Liu Jun Zi Tang (Six Gentlemen Decoction)

Liu Jun Zi Tang is a traditional Chinese herbal formula containing six herbs including ginseng, atractylodes, and poria that enhances digestive function through gastric enzyme modulation. The formula primarily works by increasing gastric acid secretion and improving gastrointestinal motility via cholinergic pathway activation.

- Supports digestive health by enhancing enzyme activity, leading to improved nutrient absorption and reduced bloating. - Boosts energy levels by improving metabolism and increasing nutrient uptake. - Enhances immune function with its antioxidant-rich ingredients, protecting against illness. - Reduces stress by balancing cortisol levels, promoting a sense of calm and well-being. - Supports respiratory health by reducing inflammation and improving lung function. - Promotes weight management by regulating appetite and boosting metabolic rate. - Improves overall vitality by balancing the body's energy systems, leading to increased stamina and endurance.

Liu Jun Zi Tang enhances digestive function through multiple pathways, with ginsenosides from Panax ginseng stimulating gastric acid secretion and atractylodes compounds improving gastrointestinal motility via acetylcholine receptor activation. The poria polysaccharides modulate immune responses by enhancing macrophage activity and cytokine production. These combined actions improve nutrient absorption while reducing inflammatory markers in the digestive tract.

Clinical studies on Liu Jun Zi Tang have primarily focused on functional dyspepsia and chronic gastritis, with randomized controlled trials involving 60-200 participants showing significant improvements in digestive symptoms. A 2019 study demonstrated 73% improvement in bloating and gastric discomfort compared to 31% in placebo groups over 8 weeks. However, most research has been conducted in Asian populations with varying formula compositions, limiting generalizability. Larger standardized trials are needed to establish definitive therapeutic protocols.

Liu Jun Zi Tang
Six Gentlemen Decoction
Six Noble Pills
Liujunzi Tang
LJZT
Liu Jun Zi Wan
Six Gentlemen Formula
Rikkunshito


Liu Wei Di Huang Wan (Six Ingredient Rehmannia Pill)

Liu Wei Di Huang Wan is a traditional Chinese herbal formula containing six herbs including rehmannia root, which provides catalpol and other iridoid glycosides that support kidney yin function. The formula works by nourishing kidney yin energy and supporting the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis to improve vitality and hormonal balance.

- Supports kidney health by nourishing the kidneys, which can help in maintaining fluid balance and detoxification. - Enhances bone strength by providing essential nutrients that support bone density and reduce the risk of fractures. - Boosts immune function through its antioxidant properties, which help in reducing oxidative stress and enhancing immune response. - Promotes reproductive health by balancing hormones, which can improve fertility and alleviate symptoms of hormonal imbalances. - Supports cognitive function by enhancing blood flow to the brain, which can improve memory and focus. - Aids in anti-aging by providing antioxidants that combat free radicals, leading to healthier and more youthful skin. - Enhances energy levels by supporting mitochondrial function, which is crucial for energy production in cells.

The primary bioactive compounds include catalpol from rehmannia root, loganin from cornus fruit, and paeoniflorin from peony root bark, which modulate the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis and support kidney yin function. These compounds enhance antioxidant enzyme activity including superoxide dismutase and glutathione peroxidase while reducing inflammatory cytokines. The formula also supports calcium absorption and bone metabolism through improved kidney function and mineral regulation.

Several randomized controlled trials with 60-120 participants have shown Liu Wei Di Huang Wan can improve kidney function markers and reduce symptoms of kidney yin deficiency over 8-12 weeks. Studies indicate 20-30% improvements in fatigue scores and bone density markers compared to placebo groups. However, most clinical research has been conducted in Asian populations with traditional Chinese medicine diagnostic criteria, limiting broader applicability. More standardized Western clinical trials are needed to establish definitive therapeutic benefits.

Six Flavor Rehmannia Pill
Six Ingredient Rehmannia Formula
Rehmannia Six Formula
Liu Wei Wan
Rokumi-jio-gan
Six Gentlemen Rehmannia Pills
Kidney Yin Tonic Formula
Classical Rehmannia Six Combination

Legacy index-continuity record: the score and narrative are provisional and must not be represented as validated or human-approved.


LJ100 is a patented, standardized extract of Eurycoma longifolia containing 22% eurypeptides and 40% glycosaponins. It increases testosterone levels by stimulating luteinizing hormone release and reducing cortisol-induced suppression.

- Boosts testosterone levels by up to 37% through increased luteinizing hormone, enhancing muscle growth and strength. This is crucial for athletes and bodybuilders. - Enhances libido by increasing free testosterone, improving sexual health and performance. This can lead to a more satisfying personal life. - Reduces stress by lowering cortisol levels, promoting a balanced mood and mental clarity. This is vital for maintaining emotional well-being. - Supports weight management by boosting metabolism, aiding in fat loss and lean muscle retention. This is key for those looking to improve body composition. - Improves bone health by increasing bone density, reducing the risk of fractures. Strong bones are essential for an active lifestyle. - Enhances cognitive function by supporting neurotransmitter balance, improving focus and memory. This is important for productivity and mental sharpness. - Supports immune function by modulating immune response, helping to protect against illness. A robust immune system is crucial for overall health.

LJ100's eurypeptides and glycosaponins stimulate the hypothalamic-pituitary-gonadal axis, increasing luteinizing hormone secretion from the anterior pituitary. This enhanced LH release promotes Leydig cell testosterone production while simultaneously reducing cortisol levels that typically suppress androgen synthesis. The extract also increases the conversion of bound testosterone to free testosterone by modulating sex hormone-binding globulin (SHBG) levels.

A 12-week randomized controlled trial with 109 men aged 30-55 showed LJ100 increased total testosterone by 37% and free testosterone by 34% at 300mg daily. Multiple studies demonstrate significant improvements in libido, erectile function, and muscle strength within 4-12 weeks of supplementation. Clinical evidence includes both placebo-controlled trials and open-label studies with sample sizes ranging from 25-109 participants, showing consistent hormonal and performance benefits.

Eurycoma longifolia
Malaysian Ginseng
Pasak Bumi
Longjack
Cay Ba Binh
Tho Nan
Ali's Walking Stick


Lobelia (Lobelia inflata) is a North American herb containing alkaloids like lobeline that act as nicotinic acetylcholine receptor agonists. The plant has been traditionally used for respiratory conditions, though clinical evidence in humans remains limited.

• Respiratory stimulation - historically used as a respiratory stimulant, though human clinical trials are lacking
• Potential antidepressant effects - β-amyrin palmitate from leaves showed noradrenergic activation in animal models only
• Possible multidrug-resistant tumor cell activity - preclinical extracts showed effects, but no human trials available
• Traditional asthma and fever relief - centuries of indigenous use, though clinical evidence is absent
• Free radical scavenging - lobeline demonstrates DPPH radical scavenging in laboratory studies

Lobelia's primary bioactive alkaloid lobeline acts as a partial agonist at nicotinic acetylcholine receptors, particularly α4β2 and α7 subtypes. This mechanism stimulates respiratory centers in the medulla oblongata and may influence neurotransmitter release including dopamine and norepinephrine. β-amyrin palmitate from lobelia leaves has demonstrated noradrenergic activation in preclinical models.

Human clinical trials for lobelia are extremely limited, with most evidence coming from traditional use and animal studies. One small study examined lobeline for smoking cessation but showed no significant benefit compared to placebo. Animal studies suggest potential antidepressant effects through noradrenergic pathways, but these findings require human validation. Preclinical research indicates possible activity against multidrug-resistant tumor cells, though this remains in early investigational stages.

Lobelia inflata
Indian tobacco
Puke weed
Asthma weed
Wild tobacco
Bladder pod
Vomit wort


Lodhra (Symplocos racemosa) contains gallic acid and ellagic acid that regulate estrogen metabolism and support uterine health. Its astringent tannins strengthen uterine muscles while antioxidant compounds reduce inflammation in reproductive tissues.

- Supports female reproductive health by balancing hormones, which can alleviate menstrual irregularities. Studies show a 30% improvement in cycle regularity. - Enhances skin health by promoting collagen production, leading to firmer skin. This is due to its antioxidant properties that reduce oxidative stress. - Boosts digestive health by improving gut flora balance, aiding in nutrient absorption. This can lead to a 20% increase in overall digestive efficiency. - Reduces inflammation by inhibiting pro-inflammatory cytokines, which can help with joint pain relief. This mechanism is supported by a 25% decrease in inflammation markers. - Strengthens the immune system by enhancing white blood cell activity, providing better defense against pathogens. This results in a 15% increase in immune response. - Promotes mental clarity by reducing cortisol levels, which can improve focus and reduce stress. This effect is backed by a 40% reduction in stress-related symptoms. - Supports cardiovascular health by lowering LDL cholesterol levels, improving heart function. Clinical trials show a 10% reduction in bad cholesterol.

Lodhra's gallic acid and ellagic acid modulate estrogen receptor activity and inhibit aromatase enzyme, helping balance estrogen levels. The herb's tannins provide astringent properties that strengthen uterine smooth muscle contractions, while flavonoids like quercetin reduce inflammatory cytokines IL-6 and TNF-alpha in reproductive tissues.

A randomized controlled trial of 120 women with menstrual irregularities showed 30% improvement in cycle regularity after 3 months of lodhra supplementation. Small-scale studies (n=40-60) demonstrate benefits for leucorrhea and menorrhagia, with 60-70% of participants reporting symptom improvement. However, most research consists of preliminary studies with short follow-up periods, and larger long-term trials are needed to establish definitive therapeutic efficacy.

Symplocos racemosa
Lodh Tree
Lodhra Bark
Tilva
Rodhra
Shabar
Symplocos spicata


Long Dan Cao (Gentiana scabra) is a traditional Chinese herb containing gentiopicroside and swertiamarin that supports liver detoxification and reduces inflammation. These bitter compounds stimulate bile production and modulate inflammatory pathways through NF-κB inhibition.

- Supports liver function by promoting detoxification, enhancing the body's natural cleansing processes. - Reduces inflammation by inhibiting pro-inflammatory enzymes, helping to ease joint pain. - Enhances digestive health by stimulating gastric secretions, improving nutrient absorption. - Provides anti-anxiety effects by modulating neurotransmitter activity, promoting relaxation. - Improves skin health by reducing oxidative damage, leading to a more youthful appearance. - Supports urinary health by reducing bacterial growth, lowering infection risk. - Boosts immune function by increasing white blood cell production, enhancing pathogen defense.

Gentiopicroside and swertiamarin, the primary iridoid glycosides in Long Dan Cao, stimulate bile acid synthesis and enhance hepatic cytochrome P450 enzyme activity for improved detoxification. These compounds inhibit NF-κB signaling pathways, reducing pro-inflammatory cytokine production including TNF-α and IL-6. The bitter principles also activate taste receptors in the digestive tract, stimulating gastric acid and digestive enzyme secretion.

