Himalayan Truffle, primarily *Tuber sinense*, is rich in bioactive compounds like ergothioneine, phenolic compounds, and β-glucans. These contribute to its adaptogenic and antioxidant properties by scavenging free radicals and modulating cellular stress responses.

- Enhances immune resilience by modulating immune cell activity and cytokine production.
- Supports cognitive clarity and neuroprotection through its unique bioactive compounds like ergothioneine.
- Boosts physical endurance and stamina, aiding in adaptation to stress and high-altitude environments.
- Contributes to hormonal balance by supporting adaptogenic responses to physiological stressors.
- Aids liver detoxification processes through its antioxidant and enzymatic cofactors.
- Promotes skin renewal and cellular protection with its rich antioxidant profile.

Polysaccharides, such as *T. sinense* PTS-A, exhibit significant antioxidant activity via DPPH and superoxide radical scavenging, linked to their specific molecular weight and α-(1→6) linkages. Ergothioneine and anandamide are believed to contribute to neuroprotective effects, while β-glucans modulate immune cell activity and cytokine production, enhancing immune resilience.

Current research on Himalayan Truffle, mainly *in vitro* and preliminary animal studies, investigates its bioactive compounds like ergothioneine and β-glucans. These studies suggest potential neuroprotective, adaptogenic, antioxidant, and immunomodulatory effects. However, human clinical trials are largely absent, limiting substantiation of benefits in specific populations, and existing research often involves small sample sizes.

Tuber sinense
Himalayan Black Truffle
Tibetan Truffle


Himalayan Walnut (Juglans regia) is notably rich in polyphenols, phenolic acids like ferulic and syringic acid, and juglone, which collectively contribute to its significant antioxidant and anti-inflammatory properties. These compounds support cardiovascular health, cognitive function, and skin vitality by improving circulation and offering neuroprotection.

- Supports cardiovascular health by providing omega-3 fatty acids and antioxidants that improve circulation.
- Boosts brain function and cognitive clarity through neuroprotective polyphenols and healthy fats.
- Promotes skin health and hydration due to its rich content of vitamin E and essential fatty acids.
- Provides anti-inflammatory benefits by modulating cellular inflammatory pathways.
- Reduces oxidative stress with a high concentration of polyphenols and flavonoids.

The therapeutic actions of Juglans regia are attributed to its diverse phytochemicals, notably polyphenols (e.g., 10750 mg GAE/100 g), flavonoids (e.g., quercetin derivatives, catechin), and phenolic acids like ferulic acid (986.96 mg/100 g). These compounds exert potent antioxidant effects by scavenging free radicals and reducing oxidative stress. Furthermore, compounds such as juglone and various polyphenols contribute to anti-inflammatory responses, supporting cardiovascular health and neuroprotection.

Scientific literature broadly acknowledges the nutritional profile of walnuts, particularly highlighting their omega-3 fatty acid content linked to cardiovascular and cognitive benefits. General studies indicate that the antioxidant and anti-inflammatory properties, derived from polyphenols and other bioactives, contribute to reported health benefits, including skin vitality. However, specific details regarding human clinical trial types, sample sizes, and detailed outcome measures for Himalayan Walnut (Juglans regia) are not provided in the current research.

Juglans regia L.
English walnut
Persian walnut

Legacy index-continuity record: the score and narrative are provisional and must not be represented as validated or human-approved.


Himalayan White Mulberry fruit is rich in 1-deoxynojirimycin (DNJ), which helps stabilize blood sugar by inhibiting α-glucosidase enzymes. Its diverse flavonoid and anthocyanin content further contributes to its cardioprotective and immune-modulating properties.

- Supports metabolic health by stabilizing blood sugar levels and improving insulin sensitivity.
- Enhances cardiovascular function by reducing arterial inflammation and supporting circulation.
- Strengthens immune resilience through antimicrobial and antiviral bioactive compounds.
- Promotes digestive wellness via prebiotic fiber and gut-nourishing polyphenols.
- Provides neuroprotective benefits by reducing oxidative stress and supporting cognitive clarity.
- Aids liver detoxification processes and cellular longevity.

The primary mechanism involves 1-deoxynojirimycin (DNJ), an imino sugar that competitively inhibits intestinal α-glucosidase enzymes, thereby slowing carbohydrate digestion and glucose absorption to help stabilize blood sugar levels. Additionally, flavonoids like rutin and quercetin, along with anthocyanins, exert significant antioxidant and anti-inflammatory effects, contributing to cardiovascular protection and immune system modulation.

Preliminary research on Morus alba (White Mulberry) generally indicates potential benefits for metabolic regulation, cardiovascular health, and immune support. These studies often cite its rich content of compounds such as 1-deoxynojirimycin (DNJ) and various flavonoids. However, specific human clinical trials focusing exclusively on "Himalayan White Mulberry" as a distinct variety, with detailed sample sizes and definitive efficacy outcomes, are currently limited. Further robust clinical investigation is necessary to fully establish its therapeutic efficacy and safety profile in humans.

Morus alba
White Mulberry
Common Mulberry


Himalayan Wild Garlic (Allium wallichii) delivers concentrated organosulfur compounds including allicin, S-allyl cysteine, and diallyl disulfide that activate the Nrf2-ARE antioxidant pathway and reduce inflammatory markers like TNF-α by 35%. This high-altitude botanical demonstrates potent antimicrobial activity against pathogens including S. aureus and E. coli through allicin's bacterial growth inhibition mechanisms.

- Enhances cardiovascular and circulatory health as allicin and sulfur compounds improve arterial flexibility, regulate cholesterol, and support balanced blood pressure.
- Modulates immune function and provides antimicrobial defense through broad-spectrum antibacterial, antiviral, and antifungal effects.
- Delivers potent antioxidant and cellular longevity benefits as flavonoids and polyphenols neutralize free radicals and protect DNA integrity.
- Regulates metabolic and blood sugar levels by improving insulin sensitivity, stabilizing glucose metabolism, and lowering metabolic inflammation.
- Supports detoxification and respiratory health by stimulating liver enzyme activity, aiding detox pathways, and alleviating respiratory congestion.

Organosulfur compounds including allicin, S-allyl cysteine, and diallyl trisulfide activate the Nrf2-ARE pathway, upregulating antioxidant enzymes HO-1 and GCLM while reducing oxidative stress. These compounds downregulate inflammatory mediator IRAK4 by 60% and reduce TNF-α by 35%. Allicin disrupts bacterial cell walls and inhibits viral RNA polymerase, while garlic polysaccharides modulate immune cytokines IL-6, IL-10, and IFN-γ in macrophages.

Current evidence derives primarily from in vitro and animal studies rather than human clinical trials specific to Himalayan Wild Garlic. Laboratory studies show crude garlic extract reduced cancer cell proliferation by 80-90% in liver and breast cancer lines and induced 4-fold caspase activation in prostate cancer cells. Antimicrobial testing at 1 mg/ml concentration demonstrated significant inhibition zones against S. aureus, E. coli, and S. typhi. No randomized controlled trials with quantified human cardiovascular or immune outcomes have been published for this specific Himalayan variety.

Allium wallichii
Solo Himalayan Garlic
Mountain Garlic
Himalayan Single-Clove Garlic
High-Altitude Wild Garlic


Himalayan Yew Berry from Taxus wallichiana contains taxoids including taxol, which stabilizes microtubules and blocks their depolymerization during cell division. The berry also provides lignans like taxiresinol and isotaxiresinol that demonstrate anticancer activity through cellular pathway modulation.

- Enhances immune function through its rich vitamin C and antioxidant content.
- Supports cognitive clarity by combating oxidative stress and promoting neural health.
- Improves cardiovascular health by modulating inflammation and cholesterol levels.
- Promotes respiratory wellness, traditionally used to support lung function.
- Aids stress resilience through adaptogenic-like properties.
- Supports cellular longevity by protecting against oxidative damage.

Taxoids including taxol inhibit cell proliferation by stabilizing microtubules and preventing depolymerization at the G2-M phase of the cell cycle. Lignans such as taxiresinol, isotaxiresinol, and secoisolariciresinol from the heartwood demonstrate anticancer activity through cellular pathway interference. The phenols, polyphenols, and tannins contribute to antioxidant effects by scavenging free radicals and reducing oxidative stress markers.

Current research focuses on Taxus wallichiana plant compounds rather than specific berry preparations, with endophytic fungi extracts showing antioxidant activity at IC50 concentrations of 22.15 µg/ml in radical scavenging assays. Most evidence comes from in vitro studies and traditional use documentation rather than controlled human clinical trials. The anticancer, anti-inflammatory, and antioxidant properties are primarily supported by phytochemical analysis and preclinical research. Human clinical validation of berry-specific preparations remains limited and requires further investigation.

Taxus wallichiana
Himalayan Yew
Wallich's Yew
Tibetan Yew


Asafoetida (Ferula assa-foetida) contains sulfur compounds like ferulic acid and umbelliprenin that stimulate digestive enzyme secretion and reduce intestinal gas formation. The resin acts as a carminative and antispasmodic agent by modulating smooth muscle contractions in the digestive tract.

- Hing enhances digestion by stimulating bile production, reducing symptoms of indigestion and flatulence. - It has antispasmodic properties that relieve menstrual cramps by relaxing uterine muscles. - Hing acts as a natural blood thinner, improving circulation and reducing clot formation. - It exhibits antimicrobial effects, helping to prevent infections by inhibiting bacterial growth. - Hing supports respiratory health by reducing mucus production, easing symptoms of cough and cold. - It has anti-inflammatory properties that alleviate joint pain by reducing swelling. - Hing may help regulate blood sugar levels, as studies show a 15% reduction in glucose levels.

Asafoetida's sulfur compounds, particularly ferulic acid and umbelliprenin, stimulate bile acid secretion and pancreatic enzyme release to enhance digestion. The volatile oils inhibit gas-producing bacteria in the gut while relaxing intestinal smooth muscle through calcium channel modulation. Coumarin derivatives provide anticoagulant effects by interfering with vitamin K-dependent clotting factors.

Limited clinical research exists on asafoetida, with most evidence from traditional use and small-scale studies. One pilot study with 43 participants showed 40% reduction in bloating symptoms after 30 days of 250mg daily supplementation. Animal studies demonstrate significant anti-inflammatory and digestive benefits, but human trials with larger sample sizes are lacking. Current evidence is primarily observational and requires more rigorous clinical validation.

Ferula assa-foetida
Devil's Dung
Stinking Gum
Food of the Gods
Kayam
Perunkayam
Heeng
Giant Fennel


Hippophae rhamnoides (sea buckthorn) contains high concentrations of omega-7 fatty acids, particularly palmitoleic acid, which reduces cardiovascular inflammation. Clinical studies demonstrate significant improvements in blood pressure, cholesterol profiles, and glucose metabolism through anti-inflammatory and antioxidant mechanisms.

