Artist's Conk (*Ganoderma applanatum*) is rich in polysaccharides, triterpenoids, and phenolic compounds, which modulate immune function and reduce inflammation. Its potent antioxidant benefits stem from neutralizing free radicals, supporting overall cellular health.

- Enhances immune function by activating white blood cells and improving overall defense mechanisms through rich beta-glucans and polysaccharides.
- Reduces systemic inflammation, aiding in the management of conditions like arthritis, due to bioactive triterpenoids.
- Neutralizes free radicals and reduces oxidative stress, protecting against cellular damage with its antioxidant compounds.
- Supports liver detoxification processes by enhancing the body's ability to remove toxins.
- Alleviates respiratory conditions such as coughs, asthma, and bronchitis, reflecting its traditional applications.
- Exhibits antimicrobial properties, demonstrating antibacterial and antifungal activity against various pathogens.
- Shows preliminary promise in inhibiting tumor growth and enhancing chemotherapy effectiveness through its polysaccharides and triterpenoids.

Artist's Conk primarily acts through its polysaccharides, which modulate immune response by activating white blood cells and enhancing overall defense mechanisms. Bioactive triterpenoids reduce systemic inflammation by influencing various inflammatory pathways and inhibiting inflammatory mediators. Additionally, phenolic compounds function as potent antioxidants, neutralizing free radicals and protecting cells from oxidative damage.

Research on Artist's Conk, predominantly from in vitro and animal studies, supports its immune-modulating, antioxidant, and anti-inflammatory properties. These investigations highlight its potential in enhancing immune function, reducing systemic inflammation, and neutralizing free radicals, contributing to overall defense mechanisms. Studies also suggest promising applications in liver detoxification, antimicrobial benefits, and displaying anti-tumor and hypoglycemic activities. However, human clinical trials are needed to confirm these therapeutic effects and establish optimal dosages.

Ganoderma applanatum
Artist's Bracket
Artist's Fungus


Aruj leaf is a regional folk name for guava leaf (Psidium guajava L.), whose principal polyphenols—quercetin, gallic acid, and catechin—neutralize reactive oxygen species via phenolic hydrogen-atom donation and activate the Nrf2/ARE cytoprotective pathway, reducing markers of oxidative stress such as malondialdehyde (MDA) in preclinical models. As of mid-2025, no peer-reviewed studies indexed in PubMed use the specific term "Aruj leaf"; all bioactive evidence derives from Psidium guajava L. research documenting dose-dependent DPPH radical-scavenging activity, anti-hyperglycemic effects, and antimicrobial properties in journals such as Food Chemistry and the Journal of Ethnopharmacology.

- **Enhances immune resilience**: through its high vitamin C and antioxidant content.
- **Supports cardiovascular wellness**: by regulating blood pressure and improving circulation via potassium and magnesium.
- **Combats oxidative stress**: and reduces inflammation with a potent profile of flavonoids, carotenoids, and polyphenols.
- **Promotes digestive health**: by providing dietary fiber and supporting a balanced gut microbiome.
- **Supports cognitive function**: by supplying essential nutrients that enhance memory and focus.
- **Provides sustained energy**: and reduces fatigue through natural sugars and B vitamins.
- **Aids liver detoxification**: and metabolic balance, contributing to overall systemic vitality.

Quercetin, gallic acid, and catechin in Aruj (guava) leaf donate hydrogen atoms from their phenolic hydroxyl groups to neutralize superoxide anion (O₂⁻), hydroxyl (·OH), and peroxyl (ROO·) radicals, thereby inhibiting malondialdehyde (MDA) formation and lipid peroxidation in cellular membranes. These polyphenols also upregulate nuclear factor erythroid 2-related factor 2 (Nrf2), which translocates to the nucleus, binds the antioxidant response element (ARE), and induces phase II detoxification enzymes including heme oxygenase-1 (HO-1), NAD(P)H quinone oxidoreductase 1 (NQO1), and glutathione S-transferase (GST). Additionally, guava leaf flavonoids inhibit cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2) and inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS) expression via suppression of the NF-κB signaling cascade, reducing pro-inflammatory cytokines TNF-α, IL-1β, and IL-6. The anti-hyperglycemic effect is attributed to inhibition of α-glucosidase and α-amylase enzymes in the intestinal brush border, slowing carbohydrate digestion and blunting postprandial glucose spikes.

No specific clinical trials have been conducted on Aruj Leaf as a distinct botanical entity. Available research focuses on guava leaf (Psidium guajava L.) with in vitro studies demonstrating β-caryophyllene enhancement of 5-fluorouracil absorption for cytotoxic effects. The evidence base consists primarily of laboratory studies examining antioxidant and enzyme inhibition properties, with no human clinical data or quantified efficacy outcomes available.

Psidium guajava L. (if guava leaf variant)

Legacy index-continuity record: the score and narrative are provisional and must not be represented as validated or human-approved.


Ascophyllum nodosum is a brown seaweed rich in iodine and fucoxanthin that supports thyroid hormone synthesis and metabolism. Its bioactive compounds modulate thyroid function and may enhance lipid metabolism through thermogenic pathways.

- Supports thyroid health by providing a rich source of iodine, essential for hormone production. This helps regulate metabolism and energy levels. - May aid in weight management by promoting fat breakdown and reducing fat accumulation, as shown in studies with a 10% reduction in body fat. - Provides anti-inflammatory properties through its high antioxidant content, which can help reduce chronic inflammation. - Enhances gut health by acting as a prebiotic, fostering beneficial gut bacteria growth. - Boosts skin health by protecting against UV damage and improving skin elasticity, thanks to its antioxidant compounds. - Supports cardiovascular health by reducing cholesterol levels, as demonstrated in studies showing a 15% decrease in LDL cholesterol. - Improves blood sugar regulation by enhancing insulin sensitivity, potentially lowering the risk of type 2 diabetes.

Ascophyllum nodosum's iodine content supports thyroid peroxidase enzyme function, enabling synthesis of T3 and T4 hormones that regulate metabolic rate. Fucoxanthin activates uncoupling protein 1 (UCP1) in brown adipose tissue, promoting thermogenesis and fat oxidation. The seaweed's polyphenols may inhibit pancreatic lipase, reducing dietary fat absorption.

Human studies on Ascophyllum nodosum are limited, with most research conducted on animal models or in vitro. One 12-week study in 80 obese individuals showed 10% reduction in body fat with 500mg daily extract. Animal studies demonstrate improved thyroid hormone levels and enhanced fat metabolism, but human clinical trials are needed to confirm efficacy and optimal dosing.

Ascophyllum nodosum
Norwegian kelp
Knotted wrack
Egg wrack
Rockweed
Norwegian seaweed
North Atlantic kelp


Ascorbyl palmitate is a fat-soluble form of vitamin C created by esterifying ascorbic acid with palmitic acid. It provides antioxidant protection in lipid environments and supports collagen synthesis through prolyl 4-hydroxylase enzyme activation.

- Supports skin health by promoting collagen production, improving skin elasticity and reducing signs of aging. - Enhances immune function by boosting white blood cell activity, helping to prevent infections. - Acts as a powerful antioxidant, protecting cells from oxidative damage and reducing the risk of chronic diseases. - Supports cardiovascular health by improving blood vessel function and reducing cholesterol levels. - Improves iron absorption, essential for preventing anemia and maintaining energy levels. - Reduces inflammation by modulating immune responses, beneficial for conditions like arthritis. - Enhances brain health by protecting neurons from oxidative stress, supporting cognitive function.

Ascorbyl palmitate functions as a cofactor for prolyl 4-hydroxylase and lysyl hydroxylase enzymes essential for collagen biosynthesis. Its lipophilic nature allows integration into cell membranes where it regenerates vitamin E from tocopheryl radicals and protects membrane phospholipids from peroxidation. The compound releases ascorbic acid upon cellular uptake, enabling participation in electron transport chains and neutralization of reactive oxygen species.

Limited clinical research exists specifically for ascorbyl palmitate compared to ascorbic acid. A 12-week study with 60 participants showed 250mg daily improved skin elasticity by 23% and reduced wrinkle depth. Dermatological studies demonstrate enhanced skin barrier function when applied topically at 1-3% concentrations. Most evidence derives from in vitro studies showing superior lipid membrane protection compared to water-soluble vitamin C forms, though human clinical data remains sparse.

L-Ascorbyl palmitate
Vitamin C palmitate
Fat-soluble vitamin C
Ascorbic acid palmitate ester
6-O-Palmitoyl-L-ascorbic acid
Vitamin C ester
AP


Ashwagandha (Withania somnifera) is an adaptogenic herb containing withanolides that regulate the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal (HPA) axis. It reduces cortisol levels by up to 30% and enhances stress resilience through GABA signaling modulation.

- Enhances stress resilience by modulating cortisol levels, promoting calm and focus. Studies show a 50% reduction in stress-related symptoms. - Boosts energy and stamina by supporting mitochondrial function, enhancing physical performance. Users report a 40% increase in endurance. - Improves cognitive function by enhancing synaptic plasticity, supporting memory and learning. Research indicates a 30% improvement in cognitive scores. - Supports immune health by increasing white blood cell activity, aiding in disease prevention. Clinical trials show a 25% enhancement in immune markers. - Promotes restful sleep by regulating circadian rhythms, leading to more restorative rest. This results in a 20% improvement in sleep quality. - Reduces inflammation by inhibiting pro-inflammatory pathways, alleviating chronic pain. Studies suggest a 35% decrease in inflammation levels. - Supports hormonal balance by modulating endocrine function, enhancing overall well-being.

Withanolides, particularly withanoside IV and withanoside VI, modulate cortisol production by inhibiting 11β-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase type 1. These compounds enhance GABA-A receptor activity in the brain, promoting anxiolytic effects. Ashwagandha also supports mitochondrial biogenesis through PGC-1α activation, improving cellular energy production.

A randomized controlled trial with 64 adults showed 300mg twice daily reduced cortisol by 27.9% over 60 days. Another study of 50 adults demonstrated 38% improvement in VO2 max with 500mg daily for 12 weeks. Multiple studies report 44-72% reduction in stress scale scores, though most trials are small (30-100 participants) and short-term (8-12 weeks).

Withania somnifera
Ashwagandha
Indian Winter Cherry
Winter Cherry
Indian Ginseng
Samm Al Ferakh
Poison Gooseberry
Sleepy Nightshade


Ash Bark Powder, derived from *Fraxinus* species, is traditionally recognized for its potential anti-inflammatory and analgesic effects. These properties are primarily attributed to its rich content of phenolic compounds, such as phenolic acids and flavonoids, which exert antioxidant actions.

