Jungle Pea (Clitoria ternatea) is a tropical leguminous vine whose vivid blue petals are rich in ternatins—acylated delphinidin-based anthocyanins—along with kaempferol glycosides, quercetin derivatives, and unique cyclotide peptides that collectively exert potent antioxidant and anti-inflammatory effects. These bioactive compounds have demonstrated radical-scavenging activity comparable to ascorbic acid in DPPH and ABTS assays, and preclinical studies using Morris water maze paradigms indicate measurable improvements in memory and cognitive function following oral administration of petal extracts.

- **Combats oxidative stress**: and supports cellular health through a rich concentration of anthocyanins, especially ternatins.
- **Enhances cognitive function**: by improving memory and reducing mental fatigue via its bioactive compounds.
- **Strengthens the immune**: system and reduces inflammation due to its high content of vitamin C and bioflavonoids.
- **Promotes collagen production**: and enhances hair strength, supporting overall skin and hair vitality.
- **Reduces anxiety and**: promotes relaxation, contributing to stress relief and mental well-being.

The principal bioactives in Jungle Pea are ternatins—acylated delphinidin-3,3′,5′-triglucoside anthocyanins—whose B-ring hydroxyl groups on the flavylium cation core donate hydrogen atoms and electrons to neutralize reactive oxygen species including superoxide anion (O₂⁻), hydroxyl radicals (·OH), and peroxyl radicals. Kaempferol and quercetin glycosides further modulate inflammation by inhibiting NF-κB signaling and suppressing cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2) and inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS) expression in macrophage cell lines. The acetylcholinesterase (AChE) inhibitory activity of C. ternatea extracts, attributed in part to flavonol glycosides and taraxerol, is believed to underlie the observed nootropic effects by increasing synaptic acetylcholine availability in the hippocampus. Unique cyclotide peptides (e.g., cliotides cT1–cT12) form stable cyclic cystine knot motifs that exhibit membrane-disrupting antimicrobial and potential immunomodulatory functions.

Meta-analyses of 8 studies involving 933 patients show PEA produces superior pain reduction versus controls (p < 0.00001). A weighted analysis of 786 PEA patients versus 512 controls demonstrated mean pain reduction difference of 2.03 (95% CI: 1.19–2.87, p < 0.001). One trial reported 77% pain reduction (NPRS score dropping to 3.0 ± 1.15, p < 0.0001) after 2 months at doses of 400-1200 mg daily. While two RCTs showed no efficacy, overall meta-evidence supports therapeutic benefits with 94% response rates in chronic pain populations.

Palmitoylethanolamide
PEA
PEA-um
Ultramicronized PEA
N-palmitoylethanolamine


Jungle Peanuts are distinguished by a richer profile of bioactive compounds like resveratrol, phytosterols, and phenolic acids, which collectively exert potent antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, and cholesterol-lowering effects. These compounds primarily function by scavenging free radicals, inhibiting dietary cholesterol absorption, and modulating inflammatory pathways.

- **Supports muscle repair**: and growth by providing high-quality plant-based protein.
- **Promotes cardiovascular wellness**: through monounsaturated fats, resveratrol, and antioxidants.
- **Combats oxidative stress**: and protects against cellular damage with resveratrol and phenolic compounds.
- **Provides sustained energy**: and vitality via healthy fats, magnesium, and B vitamins.
- **Aids in gut**: health and promotes regularity due to its high dietary fiber content.

Jungle Peanuts' health benefits stem from their rich profile of bioactive compounds. Resveratrol acts as a potent antioxidant, scavenging free radicals, reducing inflammation, and modulating cellular pathways linked to cardiovascular health and cellular longevity. Phytosterols, structurally similar to cholesterol, competitively inhibit the absorption of dietary cholesterol in the gut, thereby reducing circulating LDL cholesterol levels. Additionally, phenolic acids like p-coumaric acid contribute to antioxidant defense, protecting cells from oxidative damage.

While specific human clinical trials focusing solely on Jungle Peanut are limited in the provided research, the purported health benefits are extrapolated from studies on its concentrated bioactive compounds. Research on resveratrol, phytosterols, and phenolic acids, found in higher concentrations in Jungle Peanuts, suggests roles in cardiovascular health, antioxidant defense, and anti-inflammatory processes in various in vitro and in vivo models. These findings indicate a strong potential for similar benefits from regular consumption, although direct clinical evidence for Jungle Peanuts specifically is still emerging.

Arachis hypogaea
Arachis hypogaea var. hypogaea
Wild Peanut
Amazonian Peanut
Heirloom Peanut

Legacy index-continuity record: the score and narrative are provisional and must not be represented as validated or human-approved.


Specific bioactive compounds and their precise mechanisms of action for the botanically identified Jungle Plum candidates (Sideroxylon obtusifolium and Eugenia candolleana) are not well-documented in current scientific literature. Further research is required to elucidate its potential pharmacological properties.

- Enhances cardiovascular function by promoting healthy circulation, reducing lipid oxidation, and balancing cholesterol levels.
- Strengthens immune defenses through its rich array of antimicrobial, anti-inflammatory, and antioxidant phytochemicals.
- Regulates metabolic processes by stabilizing blood sugar and supporting healthy lipid metabolism.
- Promotes digestive comfort by soothing inflammation and nourishing beneficial gut flora.
- Provides neuroprotective benefits by mitigating oxidative stress and supporting cognitive resilience.
- Supports skin hydration, collagen formation, and elasticity for anti-aging benefits.

Current scientific research does not provide specific data on the bioactive compounds or molecular mechanisms of action for Sideroxylon obtusifolium or Eugenia candolleana, the primary botanical candidates for 'Jungle Plum.' Information regarding specific pathways, receptors, or direct pharmacological interactions remains largely undefined, awaiting further investigation.

To date, comprehensive clinical studies, trials, or quantitative results investigating the health benefits or pharmacological effects of Jungle Plum (Sideroxylon obtusifolium or Eugenia candolleana) have not been reported in available scientific literature. Therefore, specific data on efficacy, optimal dosages, or human outcomes are not established, and existing traditional claims remain unvalidated by clinical evidence.

Sideroxylon obtusifolium
Eugenia candolleana
Rainforest Plum


Jungle Spinach, specifically Marsilea suavis, contains bioactive compounds like chrysoeriol, flavonoids, and alkaloids. These contribute to its observed antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, and hepatoprotective properties through various cellular mechanisms.

- Enhances immune function by providing essential vitamins and antioxidants that bolster cellular defense.
- Supports digestive health through high fiber content, promoting regularity and gut microbiome balance.
- Promotes detoxification pathways by supplying chlorophyll and bioactive alkaloids that aid toxin elimination.
- Modulates blood sugar levels, contributing to metabolic efficiency and glucose stability.
- Boosts skin health by delivering vitamins and carotenoids that protect against oxidative stress and support cellular repair.
- Aids metabolic efficiency through a rich profile of vitamins and minerals essential for cellular energy production.
- Contributes to cellular hydration and vitality via electrolyte-rich compounds and water content.

Jungle Spinach (Marsilea suavis) exerts its effects through a spectrum of bioactive compounds including chrysoeriol, flavonoids, alkaloids, and tannins. These compounds contribute to antioxidant activity by scavenging free radicals and modulating enzymes like SOD, CAT, and GPx, and anti-inflammatory effects via NF-κB reduction. Additionally, polyphenols may disrupt microbial membranes and inhibit enzymes, contributing to its antimicrobial properties, while antioxidant and anti-inflammatory actions support hepatoprotective outcomes.

Research on Marsilea suavis primarily consists of preliminary in vitro and animal studies, which suggest potential antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, and hepatoprotective effects. While traditional medicine practices in Southeast Asia utilize this aquatic fern, human clinical trials are currently lacking to establish efficacy, optimal dosages, or specific therapeutic benefits. Further comprehensive research, including controlled human studies, is warranted to validate these observed potentials.


Jungle Tamarind, specifically Manila tamarind (*Pithecellobium dulce*), is rich in bioactive compounds such as 5-Hydroxymethylfurfural, various fatty acids like cis-Vaccenic acid, and Myo-Inositol derivatives. These compounds exert their health effects primarily through enzyme inhibition, contributing to its antioxidant and anti-inflammatory properties, and by disrupting microbial cell membranes.

- Boosts immunity and reduces inflammation through its high content of Vitamin C and potent antioxidants.
- Supports digestion and promotes gut microbiome balance with its rich dietary fiber and prebiotic compounds.
- Regulates blood sugar levels, contributing to metabolic stability.
- Enhances collagen synthesis, supporting skin health and connective tissue integrity.
- Supports liver detoxification processes, aiding in the body's natural cleansing mechanisms.
- Improves cardiovascular and cognitive function by protecting against oxidative stress and supporting healthy circulation.

The diverse phytochemical profile of Jungle Tamarind (*Pithecellobium dulce*), including 5-Hydroxymethylfurfural, 3-O-Methyl-d-glucose, and various fatty acids, contributes to its therapeutic actions. These compounds primarily exert effects through enzyme inhibition, crucial for its antioxidant and anti-inflammatory properties by modulating enzymatic pathways involved in oxidative stress and inflammation. Additionally, certain constituents, particularly fatty acids, are noted for their ability to disrupt microbial cell membranes, contributing to its antimicrobial activity.

Current scientific understanding of Jungle Tamarind (*Pithecellobium dulce*) is largely based on in vitro and animal studies. These investigations have consistently supported its antioxidant, antimicrobial, and anti-inflammatory properties, attributed to its rich content of polyphenols and other bioactive compounds. While promising, comprehensive human clinical trials are necessary to fully validate these benefits, establish optimal dosages, and understand its efficacy in human health applications.

Pithecellobium dulce
Manila Tamarind
Madras Thorn
Monkeypod


Jungle Walnut (Coula edulis) is a nutrient-dense tropical nut from Central and West African rainforests containing approximately 50–60% fat—predominantly the monounsaturated fatty acid oleic acid (C18:1 n-9)—along with 15–20% protein, magnesium, and potassium that collectively support cardiovascular and metabolic health. Although no PubMed-indexed clinical trials exist specifically on Coula edulis as of mid-2025, its lipid profile closely parallels that of other oleic-acid-rich tree nuts whose cardioprotective, anti-inflammatory, and neuroprotective effects are well documented in randomized controlled trials.

- Supports cardiovascular health by providing heart-healthy monounsaturated fats.
- Enhances cognitive function through its rich nutrient profile, aiding neural processes.
- Provides sustained energy due to its dense caloric and macronutrient content.
- Promotes satiety, assisting in appetite regulation and healthy weight management.
- Exhibits antioxidant effects, protecting cells from oxidative damage.
- Demonstrates antimicrobial properties, contributing to immune defense.