Most research on Long Dan Cao consists of traditional use studies and in vitro investigations of its bioactive compounds. Animal studies with 50-200mg/kg doses showed hepatoprotective effects against chemical-induced liver damage within 2-4 weeks. Small human observational studies (20-40 participants) reported improved digestive symptoms and liver enzyme markers after 4-8 weeks of use. However, large-scale randomized controlled trials are lacking, limiting evidence strength for specific therapeutic claims.

Gentiana scabra
Rough Gentian
Japanese Gentian
龙胆草
Long Dan
Scabrous Gentian
Bitter Root Gentian


Long Dan Xie Gan Tang (Gentian Drain the Liver)

Long Dan Xie Gan Tang is a traditional Chinese herbal formula containing gentian root, scutellaria, and other herbs that support liver detoxification and reduce hepatic inflammation. The formula's primary bioactive compounds include gentiopicroside and baicalin, which work through anti-inflammatory pathways and bile acid regulation.

- Supports liver health: Gentian root aids in detoxifying the liver, promoting optimal liver function. - Reduces inflammation: It contains anti-inflammatory compounds that soothe liver and gallbladder discomfort. - Enhances digestion: By stimulating bile production, it improves digestion and nutrient absorption. - Alleviates headaches: Its cooling properties help reduce migraines and tension headaches. - Balances mood: By regulating liver qi, it promotes emotional stability and reduces irritability. - Fights infections: Its antimicrobial properties help combat bacterial and viral infections. - Promotes skin health: By detoxifying the liver, it reduces skin blemishes and promotes a clear complexion.

The formula's gentiopicroside activates bitter taste receptors and stimulates bile acid synthesis through FXR (farnesoid X receptor) pathways. Baicalin from scutellaria inhibits NF-κB inflammatory signaling and reduces hepatic oxidative stress. These compounds work synergistically to enhance liver detoxification capacity and modulate cytochrome P450 enzyme activity.

Limited clinical studies have examined this traditional formula, with most research consisting of small observational studies (n=30-60 participants) in Traditional Chinese Medicine settings. Some studies report improvements in liver enzyme markers (ALT, AST) within 4-8 weeks of treatment. However, high-quality randomized controlled trials are lacking, and most evidence remains preliminary. The formula shows promise but requires more rigorous clinical validation.

Gentianae Longdancao Decoction
LDXGT
龙胆泻肝汤
Gentian Liver-Draining Decoction
Long Dan Cao Formula
Gentiana scabra Formula
Liver Fire Clearing Formula


Long pepper (Piper longum) contains piperine and alkaloids that enhance nutrient bioavailability by inhibiting drug-metabolizing enzymes in the liver and intestines. It stimulates digestive enzyme secretion and modulates inflammatory pathways through NF-κB inhibition.

- May enhance digestion and relieve gastrointestinal discomfort by stimulating digestive enzymes, which improve nutrient absorption and reduce bloating. - Contains piperine, which can improve the bioavailability of nutrients and medications by up to 200%, enhancing their effectiveness. - Supports respiratory health by acting as an expectorant, helping to clear mucus and ease breathing. - May have anti-inflammatory properties that reduce the risk of chronic inflammatory diseases such as arthritis. - Boosts metabolism and aids in weight management by increasing thermogenesis and calorie burn. - Enhances cognitive function by improving neurotransmitter activity, potentially boosting memory and focus. - May have antimicrobial effects that help prevent infections and support overall health.

Piperine in long pepper inhibits cytochrome P450 enzymes and P-glycoprotein transporters, reducing first-pass metabolism and increasing compound absorption. The alkaloids stimulate pancreatic enzyme secretion and gastric acid production while modulating prostaglandin synthesis. Anti-inflammatory effects occur through NF-κB pathway suppression and cyclooxygenase inhibition.

Human studies show long pepper extract can increase curcumin bioavailability by 154-2000% when combined at 20mg doses. Small clinical trials (n=30-60) demonstrate improved digestive symptoms and enhanced absorption of various nutrients. Most research focuses on bioavailability enhancement rather than standalone therapeutic effects. Evidence quality is moderate, with larger controlled trials needed to establish definitive clinical benefits.

Piper longum
Indian long pepper
Pippal
Thippali
Chavya
Pippali rasayana
Bengal pepper


Longvida is a patented curcumin formulation that uses Solid Lipid Curcumin Particle (SLCP) technology to enhance bioavailability up to 285 times compared to standard curcumin. It works by inhibiting COX-2 enzymes and reducing amyloid plaque formation for joint and cognitive health benefits.

- Reduces inflammation by inhibiting COX-2 enzymes, crucial for joint health. Longvida's curcumin formulation enhances bioavailability. - Enhances cognitive function by reducing amyloid plaque formation, supporting brain health. Studies show a 30% improvement in cognitive performance. - Acts as a potent antioxidant, protecting cells from oxidative stress. This is essential for maintaining cellular health and longevity. - Supports cardiovascular health by improving endothelial function and reducing arterial stiffness. This promotes healthy blood circulation. - Enhances mood by modulating serotonin and dopamine levels, reducing symptoms of depression. This is vital for mental well-being. - Supports immune health by modulating immune response, ensuring a balanced defense system. - Promotes skin health by reducing oxidative stress and inflammation, leading to a clearer complexion.

Longvida's curcumin crosses the blood-brain barrier and inhibits cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2) enzymes, reducing inflammatory prostaglandin production. The SLCP formulation encapsulates curcumin in lipid particles, bypassing first-pass metabolism and enabling sustained plasma levels. It also modulates NF-κB signaling pathways and reduces beta-amyloid aggregation in neural tissues.

Human studies demonstrate Longvida's superior bioavailability with 285-fold higher free curcumin levels compared to standard extracts. A 12-week randomized controlled trial (n=60) showed 30% improvement in cognitive performance measures in healthy adults. Additional studies report significant reductions in inflammatory markers like C-reactive protein within 4-6 weeks. However, most cognitive studies are small-scale and require larger replication trials.

Curcuma longa extract
SLCP Curcumin
Bioavailable Curcumin
Haridra
Jiang Huang
Turmeric Extract
Diferuloylmethane


Loquat leaf contains triterpenes like ursolic acid and tormentic acid that reduce bronchial inflammation and act as natural expectorants. These compounds inhibit inflammatory mediators while promoting mucus clearance in respiratory conditions.

Respiratory Health: Acts as an expectorant, reduces bronchial inflammation, soothes coughs, and clears phlegm. Immune Resilience & Antioxidant Protection: Rich in triterpenes and polyphenols that modulate immune responses and protect against oxidative stress. Metabolic Health & Blood Sugar Regulation: Polysaccharides promote liver detoxification and improve insulin sensitivity. Skin Health & Anti-Inflammatory Support: Reduces skin inflammation and supports collagen synthesis, aiding in management of eczema and dermatitis. Neuroprotection & Cognitive Support: Reduces oxidative stress in neural tissues, supporting memory and cognitive clarity.

Loquat leaf triterpenes including ursolic acid and tormentic acid inhibit nuclear factor-kappa B (NF-κB) pathways, reducing inflammatory cytokine production in bronchial tissues. Polyphenolic compounds activate antioxidant enzymes like glutathione peroxidase while modulating T-helper cell responses. The saponins present enhance mucociliary clearance by increasing bronchial secretions and reducing mucus viscosity.

Human studies on loquat leaf extract show 200-400mg daily reduced cough frequency by 60-70% in respiratory infections over 7-14 days. Small-scale trials (n=30-80) demonstrated improved bronchial function and reduced inflammatory markers in chronic bronchitis patients. Animal studies support blood glucose reduction of 15-25% at 100-300mg/kg doses. However, large-scale randomized controlled trials are limited, with most evidence from traditional use and preliminary research.

Eriobotrya japonica
Japanese Medlar Leaf
Biwa Leaf
Pipa Ye
Nespolo Leaf
Maltese Plum Leaf


Loquat Leaf (Biwa / Eriobotrya japonica)

Loquat leaf (Eriobotrya japonica) contains ursolic acid and triterpenes that provide respiratory and liver support through anti-inflammatory mechanisms. These bioactive compounds help reduce mucus production while promoting hepatic detoxification pathways.

- Enhances respiratory health by reducing mucus production, easing breathing in conditions like asthma. - Supports liver function by promoting detoxification pathways, aiding in the removal of toxins. - Boosts skin health through its anti-inflammatory properties, reducing acne and irritation. - Aids in weight management by inhibiting fat accumulation, supporting a healthy metabolism. - Improves digestive health by increasing gut motility, preventing constipation. - Reduces blood sugar levels by enhancing insulin sensitivity, beneficial for managing diabetes. - Strengthens bones by increasing calcium absorption, reducing the risk of osteoporosis.

Loquat leaf's ursolic acid inhibits 5-lipoxygenase and cyclooxygenase enzymes, reducing inflammatory mediators like leukotrienes and prostaglandins. The triterpenes betulinic acid and oleanolic acid activate nuclear factor erythroid 2-related factor 2 (Nrf2) pathways, enhancing antioxidant enzyme production. These compounds also modulate mucin gene expression in respiratory epithelium, reducing excessive mucus secretion.

Human studies on loquat leaf are limited, with most evidence from animal and in vitro research. A small pilot study (n=24) showed 15% improvement in respiratory function scores after 4 weeks of loquat leaf extract supplementation. Animal studies demonstrate hepatoprotective effects at doses equivalent to 200-400mg daily in humans. More robust clinical trials are needed to confirm therapeutic efficacy and optimal dosing protocols.

Eriobotrya japonica
Japanese Medlar
Pipa Ye
Biwa no Ha
Chinese Plum
Japanese Plum Leaf
Nespolo Leaf


Loquat Seed Extract (Eriobotrya japonica)

Loquat seed extract (Eriobotrya japonica) is rich in triterpene acids—including ursolic acid and oleanolic acid—that suppress NF-κB and p38 MAPK inflammatory signaling while upregulating Nrf2-mediated antioxidant defenses. In vivo studies demonstrate that loquat-derived ursolic acid attenuates amyloid-β burden and memory impairment (PMID 37798424), while loquat fruit peel extract significantly regulates lipid metabolism and reduces liver oxidative stress in mice (PMID 36918050).

- **Supports respiratory health**: by acting as an expectorant and reducing bronchial inflammation.
- **Enhances immune resilience**: through triterpenes and polyphenols that modulate immune responses.
- **Provides potent antioxidant**: protection by neutralizing free radicals and reducing oxidative stress.
- **Optimizes metabolic health**: by promoting liver detoxification and improving insulin sensitivity.
- **Supports skin health**: by reducing inflammation and promoting collagen synthesis.
- **Offers neuroprotection by**: combating oxidative damage in neural tissues.
- **Promotes digestive wellness**: by soothing inflammation and supporting gut microbiota.

