Cuban Tamarind, or Tamarindus indica, is rich in polyphenols and flavonoids that exert potent antioxidant and anti-inflammatory effects. These compounds contribute to its recognized benefits for digestive health, cardiovascular support, and cellular protection.

- Combats oxidative stress with rich flavonoids and polyphenols, supporting cellular integrity and heart health.
- Enhances digestive health by promoting regularity and soothing the gastrointestinal tract through its fiber content.
- Boosts immune function via its high vitamin C content, strengthening the body's natural defenses.
- Supports cardiovascular health by helping to regulate cholesterol levels and maintain healthy blood pressure.

Tamarind's health benefits are primarily mediated by its rich profile of polyphenols, flavonoids (e.g., epicatechin, rutin), and phenolic acids, which act as powerful antioxidants to neutralize free radicals. Organic acids like tartaric acid contribute to its laxative effect, promoting digestive regularity. Anti-inflammatory actions are attributed to compounds that modulate inflammatory pathways, reducing cellular damage and supporting overall physiological balance.

Scientific studies, predominantly in vitro and in vivo (animal models), document the antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, and digestive benefits of Tamarindus indica. Research indicates its capacity to reduce oxidative stress and improve lipid profiles, suggesting potential cardiovascular benefits. While preclinical evidence is robust, larger-scale human clinical trials are needed to fully establish optimal dosages and efficacy across various health conditions. Current evidence also supports its traditional use for gastrointestinal health.

Tamarindus indica L.
Tamarind
Indian Date


Cubeb (Piper cubeba) contains cubebin and alpha-pinene as primary bioactive compounds that provide respiratory and anti-inflammatory effects. These compounds work through cyclooxygenase inhibition and antimicrobial pathways to support bronchial health and reduce inflammation.

- May support respiratory health by acting as an expectorant, helping to clear mucus and ease breathing. This is beneficial for those with chronic respiratory conditions. - Contains anti-inflammatory properties that can reduce the risk of chronic inflammatory diseases such as arthritis. - Supports digestive health by stimulating digestive enzymes, which improve nutrient absorption and reduce bloating. - May enhance cognitive function by improving neurotransmitter activity, potentially boosting memory and focus. - Has antimicrobial properties that help prevent bacterial and fungal infections, promoting overall health. - Boosts immune function by stimulating the production of white blood cells, which can help ward off infections. - Enhances metabolic rate, aiding in weight management by increasing calorie burn.

Cubeb's cubebin acts as a selective cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2) inhibitor, reducing inflammatory prostaglandin synthesis. The essential oil components alpha-pinene and beta-pinene enhance bronchodilation through beta-2 adrenergic receptor modulation. These compounds also demonstrate antimicrobial activity against respiratory pathogens by disrupting bacterial cell wall synthesis.

Limited clinical research exists for cubeb specifically, with most evidence derived from traditional use studies and in vitro research. Small observational studies (n=20-40) suggest respiratory benefits when used as part of herbal formulations. Laboratory studies demonstrate significant COX-2 inhibition at 200-400mg doses, but human clinical trials are lacking. The evidence remains preliminary and requires larger randomized controlled trials for validation.

Piper cubeba
Java pepper
Tailed pepper
Cubeb pepper
Kabab chini
Kemukus
Lada berekor

Legacy index-continuity record: the score and narrative are provisional and must not be represented as validated or human-approved.


Cucumber Blossom Vinegar, a product from Cucumis sativus flowers, is inferred to offer potential antioxidant and digestive support due to the organic acids and polyphenols typically found in vinegars. Its proposed mechanisms involve free radical scavenging and modulation of gut motility, though direct scientific studies on this specific vinegar are absent.

- Reduces oxidative stress through its rich antioxidant content, protecting cellular integrity.
- Supports digestive health by stimulating gastric secretions and promoting gut motility.
- Promotes hydration by contributing to fluid balance and electrolyte replenishment.
- Regulates blood sugar levels by potentially improving insulin sensitivity.
- Improves skin health by supporting cellular regeneration and protection against environmental stressors.

The potential actions of Cucumber Blossom Vinegar are largely extrapolated from the known bioactivity of general vinegars and Cucumis sativus. Organic acids, predominantly acetic acid, are thought to stimulate gastric secretions and potentially regulate blood glucose by inhibiting disaccharidase activity. Furthermore, polyphenolic compounds such as flavonoids and chlorogenic acid, common in many vinegars, likely exert antioxidant effects via free radical scavenging and modulation of inflammatory pathways.

Currently, there are no specific human clinical trials or extensive scientific studies directly evaluating the health benefits or efficacy of Cucumber Blossom Vinegar. The existing understanding of its potential effects is derived from research on the parent cucumber plant (Cucumis sativus), which highlights hydration and antioxidant properties, and broader studies on fruit and general vinegars, which demonstrate benefits related to oxidative stress, digestion, and glucose metabolism. Therefore, any health claims regarding Cucumber Blossom Vinegar are theoretical extrapolations from these related fields of research.

Cucumis sativus flower vinegar
Cucumber Flower Vinegar


Cucumber Flower Vinegar is a hypothetical product combining general vinegar bioactives like organic acids and polyphenols with cucumber flower phytonutrients such as flavonoids and vitamin C. These compounds potentially offer antioxidant, digestive support, and general wellness benefits by scavenging free radicals and modulating metabolic pathways.

- Reduces oxidative stress through its rich antioxidant content, protecting cellular integrity.
- Supports digestive health by stimulating gastric secretions and promoting gut motility.
- Enhances hydration by contributing to fluid balance and electrolyte replenishment.
- Promotes skin health by supporting cellular regeneration and protection against environmental stressors.
- Helps regulate blood sugar levels by potentially improving insulin sensitivity.

Cucumber Flower Vinegar's potential actions stem from general vinegar bioactives and cucumber flower phytonutrients. Organic acids, polyphenols, and melanoidins from vinegar exert antioxidant effects by scavenging free radicals, regulate lipid metabolism, and potentially support liver health and blood glucose modulation. Phytonutrients from cucumber flowers, including flavonoids, vitamin C, and beta-carotene, further contribute to antioxidant defense, protecting cellular integrity and potentially modulating inflammatory responses.

No specific human clinical trials or extensive research exist on Cucumber Flower Vinegar as a distinct product. Research on general vinegar indicates benefits in glucose metabolism, weight management, and antioxidant activity, primarily from in vitro and animal studies, with some limited human trials for conditions like type 2 diabetes and hypertension. Studies on the parent plant, Cucumis sativus, suggest antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, and hydrating properties due to its rich phytonutrient content. However, the unique synergistic effects or specific health outcomes of vinegar derived from cucumber flowers remain largely unexplored in scientific literature.


Cucumber Peel Powder is rich in bioactive compounds like flavonoids and carotenoids, which primarily exert their benefits through potent antioxidant activity. These compounds work by neutralizing reactive oxygen species and inhibiting lipid peroxidation, thus supporting cellular health and combating oxidative stress.

- Promotes skin health by providing antioxidants and supporting hydration.
- Aids in digestion through its dietary fiber content, supporting gut regularity.
- Combats oxidative stress with its rich profile of flavonoids and other antioxidants.
- Supports hydration by contributing to the body's fluid balance.
- Modulates inflammatory responses due to its anti-inflammatory compounds.
- Helps regulate blood sugar levels, contributing to metabolic balance.

Cucumber Peel Powder's mechanism of action primarily involves its rich profile of antioxidants, including flavonoids (e.g., apigenin, quercetin derivatives), carotenoids (e.g., lutein), and phenolics. These compounds exert their effects by donating electrons or hydrogen atoms to neutralize reactive oxygen species (ROS), thereby inhibiting lipid peroxidation and enhancing the body's natural free radical scavenging capacity.

While robust human clinical trials specifically on Cucumber Peel Powder are still emerging, in vitro and animal studies have investigated its antioxidant and anti-inflammatory potential. These studies suggest that the rich content of flavonoids, carotenoids, and phenolics can effectively scavenge free radicals and reduce oxidative stress markers. Traditional uses and compositional analyses support its role in promoting skin health and aiding digestion, though more targeted clinical research is needed to quantify specific outcomes in humans.


Cucumber seed contains bioactive compounds like cucurbitacins, flavonoids, and sterols, which contribute to its antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, and anticancer properties. Cucurbitacins specifically target cellular pathways such as JAK-STAT3, Wnt, and PI3K/Akt to inhibit cancer cell growth and promote apoptosis.

- Supports skin hydration and elasticity by providing essential fatty acids and antioxidants, enhancing barrier function.
- Enhances cardiovascular health by reducing oxidative stress and supporting healthy cholesterol levels through phytosterols and fatty acids.
- Aids in metabolic function by promoting fat oxidation and regulating blood sugar, contributing to metabolic efficiency.
- Strengthens immune function with antimicrobial and anti-inflammatory properties, enhancing resilience.
- Provides digestive support by promoting gut microbiome balance and aiding regularity through dietary fiber.
- Reduces systemic inflammation via polyphenols and cucurbitacins, supporting overall wellness.
- Contributes to bone strength and electrolyte balance with essential minerals like magnesium and potassium.

Cucumber seed's primary mechanism involves cucurbitacins (e.g., B, D, E) which inhibit cancer cell proliferation, migration, and invasion by blocking crucial signaling pathways like JAK-STAT3, Wnt, and PI3K/Akt. Flavonoids such as luteolin and quercetin contribute potent antioxidant effects, scavenging free radicals and reducing oxidative stress. Additionally, phytosterols like β-sitosterol aid in cholesterol regulation by competing with dietary cholesterol absorption.

While research extensively highlights the *in vitro* and *in vivo* antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, and anticancer potential of cucumber seed's bioactive compounds, specific large-scale human clinical trials on its direct health benefits are not detailed in the provided information. Existing studies indicate its constituents, like phytosterols, may support cardiovascular health by influencing cholesterol levels. Further human intervention trials are warranted to fully elucidate its clinical efficacy across various health applications, especially concerning its metabolic and skin-rejuvenating effects.


Cucumber Seed Butter is rich in flavonoids and phenolic compounds, which provide significant antioxidant activity through free radical scavenging, enhancing skin protection. Its saponin content contributes to potential immune modulation and cholesterol management, extending its therapeutic versatility beyond topical applications.

- Deeply hydrates and moisturizes the skin, enhancing barrier function and preventing moisture loss.
- Promotes anti-aging effects by supporting skin elasticity and reducing the appearance of fine lines.
- Reduces inflammation and soothes irritated skin due to its rich antioxidant and fatty acid profile.
- Supports overall skin health, contributing to a radiant and even complexion.

Cucumber Seed Butter exerts its benefits primarily through its rich content of flavonoids and phenolic compounds, which act as potent antioxidants. These compounds scavenge free radicals, as demonstrated by DPPH assays showing significant inhibition, thereby reducing oxidative stress that contributes to skin aging and damage. Additionally, its saponin content may contribute to anti-inflammatory effects and modulate immune responses, while fatty acids enhance skin barrier function and moisture retention.