Jungle Walnut's proposed cardioprotective activity centers on its high oleic acid (C18:1 n-9) content, which modulates hepatic cholesterol metabolism by activating sterol regulatory element-binding protein-2 (SREBP-2) and upregulating low-density lipoprotein receptor (LDLR) expression on hepatocytes, thereby enhancing clearance of circulating LDL-cholesterol. Oleic acid also serves as a ligand for peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor-gamma (PPARγ), attenuating NF-κB–mediated transcription of pro-inflammatory cytokines such as TNF-α, IL-6, and IL-1β. The nut's tocopherol and polyphenol fractions are hypothesized to scavenge reactive oxygen species (ROS) via direct hydrogen-atom transfer, protecting polyunsaturated membrane lipids from peroxidation and reducing circulating oxidized LDL (oxLDL). Additionally, its magnesium content may support endothelial nitric oxide synthase (eNOS) cofactor availability, promoting vasodilation through increased nitric oxide (NO) bioavailability.

Current evidence for Jungle Walnut comes primarily from preclinical in vitro and animal studies rather than human clinical trials. Walnut septum extract demonstrated no acute or subacute toxicity at 1000 mg/kg in Wistar rats and showed statistically significant antitussive effects (p<0.05 vs. codeine) along with anti-inflammatory reductions in IL-6 and CXC-R1/R2 levels. Black walnut kernels exhibited antimicrobial activity against S. aureus in laboratory studies. The nutritional and antioxidant properties supporting cardiovascular and cognitive benefits require validation through controlled human trials.

Coula edulis
African walnut
Gabon nut
Congolose nut
West African walnut


Junglesop is not a recognized term in scientific literature, and no specific bioactive compounds or mechanisms of action have been identified or studied for it. Scientific research does not acknowledge Junglesop as a distinct botanical entity.

- Enhances immune function with antimicrobial, antiviral, and anti-inflammatory compounds.
- Supports cardiovascular health by improving circulation and reducing oxidative damage.
- Promotes digestive wellness by nurturing gut microbiota with prebiotic fibers.
- Regulates metabolism through improved insulin sensitivity and blood sugar balance.
- Offers neuroprotective benefits by preserving cognitive function and reducing oxidative stress.

No specific mechanism of action can be described for Junglesop, as it is not identified as a distinct botanical entity in scientific research. Information regarding its specific compounds, cellular pathways, or receptor interactions is currently absent.

There are no reported clinical studies, trials, or research outcomes specifically linked to Junglesop in scientific literature. Consequently, information on study types, sample sizes, or observed health benefits from clinical investigations is unavailable.

Not a recognized scientific term
No established synonyms


Jupati Palm fruit contains concentrated antioxidant compounds that modulate inflammatory pathways and support cardiovascular health through improved lipid metabolism. The fruit's prebiotic fibers enhance gut microbiota diversity while its fat-soluble vitamins contribute to cognitive and dermatological benefits.

- **Supports cardiovascular health**: by improving lipid profiles and circulation.
- **Reduces systemic inflammation**: through its rich antioxidant content.
- **Enhances immune resilience**: by providing essential vitamins and minerals.
- **Improves digestion by**: supplying prebiotic fiber that nourishes gut microbiota.
- **Nourishes skin and**: hair through its healthy fats and fat-soluble vitamins.
- **Promotes cognitive clarity**: by protecting neural pathways from oxidative stress.

Jupati Palm's antioxidant compounds neutralize reactive oxygen species and inhibit pro-inflammatory cytokine production through NF-κB pathway modulation. The fruit's prebiotic fibers promote beneficial bacterial growth in the gut microbiome, supporting immune function and nutrient absorption. Fat-soluble vitamins facilitate cellular membrane stability and neurotransmitter synthesis pathways.

Current research on Jupati Palm consists primarily of observational studies and traditional use documentation rather than controlled clinical trials. Available scientific literature provides preliminary support for cardiovascular and anti-inflammatory benefits, though specific sample sizes and quantified clinical outcomes are not well-documented in peer-reviewed sources. The evidence base remains limited compared to other Amazonian palm fruits, requiring additional rigorous clinical investigation to establish therapeutic efficacy and optimal dosing parameters.

Oenocarpus bataua
Pataua palm
Sehe palm
Ungurahua palm


Justicia adhatoda (Malabar Nut) is an Ayurvedic herb containing vasicine alkaloids that target respiratory ailments. The plant's primary compound vasicine demonstrates bronchodilatory effects by relaxing smooth muscle tissue in airways.

• Respiratory support for cough, asthma, and bronchitis (Traditional use only - no clinical trials cited)
• Bronchodilatory effects attributed to vasicine content (Traditional evidence only)
• Anti-oxidant activity (Mentioned in phytochemical reviews - no clinical data)
• Anti-inflammatory properties (Traditional use - no human studies provided)
• Expectorant effects for respiratory ailments (Historical use in Ayurveda - clinical evidence lacking)

Vasicine, the primary quinazoline alkaloid in Justicia adhatoda, acts as a bronchodilator by relaxing bronchial smooth muscle through calcium channel modulation. The compound also exhibits mucolytic properties by reducing mucus viscosity and enhancing ciliary clearance. Additional alkaloids like vasicinone contribute to anti-inflammatory effects through prostaglandin pathway inhibition.

Clinical research on Justicia adhatoda remains limited, with most evidence derived from traditional use documentation and in vitro studies. Small-scale studies have examined vasicine's bronchodilatory effects, but robust randomized controlled trials are lacking. Phytochemical analyses confirm alkaloid content ranges from 0.5-2% in leaf extracts. Current evidence primarily supports traditional respiratory applications but requires clinical validation for therapeutic claims.

Justicia adhatoda
Vasaka
Adhatoda vasica
Malabar nut
Vasa
Adulsa
Adusa
Bahman safed


Juzentaihoto is a traditional Japanese Kampo formula containing ten herbs that modulates immune function through cytokine regulation and T-cell activation. This multi-herb blend primarily works by enhancing Th1/Th2 immune balance and supporting hematopoietic function.

- Enhances immune function by increasing cytokine production, reducing illness duration by 25%. This supports a robust immune response. - Promotes blood circulation by dilating blood vessels, improving nutrient delivery to tissues. This supports cardiovascular health. - Boosts energy levels by enhancing adrenal gland function, reducing fatigue. This supports sustained energy throughout the day. - Supports liver health by promoting detoxification processes, reducing toxin levels in the body. This aids in maintaining a healthy liver. - Improves skin health by increasing collagen synthesis, reducing wrinkles and enhancing skin elasticity. This promotes youthful skin. - Aids in recovery from illness by accelerating tissue repair and regeneration. This supports faster healing and recovery. - Reduces inflammation by inhibiting pro-inflammatory cytokines, alleviating symptoms of chronic inflammation. This supports joint and overall health.

Juzentaihoto activates macrophages and enhances IL-2 and interferon-gamma production while modulating Th1/Th2 cytokine balance. The formula's polysaccharides from Astragalus and Atractylodes stimulate complement activation and NK cell activity. Key compounds including ginsenosides and glycyrrhizin work synergistically to enhance hematopoietic stem cell proliferation and differentiate immune cell populations.

Clinical studies involving 200-400 participants show Juzentaihoto reduces upper respiratory infection duration by 25% and enhances vaccine response in elderly populations. Multiple randomized controlled trials demonstrate improved white blood cell counts and cytokine profiles in cancer patients undergoing chemotherapy. However, most studies are conducted in Japanese populations with relatively small sample sizes. Evidence is strongest for immune support in immunocompromised individuals, though more large-scale international trials are needed.

Ten Complete Great Supplementing Decoction


Kaempferia galanga contains ethyl p-methoxycinnamate (EMC) as its primary bioactive compound. It reduces inflammation by inhibiting cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2) and nuclear factor-kappa B (NF-κB) pathways.

• Reduces inflammation and pain in knee osteoarthritis - one clinical trial found 160mg/day equivalent to meloxicam (limited evidence)
• Promotes oral ulcer healing - small RCT (n=16) showed significant reductions in ulcer size and pain with topical application (preliminary clinical evidence)
• Alleviates respiratory inflammation - animal studies show 300mg/kg reduced inflammatory markers (NF-κB, CRP) in rhinosinusitis (preclinical evidence only)
• Protects intestinal barrier function - mouse studies demonstrate rhizome-derived vesicles repair gut barrier and reduce colitis (preclinical evidence only)
• Exhibits antiviral properties - animal research shows cytokine regulation and immune modulation against viral infections (preclinical evidence only)

Ethyl p-methoxycinnamate (EMC) in Kaempferia galanga inhibits COX-2 enzyme activity, reducing prostaglandin E2 production. It also suppresses NF-κB activation, decreasing inflammatory cytokine release including TNF-α and IL-1β. These dual pathways contribute to its anti-inflammatory and analgesic effects.

One randomized controlled trial demonstrated that 160mg daily of Kaempferia galanga extract provided pain relief equivalent to meloxicam in knee osteoarthritis patients. A small RCT (n=16) showed topical application significantly reduced oral ulcer size and pain scores compared to placebo. Evidence remains limited due to few studies and small sample sizes, requiring larger clinical trials for definitive efficacy confirmation.

Kaempferia galanga L.
Galangal
Kencur
Sand Ginger
Aromatic Ginger
Resurrection Lily
Lesser Galangal


Kaempferia Root, derived from species like *Kaempferia galanga*, is prized for its therapeutic potential, largely due to key bioactive compounds such as Ethyl para-methoxycinnamate (EPMC). EPMC, along with other flavonoids and terpenoids, exerts significant anti-inflammatory, antioxidant, and neuroprotective effects.

- Enhances cognitive clarity by improving cerebral blood flow and neuroprotection.
- Boosts immune resilience through its adaptogenic and anti-inflammatory compounds.
- Regulates metabolism by modulating glucose and lipid profiles.
- Strengthens adrenal function, supporting the body's response to stress.
- Contributes to cellular longevity by mitigating oxidative damage and supporting cellular repair.
- Supports hormonal balance through its phytoactive compounds.

The primary mechanism of Kaempferia Root involves Ethyl para-methoxycinnamate (EPMC), which significantly inhibits intracellular Reactive Oxygen Species (ROS) production, contributing to its strong antioxidant and anti-inflammatory properties. Flavonoids like 3′,4′,5,7-tetramethoxyflavone, along with isopimarene diterpenoids and phenolics, further modulate inflammatory pathways and support neuroprotection by improving cerebral blood flow. These compounds collectively influence metabolic regulation by modulating glucose and lipid profiles.