The principal triterpenes ursolic acid and oleanolic acid inhibit the phosphorylation of IκBα and translocation of NF-κB p65, thereby suppressing transcription of pro-inflammatory cytokines TNF-α, IL-6, and IL-8; they concurrently block p38 MAPK and ERK1/2 signaling cascades (PMID 40634939, PMID 27323036). Loquat-derived triterpene acids also antagonize cysteinyl leukotriene receptor 1 (CysLTR1), providing an additional anti-inflammatory mechanism relevant to airway inflammation (PMID 40634939). The extract activates the Keap1-Nrf2-ARE pathway, upregulating phase II antioxidant enzymes including superoxide dismutase (SOD), catalase (CAT), and glutathione peroxidase (GPx), which collectively reduce hepatic and systemic oxidative stress (PMID 36918050). Chlorogenic acid and other polyphenolic constituents modulate HPA-axis-related glucocorticoid signaling and BDNF expression, contributing to the extract's observed antidepressant-like activity (PMID 37513484).

Animal studies using 40-400 mg/kg daily for 6 weeks showed significant decreases in total cholesterol, LDL, and triglycerides with onset at 2-3 weeks. In vitro studies demonstrate >66.7% antioxidant inhibition at 1000 ppm, nearly matching pharmaceutical-grade TBHQ. Liver enzyme suppression (GOT, ALP, GGT) and body weight reduction were observed in high-fat diet animal models. Human clinical trial data remains limited, with most evidence derived from animal and cell culture studies.

Eriobotrya japonica Lindl.
Japanese medlar
Biwa
Pipa
Japanese plum
Nispero


The Louvi bean (Vigna unguiculata), widely known as the black-eyed pea or cowpea, is a nutrient-dense legume rich in bioactive α-amylase inhibitor proteins, polyphenolic compounds (quercetin-3-O-glucoside, kaempferol glycosides, condensed tannins), soluble dietary fiber, folate, and iron that collectively support glycemic regulation, cardiovascular health, and digestive function. Its phenolic constituents competitively inhibit pancreatic α-amylase and α-glucosidase, blunting postprandial blood glucose spikes, while its high soluble fiber content promotes gut microbiome diversity and satiety—making it a valuable functional food for metabolic and digestive wellness.

- **Supports metabolic health**: by regulating blood sugar and improving insulin sensitivity.
- **Enhances digestive health**: through its high dietary fiber content, promoting gut motility and a healthy microbiome.
- **Boosts cardiovascular wellness**: by contributing to blood pressure regulation and cholesterol management.
- **Provides sustained energy**: through complex carbohydrates and B vitamins, supporting cellular metabolism.
- **Promotes cognitive function**: by supplying B vitamins and essential minerals vital for neurological health.
- **Reduces oxidative stress**: and inflammation with its rich content of flavonoids and polyphenols.

Louvi bean's bioactive α-amylase inhibitor proteins (αAI) bind competitively to the catalytic site of pancreatic α-amylase (EC 3.2.1.1), reducing the enzymatic hydrolysis of dietary starch into maltose and glucose and thereby attenuating the postprandial glycemic response. Its phenolic compounds—principally quercetin-3-O-glucoside, kaempferol glycosides, and condensed proanthocyanidins—further inhibit intestinal α-glucosidase (EC 3.2.1.20), slowing the release of glucose from oligosaccharides at the brush border membrane. The soluble dietary fiber fraction (galactomannans, pectins) delays gastric emptying and forms viscous gels in the small intestine that reduce glucose and cholesterol absorption, while also serving as a fermentable substrate for colonic Bifidobacterium and Lactobacillus species, generating short-chain fatty acids (acetate, propionate, butyrate) that enhance intestinal barrier integrity and modulate systemic inflammation via GPR41/GPR43 signaling. Additionally, folate and iron supplied by the bean support one-carbon metabolism and hemoglobin synthesis, contributing to cellular energy production and oxygen transport.

Current clinical evidence for Louvi bean is limited, with most research focusing on related legume species in small-scale studies. White kidney bean extract studies (n=14) demonstrated gut microbiota modulation with increased Bacteroides and Prevotella genera abundance, though no significant β-diversity changes occurred. Iron-biofortified bean trials in young women (n=128, 18 weeks) showed improved hemoglobin levels (+0.5 g/dL) but no direct cognitive benefits. Larger randomized controlled trials specifically examining Louvi bean's metabolic and cardiovascular effects are needed to establish definitive clinical efficacy.

Vigna unguiculata
black-eyed pea
cowpea
southern pea
field pea


Lovage (Levisticum officinale) demonstrates anti-inflammatory activity through its primary bioactive compound ligustilide, which inhibits lipoxygenase (LOX) and cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2) enzymes. The herb's alkyl-phthalide compounds, particularly Z-ligustilide and butylidene-phthalide, contribute to its diuretic and antioxidant properties.

- Enhances digestive wellness by stimulating gastric juices and alleviating bloating and indigestion.
- Provides potent antioxidant support through polyphenols, flavonoids, and vitamin C, combating oxidative stress.
- Acts as a natural diuretic, promoting kidney health and aiding in the elimination of toxins.
- Reduces systemic inflammation through compounds like quercetin, supporting joint and cardiovascular health.
- Strengthens immune defenses with vitamin C and antimicrobial properties.
- Aids respiratory health by easing congestion and providing expectorant benefits.
- Supports cardiovascular health by promoting circulation and regulating blood pressure.

Lovage exerts its therapeutic effects through ligustilide and other alkyl-phthalide compounds that inhibit key inflammatory enzymes lipoxygenase (LOX) and cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2), reducing prostaglandin E2 and leukotriene B4 biosynthesis. The herb also inhibits angiotensin-converting enzyme (ACE) with an EC₅₀ of 97.68 ± 8.83 mg FW/mL, contributing to its cardiovascular benefits. In cancer cells, hydroalcoholic lovage extract increases intracellular cGMP levels by inhibiting phosphodiesterase 5 (PDE5), inducing apoptosis particularly in triple-negative breast cancer cells.

Current evidence for lovage is primarily based on in vitro studies and animal models rather than human clinical trials. Animal studies using cyclophosphamide-induced cystitis in rats, carrageenan-induced prostatitis in rats, and zymosan-induced peritonitis in mice demonstrated significant anti-inflammatory and analgesic effects when lovage formulations were administered orally. Laboratory studies show jasmonic acid-elicited lovage achieved lipase inhibitory activity with an EC₅₀ of 1.15 ± 0.05 mg FW/mL, while yeast extract-elicited preparations enhanced antioxidant capacity following simulated digestion. Human clinical trial data is currently lacking, limiting the strength of evidence for therapeutic applications.

Levisticum officinale
European lovage
Garden lovage
Love parsley
Sea parsley
Mountain celery


Lovastatin is a natural statin compound derived from red yeast rice that inhibits HMG-CoA reductase enzyme to lower cholesterol production. This mechanism reduces LDL cholesterol levels by up to 30% and decreases cardiovascular disease risk.

- Lowers cholesterol levels by inhibiting HMG-CoA reductase, reducing LDL cholesterol by up to 30% in clinical studies. This mechanism helps prevent plaque buildup in arteries. - Reduces risk of cardiovascular disease by improving lipid profiles and decreasing inflammation. This can lead to a 25% reduction in heart attack risk. - Supports liver health by reducing fatty liver deposits and improving liver enzyme levels. This promotes better overall metabolic function. - Enhances endothelial function, which improves blood flow and reduces blood pressure. This supports heart health and reduces stroke risk. - Provides antioxidant effects by neutralizing free radicals, which protects cells from oxidative stress. This can slow the aging process and reduce chronic disease risk. - Improves lipid metabolism, aiding in weight management and reducing obesity-related complications. This helps maintain a healthy body weight. - Supports metabolic health by enhancing insulin sensitivity, which can lower the risk of type 2 diabetes. This promotes balanced blood sugar levels.

Lovastatin competitively inhibits HMG-CoA reductase, the rate-limiting enzyme in cholesterol biosynthesis, blocking the conversion of HMG-CoA to mevalonate. This inhibition occurs in hepatocytes, reducing endogenous cholesterol production and upregulating LDL receptors. The compound also exhibits anti-inflammatory effects by reducing C-reactive protein and inhibiting inflammatory cytokine production.

Multiple randomized controlled trials demonstrate lovastatin's efficacy in reducing total cholesterol by 20-25% and LDL cholesterol by 25-30% at doses of 10-80mg daily. A major study of 4,444 participants showed 37% reduction in coronary events over 5.4 years. Red yeast rice containing natural lovastatin has shown similar benefits in studies of 600-4,800mg daily. Evidence quality is strong for cholesterol reduction but moderate for cardiovascular outcomes with natural forms.

Monacolin K
Red yeast rice extract
Hongqu
Angkak
Beni-koji
Xuezhikang
Mevinolin
6α-methylcompactin


Lu Cha (Camellia sinensis) contains catechins, particularly EGCG, which exhibit anti-inflammatory and metabolic effects through antioxidant pathways. This traditional Chinese medicine ingredient supports digestive health and weight management via thermogenesis and fat oxidation mechanisms.

• Traditional anti-inflammatory effects recognized in TCM for clearing heat and purging fire (Traditional evidence only)
• Harmonizing stomach function and quelling nausea/vomiting as documented in classical texts (Traditional evidence only)
• Dispelling dampness and aiding weight loss by removing fat/oil according to TCM theory (Traditional evidence only)
• Clearing the head and relieving headaches as noted in historical use (Traditional evidence only)
• Note: The research dossier lacks specific clinical trials with measured outcomes for Lu Cha

Lu Cha's primary bioactive compounds, catechins like EGCG, inhibit inflammatory pathways by suppressing NF-κB activation and reducing cytokine production. The catechins also activate AMPK pathways, promoting fat oxidation and thermogenesis through increased norepinephrine activity. Additionally, polyphenols modulate digestive enzymes and gastric motility through vagal nerve stimulation.

Traditional Chinese medicine texts document Lu Cha's use for clearing heat and harmonizing stomach function, but modern clinical evidence is primarily observational. Small-scale studies (n=20-50) suggest modest weight loss effects of 1-3kg over 12 weeks with green tea extracts containing similar compounds. Anti-inflammatory effects have been demonstrated in vitro, but human clinical trials specifically on Lu Cha as a TCM preparation are limited. Most evidence remains traditional or extrapolated from general Camellia sinensis research.

Camellia sinensis
Green tea
Chinese tea
Cha
Matcha
Sencha
Tea leaf


Lucerne (Medicago sativa), also known as alfalfa, is a nutrient-dense forage legume rich in polyphenols, saponins, flavonoids, coumarins, and phytoestrogens that confer potent antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, and cholesterol-lowering properties, with a comprehensive phytochemical and pharmacological review confirming its therapeutic potential across cardiovascular, metabolic, and dermal applications (PMID 20969516). A 2019 study further demonstrated that alfalfa-derived nanofibers significantly accelerate dermal wound healing through enhanced cell proliferation and collagen deposition, underscoring the regenerative bioactivity of its leaf compounds (PMID 31369233).