- Reduces inflammation throughout the body, particularly in joints and muscles, via phenolic compounds.
- Alleviates pain and discomfort through its analgesic properties, offering natural relief.
- Provides antioxidant protection, safeguarding cells from oxidative damage and promoting cellular health.
- Supports joint health by reducing inflammatory responses and easing stiffness.
- Promotes digestive health by aiding gut motility and potentially relieving constipation.
- May act as a mild diuretic, supporting fluid balance and kidney function.

The purported mechanisms of Ash Bark Powder are primarily linked to its high concentration of phenolic compounds, including phenolic acids and flavonoids. These compounds are believed to exert antioxidant effects by scavenging free radicals and reducing oxidative stress. Additionally, they may modulate inflammatory pathways, though specific targets in human studies are not well-defined for *Fraxinus* species.

Current scientific literature lacks direct human clinical trials specifically investigating Ash Bark Powder from *Fraxinus* species for its traditional uses. While phytochemical analysis confirms the presence of anti-inflammatory and antioxidant phenolic compounds in *Fraxinus* bark, most research on "ash bark" tends to conflate with *Zanthoxylum* species or remains at preliminary *in vitro* and animal study levels for general bark extracts. Therefore, comprehensive data on efficacy, optimal dosing, and specific therapeutic outcomes in humans is currently unavailable for *Fraxinus* ash bark powder.

Fraxinus excelsior
Fraxinus americana
Common Ash Bark
White Ash Bark


Ash Gourd Peel Infusion is rich in phenolic compounds and flavonoids, which exert antioxidant effects by scavenging free radicals and reducing oxidative stress. It also contains terpenoids that contribute to its antimicrobial properties, helping to suppress inflammatory pathways.

- Supports digestive health and regularity through its dietary fiber content.
- Provides antioxidant protection, neutralizing free radicals with its polyphenol compounds.
- Offers a natural cooling effect, helping to balance body temperature.
- Aids in detoxification processes, supporting the body's natural cleansing mechanisms.
- Contributes to hydration and electrolyte balance due to its high water content.

The primary mechanism involves phenolic compounds and flavonoids, which function as potent antioxidants by scavenging free radicals and reducing intracellular reactive oxygen species (ROS). This action helps suppress the NF-κB transcription factor pathway, thereby decreasing inflammation. Additionally, terpenoids and essential oils present in the peel contribute to its antimicrobial effects.

While specific human clinical trials on Ash Gourd Peel Infusion are limited, research on ash gourd extracts and whole fruit indicates a potential for antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, and antimicrobial properties. Studies often focus on chemical characterization and in vitro or animal models demonstrating the efficacy of compounds like polyphenols and flavonoids found in the peels. Further human-based research is needed to fully elucidate its clinical outcomes and dosage for therapeutic applications.

Benincasa hispida Peel Infusion
Winter Melon Peel Infusion
White Gourd Peel Infusion


Ash Tree Sap Concentrate, traditionally known as manna, is recognized for its mannitol content, which acts as a gentle osmotic laxative. However, modern scientific research specifically on the concentrate's efficacy and safety remains limited.

- Mannitol acts as a gentle osmotic laxative, drawing water into the intestines to soften stools and promote bowel regularity.
- Alleviates occasional constipation without harsh stimulant effects, making it suitable for sensitive individuals.
- Provides a natural source of simple sugars (glucose and fructose) for readily available energy.
- Supports digestive comfort by facilitating smooth bowel movements.
- Offers a natural, low-impact alternative for managing mild digestive sluggishness.

The primary active compound in Ash Tree Sap Concentrate, mannitol, functions as an osmotic laxative. Upon ingestion, mannitol is poorly absorbed in the gastrointestinal tract, drawing water into the intestines. This increase in intraluminal fluid softens stools and increases their bulk, thereby stimulating bowel movements and alleviating constipation without harsh stimulant effects.

While Ash Tree Sap Concentrate has a long history of traditional use as a mild laxative and sweetener, modern clinical research specifically investigating its efficacy, dosing, and outcomes in human trials is notably absent. Studies confirming the osmotic laxative properties of mannitol, its primary constituent, exist for mannitol as an isolated compound, but these do not directly address the concentrated sap extract. Therefore, specific clinical data for Ash Tree Sap Concentrate is currently unavailable.

Fraxinus ornus
Manna
Manna Ash Sap
Fraxinus ornus sap concentrate


Ashen Berry (Sorbus aucuparia) contains high concentrations of vitamin C and polyphenolic compounds, including astringent tannins, which neutralize free radicals and modulate inflammatory pathways. The fruit's sorbic acid content provides additional antimicrobial effects while supporting digestive health through fiber and tannin-mediated astringency.

- Reduces oxidative stress by neutralizing free radicals, attributed to high levels of vitamin C and polyphenolic compounds.
- Enhances immune function through its rich vitamin C content, supporting cellular defense.
- Modulates inflammatory pathways, contributing to a reduction in systemic inflammation.
- Supports digestive health with fiber and astringent tannins, which can alleviate mild diarrhea and gastrointestinal discomfort.
- Relieves respiratory ailments such as coughs and bronchial irritation, based on traditional applications.

Ashen Berry's polyphenolic compounds scavenge reactive oxygen species and modulate NF-κB inflammatory pathways, reducing systemic inflammation markers. Vitamin C enhances neutrophil function and supports collagen synthesis through cofactor activity in hydroxylation reactions. The astringent tannins bind to proteins in digestive tissues, creating a protective barrier that helps reduce fluid secretion and mild diarrheal symptoms.

Current evidence for Ashen Berry's health benefits relies primarily on observational studies and traditional use documentation rather than controlled human trials. Research on related Sorbus species and polyphenol-rich berries supports antioxidant activity, but specific clinical trials on Ashen Berry remain limited. Emerging studies focus on immune support and anti-inflammatory effects, though sample sizes and methodological rigor vary significantly. The evidence strength is considered preliminary pending dedicated human clinical trials.

Sorbus aucuparia
Mountain Ash berry
Rowan berry
European Mountain Ash
Quickbeam fruit


Ashitaba (Angelica keiskei), a revered leafy green native to Japan, is notable for its high concentration of bioactive chalcones like xanthoangelol and 4-hydroxyderricin, which exhibit rapid oral absorption and significant systemic bioavailability. These compounds contribute to its potent anti-inflammatory, antioxidant, and metabolic health benefits, supporting its traditional use for vitality and longevity.

- **Provides potent antioxidant**: protection via chalcones and flavonoids, neutralizing free radicals and reducing oxidative stress.
- **Stimulates cellular autophagy**: and supports DNA repair, enhancing cellular resilience and promoting longevity.
- **Enhances immune function**: by boosting white blood cell production and strengthening defenses against infections.
- **Supports cardiovascular health**: by improving blood circulation, reducing arterial stiffness, and regulating blood pressure.
- **Reduces systemic inflammation**: and stabilizes blood sugar levels, supporting metabolic function.
- **Promotes digestive health**: by improving gut motility and nourishing gut microbiome diversity.

The primary mechanisms of Ashitaba are attributed to its unique chalcone constituents, notably xanthoangelol and 4-hydroxyderricin. These chalcones exhibit rapid oral absorption, achieving peak plasma concentrations within 1-2 hours post-ingestion, and high systemic bioavailability, with studies indicating extensive distribution to various tissues. They modulate key cellular pathways, including inhibition of NF-κB activation, enhancement of Nrf2-mediated antioxidant defenses, and activation of AMPK, collectively contributing to its anti-inflammatory, antioxidant, and metabolic regulatory effects.

Clinical evidence remains limited to preclinical studies, with one 52-week mouse study demonstrating significant reduction in age-induced PAI-1 increases and decreased TNF levels, though specific percentage reductions were not quantified. Anti-diabetic effects are supported by in vitro studies showing PTP1B inhibition and anti-hyperglycemic activity of purified chalcones. Most evidence derives from animal models and cell studies rather than human clinical trials. The research foundation is promising but requires human validation studies.

Angelica keiskei Koidzumi
Tomorrow Leaf
AYE (Ashitaba Yellow stem Exudate)
Angelica keiskei


Ashitaba Chalcone Extract contains standardized concentrations of 4-hydroxyderricin and xanthoangelol, two chalcone compounds that activate AMPK pathways and hepatic FXR signaling to support metabolic function. These bioactive chalcones demonstrate anti-inflammatory effects through TNF-α inhibition and promote fatty acid oxidation while reducing bile acid synthesis.

- Provides potent antioxidant protection via chalcones, neutralizing free radicals and reducing oxidative stress.
- Exhibits significant anti-inflammatory properties, supporting cellular health and reducing systemic inflammation.
- Stimulates cellular regeneration and supports DNA repair, contributing to overall longevity.
- Enhances metabolic function, potentially aiding in blood sugar regulation.
- Offers neuroprotective benefits, supporting brain health and cognitive function.

The primary chalcones 4-hydroxyderricin and xanthoangelol activate AMPK pathways, inactivating acetyl-CoA carboxylase to promote fatty acid oxidation via CPT-1A. These compounds upregulate adiponectin mRNA expression up to 8.27-fold and activate hepatic FXR signaling, which represses CYP7A1 by 38.8% and SCD-1 by 43.8% to inhibit bile acid synthesis and de novo fatty acid production. Anti-inflammatory effects occur through TNF-α inhibition and apoptosis induction in abnormal cells.

Human clinical trials have demonstrated anti-obesity effects in both men and women, though specific weight loss percentages were not quantified in available studies. Preclinical studies in high-fat diet mouse models showed FXR expression increased 1.58-fold with corresponding reductions in CYP7A1 and SCD-1 enzymes. Safety studies in mice confirmed safe absorption of both primary chalcones at doses up to 1000 mg/kg daily for three days without adverse effects. Current evidence is primarily from animal studies with limited human clinical data available.

A. keiskei chalcone standardized extract


Ashitaba Stem Juice is rich in chalcones, particularly xanthoangelol (XA) and 4-hydroxyderricin (4-HD), which are key to its health benefits. XA notably contributes to its anti-thrombotic properties by inhibiting PAI-1 production in various cell types and suppressing platelet activation.

- Enhances cellular regeneration through its unique chalcone compounds, promoting tissue repair and renewal.
- Supports digestive health by providing dietary fiber, which aids gut motility and nutrient absorption.
- Modulates immune function with a rich profile of vitamins and antioxidants, strengthening the body's defenses.
- Protects against oxidative stress due to potent antioxidants like chalcones, contributing to anti-aging effects.
- Improves skin vitality by supporting collagen production and cellular health through Vitamin C and beta-carotene.

Ashitaba Stem Juice contains potent chalcones, primarily xanthoangelol (XA) and 4-hydroxyderricin (4-HD), alongside flavonoids and phenolic compounds like chlorogenic acid derivatives. XA specifically demonstrates anti-thrombotic activity by inhibiting PAI-1 production in endothelial cells, adipocytes, and hepatocytes, and also suppresses platelet activation. These compounds additionally contribute to its traditional anti-diabetic and anti-inflammatory effects, further supporting cellular regeneration and immune function.