• Reduces blood pressure and improves cardiovascular markers in hypertensive patients (RCT, n=116)
• Lowers cholesterol, oxidized LDL, and triglycerides (double-blind RCT, n=106)
• Decreases platelet aggregation and blood clotting risk (double-blind RCT, n=11)
• Improves fasting blood glucose in people with impaired glucose regulation (crossover RCT, n=38)
• Reduces systolic blood pressure in chronic coronary syndrome patients on statins (observational study, n=86)

Sea buckthorn's palmitoleic acid activates PPAR-α receptors and reduces NF-κB inflammatory signaling, decreasing C-reactive protein and inflammatory cytokines. The high flavonoid content, including quercetin and isorhamnetin, inhibits HMG-CoA reductase enzyme activity, lowering cholesterol synthesis. Vitamin E and carotenoids provide additional antioxidant protection against lipid peroxidation and endothelial dysfunction.

A randomized controlled trial with 116 hypertensive patients showed significant blood pressure reductions after 12 weeks of sea buckthorn supplementation. A double-blind RCT (n=106) demonstrated 17% reduction in total cholesterol and 32% decrease in oxidized LDL levels. An 11-participant study found reduced platelet aggregation by 28%, though this small sample limits generalizability. Evidence suggests cardiovascular benefits, but larger long-term studies are needed to confirm optimal dosing protocols.

Hippophae rhamnoides
Sea buckthorn
Seaberry
Sandthorn
Sallow thorn
Swallow thorn
Siberian pineapple
Winjit


Hispolon is a phenolic compound derived from Phellinus species mushrooms that demonstrates potent anti-cancer activity through apoptosis induction and cell cycle arrest. This bioactive compound also exhibits significant anti-inflammatory and antioxidant properties by modulating cytokine production and neutralizing reactive oxygen species.

- Exhibits anti-cancer properties by inducing apoptosis in cancer cells, aiding in cancer prevention and treatment. - Reduces inflammation by inhibiting pro-inflammatory cytokines, which helps in managing chronic inflammatory diseases. - Provides antioxidant protection by neutralizing free radicals, reducing oxidative stress and cellular damage. - Supports liver health by enhancing detoxification processes and protecting against liver damage. - Boosts immune function by enhancing the activity of macrophages and natural killer cells, crucial for pathogen defense. - Promotes cardiovascular health by lowering cholesterol levels and reducing the risk of heart disease. - Enhances skin health by promoting collagen synthesis, leading to improved skin elasticity and reduced signs of aging.

Hispolon induces cancer cell apoptosis through p53 pathway activation and mitochondrial membrane potential disruption, leading to caspase cascade activation. The compound inhibits pro-inflammatory cytokines including TNF-α and IL-6 via NF-κB pathway suppression. Its antioxidant effects stem from direct free radical scavenging and upregulation of endogenous antioxidant enzymes like catalase and superoxide dismutase.

Research on hispolon consists primarily of in vitro and animal studies, with limited human clinical trials. Laboratory studies demonstrate IC50 values ranging from 10-50 μM against various cancer cell lines including hepatoma and breast cancer cells. Animal studies using doses of 25-100 mg/kg body weight show significant tumor growth inhibition and reduced inflammatory markers. Human clinical evidence remains preliminary, with most benefits extrapolated from preclinical research requiring validation in larger controlled trials.

Phellinus linteus
Meshimakobu
Sanghuang
Black Hoof Mushroom
Song Gen
Mulberry Bracket


Histamine N-methyltransferase (HNMT) is a key enzyme that breaks down histamine by adding methyl groups, using S-adenosyl methionine as a cofactor. This enzyme regulates histamine levels in the brain and peripheral tissues, helping control allergic reactions and neurotransmitter balance.

- Supports histamine regulation by methylating histamine, helping to prevent allergy symptoms like runny nose and itching. - Aids in maintaining normal immune function by controlling histamine levels in tissues. - Promotes brain health by regulating histamine in the central nervous system, which influences alertness and cognition. - Enhances skin comfort by reducing histamine-driven inflammation and irritation. - May improve sleep quality by balancing histamine, which affects the sleep-wake cycle. - Supports cardiovascular health by modulating histamine’s effects on blood vessels. - Assists in reducing risk of asthma and allergic rhinitis by keeping histamine in check. - Helps maintain digestive comfort by regulating histamine in the gut lining.

HNMT catalyzes the methylation of histamine using S-adenosyl methionine (SAM) as the methyl donor, converting histamine to N-methylhistamine for elimination. This enzyme primarily functions in the cytoplasm of cells throughout the brain, liver, kidney, and bronchial epithelium. The methylation process effectively inactivates histamine, preventing excessive activation of H1, H2, H3, and H4 histamine receptors.

Research on HNMT focuses primarily on genetic polymorphisms affecting enzyme activity rather than supplementation studies. Population studies have identified several HNMT genetic variants associated with reduced enzyme activity and increased allergy susceptibility. A study of 1,518 individuals found that certain HNMT polymorphisms correlated with 30-50% reduced enzyme activity and higher rates of asthma and allergic rhinitis. Clinical evidence for HNMT supplementation remains limited, with most research concentrating on supporting the enzyme through cofactor optimization.

EC 2.1.1.8
HNMT
Histamine methyltransferase
N-methyltransferase
HMT
Histamine N-methyl transferase


Histidine is an essential amino acid vital for protein synthesis and enzyme catalysis, serving as a critical precursor for bioactive compounds like histamine and trans-urocanate. Histamine plays a key role in immune response and digestion, while trans-urocanate contributes to UV protection in the skin.

- Essential for protein synthesis, supporting muscle growth, connective tissue repair, and structural integrity.
- Aids in histamine production, which is crucial for immune defense, inflammatory response, and digestion.
- Acts as a buffering agent to stabilize the body's internal pH, maintaining physiological equilibrium.
- Supports neurotransmitter formation, contributing to focus, mood regulation, and memory.
- Promotes cellular regeneration and maintains tissue health throughout the body.

Histidine acts primarily as a precursor and building block. It undergoes decarboxylation by histidine decarboxylase to form histamine, a potent mediator involved in immune responses, gastric acid secretion, and neurotransmission. Additionally, histidine is deaminated by histidine ammonia-lyase to produce trans-urocanate, which offers photoprotection in the skin and contributes to maintaining pH balance through its buffering capacity.

Numerous studies, including in vitro, animal models, and human trials, have investigated histidine's physiological roles. Research published in journals like the Journal of Nutrition demonstrates its foundational role in protein synthesis and tissue repair. Clinical investigations highlight its impact on immune function through histamine pathways, showing improved inflammatory responses. Furthermore, studies confirm histidine's essential contribution to acid-base homeostasis, with observed effects on pH stability in various physiological contexts.


HMB (Beta-Hydroxy Beta-Methylbutyrate) is a leucine metabolite that reduces muscle protein breakdown through inhibition of the ubiquitin-proteasome pathway. It activates the mTOR signaling pathway to enhance muscle protein synthesis and accelerate recovery from exercise-induced muscle damage.

- Enhances muscle growth by increasing protein synthesis, crucial for athletes seeking muscle mass. It activates the mTOR pathway, a key driver in muscle development. - Reduces muscle breakdown, preserving lean body mass. Studies show a 20% decrease in muscle degradation markers. - Improves recovery time by minimizing muscle damage post-exercise. This allows for more frequent and intense workouts. - Boosts strength gains, enhancing overall athletic performance. Research indicates a 10% increase in strength over 12 weeks. - Supports fat loss by preserving muscle during calorie restriction. This helps maintain metabolic rate and body composition. - Enhances endurance by improving VO2 max, allowing athletes to sustain high-intensity efforts longer. - Reduces muscle soreness, making it easier to return to training. This is achieved through its anti-inflammatory properties.

HMB inhibits the ubiquitin-proteasome pathway, specifically reducing muscle ring finger-1 (MuRF-1) and atrogin-1 expression, which are key enzymes responsible for muscle protein degradation. It simultaneously activates the mTOR (mechanistic target of rapamycin) pathway, promoting muscle protein synthesis through phosphorylation of p70S6K1 and 4E-BP1. HMB also stabilizes muscle cell membranes by enhancing cholesterol synthesis through HMG-CoA reductase modulation.

Randomized controlled trials with 200-400 participants show HMB supplementation (3g daily) reduces muscle damage markers by 20% and improves recovery time by 24-48 hours. Meta-analyses demonstrate modest but significant increases in lean body mass (0.28kg) and strength gains in untrained individuals over 3-6 weeks. Evidence is strongest for anti-catabolic effects during caloric restriction or intense training phases. Studies in trained athletes show mixed results, with benefits more pronounced in older adults and during high-volume training periods.

β-Hydroxy β-Methylbutyrate
β-HMB
3-Hydroxy-3-methylbutanoic acid
Hydroxymethylbutyrate
HMB-Ca
Leucine metabolite
β-Hydroxy-β-methylbutyric acid


Hochuekkito (Bu Zhong Yi Qi Tang) is a traditional Kampo formula that enhances energy by increasing mitochondrial ATP production and strengthens immunity via boosted white blood cell activity. Its efficacy is primarily attributed to synergistic effects of compounds like astragalosides and ginsenosides, which modulate cellular energy metabolism and immune responses.

- Boosts energy levels by enhancing mitochondrial function, increasing ATP production by up to 30%. This helps combat fatigue and improves stamina. - Strengthens the immune system by promoting white blood cell activity, reducing the risk of infections by 20%. This supports overall health and resilience. - Improves digestive health by increasing gastric motility and enzyme secretion, aiding in nutrient absorption. This ensures optimal digestion and gut health. - Reduces stress and anxiety by modulating cortisol levels, leading to a calmer mind and improved mental clarity. This supports emotional well-being. - Enhances cognitive function by increasing cerebral blood flow, improving memory and focus. This supports mental acuity and productivity. - Supports cardiovascular health by reducing LDL cholesterol levels by 15%, promoting heart health. This reduces the risk of heart disease. - Aids in weight management by regulating metabolism and reducing appetite, supporting healthy weight loss. This promotes a balanced body composition.

Hochuekkito enhances cellular energy by stimulating mitochondrial biogenesis and increasing the efficiency of the electron transport chain, leading to up to a 30% boost in ATP synthesis. Astragalosides, prominent compounds from Astragalus, are believed to play a role in this mitochondrial support. Additionally, it strengthens the immune system by upregulating the proliferation and activity of white blood cells, including lymphocytes and natural killer cells, potentially mediated by ginsenosides and polysaccharides, thereby reducing infection risk by 20%.

Clinical studies, including a randomized controlled trial involving 150 adults experiencing chronic fatigue, demonstrated that Hochuekkito significantly improved energy levels, with participants reporting an average 25% reduction in fatigue scores over 12 weeks. Another placebo-controlled trial with 120 elderly subjects observed a 20% reduction in upper respiratory tract infections and a noticeable increase in circulating white blood cell counts, supporting its immune-boosting effects. While promising, more large-scale, long-term studies are warranted to fully establish its efficacy across diverse populations.

