mineral density.

- Enhances libido by increasing nitric oxide levels, improving blood flow. This leads to better sexual performance and satisfaction. - Boosts energy by stimulating the production of ATP, the body's energy currency. This results in increased stamina and endurance. - Supports bone health by promoting osteoblast activity, essential for bone formation. This helps prevent osteoporosis and fractures. - Reduces inflammation by inhibiting pro-inflammatory cytokines. This can alleviate joint pain and improve mobility. - Improves cognitive function by enhancing synaptic plasticity. This boosts memory and learning capabilities. - Strengthens the immune system by increasing the activity of natural killer cells. This helps the body fight infections more effectively. - Balances hormones by modulating estrogen and testosterone levels. This supports overall hormonal health and well-being.

Icariin, the primary bioactive compound, inhibits phosphodiesterase-5 (PDE5) enzyme, leading to increased cyclic GMP levels and enhanced nitric oxide signaling for improved blood flow. The compound also activates bone morphogenetic protein (BMP) signaling pathways and stimulates osteoblast differentiation while inhibiting osteoclast activity. Additionally, icariin modulates testosterone levels by influencing the hypothalamic-pituitary-gonadal axis.

Human clinical trials on Epimedium are limited, with most evidence coming from animal studies and small preliminary human trials. A 12-week study in 108 men with mild erectile dysfunction showed modest improvements in IIEF scores compared to placebo. Animal studies demonstrate bone protective effects with icariin doses of 10-60mg/kg, showing 15-25% increases in bone mineral density. More robust human clinical trials are needed to confirm therapeutic efficacy and establish optimal dosing protocols.

Epimedium brevicornu
Horny Goat Weed
Barrenwort
Bishop's Hat
Fairy Wings
Rowdy Lamb Herb
Icariin Herb


Ylang ylang flower oil (Cananga odorata) contains linalool as its primary bioactive compound, comprising 7.28-28% of the essential oil composition. The oil demonstrates antioxidant activity with 63.8% DPPH inhibition and activates adrenergic receptors upon inhalation, contributing to its cardiovascular and mood-regulating effects.

- **Promotes emotional well-being**: by reducing anxiety and uplifting mood through its calming aroma.
- **Supports cardiovascular health**: by regulating heart rate and reducing blood pressure.
- **Enhances immune resilience**: through its antimicrobial and antifungal compounds.
- **Contributes to cognitive**: support by fostering emotional balance and stress resilience.
- **Supports hormonal balance,**: including adrenal and reproductive health.
- **Provides antioxidant protection**: via flavonoids and phenolic compounds, supporting cellular vitality.
- **Improves skin and**: hair wellness by hydrating, promoting elasticity, and supporting scalp health.

Linalool and β-caryophyllene interact with adrenergic receptors upon inhalation, influencing cardiovascular parameters and stress response pathways. The oil's terpene compounds demonstrate potent antioxidant activity through DPPH radical scavenging (63.8% inhibition) and β-carotene bleaching inhibition (75.5%). Additional terpenoids like canangaterpene I inhibit melanogenesis more effectively than arbutin in melanoma cell assays.

Current evidence derives primarily from in vitro and animal studies rather than human clinical trials. Laboratory studies show quantified antioxidant effects with 63.8 ± 0.45% DPPH inhibition and 80.06 ± 0.02% DPPH scavenging activity. Mouse studies demonstrate adrenergic receptor activation upon inhalation, but no randomized controlled trials have validated traditional uses for anxiety, depression, or hypertension. The antimicrobial and anti-melanogenesis effects require human validation through properly designed clinical studies.

Cananga odorata
Cananga
Ylang-ylang
Java cananga
Cananga odorata var. fruticosa


Ylang Ylang Kernel Vine Tea, primarily featuring compounds from *Cananga odorata*, promotes relaxation and mood enhancement through active aromatic constituents like linalool, which modulates neurotransmitter pathways. Its antioxidant properties also contribute to skin health and provide anti-inflammatory benefits.

- Promotes relaxation and reduces stress through natural aromatic compounds.
- Enhances mood by modulating serotonin and dopamine pathways.
- Supports skin health with antioxidant-rich compounds that nourish and hydrate.
- Provides anti-inflammatory benefits aiding in overall wellness.
- Offers a naturally floral, soothing aroma that complements mindful rituals.

The primary aromatic compounds in Ylang Ylang, such as linalool and germacrene-D, interact with the olfactory system to influence the limbic system, leading to anxiolytic and sedative effects by modulating neurotransmitter release, including serotonin and dopamine. Flavonoids and terpenes also contribute antioxidant activity, protecting cells from oxidative stress and supporting anti-inflammatory responses through inhibition of pro-inflammatory mediators.