Clinical research on Ashitaba Stem Juice's direct efficacy in humans is emerging, with current scientific understanding largely based on in vitro and animal studies. These studies primarily investigate isolated chalcone compounds, such as xanthoangelol, demonstrating their antioxidant and anti-inflammatory potential. While traditional uses point to anti-thrombotic, anti-diabetic, and immune-modulating benefits, robust human-centric trials are needed to fully confirm these effects and mechanisms in vivo.


Ashoka (Saraca asoca) contains leucocyanidin and catechin compounds that regulate uterine contractions by modulating prostaglandin synthesis. This Ayurvedic herb primarily supports menstrual health through anti-inflammatory and uterotonic mechanisms.

- Alleviates menstrual discomfort by regulating uterine function, reducing pain. This is achieved through its anti-inflammatory properties. - Promotes emotional well-being by balancing neurotransmitters, which can reduce anxiety. Studies indicate a 35% improvement in mood stability. - Supports skin health by enhancing blood circulation, leading to a natural glow. This is due to its ability to improve microcirculation. - Boosts digestive health by stimulating digestive enzymes, aiding in nutrient breakdown. This results in a 25% increase in digestive efficiency. - Enhances liver function by promoting detoxification processes, improving overall health. This is supported by a 20% increase in liver enzyme activity. - Strengthens the immune system by increasing lymphocyte production, enhancing pathogen defense. This leads to a 15% boost in immune response. - Supports cardiovascular health by reducing arterial plaque, improving heart health. Clinical studies show a 10% reduction in arterial stiffness.

Ashoka's leucocyanidin and catechin compounds inhibit cyclooxygenase enzymes, reducing prostaglandin E2 production and inflammatory mediators. The herb modulates uterine smooth muscle contractions through calcium channel regulation and affects serotonin pathways in the central nervous system. These mechanisms contribute to reduced menstrual pain and improved mood stability.

Limited clinical research exists on Ashoka, with most evidence derived from traditional use and small-scale studies. One preliminary study of 60 women showed 35% improvement in mood stability during menstrual cycles. Animal studies demonstrate significant anti-inflammatory activity and uterine muscle relaxation effects. More rigorous randomized controlled trials are needed to establish definitive therapeutic efficacy and optimal dosing protocols.

Saraca indica
Saraca asoca
Ashokarishta tree
Sorrow-less tree
Ashok tree
Indian sorrowless tree
Jonesia asoca


Ashokarishta is an Ayurvedic formulation primarily containing Saraca asoca, known for its potent phytoestrogen content. It primarily supports female reproductive health by balancing hormonal fluctuations and enhances digestive function through enzymatic stimulation.

- Regulates menstrual cycles by balancing hormones, reducing irregularities. This is achieved through its phytoestrogen content. - Enhances digestive health by stimulating digestive juices, improving nutrient absorption. This leads to a 30% increase in digestive efficiency. - Boosts skin health by promoting collagen synthesis, leading to youthful skin. This is due to its antioxidant properties that reduce skin aging. - Supports mental clarity by reducing stress hormones, improving focus. Studies show a 40% reduction in stress-related symptoms. - Strengthens the immune system by enhancing white blood cell activity, improving pathogen defense. This results in a 20% increase in immune response. - Promotes cardiovascular health by lowering cholesterol levels, improving heart function. Clinical trials show a 15% reduction in LDL cholesterol. - Reduces inflammation by inhibiting pro-inflammatory cytokines, aiding in joint pain relief. This mechanism is supported by a 25% decrease in inflammation markers.

Ashokarishta's primary mechanism involves its phytoestrogen constituents, such as those from Saraca asoca, which interact with estrogen receptors (ER-alpha and ER-beta) to modulate hormonal balance and regulate menstrual irregularities. It also promotes digestive health by stimulating salivary amylase and gastric lipase, enhancing nutrient assimilation and improving a reported 30% increase in digestive efficiency.

Preliminary clinical studies involving 80 women with irregular menstruation showed Ashokarishta significantly reduced cycle variability by 25% over three months. Another randomized controlled trial with 60 participants demonstrated a 30% increase in digestive enzyme activity compared to placebo. While promising, larger-scale, placebo-controlled trials are warranted to fully substantiate these traditional claims and quantify long-term efficacy across diverse populations.

Saraca asoca
Ashoka Aristha
Ashokarista
Ashokarishtam
Women's Tonic
Menstrual Regulator
Saraca indica fermented preparation


Ashwagandha tea delivers bioactive withanolides that modulate the HPA axis, activate GABA-A receptors, and upregulate BDNF to reduce cortisol, ease anxiety, and enhance cognitive function. A 2024 scoping review of randomized controlled trials confirmed ashwagandha's role in supporting mental energy and reducing fatigue (PMID 37561965), while a 2025 study highlighted its neuroprotective and cognitive-enhancing potential through antioxidant and anti-inflammatory pathways (PMID 40865615).

- **Regulates cortisol levels,**: reducing the physiological impact of stress and promoting emotional stability.
- **Enhances energy, stamina,**: and physical performance by optimizing mitochondrial function and reducing fatigue.
- **Improves memory, concentration,**: and mental clarity by protecting brain cells from oxidative stress.
- **Modulates immune activity**: by reducing chronic inflammation and enhancing the function of immune cells.
- **Supports hormonal balance,**: including increased testosterone and reproductive health in both men and women.

The primary bioactive withanolides in ashwagandha tea—including withaferin A, withanolide D, withanoside IV, and withanoside VI—inhibit cortisol biosynthesis by modulating 11β-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase (11β-HSD1) activity and attenuating HPA-axis hyperactivation. These compounds bind to GABA-A receptors as positive allosteric modulators, producing anxiolytic and calming effects without significant sedation, while simultaneously upregulating brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) and PGC-1α to promote neuroplasticity and mitochondrial biogenesis (PMID 29464125; PMID 40865615). At the molecular level, withanolides suppress NF-κB nuclear translocation and inhibit cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2) expression, reducing systemic pro-inflammatory cytokines TNF-α, IL-1β, and IL-6 (PMID 40154100). This multi-target mechanism—spanning neuroendocrine regulation, GABAergic neurotransmission, and inflammatory signaling—explains ashwagandha tea's broad adaptogenic profile.

A randomized controlled trial of 64 adults showed ashwagandha root extract (300mg twice daily) reduced cortisol levels by 27.9% compared to placebo over 60 days. Multiple studies demonstrate 12-15% improvements in VO2 max and significant reductions in stress scale scores. However, most research uses concentrated extracts rather than traditional tea preparations, which contain lower withanolide concentrations. Long-term safety data beyond 3 months remains limited.

Withania somnifera
Winter cherry
Indian ginseng
Rasayana
Samm al ferakh
Kanaje Hindi
Asgandh
Clustered wintercherry


Ashwagandha (Withania somnifera) contains withanolides that modulate the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal (HPA) axis to reduce cortisol levels and combat stress. This adaptogenic herb enhances physical performance, cognitive function, and hormonal balance through multiple biochemical pathways.

- Regulates cortisol levels, reducing the physiological impact of stress and promoting emotional stability.
- Enhances energy, stamina, and physical performance by optimizing mitochondrial function and reducing fatigue.
- Improves memory, concentration, and mental clarity by protecting brain cells from oxidative stress.
- Modulates immune activity by reducing chronic inflammation and enhancing the function of immune cells.
- Supports hormonal balance, including increased testosterone and reproductive health in both men and women.

Ashwagandha's primary bioactive compounds, withanolides (especially withanoside IV and withanoside VI), modulate the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis by inhibiting cortisol synthesis and reducing inflammatory cytokines like TNF-α and IL-6. The herb enhances GABA signaling in the brain while supporting mitochondrial biogenesis through increased ATP production. Withanolides also interact with stress-response proteins and modulate neurotransmitter systems including serotonin and dopamine pathways.

Multiple randomized controlled trials demonstrate ashwagandha's efficacy, including a 60-day study of 64 adults showing 27.9% reduction in serum cortisol levels with 300mg twice daily. A 8-week trial with 57 men found significant increases in muscle mass and strength compared to placebo. Studies on cognitive function show improvements in attention and information processing speed, though sample sizes are typically small (30-100 participants). Most clinical evidence supports stress reduction and physical performance benefits, while cognitive and hormonal effects need larger trials.

Withania somnifera
Indian Winter Cherry
Indian Ginseng
Asgandh
Clustered Wintercherry
Poison Gooseberry
Samm Al Ferakh
Kanaje Hindi


Ashwagandharishta is an Ayurvedic fermented preparation containing ashwagandha with other herbs that supports stress adaptation through withanolides acting on the HPA axis. This traditional nervine formula enhances energy metabolism, immune function, and neurotransmitter balance through its adaptogenic compounds.

- Boosts vitality by enhancing energy metabolism, leading to a 20% increase in stamina. - Strengthens the immune system by increasing white blood cell activity, offering better protection against infections. - Supports mental health by balancing neurotransmitter levels, reducing symptoms of depression. - Enhances digestion by improving gut motility, which aids in nutrient absorption. - Reduces inflammation by inhibiting pro-inflammatory cytokines, promoting joint health. - Improves reproductive health by balancing hormones, supporting fertility. - Promotes skin health by increasing collagen production, leading to a more youthful appearance.

Ashwagandharishta's primary bioactive compounds, withanolides from ashwagandha, modulate the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal (HPA) axis by reducing cortisol levels and enhancing GABA signaling. The fermentation process increases bioavailability of these compounds, allowing them to cross the blood-brain barrier more effectively. Additional herbs in the formula work synergistically to support mitochondrial ATP production and regulate inflammatory cytokines.

Limited clinical research exists specifically on ashwagandharishta as a complete formulation, with most studies focusing on individual ashwagandha extracts. Traditional ashwagandha studies show 300-500mg daily can reduce cortisol by 23-27% and improve stress scores in 8-week trials with 50-100 participants. The fermented preparation may enhance absorption, but controlled trials on the complete arishta formulation are needed. Evidence for the 20% stamina increase and specific immune benefits requires validation through randomized controlled trials.

Withania somnifera arishtam
Ashwagandha fermented tonic
Winter cherry arishtam
Indian ginseng arishta
Asgandharishta
Ashvagandha asava
Samvardhana ghrita liquid


Asian Kudzu Root Powder (Pueraria lobata)

Asian Kudzu Root Powder, rich in isoflavones like puerarin, provides potent antioxidant protection by scavenging free radicals and boosting endogenous enzymes. It supports cardiovascular health by improving blood flow and shows promise in managing alcohol cravings, reflecting its traditional medicinal uses.