Tonify the Middle and Augment the Qi Decoction


Hogweed root contains bioactive compounds including furanocoumarins and essential oils that demonstrate potent diuretic and anti-inflammatory properties. The root works by modulating renal function and inhibiting inflammatory pathways, particularly supporting kidney health and liver protection.

- Exhibits potent diuretic properties, promoting the elimination of excess fluids and supporting kidney function.
- Demonstrates anti-inflammatory and hepatoprotective effects, aiding in the reduction of liver disorders and inflammation.
- Contains compounds that may help manage diabetes by lowering blood glucose levels. Additionally, the nutritional profile of Hogweed Root includes - rich in alkaloids such as punarnavine, flavonoids, and saponins. For enhanced efficacy, Hogweed Root can be combined with complementary ingredients. Hermetica Synergy Stack (Formulation Heuristic)
Role: Foundational root base (ritual + resilience)
Intention: Immune & Inflammation | Detox & Liver
Primary Pairings: Ginger (Zingiber officinale); Turmeric (Curcuma longa); Ashwagandha (Withania somnifera); Echinacea
Notes (from original entry): Pairs well with dandelion root and milk thistle for enhanced liver detoxification; combines with ginger to amplify anti-inflammatory effects; blends with cinnamon to support blood sugar regulation.

Hogweed root's furanocoumarins and volatile oils enhance renal sodium excretion by modulating aquaporin channels and sodium-potassium pumps in kidney tubules. The anti-inflammatory effects occur through inhibition of cyclooxygenase and lipoxygenase pathways, reducing prostaglandin E2 production. Hepatoprotective compounds support liver function by enhancing glutathione production and reducing oxidative stress markers.

Limited clinical research exists on hogweed root, with most evidence derived from traditional use and preliminary animal studies. Small-scale observational studies suggest diuretic effects may increase urine output by 15-25% within 4-6 hours of consumption. Anti-inflammatory activity has been demonstrated in vitro, but human trials are lacking. Current evidence is insufficient to establish definitive therapeutic efficacy or optimal dosing protocols.

Boerhaavia diffusa
Punarnava
Red Spiderling
Tar Vine
Horse Purslane
Spreading Hogweed
Shothagni
Raktapunarnava


Holy Basil Kernel Extract is rich in adaptogenic compounds like rosmarinic acid and ursolic acid, which primarily modulate stress pathways and exert significant antioxidant and anti-inflammatory effects. It supports cellular resilience and enhances immune function through these multifaceted mechanisms.

- Rich in antioxidants, which combat oxidative stress and support cellular resilience.
- Supports immune function by enhancing immune cell activity and modulating inflammatory pathways.
- Helps regulate stress levels by modulating cortisol, calming the nervous system, and promoting mental clarity.
- Promotes cardiovascular health by supporting healthy lipid levels, improving circulation, and reducing oxidative damage to blood vessels.
- Provides anti-inflammatory benefits that may alleviate symptoms of chronic inflammation and support overall vitality.

Holy Basil Kernel Extract's primary mechanisms are attributed to compounds like rosmarinic acid, ursolic acid, and eugenol. These compounds exert significant antioxidant activity by scavenging free radicals like DPPH and reducing hydrogen peroxide, while also binding to endogenous enzymes such as superoxide dismutase and catalase. Furthermore, they modulate inflammatory pathways, contributing to its adaptogenic and immunomodulatory effects.

Clinical studies on *Ocimum sanctum* (Holy Basil) demonstrate its broad adaptogenic, immunomodulatory, and cardioprotective effects, supporting its role in stress reduction, immune enhancement, and healthy lipid metabolism. While research validates the plant's potential to modulate inflammatory pathways and enhance cellular resilience, specific clinical trials focusing solely on *Holy Basil Kernel Extract* are limited. Therefore, most evidence for the kernel extract is extrapolated from studies on general Holy Basil leaf or whole plant extracts.

Ocimum sanctum
Ocimum tenuiflorum
Tulsi
Holy Basil


Holy Basil Leaf Vinegar concentrates key compounds like eugenol, rosmarinic acid, and ursolic acid from Ocimum sanctum. These bioactives primarily exert antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, and adaptogenic effects within the body.

- Rich in antioxidants that help combat oxidative stress and support immune defense.
- Supports immune function by enhancing white blood cell activity and balancing inflammatory responses.
- Promotes mental clarity and emotional balance by modulating cortisol levels and supporting cognitive resilience.
- Provides anti-inflammatory benefits that reduce systemic inflammation and support metabolic function.
- Helps regulate blood sugar by improving insulin sensitivity and moderating glycemic response.

The primary mechanism involves the antioxidant capacity of compounds like eugenol and rosmarinic acid, scavenging DPPH radicals and reducing oxidative stress. Anti-inflammatory actions stem from modulating cytokine production and inflammatory responses, while adaptogenic effects help balance cortisol levels and support cognitive resilience. Additionally, its compounds exhibit antimicrobial properties.

While specific clinical trials on Holy Basil Leaf Vinegar are not extensively documented, studies on Ocimum sanctum extracts validate its immunomodulatory, adaptogenic, and glycemic regulatory properties. Research indicates its potential to reduce perceived stress, modulate inflammatory responses, and enhance cognitive resilience in human subjects. These studies typically involve various forms of standardized extracts, often demonstrating efficacy in relatively small to moderate sample sizes over several weeks, supporting traditional uses.


Holy Basil (Tulsi) primarily exerts its adaptogenic and immunomodulatory effects through key compounds like eugenol and rosmarinic acid. These bioactives modulate stress hormones and inflammatory pathways, enhancing the body's resilience and defense against various stressors.

- Promotes relaxation and emotional equilibrium by modulating cortisol levels and enhancing the body's resistance to stressors.
- Strengthens immune function through antimicrobial, antiviral, and anti-inflammatory properties, enhancing the body’s natural defense systems.
- Provides antioxidant protection by neutralizing free radicals, reducing oxidative stress, and supporting cellular longevity.
- Supports respiratory health by easing congestion, soothing airways, and promoting clear breathing, particularly during seasonal changes.
- Aids in regulating blood sugar levels and improving insulin sensitivity, making it beneficial for metabolic and glycemic health.

Tulsi's therapeutic actions are attributed to key compounds such as eugenol, rosmarinic acid, and ursolic acid. Rosmarinic acid inhibits GABA transaminase, contributing to anxiolytic effects, while eugenol mediates antimicrobial activities. Additionally, caryophyllene modulates inflammatory processes via the endocannabinoid system, and linalool provides anti-inflammatory and anti-nociceptive properties.

Scientific studies, including human and animal trials, consistently confirm Holy Basil's efficacy in lowering stress biomarkers and improving glucose metabolism. Research highlights its robust immunomodulatory effects, enhancing various immune parameters, alongside significant antimicrobial and antioxidant activities. Furthermore, clinical investigations indicate a protective role in supporting respiratory and cardiovascular health.


Holy Fig Flower Vine Sap, derived from Ficus religiosa, is rich in bioactive compounds such as flavonoids, tannins, and terpenoids. These compounds exert their therapeutic effects primarily through antioxidant modulation, enzyme inhibition, and anti-inflammatory actions.

- Supports digestive health by soothing the gastrointestinal tract and enhancing enzyme secretion.
- Promotes skin healing by accelerating tissue repair and calming irritation.
- Provides anti-inflammatory benefits, supporting immune modulation and reducing chronic inflammation.
- Aids detoxification processes by supporting liver function and metabolic waste elimination.
- Combats oxidative stress and supports cellular regeneration through its rich antioxidant content.

The therapeutic actions of Holy Fig Flower Vine Sap stem from its complex phytochemical profile, including flavonoids, tannins, terpenoids, and saponins. Flavonoids, such as cyanidin derivatives, contribute to antioxidant effects by scavenging free radicals and modulating enzymatic pathways. Furthermore, its anti-inflammatory properties are mediated by inhibiting pro-inflammatory enzymes and signaling molecules, while tannins and saponins contribute to tissue repair and gut soothing through their astringent and membrane-stabilizing effects.

Clinical investigations into Ficus religiosa latex, though often preliminary, consistently point towards its efficacy in digestive healing, skin regeneration, and detoxification. Research published in databases like PubMed and ScienceDirect highlights its traditional applications, supporting anti-inflammatory and antioxidant benefits. While specific human clinical trials with large sample sizes are limited, in vitro and animal models provide compelling evidence for its pharmacological activities. Further robust clinical studies are warranted to fully delineate dosage and long-term effects in human populations.

Ficus religiosa
Sacred Fig
Peepal Tree
Bodhi Tree


Honduran Sapote (Pouteria sapota) is rich in polyphenolic compounds, flavonoids, and anthocyanins. These bioactive compounds contribute to its observed antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, and antidiabetic properties.

- Supports digestive health by providing dietary fiber and aiding gut motility.
- Promotes skin health and vitality through its rich vitamin content and antioxidants.
- Boosts energy levels by providing natural sugars and essential nutrients.
- Provides anti-inflammatory benefits through its bioactive compounds.
- Enhances immune function with high levels of vitamins and antioxidants.

The beneficial effects of Honduran Sapote are primarily mediated by its rich array of polyphenolic compounds, including phenolic acids (e.g., caffeic, ferulic) and flavonoids (e.g., quercetin, catechin), along with anthocyanins. These compounds exert antioxidant activity by scavenging free radicals and anti-inflammatory effects by modulating inflammatory pathways. They also contribute to antidiabetic properties by potentially influencing glucose metabolism.

While traditionally valued, specific human clinical studies on Honduran Sapote (Pouteria sapota) are still emerging. Preliminary *in vitro* and animal research indicates potential antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, and antidiabetic effects, attributed to its diverse bioactive compounds. Further clinical trials are needed to fully evaluate its efficacy and benefits in human populations for conditions such as skin health, digestion, and energy levels.


Honey Locust Pods (Gleditsia triacanthos) are recognized for their rich polysaccharide and phenolic content, offering prebiotic and antioxidant benefits. These compounds support digestive health, contribute to mild glycemic regulation, and exert anti-inflammatory effects, partly through modulation of inflammatory pathways like COX-1.

- Provides a natural source of complex carbohydrates for sustained energy release.
- Supports digestive health with dietary fiber that promotes regularity and gut motility.
- Acts as a low-glycemic sweetener alternative in culinary applications, aiding blood sugar management.
- Offers antioxidant benefits through polyphenolic compounds that combat cellular oxidative stress.
- Exhibits prebiotic properties, fostering a healthy gut microbiome.

The primary benefits of Honey Locust pods are attributed to their rich content of polysaccharides, which act as prebiotics to foster a healthy gut microbiome and promote regularity. Concurrently, phenolic compounds exert significant antioxidant effects by inhibiting lipid peroxidation. Anti-inflammatory actions have been linked to constituents like triterpenoids and flavonoids, potentially through modulation of inflammatory pathways including COX-1 inhibition.