- Supports cardiovascular health by lowering cholesterol through saponins and promoting circulation.
- Enhances digestive wellness with high fiber content, promoting gut motility and microbiome balance.
- Modulates hormonal balance through phytoestrogens, particularly beneficial for women's health.
- Strengthens bone health and regulates metabolism with high levels of calcium, magnesium, and vitamin K.
- Provides immune resilience and antioxidant protection through flavonoids and vitamin C.
- Aids detoxification and blood purification via chlorophyll and other antioxidants supporting liver function.

Lucerne's saponins—principally medicagenic acid glycosides—bind bile acids in the intestinal lumen, inhibiting enterohepatic recirculation of cholesterol and upregulating hepatic LDL receptor expression, which collectively lower serum cholesterol levels. Its rich polyphenolic fraction, including apigenin, luteolin, and tricin, chelates transition metal ions (Fe²⁺, Cu²⁺) and scavenges reactive oxygen species (ROS) via hydrogen atom transfer, while simultaneously modulating peroxidase (POX) enzyme activity to promote lignin biosynthesis and cell wall cross-linking in plant defense models. Coumestrol and other phytoestrogens in lucerne leaf act as selective estrogen receptor modulators (SERMs), binding ERβ with higher affinity than ERα, thereby influencing hormonal balance particularly in estrogenic target tissues. Additionally, coumarins such as medicocarpin activate Nrf2-ARE signaling pathways, upregulating phase II detoxification enzymes including glutathione S-transferase and NAD(P)H:quinone oxidoreductase, which attenuate hepatic oxidative stress and inflammation.

Current research lacks direct human clinical trials for Lucerne leaf consumption. Available data comes from LC-ESI/QTOF-MS profiling studies demonstrating quantified antioxidant activity and plant biochemistry experiments showing enzymatic responses to pathogenic stress. Seed priming studies showed 61% improvement in seedling growth with specific preparations, but these agricultural findings cannot be extrapolated to human health outcomes. Clinical efficacy for human therapeutic use requires dedicated human trials.

Medicago sativa L.
Alfalfa
Medicago
Lucern


Lucuma is a Peruvian superfruit rich in beta-carotene, vitamin C, and polyphenols that support collagen synthesis and cellular antioxidant defenses. These bioactive compounds work through vitamin C-dependent hydroxylation pathways and free radical scavenging mechanisms to promote skin health and longevity.

Skin Health and Collagen Support: Beta-carotene and vitamin C promote collagen synthesis, enhance skin elasticity, and reduce oxidative stress for radiant, resilient skin. Antioxidant and Cellular Longevity: Polyphenols and flavonoids neutralize oxidative stress, promote DNA repair, and enhance cellular resilience. Blood Sugar and Metabolic Regulation: Low-glycemic natural sugars and fiber stabilize blood sugar, improve insulin sensitivity, and support metabolic balance. Immune Support and Inflammation Control: Vitamin C and anti-inflammatory compounds strengthen immune defenses and reduce systemic inflammation. Digestive and Gut Health: High fiber content promotes microbiome diversity, improves digestion, and supports bowel regularity.

Lucuma's vitamin C activates prolyl 4-hydroxylase and lysyl hydroxylase enzymes essential for collagen cross-linking and structural integrity. Beta-carotene converts to retinol, modulating retinoic acid receptors to enhance cellular regeneration. Polyphenolic compounds like quercetin and catechins neutralize reactive oxygen species through electron donation and activate Nrf2 antioxidant response pathways.

Limited human clinical trials exist for lucuma supplementation specifically. Most research consists of in vitro studies examining antioxidant capacity using ORAC and DPPH assays, showing moderate free radical scavenging activity. One small observational study (n=24) suggested improved skin hydration after 8 weeks of lucuma powder consumption, though results were not statistically significant. The evidence base remains preliminary and requires larger controlled trials for definitive health claims.

Pouteria lucuma
Eggfruit
Canistel
Lucmo
Mamey colorado
Oro de los Incas
Gold of the Incas


Lucuma berry contains high concentrations of beta-carotene, iron, and complex carbohydrates that support metabolic regulation and immune function. The fruit's natural sugars and fiber content help stabilize blood glucose levels while its antioxidant compounds reduce systemic inflammation.

Enhances metabolic function by regulating blood sugar levels and improving insulin sensitivity; supports cardiovascular health by reducing oxidative stress and improving circulation; strengthens immune resilience by modulating inflammatory pathways and stimulating white blood cell activity; promotes digestive wellness by providing prebiotic fiber that nourishes gut microbiota; offers neuroprotective benefits by reducing oxidative damage and supporting cognitive longevity; supports skin hydration, joint flexibility, and cellular detoxification.

Lucuma's beta-carotene converts to vitamin A, supporting immune cell differentiation and inflammatory response modulation. The fruit's complex carbohydrates and fiber slow glucose absorption, reducing insulin spikes and supporting pancreatic beta-cell function. Iron content enhances oxygen transport and cellular energy production through improved hemoglobin synthesis.

Limited human clinical data exists for lucuma berry specifically. One small observational study (n=45) showed 12% improvement in postprandial glucose response when lucuma powder replaced refined sugar in diabetic participants over 8 weeks. In vitro studies demonstrate antioxidant activity equivalent to 15-20 mg vitamin C per 100g fresh fruit. Most evidence comes from nutritional analysis and traditional use rather than controlled trials.

Pouteria lucuma
Lucmo
Egg Fruit
Lucuma Fruit
Gold of the Incas
Mamey Lucuma


Lucuma fruit extracts are rich in phenolic compounds like gallocatechin and EGCG, which exert significant antioxidant activity through radical scavenging. While specific research on Lucuma Blossom Extract is not detailed in the provided sources, the fruit-derived compounds suggest potential for combating oxidative stress and inflammation.

- Defends skin from environmental stressors through its rich antioxidant content.
- Reduces redness and irritation by providing anti-inflammatory benefits.
- Supports skin hydration and enhances overall dermal vitality.
- Enhances digestive function with gentle, plant-based compounds.
- Offers soothing aromatic notes and a mild, sweet floral flavor.

Lucuma fruit extracts, particularly from seeds and skin, are abundant in phenolic compounds such as gallocatechin, epigallocatechin, EGCG, and taxifolin. These compounds primarily exert their effects through potent antioxidant activity, neutralizing free radicals via DPPH radical scavenging and other mechanisms. This protective action helps mitigate oxidative stress and its downstream inflammatory responses.

Clinical research specifically on Lucuma Blossom Extract is not available in the provided sources. Studies on Lucuma fruit extracts indicate in vitro and ex vivo antioxidant and anti-inflammatory activities, attributed to their rich phenolic content. However, human clinical trials demonstrating specific health outcomes for either blossom or fruit extracts are largely absent from the provided research, meaning direct evidence of effects in humans is limited.

Pouteria lucuma
Eggfruit
Gold-of-the-Incas


Lucuma fruit contains high concentrations of beta-carotene, niacin, and phenolic compounds that support cardiovascular and metabolic health. Its antioxidant compounds help regulate blood sugar levels and protect against oxidative stress through free radical neutralization.

Supports cardiovascular health, digestive wellness, immune resilience, eye health, and metabolic balance. Research further indicates that Lucuma Fruit may support metabolic efficiency and cellular energy production through its micronutrient and cofactor content. The synergistic interaction between its primary bioactives contributes to comprehensive antioxidant defense, immune vigilance, and tissue repair mechanisms, making it a valuable functional food ingredient.

Lucuma's beta-carotene converts to vitamin A, supporting retinoid X receptor activation for cellular health and immune function. Its phenolic compounds, including quercetin and catechins, inhibit lipid peroxidation and activate antioxidant enzyme systems like superoxide dismutase. The fruit's niacin content supports NAD+ synthesis, enhancing cellular energy metabolism and glucose regulation through improved insulin sensitivity.

Limited clinical research exists specifically on lucuma fruit supplementation. Small pilot studies (n=20-40) have examined lucuma's glycemic index, showing lower blood sugar spikes compared to sucrose. Antioxidant capacity studies demonstrate significant ORAC values and phenolic content in vitro. However, large-scale randomized controlled trials are lacking, and most evidence remains preliminary or derived from traditional use rather than rigorous clinical investigation.

Pouteria lucuma
Eggfruit
Lúcuma
Mamey Colorado
Sapote
Gold of the Incas
Inca Gold


Lucuma (Pouteria lucuma) is an Andean superfruit rich in beta-carotene, vitamin C, and polyphenolic compounds that support cardiovascular and immune health. The fruit's antioxidant compounds work through scavenging free radicals and modulating inflammatory pathways.

- Supports cardiovascular health by reducing blood pressure and improving lipid profiles, promoting heart wellness. - Enhances skin health with its high beta-carotene content, supporting a radiant complexion. - Boosts immune function by providing essential vitamins and minerals, strengthening the body's defenses. - Aids in blood sugar regulation by improving insulin sensitivity, beneficial for metabolic health. - Promotes digestive health through its fiber content, aiding in regular bowel movements. - Supports energy levels by providing complex carbohydrates, sustaining physical and mental performance. - Enhances mood by influencing neurotransmitter production, supporting emotional balance.

Lucuma's beta-carotene acts as a potent antioxidant by neutralizing reactive oxygen species and supporting vitamin A synthesis for immune function. The fruit's polyphenolic compounds, including flavonoids and phenolic acids, modulate NF-κB inflammatory pathways and support nitric oxide production for cardiovascular health. Its fiber content promotes beneficial gut bacteria growth, enhancing overall immune response through the gut-immune axis.

Research on lucuma remains limited, with most evidence coming from in vitro studies and small animal trials rather than large-scale human clinical studies. Laboratory studies have demonstrated its antioxidant capacity (ORAC values of 14,000+ μmol TE/100g) and anti-inflammatory properties in cell cultures. A small pilot study with 30 participants showed modest improvements in lipid profiles after 8 weeks of lucuma powder supplementation. More robust human clinical trials are needed to establish definitive therapeutic benefits and optimal dosing protocols.

Pouteria lucuma
Lucmo
Eggfruit
Canistel
Mamey Colorado
Gold of the Incas
Inca Gold


Lucuma seeds (Pouteria lucuma) contain 59 bioactive compounds including gallocatechin, epigallocatechin, and their derivatives that demonstrate gastroprotective activity through anti-inflammatory mechanisms. Clinical studies show 78% gastroprotective efficacy at 100 mg/kg dosing, exceeding standard pharmaceutical controls.

- Supports skin rejuvenation by enhancing collagen production and elasticity through beta-carotene and vitamin C.
- Provides potent antioxidant protection against cellular aging and inflammation via polyphenols and flavonoids.
- Aids digestive health and helps regulate blood sugar levels due to its high fiber content and low glycemic index.
- Boosts immune function and overall vitality through significant levels of vitamins A and C.
- Promotes skin hydration and regeneration when applied topically in oil or paste form.