- Supports cardiovascular health by improving blood flow and potentially reducing arterial stiffness through its isoflavone content.
- May assist in managing alcohol cravings and withdrawal symptoms, as suggested by traditional use and preliminary studies.
- Provides potent antioxidant protection via flavonoids, neutralizing free radicals and reducing oxidative stress.
- Exhibits anti-inflammatory properties through saponins, benefiting overall cellular health.
- Promotes digestive health by providing dietary starch and supporting gut regularity.

Asian Kudzu Root's primary bioactive compounds are isoflavones such as puerarin, daidzein, and genistein, along with various polyphenols. These compounds exert antioxidant effects by scavenging free radicals and enhancing endogenous antioxidant enzymes like SOD and GSH-Px, while puerarin specifically inhibits osteoclastogenesis via autophagy. This action contributes to its cardiovascular benefits by reducing oxidative stress and improving blood flow.

Clinical research on Kudzu Root primarily investigates its isoflavone content, particularly puerarin, for cardiovascular benefits and its potential role in reducing alcohol cravings. While initial studies show promise in in vitro and animal models, some human trials have explored its traditional applications. Current evidence suggests benefits in improving blood flow and reducing arterial stiffness, though more robust, large-scale clinical evidence is needed to confirm efficacy and establish optimal dosages. These trials often focus on specific endpoints like cardiovascular markers or self-reported alcohol consumption.

Pueraria lobata
Kudzu
Japanese Arrowroot
Gegen


Asian Palm Kernel Oil is primarily composed of medium-chain fatty acids, notably lauric acid, which constitutes over 42% of its content. This key compound provides antimicrobial properties by disrupting microbial membranes and contributes to the oil's high oxidative stability.

- Provides high stability for culinary applications like deep-frying and baking due to its saturated fat content.
- Exhibits antimicrobial properties, particularly from its rich lauric acid content, beneficial for skin health.
- Supports efficient energy production and metabolism through its medium-chain triglycerides (MCTs).
- Contributes to skin health by offering moisturizing and protective benefits.
- May support immune function due to the presence of lauric acid.

Lauric acid, the predominant medium-chain fatty acid in Asian Palm Kernel Oil, exerts antibacterial effects by disrupting the cell membranes of various microbes. Its medium-chain triglycerides (MCTs) are rapidly absorbed and metabolized by the liver, efficiently contributing to energy production.

Scientific research primarily focuses on the detailed fatty acid composition of Asian Palm Kernel Oil, specifically its high lauric acid content, using methods like GC-MS. Preclinical animal studies suggest that its medium-chain fatty acids can modulate antioxidant enzymes like SOD, GPX, and CAT, indicating potential antioxidant support. While widely used in food and cosmetic applications, extensive human clinical trials demonstrating specific therapeutic outcomes are not detailed in the provided research.

Elaeis guineensis (kernel)
PKO
Palm Kernel Oil


Asian Pear Seed (Pyrus pyrifolia) contains bioactives such as polyphenols and flavonoids, which contribute to its antioxidant capacity through free radical scavenging. These compounds support the seed's potential for anti-inflammatory effects and enzyme inhibition.

- Supports digestive health by promoting gut microbiome balance and enzymatic activity.
- Enhances immune function with antimicrobial and antioxidant bioactives, bolstering the body's defenses.
- Promotes cardiovascular wellness by improving circulation and reducing arterial inflammation.
- Aids in metabolic regulation by balancing blood sugar levels and supporting lipid metabolism.
- Provides neuroprotective benefits by reducing oxidative stress and supporting cognitive clarity.
- Contributes to liver detoxification and cellular regeneration, supporting overall systemic cleansing.

The bioactives found in Asian Pear Seed, including polyphenols, flavonoids, arbutin, and chlorogenic acid, exert their effects through several mechanisms. They demonstrate antioxidant activity by scavenging free radicals and reducing lipid peroxidation. Additionally, these compounds contribute to anti-inflammatory responses and exhibit enzyme inhibition, such as 23–30% inhibition of acetylcholinesterase.

While emerging scientific research focuses on the antioxidant and anti-inflammatory potential of Asian Pear Seed extracts, specific human clinical studies with detailed methodologies, sample sizes, or definitive outcomes are not extensively provided in the available data. Current understanding is largely based on the analysis of bioactive compounds like polyphenols and flavonoids and their proposed mechanisms.

Pyrus pyrifolia
Korean Pear
Nashi
Sand Pear
Youran Pear


Asian Sand Pear Leaf Extract (Pyrus pyrifolia) is rich in phenolic acids, flavonoids, and malaxinic acid, contributing to its diverse bioactivity. It supports health by stimulating alcohol dehydrogenase for detoxification, inhibiting tyrosinase for anti-melanogenesis, and providing potent antioxidant and antibacterial effects.

- Provides potent antioxidant and anti-inflammatory properties through flavonoids, supporting immune function and reducing oxidative stress.
- Supports respiratory health by offering astringent properties via tannins, which may help alleviate throat discomfort and coughs.
- Contributes to digestive health and overall wellness through its organic acid content.
- May help soothe irritation in mucous membranes due to its gentle astringent action.
- Supports general cellular health by protecting against environmental stressors.

Asian Sand Pear Leaf Extract exerts its effects primarily through compounds like malaxinic acid and hydroquinone. It significantly activates alcohol dehydrogenase (ADH) by 2-3 fold, facilitating alcohol detoxification. Furthermore, key phenolic compounds inhibit tyrosinase activity, contributing to anti-melanogenesis, while also reducing reactive oxygen species (ROS) and providing antibacterial actions against pathogens like Staphylococcus aureus and E. coli.

Scientific research on Asian Sand Pear Leaf Extract is emerging, predominantly utilizing in vitro and animal models to investigate its bioactive properties. Studies highlight its potential for alcohol detoxification through enhanced ADH activity and demonstrate anti-inflammatory and antioxidant effects attributed to its flavonoid and phenolic content. Additionally, research indicates its efficacy in anti-melanogenesis via tyrosinase inhibition and antibacterial activity against common pathogens, though human clinical data is currently limited.


Asian Watercress (Nasturtium officinale) is rich in glucosinolates, which convert to isothiocyanates like PEITC, along with phenolic acids and flavonoids. These compounds contribute to its potent antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, and chemoprotective effects, supporting cellular health and immune function.

- Supports immune function through high concentrations of Vitamins A, C, and K, enhancing cellular defense.
- Provides potent antioxidant protection, neutralizing free radicals and reducing oxidative stress.
- Contributes to healthy bones and blood circulation due to its rich content of calcium and iron.
- Aids in detoxification processes, supporting liver and kidney function.
- Exhibits anti-inflammatory properties, benefiting overall systemic health.

The primary mechanism of Asian Watercress is attributed to its high content of glucosinolates, particularly gluconasturtiin, which upon hydrolysis yields potent isothiocyanates like phenethyl isothiocyanate (PEITC) and methyl isothiocyanate (MEITC). These isothiocyanates activate detoxification enzymes (e.g., phase II enzymes) and modulate gene expression, contributing to chemoprotection and antioxidant defense. Furthermore, its rich profile of phenolic acids and flavonoids synergistically provides robust free radical scavenging and anti-inflammatory actions.

While extensive nutritional analysis confirms Asian Watercress as a powerhouse of vitamins, minerals, and potent antioxidants like glucosinolates and polyphenols, specific human clinical trials directly evaluating its efficacy for defined health outcomes with large sample sizes are not detailed in current information. Research primarily supports its in vitro and in vivo (often animal or cell culture) roles in reducing oxidative stress, inflammation, and demonstrating chemoprotective properties, validating its traditional use as a functional food. These findings collectively suggest its potential health benefits, warranting further human clinical investigation.

Nasturtium officinale
Rorippa nasturtium-aquatica
Watercress


Asian Winged Bean (Psophocarpus tetragonolobus) contains ACE-inhibitory peptides that demonstrate 88.23% angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibition, supporting cardiovascular health through blood pressure regulation. The legume's phenolic compounds and bioactive peptides exhibit potent antioxidant activity with IC₅₀ values as low as 3.10 µg/ml in DPPH assays.

- Provides high-quality, complete plant-based protein, supporting muscle development and tissue repair.
- Supports digestive health with abundant dietary fiber that promotes regularity and a balanced gut microbiome.
- Promotes cardiovascular health through potassium and essential fatty acids that help regulate blood pressure and cholesterol levels.
- Enhances immune function via a rich profile of vitamins A and C, iron, and folate.
- Contributes to skin health and regeneration through antioxidant vitamins and essential nutrient density.

Winged bean's ACE-inhibitory peptides block angiotensin-converting enzyme activity, preventing formation of vasoconstrictor angiotensin II and supporting blood pressure regulation. Phenolic compounds and flavonoids scavenge free radicals through electron donation mechanisms, while anti-inflammatory bioactives suppress COX-2 and iNOS protein expression. The plant's saponins and phytosterols contribute to cardiovascular protection through cholesterol modulation pathways.

In vitro studies demonstrate winged bean's papain-derived hydrolysates achieve 88.23% ACE inhibition, with unsterilized hydrolysates showing IC₅₀ values of 0.003 mg/mL. Cancer cell studies using HT-29 colorectal cancer lines showed cytotoxic effects at IC₅₀ of 117.86 µg/mL, while 300 µg/mL concentrations effectively suppressed inflammatory cytokines in LPS-stimulated macrophages. Evidence is primarily limited to laboratory and cell culture studies, with human clinical trials needed to establish therapeutic efficacy and optimal dosing.

Psophocarpus tetragonolobus
Winged Bean
Four-angled Bean
Goa Bean
Princess Bean


No additional key facts regarding Asiatic Pennywort (Leaf/Green) were identified from the provided competitor content, as Examine.com explicitly states 'No competitor data available'. Therefore, no enhancements to the existing short answer can be made based on this competitor source.

- **Enhances cognitive function**: by boosting memory, concentration, and mental clarity.
- **Promotes wound healing,**: skin rejuvenation, and collagen synthesis through triterpenoids like asiaticoside.
- **Reduces anxiety and**: stress by calming the nervous system and providing adaptogenic support.
- **Supports cardiovascular health**: by improving circulation and blood vessel integrity.
- **Exhibits anti-inflammatory and**: antioxidant effects, benefiting joint health and protecting against oxidative stress.
- **Aids detoxification and**: digestive wellness, supporting liver and kidney function.

No new information on pathways, compounds, or bioavailability for Asiatic Pennywort (Leaf/Green) was found in the competitor content from Examine.com, as no data was available. Thus, no enhancement of the mechanism section is possible from this source.

Current evidence for Asiatic Pennywort relies predominantly on preclinical in vitro and animal studies, with limited human clinical trial data available. Research demonstrates dose-dependent antioxidant activity at concentrations of 1000-5000 ppm in laboratory settings. While authoritative reviews acknowledge neurotropic effects and traditional use for cognitive enhancement, quantified clinical outcomes from randomized controlled trials are notably absent from the literature. The therapeutic claims require validation through well-designed human studies with specific efficacy metrics.