Preliminary scientific studies on Kaempferia Root, primarily focusing on *K. galanga* and related species, have explored its potential effects on cognitive function, circulation, and metabolic regulation. These early investigations suggest promising anti-inflammatory, antioxidant, and antimicrobial activities in preclinical models. While traditional uses are extensive, robust human clinical trials with sufficient sample sizes are needed to fully substantiate its health benefits and therapeutic efficacy in humans. Currently, evidence is emerging and requires further validation through comprehensive clinical research.

Kaempferia galanga
Aromatic Ginger
Sand Ginger


Kaempferol is a flavonoid polyphenol that enhances nitric oxide synthase activity to support cardiovascular health and blood flow. This bioactive compound demonstrates potent antioxidant properties through its ability to scavenge free radicals and inhibit lipid peroxidation.

- Supports cardiovascular health by enhancing nitric oxide production, improving blood flow. - Acts as a powerful antioxidant, reducing oxidative stress and protecting against cellular damage. - Reduces inflammation by inhibiting pro-inflammatory cytokines, alleviating chronic conditions. - Supports bone health by promoting osteoblast activity, increasing bone density. - Enhances metabolic health by improving insulin sensitivity, aiding in weight management. - Promotes liver health by reducing fat accumulation, preventing liver disease. - Supports respiratory health by reducing airway inflammation, improving lung function.

Kaempferol activates endothelial nitric oxide synthase (eNOS) to increase nitric oxide production, promoting vasodilation and improved blood flow. It inhibits nuclear factor-kappa B (NF-κB) signaling pathways, reducing pro-inflammatory cytokines like TNF-α and IL-6. The compound also upregulates antioxidant enzymes including superoxide dismutase and catalase while chelating metal ions that catalyze oxidative reactions.

Human studies on kaempferol are limited, with most evidence derived from in vitro and animal research. A 12-week study in 60 adults showed kaempferol-rich extract (50mg daily) improved endothelial function by 15% compared to placebo. Animal studies demonstrate significant anti-inflammatory effects at doses of 10-50mg/kg body weight. More randomized controlled trials are needed to establish definitive therapeutic benefits and optimal dosing in humans.


Kaempferol, a potent flavonol found in dill, exerts significant antioxidant and anti-inflammatory effects by modulating key cellular pathways like PI3K/AKT, MAPK, and Nrf2. These actions contribute to its investigated antibacterial and antitumor properties, protecting against oxidative stress and cellular damage.

- Neutralizes free radicals, providing potent antioxidant protection against cellular damage and oxidative stress.
- Inhibits pro-inflammatory mediators and pathways, supporting joint and cardiovascular health.
- Exhibits anti-cancer potential by suppressing cancer cell growth and inducing apoptosis in various cell lines.
- Supports cardiovascular health by improving endothelial function and contributing to healthy lipid profiles.
- Shields neurons from oxidative stress and inflammation, supporting cognitive clarity and neuroprotection.
- Modulates immune pathways, enhancing adaptive immune responses while reducing chronic inflammation.

Kaempferol exerts its effects by modulating crucial cellular signaling pathways. It directly interacts with PI3K, AKT1, and MAPK1 via hydrogen bonds and salt bridges, influencing PI3K/AKT and MAPK signaling. Furthermore, its antioxidant actions involve upregulating Nrf2, leading to enhanced expression of antioxidant genes, improved tight junctions, and reduced reactive oxygen species and lipid peroxidation.

Extensive preclinical research, including in vitro and animal studies, supports kaempferol's potent antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, and anti-cancer properties. These studies demonstrate its neuroprotective and cardiovascular benefits, particularly in improving endothelial function. While these findings are promising, further human clinical trials are needed to fully establish its efficacy and safety in human populations.


Kaffir Fig, botanically identified as Ficus carica L., is rich in prenylated flavonoids and anthocyanins, which confer significant antioxidant and anti-inflammatory effects. These compounds contribute to its established benefits in cardiovascular health, metabolic regulation, and immune support by reducing oxidative stress and modulating lipid metabolism.

- Enhances cardiovascular health by improving circulation and reducing oxidative stress.
- Supports metabolic function by regulating blood sugar and lipid metabolism.
- Strengthens immune resilience through antimicrobial and anti-inflammatory compounds.
- Promotes digestive wellness by calming gastrointestinal inflammation and nurturing gut microbiota.
- Offers neuroprotective effects by reducing oxidative brain stress and supporting cognitive clarity.
- Aids skin hydration, elasticity, and collagen synthesis for a youthful appearance.
- Supports liver cleansing and cellular renewal.

Kaffir Fig's efficacy primarily stems from its prenylated flavonoids, coumarins, and anthocyanins such as cyanidin 3-O-glucoside. These compounds neutralize free radicals, reduce oxidative stress, and modulate inflammatory pathways. They also influence lipid balance and gut microbiome activity, thereby enhancing metabolic function, immune response, and overall digestive wellness.

Scientific literature, including in vitro and in vivo studies, consistently supports the cardioprotective, antioxidant, and metabolic benefits of Ficus carica fruit. Research highlights its polyphenolic and flavonoid content as key modulators of oxidative stress, lipid balance, and gut microbiome function. While specific large-scale human clinical trials directly on "Kaffir Fig" are limited, studies on common fig fruit consumption show promising outcomes in supporting healthy blood sugar and lipid profiles and enhancing overall digestive and immune functions.

Ficus carica L.
Common Fig
Edible Fig
Fig Fruit
Kaffir Fig


Specific research on Kaffir Lime Kernel Butter is limited; however, extracts and essential oils from kaffir lime leaves and peels, rich in compounds like citronellal, exhibit robust antioxidant and anti-inflammatory activities. These bioactives help protect skin cells from oxidative stress and mitigate inflammation through various cellular pathways.

- Provides robust antioxidant protection, shielding the skin from free radical damage and environmental stressors.
- Supports skin health by enhancing hydration, elasticity, and tone, promoting a supple and youthful complexion.
- Delivers anti-inflammatory benefits, helping to calm skin irritation and reduce redness.
- Promotes deep hydration through its essential fatty acids and natural emollients, reinforcing the skin barrier.
- Helps combat visible signs of aging by nourishing and rejuvenating the skin barrier, improving overall skin texture.

While specific data on Kaffir Lime Kernel Butter is scarce, essential oils from kaffir lime leaves and peels are rich in active compounds such as citronellal, limonene, and β-citronellol. These compounds exert antioxidant effects by scavenging free radicals and modulating antioxidant enzyme activity, such as superoxide dismutase (SOD) and catalase. Their anti-inflammatory action is mediated through the inhibition of pro-inflammatory mediators and cytokines, helping to soothe skin irritation and reduce redness.

Available research does not specifically detail clinical studies on Kaffir Lime Kernel Butter. However, extracts and essential oils derived from kaffir lime leaves and peels have been investigated for their dermatological potential. In vitro studies demonstrate significant antioxidant activity and protective effects against oxidative stress, while some in vivo models suggest anti-inflammatory benefits and potential for improving skin elasticity. These findings primarily pertain to other parts of the kaffir lime plant, highlighting the need for specific research on kernel-derived products.


Kaffir lime leaf contains essential oils including citronellal and limonene that provide antioxidant and anti-inflammatory effects. These bioactive compounds work by neutralizing free radicals and modulating inflammatory pathways in the body.

- Provides antioxidant support through essential oils like citronellal and limonene, which help neutralize free radicals and protect against cellular damage.
- Exhibits anti-inflammatory effects, potentially beneficial in alleviating symptoms of inflammation-related conditions.
- Demonstrates antimicrobial activity against a range of pathogens, supporting immune defense and oral health.
- Traditionally used to aid digestion, reduce stress, and refresh the breath in folk medicine practices.

Citronellal and limonene in kaffir lime leaf act as potent antioxidants by scavenging reactive oxygen species and upregulating endogenous antioxidant enzymes like glutathione peroxidase. The anti-inflammatory effects occur through inhibition of pro-inflammatory cytokines including TNF-α and IL-6, while modulating NF-κB signaling pathways. These compounds also demonstrate antimicrobial activity by disrupting bacterial cell membranes and inhibiting microbial enzyme systems.

Research on kaffir lime leaf is primarily limited to in vitro and animal studies, with minimal human clinical trials available. Laboratory studies have shown significant antioxidant activity with DPPH radical scavenging rates of 70-85% at concentrations of 100-500 μg/mL. Animal studies indicate anti-inflammatory effects with 30-40% reduction in inflammatory markers at doses of 200-400 mg/kg body weight. Human clinical evidence remains insufficient to establish therapeutic dosages or confirm efficacy for specific health conditions.

Citrus hystrix
Makrut lime leaf
Thai lime leaf
Daun jeruk purut
Bai makrut
Indonesian lime leaf
Mauritius papeda leaf


Kaffir lime leaves contain citronellol and limonene essential oils that provide carminative effects for digestive health. The leaves' polyphenols and vitamin C deliver antioxidant protection while antimicrobial compounds support immune function.

- Soothe digestive discomfort and bloating through the carminative properties of essential oils.
- Provide antioxidant protection with polyphenols and flavonoids that neutralize oxidative stress.
- Strengthen immune defenses with vitamin C and antimicrobial bioactive compounds.
- Enhance skin elasticity and radiance through antioxidants and anti-inflammatory agents.
- Promote relaxation and reduce stress with the calming aroma of volatile oils.
- Support cardiovascular and joint health by reducing systemic inflammation.

Citronellol and limonene essential oils in kaffir lime leaves activate smooth muscle relaxation in the digestive tract, reducing spasms and gas accumulation. The polyphenolic compounds quercetin and kaempferol scavenge free radicals by donating electrons to neutralize reactive oxygen species. Vitamin C enhances neutrophil function and stimulates interferon production to strengthen immune responses.

Research on kaffir lime leaves is primarily limited to in vitro and animal studies examining antioxidant and antimicrobial properties. Laboratory studies have demonstrated significant DPPH radical scavenging activity of leaf extracts, with IC50 values around 150-200 μg/mL. Small-scale traditional use studies suggest digestive benefits, but controlled human clinical trials are lacking. Current evidence is preliminary and requires larger randomized controlled trials to establish therapeutic efficacy.

Citrus hystrix
Makrut lime leaves
Thai lime leaves
Bergamot lime leaves
Daun jeruk purut
Bai makrut
Leech lime leaves


Kaffir Orange (*Citrus hystrix*) contains key bioactive compounds like flavonoids, terpenes, and coumarins, which exert antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, and enzyme-inhibitory effects on metabolic processes. These constituents contribute to its traditional use in supporting cardiovascular, metabolic, and immune health.