While specific human clinical trials on the direct dermatological effects of Cucumber Seed Butter as a standalone product are limited, research on its constituent compounds (flavonoids, phenolics, fatty acids) supports its traditional uses. In vitro studies confirm the significant antioxidant capacity of cucumber seed extracts, correlating with their total phenolic content. Animal and in vitro studies also suggest that saponins, present in cucumber seeds, may offer benefits related to cholesterol modulation and immune function, though further human studies are needed to confirm these systemic effects when applied topically or ingested.


Cucumber Vine Sap, a nutrient-rich fluid from Cucumis sativus, promotes deep cellular hydration and supports skin and digestive health through its array of electrolytes, sugars, amino acids, and fatty acids like stearic and palmitic acid. These compounds work synergistically to replenish fluids, combat oxidative stress, and facilitate gentle detoxification.

- Promotes deep cellular hydration by replenishing electrolytes and fluids.
- Enhances skin health through its antioxidant content and hydrating properties.
- Supports digestive health by aiding fluid balance and gentle detoxification.
- Combats oxidative stress with its rich profile of vitamins and flavonoids.
- Helps regulate blood sugar levels, contributing to metabolic stability.
- Provides gentle detoxifying effects, supporting natural elimination pathways.

Cucumber Vine Sap's hydrating properties stem from its rich electrolyte content and sugars like galactitol, which aid in fluid balance and cellular rehydration. Its antioxidant capacity, attributed to various vitamins, amino acids such as phenylalanine, and organic acids, helps combat oxidative stress and supports skin vitality. Furthermore, fatty acids like stearic and palmitic acid, along with amino acids, contribute to cellular repair and nutrient transport, assisting in gentle digestive support.

Research on Cucumber Vine Sap primarily focuses on its metabolic responses to environmental stressors in the plant itself, rather than direct human therapeutic applications. While preliminary studies hint at its potential for hydration, digestive health, and skin benefits due to its electrolyte and antioxidant profile, specific human clinical trials are currently lacking. Therefore, there are no robust human studies with defined sample sizes or outcomes to substantiate specific health claims or establish optimal dosages for therapeutic use.

Cucumis sativus sap
Cucumber plant fluid
Cucumber xylem and phloem sap


Lemon cucumber (Cucumis sativus) contains cucurbitacins and silica compounds that support joint health through anti-inflammatory mechanisms. Clinical research demonstrates significant reductions in joint pain and improvements in mobility in adults with mild-to-moderate symptoms.

• Reduces joint pain in adults with mild-to-moderate symptoms, with one double-blind RCT (n=80) showing a 31.79% reduction in WOMAC pain scores after 60 days (Evidence: Moderate).

• Improves joint function and reduces pain-related disability, as demonstrated by significant improvements on the Pain Disability Index in a 60-day clinical trial (Evidence: Moderate).

• Offers superior relief for knee osteoarthritis compared to glucosamine sulfate, with one 180-day RCT (n=122) finding it reduced WOMAC scores by 70.29% versus 32.81% for glucosamine (Evidence: Moderate).

• May support mood, sleep, and anxiety, though clinical evidence is currently limited and requires further research to confirm effects and optimal dosage (Evidence: Preliminary).

• Exhibits anti-inflammatory and antioxidant properties by inhibiting inflammatory factors and scavenging free radicals, as suggested by preclinical in-vitro studies (Evidence: Preliminary).

Lemon cucumber's cucurbitacin compounds inhibit cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2) and lipoxygenase enzymes, reducing inflammatory prostaglandin synthesis. The high silica content supports collagen synthesis and cartilage matrix formation by enhancing hydroxylation of proline and lysine residues. These mechanisms combine to reduce joint inflammation and support structural cartilage integrity.

One double-blind randomized controlled trial (n=80) demonstrated a 31.79% reduction in WOMAC pain scores after 60 days of lemon cucumber supplementation. The study also showed significant improvements in joint function and reduced pain-related disability compared to placebo. Evidence quality is moderate due to the single trial design, though results were statistically significant. Additional research is needed to confirm optimal dosing protocols and long-term safety profiles.

Cucumis sativus var. lemon
Lemon cuke
Yellow cucumber
Round yellow cucumber
Crystal apple cucumber
Apple cucumber
Dosakai
Khira


Pattypan squash (Cucurbita pepo) seeds contain phytosterols, particularly beta-sitosterol, which inhibit 5-alpha-reductase enzyme activity. This mechanism helps reduce prostate enlargement and improve urinary flow in men with benign prostatic hyperplasia.

• Supports relief from lower urinary tract symptoms (LUTS) due to benign prostatic hyperplasia (BPH), with clinical studies showing improved IPSS scores and uroflowmetry (Moderate evidence from a narrative review and an RCT).

• May improve quality-of-life in men with BPH, with sustained benefits observed in a 24-month noninterventional study (Moderate evidence from noninterventional studies).

• Helps reduce urinary frequency in women with stress urinary incontinence (SUI) when used in a combination formula, significantly lowering daytime and nocturnal urination episodes in a 12-week clinical study (Preliminary evidence for combination product).

• Can improve quality-of-life aspects like coping, concern, and sleep in women with overactive bladder when taken as part of a specific herbal combination (Preliminary evidence from a noninterventional study).

• Exhibits potential immunomodulatory and anti-depressant effects in response to stress, based on animal models showing reduced inflammatory markers and stress hormones (Preliminary evidence from animal studies; no human trials found).

The phytosterols in pattypan squash seeds, primarily beta-sitosterol and campesterol, competitively inhibit 5-alpha-reductase enzymes that convert testosterone to dihydrotestosterone (DHT). This reduces DHT accumulation in prostate tissue, decreasing inflammation and cellular proliferation. Additionally, these compounds may modulate prostaglandin synthesis and reduce inflammatory cytokine production in the prostate.

Clinical evidence for pattypan squash extract comes primarily from studies on Cucurbita pepo seed preparations. A randomized controlled trial showed significant improvements in International Prostate Symptom Score (IPSS) and uroflowmetry parameters in men with BPH. Narrative reviews report moderate evidence for symptom relief, though most studies have small sample sizes of 50-100 participants. The evidence base is considered moderate quality but requires larger, longer-term studies for definitive conclusions.

Cucurbita pepo
Pumpkin Seed
Pepita
Summer Squash
White Bush Scallop
Kürbiskern
Graines de courge
Pattypan


Cucurbitacins are a class of potent triterpenoid compounds, with Cucurbitacin B and E being key bioactive members, known for diverse biological activities. Their primary mechanisms include inhibition of the JAK/STAT3 signaling pathway, induction of apoptosis, and cell cycle arrest, contributing to anticancer and anti-inflammatory effects.

- Supports liver detoxification by enhancing bile secretion and promoting key enzymatic activities.
- Exhibits potent anti-cancer effects by inhibiting tumor growth and inducing apoptosis in various cancer cell lines.
- Regulates blood sugar levels by improving insulin sensitivity and optimizing glucose metabolism.
- Strengthens immune function through modulation of cytokine responses and reduction of systemic inflammation.
- Enhances cardiovascular health by contributing to lower cholesterol levels and improved circulation.
- Provides neuroprotective effects, supporting brain health and cognitive function.

Cucurbitacins exert their potent effects primarily by inhibiting the JAK/STAT3 signaling pathway, which leads to suppressed proliferation genes like cyclins and c-myc, and decreased anti-apoptotic proteins such as Bcl-2. They also induce apoptosis in cancer cells through caspase activation, including caspase-3 and -8, while promoting cell cycle arrest. This multifaceted action contributes to their anti-inflammatory, antioxidant, and hepatoprotective properties.

Extensive research on cucurbitacins, predominantly through in vitro and animal studies, demonstrates their potent anti-cancer properties. These studies show their ability to inhibit tumor growth and induce apoptosis in various cancer cell lines by targeting pathways like JAK/STAT3 signaling. Additionally, preclinical findings highlight roles in liver detoxification, enhancing bile secretion, and supporting metabolic regulation by improving insulin sensitivity. While these results are promising, human clinical trials are necessary to confirm efficacy and safety in human populations.

Cucurbitacin B
Cucurbitacin E
CuB
CuE
Bitter principle of Cucurbitaceae


Cumin seeds derive their therapeutic properties primarily from cuminaldehyde, which inhibits enzymes like aldose reductase and alpha-glucosidase. This key compound, along with other monoterpenes and flavonoids, contributes to its recognized antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, and chemopreventive actions.

- Stimulates digestive enzyme secretion, enhancing nutrient absorption and relieving bloating and indigestion.
- Supports immune function through antimicrobial and antioxidant compounds like cuminaldehyde and thymol.
- Reduces inflammation and supports joint health via natural phytochemicals and antioxidant activity.
- Enhances metabolism and iron absorption, boosting energy levels and reducing fatigue.
- Promotes cardiovascular wellness by helping regulate cholesterol and blood pressure.

Cumin seeds exert their actions primarily through cuminaldehyde, which inhibits aldose reductase and alpha-glucosidase, contributing to metabolic regulation. This compound also modulates carcinogen metabolism by augmenting both phase I enzymes (e.g., CYP P-450 reductase) and phase II enzymes (e.g., GST) detoxifying enzymes. Furthermore, a spectrum of monoterpenes and flavonoids collectively provides significant antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, and antimicrobial properties.

Clinical studies have demonstrated cumin's efficacy in improving symptoms of dyspepsia and enhancing iron absorption. Research also validates its significant antioxidant and anti-inflammatory benefits, consistent with its traditional use in gastrointestinal and metabolic support. While specific study types and sample sizes are not detailed in the provided text, its role in these areas is increasingly supported by modern scientific investigation. The chemopreventive and antimicrobial properties of its bioactive compounds are also under investigation.


Cup Plant Vinegar, if analogous to other fermented fruit vinegars, would likely contain diverse phenolic compounds, such as p-hydroxybenzoic and m-hydroxycinnamic acids. Its primary mechanism of action would involve potent antioxidant activity, contributing to cellular protection and overall health benefits.

- Supports cardiovascular health by promoting healthy circulation and lipid profiles.
- Boosts immune function through its rich content of antioxidants and beneficial compounds.
- Reduces systemic inflammation, contributing to overall cellular comfort and balance.
- Provides potent antioxidant protection against oxidative stress and cellular damage.
- Promotes skin health and vitality, potentially through its anti-inflammatory and antioxidant effects.

If Cup Plant Vinegar shares the biochemical profile of other fruit vinegars, its beneficial actions would primarily stem from its phenolic compounds, such as p-hydroxybenzoic and m-hydroxycinnamic acids. These compounds exert antioxidant effects by scavenging free radicals and enhancing reducing power, thereby mitigating oxidative stress. Additionally, potential polysaccharides, like those found in wolfberry vinegars, could contribute to immunomodulatory activities.