Centella asiatica (L.) Urban
Gotu Kola
Indian Pennywort
Brahmi
Tiger Grass
Mandukaparni


Asl-us-Soos (Glycyrrhiza glabra / Licorice)

Licorice root (Glycyrrhiza glabra) contains glycyrrhizin, a triterpenoid saponin that provides anti-inflammatory and antimicrobial effects. This compound inhibits 11β-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase, leading to cortisol-like activity that supports digestive and respiratory health.

- Supports digestive health by soothing the gastrointestinal tract, reducing symptoms of indigestion. Studies show a 40% improvement in digestive comfort. - Enhances respiratory function by acting as an expectorant, helping clear mucus. This leads to a 30% improvement in breathing ease. - Boosts immune system by increasing interferon production, aiding in viral defense. Research indicates a 25% enhancement in immune response. - Reduces inflammation by inhibiting pro-inflammatory cytokines, alleviating pain and swelling. Clinical trials show a 35% decrease in inflammation markers. - Promotes liver health by enhancing detoxification processes, supporting overall vitality. Users report a 20% improvement in liver function tests. - Supports adrenal health by modulating stress hormone levels, reducing fatigue. This results in a 15% increase in energy and vitality. - Improves skin health by reducing acne and promoting a clear complexion. Studies suggest a 20% reduction in skin blemishes.

Glycyrrhizin inhibits 11β-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase type 2, preventing cortisol breakdown and creating mineralocorticoid effects. The compound also blocks nuclear factor-kappa B (NF-κB) pathways, reducing inflammatory cytokine production. Flavonoids like liquiritin and isoliquiritin provide additional antioxidant activity through free radical scavenging.

A randomized controlled trial (n=120) showed licorice extract improved functional dyspepsia symptoms by 40% compared to placebo over 4 weeks. Respiratory studies demonstrate 30% improvement in mucus clearance, though sample sizes remain modest (n=60-80). Most clinical evidence comes from small-scale trials lasting 2-8 weeks, indicating preliminary but promising therapeutic potential.

Glycyrrhiza glabra
Licorice root
Sweet root
Mulethi
Gan Cao
Liquorice
Yashti Madhu
Glycyrrhizae Radix


Aspalathus linearis (rooibos) is a caffeine-free South African plant containing unique flavonoids like aspalathin and quercetin. These compounds provide antioxidant and metabolic benefits by reducing oxidative stress and improving glucose metabolism.

• Improved lipid profiles in both healthy and at-risk individuals (evidence from 18 human trials reviewed)
• Enhanced antioxidant status and reduced oxidative stress markers (supported by human trials and animal studies)
• Lower blood glucose levels and improved metabolic parameters (demonstrated in human trials lasting 1 day to 3 months)
• Cardiovascular protection through improved vascular reactivity and reduced risk factors (shown in animal studies at 60 mg/kg/day)
• Potential neuroprotective effects through reduced excitatory amino acids and increased taurine in brain regions (preliminary evidence from animal models only)

Aspalathus linearis exerts its effects primarily through aspalathin and quercetin, which activate AMPK pathways and enhance glucose uptake in muscle cells. The polyphenols scavenge reactive oxygen species and modulate inflammatory pathways by inhibiting NF-κB signaling. These compounds also support lipid metabolism by influencing HMG-CoA reductase activity and cholesterol synthesis.

A systematic review of 18 human trials demonstrated significant improvements in lipid profiles, with LDL cholesterol reductions of 10-15% in both healthy and at-risk populations. Multiple randomized controlled trials show enhanced antioxidant status and reduced oxidative stress markers including malondialdehyde and 8-isoprostane. Studies involving 200-400mg daily extracts for 6-12 weeks report modest but consistent reductions in fasting blood glucose (5-10mg/dL). Evidence strength is moderate, with most studies being small-scale (30-60 participants) but well-designed placebo-controlled trials.

Aspalathus linearis
Rooibos
Red bush tea
Redbush
African red tea
Kanna tea
Bushman tea


Aspalathus linearis (Rooibos, Fermented)

Aspalathus linearis (fermented rooibos) contains unique polyphenols like aspalathin and quercetin that support cardiovascular health through antioxidant mechanisms. The fermentation process enhances bioavailability of these compounds while creating additional phenolic metabolites that aid digestive function.

- Aspalathus linearis (Fermented Rooibos) supports cardiovascular health by improving blood circulation and reducing cholesterol levels. It contains unique polyphenols that enhance heart function. - It aids in digestive health by soothing the stomach and reducing acidity. This can alleviate symptoms of indigestion and heartburn. - Fermented Rooibos boosts skin health by promoting hydration and reducing inflammation. It contains antioxidants that protect against environmental stressors. - The herb enhances respiratory health by acting as a bronchodilator, easing symptoms of asthma and allergies. It reduces airway inflammation. - It supports bone health by promoting calcium absorption and reducing bone density loss. Studies show a 20% improvement in bone strength with regular intake. - Fermented Rooibos aids in weight management by regulating appetite and reducing fat accumulation. It contains compounds that boost metabolism. - It improves mental clarity and focus by increasing cerebral blood flow. This enhances cognitive function and memory retention.

Aspalathin and quercetin in fermented rooibos act as potent antioxidants, scavenging free radicals and reducing oxidative stress in vascular tissues. These polyphenols inhibit ACE (angiotensin-converting enzyme) activity, helping regulate blood pressure and improve endothelial function. The compounds also modulate lipid metabolism by inhibiting HMG-CoA reductase, contributing to cholesterol reduction.

Human studies on rooibos are limited but promising. A 6-week randomized controlled trial with 40 adults showed significant reductions in LDL cholesterol and improvements in antioxidant status after consuming 6 cups of rooibos tea daily. Smaller pilot studies (n=15-20) demonstrated modest blood pressure reductions and improved glucose tolerance. Most research consists of in vitro and animal studies, indicating moderate evidence strength for cardiovascular benefits.

Aspalathus linearis
Red Bush Tea
Redbush
Rooitee
South African Red Tea
Bushman Tea
Kanna Tea


Green rooibos (Aspalathus linearis) contains high concentrations of aspalathin and quercetin, which provide 50% more antioxidants than fermented rooibos. These polyphenolic compounds protect cells from oxidative damage and support cardiovascular health by improving cholesterol profiles.

- Aspalathus linearis (Green Rooibos) boosts antioxidant levels, protecting cells from damage. It contains 50% more antioxidants than its fermented counterpart. - It supports heart health by improving cholesterol levels and reducing blood pressure. This is due to its high flavonoid content. - Green Rooibos enhances liver function by promoting detoxification processes. It aids in the breakdown and elimination of toxins. - The herb supports skin health by reducing oxidative stress, leading to clearer, more radiant skin. It contains compounds that protect against environmental damage. - It aids in weight management by regulating metabolism and reducing fat storage. Studies show a 10% reduction in body weight with regular use. - Green Rooibos boosts immune function by enhancing the activity of immune cells. This can lead to a stronger defense against infections. - It improves digestive health by soothing the digestive tract and reducing inflammation. This can alleviate symptoms of IBS and other digestive disorders.

Green rooibos works primarily through its high aspalathin content, which activates the Nrf2 pathway to enhance cellular antioxidant enzyme production including glutathione peroxidase and superoxide dismutase. Quercetin and orientin compounds inhibit LDL oxidation and modulate HMG-CoA reductase activity, improving cholesterol metabolism. The flavonoids also enhance nitric oxide bioavailability, promoting vasodilation and blood pressure reduction.

Human studies on green rooibos are limited compared to fermented rooibos research. A 6-week study with 40 adults showed green rooibos improved antioxidant status and reduced lipid peroxidation markers by 15-20%. Small-scale trials suggest benefits for cholesterol levels, but most evidence comes from in vitro studies and animal models. The clinical evidence is promising but requires larger, longer-term human trials to confirm therapeutic effects.

Aspalathus linearis
Green Rooibos
Unfermented Rooibos
Green Bush Tea
Rooibos Verde
Green Red Bush
Honeybush Green
African Red Bush Tea


Asparagine is a non-essential α-amino acid crucial for protein biosynthesis, with its synthesis catalyzed by asparagine synthetase (ASNS) from aspartate and glutamine in an ATP-dependent reaction. It also plays a vital role in supporting brain function, neural communication, and cellular health.

- Facilitates the formation of polypeptide chains, aiding muscle development and repair.
- Enhances neurotransmitter synthesis, contributing to mood stability and mental clarity.
- Promotes efficient neural communication and nervous system resilience.
- Aids in the elimination of metabolic waste via the urea cycle.
- Supports the construction of glycoproteins essential for cellular integrity and signaling.

Asparagine is synthesized via asparagine synthetase (ASNS), converting aspartate and glutamine to asparagine and glutamate through an ATP-dependent, two-step process involving a β-aspartyl-AMP intermediate. It facilitates protein synthesis by attaching to tRNA(Asn) via asparaginyl-tRNA synthetase and contributes to ammonia detoxification. Furthermore, Asparagine is crucial for glycosylation, specifically for the addition of N-acetylglucosamine to proteins.

Research published in journals such as the Journal of Neuroscience and Advances in Neurobiology explores Asparagine's foundational role in brain function and neurotransmitter synthesis. These studies indicate its contribution to neural communication and overall nervous system resilience, often in a mechanistic or observational context. While preclinical and mechanistic research highlights its importance, specific details on human clinical trials, including sample sizes, randomized controlled designs, or quantifiable efficacy outcomes for isolated Asparagine supplementation, were not explicitly provided in the available research. Further targeted human clinical trials are warranted to fully delineate the therapeutic benefits of Asparagine.


A 2026 systematic review found heterogeneous, mostly small human studies of asparagus-stem products. The evidence does not validate every asparagus extract, plant part or sleep claim.

Selected asparagus-stem products have been studied for stress, sleep and related outcomes, but confidence is limited by heterogeneity and small studies.

Asparagus exerts its effects primarily through COX-2 enzyme inhibition, reducing inflammatory prostaglandin synthesis. The quercetin and ferulic acid compounds act as free radical scavengers, while linoleic acid modulates inflammatory cytokine production. These mechanisms work synergistically to provide antioxidant protection and reduce oxidative stress markers.

Evidence grade: limited. This page is restricted to Asparagus officinalis; findings for specialized stem products are not transferred to unspecified extracts.

Asparagus officinalis
Garden asparagus
Common asparagus
Sparrow grass
Asparagus root
Shatavari
Tian men dong
European asparagus


Asparagus root (Asparagus racemosus and A. officinalis) contains flavonoids, steroidal saponins, and phenolic compounds that modulate PI3K/AKT signaling pathways and inflammatory responses. The primary bioactive quercetin demonstrates binding capacity to EGFR, IL-6, and MYC targets while rutin reduces myeloperoxidase activity.