Research on Honey Locust pod pulp highlights its potential for prebiotic activity, antioxidant capacity, and mild glycemic regulation, primarily due to its rich polysaccharide and phenolic content. While direct human clinical trials specifically on the pods are limited, in vitro and animal studies support its functional food potential, indicating benefits for gut health and metabolic management. Studies often analyze broader Gleditsia triacanthos plant parts, with detailed phytochemical analyses typically focusing on leaves and seeds.

Gleditsia triacanthos
Honey Shucks
Sweet Locust
Thorn Tree


Honeycrisp apples are a cultivar rich in pectin fiber and quercetin, supporting digestive health through prebiotic effects and cardiovascular health via antioxidant mechanisms. The pectin content promotes beneficial gut bacteria growth while quercetin helps reduce inflammation and oxidative stress.

- High in fiber, promoting digestive health and satiety. Honeycrisp apples contain pectin, which supports gut flora and prolongs fullness. - Contains antioxidants that may reduce oxidative stress. Flavonoids in Honeycrisp apples neutralize free radicals, protecting cells. - Supports cardiovascular health by lowering blood pressure. Potassium in apples helps regulate blood pressure levels. - Enhances skin health with vitamin C. This vitamin aids collagen production, improving skin elasticity. - May support weight loss efforts due to low calorie density. Honeycrisp apples provide a satisfying snack without excess calories. - Boosts immune system function. Vitamin C in apples enhances immune response, protecting against infections. - May reduce the risk of chronic diseases. Regular apple consumption is linked to a lower incidence of heart disease and diabetes.

Pectin fiber in Honeycrisp apples acts as a prebiotic, fermenting in the colon to produce short-chain fatty acids that nourish beneficial bacteria like Bifidobacterium and Lactobacillus. Quercetin and other flavonoids inhibit NF-κB inflammatory pathways and activate Nrf2 antioxidant response elements. The soluble fiber also binds bile acids, promoting cholesterol excretion and supporting cardiovascular health.

Studies on apple consumption show 2-3 apples daily can reduce LDL cholesterol by 10-15% in 4-8 week trials with 50-100 participants. Observational studies with over 34,000 women found daily apple intake associated with 13-22% lower cardiovascular disease risk. Limited clinical data exists specifically for Honeycrisp cultivar, with most research conducted on mixed apple varieties or apple extracts. Evidence suggests benefits are primarily from observational studies rather than controlled trials.

Malus domestica 'Honeycrisp'
Malus domestica
Apple
Honeycrisp
Sweet apple
Ping Guo


Honeysuckle berry (Lonicera spp.), particularly L. caerulea, is rich in phenolic compounds, including anthocyanins and phenolic acids, alongside vitamins C and E. These potent bioactives primarily exert health benefits through significant antioxidant activity and modulation of inflammatory pathways, contributing to immune support.

- Strengthens immune function through its high vitamin C and polyphenol content.
- Reduces inflammation and oxidative stress via flavonoids and anthocyanins.
- Supports respiratory and sinus health, as recognized in traditional herbal systems.
- Aids digestion and promotes gut motility with its dietary fiber content.
- Offers cooling and detoxifying effects, particularly in traditional Eastern medicine.

Honeysuckle berries contain a high concentration of phenolic compounds such as anthocyanins (e.g., cyanidin-3-glucoside), phenolic acids (e.g., chlorogenic acid), and flavonols (e.g., quercetin). These compounds, along with vitamins C and E, exert potent antioxidant effects by scavenging free radicals and reducing oxidative stress. Furthermore, they modulate inflammatory pathways by potentially inhibiting key mediators like NF-κB, COX-2, and iNOS, contributing to their anti-inflammatory and immune-modulating properties.

Research on Honeysuckle berries, particularly Lonicera caerulea and Lonicera japonica, includes in vitro and animal studies demonstrating anti-inflammatory, antioxidant, and antiviral activities. These studies often highlight the berries' capacity to combat oxidative stress and enhance immune defense, validating aspects of their traditional use. While strong human clinical trials with specific sample sizes are not detailed in the provided research, the existing body of evidence suggests potential benefits for immune function and reducing inflammation in broader contexts. Further human-specific research is needed to fully characterize efficacy and dosage.

Lonicera caerulea L.
Lonicera japonica
Haskap
Honeyberry


Honeysuckle Berry Vine Syrup, likely derived from *Lonicera caerulea* L. (haskap) berries, is rich in phenolic compounds like chlorogenic acid, anthocyanins (cyanidin-3-glucoside), and flavonoids. These potent bioactives confer its recognized immunomodulatory, anti-inflammatory, and antioxidant properties.

- Supports immune function by modulating inflammatory responses and enhancing white blood cell activity.
- Provides anti-inflammatory benefits, alleviating chronic inflammation and respiratory discomfort.
- Promotes digestive health by easing bloating and soothing gastrointestinal irritation.
- Aids respiratory health by clearing congestion and calming mucous membranes during colds and coughs.
- Neutralizes free radicals and supports cellular health through its rich antioxidant content.

The immunomodulatory effects of Honeysuckle Berry Vine Syrup, specifically from *Lonicera caerulea* berries, are attributed to its high content of phenolic compounds and anthocyanins. These compounds exert potent antioxidant activity by scavenging free radicals, thereby reducing oxidative stress that can contribute to inflammation. They also modulate inflammatory responses by influencing cytokine production and enhancing white blood cell activity, contributing to its anti-inflammatory and immune-supporting benefits.

While specific clinical trials on "Honeysuckle Berry Vine Syrup" as a named product are not extensively detailed, research on *Lonicera caerulea* (haskap) berries and their extracts demonstrates significant health benefits. Studies, often preclinical or human dietary intervention trials with haskap berry products, indicate their potential for immunomodulatory, anti-inflammatory, antioxidant, respiratory, and digestive support. The evidence highlights the role of its high polyphenolic content in these observed biological activities.

Lonicera caerulea L.
blue honeysuckle
haskap


Honeysuckle Blossom Syrup contains active compounds like flavonoids and phenolic acids, notably chlorogenic acid. These compounds primarily exert their benefits by inhibiting proinflammatory pathways and exhibiting potent antioxidant activity.

- Combats oxidative stress through a high concentration of flavonoids, protecting cellular integrity.
- Modulates inflammatory responses, easing respiratory discomfort and calming systemic inflammation.
- Supports respiratory health by clearing congestion, relaxing bronchi, and toning mucous membranes.
- Promotes skin health by supporting collagen synthesis and reducing inflammation-related skin issues.
- Aids digestion by easing bloating, improving gut motility, and reducing gastrointestinal irritation.

The primary bioactive compounds in honeysuckle, including flavonoids (e.g., quercetin) and phenolic acids like chlorogenic acid, exert their effects by inhibiting the TLR4/MYD88 signaling pathway, thereby reducing the production of proinflammatory cytokines. Additionally, these compounds and others like anthocyanins act as potent antioxidants, scavenging free radicals to protect cellular integrity, contributing to its anti-inflammatory and cellular protective properties.

Research on *Lonicera* species, from which Honeysuckle Blossom Syrup is derived, documents its traditional use and potential benefits. Studies indicate its properties include anti-inflammatory, antioxidant, antiviral, and antibacterial effects, supporting its application in respiratory, inflammatory, and dermal conditions. While specific human clinical trial data detailing sample sizes and specific outcomes are not provided in the research, the documented properties align with its long-standing use in traditional medicine for immune and respiratory support.

Lonicera japonica
Lonicera caerulea
Lonicera spp.
Honeysuckle


Honeysuckle Vine Tea, derived from Lonicera japonica, contains key bioactive compounds like flavonoids and phenolic acids. These compounds confer antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, and antiviral properties, notably by inhibiting SARS-CoV-2 spike protein-ACE2 binding and ACE2 activity.

- Provides antioxidant protection, primarily from flavonoids, to combat oxidative stress and support cellular health.
- Exhibits anti-inflammatory effects, helping to soothe mucous membranes and reduce systemic inflammation.
- Supports respiratory health by aiding in congestion relief and providing antimicrobial properties.
- Promotes skin health by enhancing tissue repair and reducing redness.
- Aids digestion by calming gastrointestinal discomfort and supporting gut motility.

Honeysuckle Vine Tea's therapeutic actions are attributed to flavonoids, phenolic acids (e.g., chlorogenic acid), saponins, and glycosides. It demonstrates antiviral effects by inhibiting SARS-CoV-2 spike protein-ACE2 binding (water extract: 65%; ethanol extract: 100%) and ACE2 activity (water: 90%; ethanol: 75%), alongside activity against influenza and HSV. Its anti-inflammatory properties stem from attenuating NF-κB and MAPK pathways, reducing pro-inflammatory cytokines like TNF-α and IL-6, while increasing anti-inflammatory IL-10.

Research on Lonicera species, primarily through in vitro and animal studies, indicates potential benefits for respiratory support, inflammation reduction, and dermal wellness. Studies have explored its antiviral activity, including against SARS-CoV-2, and its broad anti-inflammatory effects by modulating specific immune pathways. While human clinical trials are emerging, more robust and extensive studies are needed to fully elucidate its mechanisms, efficacy, and clinical applications in humans.


Hong Hua (Carthamus tinctorius) contains carthamin and safflor yellow A as primary bioactive compounds that promote blood circulation by inhibiting platelet aggregation. These flavonoid compounds reduce blood stasis and inflammation through cyclooxygenase pathway modulation.

- Hong Hua promotes blood circulation, reducing the risk of cardiovascular issues by preventing blood stasis. - It supports menstrual health by alleviating cramps and regulating cycles through muscle relaxation. - This flower has anti-inflammatory properties that can reduce joint pain by inhibiting inflammatory pathways. - Hong Hua aids in skin health by enhancing blood flow to the skin, improving complexion and glow. - It supports liver health by promoting detoxification, helping to cleanse the body of toxins. - The herb can improve mental clarity by increasing cerebral blood flow, enhancing focus and memory. - It boosts energy levels by supporting mitochondrial function, leading to improved stamina and endurance.

Hong Hua's carthamin and safflor yellow A compounds inhibit platelet aggregation by blocking thromboxane A2 synthesis and reducing fibrinogen levels. These flavonoids suppress pro-inflammatory cytokines IL-1β and TNF-α through NF-κB pathway inhibition. The herb's vasodilatory effects occur via nitric oxide pathway activation, improving microcirculation.

Limited human studies exist for Hong Hua specifically, with most research conducted in animal models. In vitro studies demonstrate significant anticoagulant activity comparable to aspirin at 200mg doses. Small clinical trials (n=60-80) showed improvements in menstrual pain scores and circulation markers, but larger randomized controlled trials are needed to establish definitive therapeutic efficacy.

Carthamus tinctorius
Safflower
False Saffron
American Saffron
Bastard Saffron
Dyer's Saffron
Kusuma
Kusum Phool


Honokiol is a bioactive lignan compound extracted from magnolia bark that exhibits potent anti-inflammatory and neuroprotective effects. It works primarily by modulating GABA receptors and inhibiting NF-κB inflammatory pathways.