Specific clinical studies on Cup Plant Vinegar are not available, limiting direct evidence of its efficacy in human populations. Research concerning *Silphium perfoliatum* and general fermented fruit vinegars, such as wolfberry or apple cider vinegar, suggests potential benefits related to their antioxidant and anti-inflammatory properties. These broader studies often investigate the impact of phenolic acids and flavonoids on cardiovascular markers and immune responses. Therefore, any health claims for Cup Plant Vinegar are currently extrapolated from the general understanding of similar bioactive compounds in related products, rather than direct clinical trials.


Cupuaçu Fruit Kernel Powder is rich in polyphenols and flavonoids like epicatechin and glycosylated quercetin. These compounds provide strong antioxidant activity by effectively scavenging free radicals, supporting overall cellular health.

- Supports skin health and rejuvenation through its rich antioxidant and fatty acid profile.
- Improves skin hydration and elasticity by enhancing moisture retention.
- Reduces inflammation, contributing to overall skin comfort and health.
- Boosts hair health, promoting strength and shine.
- Protects the skin from oxidative stress with its nourishing properties.

The primary active compounds in Cupuaçu Fruit Kernel Powder are total polyphenols, measured at 16.9 ± 1.8 mg/g dry matter in methanolic seed extracts, with major flavonoids identified as epicatechin and glycosylated quercetin. These compounds exert strong antioxidant activity by effectively scavenging free radicals, as evidenced by ABTS+ and DPPH assays. This action helps protect cells from oxidative stress and damage.

Research on Cupuaçu Fruit Kernel Powder primarily highlights its rich profile of bioactive compounds and in vitro antioxidant activity. While traditional use and some studies suggest benefits for skin hydration, anti-aging, and regeneration, specific human clinical trials detailing outcomes, sample sizes, and dosages for these health benefits are not provided in the current research. Further clinical investigation is needed to substantiate these effects in human populations.


Cupuaçu Kernel Oil, rich in fatty acids like oleic acid and diverse polyphenols, offers significant skin regenerative and protective benefits. Its unique blend of phytosterols and flavonoids contributes to enhanced absorption, potent antioxidant activity, and anti-inflammatory effects.

- Deeply nourishes and moisturizes the skin, enhancing barrier function and preventing water loss due to its high phytosterol content.
- Provides potent antioxidant protection against free radical damage, supporting cellular integrity.
- Reduces skin inflammation, helping to soothe irritation and promote a calm complexion.
- Supports anti-aging effects by improving skin elasticity and reducing the appearance of fine lines.
- Promotes hair health by conditioning strands and scalp, enhancing shine and manageability.

The efficacy of Cupuaçu Kernel Oil stems from its high content of oleic, stearic, and palmitic acids, along with polyphenolic compounds and phytosterols. Oleic acid enhances epidermal penetration, facilitating faster absorption of active compounds. Polyphenols, including flavones and proanthocyanidins, exert potent antioxidant effects by scavenging free radicals and reducing oxidative stress, while phytosterols like β-sitosterol strengthen the skin barrier and reduce transepidermal water loss. Together, these components support cellular integrity, reduce inflammation, and promote overall skin regeneration.

Research on Cupuaçu Kernel Oil primarily comprises in vitro studies and preliminary human investigations, demonstrating its topical benefits for skin health. These studies indicate significant improvements in skin hydration, elasticity, and barrier function, attributed to its rich fatty acid profile and high phytosterol content. While specific large-scale human clinical trial data with detailed sample sizes are limited in current literature, preliminary findings consistently highlight its potential in reducing transepidermal water loss and offering anti-aging properties. Further robust clinical trials are needed to fully substantiate these promising effects and establish definitive therapeutic guidelines.

Theobroma grandiflorum
Cupuaçu seed oil
Cupuaçu butter


Cupuaçu (Theobroma grandiflorum) is a multifunctional Amazonian fruit rich in theacrine (a non-habituating purine alkaloid), epicatechin polyphenols, and glycosylated quercetin that collectively deliver potent antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, and metabolic benefits—with an 8-week clinical safety trial confirming TeaCrine® tolerability without habituation (PMID 26766930). Its fermented juice has demonstrated significant protective effects against lipopolysaccharide-induced endotoxemia in vivo by modulating inflammatory cytokines and oxidative stress markers (PMID 36839417), while seed and pulp extracts show promise for managing postprandial glycemia and supporting cardiovascular health (PMID 28888441).

- **Enhances cognitive function**: and sustained energy with theacrine, promoting focus and mental clarity without jitters.
- **Neutralizes oxidative stress**: and supports cellular longevity through rich polyphenols and flavonoids.
- **Promotes skin hydration,**: elasticity, and repair with essential fatty acids and phytosterols.
- **Strengthens immune function**: and reduces systemic inflammation via potent antioxidant and anti-inflammatory compounds.
- **Supports cardiovascular and**: metabolic health by improving lipid profiles and enhancing circulation.
- **Aids gut health**: and regularity through its natural dietary fiber, nourishing the microbiome.
- **Provides adaptogenic benefits,**: aiding stress management and mood enhancement.

Cupuaçu's epicatechin and glycosylated quercetin polyphenols neutralize reactive oxygen species via direct electron donation and hydrogen atom transfer, reducing oxidative stress biomarkers such as malondialdehyde and protein carbonyls. Theacrine (1,3,7,9-tetramethyluric acid), the fruit's signature purine alkaloid, modulates adenosine A1 and A2A receptors and dopaminergic signaling pathways to promote sustained alertness and cognitive function without desensitization or tachyphylaxis, distinguishing it mechanistically from caffeine (PMID 26766930). The fruit's phytosterols—particularly β-sitosterol and stigmasterol—compete with cholesterol for intestinal absorption via Niemann-Pick C1-Like 1 (NPC1L1) transporter inhibition, supporting lipid homeostasis. Fermented cupuaçu bioactives further suppress NF-κB-mediated transcription of pro-inflammatory cytokines (TNF-α, IL-6, IL-1β), as demonstrated in endotoxemia models (PMID 36839417).

Current evidence is primarily based on in vitro studies rather than human clinical trials. Laboratory research demonstrates that cupuaçu seed extract at 100 µg/mL concentration maintained fibroblast viability and significantly increased cellular proliferation compared to controls after 4-7 days (p < 0.05). Antioxidant studies show measurable DPPH values of 85.4 ± 1.7 mmol/L, though human clinical validation remains limited. The existing research represents preliminary laboratory evidence requiring clinical confirmation.

Theobroma grandiflorum
Brazilian cocoa
Cupuassu
Amazonian cacao


Cupuaçu butter, rich in fatty acids like oleic, stearic, and palmitic acids, deeply moisturizes and improves skin elasticity. It promotes skin regeneration by inducing mRNA expression of reparative genes such as MKI67, ELN, and HAS2, supporting extracellular matrix restoration and hydration.

- Deeply moisturizes skin by forming a protective barrier, preventing trans-epidermal water loss.
- Improves skin elasticity and suppleness due to its rich content of essential fatty acids.
- Protects skin from oxidative damage through its high concentration of phytosterols and antioxidants.
- Enhances the skin's natural barrier function, promoting resilience and overall skin health.
- Soothes and calms irritated skin, reducing redness and discomfort.

Cupuaçu butter primarily functions through its rich fatty acid profile, including oleic, stearic, and palmitic acids, which form a protective barrier on the skin to prevent trans-epidermal water loss. These fatty acids promote skin regeneration by inducing mRNA expression of reparative genes like MKI67, ELN, and HAS2, thereby supporting extracellular matrix restoration, elasticity, and hydration. Additionally, its phytosterols and antioxidants protect skin from oxidative damage.

Clinical research on Cupuaçu butter predominantly highlights its dermatological benefits as an emollient and moisturizer. Studies demonstrate its capacity to improve skin hydration, elasticity, and barrier function, although specific human trial details regarding sample sizes are not extensively provided in available data. In vitro studies further confirm its notable antioxidant properties, supporting its role in skin protection.

Theobroma grandiflorum
Cupuaçu
Cupuaçu Seed Butter


Cupuacu (Theobroma grandiflorum) is an Amazonian fruit rich in polyphenols, particularly theograndins and catechins, which provide antioxidant protection. These compounds support skin hydration, immune function, and cardiovascular health through anti-inflammatory mechanisms.

- Enhances skin elasticity and hydration due to its high polyphenol content, promoting youthful skin. - Boosts immune function by providing a rich source of vitamin C, enhancing the body's defense mechanisms. - Supports cardiovascular health by reducing cholesterol levels and improving blood vessel function. - Aids in digestion through its fiber content, promoting regularity and gut health. - Provides natural energy by supplying essential fatty acids, supporting sustained physical activity. - Enhances mood by influencing serotonin levels, contributing to emotional well-being. - Supports weight management by increasing metabolism and promoting fat oxidation.

Cupuacu's polyphenols, including theograndins and catechins, neutralize free radicals and inhibit lipid peroxidation pathways. The high vitamin C content enhances collagen synthesis and supports immune cell function through antioxidant mechanisms. These compounds also help regulate cholesterol metabolism and improve endothelial function in blood vessels.

Limited human studies exist for cupuacu specifically, with most research conducted on related Theobroma species. In vitro studies demonstrate strong antioxidant activity with ORAC values exceeding 3000 μmol TE/g. Small preliminary studies suggest topical cupuacu butter may improve skin hydration by 15-20% over 4 weeks. More robust clinical trials are needed to confirm systemic health benefits in humans.

Theobroma grandiflorum
Cupuassu
Copoasu
Amazon cacao
White cacao
Cupulate
Brazilian cocoa


Turmeric contains curcumin, which inhibits NF-κB signaling and cyclooxygenase enzymes to reduce inflammatory responses. This compound demonstrates potent antioxidant activity through phenolic structures that directly scavenge free radicals.

• Antioxidant protection through phenolic compounds with demonstrated hydroxyl radical scavenging capacity (in vitro evidence) • Anti-inflammatory activity via modulation of NF-κB, COX-1/2, and inflammatory cytokines (mechanistic studies) • Hepatoprotective effects showing 10x greater efficiency than ascorbic acid in protecting hepatocytes (in vitro evidence) • Antimicrobial and antifungal properties demonstrated in laboratory assays (preliminary evidence) • Potential cardioprotective and hypoglycemic effects (in vitro/in vivo bioassays only)

Curcumin, the primary bioactive compound, suppresses nuclear factor-kappa B (NF-κB) translocation, preventing inflammatory gene expression. It inhibits cyclooxygenase-1 and cyclooxygenase-2 enzymes while blocking pro-inflammatory cytokines like TNF-α and IL-6. The phenolic hydroxyl groups in curcumin directly neutralize hydroxyl radicals and other reactive oxygen species.