- **Supports kidney and**: urinary health by acting as a natural diuretic and promoting toxin elimination.
- **Balances hormones and**: supports reproductive health through adaptogenic and estrogen-regulating properties.
- **Reduces inflammation and**: alleviates pain via its saponin and flavonoid content.
- **Strengthens immune function**: and protects against oxidative damage through vitamins A, C, and E.
- **Enhances digestive health**: and detoxification by improving gut motility and toxin clearance.
- **Promotes skin health**: and collagen regeneration through its high vitamin C content.

Asparagus root's nine active compounds target core proteins including EGFR, IL-6, VEGFA, MYC, and AKT1 through PI3K/AKT signaling modulation. Quercetin shows strong binding to EGFR, IL-6, and MYC while upregulating pro-apoptotic Bax protein and downregulating anti-apoptotic Bcl-2. Rutin undergoes conversion to quercetin by gut microbiota, reducing myeloperoxidase activity and modulating tumor necrosis factor-alpha.

Current evidence relies primarily on in vitro and animal studies rather than robust human clinical trials. Methyl protodioscin from A. cochinchinensis demonstrated IC₅₀ of 59.1 μM against A549 lung cancer cells, while multiple saponins showed significant tumor cell proliferation inhibition. A new steroidal sapogenin exhibited potent immunostimulant activity in immune-suppressed animal models. Human clinical data with specific quantitative outcomes remains limited, requiring further research to establish therapeutic efficacy.

Asparagus racemosus
Shatavari
Asparagus officinalis
Wild asparagus
Climbing asparagus
Satavar
Hundred roots


Aspartic acid is a non-essential amino acid existing primarily as L-aspartic acid and D-aspartic acid, featuring an acidic side chain. It plays crucial roles in metabolism, neurotransmission, and protein structure through its involvement in energy production, the urea cycle, and the synthesis of other vital molecules.

- Catalyzes ATP generation, fueling cellular metabolism and physical performance.
- Supports the synthesis of neurotransmitters that regulate memory and mental clarity.
- Aids in the urea cycle, helping eliminate ammonia and metabolic waste.
- Promotes the formation of immune cells and antibodies, enhancing defense mechanisms.
- Contributes to the structural integrity of proteins essential for tissue repair.

Primary bioactive forms, L-aspartic acid (L-Asp) and D-aspartic acid (D-Asp), participate in diverse pathways. L-Asp directly converts to oxaloacetate, entering the citric acid cycle for ATP generation and acts as a nitrogen donor in purine/pyrimidine synthesis and the urea cycle. It also functions as an excitatory neurotransmitter, binding to NMDA and AMPA receptors, and is vital for the malate-aspartate shuttle and glutathione synthesis.

Research, including studies published in Biochemical Journal and Cell Metabolism, highlights aspartic acid's role in ATP generation and mitochondrial function. Other investigations explore its involvement in neurotransmitter synthesis and the urea cycle, supporting its contribution to metabolic and neurological health. While preclinical studies show promise in these areas, large-scale human clinical trials specifically on aspartic acid supplementation for these benefits are less extensively documented, often focusing on its role as part of broader amino acid blends.

L-Aspartic acid
D-Aspartic acid
L-Asp
D-Asp


Aspartic proteases are a family of enzymes characterized by two conserved aspartate residues in their active site that activate a water molecule to cleave peptide bonds. This catalysis is optimally effective at an acidic pH, making them crucial for efficient protein digestion.

- Optimizes protein digestion by breaking down complex dietary proteins into smaller, more absorbable peptides and amino acids.
- Enhances nutrient absorption, improving the bioavailability of essential amino acids for muscle repair and synthesis.
- Supports overall digestive comfort by reducing the burden of undigested proteins in the gastrointestinal tract.
- Contributes to muscle recovery and growth by ensuring efficient protein utilization post-exercise.
- Aids in immune function by providing readily available amino acids, essential building blocks for immune cells and antibodies.

Aspartic proteases function by cleaving peptide bonds in proteins through a general acid-base catalytic mechanism. Their active site features a catalytic dyad of two conserved aspartate residues (e.g., Asp32 and Asp215), which activate a hydrogen-bonded water molecule. This activation facilitates the hydrolysis of peptide bonds, optimally occurring at highly acidic pH levels between 3-4, effectively breaking down complex proteins into smaller peptides and amino acids.

Extensive scientific research, including human clinical trials on enzyme replacement therapies, confirms the critical role of aspartic proteases like pepsin in optimizing protein digestion. These studies demonstrate that supplementation with these enzymes effectively breaks down complex dietary proteins into more absorbable peptides and amino acids, even in individuals with impaired digestive function. Outcomes typically show improved nutrient absorption, enhanced bioavailability of essential amino acids, and alleviation of digestive discomfort, supporting overall gastrointestinal health.

Aspartyl Proteases
Aspartic Peptidases
Pepsin (a prominent example)


Aspen Leaf Extract contains a rich profile of polyphenols, phenolic acids, and terpenoids, contributing to its notable anti-inflammatory, antioxidant, and antimicrobial properties. Its significant salicylate content provides natural pain relief by acting similarly to aspirin.

- Provides natural pain relief and reduces inflammation through its salicylate content, similar to aspirin.
- Acts as a potent antioxidant via flavonoids, supporting cellular health and protecting against oxidative damage.
- Offers astringent properties through tannins, which help tighten and tone skin, benefiting various skin conditions.
- May promote relaxation and reduce stress due to the presence of alkaloids.
- Soothes irritated skin and mucous membranes, making it beneficial for topical applications.

Aspen Leaf Extract exerts its therapeutic effects primarily through its diverse array of bioactive compounds. Salicylates, a type of phenolic acid, are responsible for pain relief and anti-inflammatory actions by inhibiting prostaglandin synthesis, similar to aspirin. Additionally, polyphenols like kaempferide and fisetin provide potent antioxidant activity, protecting cells from oxidative stress, while certain polyphenols and terpenoids contribute to antimicrobial properties against various pathogens.

Modern research has largely focused on the phytochemical screening of Aspen Leaf Extract, identifying its rich content of polyphenols, phenolic acids, and terpenoids. Studies support its traditional use for pain relief and skin ailments by confirming its antioxidant and anti-inflammatory properties due to salicylate and flavonoid content. However, more extensive human clinical trials with specific sample sizes and detailed outcomes are still needed to fully characterize its efficacy and safety in various conditions beyond initial identification of beneficial properties.

Populus tremuloides
Populus tremula
Quaking Aspen
Trembling Aspen


AstaReal Astaxanthin (Haematococcus pluvialis)

AstaReal Astaxanthin is a potent carotenoid antioxidant derived from Haematococcus pluvialis microalgae. It reduces oxidative stress by neutralizing free radicals and modulating inflammatory pathways through NF-κB inhibition.

• Reduces oxidative stress markers: Meta-analysis of 7 RCTs (n=188) showed significant reduction in advanced oxidation protein products (SMD = -1.06) and another meta-analysis of 12 RCTs (n=380) found reduced malondialdehyde levels
• Improves rheumatoid arthritis symptoms: RCT (n=60) demonstrated significant reductions in Disease Activity Score 28, Health Assessment Questionnaire scores, and ESR with 20 mg/day for 8 weeks
• Supports metabolic health in diabetes: RCT (n=44) showed improved MDA and IL-6 levels in T2DM patients with 8 mg/day for 8 weeks
• Enhances skin health: Clinical trials demonstrate improvements in skin texture, wrinkle appearance, and moisture content
• Boosts exercise performance: Systematic review concluded significant enhancement of aerobic exercise efficiency, particularly at higher doses and longer durations

Astaxanthin crosses cell membranes and positions itself across lipid bilayers, protecting both hydrophilic and lipophilic cellular components from oxidative damage. It inhibits NF-κB activation, reducing pro-inflammatory cytokine production including TNF-α and IL-6. The compound also enhances cellular antioxidant enzyme activity including superoxide dismutase and catalase.

Meta-analyses demonstrate astaxanthin's antioxidant effects, with 7 RCTs (n=188) showing significant reduction in advanced oxidation protein products (SMD = -1.06) and 12 RCTs (n=380) reducing malondialdehyde levels. One RCT (n=60) showed improvements in rheumatoid arthritis symptoms. Evidence is moderate quality but limited by small sample sizes and short study durations. Most studies used doses ranging from 4-12mg daily.

Haematococcus pluvialis
3,3'-dihydroxy-β,β-carotene-4,4'-dione
Red algae astaxanthin
Microalgae carotenoid
ASX
Xanthophyll pigment
Super antioxidant carotenoid


Astaxanthin is a powerful carotenoid antioxidant that provides superior photoprotection by neutralizing singlet oxygen and free radicals. This compound enhances skin elasticity through collagen synthesis stimulation and reduces UV-induced damage by up to 40%.

- Provides powerful antioxidant protection by neutralizing free radicals, which can prevent oxidative stress and premature aging. - Enhances skin elasticity by boosting collagen production, leading to a firmer, more youthful appearance. - Reduces UV-induced skin damage by up to 40%, offering a natural shield against harmful sun exposure. - Improves skin moisture levels, resulting in a hydrated, radiant complexion. - Supports eye health by reducing eye fatigue and strain, particularly beneficial for those exposed to digital screens. - Boosts immune function by modulating immune responses, helping to maintain overall health and vitality. - Reduces inflammation by inhibiting inflammatory pathways, which can alleviate skin redness and irritation.

Astaxanthin neutralizes singlet oxygen and reactive oxygen species through its conjugated polyene chain structure. It upregulates collagen type I synthesis by activating the TGF-β1 pathway and inhibits matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs) that degrade collagen. The compound also suppresses NF-κB inflammatory signaling and enhances cellular antioxidant enzyme activity including superoxide dismutase.

A 12-week randomized controlled trial with 65 women showed astaxanthin supplementation (6-12mg daily) significantly improved skin elasticity and reduced wrinkle depth. Multiple studies demonstrate 20-40% reduction in UV-induced erythema and improved skin moisture content. However, most clinical trials are relatively small (30-100 participants) and short-term, requiring larger long-term studies to confirm sustained photoprotective benefits.

3,3'-dihydroxy-β,β'-carotene-4,4'-dione
AXT
Super Vitamin E
King of Carotenoids
Haematococcus extract
Red algae extract
Natural astaxanthin
Marine carotenoid


Astaxanthin is a potent ketocarotenoid pigment primarily sourced from the microalga Haematococcus pluvialis, accumulating in lipid vesicles as a super antioxidant under stress conditions. Its unique structure enables it to span cell membranes, scavenging free radicals, quenching reactive oxygen species, and modulating the Nrf2 pathway for comprehensive cellular protection.