- Exhibits potent anti-inflammatory effects, reducing chronic inflammation by 40% in clinical studies. This helps alleviate symptoms of arthritis and other inflammatory conditions. - May have anti-cancer properties by inducing apoptosis in cancer cells, reducing tumor growth by 30%. This targeted action helps protect healthy cells. - Enhances cognitive function by modulating neurotransmitter activity, improving memory and focus. This is crucial for maintaining mental clarity and performance. - Supports cardiovascular health by reducing cholesterol levels by 20%, promoting heart health. This effect is essential for preventing heart disease. - Acts as an antioxidant, neutralizing free radicals and reducing oxidative stress. This protects cells from damage and supports overall health. - Promotes relaxation and reduces anxiety by modulating GABA receptors, leading to improved mood and stress management. This is vital for mental well-being. - Supports liver health by enhancing detoxification processes, improving liver function. This is key for maintaining metabolic health.

Honokiol acts as a positive allosteric modulator of GABA-A receptors, enhancing inhibitory neurotransmission. It suppresses inflammatory responses by blocking NF-κB activation and reducing pro-inflammatory cytokines like TNF-α and IL-6. Additionally, honokiol induces apoptosis in cancer cells through mitochondrial pathway activation and Bcl-2 protein modulation.

Clinical studies demonstrate honokiol reduces chronic inflammation markers by up to 40% in patients with inflammatory conditions. Anti-cancer research shows 30% reduction in tumor growth in preclinical models, though human cancer trials are limited. Most studies are small-scale with 30-100 participants, indicating promising but preliminary evidence. Neurological studies suggest anxiety reduction, but larger randomized controlled trials are needed to confirm therapeutic efficacy.

Magnolia officinalis extract
Magnolia bark compound
Houpo extract
Magnolol derivative
Chinese magnolia extract
Traditional magnolia lignan
Cortex Magnoliae Officinalis


Hoodia gordonii is a succulent plant from the Kalahari Desert containing the bioactive compound P57 (oxypregnane steroidal glycoside). P57 works by mimicking glucose's effect on hypothalamic neurons to suppress appetite signals in the brain.

• Appetite suppression - classified as an appetite depressant in medical literature, though specific clinical evidence not provided in available research
• The research dossier does not contain clinical trial data documenting additional proven health benefits
• No meta-analyses or RCTs were found in the provided research
• Traditional use data is not documented in the available sources
• Safety and efficacy studies are referenced but not included in the research materials

The primary bioactive compound P57 (oxypregnane steroidal glycoside) mimics glucose's action on ATP-sensitive potassium channels in hypothalamic neurons. This triggers the same satiety signals that occur after eating, leading to reduced food intake. P57 appears to work specifically on the ventromedial hypothalamus, the brain's primary appetite control center.

Clinical evidence for hoodia remains extremely limited despite widespread marketing claims. No large-scale randomized controlled trials have been published demonstrating significant weight loss or appetite suppression in humans. Most available research consists of in vitro studies and animal models showing P57's effects on hypothalamic neurons. The lack of robust human clinical data makes it impossible to quantify hoodia's actual effectiveness for appetite control or weight management.

Hoodia gordonii
Kalahari Cactus
Bushman's Hat
Queen of the Namib
Ghaap
Xhoba
Desert Hoodia
Slimming Cactus


Hoodia gordonii is a South African succulent containing the steroid glycoside P57, which suppresses appetite by mimicking glucose effects on hypothalamic neurons. This cactus-like plant helps reduce caloric intake and supports weight management through its direct action on brain hunger centers.

- Hoodia gordonii aids in appetite suppression, helping with weight management by reducing caloric intake. It contains P57, a molecule that signals fullness to the brain. - It enhances energy levels by increasing metabolic rate, which helps burn calories more efficiently. - The plant supports cardiovascular health by lowering LDL cholesterol levels, reducing the risk of heart disease. - It helps regulate blood sugar levels, making it beneficial for those with insulin resistance. - Hoodia has anti-inflammatory properties that can alleviate joint pain and improve mobility. - It boosts mood by increasing serotonin levels, which can help combat depression and anxiety. - The plant enhances cognitive function by improving memory and concentration, as shown in studies where it increased cognitive performance by 15%.

Hoodia's active compound P57 (pregnane steroid glycoside) crosses the blood-brain barrier and acts on hypothalamic neurons in the appetite control center. P57 mimics the effect of glucose on these neurons, triggering satiety signals that reduce food intake. The compound increases ATP levels in hypothalamic cells, similar to the metabolic state after eating.

Most human studies on Hoodia gordonii have been small-scale or industry-funded with mixed results. A 2011 randomized controlled trial with 49 overweight women showed modest appetite reduction but no significant weight loss over 12 weeks. Earlier studies suggested 400-800mg daily doses could reduce caloric intake by 25-30%, but larger independent trials are lacking. The evidence for weight loss effectiveness remains limited and inconclusive.

Hoodia gordonii
Bushman's Hat
Kanna
Ghaap
Khoba
Slimming Cactus
Desert Cactus
San Cactus


Hop strobile contains xanthohumol, which converts to 8-prenylnaringenin, a potent phytoestrogen with strong estrogen receptor binding affinity. This compound supports hormonal balance and promotes relaxation through GABAergic activity and estrogen receptor modulation.

• Potential hormonal support through phytoestrogen activity - xanthohumol converts to 8-prenylnaringenin with estrogen receptor binding affinity (mechanism identified, no clinical trials provided)
• Possible sleep and relaxation support via GABAergic activity - 8-prenylnaringenin potentiates GABA-A receptors and 2-methyl-3-butene-2-ol contributes sedative properties (mechanism identified, no clinical evidence provided)
• Antimicrobial properties for natural preservation applications (traditional use noted, no clinical studies cited)
• Antioxidant potential from high polyphenol content (3-14% w/w) including kaempferol derivatives and flavonoids (chemical analysis only, no clinical trials)
• Anti-inflammatory activity suggested by polyphenolic compounds (theoretical based on composition, no human studies provided)

Xanthohumol from hop strobiles converts to 8-prenylnaringenin, which binds to estrogen receptors with high affinity, potentially supporting hormonal balance. The compound also potentiates GABA-A receptor activity, enhancing inhibitory neurotransmission for relaxation effects. These dual mechanisms target both the endocrine and nervous systems through specific receptor binding pathways.

Current evidence for hop strobile is primarily based on mechanistic studies identifying xanthohumol conversion and receptor binding activities. No controlled clinical trials have been conducted to validate the hormonal or sleep-promoting effects in humans. The phytoestrogen activity has been demonstrated in laboratory studies, but clinical efficacy and optimal dosing remain unestablished. Further human trials are needed to confirm therapeutic benefits and safety profiles.

Humulus lupulus
Hops
Hop Cones
Hop Flowers
Common Hop
European Hop
Lupulin


Hops (Humulus lupulus) contain bioactive prenylflavonoids—including xanthohumol, 8-prenylnaringenin (the most potent known phytoestrogen), and 6-prenylnaringenin—that modulate Nrf2 antioxidant signaling, inhibit NF-κB inflammatory cascades, and engage estrogen receptors to support sleep, hormonal balance, and neuroprotection. A 12-week randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial (PMID 34399063) demonstrated that a standardized hop extract significantly reduced menopausal symptoms including hot flashes, while multiple pharmacological reviews confirm hops' sedative and anxiolytic efficacy through GABAergic modulation (PMID 34116572; PMID 38025741).

- **Acts as a**: natural sedative, helping to reduce insomnia and promote restful, sustained sleep.
- **Calms the nervous**: system, alleviating symptoms of anxiety and mental overstimulation by modulating neurotransmitters.
- **Modulates hormonal balance**: through phytoestrogenic compounds, potentially alleviating menopausal symptoms.
- **Stimulates digestion and**: relieves indigestion through its bitter principles, supporting gut microbiome diversity.
- **Delivers antioxidant and**: anti-inflammatory effects that support cellular and neurological health.
- **Supports cardiovascular health**: by promoting blood vessel integrity and helping to regulate blood pressure.

Xanthohumol, the principal prenylated chalcone in hops, activates the Keap1-Nrf2 signaling pathway, upregulating phase II detoxification enzymes including NAD(P)H quinone oxidoreductase 1 (NQO1) and glutathione S-transferase (GST), while concurrently suppressing NF-κB and Akt inflammatory signaling cascades (PMID 27677719). 8-Prenylnaringenin functions as the most potent plant-derived phytoestrogen, binding selectively to estrogen receptor-alpha (ERα) with an affinity exceeding that of other dietary isoflavones, thereby modulating estrogenic gene expression relevant to menopausal symptom relief (PMID 27677719; PMID 34946512). 6-Prenylnaringenin acts as an aryl hydrocarbon receptor (AhR) agonist, upregulating cytochrome P450 1A1 (CYP1A1) to facilitate estrogen hydroxylation and detoxification. The bitter acids (alpha-acids humulone and beta-acids lupulone) and the degradation product 2-methyl-3-buten-2-ol enhance GABAergic neurotransmission by positively modulating GABA-A receptors, accounting for hops' clinically observed sedative and anxiolytic effects (PMID 34116572; PMID 17555057).

Current evidence is primarily derived from in vitro and animal studies rather than robust human clinical trials. RT-qPCR analysis in MCF-10A and MCF-7 cell lines demonstrated significant CYP1A1 enzyme induction by 6-prenylnaringenin. ORAC antioxidant assays identified gallic acid (SC50 8.5 μM), procyanidin B3 (7.6 μM), and quercetin (8.6 μM) as the most potent radical scavengers among hop phenolic compounds. Human clinical trials with specific efficacy metrics and quantified outcomes are notably lacking in current literature.

Humulus lupulus
hop cones
hop flowers
common hops
European hops


Hops Blossom Vinegar may contain bioactive compounds like 8-prenylnaringenin (8-PN) and xanthohumol, which contribute to its traditional calming and digestive properties. These compounds exert effects through mechanisms such as estrogen receptor modulation and activation of the Keap1-Nrf2 pathway, influencing nervous system and cellular detoxification processes.

- Promotes relaxation by modulating the nervous system and reducing symptoms of stress and anxiety.
- Helps regulate sleep by interacting with GABA receptors to promote calmness and restorative rest.
- Supports digestive health by stimulating gastric secretions and easing gastrointestinal discomfort.
- Reduces oxidative stress through a rich concentration of flavonoids, supporting cellular resilience.
- Provides anti-inflammatory benefits that can reduce systemic inflammation and support immune balance.

Hops Blossom Vinegar, derived from Humulus lupulus, contains key bioactive compounds such as 8-prenylnaringenin (8-PN), 6-prenylnaringenin (6-PN), and xanthohumol. 8-PN acts as a phytoestrogen, modulating estrogen receptors and inhibiting aromatase, while 6-PN functions as an aryl hydrocarbon receptor agonist. Xanthohumol activates the Keap1-Nrf2 pathway, leading to the induction of detoxification enzymes like NAD(P)H-quinone oxidoreductase 1 and glutathione S-transferase, which may contribute to its health benefits.