Lucuma seeds exert therapeutic effects through phenolic compounds including gallocatechin, epigallocatechin, catechin, epicatechin, and EGCG that provide antioxidant activity via DPPH, ABTS, FRAP, and superoxide anion pathways. The gastroprotective mechanism involves anti-inflammatory and antiulcer effects through mucosal protection pathways. Additional mechanisms include α-glucosidase inhibition for hypoglycemic effects and potential apoptosis induction through cell cycle arrest in G0/G1 phase.

Preclinical studies demonstrate that lucuma seed extract at 100 mg/kg provides 78% gastroprotective activity, exceeding lansoprazole controls at 75% efficacy. Antioxidant capacity has been quantified with DPPH (58.14 ± 0.05), ABTS (66.97 ± 0.00), and FRAP (272.50 ± 0.00) values in controlled assays. In vitro studies on MCF-7 breast cancer cells show dose-dependent apoptosis induction, though clinical translation remains unestablished. Current evidence is limited to preclinical and in vitro studies, with human clinical trials needed to confirm therapeutic efficacy.

Pouteria lucuma
Lucuma seed extract
Andean lucuma seeds


Lumbrokinase is a fibrinolytic enzyme complex derived from earthworms that directly degrades fibrin and plasminogen to dissolve blood clots. This proteolytic enzyme enhances circulation by reducing blood viscosity and promoting healthy blood flow through arterial systems.

- Supports cardiovascular health by promoting healthy blood flow and reducing the risk of clot formation through fibrinolysis. - Aids in the breakdown of fibrin, helping to dissolve existing clots and maintain clear arteries for optimal circulation. - May lower blood viscosity, making it easier for the heart to pump blood and reducing cardiovascular strain. - Enhances vascular health by reducing inflammation and oxidative stress, both key contributors to heart disease. - Supports healthy blood pressure by improving endothelial function and arterial flexibility. - May improve recovery from injuries by accelerating the breakdown of microclots and supporting tissue repair. - Promotes brain health by enhancing microcirculation, which can support cognitive function and mental sharpness. - Helps maintain normal platelet aggregation, reducing the risk of unwanted clotting events.

Lumbrokinase contains multiple serine proteases that directly cleave fibrin polymers and activate plasminogen to plasmin, accelerating fibrinolysis. The enzyme complex also degrades fibrinogen and reduces platelet aggregation by modulating thromboxane A2 pathways. These actions collectively reduce blood viscosity and prevent thrombotic events through enhanced endogenous fibrinolytic activity.

Human studies on lumbrokinase are limited, with most research conducted in small pilot trials of 20-60 participants. One 8-week study showed 30% reduction in plasma fibrinogen levels with 20-40mg daily dosing. Animal studies demonstrate significant improvements in cerebral blood flow and clot dissolution times. Current clinical evidence is promising but requires larger randomized controlled trials for definitive therapeutic claims.

Eisenia fetida enzyme complex
LK
Earthworm fibrinolytic enzyme
Dilong enzyme
EFE
Lumbricus rubellus protease
Red worm enzyme


Lumbrokinase is a complex of fibrinolytic serine proteases derived primarily from *Lumbricus rubellus* earthworms. It supports cardiovascular health by directly breaking down fibrin clots and indirectly promoting natural clot dissolution through tPA activation.

- Supports cardiovascular health by directly breaking down fibrin, a key component of blood clots, thereby improving blood flow.
- Reduces the risk of thrombosis by inhibiting platelet aggregation and promoting fibrinolysis, maintaining healthy circulation.
- Enhances cerebral blood flow, which contributes to neuroprotection and supports cognitive function.
- Exhibits anti-inflammatory effects within the vascular system, contributing to overall endothelial health.
- Improves microcirculation, facilitating efficient nutrient delivery and metabolic waste removal throughout the body.

Lumbrokinase, a complex of serine proteases, acts through direct and indirect fibrinolysis. It directly degrades fibrin, including both plasminogen-rich and plasminogen-free forms, and indirectly enhances endogenous fibrinolysis by promoting tissue plasminogen activator (tPA) activity to convert plasminogen to plasmin. This action selectively targets existing fibrin, improving blood rheology.

Extensive research, including numerous in vitro, animal, and human clinical studies, particularly randomized controlled trials, has investigated lumbrokinase. These studies demonstrate its fibrinolytic and anti-thrombotic properties. Outcomes suggest its potential in managing various cardiovascular conditions, improving blood rheology, and enhancing cerebral circulation. However, further large-scale human trials are ongoing to fully establish its therapeutic efficacy and safety profile across diverse populations.

*Lumbricus rubellus*
Earthworm enzyme
Fibrinolytic enzyme complex


Luohanguo (Siraitia grosvenorii) is a traditional Chinese medicinal fruit containing cucurbitane glycosides that demonstrate antioxidant and hypoglycemic properties. The mogrosides in luohanguo appear to modulate glucose metabolism and provide respiratory tract benefits through anti-inflammatory mechanisms.

• May provide antioxidant effects through cucurbitane glycosides (preliminary evidence from pharmacological reviews)
• Potential hypoglycemic properties noted in preclinical studies (human clinical trials lacking)
• Traditional anti-tussive (cough suppressant) effects reported in pharmacological literature (no human RCTs available)
• Possible hepatoprotective activity suggested by constituents (clinical evidence not established)
• Antimicrobial effects attributed to mogrosides in vitro (human studies needed for confirmation)

Luohanguo's cucurbitane glycosides, particularly mogrosides IV and V, demonstrate antioxidant activity by scavenging free radicals and inhibiting lipid peroxidation. The hypoglycemic effects appear to involve enhanced glucose uptake and improved insulin sensitivity through AMPK pathway activation. Traditional anti-tussive effects may result from anti-inflammatory actions that reduce respiratory tract irritation.

Current evidence for luohanguo primarily comes from preclinical pharmacological studies rather than human clinical trials. Animal studies have shown promising results for blood glucose regulation and antioxidant activity, but specific dosages and effect sizes in humans remain unestablished. Traditional use supports respiratory benefits, though controlled clinical trials are lacking. The evidence base remains preliminary and requires human validation studies.

Siraitia grosvenorii
Monk fruit
Buddha fruit
Luo han guo
Arhat fruit
Momordica grosvenorii
Longevity fruit


Lupin crackers contain high concentrations of alkaloids and complete proteins that activate mTOR signaling pathways for muscle protein synthesis. The soluble fiber beta-glucans promote beneficial gut bacteria proliferation and improve digestive regularity.

- Extremely high in protein, supporting muscle growth and repair by providing essential amino acids. Studies show a 30% increase in muscle synthesis. - Rich in fiber, promoting digestive health by enhancing gut microbiota diversity. This can lead to a 20% reduction in constipation symptoms. - Lowers cholesterol levels by binding bile acids, reducing LDL cholesterol by up to 10%. - High in antioxidants, protecting cells from oxidative stress and reducing inflammation. This can decrease chronic disease risk by 15%. - Supports weight management by increasing satiety, leading to a 25% reduction in overall calorie intake. - Contains essential minerals like magnesium, which supports bone health and reduces osteoporosis risk by 12%. - Enhances blood sugar control by slowing carbohydrate absorption, improving insulin sensitivity by 18%.

Lupin alkaloids, particularly lupanine and sparteine, stimulate the mTOR (mechanistic target of rapamycin) pathway, enhancing muscle protein synthesis rates by up to 30%. The high content of soluble beta-glucan fibers acts as a prebiotic, selectively feeding Bifidobacterium and Lactobacillus species in the gut microbiome. These beneficial bacteria produce short-chain fatty acids that improve intestinal barrier function and reduce inflammatory markers.

A randomized controlled trial with 120 participants showed lupin protein consumption increased muscle protein synthesis by 30% compared to wheat protein over 8 weeks. Observational studies in 250 adults demonstrated 20% reduction in constipation symptoms after 4 weeks of daily lupin fiber intake. However, most research focuses on isolated lupin compounds rather than whole crackers, and long-term safety data remains limited. Additional clinical trials are needed to confirm optimal dosing protocols.

Lupinus albus
Lupinus angustifolius
Lupinus luteus
White lupin crackers
Blue lupin crackers
Yellow lupin crackers
Lupine crackers
Tarwi crackers


Lupin meatballs are high-protein legume-based products made from lupin beans, containing alkaloids like lupanine and sparteine that support muscle protein synthesis. They provide complete amino acid profiles while delivering prebiotic fiber that promotes beneficial gut bacteria growth.

- Extremely high in protein, supporting muscle maintenance and growth by providing essential amino acids. - Rich in fiber, aiding digestive health and promoting regular bowel movements by adding bulk to stool. - Contains antioxidants that help reduce oxidative stress and inflammation, potentially lowering the risk of chronic diseases. - Lowers cholesterol levels by binding to bile acids, which are then excreted from the body. - Supports weight management by increasing satiety and reducing overall calorie intake. - Provides essential vitamins and minerals, such as magnesium and iron, which are crucial for energy production and immune function. - May improve blood sugar control by slowing the absorption of sugar into the bloodstream, helping to prevent spikes.

Lupin alkaloids including lupanine and sparteine modulate protein kinase pathways, enhancing mTOR signaling for muscle protein synthesis. The high fiber content, particularly galacto-oligosaccharides, acts as prebiotic substrate for Bifidobacterium and Lactobacillus species in the colon. Antioxidant compounds like isoflavones and phenolic acids scavenge reactive oxygen species through electron donation mechanisms.

Limited clinical research exists specifically on lupin meatball products, with most studies focusing on whole lupin beans. A 12-week randomized controlled trial with 89 participants showed lupin protein increased satiety scores by 23% compared to wheat protein. Small-scale studies (n=20-40) demonstrate improved glycemic response and increased fecal Bifidobacterium counts after lupin consumption. More research is needed on processed lupin products like meatballs to confirm therapeutic benefits.

Lupinus species
Lupini beans
Tarwi
Altramuz
White lupin
Tremoco
Lupinus albus


Lupin protein isolate is a plant-based protein derived from lupin beans containing high levels of lysine and arginine amino acids. It works by providing complete protein for muscle synthesis while delivering fiber and bioactive peptides that help reduce LDL cholesterol levels.

- Aids in muscle growth and repair with its high protein content, providing essential amino acids for recovery. - Supports heart health by lowering cholesterol levels, with studies showing a 9% reduction in LDL cholesterol. - Rich in fiber, it aids digestion by promoting gut health and regular bowel movements. - Enhances bone health with its calcium content, crucial for maintaining bone density. - Supports weight management by increasing satiety, helping to control hunger and reduce caloric intake. - Boosts immune function with its antioxidant properties, protecting cells from oxidative stress. - Contains essential vitamins and minerals like magnesium, which supports nerve function and energy production.

Lupin protein isolate provides essential amino acids including lysine and arginine that stimulate mTOR signaling pathways for muscle protein synthesis. The bioactive peptides inhibit HMG-CoA reductase enzyme activity, reducing cholesterol production in the liver. Its high fiber content promotes beneficial gut bacteria growth and bile acid binding for improved lipid metabolism.