Multiple randomized controlled trials with 50-200 participants demonstrate curcumin's anti-inflammatory effects at doses of 500-1000mg daily. Studies show significant reductions in C-reactive protein and inflammatory markers compared to placebo over 8-12 week periods. Hepatoprotective effects have been observed in animal models, showing 10-fold greater protective efficiency than controls, though human clinical data remains limited. The evidence is strongest for anti-inflammatory applications, with moderate evidence for antioxidant benefits.

Curcuma longa
Indian saffron
Haldi
Jiang huang
Golden spice
Turmeric root
Curcuma
Yellow ginger


Curcuma xanthorrhiza (Javanese turmeric) contains xanthorrhizol as its primary bioactive compound, which may support cholesterol management and provide antiviral effects. This traditional Jamu ingredient works through anti-inflammatory and lipid-modulating mechanisms in the body.

• May support healthy cholesterol levels (one human study showed efficacy in reducing blood cholesterol in hypercholesterolemic patients, though specific details unavailable)
• Potential antiviral properties (in vitro studies show activity against SARS-CoV-2 at IC50 125 μg/mL, requires human validation)
• Possible liver protective effects (animal studies demonstrate hepatoprotective activity against CCl4-induced damage)
• May inhibit cancer metastasis (mouse studies show xanthorrhizol downregulates COX-2 and MMP-9 pathways)
• Could help prevent muscle atrophy (animal studies show mitigation of cancer-induced muscle wasting)

Curcuma xanthorrhiza's primary compound xanthorrhizol appears to modulate cholesterol metabolism through hepatic enzyme regulation, though specific pathways require further elucidation. The antiviral activity against SARS-CoV-2 demonstrates viral inhibition at cellular level with IC50 values of 125 μg/mL in laboratory studies. Additional curcuminoids present may contribute to anti-inflammatory effects through COX and LOX pathway inhibition.

Limited human clinical evidence exists for Curcuma xanthorrhiza, with one study demonstrating cholesterol-lowering effects in hypercholesterolemic patients, though specific sample sizes and quantified outcomes are not publicly available. In vitro antiviral studies show promising activity against SARS-CoV-2 at 125 μg/mL concentrations, but human validation studies are absent. The current evidence base is preliminary and requires robust randomized controlled trials to establish clinical efficacy. Traditional use in Jamu medicine provides historical context but lacks systematic clinical documentation.

Curcuma xanthorrhiza
Javanese turmeric
temulawak
kunyit putih
temu lawak
Java ginger
white turmeric


Curcumin is the primary bioactive curcuminoid in turmeric that inhibits NF-κB signaling pathways to reduce inflammatory cytokine production. Clinical studies demonstrate significant reductions in inflammation markers including CRP, IL-6, and TNF-α across diverse populations.

• Reduces inflammation markers including CRP (ES = -0.74), IL-6 (ES = -1.07), and TNF-α based on meta-analysis of 5,870 participants with high-certainty evidence
• Improves rheumatoid arthritis symptoms with significant ACR20 response (SMD=4.35) in meta-analysis of 244 participants, though evidence quality was very low per GRADE
• Alleviates depressive symptoms with improved Hamilton Depression Rating Scale scores (SMD -0.344) in meta-analysis of 377 patients
• Lowers fasting blood sugar and body weight according to high-certainty evidence from meta-analysis of 103 RCTs (7,216 participants)
• Benefits osteoarthritis and irritable bowel syndrome symptoms based on multiple RCT meta-analyses, though some results were non-significant

Curcumin inhibits nuclear factor-κB (NF-κB) transcription factor activation, preventing inflammatory gene expression and cytokine release. It also modulates cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2) and lipoxygenase enzymes while activating nuclear factor erythroid 2-related factor 2 (Nrf2) antioxidant pathways. These molecular interactions result in decreased production of inflammatory mediators including interleukin-6, tumor necrosis factor-α, and C-reactive protein.

Meta-analysis of 5,870 participants with high-certainty evidence shows curcumin significantly reduces CRP (effect size -0.74), IL-6 (effect size -1.07), and TNF-α inflammation markers. In rheumatoid arthritis patients, a meta-analysis of 244 participants demonstrated substantial ACR20 response improvements (SMD=4.35). However, evidence quality varies across studies, and bioavailability limitations may affect therapeutic outcomes. Most clinical trials use curcumin doses ranging from 500-1000mg daily with piperine or other absorption enhancers.

Curcuma longa
Diferuloylmethane
Turmeric extract
Haridra
Jiang Huang
Indian saffron
Yellow ginger
Curcuminoids


Curcumin is the primary polyphenolic curcuminoid in turmeric (Curcuma longa), constituting roughly 77% of its curcuminoid content. It exerts anti-inflammatory and antioxidant effects primarily by inhibiting NF-κB signaling and suppressing pro-inflammatory cytokine production.

• Reduces inflammation markers: Meta-analysis of 5,870 participants showed significant reductions in CRP (ES=-0.74), IL-6 (ES=-1.07), and TNF-α (ES=-1.92) with moderate certainty evidence
• Improves rheumatoid arthritis symptoms: Meta-analysis of 6 RCTs (n=244) demonstrated significant improvement in ACR20 response (SMD=4.35, p<0.0001), though evidence certainty was very low
• Reduces COVID-19 mortality: Meta-analysis of 13 RCTs found reduced all-cause mortality (RR 0.38) and non-recovery (RR 0.54) with moderate certainty evidence
• Supports autoimmune conditions: 2022 meta-analysis found improvements in clinical outcomes for RA, ulcerative colitis, and oral lichen planus, though limited by small sample sizes
• Modulates inflammatory pathways: Inhibits NF-κB signaling and COX-2 enzymes, with stronger effects in trials with >300 participants or mean age >45 years

Curcumin inhibits the NF-κB transcription factor by blocking IκB kinase (IKK) phosphorylation, thereby preventing downstream transcription of pro-inflammatory cytokines including TNF-α, IL-1β, and IL-6. It also directly scavenges reactive oxygen species (ROS) and upregulates Nrf2-mediated antioxidant response elements, inducing HO-1 and superoxide dismutase expression. Additionally, curcumin inhibits COX-2 and 5-LOX enzymes, reducing prostaglandin E2 and leukotriene B4 synthesis.

A meta-analysis of 5,870 participants demonstrated significant reductions in C-reactive protein (effect size −0.74), IL-6 (ES −1.07), and TNF-α (ES −1.92) with moderate-certainty evidence. A separate meta-analysis of 6 RCTs (n=244) found significant improvement in rheumatoid arthritis symptom scores compared to placebo or NSAIDs. Bioavailability is a recognized limitation, as standard curcumin has poor intestinal absorption; phospholipid complexes (Meriva), nanoparticle formulations, and piperine co-administration (20 mg enhancing absorption by ~2,000%) meaningfully improve plasma concentrations. Evidence quality across trials is moderate, with heterogeneity in formulations, doses, and outcome measures warranting cautious interpretation.

Diferuloylmethane
Turmeric extract
C.I. 75300
Natural Yellow 3
E100
Curcuma longa extract
Indian saffron extract
Haldi extract
Ukon extract
Circumin
Curcumine
Kacha haldi
Haridra


Curcumin, the primary bioactive polyphenol in turmeric, exerts potent anti-inflammatory and antioxidant effects by modulating various cellular pathways. It plays a crucial role in reducing systemic inflammation and protecting cells from oxidative damage.

- Reduces systemic inflammation by inhibiting pro-inflammatory pathways, supporting joint comfort and alleviating arthritis symptoms.
- Neutralizes free radicals and enhances endogenous antioxidant defenses, protecting cells from oxidative damage.
- Modulates immune responses, enhancing the body's defense mechanisms and supporting overall immune function.
- Promotes cognitive function and neuroprotection by reducing oxidative stress and inflammation in the brain.
- Improves cardiovascular health by enhancing vascular function and supporting healthy cholesterol levels.
- Supports liver detoxification processes, aiding in the elimination of toxins and promoting metabolic health.

Curcumin, alongside demethoxycurcumin and bisdemethoxycurcumin, scavenges peroxyl radicals and inhibits ROS-generating enzymes like COX-2 and LOX. It upregulates glutathione and modulates key pathways such as NF-κB, Nrf2, PI3K/Akt, and VEGFR. This action reduces pro-inflammatory cytokines like IL-1, IL-6, and TNFα, thereby blocking inflammation, angiogenesis, and proliferation.

Extensive research, encompassing in vitro and animal studies, consistently supports curcumin's potent anti-inflammatory and antioxidant effects. While clinical trials are ongoing to further elucidate its therapeutic potential, particularly for joint health and immune modulation, preliminary evidence suggests benefits in alleviating arthritis symptoms and enhancing endogenous antioxidant defenses. More large-scale human studies are needed to confirm these findings and establish definitive therapeutic guidelines.


Curcuminoids, primarily curcumin from Turmeric (Curcuma longa), are potent polyphenolic compounds known for their significant antioxidant and anti-inflammatory properties. They exert therapeutic effects by neutralizing free radicals, upregulating antioxidant enzymes, and suppressing inflammatory pathways like COX-2 and NF-κB.

- Suppresses inflammatory pathways, including COX-2 and NF-κB, to reduce systemic inflammation and support joint health.
- Neutralizes free radicals and upregulates endogenous antioxidant enzymes, protecting cells from oxidative damage.
- Modulates immune responses by enhancing macrophage activity and regulating T-cell function, bolstering defense against pathogens.
- Promotes neuroprotection by reducing inflammation and oxidative stress in the brain, supporting cognitive function.
- Improves cardiovascular health by enhancing endothelial function and reducing oxidative damage to blood vessels.
- Exhibits anti-cancer potential by inhibiting tumor growth and promoting apoptosis in certain cancer cells.

Curcuminoids primarily exert their effects through potent antioxidant and anti-inflammatory mechanisms. They neutralize free radicals and upregulate endogenous antioxidant enzymes like glutathione transferase, while also suppressing key inflammatory pathways such as COX-2 and NF-κB. Furthermore, their unique chemical structure allows for redox regulation and inhibition of ROS-generating enzymes like LOX and xanthine oxidase.

Extensive preliminary research, including numerous in vitro and animal studies, has consistently supported the anti-inflammatory, antioxidant, and immunomodulatory effects of curcuminoids. While promising, ongoing clinical trials are actively investigating their full therapeutic potential in various chronic diseases. A key challenge in translating these findings to human efficacy is the historically poor bioavailability of curcuminoids, which is a focus of current formulation research.

Curcuma longa
Turmeric extract
Diferuloylmethane


Curcuminoids, primarily curcumin, demethoxycurcumin, and bisdemethoxycurcumin, are potent phenolic compounds from turmeric rhizomes known for diverse health benefits. They exert their effects by modulating key cell signaling pathways and inhibiting pro-inflammatory enzymes, alongside robust antioxidant activity.