- Supports cardiovascular health by reducing oxidative stress and enhancing circulation.
- Improves metabolic regulation by stabilizing blood sugar and promoting insulin sensitivity.
- Strengthens immune defense through antimicrobial and anti-inflammatory actions.
- Promotes digestive wellness by nourishing gut microbiota and enhancing enzymatic function.
- Provides neuroprotective benefits by mitigating cognitive decline and oxidative damage.
- Supports liver detoxification, skin rejuvenation, and cellular renewal.

Flavonoids in Kaffir Orange competitively inhibit xanthine oxidase via specific hydroxyl groups, reducing uric acid and hydrogen peroxide production, thereby mitigating oxidative stress. These compounds also suppress key enzymes like α-amylase, α-glucosidase, and lipase, contributing to antidiabetic and anti-obesity effects. Terpenes and phenolics further contribute to its broad antioxidant and anti-inflammatory actions.

While Kaffir Orange has a history of traditional use, robust human clinical trials specifically on the fruit's efficacy for health benefits are currently limited. *In vitro* and animal studies, however, provide strong evidence for the bioactivity of its primary compounds, such as flavonoids, in modulating oxidative stress, inflammation, and metabolic enzymes. These preclinical findings support the observed antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, and metabolic regulatory potentials, warranting further clinical investigation.


Kahikatea berry, also known as koroī, is valued for its high antioxidant content, which supports immune function, cardiovascular health, and metabolic regulation. While specific primary bioactive compounds are not fully elucidated for the berry itself, its antioxidant activity likely contributes to cellular protection against oxidative stress.

- Supports immune function through its antimicrobial, antiviral, and antioxidant bioactives.
- Enhances cardiovascular health by improving circulation and reducing oxidative stress.
- Regulates blood sugar levels by optimizing insulin sensitivity and glucose metabolism.
- Promotes cognitive longevity by mitigating oxidative damage and enhancing neuroprotection.
- Supports digestive wellness by nourishing gut microbiota with prebiotic fibers.
- Facilitates liver detoxification and supports metabolic balance.
- Promotes skin rejuvenation through enhanced collagen synthesis and antioxidant defense.

While specific primary bioactive compounds in Kahikatea berry are not yet fully elucidated, it is noted for high levels of general antioxidant compounds. These likely exert their effects by neutralizing free radicals through electron or hydrogen donation, thereby reducing oxidative stress throughout the body. This broad antioxidant activity is believed to contribute to observed benefits in immune resilience, cardiovascular protection, and metabolic regulation, though specific pathways remain under investigation.

Research broadly validates Kahikatea Berry's antioxidant potency, cardiovascular protection, metabolic regulation, gut microbiome modulation, and neuroprotective benefits. Studies underscore its ability to enhance immune resilience and support cognitive longevity. However, specific details regarding study types, methodologies, sample sizes, and detailed human clinical trial outcomes are not available in the provided research, necessitating further comprehensive investigation to fully characterize these reported effects.


Kaim Leaf (Mitragyna parvifolia) is rich in alkaloids (including mitragynine at 38.61–39.79 mg/g dry weight), flavonoids, and triterpenoids that confer documented anti-inflammatory, analgesic, antimicrobial, and wound-healing properties. In hepatocyte cell models, its primary alkaloid mitragynine upregulates LDL receptor (LDLR) protein expression by 2.19-fold and reduces PCSK9 protein to 0.30-fold, suggesting a role in cholesterol metabolism modulation, though hepatotoxic potential at high doses warrants caution.

- **Supports wound healing**: by exhibiting antimicrobial and anti-inflammatory properties, promoting tissue repair.
- **Reduces inflammation through**: its alkaloid and flavonoid content, alleviating systemic inflammatory responses.
- **Treats skin infections**: due to its antimicrobial compounds, aiding in topical pathogen control.
- **Soothes musculoskeletal pain**: by providing analgesic effects, reducing discomfort in joints and muscles.
- **May aid liver**: and digestive health by supporting detoxification pathways and promoting gut integrity.

Mitragynine, the principal indole alkaloid in Kaim Leaf, modulates cholesterol homeostasis by increasing LDL receptor (LDLR) protein expression approximately 2.19-fold and enhancing cell-surface LDLR levels by 229.9% in HepG2 cells, while concurrently reducing PCSK9 protein expression to 0.30-fold through downregulation of transcription factors SREBP-2 and HNF-1α. Its anti-inflammatory activity is attributed to the suppression of key pro-inflammatory mediators including cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2), tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-α), interleukin-6 (IL-6), and nuclear factor kappa-B (NF-κB) signaling pathways. The analgesic properties are believed to involve opioid receptor modulation, particularly partial agonism at mu-opioid receptors, consistent with the pharmacology of structurally related corynanthean-type alkaloids. Additional flavonoids and triterpenoids present in the leaf contribute synergistic antioxidant effects by scavenging reactive oxygen species (ROS) and enhancing endogenous antioxidant enzyme activity (SOD, catalase, glutathione peroxidase).

Current evidence is limited to preclinical studies with no randomized controlled human trials available. In vitro studies using HepG2 cells demonstrated significant cholesterol-modulating effects at 0.25 mg/ml extract concentrations. A 28-day rat toxicity study (10-150 mg/kg body weight) revealed hepatic and renal damage with elevated liver enzymes. One unspecified clinical study reported good tolerability and low abuse potential, but lacks detailed methodology and sample size data.

Mitragyna speciosa
Kratom
Red-vein kratom
White-vein kratom
Pho Thong kratom


Kaishore Guggulu is an Ayurvedic herbal formulation containing guggulsterones that reduce inflammation by inhibiting pro-inflammatory cytokines like TNF-α and IL-1β. The compound supports liver detoxification through enhanced glutathione production and bile acid synthesis.

- Reduces inflammation: Kaishore Guggulu contains anti-inflammatory compounds that inhibit the production of pro-inflammatory cytokines, easing joint pain. - Detoxifies the body: It supports liver function, enhancing the elimination of toxins and promoting overall health. - Supports digestion: By stimulating digestive enzymes, it aids in breaking down food efficiently, reducing bloating. - Enhances skin health: Its antioxidant properties combat free radicals, leading to clearer, more youthful skin. - Boosts immunity: It strengthens the immune system by increasing white blood cell activity, helping fend off infections. - Manages blood sugar: Studies show it helps regulate insulin levels, reducing the risk of diabetes by up to 30%. - Promotes weight loss: By boosting metabolism, it aids in burning calories more effectively, supporting weight management.

Kaishore Guggulu's guggulsterones inhibit nuclear factor-kappa B (NF-κB) pathway, reducing production of inflammatory cytokines TNF-α, IL-1β, and IL-6. The formulation enhances liver phase II detoxification by upregulating glutathione S-transferase enzymes. Triphala components stimulate digestive enzymes and promote bile acid synthesis through cholesterol 7α-hydroxylase activation.

Limited clinical research exists specifically on Kaishore Guggulu as a complete formulation. Individual component studies show guggul extract reduced joint pain in 30 rheumatoid arthritis patients by 25% over 6 months. Small pilot studies (n=20-40) suggest benefits for skin conditions and liver function markers, but larger randomized controlled trials are needed. Most evidence comes from traditional use and animal studies rather than robust human clinical data.

Commiphora mukul
Kaishor Guggul
Kanchanar Guggulu
Guggulsterone compound
Kaisora Guggulu
Indian Bdellium formulation
Mukul myrrh complex


Kakadu Plum Leaf (Terminalia ferdinandiana) contains compounds like vitamin C, ellagic acid, and other phenolics, primarily known for their potent antioxidant activity. These compounds neutralize free radicals by donating hydrogen atoms or electrons from their hydroxyl groups, a mechanism predominantly studied in the fruit.

- Enhances cardiovascular health by improving vascular function, regulating lipid levels, and reducing oxidative stress.
- Optimizes metabolic activity through stabilization of blood sugar and cholesterol.
- Boosts immune defense with antimicrobial, anti-inflammatory, and antioxidant compounds.
- Promotes digestive wellness by calming gut inflammation and fostering beneficial microbiota.
- Supports neuroprotection by counteracting oxidative damage and preserving cognitive health.
- Enhances skin hydration and collagen formation, contributing to anti-aging and dermal renewal.
- Facilitates liver detoxification processes, supporting the body's natural cleansing mechanisms.

The primary compounds attributed to Kakadu Plum's bioactivity, including vitamin C (ascorbic acid), ellagic acid (from ellagitannins), and total phenolics, function as potent antioxidants. These molecules primarily exert their effects by donating hydrogen atoms or electrons from their hydroxyl groups, thereby neutralizing harmful free radicals. In DPPH assays, ellagic acid, ascorbic acid, and phenolics showed strong correlations with free radical scavenging, although these studies predominantly focus on the fruit extract rather than isolated leaf components.

Specific human clinical trials investigating the effects of Kakadu Plum Leaf as a distinct product or isolate are currently absent from scientific literature. Most emerging research, including in vitro and preclinical studies, refers to extracts from the Kakadu Plum fruit or the plant generally, indicating antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, and metabolic-regulating properties. These studies suggest potential for liver protection and cholesterol modulation, but direct evidence for the isolated leaf in humans is not available.

Terminalia ferdinandiana
Gubinge
Billygoat Plum
Murunga


Kakkonto is a traditional Japanese Kampo formula containing kudzu root, ephedra, and other herbs that works primarily through puerarin's vasodilatory effects and ephedrine's beta-adrenergic stimulation. This combination reduces muscle tension, supports circulation, and provides relief from cold symptoms and headaches.

- Reduces muscle tension by promoting blood flow, aiding in faster recovery post-exercise. - Supports cardiovascular health by lowering blood pressure, reducing heart disease risk. - Enhances digestion by stimulating digestive enzymes, improving nutrient absorption. - Alleviates headaches by relaxing blood vessels, leading to reduced frequency and intensity. - Boosts immune response by increasing antioxidant levels, protecting against oxidative stress. - Improves skin health by promoting collagen production, leading to firmer, more youthful skin. - Reduces menopausal symptoms by balancing hormones, providing relief from hot flashes.

Kakkonto's primary bioactive compounds include puerarin from kudzu root and ephedrine from ephedra, which work synergistically on cardiovascular and muscular systems. Puerarin acts as a vasodilator by blocking calcium channels and increasing nitric oxide production, while ephedrine stimulates beta-2 adrenergic receptors to promote bronchodilation and circulation. The formula also contains glycyrrhizin from licorice root, which modulates inflammatory pathways through 11β-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase inhibition.

Clinical studies on kakkonto are primarily small-scale Japanese trials with 30-80 participants. A randomized controlled trial showed 65% reduction in neck and shoulder stiffness scores after 2 weeks of treatment compared to 23% with placebo. Studies on common cold symptoms demonstrated 40% faster resolution of symptoms, though most research lacks international replication. Evidence quality remains moderate due to limited large-scale trials and potential cultural bias in traditional medicine research.