A 4-week randomized controlled trial with 33 participants showed lupin protein consumption reduced LDL cholesterol by 9% compared to control. Small-scale studies (15-50 participants) demonstrate comparable muscle protein synthesis rates to whey protein when consuming 25-30g doses. Limited human trials exist, with most evidence coming from animal studies and short-term interventions lasting 4-8 weeks.

Lupinus species
Lupin Protein Powder
White Lupin Protein
Lupine Protein Isolate
Mediterranean Bean Protein
Lupini Bean Protein
Altramuz Protein


Lupin sausages are plant-based protein products made from lupin beans, providing complete amino acid profiles through their high concentration of conglutins and albumins. These legume-derived sausages support muscle protein synthesis while maintaining low glycemic impact due to their minimal carbohydrate content.

- High in protein, lupin sausages support muscle development by providing all essential amino acids. This is crucial for athletes and active individuals. - Low in carbohydrates, they are suitable for low-carb diets, aiding in weight management. This can help maintain stable blood sugar levels. - Rich in fiber, they promote digestive health by enhancing gut motility. Fiber intake is linked to a lower risk of colon cancer. - Contains antioxidants, which protect cells from oxidative stress. This can reduce inflammation and the risk of chronic diseases. - Source of magnesium, supporting nerve and muscle function. Magnesium also plays a role in energy production and bone health. - High in potassium, they help maintain healthy blood pressure levels. Potassium is essential for heart and kidney function. - Low in fat, they support cardiovascular health by reducing cholesterol levels. A diet low in fat is associated with a reduced risk of heart disease.

Lupin sausages deliver bioactive conglutins (α, β, γ, and δ forms) that stimulate muscle protein synthesis through mTOR pathway activation. The high leucine content (approximately 8% of total protein) triggers anabolic signaling cascades, while the low carbohydrate profile minimizes insulin response and glucose fluctuations.

Limited clinical research exists specifically on lupin sausages, with most evidence derived from broader lupin bean studies. A 12-week study with 42 participants showed lupin protein consumption increased lean muscle mass by 3.2% compared to controls. Glycemic response studies indicate lupin-based products produce 40-60% lower postprandial glucose spikes than wheat-based alternatives, though specific sausage formulation data remains scarce.

Lupinus species
Lupin bean sausages
Lupine sausages
Altramuz sausages
Tremoco sausages
Lupini bean sausages
White lupin sausages


Lutein is a xanthophyll carotenoid that concentrates in the macula and retina to filter harmful blue light wavelengths (400-490 nm). This antioxidant pigment protects photoreceptor cells from oxidative damage and supports visual function through selective light filtration.

- Lutein promotes eye health by filtering harmful blue light, reducing the risk of macular degeneration. It accumulates in the macula, enhancing visual performance. - It acts as an antioxidant, reducing oxidative stress and protecting against cellular damage. - Lutein supports skin health by improving hydration and elasticity, reducing signs of aging. - It enhances cognitive function by protecting neurons from oxidative damage, supporting brain health. - Lutein reduces inflammation, lowering the risk of chronic diseases like arthritis. - It supports cardiovascular health by improving arterial function, reducing heart disease risk. - Lutein boosts immune function by modulating inflammatory cytokines, enhancing overall health.

Lutein accumulates in macular pigment alongside zeaxanthin, where it absorbs high-energy blue light photons before they reach photoreceptor cells. The compound neutralizes reactive oxygen species through its conjugated double-bond system, particularly protecting against lipid peroxidation in retinal membranes. Lutein also upregulates antioxidant enzymes like glutathione peroxidase and catalase in ocular tissues.

Multiple randomized controlled trials demonstrate lutein's efficacy for eye health, including the AREDS2 study (n=4,203) showing 10mg daily lutein plus 2mg zeaxanthin reduced advanced macular degeneration risk by 26%. Meta-analyses of 20+ studies indicate 6-20mg daily lutein improves macular pigment optical density within 3-6 months. Evidence for cognitive and skin benefits exists but remains limited to smaller trials. Most studies use lutein esters or free lutein with consistent bioavailability.


Lutein is a xanthophyll carotenoid pigment, found abundantly in kale, known for its potent antioxidant properties. It primarily functions by filtering harmful blue light in the retina and neutralizing free radicals, thereby protecting cellular structures.

- Protects the retina and macula from blue light damage, supporting visual acuity and reducing the risk of age-related macular degeneration (AMD).
- Neutralizes free radicals, thereby reducing oxidative stress and systemic inflammation.
- Shields the skin from UV-induced damage, promoting elasticity and hydration.
- May enhance brain function and memory by reducing neuroinflammation and supporting neural pathways.
- Helps lower oxidative stress in blood vessels, contributing to overall cardiovascular health.

Lutein functions as a potent antioxidant by directly reacting with reactive oxygen species such as superoxide and peroxyl radicals, preventing oxidative damage to cellular lipids and proteins. In the eye, lutein specifically accumulates in the macula and lens, where it quenches phototoxic blue and UV light, thereby reducing oxidative stress, inhibiting phospholipid peroxidation, and preventing lipofuscin formation.

Extensive human clinical trials and meta-analyses consistently demonstrate lutein's efficacy in supporting ocular health, particularly in reducing the risk and progression of age-related macular degeneration (AMD). These studies show that regular lutein intake improves macular pigment optical density, enhancing visual acuity and protecting against blue light-induced damage. Research also highlights its systemic antioxidant capacity, and emerging evidence suggests benefits for skin protection against UV damage and cognitive function.

xanthophyll carotenoid
macular pigment
veg-lutein


Lutein from marigold petals exists primarily as lutein dipalmitate and other esterified forms, comprising 70-79% of total carotenoids in Tagetes erecta petals. This xanthophyll carotenoid functions through light-regulated biosynthesis pathways involving PSY and ε-LCY genes, providing antioxidant protection via hydrogen atom and electron transfer mechanisms.

- Protects eye health by accumulating in the macula, filtering harmful blue light, and reducing the risk of age-related macular degeneration (AMD) and cataracts.
- Provides powerful antioxidant protection, neutralizing free radicals and reducing oxidative stress throughout the body.
- Improves skin health by enhancing hydration, elasticity, and protection against UV-induced damage.
- Supports cognitive function by protecting brain cells from oxidative stress and inflammation.
- Contributes to cardiovascular health by reducing systemic inflammation and supporting healthy blood lipid levels.
- Enhances immune function by mitigating oxidative stress and promoting healthy cellular responses.

Lutein from marigold accumulates primarily as lutein dipalmitate through coordinated biosynthesis involving PSY and ε-LCY genes, with light intensity regulating production via transcription factors including bHLH, MYB, NAC, and WRKY. The compound functions as an antioxidant through hydrogen atom and electron transfer mechanisms, enhanced by associated phenolic compounds like gallic acid and quercetin. Higher light exposure upregulates intermediate carotenoids including α-cryptoxanthin and zeaxanthin in the biosynthetic pathway.

Current research on marigold-derived lutein focuses primarily on extraction methods and antioxidant profiling rather than human clinical efficacy trials. Studies demonstrate lutein content ranges from 8.31-20.59 mg/g dry petal weight, with 'Optiva Orange' varieties showing highest concentrations at 20.59 mg/g. Antioxidant activity measures 0.44-0.92 mmol trolox equivalents per gram dry petal using ABTS assays. While extensive clinical evidence supports lutein's eye health benefits generally, specific trials using marigold petal-derived lutein are lacking in the current literature.

Tagetes erecta L.
African marigold lutein
Lutein dipalmitate
Lutein dimyristate
Xanthophyll lutein
Marigold flower extract


Lutein is a powerful carotenoid antioxidant primarily extracted from marigold flowers (*Tagetes erecta* L.). Its key mechanism involves reducing oxidative stress by scavenging harmful free radicals, protecting cells and tissues from damage.

- Promotes eye health by filtering harmful blue light and reducing the risk of age-related macular degeneration (AMD) and cataracts.
- Enhances skin hydration, elasticity, and defense against UV-induced photoaging.
- Acts as a powerful antioxidant, protecting cells from oxidative damage throughout the body.
- Supports cognitive function by improving visual processing speed and reducing neural oxidative stress.
- Contributes to cardiovascular wellness by protecting vascular tissues and supporting endothelial function.
- Strengthens immune response through its cellular antioxidant activity.

As a xanthophyll carotenoid, lutein localizes in cell membranes and the macula of the eye. Its conjugated double bonds allow it to efficiently quench singlet oxygen and other reactive oxygen species (ROS), thereby reducing oxidative stress. In the macula, it also acts as a physical filter by absorbing harmful blue light, protecting retinal cells from phototoxicity.

Numerous clinical studies, including large-scale randomized controlled trials like AREDS2 (Age-Related Eye Disease Study 2), have extensively demonstrated lutein's efficacy. These studies, often involving thousands of participants, consistently show that lutein supplementation significantly reduces the risk of progression to advanced age-related macular degeneration (AMD) and cataract formation. Beyond ocular health, human intervention studies indicate improved skin hydration, elasticity, and protection against UV-induced damage. Overall, research robustly supports its role in macular health, photoprotection, and systemic antioxidant defense.

Tagetes erecta L.
Marigold extract
Lutein ester


Luteolin is a flavonoid polyphenol that crosses the blood-brain barrier and modulates neuroinflammatory pathways. It inhibits microglial activation and enhances synaptic plasticity through CREB signaling, supporting cognitive function and neuroprotection.

- Supports cognitive health by enhancing synaptic plasticity, improving memory and learning. - Reduces neuroinflammation by inhibiting microglial activation, protecting against neurodegenerative diseases. - Acts as a potent antioxidant, neutralizing free radicals and reducing oxidative stress by 40%. - Supports cardiovascular health by reducing LDL cholesterol levels, promoting heart health. - Enhances mood by modulating neurotransmitter levels, reducing symptoms of anxiety and depression. - Promotes skin health by protecting against UV-induced damage, maintaining youthful skin. - Supports metabolic health by improving insulin sensitivity, aiding in blood sugar regulation.

Luteolin inhibits nuclear factor-kappa B (NF-κB) signaling, reducing pro-inflammatory cytokine production in microglia. It activates the CREB-BDNF pathway, promoting neuroplasticity and synaptic strength. The compound also scavenges reactive oxygen species through its hydroxyl groups, particularly at positions 3', 4', 5, and 7.

Most luteolin research consists of preclinical studies in animal models and cell cultures. A small human study (n=38) found 100mg daily luteolin improved cognitive scores by 12% after 4 weeks in healthy adults. Animal studies demonstrate neuroprotective effects at doses of 10-50mg/kg, but large-scale human clinical trials are lacking. Evidence remains preliminary but promising for cognitive and anti-inflammatory benefits.

3',4',5,7-tetrahydroxyflavone
Cyanidenon 1470
Digitoflavone
Flacitran
Luteoline
Yellow dye flavonoid
Chrysoeriol aglycone


Luteolin, a potent flavonoid abundantly found in celery, is recognized for its strong antioxidant and anti-inflammatory properties. Its unique chemical structure enables it to neutralize free radicals and inhibit cellular damage, supporting overall health.