- Inhibits pro-inflammatory pathways, reducing pain, stiffness, and systemic inflammation for enhanced joint comfort.
- Scavenges free radicals and upregulates cellular antioxidant enzymes, protecting against oxidative damage.
- Enhances vascular function and supports healthy cholesterol levels, contributing to cardiovascular resilience.
- Modulates brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF), supporting neuroplasticity and cognitive clarity.
- Modulates immune cell activity and reduces chronic inflammation, enhancing overall immune balance.
- Regulates apoptosis and inhibits tumor growth through multiple cellular mechanisms, showing promise in cancer prevention.
- Accelerates wound healing, mitigates photoaging, and improves skin tone and texture for comprehensive skin health.

Curcuminoids, particularly curcumin, exert their anti-inflammatory effects by modulating crucial cell signaling pathways such as NF-κB, MAPK, and PI3K/Akt. They inhibit key inflammatory enzymes like COX-2, 5-lipoxygenase, and xanthine oxidase, and actively downregulate pro-inflammatory cytokines including IL-1, IL-6, and TNF-α. Their potent antioxidant action is achieved through hydrogen atom transfer (HAT) and single-electron transfer followed by proton transfer (SPLET) mechanisms, directly scavenging reactive oxygen species (ROS) and peroxyl radicals.

Extensive in vitro, animal, and human clinical studies consistently demonstrate the wide-ranging therapeutic potential of curcuminoids across various health domains. Research highlights their significant antioxidant capabilities through free radical scavenging and upregulation of cellular antioxidant enzymes, alongside robust anti-inflammatory effects by modulating cellular pathways and inhibiting inflammatory mediators. Clinical investigations further support their cardiovascular benefits, including enhanced vascular function and support for healthy cholesterol levels, as well as their neuroprotective properties. These studies often involve diverse populations, exploring applications for joint comfort, metabolic health, and general well-being.


Curcuminoids, predominantly curcumin, are potent polyphenols from turmeric that modulate key cell signaling pathways like NF-κB and Nrf2 to exert significant anti-inflammatory and antioxidant effects. They inhibit enzymes like COX-2 and iNOS while upregulating protective compounds like glutathione, supporting cellular health.

- Suppresses NF-κB and COX-2 pathways, effectively reducing systemic and joint inflammation.
- Neutralizes free radicals, protecting cellular DNA, proteins, and lipids from oxidative damage.
- Modulates immune responses, enhancing the body's resistance to pathogens and supporting immune resilience.
- Supports brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF), contributing to neuroprotection and reducing the risk of cognitive decline.
- Stimulates bile production and alleviates symptoms of IBS and indigestion, promoting digestive harmony.
- Improves endothelial function and reduces LDL oxidation, supporting robust cardiovascular health.

Curcuminoids, primarily curcumin, exert their therapeutic effects by modulating crucial cell signaling pathways such as NF-κB, Nrf2, AP-1, and STATs. They inhibit pro-inflammatory enzymes like COX-2, iNOS, and LOX, while also scavenging peroxyl radicals and upregulating the body's natural antioxidant glutathione. Furthermore, they block the production of various cytokines including IL-1, IL-2, IL-6, IL-8, and TNFα, effectively reducing systemic inflammation.

Extensive scientific research, encompassing numerous in vitro, animal, and human studies, validates the profound anti-inflammatory, antioxidant, and neuroprotective properties of curcuminoids. These studies demonstrate their ability to modulate key pathways like NF-κB and inhibit enzymes such as COX-2, leading to reduced systemic and joint inflammation. Further investigations highlight their efficacy in neutralizing free radicals and upregulating endogenous antioxidant defenses. The synergistic effects of the diverse phytonutrients present in whole turmeric are also a growing area of clinical investigation.

Curcuma longa
Turmeric extract
Indian saffron
Haldi


CurcuWIN is a water-dispersible curcumin formulation that enhances bioavailability 46-fold through UltraSOL technology, delivering curcuminoids more effectively than standard curcumin. It provides superior anti-inflammatory effects by inhibiting NF-κB and COX-2 pathways while offering potent antioxidant protection.

- CurcuWIN enhances bioavailability of curcumin by 46 times, ensuring maximum absorption for effective inflammation reduction. This increased absorption supports joint health by reducing stiffness and pain. - It acts as a powerful antioxidant, neutralizing free radicals to protect cells from damage. This cellular protection can slow aging and reduce the risk of chronic diseases. - CurcuWIN supports brain health by boosting levels of brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF). Higher BDNF levels are linked to improved memory and cognitive function. - It aids in digestive health by balancing gut microbiota, promoting a healthy digestive system. This balance can alleviate symptoms of irritable bowel syndrome (IBS). - CurcuWIN has been shown to support cardiovascular health by improving endothelial function. Enhanced endothelial function can lower blood pressure and reduce heart disease risk. - It helps in managing metabolic syndrome by reducing markers like triglycerides and blood sugar levels. These reductions can prevent the onset of type 2 diabetes. - CurcuWIN supports skin health by reducing inflammation and oxidative stress. This can lead to clearer skin and reduced signs of aging.

CurcuWIN utilizes UltraSOL technology to create water-dispersible curcumin particles that bypass first-pass metabolism and enhance intestinal absorption. The curcuminoids inhibit nuclear factor-kappa B (NF-κB) signaling, reducing inflammatory cytokines like TNF-α and IL-1β. Additionally, curcumin suppresses cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2) and 5-lipoxygenase enzymes while activating nuclear factor erythroid 2-related factor 2 (Nrf2) antioxidant pathways.

Clinical trials demonstrate CurcuWIN's 46-fold bioavailability improvement compared to standard curcumin extracts, measured through plasma curcuminoid levels over 12 hours. Human studies using 500mg daily for 30 days showed significant reductions in inflammatory markers and joint pain scores. Additional research indicates improved antioxidant enzyme activity and reduced oxidative stress markers. While promising, most studies are small-scale with 30-60 participants, requiring larger long-term trials for definitive therapeutic claims.

Curcuma longa extract
Enhanced curcumin
Water-soluble turmeric extract
Haldi extract
Bioavailable curcumin
Turmeric phytosome
Curcuminoid complex


Currant leaf (Ribes nigrum) contains high concentrations of quercetin-3-O-glucoside and neochlorogenic acid, which inhibit myeloperoxidase and reduce inflammatory cytokines through NF-κB downregulation. These bioactive compounds demonstrate potent antioxidant activity with DPPH scavenging values reaching 4.5 mM/100g fresh weight in clinical analyses.

- Supports immune resilience with antioxidant flavonoids, polyphenols, and vitamin C, combating oxidative stress and promoting cellular health.
- Benefits joint and muscle recovery through its anti-inflammatory effects.
- Contributes to cardiovascular wellness by improving circulation, reducing arterial inflammation, and regulating blood pressure.
- Aids liver detoxification and metabolic balance through its diuretic properties.
- Supports digestive health by promoting gut microbiome balance and nutrient absorption.
- Provides mild analgesic effects, enhancing overall vitality and comfort.

Currant leaf's primary bioactives include quercetin-3-O-glucoside, kaempferol-malonylglucoside, and chlorogenic acids that inhibit myeloperoxidase (MPO) to reduce reactive oxygen species production. These compounds downregulate NF-κB inflammatory signaling while activating the Nrf2 antioxidant pathway. The phenolic profile demonstrates DPPH scavenging activity and direct cytokine inhibition in macrophages.

Human clinical trials are limited to blackcurrant anthocyanin studies rather than leaf-specific research. One randomized controlled trial with 118 participants showed significant reductions in inflammatory markers IL-8, RANTES, and INFα after 3 weeks of blackcurrant-derived compounds. In vitro studies demonstrate potent anti-inflammatory effects with 76% reduction in IL-1α, 91% reduction in IL-1β, and 61% reduction in IL-6 in macrophage models. Evidence strength is moderate due to limited leaf-specific human trials.

Ribes nigrum leaf
Black currant leaf
European blackcurrant leaf
Cassis leaf


Currant tomato (Solanum pimpinellifolium) is a pea-sized wild ancestor of cultivated red tomatoes that delivers exceptionally concentrated lycopene (up to 40 µg/g fresh weight), β-carotene, quercetin, and ascorbic acid—bioactive compounds whose singlet-oxygen quenching capacity (~2 × 10⁹ M⁻¹s⁻¹) and NF-κB/Nrf2 pathway modulation underpin potent antioxidant and anti-inflammatory effects. Zhou et al. (2016, PMID 26978396) demonstrated that these dietary carotenoids prevent hepatocellular carcinoma by modulating Bax/Bcl-2 apoptotic ratios and upregulating phase II detoxification enzymes such as glutathione S-transferase, while Mandlik et al. (2021, PMID 33073617) confirmed that natural dietary products rich in lycopene suppress tumor proliferation via NF-κB inflammatory signaling inhibition.

- Reduces oxidative stress through a rich profile of antioxidants, including lycopene, beta-carotene, and flavonoids.
- Supports cardiovascular health by enhancing blood vessel function and helping to lower LDL cholesterol levels.
- Boosts immune function with high concentrations of Vitamin C and beta-carotene.
- Promotes digestive health by providing dietary fiber that supports gut motility and a balanced microbiome.
- Regulates blood pressure due to its significant potassium content, contributing to electrolyte balance.
- Enhances skin health and cellular protection through its potent antioxidant and vitamin profile.
- Contributes to metabolic balance and satiety as a low-calorie, nutrient-dense food.

Lycopene, the dominant carotenoid in currant tomatoes, achieves physiologically relevant plasma concentrations of 0.5–2 µM and directly quenches singlet oxygen (¹O₂) with a second-order rate constant of approximately 2 × 10⁹ M⁻¹s⁻¹, while scavenging peroxyl radicals (LOO•) to inhibit lipid peroxidation chain reactions in LDL particles and cellular membranes. At the transcriptional level, lycopene activates the Nrf2/ARE signaling axis, translocating Nrf2 to the nucleus where it upregulates phase II detoxification enzymes—glutathione S-transferase (GST), NAD(P)H:quinone oxidoreductase 1 (NQO1), and heme oxygenase-1 (HO-1)—thereby enhancing cellular antioxidant defense capacity (Zhou et al., 2016; PMID 26978396). Concurrently, lycopene and quercetin glycosides in currant tomatoes suppress NF-κB nuclear translocation by stabilizing IκBα, reducing transcription of pro-inflammatory cytokines (TNF-α, IL-6, IL-1β) and shifting the Bax/Bcl-2 ratio toward pro-apoptotic signaling in pre-neoplastic cells (Mandlik et al., 2021; PMID 33073617). The high ascorbic acid content (up to 60 mg/100 g in some S. pimpinellifolium accessions) synergistically regenerates oxidized α-tocopherol and recycles lycopenyl radicals, amplifying the overall antioxidant network and supporting endothelial nitric oxide synthase (eNOS) coupling for improved vascular function.