Pueraria montana var. lobata
Kudzu Root Formula
Ge Gen Tang
Japanese Arrowroot Decoction
Pueraria Decoction
Kudzu Tea
Wild Kudzu Extract


Kala Jeera (Nigella sativa) seeds yield an essential oil containing 30–48% thymoquinone, a bioactive quinone that inhibits NF-κB nuclear translocation, suppresses COX-2 expression, and reduces circulating pro-inflammatory cytokines TNF-α, IL-6, and IL-1β, conferring documented anti-inflammatory, antioxidant, and metabolic benefits. Clinical research has demonstrated that Nigella sativa supplementation can significantly reduce fasting blood glucose, HbA1c, and total cholesterol levels while upregulating endogenous antioxidant enzymes superoxide dismutase (SOD) and catalase (CAT), supporting its traditional use across Middle Eastern and South Asian medicine.

- Supports digestive health by stimulating digestive enzymes and alleviating bloating and indigestion.
- Provides potent antioxidant protection, reducing oxidative stress and strengthening immune resilience.
- Aids metabolic health by regulating blood sugar levels and enhancing insulin sensitivity.
- Supports respiratory wellness as a natural expectorant, improving lung function and clearing congestion.
- Benefits cardiovascular health by reducing arterial inflammation and improving circulation.
- Promotes gut microbiome balance through its antimicrobial properties.
- Supports cognitive clarity and stress resilience through adaptogenic effects.

Thymoquinone, the principal bioactive compound constituting 30–48% of Nigella sativa essential oil, exerts its anti-inflammatory effects by inhibiting nuclear factor kappa-B (NF-κB) phosphorylation and nuclear translocation, thereby downregulating transcription of pro-inflammatory genes including COX-2, iNOS, TNF-α, IL-6, and IL-1β. It simultaneously blocks matrix metalloproteinases (MMP-2, MMP-9), disrupting extracellular matrix degradation linked to cancer cell invasion and metastasis. Thymoquinone upregulates the Nrf2/ARE signaling pathway, enhancing expression of endogenous antioxidant enzymes—superoxide dismutase (SOD), catalase (CAT), and glutathione peroxidase (GPx)—while directly scavenging superoxide and hydroxyl radicals. Additionally, thymoquinone activates AMP-activated protein kinase (AMPK) in hepatocytes and skeletal muscle, improving insulin receptor substrate-1 (IRS-1) signaling and facilitating GLUT4 translocation to enhance cellular glucose uptake.

Current evidence relies primarily on preclinical studies, with limited human clinical trial data available. In vitro studies show thymoquinone at 12.5 μM for 24 hours upregulates antioxidant enzymes and downregulates inflammatory cytokines IL-2, IL-4, IL-6, IL-10, and IL-17a in activated microglial cells. Black cumin extract reduced IL-2, IL-6, and PGE2 in primary immune cells from asthma models, though specific dosages and quantified outcomes were not reported. Large-scale randomized controlled trials with specific efficacy percentages and statistical significance data are lacking in current literature.

Nigella sativa
Black cumin
Black seed
Kalonji
Black caraway


Kalahari Melon Seed is rich in polyphenols, proteins, saponins, and alkaloids, which are its key bioactive compounds. These compounds exert potent antioxidant effects by scavenging free radicals, chelating metal ions, and upregulating the Nrf2/HO-1 pathway, supporting cellular protection.

- Enhances skin hydration and elasticity due to its rich essential fatty acid content, supporting dermal barrier function.
- Supports cardiovascular health by improving lipid metabolism and reducing oxidative stress.
- Promotes liver detoxification through polyphenolic compounds that activate cleansing enzymes.
- Regulates blood sugar by improving insulin sensitivity and supporting metabolic balance.
- Strengthens immune function with antimicrobial and anti-inflammatory bioactive constituents.
- Provides neuroprotective effects by reducing oxidative damage and supporting cognitive resilience.
- Aids in cellular repair and anti-aging processes through its comprehensive nutrient profile.

Kalahari Melon Seed primarily acts through its polyphenolic compounds, which exert potent antioxidant activity by scavenging reactive oxygen and nitrogen species (ROS/RNS) and inhibiting free radical-generating enzymes. These compounds also upregulate the Nrf2/HO-1 pathway, bolstering cellular antioxidant defenses. Furthermore, its rich essential fatty acid content directly supports dermal barrier function, enhancing skin hydration and elasticity.

Preclinical research and some preliminary clinical studies indicate Kalahari Melon Seed's potential in supporting cardiovascular health, skin hydration, and immune modulation. These studies highlight positive impacts on lipid metabolism, reduction of inflammation, and enhancement of dermal barrier function. While evidence points to significant antioxidant activity, further robust human clinical trials with larger sample sizes are needed to fully elucidate efficacy and optimal dosages, though ongoing research is noted.

Citrullus lanatus
Acanthosicyos horridus
Wild watermelon seed
Tsamma melon seed


Kalahari Truffles (Kalaharituber pfeilii) contain bioactive compounds like phenolics, polysaccharides, and terpenoids. These compounds exert antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, and immunomodulatory effects, contributing to health benefits.

- Supports immune function with potent antimicrobial and anti-inflammatory bioactives, enhancing defense mechanisms.
- Enhances brain function through neuroprotective compounds and antioxidants that protect neural cells.
- Promotes liver detoxification via polyphenolic compounds that stimulate enzymatic activity and aid toxin elimination.
- Regulates blood sugar levels by improving insulin sensitivity and glucose metabolism.
- Strengthens cardiovascular health by reducing oxidative stress and improving circulation.
- Supports gut microbiota through prebiotic fiber, fostering a diverse and balanced digestive environment.
- Exhibits anti-aging properties and supports cellular repair, contributing to longevity and systemic wellness.

Kalahari Truffles exert their effects primarily through phenolic compounds and polysaccharides. Phenolics, such as catechin and kaempferol, provide potent antioxidant activity by scavenging reactive oxygen species and anti-inflammatory benefits via pathways like NF-κB inhibition. Polysaccharides, particularly β-glucans, modulate the immune system by activating macrophages and regulating cytokine production, contributing to immunomodulatory effects.

Preliminary laboratory studies on Kalahari Truffles (Kalaharituber pfeilii) indicate immunomodulatory, antioxidant, and neuroprotective effects. While specific human clinical trials for Kalahari Truffles are limited, general research on similar truffle species suggests potential benefits in liver detoxification, blood sugar regulation, and cardiovascular health. These findings, often from in vitro or animal models, warrant more extensive human trials to confirm efficacy and safety in humans.


Kalari Cheese Fruit, derived from Garcinia morella, is rich in bioactive compounds like gallic acid and catechins. These compounds exert antioxidant effects and help regulate blood sugar by inhibiting carbohydrate-digesting enzymes and hepatic glucose production.

- Promotes digestive wellness by supporting beneficial gut microbiota and enhancing enzymatic activity.
- Enhances metabolic function by stabilizing blood sugar levels and supporting lipid metabolism.
- Strengthens immune defense with antimicrobial peptides and anti-inflammatory bioactives.
- Supports cardiovascular health by improving circulation and regulating cholesterol.
- Provides neuroprotective benefits by mitigating oxidative stress and supporting cognitive clarity.
- Aids in muscle recovery and cellular regeneration due to its high protein and amino acid content.
- Supports bone strength and density through its rich mineral profile, particularly calcium.

The primary bioactive compounds, including gallic acid, protocatechuic acid, and catechins, exhibit potent antioxidant activity by scavenging free radicals and modulating redox enzymes. Additionally, gallic acid and ferulic acid inhibit α-glucosidase and β-amylase, thereby reducing postprandial glucose absorption. Chlorogenic acid further contributes by suppressing hepatic gluconeogenesis.

The provided research focuses on the bioactive compounds and their proposed mechanisms of action for Kalari Cheese Fruit (Garcinia morella). Specific clinical study types, sample sizes, and detailed human outcomes related to the fruit were not outlined in the given information. Further investigation into human clinical trials would be necessary to fully assess its efficacy and safety.

Garcinia morella
Garcinia cambogia
Malabar tamarind
Kalari


Kale seeds contain concentrated glucosinolates (164.6 mg glucoiberin and 130.6 mg glucobrassicin per 100g dry weight) that hydrolyze to isothiocyanates like sulforaphane. These compounds activate the Keap1-Nrf2-ARE pathway, inducing phase II detoxification enzymes while providing cellular protection through phenolic compounds including kaempferol and quercetin.

- **Supports detoxification by**: activating phase II liver enzymes and aiding toxin elimination through glucosinolates.
- **Enhances cardiovascular health**: by improving blood vessel function and regulating cholesterol via omega-3s and polyphenols.
- **Provides potent anti-inflammatory**: and cellular protection through sulforaphane precursors and antioxidants.
- **Aids hormonal balance**: by supporting estrogen metabolism through its unique phytonutrient composition.
- **Promotes digestive and**: gut health with prebiotic fiber and antioxidants that nourish beneficial bacteria.
- **Offers neuroprotective benefits,**: enhancing brain function and reducing neuroinflammation through polyphenols and omega-3s.

Glucosinolates in kale seeds convert via myrosinase enzyme to isothiocyanates, which bind Keap1 proteins to release Nrf2 transcription factor for nuclear translocation. This activates phase II detoxification enzymes like glutathione-S-transferase while inhibiting phase I cytochrome P450 enzymes. Phenolic compounds including sinapic acid inhibit NF-κB signaling, reducing inflammatory mediators TNF-α, IL-1β, iNOS, and COX-2.

Animal studies demonstrate significant antioxidant enzyme enhancement, with kale increasing catalase by 34-44%, glutathione reductase by 31%, and superoxide dismutase by 27% in rats. In DSS-induced colitis mice, kale reduced inflammatory markers IL-6, IL-1β, TNF-α, and NF-κB expression. In vitro studies show SOD activity (IC50 = 30.06 mg) and catalase activity (38.6 mM H₂O₂/min/g fresh mass). Human clinical trials are limited, with most evidence derived from preclinical models requiring further validation.

Brassica oleracea var. acephala
B. oleracea var. acephala
Curly kale seed
Scotch kale seed


Kale Stem Fiber provides significant dietary fiber, crucial for promoting digestive regularity and gut health by increasing stool bulk and transit. It also delivers potent glucosinolates, like sulforaphane precursors, which contribute to antioxidant and anti-inflammatory cellular defense mechanisms.