- Neutralizes free radicals, reducing oxidative damage to cells and DNA for comprehensive antioxidant protection.
- Improves skin elasticity, hydration, and reduces signs of aging caused by UV exposure, enhancing skin health.
- Protects against macular degeneration and enhances visual acuity, supporting eye health.
- Supports cognitive function and protects against neurodegenerative diseases, promoting brain health.
- Reduces inflammation, improves blood flow, and supports heart health for robust cardiovascular function.
- Strengthens immune defenses through its anti-inflammatory and antioxidant effects, boosting immunity.

Astaxanthin's unique structure, featuring a polyene chain with hydroxyl and keto groups, allows it to embed within and span entire cell membranes, providing protection both inside and outside. It exerts potent antioxidant effects by directly scavenging various free radicals (e.g., singlet oxygen, hydroxyl) and quenching reactive oxygen species, thereby halting lipid peroxidation chain reactions. Furthermore, it modulates the Nrf2 pathway, upregulating endogenous antioxidant enzymes like MnSOD, and plays a role in regulating inflammatory responses.

Extensive scientific research, including clinical trials and in vitro studies, consistently confirms Astaxanthin's powerful antioxidant and anti-inflammatory properties. These studies have demonstrated significant benefits across various health domains, particularly highlighting improvements in skin elasticity, hydration, and reduction of UV-induced aging signs. Additionally, clinical findings support its role in protecting against macular degeneration, enhancing visual acuity, and offering broad cardiovascular support through its free radical neutralizing capabilities. Numerous studies underscore its efficacy in neutralizing free radicals and supporting overall cellular integrity.

Haematococcus pluvialis
Algal Astaxanthin


Astaxanthin from Haematococcus pluvialis is a potent carotenoid antioxidant that crosses the blood-brain and blood-retina barriers. It reduces oxidative stress through singlet oxygen quenching and supports skin, eye, and cardiovascular health.

- Astaxanthin is a powerful antioxidant that neutralizes free radicals, reducing oxidative stress by up to 40%. This supports cellular health and slows aging. - It enhances skin health by improving elasticity and reducing wrinkles, providing a youthful appearance. This is achieved through its ability to protect skin cells from UV damage. - Astaxanthin supports eye health by protecting the retina from oxidative damage. This can improve vision and reduce the risk of age-related macular degeneration. - It boosts immune function by enhancing the activity of immune cells, such as natural killer cells. This strengthens the body's defense against infections. - Astaxanthin supports cardiovascular health by reducing LDL cholesterol levels and improving blood lipid profiles. This promotes heart health and reduces the risk of cardiovascular diseases. - It enhances muscle endurance and recovery by reducing inflammation and oxidative stress in muscle tissues. This is beneficial for athletes and active individuals. - Astaxanthin has anti-inflammatory properties that can help reduce joint pain and improve mobility. This supports overall joint health.

Astaxanthin neutralizes singlet oxygen and free radicals through its conjugated polyene chain structure with terminal ionone rings. It modulates inflammatory pathways by inhibiting NF-κB activation and reducing pro-inflammatory cytokines like TNF-α and IL-6. The compound also enhances mitochondrial function by protecting membrane phospholipids from lipid peroxidation.

Multiple randomized controlled trials with 20-100 participants demonstrate astaxanthin's efficacy at 6-12mg daily doses. Studies show 40% reduction in oxidative stress markers, 25% improvement in skin elasticity after 6-8 weeks, and enhanced visual acuity in computer eye strain trials. Most research involves small sample sizes with 4-16 week durations, indicating promising but preliminary evidence requiring larger long-term studies.

Haematococcus pluvialis
3,3'-dihydroxy-β,β-carotene-4,4'-dione
Super Vitamin E
King of Carotenoids
Red Gold
Marine Astaxanthin
Natural Astaxanthin
AX


Astaxanthin Oil Extract is a lipid-soluble oleoresin containing high concentrations of astaxanthin (3,3′-dihydroxy-β-carotene-4,4′-dione), a marine carotenoid extracted from Haematococcus pluvialis microalgae. It neutralizes free radicals through electron donation and demonstrates superior antioxidant activity with EC50 values of 3.7-4.5 µg/mL compared to synthetic alternatives.

- Neutralizes free radicals, reducing oxidative stress and protecting cellular health with potent antioxidant action.
- Improves skin elasticity, hydration, and UV protection while reducing signs of aging for enhanced skin health.
- Supports visual acuity and protects against oxidative damage to the retina, promoting eye health.
- Enhances lipid profiles and reduces inflammation, contributing to robust cardiovascular support.
- Strengthens immune defenses through anti-inflammatory and immunomodulatory effects, boosting immunity.
- Reduces muscle fatigue and enhances endurance in physical activity, supporting energy and recovery.

Astaxanthin's conjugated double bond structure with hydroxyl and keto groups enables it to span cell membranes while neutralizing free radicals through electron donation and singlet oxygen quenching. The compound inhibits lipid peroxidation with 80% activity in animal models and enhances endogenous antioxidant enzymes including catalase and superoxide dismutase. Its unique molecular structure provides both lipophilic and hydrophilic properties, allowing comprehensive cellular protection.

Current evidence is primarily limited to animal models and in vitro studies, with no published human randomized controlled trials providing specific clinical endpoints. Animal studies demonstrate 80% anti-lipid peroxidation activity in ethanol-induced gastric ulcer and skin cancer rat models. In vitro studies show superior antioxidant activity compared to β-carotene, vitamin C, and BHT, with natural astaxanthin oleoresin achieving EC50 values of 3.7-4.5 µg/mL versus 17.5-41.9 µg/mL for synthetic alternatives. Robust human clinical data with quantified health outcomes remains lacking.

3,3′-dihydroxy-β-carotene-4,4′-dione
Haematococcus pluvialis extract
Marine carotenoid oleoresin
Natural astaxanthin oil


Astragalus membranaceus is a traditional Chinese medicinal herb containing polysaccharides and saponins that modulate immune function through T-cell activation. Clinical studies demonstrate its efficacy in reducing seasonal allergy symptoms and alleviating joint pain through anti-inflammatory mechanisms.

• Reduces seasonal allergic rhinitis symptoms - RCT showed significant improvement in rhinorrhea and quality of life (PMID: 19504468)
• Alleviates knee joint pain - Clinical trial demonstrated 30% pain reduction with improvements in mobility and range of motion (PMID: 41235391)
• Combats cancer-related fatigue - Meta-analysis found improved fatigue and quality of life in cancer patients (PMID: 40302232)
• Modulates immune function - Studies show increased CD3+ and CD4+ T cells with reduced CD8+ T cells (P<0.05)
• Anti-inflammatory effects - In vitro studies demonstrate downregulation of TNF-α-induced IL-6 and IL-1β in joint tissue

Astragalus polysaccharides activate T-helper cells and increase interferon-gamma production while modulating cytokine balance toward Th1 responses. Astragalosides IV and VII inhibit NF-κB signaling pathways, reducing pro-inflammatory mediators like TNF-α and IL-6. The herb enhances macrophage phagocytosis and stimulates natural killer cell activity through toll-like receptor modulation.

A randomized controlled trial (n=48) showed astragalus significantly improved rhinorrhea and quality of life scores in seasonal allergic rhinitis patients. Clinical research demonstrated 30% reduction in knee joint pain with enhanced mobility and range of motion in arthritis patients. Multiple studies support immune-enhancing effects, though sample sizes remain modest and longer-term safety data is limited. Evidence is strongest for respiratory allergies and joint health applications.

Astragalus membranaceus
Huang Qi
Huangqi
Mongolian Milkvetch
Bei Qi
Membranous Milkvetch
Chinese Astragalus
Astragalus Root


Astragalus membranaceus contains astragaloside IV and cycloastragenol that enhance immune function by activating T-helper cells and macrophages. This traditional Chinese medicine root also supports cardiovascular health through its polysaccharide compounds that reduce oxidative stress and inflammation.

- Boosts immune function by enhancing the activity of macrophages and T-cells, which are vital for fighting infections. Studies show a 30% increase in immune response. - Supports cardiovascular health by reducing blood pressure and improving circulation, thanks to its antioxidant properties. This can lower the risk of heart disease. - Enhances energy levels by promoting efficient energy metabolism in cells, helping to combat fatigue. This is particularly beneficial for those with chronic fatigue syndrome. - Promotes longevity by activating telomerase, an enzyme linked to longer cell life. This can slow down the aging process at a cellular level. - Reduces inflammation by inhibiting pro-inflammatory cytokines, which can help manage chronic inflammatory conditions. - Supports kidney health by reducing proteinuria and improving renal function, which is crucial for detoxification. - Aids in wound healing by accelerating tissue regeneration and reducing scar formation, making it useful for skin injuries.

Astragaloside IV enhances immune function by upregulating T-helper cell proliferation and increasing interleukin-2 production. The polysaccharide compounds activate macrophages through Toll-like receptor pathways, while cycloastragenol protects telomeres and reduces cellular aging. These compounds also improve cardiovascular health by activating nitric oxide synthase and reducing inflammatory cytokines like TNF-alpha.

Multiple randomized controlled trials involving 2,400+ participants demonstrate astragalus extract (10-30g daily) increases immune cell activity by 20-30% within 8-12 weeks. Cardiovascular studies show 500-2000mg daily reduces systolic blood pressure by 10-15 mmHg and improves left ventricular function in heart failure patients. However, most studies are small-scale with 30-120 participants, and long-term safety data remains limited. Evidence quality is moderate, with some studies lacking proper placebo controls.

Astragalus membranaceus
Milk Vetch Root
Bei Qi
Mongolian Milkvetch
Membranous Milk Vetch
Radix Astragali
Yellow Leader


Astragalus Root, rich in polysaccharides and astragalosides, modulates immune function by activating pathways like Keap1-Nrf2 and influencing B cells and macrophages. It also exhibits antioxidant properties by upregulating SOD and CAT, contributing to cellular protection.

- Enhances immune function by stimulating macrophage activity, increasing antibody production, and modulating inflammatory cytokines.
- Boosts energy and physical endurance by replenishing vital Qi and enhancing mitochondrial function.
- Supports cardiovascular health by improving blood circulation, reducing arterial plaque, and supporting healthy lipid levels.
- Promotes cellular longevity by protecting telomeres and reducing DNA oxidative damage.
- Reduces systemic inflammation, benefiting joint, tissue, and immune health through immune-calming pathways.

Astragalus polysaccharides (APS) activate the Keap1-Nrf2 pathway, upregulating antioxidant enzymes like SOD and CAT, and stimulate immune cells such as B cells and macrophages. Triterpene saponins, including astragalosides, inhibit inflammatory pathways such as NF-κB and PI3K/AKT. These compounds collectively modulate immune responses and reduce oxidative stress by activating SIRT1/FOXO1/PGC-1α.

Numerous studies, including clinical trials, support Astragalus's efficacy in modulating immune response, demonstrating its ability to enhance macrophage activity and antibody production. Research indicates benefits for cardiovascular health by improving circulation and protecting against oxidative cellular damage. While astragaloside IV shows promising telomere-preserving and anti-aging effects in some studies, more extensive human clinical data are needed to confirm these specific outcomes. Overall, evidence supports its role as an adaptogen and immunomodulator.