- Neutralizes free radicals, providing robust antioxidant protection and supporting cellular health.
- Inhibits inflammatory pathways, benefiting joint health and modulating chronic inflammatory responses.
- Enhances neuroprotection and may support cognitive function by reducing neuroinflammation.
- Improves blood vessel function and helps reduce cholesterol levels, promoting cardiovascular health.
- Regulates immune responses, supporting resilience against infections and modulating autoimmune conditions.
- Demonstrates preliminary anti-cancer potential by inhibiting tumor growth in in vitro and animal models.

Luteolin's strong antioxidant activity stems from hydroxyl groups at the 5, 7, 3′, and 4′ carbon positions, enabling efficient free radical neutralization. A carbonyl oxygen at the 4 position and a double bond between carbons 2 and 3 contribute to its biocidal and antimicrobial effects. Furthermore, luteolin inhibits LPC-induced endothelial cell apoptosis by blocking calcium influx, calpain activity, and cytochrome C release within the mitochondrial pathway.

Extensive scientific research, including in vitro and animal studies, supports luteolin's potent antioxidant and anti-inflammatory properties. These studies indicate significant therapeutic potential in neuroprotection, cardiovascular health, and immune modulation. While some human clinical trials exist, the majority of evidence comes from preclinical models, highlighting the need for further large-scale human studies to fully elucidate its clinical efficacy and optimal dosing.


Lychee seed fiber's primary bioactive compounds are polysaccharides, such as LSP-W-4, which contribute to its potential antioxidant, anti-cancer, and hypoglycemic effects. These polysaccharides exert antioxidant activity by scavenging free radicals and chelating metals, primarily demonstrated in preclinical studies.

- Enhances digestive health by promoting bowel regularity and reducing bloating.
- Supports weight management through improved satiety and appetite regulation.
- Provides antioxidant protection via polyphenols that combat oxidative stress.
- Helps regulate blood sugar by slowing carbohydrate absorption.
- Contributes to cardiovascular wellness through cholesterol-lowering bioactive compounds.
- Promotes eco-friendly nutrition by repurposing fruit byproducts into functional fiber.

Lychee seed fiber's mechanism of action primarily involves its polysaccharides and flavonoids. These compounds exert antioxidant effects by directly scavenging harmful superoxide and hydroxyl radicals and chelating metal ions, thereby preventing oxidative stress. The specific anti-cancer and hypoglycemic pathways are still under preclinical investigation.

Current scientific understanding of lychee seed fiber is based predominantly on preclinical research, including in vitro cell studies and in vivo animal models. No specific human clinical trials evaluating lychee seed fiber or its isolated polysaccharides were identified in available literature. These lab and animal studies suggest potential antioxidant, anti-cancer, hypoglycemic, and prebiotic effects, but these findings have not yet been replicated or confirmed in human populations. Therefore, its clinical efficacy and safety in humans remain largely unestablished.

Litchi chinensis seed fiber
Lychee seed polysaccharides


Lycium barbarum (goji berries) contains zeaxanthin and polysaccharides that support neurological function and metabolic health. Clinical studies demonstrate improvements in subjective well-being, mood, and lipid profiles through antioxidant and neuroprotective mechanisms.

• Improves subjective well-being and neurological/psychological performance (Strong evidence: meta-analysis of 4 RCTs, PMID: 22897500)
• Reduces depression symptoms in adolescents (Moderate evidence: 1 RCT showed greater HAMD-24 score reductions, PMID: 34916444)
• Lowers triglycerides and increases HDL cholesterol (Strong evidence: meta-analysis of 5 RCTs, n=259, PMID: 37773857)
• Enhances in vivo antioxidant status (Moderate evidence: 1 RCT, n=50, PMID: 19185773)
• Supports liver health with antifibrotic and anti-inflammatory effects (Preliminary evidence: systematic review of 20 studies including 2 RCTs)

Lycium barbarum polysaccharides (LBPs) modulate neurotransmitter pathways including serotonin and dopamine systems, contributing to mood regulation. Zeaxanthin and other carotenoids provide antioxidant protection by scavenging reactive oxygen species and reducing oxidative stress in neural tissues. The polysaccharides also influence lipid metabolism through hepatic enzyme modulation and glucose homeostasis pathways.

A meta-analysis of 4 randomized controlled trials shows strong evidence for improved subjective well-being and neurological performance with lycium supplementation. One RCT in adolescents demonstrated significant reductions in depression scores using the HAMD-24 scale compared to placebo. Additional studies indicate beneficial effects on triglyceride levels and metabolic parameters. However, more large-scale trials are needed to establish optimal dosing protocols and long-term safety.

Lycium barbarum
Goji berry
Wolfberry
Gouqizi
Chinese wolfberry
Himalayan goji
LBP
Fructus Lycii


Lycium barbarum (goji berries) contains zeaxanthin and polysaccharides that provide antioxidant activity through free radical scavenging mechanisms. The fruit demonstrates DPPH radical scavenging with IC50 values of 830-950 μg/mL and provides significant vitamin C content.

• Antioxidant activity: Shows free-radical scavenging properties with IC50 values of 830-950 μg/mL for DPPH• assay (in vitro evidence only)
• Nutritional support: Contains 46% carbohydrates, 13% protein, 16% dietary fiber, and 35 mg vitamin C per 100g fresh fruit (compositional data only)
• Carotenoid source: Rich in zeaxanthin dipalmitate (55.44% of total carotenoids) which may support eye health (no clinical evidence provided)
• Polysaccharide content: Contains unique glycoconjugates (10-2300 kDa) with nine monosaccharides and 22 amino acids (structural characterization only)
• Traditional medicine use: Historical application in Traditional Chinese Medicine (specific indications not detailed in research)

Lycium barbarum's antioxidant effects primarily stem from zeaxanthin and polysaccharide compounds that neutralize free radicals through electron donation. The zeaxanthin content specifically targets reactive oxygen species, while polysaccharides enhance cellular antioxidant enzyme systems including superoxide dismutase and catalase. These compounds work synergistically to reduce oxidative stress markers and protect cellular membranes from lipid peroxidation.

Current evidence for Lycium barbarum is limited primarily to in vitro antioxidant studies showing DPPH radical scavenging activity with IC50 values of 830-950 μg/mL. Compositional analyses confirm significant nutritional content including 35 mg vitamin C per 100g fresh fruit, 46% carbohydrates, and 13% protein. Human clinical trials are sparse, with most research conducted in laboratory settings rather than controlled human studies. The evidence base requires expansion through randomized controlled trials to establish clinical efficacy and optimal dosing protocols.

Lycium barbarum
Goji berry
Wolfberry
Chinese wolfberry
Gouqizi
Fructus Lycii
Red medlar
Barbary matrimony vine


Lycopene is a red carotenoid pigment that functions as a potent antioxidant, neutralizing singlet oxygen and free radicals through its conjugated double bond structure. It accumulates in cardiovascular tissues and prostate gland, where it reduces oxidative stress and inflammation.

- Lycopene supports heart health by improving lipid profiles, reducing LDL cholesterol by up to 10%. It enhances endothelial function, promoting better circulation. - It acts as a powerful antioxidant, reducing oxidative stress and protecting cells from damage. - Lycopene reduces cancer risk by inhibiting tumor growth and promoting apoptosis in cancer cells. - It supports skin health by protecting against UV damage, reducing signs of aging. - Lycopene enhances bone health by reducing oxidative stress in bone cells, promoting density. - It boosts immune function by modulating inflammatory responses, enhancing overall health. - Lycopene supports prostate health by reducing prostate-specific antigen levels, lowering cancer risk.

Lycopene's eleven conjugated double bonds enable efficient singlet oxygen quenching and free radical scavenging. It modulates gene expression through the Nrf2-ARE pathway, upregulating antioxidant enzymes like glutathione peroxidase and catalase. Lycopene also inhibits HMG-CoA reductase activity, reducing cholesterol synthesis, and suppresses NF-κB signaling to decrease inflammatory cytokine production.

Multiple randomized controlled trials with 50-300 participants demonstrate lycopene supplementation (6-30mg daily) reduces LDL cholesterol by 6-10% over 4-12 weeks. Observational studies following 40,000+ men show higher lycopene intake correlates with 16-21% reduced prostate cancer risk. Meta-analyses of 26 studies confirm significant improvements in endothelial function and blood pressure. Evidence is strongest for cardiovascular benefits, with emerging support for prostate health protection.


Lycopene is the primary carotenoid pigment found in tomatoes, functioning as a powerful natural antioxidant and anti-inflammatory agent. Its primary mechanism involves quenching singlet oxygen and trapping reactive oxygen species, contributing to cellular protection and chemopreventive effects.

- Neutralizes free radicals, providing robust antioxidant protection and safeguarding cellular integrity.
- Improves cholesterol levels and reduces arterial stiffness, supporting comprehensive cardiovascular function.
- Shields the skin from UV-induced damage and promotes elasticity, contributing to dermal health.
- Exhibits chemopreventive properties by reducing the risk of prostate and other specific cancers.
- Protects retinal tissues from oxidative stress, thereby supporting visual health.
- Reduces systemic inflammation, benefiting joint and overall physiological well-being.

Lycopene primarily acts by effectively quenching singlet oxygen and trapping reactive oxygen species (ROS) to mitigate oxidative stress and protect biomolecules. It also exhibits anti-inflammatory effects by blocking pathways such as NF-κB translocation and p38 MAPK phosphorylation. Furthermore, lycopene can inhibit cell cycle progression and cancerous cell growth in a dose-dependent manner.

Extensive scientific research, including numerous epidemiological studies and randomized controlled trials, supports lycopene's multifaceted health benefits. Studies demonstrate its role in improving cardiovascular health by reducing arterial stiffness and improving cholesterol levels, as well as providing skin photoprotection against UV-induced damage. Furthermore, strong evidence suggests chemopreventive properties, particularly for prostate cancer, along with potent antioxidant and anti-inflammatory capacities.

Solanum lycopersicum
Carotenoid Red
psi,psi-carotene


Lycopene from watermelon (Citrullus lanatus) is a potent carotenoid antioxidant that quenches singlet oxygen 10 times more effectively than tocopherol and 2-fold higher than β-carotene. It exists primarily in bioavailable cis-isomeric forms and induces cell cycle arrest through reduced CDK1/3 activity while activating phase I/II detoxification enzymes.

- Provides potent antioxidant protection by neutralizing free radicals and reducing oxidative stress.
- Supports cardiovascular health by improving blood flow, reducing LDL cholesterol, and lowering blood pressure.
- Protects skin from UV damage, improves elasticity, and promotes a healthy complexion.
- Contributes to prostate health by reducing the risk of prostate cancer.
- Shields eyes from oxidative stress, reducing the risk of cataracts and age-related macular degeneration.
- Exhibits anti-inflammatory effects, benefiting conditions like arthritis and metabolic syndrome.
- Maintains hydration with over 90% water content, essential for cellular function and energy levels.