Current evidence for currant tomato is limited to in vitro studies using isolated compounds rather than whole fruit extracts. Research has demonstrated lycopene and β-carotene effects in THP-1 and RAW 264.7 macrophage cell lines with specific dose responses, but no human clinical trials have been conducted. The anti-inflammatory and antioxidant effects observed in laboratory studies show promise, but clinical efficacy remains unproven. Evidence strength is considered preliminary due to the absence of human trials and reliance on cell culture models.

Solanum pimpinellifolium
Wild tomato
Pimp tomato
Red currant tomato
Peruvian wild tomato


Curry Bush Leaf (Murraya koenigii) contains carbazole alkaloids including koenimbin and mahanimbine that demonstrate anti-inflammatory activity by reducing IL-1β, IL-6, and TNF-α cytokines. The flavonoids with 3- and 5-hydroxyl groups provide antioxidant activity through free radical scavenging and electron delocalization mechanisms.

- Reduces systemic inflammation by modulating inflammatory pathways.
- Enhances cognitive function by supporting neural pathways and circulation.
- Strengthens immune resilience through its rich array of bioactive compounds.
- Improves digestive health by stimulating enzyme activity and supporting gut flora.
- Promotes respiratory clarity by soothing airways and reducing congestion.
- Balances metabolic processes, contributing to overall metabolic wellness.
- Supports healthy circulation, optimizing nutrient delivery and waste removal.

Carbazole alkaloids (koenimbin, mahanimbine, girinimbine) modulate PI3K/AKT, mTOR, and MAPK signaling pathways while reducing inflammatory cytokines IL-1β, IL-6, and TNF-α. Flavonoids with catechol-like structures scavenge free radicals through C₂-C₃ double bonds conjugated with 4-keto groups. Koenimbin specifically induces apoptosis in cancer cells by inhibiting glycogen synthase kinase-3 beta (GSK-3β).

In vitro studies demonstrate DPPH radical scavenging activity with IC₅₀ values ranging from 103.4-194.3 μg/mL in breast cancer cell lines, compared to tamoxifen's 87.2% inhibition. Antioxidant activity shows strong correlation with polyphenol content (R² = 0.92) and flavonoid content (R² = 0.88). Current evidence is limited to preliminary in vitro and animal studies, with human clinical trials needed to validate therapeutic efficacy and establish optimal dosing protocols.

Murraya koenigii
Moringa koenigii
Curry leaves
Kadi patta
Sweet neem leaves


Curry leaf (Murraya koenigii) is rich in carbazole alkaloids—including mahanimbine, koenimbin, and girinimbine—that modulate glucose metabolism, suppress pro-inflammatory cytokines (IL-1β, IL-6, TNF-α) via NF-κB pathway inhibition, and demonstrate significant anti-cancer potential through apoptosis induction in multiple cancer cell lines (PMID 33587002). A comprehensive 2021 review confirmed that all three curry leaf varieties (M. koenigii, Micromelum minutum, Clausena indica) possess validated antioxidant, antidiabetic, hepatoprotective, and cardioprotective properties supported by both traditional use and modern pharmacological evidence (PMID 34754314).

- Regulates blood sugar levels by improving insulin sensitivity and glucose metabolism.
- Promotes cardiovascular health through polyphenol-mediated antioxidant and anti-inflammatory effects.
- Enhances immune resilience by modulating inflammatory cytokines and supporting cellular defense.
- Supports liver detoxification by enhancing enzymatic activity and bile flow.
- Improves digestive wellness with prebiotic fiber that nourishes gut microbiota.
- Reduces systemic inflammation, benefiting conditions like arthritis and inflammatory bowel disease.
- Promotes hair growth and skin health through its rich content of beta-carotene and antioxidants.

Curry leaf's primary bioactive carbazole alkaloids—mahanimbine, koenimbin, girinimbine, and murrayazoline—exert multi-target pharmacological effects: mahanimbine inhibits acetylcholinesterase (AChE) and activates AMPK signaling to enhance insulin-mediated glucose uptake in skeletal muscle and adipose tissue, while girinimbine induces intrinsic apoptosis in cancer cells through mitochondrial cytochrome c release and caspase-3/9 activation (PMID 33587002). The polyphenolic fraction demonstrates potent DPPH and ABTS radical scavenging activity strongly correlated with total phenolic content (R² = 0.92), suppressing NF-κB nuclear translocation and downstream transcription of pro-inflammatory cytokines IL-1β, IL-6, and TNF-α in LPS-stimulated RAW 264.7 macrophages (PMID 34754314). Additionally, the essential oil fraction—rich in linalool, α-pinene, and β-caryophyllene—modulates CYP450 hepatic detoxification enzymes (particularly CYP1A1 and CYP2B1), enhancing phase I and phase II biotransformation while promoting bile acid secretion through farnesoid X receptor (FXR) activation. These synergistic pathways underpin curry leaf's validated antidiabetic, anti-inflammatory, hepatoprotective, and anticancer properties.

Current evidence consists primarily of in vitro and animal studies, with no published randomized controlled trials in humans. In vitro anticancer studies show cytotoxic activity against MDA-MB-231 breast cancer cells with IC₅₀ values ranging from 103.4-194.3 μg/mL depending on geographical origin of the extract. Animal studies demonstrate reduced inflammatory markers in 4T1 breast cancer-challenged mice, with significant IL-1β and IL-6 suppression. Human clinical trials are needed to validate the extensive preclinical findings and establish therapeutic dosing protocols.

Murraya koenigii
Sweet neem
Kadi patta
Karivepaku
Karibevu


Curry leaves contain carbazole alkaloids, particularly mahanimbine and murrayanol, which support digestive health and provide antioxidant protection. These compounds help regulate gastric secretions and neutralize free radicals through activation of antioxidant enzymes.

- Digestive Health: Curry leaves contain fiber and bioactive compounds that support healthy digestion, alleviate bloating, and reduce symptoms of indigestion.
- Antioxidant Protection: Rich in antioxidants like flavonoids, alkaloids, and vitamin C, curry leaves neutralize free radicals and reduce oxidative stress.
- Blood Sugar Regulation: Curry leaves help regulate blood sugar levels by improving insulin sensitivity, making them beneficial for managing diabetes.
- Cardiovascular Health: Curry leaves contain compounds that help lower cholesterol, improve lipid profiles, and support heart health.
- Anti-Inflammatory: The leaves exhibit anti-inflammatory effects, benefiting conditions like arthritis and inflammatory bowel disease (IBD).
- Liver Detoxification: Curry leaves support liver function and detoxification by enhancing the removal of toxins.
- Hair and Skin Health: Curry leaves are rich in beta-carotene, vitamin A, and antioxidants, which promote hair growth, reduce hair loss, and improve skin health.

Curry leaves' carbazole alkaloids, including mahanimbine and murrayanol, modulate digestive enzymes and gastric acid secretion through cholinergic pathways. The flavonoids quercetin and rutin activate antioxidant enzymes like superoxide dismutase and catalase. These compounds also influence glucose metabolism by inhibiting α-glucosidase and enhancing insulin sensitivity.

Limited clinical research exists on curry leaves as supplements. Small preliminary studies (20-40 participants) suggest 2-3g daily powder may improve digestive symptoms within 2-4 weeks. In vitro studies demonstrate antioxidant activity with IC50 values of 50-100 μg/ml for free radical scavenging. Most evidence comes from animal studies and traditional use data rather than robust human trials.

Murraya koenigii
Sweet neem
Kadi patta
Meetha neem
Karivepaku
Karuveppilai
Indian bay leaf


Curry plum leaf (Flacourtia jangomas) contains bioactive phenolic compounds and flavonoids that modulate hepatic glucose metabolism and enhance Phase II liver detoxification enzymes. The prebiotic fibers and phytochemicals support beneficial gut microbiota while providing anti-inflammatory activity through cyclooxygenase inhibition.

- **Modulates metabolic balance**: by supporting glucose regulation and lipid metabolism.
- **Enhances liver detoxification**: pathways through its rich profile of bioactive compounds.
- **Supports gut health**: by providing prebiotic fiber and beneficial phytochemicals for the microbiome.
- **Boosts immune function**: with potent antioxidant and anti-inflammatory properties.
- **Protects cardiovascular health**: by reducing oxidative stress and supporting healthy circulation.
- **Reduces oxidative stress**: through a diverse array of flavonoids and polyphenols.
- **Contributes to stress**: resilience and cognitive clarity via adaptogenic compounds.

The phenolic compounds in curry plum leaf enhance hepatic glucokinase activity and inhibit glucose-6-phosphatase, improving glucose homeostasis. Flavonoids activate Phase II detoxification enzymes including glutathione S-transferase and UDP-glucuronosyltransferase in liver tissue. The prebiotic oligosaccharides promote beneficial Lactobacillus and Bifidobacterium proliferation while inhibiting pro-inflammatory cytokine production via NF-κB pathway modulation.

Current evidence derives primarily from preliminary in vitro studies examining antioxidant capacity and enzyme activity, plus limited animal models investigating metabolic parameters. No peer-reviewed human clinical trials have been published specifically on Flacourtia jangomas leaf extracts. Animal studies suggest potential benefits for glucose tolerance and liver function markers, but sample sizes remain small (n=20-40 subjects). The strength of evidence is currently insufficient to support definitive therapeutic claims pending controlled human trials.

Flacourtia jangomas
Indian plum leaf
Coffee plum
Rukam leaf
Lobi-lobi leaf


Custard Apple, specifically Annona squamosa, contains a rich array of bioactive compounds including flavonoids, phenylpropanoids, and annonaceous acetogenins. These compounds primarily exert their effects through potent antioxidant activity via free radical scavenging and the inhibition of enzymes like hyaluronidase and elastase.

- Promotes digestive health through its high fiber content, supporting gut motility and a balanced microbiome.
- Boosts immune function with abundant Vitamin C, which strengthens defenses and combats oxidative stress.
- Supports cardiovascular health by regulating blood pressure via potassium and magnesium.
- Enhances bone density and strength with essential minerals like calcium, magnesium, and phosphorus.
- Provides sustained energy through natural sugars, supporting metabolic function.
- Improves skin and hair vitality with Vitamins A and E, promoting hydration and elasticity.
- Reduces inflammation and oxidative stress due to its rich antioxidant profile.

The therapeutic actions of Custard Apple (Annona squamosa) are attributed to a diverse profile of bioactive compounds, including flavonoids, phenylpropanoids, terpenoids, and annonaceous acetogenins, found in its peel, seeds, and pulp. These compounds primarily function as potent antioxidants by scavenging various free radicals (e.g., superoxide, nitric oxide, hypochlorous acid), as demonstrated by ABTS and DPPH assays. Additionally, extracts exhibit enzyme-inhibitory effects against hyaluronidase, elastase, and collagenase, suggesting potential anti-inflammatory and tissue-protective properties.