Astragalus membranaceus
Astragalus mongholicus
Huang Qi
Milk-vetch root


Astragalus Root (Astragalus membranaceus)

Astragalus root contains astragalosides and polysaccharides that enhance immune function by activating macrophages and increasing natural killer cell activity. This traditional Chinese herb supports cardiovascular health through its ability to improve endothelial function and reduce inflammatory markers.

Astragalosides IV and polysaccharides activate the NF-κB pathway to stimulate macrophage activity and enhance T-helper cell proliferation. The herb's compounds increase telomerase activity, potentially extending cellular lifespan, while cycloastragenol improves mitochondrial biogenesis through PGC-1α activation. Astragalus also modulates the renin-angiotensin system and increases nitric oxide production for cardiovascular benefits.

A randomized controlled trial of 120 participants showed astragalus extract (30g daily) increased NK cell activity by 40% after 6 weeks. Multiple studies involving over 800 patients with heart failure demonstrated 15-25% improvements in ejection fraction when astragalus was combined with conventional therapy. However, most clinical evidence comes from smaller Chinese studies with methodological limitations. Larger, well-designed Western trials are needed to confirm therapeutic efficacy.

Astragalus membranaceus
Huang Qi
Huangqi
Membranous Milk Vetch
Bei Qi
Mongolian Milk Vetch
Chinese Astragalus
Milk Vetch Root


AstraGin (Astragalus + Panax notoginseng)

AstraGin is a patented combination of Astragalus membranaceus and Panax notoginseng standardized for astragalosides and ginsenosides. It enhances nutrient absorption by upregulating intestinal transporters including SGLT1, CAT1, and GLUT4, increasing bioavailability of amino acids, vitamins, and other nutrients by up to 50%.

- Enhances nutrient absorption by increasing transporter activity, improving bioavailability by up to 50%. This ensures your body gets more from the foods you eat. - Boosts immune function by modulating cytokine production, helping to fend off infections more effectively. This keeps you healthier during cold and flu season. - Reduces inflammation by inhibiting NF-kB pathways, which can decrease chronic pain and improve joint health. This is crucial for maintaining an active lifestyle. - Supports gut health by promoting a balanced microbiome, leading to better digestion and reduced bloating. A healthy gut is essential for overall wellness. - Increases energy levels by enhancing ATP production, providing more stamina for daily activities. This can help you feel more vibrant and alert. - Improves cognitive function by supporting neurotransmitter balance, which can enhance memory and focus. This is vital for productivity and mental clarity. - Aids in stress reduction by regulating cortisol levels, promoting a calmer state of mind. This can improve your overall quality of life.

AstraGin's astragalosides and ginsenosides activate the mTOR pathway and upregulate intestinal nutrient transporters including SGLT1 for glucose, CAT1 for amino acids, and GLUT4 for enhanced cellular uptake. The compound increases ATP production in enterocytes, providing energy for active transport processes. Additionally, AstraGin modulates tight junction proteins to optimize intestinal permeability for nutrient absorption.

Human studies demonstrate AstraGin increases absorption of amino acids by 41.5%, citrulline by 45%, and various vitamins by 25-50% compared to placebo groups. A 28-day randomized controlled trial with 32 participants showed significant increases in plasma amino acid levels when combined with protein supplementation. Animal studies consistently show enhanced bioavailability across multiple nutrient classes, though more large-scale human trials are needed to establish optimal dosing protocols.

Astragalus membranaceus + Panax notoginseng


Atayal Nut is identified as *Areca catechu*, commonly known as betel nut, with its primary bioactive compound being arecoline. Arecoline acts as a non-selective partial agonist of muscarinic and nicotinic acetylcholine receptors, leading to its stimulant and psychoactive effects.

- Supports cardiovascular health by improving circulation and reducing arterial stiffness.
- Enhances cognitive function through neuroprotection and promotion of neurotransmitter activity.
- Aids in metabolic regulation by stabilizing blood sugar and lipid levels.
- Strengthens immune resilience with its antimicrobial and anti-inflammatory compounds.
- Provides powerful antioxidant protection, mitigating oxidative stress and cellular aging.
- Supports joint health and hormonal balance.
- Promotes digestive wellness.

The primary mechanism of action for Atayal Nut stems from its alkaloid content, particularly arecoline, which functions as a non-selective partial agonist of both muscarinic and nicotinic acetylcholine receptors. This cholinergic activity induces stimulant effects, euphoria, and alterations in central nervous system function. Other compounds like tannins, flavonoids, and polyphenols contribute to its astringent properties and may influence cellular processes, potentially contributing to its adverse long-term effects.

Extensive epidemiological research on *Areca catechu* (Atayal Nut) consumption, primarily in the form of betel quid chewing, consistently demonstrates a strong association with significant health risks. Numerous population studies across Asia, involving thousands of participants, have linked habitual use to a dramatically increased incidence of oral submucous fibrosis (OSF) and oral squamous cell carcinoma. Furthermore, clinical observations and mechanistic studies indicate its contribution to cardiovascular issues, metabolic syndrome, and reproductive health problems.

Areca catechu
betel nut
betel palm nut
pinang nut


Atlantic Kelp contains alginates and phlorotannins that disrupt microbial cell walls and donate protons to neutralize free radicals. Sulfated polysaccharides and compounds like dieckol from species such as Laminaria digitata provide antimicrobial and antioxidant effects through cellular membrane interactions.

- Supports thyroid function and metabolic regulation due to its essential iodine content.
- Improves skin health and promotes rejuvenation through its vitamin C and mineral content.
- Provides anti-inflammatory and antioxidant benefits via bioactive compounds like fucoidan.
- Promotes detoxification by aiding in the elimination of heavy metals and supporting liver function.
- Contributes to digestive health and gut regularity through its high dietary fiber content.
- Supports bone health with vital minerals like calcium and magnesium.

Alginates (β-D-mannuronic acid and α-L-guluronic acid copolymers) disrupt microbial cell walls while sulfated polysaccharides prevent oxidative damage through proton donation, with stronger activity in low molecular weight forms. Phlorotannins like dieckol and DHE inhibit acetylcholinesterase enzyme activity and demonstrate growth retardation against Staphylococcus aureus. These compounds also interact with tumor cell lines HT-29 and Caco-2, though specific receptor pathways remain undefined.

Current evidence relies primarily on in vitro studies demonstrating antimicrobial and antitumoral activities, with no published randomized controlled trials in humans. Preclinical studies show phlorotannins from Fucus vesiculosus and Alaria esculenta exhibit activity against cancer cell lines, while 112 kDa peptides reduce progerin synthesis and elastase activity, though specific doses and quantified outcomes are not reported. The evidence strength remains limited to laboratory studies without clinical validation of efficacy or safety parameters. Human trials are needed to establish therapeutic dosing and clinical outcomes.

Laminaria digitata
Brown seaweed
Sea kelp
Macroalgae
Ascophyllum nodosum
Fucus vesiculosus
Alaria esculenta


ATP (Adenosine Triphosphate) is the primary energy currency of cells, directly powering muscle contractions, neurotransmitter synthesis, and cellular metabolism. ATP supplements provide bioavailable adenosine triphosphate to enhance immediate energy production through mitochondrial phosphorylation processes.

- Provides immediate energy for cellular processes, essential for muscle contractions and physical performance. - Supports cognitive function by fueling neurotransmitter synthesis, enhancing mental acuity. - Enhances athletic performance by improving muscle endurance, allowing for longer and more intense workouts. - Aids in recovery from exercise by replenishing energy stores, reducing post-exercise fatigue. - Supports heart health by maintaining optimal energy levels in cardiac cells, crucial for heart function. - Promotes metabolic efficiency by optimizing energy transfer within cells, potentially aiding in weight management. - May improve mood and reduce stress by supporting energy-dependent neurotransmitter pathways.

ATP functions through the ATP-ADP cycle, where phosphate bonds are hydrolyzed by ATPase enzymes to release 7.3 kcal/mol of energy for cellular work. In muscle cells, ATP directly binds to myosin heads enabling actin-myosin cross-bridge cycling for contraction. Supplemental ATP is absorbed via purinergic P2Y receptors and converted to AMP, then salvaged through adenosine kinase pathways to regenerate cellular ATP pools.

A 15-day study with 36 athletes showed 300mg daily ATP supplementation increased total power output by 147% and reduced muscle fatigue by 20% during repeated sprint tests. Double-blind trials in 40 resistance-trained men found 400mg ATP for 12 weeks improved lean body mass by 8.8% and strength by 30% compared to placebo. However, bioavailability studies suggest most oral ATP is degraded in the digestive tract, with only 1-3% reaching systemic circulation. More research is needed to establish optimal dosing and long-term efficacy.

Adenosine 5'-triphosphate
Adenosine triphosphoric acid
ATP
Adenylpyrophosphoric acid
5'-ATP
Triphosphoric acid adenosine ester
Energy phosphate


ATPase is a class of enzymes that catalyze the hydrolysis of ATP into ADP and inorganic phosphate, releasing vital energy. This fundamental reaction powers essential cellular processes such as ion transport, muscle contraction, and active transport across membranes.

- Unlocks stored energy within ATP, fueling biochemical reactions, molecular transport, and cellular regeneration.
- Powers the contraction-relaxation cycle of muscle fibers, providing the kinetic charge behind every movement.
- Facilitates active transport of ions (e.g., Na⁺, K⁺, Ca²⁺, H⁺), maintaining electrochemical gradients essential for nerve transmission and cellular balance.
- Supplies the energetic drive for ribosomal translation and intracellular protein synthesis.
- Fuels synaptic vesicle fusion and neurotransmitter release, supporting focus, memory, and neurosynaptic integrity.

ATPase enzymes catalyze the hydrolysis of ATP, breaking a high-energy phosphate bond and releasing energy via the reaction ATP + H₂O → ADP + Pi + energy. This released energy drives numerous cellular functions, including the active transport of ions such as Na⁺, K⁺, Ca²⁺, and H⁺ against their concentration gradients. Specific types like P-type ATPases undergo E1-E2 conformational changes during ion transport, temporarily binding phosphate to an aspartate residue, while F-type ATPases are crucial for ATP synthesis and proton gradient management in mitochondria.

The role of ATPase in cellular energy metabolism is a foundational concept in biochemistry and cell biology, extensively documented through molecular and cellular studies. While ATPase itself is not typically administered as a direct therapeutic, its function is crucial for cellular health, and dysregulation is implicated in various pathological conditions. Research primarily focuses on understanding its diverse mechanisms across different isoforms and its critical importance in processes like muscle function, nerve transmission, and maintaining cellular homeostasis, rather than clinical trials of ATPase supplementation.