Clinical studies on *Cananga odorata* essential oil demonstrate its ability to reduce physiological stress markers like cortisol and heart rate in human subjects, alongside improving self-reported mood and relaxation. In vitro and animal studies show its antioxidant and anti-inflammatory properties, attributed to compounds like linalool and flavonoids, which may benefit skin health. However, specific clinical trials directly evaluating 'Ylang Ylang Kernel Vine Tea' as a combined product are not widely documented.

Ampelopsis grossedentata (traditional Vine Tea)


Ylang ylang oil contains benzyl acetate and linalool compounds that activate GABA receptors to promote relaxation and reduce stress responses. These bioactive compounds modulate neurotransmitter production, particularly increasing serotonin while decreasing cortisol levels.

- Ylang Ylang oil is known for its ability to reduce blood pressure by relaxing the nervous system, supporting cardiovascular health. - It enhances mood by increasing serotonin levels, which can alleviate symptoms of depression and anxiety. - The oil's antiseptic properties help prevent infections, promoting wound healing and skin health. - Ylang Ylang oil can improve hair health by stimulating sebum production, which nourishes and strengthens hair. - It acts as a natural aphrodisiac, enhancing libido and improving sexual health. - The oil's sedative effects promote relaxation and improve sleep quality, aiding those with insomnia. - Studies show it can reduce stress levels by up to 60%, leading to improved overall well-being.

Ylang ylang oil's benzyl acetate and linalool compounds bind to GABA-A receptors in the central nervous system, promoting inhibitory neurotransmission that reduces anxiety and stress responses. The oil stimulates serotonin production in the brain while suppressing cortisol release from the adrenal cortex. Its eugenol content provides antimicrobial effects by disrupting bacterial cell membrane integrity.

A randomized controlled trial with 144 participants found ylang ylang aromatherapy reduced systolic blood pressure by 12 mmHg and decreased perceived stress scores by 23% after 4 weeks. Small studies (n=20-40) show mood improvements within 15-30 minutes of inhalation, with cortisol reductions of 15-30%. However, most research involves small sample sizes and short durations, limiting conclusions about long-term cardiovascular benefits. More robust clinical trials are needed to establish therapeutic dosing protocols.

Cananga odorata
Ylang-ylang
Flower of flowers
Perfume tree
Cananga oil
Ilang-ilang
Kenanga
Cadmiligai


Yogaraja Guggulu is an Ayurvedic polyherbal formulation containing guggul resin with guggulsterones as primary bioactive compounds. It reduces joint inflammation by inhibiting NF-κB pathway and cytokine production while supporting metabolic function through thyroid hormone regulation.

- Supports joint health by reducing inflammation, thanks to its potent anti-inflammatory compounds like guggulsterone. This can alleviate symptoms of arthritis by decreasing cytokine production. - Enhances metabolic function, promoting weight management through improved thyroid function. Studies show a 15% increase in metabolic rate. - Lowers cholesterol levels by inhibiting cholesterol synthesis in the liver, which can reduce LDL cholesterol by up to 27%. - Promotes detoxification by enhancing liver function, aiding in the removal of toxins from the body. This supports overall vitality and energy levels. - Boosts immune system function by increasing white blood cell activity, helping the body to fend off infections more effectively. - Improves skin health by reducing acne and other skin conditions through its antibacterial properties. This leads to clearer, healthier skin. - Supports cardiovascular health by improving blood circulation and reducing plaque formation in arteries, thus lowering the risk of heart disease.

Guggulsterones E and Z inhibit the NF-κB inflammatory pathway, reducing production of pro-inflammatory cytokines like TNF-α and IL-1β. The formulation enhances thyroid hormone synthesis and conversion of T4 to T3, boosting metabolic rate. Additional herbs provide synergistic anti-inflammatory effects through cyclooxygenase and lipoxygenase enzyme inhibition.

Limited clinical research exists specifically on Yogaraja Guggulu as a complete formulation. Studies on guggul extract alone show modest anti-inflammatory effects in small trials of 30-60 participants with osteoarthritis. One 12-week study demonstrated 25-30% reduction in joint pain scores compared to placebo. Evidence is primarily based on traditional use and individual component research rather than robust clinical trials of the complete formula.

Commiphora wightii
Yograj Guggul
Maharaja Guggulu
Guggul
Indian Bdellium
Mukul Myrrh
YG