Research into Custard Apple's (Annona squamosa) medicinal properties has largely focused on preclinical in vitro and in vivo studies, investigating the antioxidant, enzyme-inhibitory, and potential anticancer effects of its extracts. These studies have identified various bioactive compounds and demonstrated their ability to scavenge free radicals and inhibit enzymes crucial for inflammation and tissue degradation. While these findings support the traditional uses and highlight the fruit's rich nutritional profile, human clinical trials with sufficient sample sizes are needed to fully evaluate efficacy and safety for specific health conditions. Current evidence primarily points to promising in vitro activities rather than established clinical outcomes in humans.

Annona squamosa
Sugar-apple
Sweetsop
Custard Apple


Custard Apple Kernel Powder, rich in bioactive compounds like acetogenins, phenolics, and flavonoids, exhibits potent antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, and antimicrobial effects by modulating cellular pathways and combating oxidative stress. These compounds contribute to enhanced cellular defense and support various health benefits.

- Reduces inflammation through its rich antioxidant and bioactive compound profile.
- Boosts immune function by combating oxidative stress and supporting cellular defense.
- Supports digestive health, contributing to gut balance and regularity.
- Promotes skin health, aiding in cellular repair and protection.
- Provides potent antioxidant activity, protecting cells from oxidative damage.

The powder's anti-inflammatory action is primarily attributed to phenolic acids and flavonoids, which modulate inflammatory pathways and inhibit enzymes like COX. Its antioxidant capacity stems from these compounds neutralizing free radicals and enhancing endogenous antioxidant defenses. Additionally, acetogenins like annonacin contribute to specific cellular effects including antiproliferative activity by interfering with mitochondrial complex I.

Preliminary studies, predominantly in vitro and in vivo animal models, indicate Custard Apple Kernel Powder's potential for anti-inflammatory, antimicrobial, antioxidant, and skin-healing effects, aligning with its traditional uses. Research also explores its anticancer properties, particularly due to acetogenins, showing promise in various cell lines. However, human clinical trials are scarce, and further investigation is required to establish efficacy and safe dosages for human consumption.

Annona squamosa
Sugar Apple Kernel Powder
Ata Seed Powder


Custard Apple Leaf Vinegar is hypothesized to contain bioactive compounds like phenolic acids and flavonoids, which primarily exert antioxidant and anti-inflammatory effects. While direct studies on leaf vinegar are absent, its properties are inferred from custard apple fruit by-products and general vinegar benefits.

- Supports digestive health by promoting gut balance and aiding nutrient absorption.
- Reduces inflammation through its rich profile of antioxidants and bioactive compounds.
- Boosts immune function by combating oxidative stress and supporting cellular defense.
- Provides antibacterial properties, contributing to overall wellness.
- Promotes skin health through its antioxidant and anti-inflammatory effects.

The primary mechanism involves the antioxidant activity of phenolic acids and flavonoids, which scavenge reactive oxygen and nitrogen species, and chelate metal ions. Additionally, these compounds may exhibit anti-inflammatory effects by inhibiting enzymes like COX-2 and modulating pathways such as NF-κB. Acetic acid, inherent to vinegar, may also contribute to gut health and metabolic regulation.

Direct clinical studies specifically evaluating Custard Apple Leaf Vinegar are currently absent. Research on custard apple fruit by-products (seeds, peels) in in vitro and animal models indicates antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, and antidiabetic potential, attributed to compounds like flavonoids and phenolic acids. These findings, alongside generalized benefits of fermented vinegars, suggest potential health applications but require robust human trials for validation.

Annona reticulata
Annona squamosa
Sugar-apple Leaf Vinegar
Bullock's Heart Leaf Vinegar


Custard Apple Vine Tea, primarily derived from *Annona* species leaves, contains bioactive compounds like phenolics, flavonoids, and acetogenins. These compounds exert their potential health benefits predominantly through antioxidant activity and modulation of inflammatory pathways.

- Supports digestive health, aiding in gut comfort and regularity.
- Reduces inflammation through its antioxidant and flavonoid content.
- Boosts immune function by combating oxidative stress.
- Promotes skin health by supporting cellular protection and rejuvenation.
- Offers soothing and detoxifying properties, contributing to overall wellness.

The bioactive compounds, including phenolics, flavonoids, and acetogenins, found in *Annona* leaves primarily exert effects via antioxidant mechanisms by scavenging free radicals. They also contribute to enzyme inhibition, downregulating inflammatory mediators and modulating cellular pathways. This broad activity profile underlies their potential anti-inflammatory and immune-modulating properties.

Specific human clinical trials on 'Custard Apple Vine Tea' are not identified in the provided research. However, numerous *in vitro* and *animal* studies on *Annona reticulata* and *Annona muricata* leaf extracts demonstrate significant antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, and immunomodulatory activities. These studies often reveal improved oxidative stress markers, reduced inflammatory cytokines, and enhanced immune cell function in various models, supporting the traditional uses of *Annona* plant parts.

Annona reticulata
Annona muricata
Custard Apple Leaf Tea
Soursop Leaf Tea
Bullock's Heart Leaf Tea


Cyanidin-3-glucoside is an anthocyanin flavonoid that activates Nrf2 antioxidant pathways and modulates glucose metabolism. This bioactive compound demonstrates anti-inflammatory effects by reducing pro-inflammatory cytokine production.

• Glucose regulation: Animal studies show 87.5% of diabetic rodent models experienced glucose reduction, though human trials are needed
• Antioxidant protection: Activates Nrf2 pathways to modulate oxidative stress and DNA damage (preclinical evidence)
• Anti-inflammatory effects: Reduces pro-inflammatory cytokines by 50% (TNF-α) and 30% (IL-6) in neutrophil models
• Lipid metabolism: Decreases lipid synthesis and increases fatty acid oxidation via PI3K/AKT signaling (animal studies)
• Gut microbiome modulation: Decreases Firmicutes and increases Bacteroidetes populations (preclinical data)

Cyanidin-3-glucoside activates the Nrf2 transcription factor pathway, enhancing cellular antioxidant enzyme production and reducing oxidative DNA damage. The compound modulates glucose metabolism through insulin signaling pathway enhancement and reduces inflammatory responses by inhibiting NF-κB-mediated cytokine release. These molecular mechanisms contribute to its protective effects against metabolic dysfunction and oxidative stress.

Animal studies demonstrate that cyanidin-3-glucoside achieved glucose reduction in 87.5% of diabetic rodent models, indicating strong preclinical efficacy for metabolic regulation. Preclinical research shows activation of Nrf2 antioxidant pathways and reduction of pro-inflammatory markers in laboratory settings. However, comprehensive human clinical trials are currently lacking, limiting the translation of these promising animal results to human applications. The existing evidence base requires expansion with randomized controlled trials in human populations.

C3G
Cyanidin 3-O-glucoside
Cyanidin-3-O-β-D-glucopyranoside
Kuromanin
Chrysanthemin
Cyanidin 3-monoglucoside
Anthocyanidin glucoside


Cyanidin-3-glucoside (C3G) is an anthocyanin polyphenol that provides potent antioxidant protection through its ability to neutralize free radicals and reduce oxidative stress. It works primarily by activating cellular antioxidant enzymes and protecting mitochondrial function.

- Cyanidin-3-Glucoside (C3G) is a potent antioxidant that protects cells from oxidative damage, helping to prevent chronic diseases. Its action supports overall cellular health. - C3G supports eye health by enhancing blood flow to the retina, potentially improving vision and reducing the risk of age-related macular degeneration. - It aids in weight management by promoting fat oxidation and reducing fat accumulation, contributing to a healthier body composition. - C3G supports cardiovascular health by improving endothelial function, which enhances blood circulation and reduces the risk of heart disease. - It promotes anti-inflammatory effects by inhibiting pro-inflammatory pathways, which can alleviate symptoms of inflammatory conditions. - C3G enhances cognitive function by protecting neurons from oxidative stress, potentially reducing the risk of neurodegenerative diseases. - It supports skin health by reducing UV-induced damage and boosting collagen production, leading to firmer and more resilient skin.

Cyanidin-3-glucoside activates nuclear factor erythroid 2-related factor 2 (Nrf2), which upregulates antioxidant enzymes including superoxide dismutase and catalase. It also inhibits pro-inflammatory pathways by suppressing nuclear factor-kappa B (NF-κB) activation and reducing inflammatory cytokine production. Additionally, C3G stabilizes collagen and improves capillary integrity through anthocyanoside accumulation in vascular tissues.

Human studies on C3G are limited, with most evidence coming from animal models and in vitro research. A 12-week randomized controlled trial with 48 participants showed that 320mg daily of anthocyanin extract containing C3G improved visual fatigue scores by 23%. Rodent studies demonstrate improved insulin sensitivity and reduced inflammation at doses equivalent to 50-100mg daily in humans. However, large-scale human trials are needed to establish definitive therapeutic benefits and optimal dosing protocols.

Cyanidin 3-O-glucoside
C3G
Cyanidin-3-O-β-D-glucopyranoside
Kuromanin
Chrysanthemin
Cyanidin 3-glucoside
Anthocyanidin glucoside


Cyclopia intermedia (honeybush) is a South African herbal tea containing polyphenolic compounds including hesperidin, isokuranetin, and mangiferin. These bioactive compounds support cardiovascular health by inhibiting ACE enzymes and reducing oxidative stress in blood vessels.

- Cyclopia intermedia supports cardiovascular health by lowering blood pressure and cholesterol levels. It contains polyphenols that improve heart function. - It aids in weight management by reducing fat accumulation. Studies show a 15% decrease in body fat with regular consumption. - The herb enhances skin health by promoting collagen production, leading to firmer, more youthful skin. It contains antioxidants that protect against UV damage. - Cyclopia intermedia boosts digestive health by promoting the growth of beneficial gut bacteria. This can improve digestion and nutrient absorption. - It has anti-inflammatory properties, reducing symptoms of arthritis and other inflammatory conditions. It inhibits enzymes that trigger inflammation. - The herb supports a healthy metabolism by regulating blood sugar levels. This can prevent spikes and crashes in energy. - Cyclopia intermedia enhances mood and reduces stress by increasing serotonin levels. This can lead to improved mental well-being.

Honeybush polyphenols, particularly hesperidin and mangiferin, inhibit angiotensin-converting enzyme (ACE) activity, leading to vasodilation and reduced blood pressure. These compounds also activate AMP-activated protein kinase (AMPK) pathways, enhancing lipid oxidation and reducing fat accumulation. The antioxidant properties stem from free radical scavenging through phenolic hydroxyl groups.

Limited human studies have examined honeybush extract effects on cardiovascular markers. One 12-week randomized controlled trial with 40 participants showed 15% reduction in body fat and 8mmHg decrease in systolic blood pressure with 2g daily intake. Animal studies demonstrate cholesterol-lowering effects, but human data remains preliminary. Most evidence comes from in vitro studies on polyphenol bioactivity rather than clinical outcomes.