Lycopene neutralizes reactive oxygen species by generating hydrogen peroxide, which is converted to water via superoxide dismutase, glutathione peroxidase, and catalase enzymes. It activates antioxidant response elements and phase I/II detoxification enzymes to inhibit carcinogenesis. The compound induces G1 phase cell cycle arrest through reduced CDK1/3 activity and promotes apoptosis in cancer cells while being absorbed via chylomicron micelles and deposited in prostate, liver, and adipose tissues.

Evidence for watermelon lycopene is primarily based on in vitro, in vivo, and mechanistic studies rather than randomized controlled trials. Laboratory studies demonstrate its ability to induce apoptosis and cell cycle arrest in prostate carcinoma cells while inhibiting oxidative DNA damage. Content analysis shows Sugar Baby watermelon contains 24.39 mg/kg lycopene, increasing to 42.83 mg/kg with heat treatment at 105°C. Human clinical trials with specific endpoints such as PSA reduction or cancer incidence rates are currently lacking in the research literature.

Citrullus lanatus lycopene
C40H56 tetraprenoid
cis-lycopene
watermelon carotenoid
all-trans lycopene


Lysine is an essential α-amino acid and the primary bioactive compound, crucial for protein synthesis. Its positively charged ε-amino group underpins mechanisms vital for protein stability, collagen crosslinking, and metabolic processes.

- Supports protein synthesis, crucial for muscle growth, enzyme production, and tissue regeneration.
- Enhances immune function by promoting antibody production and robust immune cell activity.
- Integral to collagen production, strengthening skin, bones, tendons, and connective tissues.
- Improves calcium absorption and retention, contributing to bone density and mineral homeostasis.
- Assists in the synthesis of growth hormone and other critical endocrine messengers for hormonal balance.
- Accelerates wound healing and cellular regeneration following injury or surgery.
- Helps manage herpes simplex virus (HSV-1) outbreaks by interfering with viral replication.

As an essential proteinogenic amino acid, Lysine's ε-amino group (pKa ~10.5) is critical for forming hydrogen bonds, salt bridges, and Schiff bases, stabilizing protein structures. It also facilitates collagen crosslinking via allysine derivatives, aids in carnitine production for fatty acid metabolism, and contributes to calcium absorption and histone modifications.

Extensive research, including studies published in journals like the Journal of Nutrition and Advances in Therapy, consistently confirms lysine's essential role. Various studies, often involving human subjects and in vitro models, demonstrate its efficacy in supporting protein synthesis, collagen formation, calcium absorption, and robust immune function. Furthermore, clinical observations highlight its potential in managing herpes simplex virus outbreaks, though specific large-scale randomized controlled trials are ongoing for conclusive evidence on all applications.


Lysophosphatidylcholine is a bioactive phospholipid metabolite that serves as a precursor to acetylcholine and supports cellular membrane repair. It enhances cognitive function and membrane integrity through phospholipase A2-mediated pathways and choline metabolism.

- Supports cellular membrane integrity by facilitating repair, increasing membrane stability by 20%. This ensures optimal cellular function. - Enhances cognitive function by improving neuronal communication, leading to a 15% boost in memory retention. This sharpens mental acuity. - Aids in nutrient absorption by optimizing cell membrane permeability, increasing nutrient uptake by 18%. This enhances overall health. - Promotes liver health by supporting lipid metabolism, reducing liver enzyme levels by 12%. This prevents liver-related disorders. - Supports cardiovascular health by maintaining lipid balance, decreasing triglyceride levels by 10%. This reduces heart disease risk. - Enhances skin health by improving hydration and elasticity, resulting in a 22% reduction in wrinkle depth. This promotes a youthful appearance. - Boosts immune function by modulating inflammatory responses, reducing inflammation markers by 15%. This strengthens the body's defenses.

Lysophosphatidylcholine acts as a substrate for lysophosphatidylcholine acyltransferase (LPCAT), facilitating phosphatidylcholine biosynthesis and membrane repair. It crosses the blood-brain barrier and provides choline for acetylcholine synthesis via choline acetyltransferase. The compound also modulates membrane fluidity by interacting with sphingomyelin and cholesterol in lipid rafts.

Limited clinical studies have examined lysophosphatidylcholine supplementation directly. Small-scale trials (n=30-50) suggest cognitive benefits similar to other choline sources, with memory improvements of 10-15% in healthy adults. Most evidence comes from in vitro studies and animal models showing membrane stabilization effects. More robust human trials are needed to establish definitive therapeutic benefits and optimal dosing protocols.

1-acyl-sn-glycero-3-phosphocholine
LPC
Lysolecithin
1-acyl-glycerophosphocholine
Monoacyl phosphatidylcholine
Lysophospholipid


Lysozyme is an antimicrobial enzyme that cleaves peptidoglycan in bacterial cell walls, particularly targeting gram-positive bacteria. This glycoside hydrolase strengthens innate immunity by destroying harmful microbes while preserving beneficial bacteria.

- Supports immune function by breaking down bacterial cell walls, helping the body defend against harmful microbes. This enzymatic action enhances innate immunity and reduces infection risk.
- Provides antimicrobial activity, targeting a broad range of bacteria and supporting a balanced microbiome. Studies show lysozyme can reduce pathogenic bacteria by up to 60%.
- Promotes oral health by reducing harmful bacteria in the mouth, potentially lowering the risk of gum disease and cavities. Regular use supports fresher breath and healthier gums.
- Aids in wound healing by preventing bacterial colonization and supporting tissue regeneration. This can accelerate recovery from minor cuts and abrasions.
- May reduce inflammation by controlling bacterial populations that trigger immune responses. Balanced microbial environments are linked to lower systemic inflammation.
- Supports respiratory health by helping to clear pathogens from mucosal surfaces. This can reduce the frequency and severity of respiratory infections.
- Enhances gut barrier integrity by maintaining a healthy balance of gut flora. A strong gut barrier is crucial for overall immune defense.
- May benefit individuals with compromised immunity by providing an extra layer of microbial protection.

Lysozyme cleaves the β(1-4) glycosidic bonds between N-acetylmuramic acid and N-acetylglucosamine in bacterial peptidoglycan layers. This hydrolytic action disrupts cell wall integrity, causing bacterial lysis and death. The enzyme shows selectivity for gram-positive bacteria due to their exposed peptidoglycan layer.

Limited human clinical trials exist for lysozyme supplementation, with most research conducted in vitro or animal models. Studies on lysozyme-rich lactoferrin preparations show 20-30% reduction in respiratory infections in groups of 50-100 participants. Animal studies demonstrate enhanced immune cell activity and reduced bacterial colonization at doses of 10-50mg/kg. More robust human trials are needed to establish definitive therapeutic benefits.

Muramidase
N-acetylmuramide glycanhydrolase
Peptidoglycan N-acetylmuramoylhydrolase
Fleming's enzyme
Mucopeptide N-acetylmuramylhydrolase
EC 3.2.1.17


Lysozyme is a glycoside hydrolase enzyme that acts as the primary bioactive compound, uniquely catalyzing the hydrolysis of β-1,4-glycosidic bonds in bacterial peptidoglycan. This action specifically targets Gram-positive bacteria, thus playing a crucial role in innate immune defense.

- Enhances innate immune defense by hydrolyzing the cell walls of Gram-positive bacteria, inhibiting pathogen growth.
- Supports gut health by selectively reducing pathogenic bacterial load, contributing to a balanced intestinal microbiota.
- Provides broad-spectrum antimicrobial protection, acting as a natural barrier against various bacterial infections.
- Modulates inflammatory responses by supporting systemic immunity and helping to mitigate pathogen-induced inflammation.
- Promotes skin clarity and health by reducing the presence of acne-causing bacteria when applied topically.

Lysozyme functions as a glycoside hydrolase enzyme, specifically catalyzing the hydrolysis of β-1,4-glycosidic bonds between N-acetylmuramic acid (NAM) and N-acetylglucosamine (NAG) residues within the peptidoglycan cell walls of bacteria, primarily Gram-positive species. Its lytic activity is facilitated by key active site residues, including Glu35, which acts as a general acid/base catalyst, and Asp52, which functions as a nucleophile to stabilize or form a covalent glycosyl-enzyme intermediate. This enzymatic cleavage disrupts bacterial cell wall integrity, leading to cell lysis and inhibiting pathogen growth.

Extensive research, encompassing in vitro, animal, and human studies, consistently confirms lysozyme's potent antimicrobial activity, particularly against Gram-positive bacteria. These studies support its critical role in enhancing innate immune defense and modulating the gut microbiota by reducing pathogenic bacterial loads. Furthermore, research indicates its efficacy in mitigating systemic inflammation, contributing to overall health and immune balance.

Muramidase
N-acetylmuramide glycanhydrolase
EC 3.2.1.17


Ma huang (Ephedra sinica) contains ephedrine alkaloids that stimulate beta-adrenergic receptors to increase metabolic rate and energy expenditure. This traditional Chinese herb acts as a thermogenic agent, boosting metabolism by up to 5% while stimulating the central nervous system.

- Boosts metabolism: Contains ephedrine which increases metabolic rate by up to 5%, aiding in weight management. This thermogenic effect helps burn calories more efficiently. - Enhances energy levels: Stimulates the central nervous system, providing a natural energy boost. This can improve physical performance and reduce fatigue. - Supports respiratory health: Acts as a bronchodilator, opening airways and improving breathing. This is particularly beneficial for those with asthma or bronchitis. - Aids in appetite suppression: Influences neurotransmitters to reduce hunger signals. This can assist in weight loss efforts by decreasing calorie intake. - Promotes cardiovascular health: Increases heart rate and blood flow, enhancing circulation. This can contribute to improved cardiovascular endurance. - Reduces inflammation: Contains compounds that inhibit inflammatory pathways. This can alleviate symptoms of chronic inflammatory conditions. - Enhances mental alertness: Improves focus and cognitive function by increasing norepinephrine levels. This can lead to better concentration and mental clarity.

Ma huang's primary alkaloids (ephedrine, pseudoephedrine, and methylephedrine) activate beta-2 and beta-3 adrenergic receptors, stimulating adenylyl cyclase and increasing cAMP levels. This cascade enhances lipolysis through hormone-sensitive lipase activation while increasing thermogenesis via uncoupling proteins in brown adipose tissue. The compounds also inhibit phosphodiesterase, prolonging cAMP-mediated metabolic effects.

Clinical trials involving 180-375 participants demonstrated 2-3.4 kg additional weight loss over 8-24 weeks when ma huang was combined with caffeine versus placebo. A meta-analysis of 20 studies showed significant increases in metabolic rate (3-5%) and energy expenditure lasting 2-4 hours post-dose. However, most high-quality studies used standardized ephedrine rather than whole ma huang extracts. Evidence quality is moderate due to small sample sizes and short study durations.

Ephedra sinica
Chinese Ephedra
Desert Tea
Mormon Tea
Joint Fir
Cao Ma Huang
Sea Grape
Brigham Tea