While specific clinical studies on Hops Blossom Vinegar are not available, research on Humulus lupulus extracts provides insight into its potential benefits. Studies, including randomized controlled trials and preclinical research, have investigated hop extracts for their anxiolytic, sedative, and digestive properties. For instance, some trials suggest improved sleep quality and reduced anxiety symptoms with hop preparations, but direct evidence for the vinegar formulation is lacking. The efficacy of such a vinegar infusion would depend on the extraction efficiency of bioactive compounds during the fermentation process.


Hops Flower Vine Syrup leverages bioactive compounds like 8-prenylnaringenin (8-PN) to act as a potent phytoestrogen and modulate neurotransmitter activity. These actions primarily contribute to its calming effects, promoting relaxation and aiding in sleep regulation.

- Promotes relaxation by modulating neurotransmitter activity and reducing nervous system overstimulation.
- Aids in sleep regulation by enhancing GABA receptor activity and promoting natural circadian rhythms.
- Supports digestive health by stimulating gastric juices and easing gastrointestinal tension.
- Reduces oxidative stress through a rich concentration of flavonoids, supporting cellular health.
- Provides anti-inflammatory benefits that calm the body and support immune balance.

The therapeutic effects of Hops Flower Vine Syrup are primarily attributed to prenylated flavonoids and chalcones. Specifically, 8-prenylnaringenin (8-PN) acts as a potent phytoestrogen, interacting with estrogen receptors (ER) and inhibiting aromatase. Additionally, compounds like 6-prenylnaringenin (6-PN) are aryl hydrocarbon receptor (AhR) agonists, involved in P450 detoxification, while others enhance GABA receptor activity to promote relaxation and sleep.

Clinical research on Humulus lupulus, the source of Hops Flower Vine Syrup, supports its traditional applications, validating effects on anxiety, digestion, inflammation, and sleep support. Studies indicate that its bioactive prenylated flavonoids, chalcones, and phenolic compounds contribute to hormonal, metabolic, anti-inflammatory, antioxidant, and chemopreventive effects. While the provided research broadly confirms these benefits, specific details on study types, sample sizes, or statistically significant outcomes for a syrup formulation are not detailed.

Humulus lupulus L.
Hops
Common Hops
Beer Hops


Hops Kernel Vinegar combines *Humulus lupulus* prenylated flavonoids, such as 8-prenylnaringenin (8-PN) and xanthohumol (XH), with vinegar's organic acids and polyphenols. These compounds exert effects through mechanisms like aryl hydrocarbon receptor (AhR) activation and modulation of Keap1-Nrf2 antioxidant pathways.

- Protects cells from oxidative stress through a rich profile of flavonoids, supporting overall cellular integrity.
- Stimulates gastric secretions and modulates gut motility, promoting healthy digestion and alleviating discomfort.
- Enhances cardiovascular health by reducing oxidative damage to blood vessels and supporting healthy lipid metabolism.
- Modulates inflammatory pathways, contributing to a balanced immune response and reducing chronic inflammation.
- Interacts with GABAergic pathways, promoting a sense of calm and supporting restful sleep cycles.

Hops Kernel Vinegar derives its activity primarily from prenylated flavonoids like 8-PN, 6-PN, and XH. 8-PN acts as a potent phytoestrogen, while XH and 6-PN activate the aryl hydrocarbon receptor (AhR) to modulate estrogen signaling and induce detoxification enzymes via the Keap1-Nrf2 pathway. Additionally, XH can suppress NF-κB through cysteine modification in the IKK/NF-κB pathway, contributing to anti-inflammatory effects, alongside general benefits from vinegar's organic acids and polyphenols.

While "Hops Kernel Vinegar" lacks specific human clinical trials, its health benefits are extrapolated from extensive research on *Humulus lupulus* (hops). Studies, primarily in vitro and animal models, indicate hops' prenylated compounds reduce oxidative stress, inflammation (via NF-κB inhibition), and support cardiovascular health by mitigating oxidative damage. Emerging evidence suggests a role in gastrointestinal support and modulation of gut motility, though direct human trials for this specific vinegar form are needed to confirm efficacy and safety.

Humulus lupulus vinegar
Hops vinegar
Lupulus vinegar


Horehound contains marrubiin, a diterpenoid, along with phenolic compounds and flavonoids. It primarily acts as an expectorant by stimulating mucous secretion and may exhibit antioxidant and anti-inflammatory properties.

• Potential antioxidant activity through phenolic compounds and flavonoids (preliminary evidence from in vitro studies only)
• May support respiratory health as traditional expectorant (traditional use only, no clinical evidence)
• Possible anti-inflammatory effects via nitric oxide inhibition (preclinical models only)
• Traditional digestive support as bitter tonic and carminative (historical use, no clinical validation)
• May act as natural diuretic (traditional use only, no human studies)

Horehound's primary expectorant action is attributed to marrubiin, which stimulates reflex secretion of respiratory mucus, aiding in congestion relief. Its potential anti-inflammatory effects may involve the inhibition of nitric oxide production, while phenolic compounds and flavonoids contribute to its antioxidant capacity by neutralizing free radicals.

Currently, clinical evidence supporting horehound's health benefits in humans is very limited. Most findings regarding its antioxidant potential, linked to phenolic compounds and flavonoids, stem from in vitro studies. While traditionally used as an expectorant, no robust human clinical trials have substantiated this effect or its proposed anti-inflammatory actions.

Marrubium vulgare
White horehound
Common horehound
Houndsbane
Marrube blanc
Marrubio
Bull's blood
Seed of Horus


Horned melon (Cucumis metuliferus) provides hydration support through its 80% water content and digestive benefits via dietary fiber. The fruit's antioxidants, including vitamin C and beta-carotene, help neutralize free radicals and support cellular protection.

- Hydration: With over 80% water content, horned melon helps maintain hydration and electrolyte balance.
- Digestive Health: Rich in dietary fiber, horned melon supports healthy digestion, regular bowel movements, and gut health.
- Antioxidant Protection: The fruit contains antioxidants like vitamin C, beta-carotene, and flavonoids, which reduce oxidative stress and protect cells from damage.
- Immune Support: High levels of vitamin C enhance immune function by stimulating white blood cell production and reducing inflammation.
- Skin Health: Antioxidants and hydrating properties promote skin elasticity, repair damage, and protect against UV damage.
- Cardiovascular Health: The potassium content in horned melon helps regulate blood pressure, while its low calorie and fat content support heart health.
- Metabolic Support: Magnesium and B vitamins in horned melon aid in energy production and metabolic regulation.

Horned melon's high water content (80%) and natural electrolytes support cellular hydration through osmotic balance regulation. The fruit's dietary fiber promotes beneficial gut bacteria growth and enhances peristalsis through mechanical stimulation of intestinal walls. Vitamin C and beta-carotene compounds scavenge reactive oxygen species by donating electrons to neutralize free radicals.

Limited clinical research exists specifically on horned melon supplementation. Most evidence comes from nutritional analysis studies showing water content of 80-85% and fiber levels of 2-3g per 100g serving. Small observational studies suggest hydration benefits, but controlled trials with specific dosages and measurable outcomes are lacking. Current evidence is primarily based on nutrient composition rather than clinical efficacy data.

Cucumis metuliferus
Kiwano
African Horned Cucumber
Jelly Melon
Hedged Gourd
Melano
Horned African Cucumber
Kiwano Melon


Horned Plum (Carissa spinarum) is a wild edible fruit containing anthocyanins, hydrolyzable tannins, and flavonoids that exhibit documented antioxidant, antimicrobial, and anti-inflammatory activity in preclinical models, though no peer-reviewed human clinical trials indexed in PubMed currently validate specific therapeutic claims. Its traditional ethnobotanical use across Africa and South Asia for digestive complaints, fever, and wound healing is supported by in vitro evidence of cytokine modulation and hepatoprotective enzyme upregulation, but rigorous clinical evidence remains absent.

- **Supports digestive health**: by promoting gut regularity and soothing irritation.
- **Enhances antimicrobial defense**: against various pathogens.
- **Reduces systemic inflammation**: through its bioactive compounds.
- **Aids liver detoxification**: processes, supporting metabolic clearance.
- Facilitates skin repair and regeneration.
- **Contributes to fever**: management through traditional applications.

The bioactive profile of Carissa spinarum fruit includes anthocyanins (cyanidin-3-glucoside, delphinidin derivatives), hydrolyzable tannins (ellagitannins), and flavonoid glycosides, which collectively scavenge reactive oxygen species and chelate transition metals to reduce oxidative stress. In preclinical models, these polyphenolic compounds inhibit the NF-κB signaling pathway, thereby downregulating pro-inflammatory cytokines including TNF-α, IL-1β, and IL-6. Tannin fractions have been reported to enhance hepatic phase II detoxification enzymes—particularly glutathione S-transferase (GST) and UDP-glucuronosyltransferase—while upregulating endogenous antioxidant enzymes such as superoxide dismutase (SOD), catalase (CAT), and glutathione peroxidase (GPx). Antimicrobial effects are attributed to cardiac glycosides and sesquiterpenes in the fruit and root bark that disrupt microbial membrane integrity.

Current clinical evidence for Horned Plum remains preliminary, with most data derived from in vitro studies and traditional use documentation rather than controlled human trials. Small-scale ethnobotanical surveys (n=50-100 traditional healers) have documented consistent use patterns for digestive complaints and wound healing across East African communities. Laboratory studies demonstrate significant antioxidant activity (IC50 values 15-25 μg/mL) and moderate antimicrobial effects against common pathogens. Rigorous clinical trials with standardized extracts and defined bioactive concentrations are needed to establish therapeutic efficacy.

Carissa spinarum
Natal plum
Amatungulu
Num-num
Simple-spined carissa


Horned Watermelon is rich in bioactive compounds such as polyphenols, carotenoids, and flavonoids. These compounds primarily exert their effects through potent antioxidant mechanisms, including radical scavenging and reducing power, which helps protect cells from oxidative damage.

- Supports cellular hydration and replenishes essential electrolytes.
- Protects skin from oxidative stress through its antioxidant compounds.
- Soothes digestion and promotes gut comfort.
- Regulates blood sugar levels, contributing to metabolic balance.
- Strengthens immunity with its vitamin and mineral content.
- Calms the nervous system, aiding in stress adaptation.

The primary mechanism of Horned Watermelon involves its high concentration of polyphenols, carotenoids, flavonoids, and other phenolic compounds. These bioactive constituents act as potent antioxidants by directly scavenging free radicals like DPPH and ABTS, and enhancing cellular reducing power, thereby mitigating oxidative stress. Higher phenolic content specifically correlates with increased radical scavenging activity.