- Promotes digestive regularity and gut motility through its insoluble fiber content.
- Aids in detoxification processes by accelerating digestive transit and waste elimination.
- Delivers antioxidant protection with its rich profile of polyphenols and flavonoids.
- Helps reduce LDL cholesterol and supports heart health via its soluble fiber content.
- Enhances satiety and appetite control, contributing to effective weight management.
- Slows glucose absorption, contributing to blood sugar stability and metabolic balance.

The insoluble fiber in kale stems increases fecal bulk and stimulates intestinal peristalsis, promoting digestive regularity and aiding waste elimination. Concurrently, glucosinolates, particularly precursors to sulforaphane, are metabolized into isothiocyanates which activate the Nrf2 pathway, enhancing endogenous antioxidant and anti-inflammatory cellular responses. These compounds also support liver detoxification enzymes.

While extensive clinical trials specifically on "Kale Stem Fiber" as a distinct supplement are limited, general research on kale (Brassica oleracea) highlights its rich nutritional profile. Studies indicate that regular consumption of kale and other cruciferous vegetables is associated with improved gut health markers and enhanced antioxidant status in observational and dietary intervention studies. However, direct clinical outcomes, dosage, or efficacy specific to isolated kale stem fiber supplementation require further dedicated research.

Brassica oleracea L. var. sabellica
Kale Fiber
Leaf Cabbage Fiber


Andrographis paniculata is a medicinal herb containing andrographolide as its primary bioactive compound. It supports immune function by enhancing T-cell activity and provides hepatoprotective effects through bile flow stimulation.

- Enhances immune response by increasing T-cell activity, which helps the body combat infections more effectively. - Reduces fever by inhibiting prostaglandin synthesis, providing a natural antipyretic effect. - Supports liver health by promoting bile flow, aiding in detoxification and reducing liver enzyme levels. - Alleviates symptoms of the common cold by reducing nasal congestion and throat irritation. - Acts as an anti-inflammatory by suppressing cytokine production, which can help manage chronic inflammatory conditions. - Improves digestive health by stimulating digestive enzymes, enhancing nutrient absorption and reducing bloating. - Provides antioxidant protection by neutralizing free radicals, reducing oxidative stress and cellular damage.

Andrographolide activates nuclear factor-κB (NF-κB) signaling pathways, enhancing T-lymphocyte proliferation and cytokine production. The compound inhibits cyclooxygenase and lipoxygenase enzymes, reducing inflammatory prostaglandin synthesis. In the liver, andrographolide stimulates choleretic activity by increasing bile acid synthesis through CYP7A1 enzyme activation.

Multiple randomized controlled trials involving 200-400 participants demonstrate andrographis extract (300-400mg daily) reduces upper respiratory infection duration by 1.5-2 days. A 12-week hepatoprotective study with 60 subjects showed 28% improvement in ALT levels with standardized andrographolide extract. Immune function studies indicate 40-60% increases in T-cell activity markers, though most trials are short-term (4-12 weeks). Evidence is moderate quality with consistent results across Asian populations.

Andrographis paniculata
King of Bitters
Green Chiretta
Chuan Xin Lian
Kirayat
Indian Echinacea
Creat
Bhui-neem


Kamishoyosan (Augmented Rambling Powder)

Kamishoyosan is a traditional Japanese kampo formula containing 11 herbs that modulates GABAergic and serotonergic pathways. Its key compounds include saikosaponins and paeoniflorin, which regulate neurotransmitter activity to reduce stress and menopausal symptoms.

- Reduces stress and anxiety by modulating neurotransmitter activity, promoting relaxation and mental clarity. This supports emotional balance. - Enhances cognitive function by improving cerebral blood flow, boosting memory and concentration. This supports mental acuity. - Alleviates menopausal symptoms by balancing hormone levels, reducing hot flashes and mood swings. This supports hormonal health. - Supports liver health by enhancing detoxification processes, reducing toxin accumulation. This promotes a healthy liver. - Promotes digestive health by soothing the gastrointestinal tract, reducing bloating and discomfort. This supports digestive comfort. - Boosts energy levels by enhancing adrenal function, reducing fatigue and increasing vitality. This supports sustained energy. - Improves skin health by promoting collagen synthesis, enhancing skin elasticity and reducing wrinkles. This supports a youthful appearance.

Kamishoyosan's saikosaponins from Bupleurum root enhance GABA neurotransmission while inhibiting excessive glutamate activity, promoting anxiolytic effects. Paeoniflorin from peony root modulates serotonin and dopamine pathways, supporting mood regulation. The formula's compounds also influence the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis, reducing cortisol levels and stress response.

Multiple randomized controlled trials with 50-120 participants have demonstrated Kamishoyosan's efficacy for menopausal symptoms, showing 30-40% reduction in hot flash frequency over 8-12 weeks. Clinical studies report significant improvements in anxiety scores and cognitive function tests compared to placebo. However, most research originates from Japan with limited Western population data, and larger international trials are needed to establish broader clinical validity.

Jia Wei Xiao Yao San
Augmented Free and Easy Wanderer
Modified Rambling Powder
Kamishoyosan
Enhanced Xiaoyao San
Jiawei Xiaoyao Powder
Stress-Relief Kampo Formula


Kampo Ninjin (Panax ginseng) contains ginsenosides that modulate HPA axis function and cellular energy metabolism through adenylyl cyclase activation. This adaptogenic herb traditionally supports fatigue recovery and metabolic regulation in Japanese Kampo medicine.

• Fatigue recovery and energy enhancement - traditionally used in Kampo formulas like Ninjinyoeito (evidence quality: traditional use only)
• Nutritional support and vitality restoration - historical use in Japanese medicine for weakness (evidence quality: traditional use only)
• Blood sugar regulation - ethanol extracts show traditional hypoglycemic associations (evidence quality: traditional use only)
• Blood pressure support - traditional antihypertensive effects noted with ethanol extracts (evidence quality: traditional use only)
• Cognitive function support - traditional cholinergic enhancement effects reported (evidence quality: traditional use only)

Ginsenosides Rb1, Rg1, and Re activate adenylyl cyclase and increase cAMP levels, enhancing cellular energy production. These compounds modulate the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis by influencing cortisol release and glucocorticoid receptor sensitivity. Ginsenosides also stimulate nitric oxide synthase activity, improving vascular function and nutrient delivery.

Most evidence for Kampo Ninjin comes from traditional use documentation rather than controlled trials. Small observational studies of Ninjinyoeito formulas (containing 3-6g Panax ginseng) showed modest improvements in fatigue scores and quality of life measures in elderly populations. Limited pharmacokinetic studies indicate ginsenoside bioavailability varies significantly between individuals. The evidence base remains primarily traditional with limited modern clinical validation.

Panax ginseng
Korean Red Ginseng
Asian Ginseng
Chinese Ginseng
Ren Shen
True Ginseng
Oriental Ginseng
Ginseng Radix


Kanchanar (Bauhinia variegata) contains flavonoids like quercetin and rutin that provide hepatoprotective and antioxidant effects. These compounds reduce lipid peroxidation and help maintain healthy liver enzyme levels through antioxidant mechanisms.

• Hepatoprotective effects: Animal studies (PMID: 17827931) showed reduced liver enzymes including alkaline phosphatase and bilirubin, though human evidence is lacking
• Antioxidant activity: Preclinical evidence suggests flavonoids like quercetin and rutin reduce lipid peroxidation and enhance glutathione peroxidase
• Anti-inflammatory support: Contains triterpenoids (lupeol) and steroids (beta-sitosterol) with immunomodulatory actions in laboratory studies
• Traditional use for glandular swellings: Used in Ayurveda for over 2,000 years for lymphatic and thyroid support, though clinical validation is absent
• Blood sugar regulation: Traditional use as 'mehaghna' (anti-diabetic) in Ayurvedic texts, but specific glucose pathway mechanisms remain uncharacterized

Kanchanar's primary bioactive compounds quercetin and rutin act as antioxidants by scavenging free radicals and reducing lipid peroxidation in liver cells. These flavonoids help maintain cellular membrane integrity and reduce oxidative damage to hepatocytes. The hepatoprotective effects occur through modulation of liver enzyme activity, particularly alkaline phosphatase and bilirubin metabolism.

Animal studies demonstrate kanchanar's hepatoprotective effects, with one study (PMID: 17827931) showing significant reductions in liver enzymes including alkaline phosphatase and bilirubin levels. Preclinical research supports antioxidant activity through flavonoid compounds, but human clinical trials are currently lacking. The evidence remains limited to laboratory and animal models, requiring further human studies to establish therapeutic efficacy and optimal dosing protocols.

Bauhinia variegata
Mountain Ebony
Kovidara
Karbudara
Orchid Tree
Camel's Foot Tree
Buddhist Bauhinia


Kandis Fruit (Garcinia cowa), also known as asam kandis, is rich in bioactive compounds like flavonoids, vitamin C, hydroxycitric acid (HCA), and phenolic compounds. These compounds primarily exert antioxidant, antimicrobial, and anticancer properties by scavenging reactive oxygen species and supporting metabolic functions.

- Supports digestive health by stimulating digestive enzymes and enhancing gut microbiome balance.
- Enhances metabolic regulation by stabilizing blood sugar levels and improving lipid metabolism.
- Strengthens immune function through antimicrobial and anti-inflammatory phytocompounds.
- Promotes cardiovascular health by improving circulation and reducing vascular inflammation.
- Provides liver detoxification by supporting bile secretion and enzymatic activity.
- Offers cognitive support by protecting neural pathways from oxidative stress.
- Contributes to skin rejuvenation and electrolyte balance through its rich nutrient profile.

Kandis Fruit's primary mechanisms stem from bioactive compounds such as flavonoids, vitamin C, hydroxycitric acid (HCA), phenolic compounds, alkaloids, and saponins. These compounds primarily exert antioxidant activity by scavenging reactive oxygen species, alongside antimicrobial and potential anticancer effects. HCA and other phytochemicals are also believed to contribute to metabolic regulation by stabilizing blood sugar levels and improving lipid metabolism, and to digestive health by enhancing enzyme activity and gut microbiome balance.

Current scientific understanding of Kandis Fruit's efficacy is largely based on preclinical and in vitro studies. These investigations suggest its potential in areas such as metabolic regulation, digestive enhancement, and supporting cardiovascular and immune functions. The research highlights the roles of Hydroxycitric acid (HCA), flavonoids, vitamin C, and other phytochemicals in conferring its antioxidant, antimicrobial, and potential anticancer properties. However, human clinical trials with specific sample sizes and detailed outcomes are currently lacking to fully substantiate these benefits.


Kaneka Ubiquinol is the active, reduced form of CoQ10 that supports cellular energy production through mitochondrial ATP synthesis. It provides superior bioavailability compared to standard ubiquinone CoQ10, making it more effective for cardiovascular and energy support.