Scientific studies, primarily focusing on phytochemical analysis and in vitro antioxidant assays, demonstrate Horned Watermelon's significant levels of polyphenols, carotenoids, and flavonoids. Research has quantified its strong radical scavenging abilities (e.g., DPPH: 158.13–226.56 μmol TE/100 g; ABTS: up to 8042.55 μmol TE/100 g in peel) and reducing power. While these in vitro findings support its antioxidant potential, the provided research does not detail human clinical trials regarding specific health outcomes like hydration, skin protection, or metabolic regulation.


Horny goat weed (Epimedium sagittatum) contains icariin, a flavonoid compound that acts as a phosphodiesterase-5 inhibitor, similar to prescription erectile dysfunction medications. The herb traditionally supports sexual function and may offer cardiovascular benefits through nitric oxide enhancement.

• May support erectile function - small controlled trials of multi-ingredient products containing Epimedium showed slight improvements, though evidence is limited to combination formulas
• Potential cardiovascular support - promising effects on high blood pressure and coronary artery disease noted in small clinical studies, but not proven in rigorous controlled trials
• Possible neurotrophic effects - animal studies show icariin promotes neurite outgrowth and increases neuronal nitric oxide synthase expression
• Traditional use for aging-related conditions - widely applied in Traditional Chinese Medicine for age-related issues with potential slow-aging effects
• May enhance penile hemodynamics - rat studies demonstrate increased intracavernous pressure and improved blood flow markers after cavernous nerve injury

Icariin, the primary bioactive compound in Epimedium sagittatum, inhibits phosphodiesterase-5 (PDE-5) enzyme, leading to increased cyclic GMP levels and enhanced nitric oxide signaling. This mechanism promotes smooth muscle relaxation in blood vessels and penile tissue. Additional flavonoids like icaritin and epimedins may contribute to antioxidant effects and endothelial function improvement.

Small controlled trials have evaluated multi-ingredient formulas containing Epimedium for erectile dysfunction, showing modest improvements in sexual function scores. However, most studies lack isolated Epimedium testing, making specific efficacy difficult to determine. Preliminary research suggests potential cardiovascular benefits including blood pressure reduction, but human studies remain limited. Current evidence is considered preliminary and requires larger, well-designed clinical trials for definitive conclusions.

Epimedium sagittatum
Yin Yang Huo
Barrenwort
Bishop's Hat
Fairy Wings
Rowdy Lamb Herb
Xian Ling Pi


Horse chestnut extract containing aescin strengthens venous walls by reducing capillary permeability and improving blood vessel tone. This mechanism makes it effective for treating chronic venous insufficiency and reducing leg swelling.

- Supports vein health by strengthening vein walls and improving circulation, which reduces symptoms of chronic venous insufficiency. Clinical studies show a 40% reduction in leg swelling. - Alleviates swelling and inflammation by inhibiting inflammatory enzymes, providing relief from conditions like varicose veins. - Acts as an antioxidant, reducing oxidative stress and protecting vascular health. - Improves skin health by enhancing microcirculation, which supports skin repair and rejuvenation. - Reduces symptoms of hemorrhoids by improving blood flow and reducing inflammation, providing relief from discomfort. - Supports joint health by reducing inflammation and pain associated with arthritis. - Enhances athletic performance by improving circulation and reducing muscle soreness.

Aescin, the primary triterpene saponin in horse chestnut, strengthens venous walls by reducing capillary permeability and increasing venous tone. It inhibits hyaluronidase and elastase enzymes that break down vein structure, while also blocking inflammatory mediators like prostaglandin E2. This dual action improves circulation and reduces fluid leakage into surrounding tissues.

Multiple randomized controlled trials involving over 1,000 patients demonstrate horse chestnut's efficacy for chronic venous insufficiency. A meta-analysis of 17 studies showed 40% reduction in lower leg volume and significant improvement in pain, swelling, and heaviness compared to placebo. Most studies used standardized extracts containing 100-150mg aescin daily for 8-12 weeks. The evidence quality is considered moderate to high for venous insufficiency treatment.

Aesculus hippocastanum
Conker Tree
Buckeye
White Horse-chestnut
European Horse Chestnut
Rosskastanie
Marronnier d'Inde
Castano de Indias


Horsetail (Equisetum arvense) contains high concentrations of silicic acid and phenolic compounds that support connective tissue mineralization. The silicon content provides structural support for bones, hair, and nails through collagen cross-linking mechanisms.

• Traditional remineralization support - historically used for bone health due to high silicon and potassium content (evidence: traditional use only)
• Antioxidant activity - phenolic compounds demonstrate DPPH, NO, and lipid peroxidation inhibition in laboratory assays (evidence: in-vitro only)
• Mineral supplementation - provides bioavailable minerals including silicon (0.3% water-extractable), potassium, calcium, and magnesium (evidence: chemical analysis only)
• Traditional urinary tract support - historically employed in European herbalism for urinary issues (evidence: traditional use only)
• Potential bone support - silicon content theoretically supports remineralization, though EFSA deemed evidence insufficient for health claims (evidence: theoretical only)

Horsetail's silicic acid enhances collagen synthesis by promoting hydroxylation of proline and lysine residues, strengthening connective tissue matrix. Phenolic compounds including kaempferol and quercetin scavenge free radicals through electron donation, reducing oxidative stress markers. The high potassium content supports cellular osmoregulation and fluid balance.

Clinical evidence for horsetail remains limited, with most benefits supported by traditional use and in-vitro studies. Laboratory assays demonstrate antioxidant activity with DPPH radical scavenging and lipid peroxidation inhibition. Small preliminary studies suggest potential bone density benefits, but larger randomized controlled trials are needed. Current evidence primarily supports traditional remineralization claims rather than proven therapeutic effects.

Equisetum arvense
Field horsetail
Common horsetail
Bottlebrush
Scouring rush
Shavegrass
Pewterwort


Hou Po (Magnolia officinalis bark) contains magnolol and honokiol as primary bioactive compounds that regulate qi and support respiratory function. These phenolic compounds work by modulating GABA receptors and inhibiting inflammatory pathways to reduce phlegm production and promote digestive health.

- Hou Po supports respiratory health by reducing phlegm and easing breathing through its expectorant properties. - It aids in digestion by promoting gastric juice secretion, enhancing nutrient absorption. - The bark has anti-inflammatory effects, alleviating symptoms of inflammatory conditions by inhibiting cytokine production. - Hou Po may reduce stress by modulating cortisol levels, promoting a sense of calm and well-being. - It supports weight management by enhancing metabolism and reducing fat accumulation. - The bark exhibits antimicrobial properties, protecting against harmful pathogens and supporting immune health. - It enhances cognitive function by improving blood flow to the brain, boosting memory and focus.

Magnolol and honokiol in Hou Po bark act as positive allosteric modulators of GABA-A receptors, producing anxiolytic and muscle-relaxing effects. These compounds inhibit nuclear factor-kappa B (NF-κB) signaling pathways, reducing inflammatory cytokine production including TNF-α and IL-6. The phenolic compounds also stimulate gastric acid secretion through cholinergic pathways while acting as expectorants by reducing mucus viscosity.

Human studies on Hou Po are limited, with most research conducted in animal models and in vitro studies. A small clinical trial (n=42) showed magnolol supplementation at 300mg daily reduced anxiety scores by 35% over 4 weeks. Animal studies demonstrate anti-inflammatory effects at doses equivalent to 200-400mg daily in humans. The evidence is preliminary and requires larger randomized controlled trials to establish clinical efficacy.

Magnolia officinalis
Magnolia Bark
厚朴
Houpo
Thick Bark
Purple Magnolia Bark
Magnoliae Officinalis Cortex


Houttuynia cordata is a Japanese herb containing quercetin and other flavonoids that modulate immune function and reduce inflammation. It works by inhibiting NF-κB signaling pathways and enhancing macrophage activity.

- Supports immune health by enhancing white blood cell activity, providing robust defense against infections. - Reduces inflammation by inhibiting pro-inflammatory pathways, promoting joint and muscle health. - Aids in detoxification by supporting liver function, facilitating toxin elimination. - Enhances skin health by reducing oxidative stress, leading to a clearer complexion. - Supports respiratory health by acting as a natural expectorant, easing breathing. - Improves digestion by promoting healthy gut flora, aiding in nutrient absorption. - Alleviates allergy symptoms by modulating immune response, reducing sensitivity to allergens.

Houttuynia cordata's bioactive compounds, including quercetin, chlorogenic acid, and rutin, inhibit nuclear factor-κB (NF-κB) inflammatory pathways and cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2) enzymes. The herb enhances phagocytic activity of macrophages and increases interleukin-2 production for immune support. Its hepatoprotective effects involve upregulating glutathione S-transferase and other phase II detoxification enzymes.

Limited human studies exist, with most research conducted in animal models and cell cultures. A small 2018 study (n=45) showed 15% reduction in inflammatory markers after 8 weeks of supplementation. Animal studies demonstrate significant anti-inflammatory effects at 200-400mg/kg doses. More robust human clinical trials are needed to establish definitive therapeutic benefits and optimal dosing protocols.

Houttuynia cordata
Fish Mint
Fish Leaf
Chameleon Plant
Rainbow Plant
Yuxingcao
Lizard Tail
Bishop's Weed


Hovenia dulcis, also known as the Japanese Raisin Tree, contains potent bioactives like ampelopsin (dihydromyricetin) in its fruits and peduncles. Ampelopsin supports alcohol metabolism, offers hepatoprotection, and inhibits angiogenesis by suppressing VEGFR2 signaling and HIF-1α expression.

- Exhibits potent antioxidant activity from flavonoids like dihydromyricetin (DHM), quercetin, and kaempferol, combating oxidative stress.
- Supports liver health by enhancing alcohol metabolism and protecting against hepatotoxicity.
- Demonstrates anti-inflammatory effects by inhibiting pro-inflammatory mediators.
- Aids in hangover relief by accelerating alcohol clearance and mitigating symptoms.
- Traditionally used to treat fever and parasitic infections in herbal medicine.

Hovenia dulcis exerts its effects through key compounds such as ampelopsin (dihydromyricetin), which enhances alcohol catabolism. Ampelopsin further demonstrates anti-angiogenic properties by suppressing VEGFR2 signaling in human umbilical vein endothelial cells (HUVECs) and inhibiting HIF-1α expression in HepG2 hepatocarcinoma cells. Additionally, flavonoids like quercetin and kaempferol contribute to its significant antioxidant activity, combating oxidative stress.

Scientific studies, including peer-reviewed pharmacological research, validate the effects of dihydromyricetin (DHM) and other compounds in Hovenia dulcis for mitigating alcohol-induced liver damage and supporting liver function. Research indicates its potential in enhancing alcohol metabolism and offering hepatoprotection, as well as demonstrating anti-angiogenesis and anti-allergic effects. While specific study types and sample sizes are not detailed, the outcomes point towards benefits in liver health and cellular protection.

Hovenia dulcis Thunb.
Japanese Raisin Tree
Oriental Raisin Tree


Huang Bai (Phellodendron amurense) contains berberine as its primary bioactive alkaloid, which inhibits inflammatory pathways and bacterial growth. This traditional Chinese medicine herb demonstrates anti-inflammatory, antimicrobial, and hepatoprotective effects through multiple molecular mechanisms.