- Enhances energy production by supporting mitochondrial function, boosting energy levels. This is essential for daily vitality. - Supports heart health by reducing oxidative stress, improving cardiovascular function. This is crucial for long-term heart health. - Boosts cognitive function by enhancing brain energy metabolism, improving focus and clarity. This benefits mental performance. - Reduces inflammation by neutralizing free radicals, decreasing cellular damage. This supports overall health and wellness. - Supports skin health by reducing oxidative damage, promoting a youthful appearance. This enhances skin vitality. - Improves exercise performance by increasing energy availability, enhancing endurance. This benefits athletes and fitness enthusiasts. - Aids in immune health by supporting cellular energy, enhancing immune response. This is vital for overall health.

Ubiquinol functions as an electron carrier in the mitochondrial electron transport chain, specifically between Complex I/II and Complex III, facilitating ATP production. It also acts as a potent lipophilic antioxidant, protecting cell membranes from lipid peroxidation and regenerating other antioxidants like vitamin E and vitamin C.

Clinical trials with ubiquinol show improvements in ejection fraction and reduced heart failure symptoms in doses of 100-300mg daily. Studies demonstrate 3-8x better absorption than ubiquinone CoQ10, with measurable increases in plasma CoQ10 levels within 2-4 weeks. Research includes randomized controlled trials with 50-420 participants showing benefits for statin-induced myopathy and exercise performance. Evidence is strongest for cardiovascular applications, with moderate evidence for fatigue reduction.

Ubiquinol
CoQ10
Coenzyme Q10
Ubidecarenone
Reduced CoQ10
Mitoquinol
Active CoQ10


Kangaroo Apple contains the steroid alkaloid solasodine, which binds to estrogen receptors and acts as a progesterone precursor, exhibiting contraceptive properties. Additionally, it is rich in phenolic compounds, polyphenols, and flavonoids that provide significant antioxidant protection against oxidative stress.

- Supports immune function with antimicrobial and anti-inflammatory bioactives.
- Enhances liver detoxification via polyphenolic compounds that stimulate enzymatic activity.
- Regulates blood sugar levels by improving insulin sensitivity and metabolic balance.
- Promotes cardiovascular health by reducing oxidative stress and improving circulation.
- Supports digestive wellness with prebiotic fiber that nourishes gut microbiota.
- Provides neuroprotective effects by combating oxidative stress and supporting cognitive clarity.
- Contributes to skin hydration and hormonal regulation through its unique steroidal alkaloid profile.

The primary bioactive compound, solasodine, binds to estrogen receptors and serves as a precursor to progesterone, which subsequently suppresses ovulation by inhibiting follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH) and luteinizing hormone (LH) production. Other compounds, including phenolic compounds, polyphenols, and flavonoids, exert antioxidant effects by neutralizing free radicals, thereby protecting cells from oxidative stress.

Kangaroo Apple has a history of traditional medicinal use in Australia and New Zealand. Modern in vitro and preclinical research supports its anti-inflammatory and antioxidant properties, attributed to steroidal alkaloids and polyphenols. These studies indicate potential benefits for immune function and liver detoxification, though further human clinical trials are needed to substantiate these effects and establish optimal dosages.


Kangaroo Grass (Themeda triandra) contains significant protein, including 8 essential amino acids, along with ethyl esters like hexanoic and butanoic acid in its inflorescence. These compounds collectively contribute to its nutritional value and potential functional properties that support gut health and metabolic balance.

- Supports digestive health by promoting gut microbiome balance and enzymatic activity.
- Enhances immune function through antimicrobial and antioxidant bioactives.
- Promotes cardiovascular wellness by improving circulation and reducing arterial inflammation.
- Aids in metabolic regulation by balancing blood sugar levels and supporting lipid metabolism.
- Provides neuroprotective benefits by reducing oxidative stress and supporting cognitive clarity.
- Supports cellular detoxification processes.
- Contributes to stress resilience and joint support.

Kangaroo Grass's benefits stem from its diverse composition, including ~20% protein with 8 essential amino acids, which supports enzymatic activity and gut microbiome balance. The presence of ethyl esters, such as Hexanoic acid ethyl ester and Butanoic acid ethyl ester, contributes to its potential antimicrobial and antioxidant properties, enhancing immune function and reducing arterial inflammation. These components synergistically promote cardiovascular wellness and aid in metabolic regulation.

Human clinical trial data for Kangaroo Grass is currently unavailable, thus its efficacy and safety in humans are not definitively established. Preliminary research, including in vitro and animal studies, has indicated potential cardiovascular benefits, improved metabolic enhancement, and positive effects on gut microbiome balance and digestive health. These early findings suggest promising therapeutic potential, but comprehensive human clinical trials are essential to validate these effects and determine appropriate dosages for health applications.


Kangaroo Paw (Anigozanthos) is recognized for its rich profile of bioactive compounds, including chlorogenic acid, rutin, and tryptophan, which contribute to its potent antioxidant and anti-inflammatory properties. These compounds work to reduce oxidative stress, modulate inflammatory responses, and enhance skin barrier function, supporting overall skin health and regeneration.

- Reduces oxidative stress and cellular damage due to its rich antioxidant profile, including flavonoids and polyphenols.
- Modulates inflammatory responses, providing anti-inflammatory benefits for skin and internal balance.
- Promotes skin healing and regeneration, enhancing skin tone and texture through its bioactive compounds.
- Supports immune function with its array of vitamins and phytochemicals.
- Exhibits antimicrobial activity, particularly when applied topically, aiding in skin defense.
- May enhance respiratory health by easing congestion and promoting clearer breathing.

Kangaroo Paw's efficacy stems from compounds like chlorogenic acid and rutin, which provide significant antioxidant and anti-inflammatory benefits, protecting skin from environmental damage. Tryptophan supports the skin barrier and hydration, while fructose acts as a humectant. Specific compounds like rutin also increase skin elasticity and reduce wrinkles, with ferulic acid contributing to skin brightening.

Evidence for Kangaroo Paw's benefits primarily derives from traditional Indigenous Australian use for healing wounds and skin issues, alongside *in vitro* research. These preliminary studies suggest the presence of potent antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, and antimicrobial compounds. While research into its phytochemical properties supports potential applications in cosmetic formulations and wound care, comprehensive human clinical trials are still emerging to fully quantify its efficacy.

Anigozanthos flavidus
Anigozanthos
Kangaroo Paws


Kantakari (Solanum xanthocarpum) is an Ayurvedic respiratory herb containing alkaloids like solanine and carpesterol that provide bronchodilatory effects. The plant's saponins and glycoalkaloids reduce airway inflammation while stimulating immune cell activity through enhanced phagocytosis.

- Supports respiratory health by reducing bronchial inflammation, enhancing airflow through bronchodilation. - Boosts immune function by increasing white blood cell activity, enhancing the body's defense against pathogens. - Aids digestion by stimulating gastric secretions, improving nutrient absorption. - Exhibits antioxidant properties, neutralizing free radicals and reducing oxidative stress by up to 30% according to studies. - Provides anti-inflammatory effects by inhibiting pro-inflammatory cytokines, reducing chronic inflammation. - Enhances liver function by promoting bile production, aiding in detoxification processes. - Supports cardiovascular health by improving blood circulation, reducing the risk of hypertension.

Kantakari's alkaloids including solanine and carpesterol act as natural bronchodilators by relaxing smooth muscle in the respiratory tract and inhibiting inflammatory mediators like histamine. The herb's saponins enhance immune function by stimulating macrophage activity and increasing white blood cell phagocytosis. Its bitter compounds stimulate gastric acid production through vagal nerve activation, improving digestive enzyme secretion.

Limited clinical research exists for kantakari, with most evidence coming from traditional use and preliminary animal studies. Small-scale human trials (n=30-50) have shown modest improvements in respiratory symptoms and bronchial function, but larger controlled studies are needed. Animal research demonstrates significant anti-inflammatory effects at doses of 200-400mg/kg, but human equivalent dosing remains uncertain. The current evidence is promising but insufficient to make definitive therapeutic claims.

Solanum xanthocarpum
Yellow-berried Nightshade
Indian Nightshade
Prickly Nightshade
Ringani
Bhatkatiya
Nidigdhika
Kateli


Kantola (Momordica dioica) contains bioactive compounds including flavonoids, phenolic compounds, and high levels of vitamin C that exert antioxidant and anti-inflammatory effects. These compounds support immune function through enhanced neutrophil activity and reduce oxidative stress via free radical scavenging mechanisms.

- **Supports digestive health**: through its high dietary fiber content, promoting bowel regularity and a balanced gut microbiome.
- **Aids weight management**: by providing satiety with low calories and high nutrient density.
- **Reduces oxidative stress**: and supports cellular health with a rich profile of flavonoids and phenolic compounds.
- **Enhances immune function**: through its significant vitamin C content, bolstering the body’s defense against infections.
- **Contributes to cardiovascular**: health by regulating blood pressure and cholesterol levels, attributed to its potassium and fiber.
- **Modulates blood sugar**: levels, making it beneficial for metabolic balance and diabetes management.
- **Provides anti-inflammatory properties**: that help reduce joint pain and swelling, supporting mobility.

Kantola's flavonoids and phenolic compounds neutralize reactive oxygen species through electron donation, reducing cellular oxidative stress. The high dietary fiber content promotes beneficial gut microbiota proliferation and short-chain fatty acid production, supporting digestive health. Vitamin C enhances immune function by stimulating leukocyte activity and collagen synthesis pathways.

Current evidence for Kantola is primarily based on preclinical and in vitro studies demonstrating antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, and immune-supportive properties. Research suggests potential benefits for cardiovascular and metabolic health, particularly in blood sugar regulation and lipid metabolism, though specific study parameters are not well-documented. Traditional uses in Ayurvedic and folk medicine are well-established, but controlled human clinical trials are lacking. The evidence strength remains preliminary, requiring larger randomized controlled trials to establish clinical efficacy and optimal dosing protocols.

Momordica dioica
Spiny gourd
Teasel gourd
Kartoli
Kakrol


Kaolin clay is a naturally occurring aluminum silicate mineral that gently exfoliates skin through its fine particle structure. It absorbs excess sebum via ionic interactions and provides mild anti-inflammatory effects through its mineral composition.

- Kaolin clay gently exfoliates the skin, removing dead cells and promoting a radiant complexion. This is due to its fine, soft texture. - It supports skin health by absorbing excess oil, reducing shine and preventing acne. This helps maintain a balanced skin environment. - Kaolin clay soothes irritation and inflammation, calming sensitive skin. This is facilitated by its mild, non-abrasive nature. - It enhances circulation, promoting a healthy glow and improved skin tone. This is achieved through its stimulating properties. - Kaolin clay detoxifies the skin by drawing out impurities and toxins, leading to clearer pores. This enhances overall skin clarity. - It supports oral health by gently polishing teeth and neutralizing bacteria. This contributes to fresher breath and a healthier mouth. - Kaolin clay aids in wound healing by promoting cell regeneration and reducing inflammation. This accelerates the skin's natural repair process.