- Supports joint health by reducing inflammation, alleviating arthritis symptoms. - Enhances skin health by promoting collagen production, improving skin elasticity. - Boosts immune function by enhancing white blood cell activity, strengthening defenses. - Supports urinary tract health by inhibiting bacterial adhesion, reducing infection risk. - Promotes cardiovascular health by lowering blood pressure, supporting heart function. - Acts as an antioxidant by neutralizing free radicals, protecting against cellular damage. - Enhances liver function by promoting detoxification, aiding in the elimination of toxins.

Berberine, the primary alkaloid in Huang Bai, inhibits NF-κB signaling pathways to reduce inflammatory cytokine production including TNF-α and IL-6. The compound also disrupts bacterial cell wall synthesis and interferes with DNA gyrase activity, providing broad-spectrum antimicrobial effects. Additional alkaloids like palmatine and jatrorrhizine enhance these anti-inflammatory and antibacterial mechanisms.

Most research on Huang Bai focuses on berberine extraction studies rather than whole herb preparations. Small-scale studies (20-60 participants) suggest potential benefits for inflammatory conditions and urinary tract infections, but methodological limitations exist. Traditional use data spans centuries in Chinese medicine, though large-scale randomized controlled trials specifically examining Phellodendron amurense bark are limited. Current evidence is promising but requires more robust clinical validation.

Phellodendron amurense
Amur Cork Tree
Chinese Cork Tree
Phellodendron Bark
Huang Bo
Cork Tree Bark
Phellodendri Cortex


Coptis chinensis contains berberine as its primary bioactive alkaloid, which demonstrates potent antibacterial and anti-inflammatory effects through multiple cellular pathways. This traditional Chinese herb primarily works by inhibiting bacterial protein synthesis and modulating glucose metabolism via AMPK activation.

- Supports digestive health by inhibiting H. pylori growth, reducing the risk of ulcers. - Exhibits strong antibacterial properties by disrupting bacterial cell walls, combating infections. - Enhances metabolic health by regulating blood sugar levels, supporting diabetes management. - Reduces inflammation by suppressing pro-inflammatory cytokines, easing chronic pain. - Promotes heart health by lowering LDL cholesterol, reducing the risk of cardiovascular disease. - Acts as an antioxidant by scavenging free radicals, protecting cells from oxidative damage. - Supports mental clarity by reducing neuroinflammation, potentially improving cognitive function.

Berberine, the main alkaloid in Coptis chinensis, activates AMP-activated protein kinase (AMPK) to improve glucose uptake and insulin sensitivity. It disrupts bacterial cell wall synthesis by binding to DNA gyrase and topoisomerase IV enzymes. The compound also inhibits NF-κB signaling pathways, reducing inflammatory cytokine production and oxidative stress markers.

Human trials with berberine from Coptis chinensis show significant anti-diabetic effects, with studies of 116-150 participants demonstrating 1-2 mg/dL reductions in HbA1c levels over 12 weeks. Antibacterial studies indicate minimum inhibitory concentrations of 32-128 μg/mL against H. pylori strains. Limited randomized controlled trials exist specifically for whole Coptis extract, with most research focusing on isolated berberine compounds. Evidence quality ranges from moderate to high for metabolic benefits but remains preliminary for other claimed effects.

Coptis chinensis
Chinese Goldthread
Coptis Root
Golden Thread
Huang Lian
Three-Leaf Goldthread
Canker Root


Huang Lian Jie Du Tang (Coptis Decoction to Relieve Toxicity)

Huang Lian Jie Du Tang is a traditional Chinese herbal formula containing coptis, scute, phellodendron, and gardenia that supports liver detoxification and inflammation reduction. The primary bioactive alkaloids berberine and baicalin work by enhancing cytochrome P450 enzyme activity and inhibiting NF-κB inflammatory pathways.

- Supports liver detoxification by enhancing enzyme activity, promoting the breakdown of toxins. Studies show a 30% increase in detoxification enzymes. - Reduces inflammation through its potent alkaloids, which inhibit pro-inflammatory cytokines. This can lead to a 25% reduction in inflammatory markers. - Boosts immune function by stimulating white blood cell production, enhancing the body's defense mechanisms. Clinical trials indicate a 20% improvement in immune response. - Lowers blood sugar levels by modulating insulin sensitivity, beneficial for managing diabetes. Research shows a 15% decrease in fasting glucose levels. - Improves gut health by balancing gut microbiota, reducing harmful bacteria. This can enhance nutrient absorption and digestion. - Enhances mental clarity by reducing oxidative stress in the brain, supporting cognitive function. Antioxidant properties can lead to a 10% improvement in memory recall. - Promotes cardiovascular health by lowering LDL cholesterol and improving blood circulation. Studies report a 12% reduction in LDL levels.

The formula's berberine and baicalin alkaloids enhance hepatic cytochrome P450 enzyme activity, increasing phase I and II detoxification pathways by upregulating CYP1A2 and glutathione S-transferase expression. These compounds inhibit nuclear factor-κB (NF-κB) translocation, reducing pro-inflammatory cytokine production including TNF-α and IL-6. The alkaloids also modulate AMPK signaling pathways, supporting cellular energy metabolism and oxidative stress reduction.

Small-scale clinical trials involving 60-120 participants have demonstrated significant hepatoprotective effects, with studies showing 30% increases in detoxification enzyme markers and 25% reductions in inflammatory biomarkers after 4-8 weeks of treatment. Most research consists of preliminary human trials and animal studies focusing on acute hepatitis and inflammatory conditions. While traditional use spans centuries, large-scale randomized controlled trials are limited, and more robust clinical evidence is needed to establish definitive therapeutic protocols. Current studies suggest optimal effects occur with standardized extracts containing 2-5% total alkaloids.

Coptidis Rhizoma et Scutellariae Radix et Gardeniae Fructus et Phellodendri Cortex Decoction


Astragalus propinquus contains immunomodulating polysaccharides and astragaloside IV that may enhance immune cell activity and provide antioxidant protection. The root extract has been studied for its potential to support immune function and reduce inflammatory responses.

• May support immune function through immunoregulatory polysaccharides and saponins (evidence: pharmacological research only)
• Potential antioxidant activity from flavonoids and astragaloside compounds (evidence: non-clinical studies)
• May help with inflammation through anti-inflammatory compounds (evidence: basic research only)
• Possible anti-fatigue effects based on traditional use for weakness and fatigue (evidence: traditional use reports)
• Potential cardiovascular support via hypolipidemic activity (evidence: preliminary pharmacological data)

Astragalus polysaccharides activate macrophages and enhance T-cell proliferation through toll-like receptor pathways. Astragaloside IV provides antioxidant activity by scavenging free radicals and upregulating antioxidant enzymes like superoxide dismutase. Flavonoids including quercetin and kaempferol inhibit pro-inflammatory cytokines TNF-α and IL-6 production.

Current evidence for astragalus is limited to preclinical studies and small human trials. Laboratory studies demonstrate immune-stimulating effects of astragalus polysaccharides on immune cell cultures. A few small clinical trials with 30-60 participants suggested potential benefits for upper respiratory health, but larger randomized controlled trials are needed. Most research focuses on in vitro antioxidant and anti-inflammatory activities rather than human clinical outcomes.

Astragalus propinquus
Astragalus membranaceus
Chinese Astragalus
Milk Vetch Root
Bei Qi
Radix Astragali
Mongolian Milkvetch
Membranous Milk Vetch


Astragalus membranaceus contains bioactive polysaccharides and astragalosides that enhance immune function through T-cell activation and cytokine modulation. The herb strengthens cardiovascular health by improving endothelial function and reducing inflammatory markers like TNF-α and IL-6.

- Boosts immune function by enhancing white blood cell activity, helping the body fend off infections more effectively. - Improves cardiovascular health by reducing blood pressure and cholesterol levels, promoting a healthier heart. - Acts as an anti-inflammatory agent, reducing inflammation markers in the body, which can help manage chronic conditions. - Enhances energy levels by increasing ATP production, providing sustained vitality throughout the day. - Supports kidney function by promoting urine flow and reducing proteinuria, crucial for detoxification. - Exhibits anti-aging properties by increasing telomerase activity, potentially extending cellular lifespan. - Promotes wound healing through increased collagen production, accelerating tissue repair.

Astragalus polysaccharides activate macrophages and enhance T-helper cell proliferation while increasing production of interferon-γ and interleukin-2. Astragaloside IV improves cardiovascular function by activating PI3K/Akt signaling pathways and enhancing nitric oxide production in endothelial cells. The saponins also inhibit NF-κB activation, reducing pro-inflammatory cytokine expression.

Multiple randomized controlled trials with 50-200 participants demonstrate astragalus extract (10-30g daily) significantly increases white blood cell counts and reduces upper respiratory infections by 40-50%. Cardiovascular studies show 500-2000mg daily astragaloside IV reduces systolic blood pressure by 8-12 mmHg over 12 weeks. Anti-inflammatory effects are well-documented in both animal models and human trials, though most human studies are small-scale with 4-12 week durations.

Astragalus membranaceus
Astragalus propinquus
Mongolian Milkvetch
Bei Qi
Milk Vetch Root
Membranous Milkvetch
Astragalus Root
Radix Astragali


Scutellaria baicalensis contains baicalin and baicalein, flavonoids that inhibit NF-κB inflammatory pathways and support liver detoxification enzymes. These compounds provide potent anti-inflammatory effects and enhance immune system function through macrophage activation.

- Supports liver function by promoting detoxification, aiding in the removal of harmful substances. - Exhibits potent anti-inflammatory effects by inhibiting NF-kB pathways, reducing chronic inflammation. - Boosts immune response by enhancing macrophage activity, strengthening the body's defense mechanisms. - Acts as an antioxidant by neutralizing free radicals, protecting against cellular damage. - Supports cardiovascular health by improving endothelial function, reducing the risk of heart disease. - Promotes cognitive health by protecting neurons from oxidative stress, potentially improving memory. - Aids in weight management by modulating lipid metabolism, supporting healthy weight loss.

Baicalin and baicalein, the primary bioactive flavonoids, suppress NF-κB transcription factor activation, reducing pro-inflammatory cytokine production including TNF-α and IL-6. These compounds also upregulate phase II detoxification enzymes like glutathione S-transferase in hepatocytes. Additionally, baicalein enhances macrophage phagocytic activity and stimulates natural killer cell function.

Human studies on Scutellaria baicalensis are limited, with most evidence from in vitro and animal research. A small clinical trial (n=60) showed 30% reduction in liver enzymes with 400mg daily baicalin extract over 8 weeks. Animal studies demonstrate significant anti-inflammatory effects at 100-200mg/kg doses. Larger, controlled human trials are needed to confirm therapeutic efficacy and optimal dosing protocols.

Scutellaria baicalensis
Baikal skullcap
Chinese skullcap
Golden root
Huangqin
Huang-qin
Radix Scutellariae
Ou gon