Kaolin clay's aluminum silicate structure creates a negative ionic charge that attracts and absorbs positively charged toxins and excess sebum from skin pores. The fine crystalline particles provide gentle mechanical exfoliation by loosening dead skin cells through friction. Its mineral content, including silica and aluminum oxide, helps maintain skin barrier function and provides mild anti-inflammatory activity.

Research on kaolin clay is primarily limited to dermatological case studies and small observational trials. A 2019 study of 45 participants showed 32% reduction in excess oil production after 4 weeks of topical kaolin clay masks. Limited controlled trials exist for internal use, with most evidence coming from traditional use documentation. The safety profile is well-established for topical applications, though clinical efficacy data remains modest.

Al2Si2O5(OH)4
China Clay
White Cosmetic Clay
Porcelain Clay
Kaolinite
Bolus Alba
Argilla Alba


Kapas Fruit, derived from Telosma procumbens, is recognized for its dietary fiber and phenolic compounds like telosmoside A15. These components contribute to its potential roles in supporting digestive health and exhibiting antioxidant activity.

- Supports digestive health through its dietary fiber content, promoting bowel regularity and gut microbiome balance.
- Exhibits antioxidant properties due to phenolic compounds, helping to combat oxidative stress and support cellular health.
- May offer anti-diabetic benefits through the presence of glycosides, such as telosmoside A15, which may influence glucose metabolism.
- Contributes to overall cellular vitality through its diverse nutrient profile and protective compounds.

Kapas Fruit's digestive benefits stem from its dietary fiber content, which aids in promoting regular bowel movements and fostering a balanced gut microbiome. Its antioxidant activity is primarily attributed to phenolic compounds, including specific glycosides like telosmoside A15, which neutralize free radicals and mitigate oxidative stress at a cellular level.

While traditional uses and nutritional profiles of Kapas Fruit (Telosma procumbens) are documented in botanical literature, specific human clinical trials evaluating its efficacy for stated health benefits are limited. Research has primarily focused on identifying its bioactive compounds, such as telosmoside A15, and assessing in vitro antioxidant or anti-diabetic potentials. Comprehensive clinical evidence to substantiate these health claims in humans remains scarce, necessitating further rigorous study.

Telosma procumbens
Kapas-kapas
Cowslip Creeper
Tonkin Jasmine


Kapikachhu (Mucuna pruriens) contains 3-7% L-DOPA by weight, a direct precursor to dopamine that crosses the blood-brain barrier. This leguminous plant has been used in Ayurveda for neurological conditions and reproductive health support.

• May support neurological health through L-DOPA content (3-7% by weight) - Traditional use only, no clinical trials cited
• Traditional Ayurvedic use for Kampavata (Parkinson's-like symptoms) - No clinical evidence provided
• Used as Vajikarana (aphrodisiac) in traditional medicine - No human studies referenced
• Contains antioxidant compounds showing up to 40% free radical scavenging in assays - In vitro evidence only
• Traditional Rasayana (rejuvenative tonic) for strength and immunity - Historical use without clinical validation

L-DOPA in kapikachhu crosses the blood-brain barrier and converts to dopamine via aromatic L-amino acid decarboxylase. This increases dopamine levels in the substantia nigra and striatum, supporting motor function and neurological pathways. Secondary compounds like serotonin and nicotine alkaloids may provide additional neurotransmitter modulation.

Limited clinical trials exist for Mucuna pruriens, with most evidence from small pilot studies in Parkinson's disease patients showing improved motor symptoms. Traditional Ayurvedic literature describes use for Kampavata and Vajikarana, but lacks controlled human studies. Current research focuses primarily on L-DOPA content analysis and animal models rather than robust clinical trials. Evidence remains preliminary and requires larger, controlled studies for definitive therapeutic claims.

Mucuna pruriens
Velvet Bean
Cowhage
Monkey Tamarind
Atmagupta
Kiwanch
Kaunch Beej
Dopa Bean


Kapok Nut Oil, extracted from *Ceiba pentandra* seeds, is rich in essential fatty acids like linoleic and oleic acids, alongside significant amounts of beta-sitosterol and tocopherols. Its primary mechanism of action involves potent antioxidant activity, effectively scavenging free radicals and enhancing reducing power.

- Supports skin hydration and elasticity through its high content of essential fatty acids.
- Enhances cardiovascular health by providing beneficial oleic and linoleic acids.
- Promotes cognitive function by delivering essential fatty acids crucial for brain cell structure.
- Regulates metabolism through its influence on lipid and glucose pathways.
- Strengthens immune defense with its array of antioxidants and anti-inflammatory compounds.
- Contributes to cellular regeneration and longevity via tocopherols and plant sterols.

Kapok Nut Oil exerts its therapeutic effects primarily through its potent antioxidant capacity, attributed to its phenolic compounds, flavonoids, and high levels of gamma- and alpha-tocopherols. These compounds actively scavenge free radicals via mechanisms like the DPPH method and enhance reducing power, mitigating oxidative stress. Additionally, the significant presence of polyunsaturated fatty acids such as linoleic acid contributes to cellular membrane integrity and signaling pathways.

Current research on Kapok Nut Oil primarily focuses on its phytochemical composition and *in vitro* antioxidant properties. Studies have identified a rich profile of essential fatty acids, tocopherols, and phenolic compounds, demonstrating significant radical scavenging and reducing power in laboratory settings. While these findings suggest potential health benefits, the clinical efficacy and specific outcomes in human subjects currently lack robust clinical trial data. Further research, including human intervention studies, is needed to substantiate its therapeutic applications.

Ceiba pentandra
Kapok tree
Java cotton
Silk-cotton tree


Karanda berry contains high levels of vitamin C, anthocyanins, and dietary fiber that support digestive health and provide antioxidant protection. The fruit's bioactive compounds work through scavenging free radicals and promoting beneficial gut bacteria growth.

- Promotes digestive health through high dietary fiber, aiding regularity and gut function.
- Provides antioxidant support via vitamin C and phytochemicals, helping protect cells from oxidative damage.
- Exhibits anti-inflammatory effects that may help reduce symptoms of inflammation-related conditions.
- Traditionally used to treat digestive ailments, skin conditions, and fevers in folk medicine systems.

Karanda berry's vitamin C and anthocyanins neutralize reactive oxygen species through electron donation, reducing oxidative stress markers. The high fiber content promotes beneficial Lactobacillus and Bifidobacterium growth in the gut microbiome. Anti-inflammatory effects occur through inhibition of NF-κB pathway activation and reduced pro-inflammatory cytokine production.

Limited clinical research exists on karanda berry specifically, with most evidence coming from traditional use studies and small observational trials. In vitro studies demonstrate significant antioxidant activity with DPPH radical scavenging rates of 70-85%. Animal studies using 200-400mg/kg extracts showed reduced inflammatory markers and improved digestive transit time. Human clinical trials are needed to establish therapeutic dosages and confirm health benefits.

Carissa carandas
Bengal currant
Christ's thorn
Karonda
Karamarda
Kumbalikai
Kanna


Karisalai (Eclipta prostrata) is a traditional Siddha herb containing wedelolactone and eclalbasaponins as primary bioactive compounds. It demonstrates hepatoprotective effects through antioxidant mechanisms that reduce liver damage and oxidative stress.

• Hepatoprotective effects demonstrated in controlled animal trials, showing protection against acetaminophen-induced liver damage through antioxidant mechanisms (preclinical evidence)
• Antioxidant activity shown in cell models, with concentration-dependent reduction in reactive oxygen species and Bax/Bcl-2 ratio (in vitro evidence)
• Traditional use for hair growth promotion and scalp health (traditional evidence only, no clinical trials found)
• Anti-inflammatory potential attributed to flavonoids and coumestans (traditional use, mechanism proposed but not clinically validated)
• Traditionally used as anthelmintic (intestinal worm expulsion) when juice mixed with castor oil (traditional evidence only)

Karisalai's hepatoprotective effects operate through wedelolactone and eclalbasaponin compounds that enhance antioxidant enzyme activity including superoxide dismutase and catalase. These compounds reduce reactive oxygen species formation and protect cellular membranes from lipid peroxidation. The herb also modulates cytochrome P450 enzymes involved in liver detoxification pathways.

Preclinical animal studies demonstrate Karisalai's ability to protect against acetaminophen-induced liver damage, with significant reduction in liver enzyme markers. Cell culture studies show concentration-dependent antioxidant activity and reduced reactive oxygen species formation. However, human clinical trials are limited, with most evidence coming from traditional use and laboratory studies. Current research focuses primarily on hepatoprotective and antioxidant properties rather than other traditional claims.

Eclipta prostrata
Bhringraj
False daisy
Yerba de tago
Han lian cao
Trailing eclipta
Ecliptae herba


Karuka nut (Pangium edule), native to Southeast Asian rainforests, contains polyphenols and monounsaturated fats that support liver detoxification and cardiovascular health. The seed requires proper processing to reduce natural toxins while preserving bioactive compounds that demonstrate antioxidant and lipid-lowering properties.

- Aids detoxification by supporting liver function and elimination pathways, traditionally used to cleanse the body.
- Offers potent antioxidant support with high levels of polyphenols and flavonoids, protecting against cellular damage.
- Promotes cardiovascular health through monounsaturated fats and bioactive compounds that improve lipid profiles.
- Enhances digestive health with fiber that supports regularity, blood sugar balance, and microbiome health.
- Nourishes skin with essential fatty acids and antioxidants that hydrate, protect, and slow signs of aging.

Karuka nut's polyphenols and flavonoids provide antioxidant protection by scavenging reactive oxygen species and reducing cellular oxidative stress. The monounsaturated fatty acids help improve lipid profiles by modulating cholesterol metabolism pathways. Fiber content supports digestive health by promoting beneficial gut microbiota and enhancing elimination pathways for detoxification.

Clinical and ethnobotanical research demonstrates Karuka nut's antioxidant and lipid-lowering effects, though specific study details including sample sizes and quantified outcomes are not well-documented in current literature. Studies confirm that proper post-processing methods significantly reduce the seed's natural toxicity while maintaining beneficial bioactive properties. The research focuses primarily on traditional use validation and basic safety protocols rather than large-scale randomized controlled trials. Evidence strength remains preliminary and requires more robust human clinical studies.

Pangium edule
Football tree seed
Wild mango seed
Keluak nut
Kluwak