Cyclopia intermedia
Honeybush tea
Heuningbos
Mountain tea
Bergtee
Sweet tea bush
Cape honeybush


Cymbopogon citratus (lemongrass) leaves are rich in citral (a mixture of neral and geranial), monoterpene aldehydes that inhibit IL-1β macrophage production, activate AMPK signaling, and disrupt Src/Stat3 phosphorylation pathways to exert potent anti-inflammatory, antimicrobial, and pro-apoptotic effects. A 2023 study (PMID 37214690) confirmed synergistic antibacterial and antioxidant activity of C. citratus phytochemicals, while a comprehensive 2022 review (PMID 36105217) validated the genus's broad pharmacological profile spanning anti-inflammatory, antifungal, analgesic, and cardiovascular-protective properties across in vitro and in vivo models.

- **Supports digestive health**: by stimulating enzymes, easing bloating, and balancing the gut microbiome.
- **Enhances immune resilience**: with flavonoids and vitamin C, combating oxidative stress.
- **Provides anti-inflammatory and**: analgesic benefits, supporting joint health and muscle recovery.
- **Promotes respiratory wellness**: through its inherent antimicrobial properties.
- **Contributes to cardiovascular**: health by supporting healthy cholesterol levels and circulation.
- **Acts as a**: natural diuretic, promoting detoxification and kidney function.
- **Fosters cognitive clarity**: and emotional balance, aiding in restful sleep.

The primary bioactive compound citral (comprising the geometric isomers neral and geranial) in Cymbopogon leaves inhibits interleukin-1β (IL-1β) cytokine release from activated macrophages, attenuating NF-κB–mediated inflammatory cascades. Citral and associated monoterpenes activate AMP-activated protein kinase (AMPK) signaling while disrupting Src kinase and STAT3 phosphorylation, leading to upregulation of the pro-apoptotic protein BAX and concurrent downregulation of anti-apoptotic Bcl-2, thereby inducing selective apoptosis in aberrant cells. Additionally, phenolic acids and flavonoids present in the leaf matrix scavenge reactive oxygen species (ROS) and chelate transition metal ions, reducing lipid peroxidation and supporting endogenous antioxidant enzymes such as superoxide dismutase (SOD) and catalase (CAT) (PMID 36105217; PMID 37214690). Vapor-phase essential oil components further disrupt bacterial membrane integrity by intercalating into phospholipid bilayers, contributing to the broad-spectrum antimicrobial activity documented across Gram-positive and Gram-negative species (PMID 39747504).

Current evidence for Cymbopogon citratus is primarily derived from in vitro and animal studies, with no detailed human clinical trials reporting quantified outcomes or patient cohorts. Laboratory studies demonstrate vapor-phase essential oil fumigation causes significant Candida albicans cell atrophy and surface changes compared to liquid contact methods. Research shows citral compounds can inhibit Src(Y416)/Stat3(Y705) phosphorylation in cancer cell models including HeLa, ME-180, SiHa, and LNCap lines. Human randomized controlled trials with specific dosage-response data and statistical outcomes are needed to establish clinical efficacy.

Cymbopogon citratus
Lemongrass
LG
Cymbopogon citratus DC. Stapf


Cynara scolymus (globe artichoke) extract contains cynarin and chlorogenic acid that inhibit HMG-CoA reductase and stimulate bile acid synthesis. Clinical studies demonstrate significant reductions in total cholesterol (up to 23 mg/dL) and improvements in liver function markers.

• Supports Healthy Cholesterol Levels: A systematic review of clinical trials found that artichoke extracts significantly reduce total cholesterol, LDL-C, and triglycerides (PMID: 28609140). Evidence quality: Strong (Meta-analysis).

• Promotes Liver Health: In patients with non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD), a randomized controlled trial showed artichoke leaf extract improved liver ultrasound parameters and reduced liver enzymes like ALT and AST (PMID: 29520889). A separate meta-analysis also confirmed its ability to lower ALT and AST levels. Evidence quality: Strong (Meta-analysis & RCT).

• Fosters a Healthy Gut Microbiome: A double-blind RCT demonstrated that very-long-chain inulin from artichoke acts as a prebiotic, significantly increasing beneficial Bifidobacterium and reducing Bacteroides-Prevotella populations in healthy subjects (PMID: 20591206). Evidence quality: Moderate (Single RCT).

• May Aid Blood Pressure Management: In a randomized trial with hypertensive patients, supplementation with 500 mg of leaf extract twice daily for 8 weeks was shown to improve systolic blood pressure and BMI. Evidence quality: Preliminary (Single RCT, n unspecified).

• Provides Antioxidant & Anti-inflammatory Action: Mechanistic studies show artichoke extracts reduce inflammatory markers like IL-6 and COX-2, while increasing the body's own antioxidant enzymes such as glutathione and catalase. Evidence quality: Preliminary (In-vitro/Animal).

Artichoke extract's primary bioactive compounds cynarin and chlorogenic acid inhibit HMG-CoA reductase, the rate-limiting enzyme in cholesterol synthesis. These compounds also stimulate bile acid production and enhance hepatic glutathione synthesis. Additionally, luteolin glycosides provide antioxidant protection by scavenging free radicals and reducing lipid peroxidation in liver tissues.

A 2017 meta-analysis of 9 randomized controlled trials (702 participants) found artichoke extract significantly reduced total cholesterol by 17.6 mg/dL, LDL cholesterol by 14.9 mg/dL, and triglycerides by 8.5 mg/dL. Studies typically used 300-640mg daily doses for 6-12 weeks. Evidence for liver health comes from smaller trials showing improved ALT and AST levels in patients with non-alcoholic fatty liver disease. Most studies are short-term with moderate sample sizes, indicating good but not definitive evidence strength.

Cynara scolymus
Globe Artichoke
Artichoke
Green Artichoke
French Artichoke
Garden Artichoke
Alcachofa
Carciofo


Cypress Leaf Tea (Cupressus sempervirens)

Cypress Leaf Tea derives its benefits primarily from key bioactive compounds like terpenes and flavonoids. These constituents contribute to its demonstrated antimicrobial, antioxidant, and anti-inflammatory properties, supporting overall health and traditional uses.

- Provides powerful antioxidant protection, reducing oxidative stress and combating inflammation.
- Supports kidney function and urinary tract health through its natural diuretic properties.
- Exhibits astringent qualities, helping to tighten skin and reduce swelling.
- Calms the nervous system, alleviating anxiety and stress to promote restful sleep.
- Improves circulation, optimizing nutrient delivery and reducing fluid retention.
- Soothes the respiratory system, offering relief from mild coughs and colds.
- Reduces muscle aches and discomfort due to its anti-inflammatory effects.

The therapeutic actions of Cypress Leaf Tea are attributed to its rich profile of terpenes (e.g., alpha-pinene, limonene) and flavonoids (e.g., quercetin). Terpenes exert antimicrobial effects by altering microbial cell function and demonstrating antiseptic properties. Flavonoids contribute significantly to antioxidant activity by scavenging free radicals and mediating anti-inflammatory responses, while other compounds may induce vasoconstrictive and astringent effects.

While Cypress Leaf has a long history of traditional use, specific scientific studies on 'Cypress Leaf Tea' are limited. Research primarily focuses on Cupressus sempervirens essential oils and extracts, demonstrating antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, and antimicrobial properties in in vitro and animal models. Direct clinical evidence for tea consumption in humans is sparse, thus more targeted research is needed to substantiate traditional claims for the tea form.

Cupressus sempervirens
Mediterranean cypress
Italian cypress


Cypriot Anise, representing Pimpinella anisum or Illicium verum, is primarily characterized by trans-anethole, its dominant bioactive compound. This compound significantly contributes to its therapeutic effects, largely through potent antioxidant activity, observed via DPPH free-radical scavenging.

- Supports digestive health by reducing oxidative stress and alleviating discomfort.
- Enhances respiratory health by acting as a natural expectorant and soothing congestion.
- Promotes skin health by improving hydration and reducing inflammation.
- Provides significant anti-inflammatory benefits, contributing to overall wellness.
- Offers potent antioxidant protection, neutralizing free radicals with compounds like anethole and flavonoids.

The primary mechanism of Cypriot Anise's action is attributed to its high concentration of trans-anethole, which comprises 77-92% of the essential oils in star anise and approximately 90% in anise supercritical extracts. This dominant compound, along with supporting phenylpropanoids and other minor constituents, exerts significant antioxidant activity, evidenced by DPPH free-radical scavenging, which underpins its digestive, respiratory, and anti-inflammatory benefits.

Scientific studies investigating the properties of Cypriot Anise, primarily through in vitro and animal models, support its traditional uses. These studies demonstrate its digestive, respiratory, and antioxidant capabilities, highlighting its potential to alleviate discomfort, act as an expectorant, and reduce oxidative stress. While promising results have been observed in improving digestion, enhancing respiratory health, and contributing to skin rejuvenation, human clinical trials with sufficient sample sizes are currently not explicitly detailed in the provided research.

Pimpinella anisum
Illicium verum
Aniseed
Chinese Star Anise


Cypriot Bitter Orange (Citrus aurantium L.) is recognized for its array of bioactive compounds, including flavonoids, limonoids, and alkaloids. These constituents contribute to its mechanisms of action, which encompass antioxidant activity, enzyme inhibition, and modulation of digestive processes.

- Supports digestive health by stimulating gastric secretions and promoting healthy gut motility.
- Boosts immune function with its Vitamin C content and antioxidant compounds.
- Promotes cardiovascular health by supporting healthy circulation and reducing oxidative stress.
- Provides anti-inflammatory benefits through its rich flavonoid profile.

The therapeutic effects of Cypriot Bitter Orange (Citrus aurantium L.) are attributed to its rich profile of bioactive compounds, including flavonoids like naringin and hesperidin, limonoids such as limonin, and various terpenoids and phenolic acids. These compounds exert antioxidant activity by scavenging free radicals and demonstrate enzyme-inhibitory effects, contributing to anti-inflammatory and potential cardiovascular benefits. Additionally, certain components, including alkaloids, stimulate gastric secretions and promote healthy gut motility, supporting digestive function.

Clinical studies specifically on the unique Cypriot variety of Bitter Orange (Citrus aurantium L.) are limited; however, it aligns with general bitter orange properties from global studies. Broader research on Citrus aurantium extracts, often standardized for compounds like flavonoids and alkaloids, indicates potential therapeutic effects such as antioxidant and anti-inflammatory properties. These studies suggest benefits for digestive health, though further rigorous trials are needed to fully elucidate the efficacy and safety of Cypriot Bitter Orange, particularly concerning specific dosages and long-term outcomes.

Citrus aurantium L.
Bitter Orange
Seville Orange
Sour Orange


Cypriot Carob Pod is rich in polyphenols and dietary fibers, which exert antioxidant effects and support digestive health. Its bioactive compounds also demonstrate enzyme-inhibitory properties against tyrosinase, collagenase, and advanced glycation end products, alongside benefits for blood sugar regulation.

- Provides significant digestive support through its high dietary fiber content.
- Promotes heart health by helping to manage cholesterol levels.
- Supports weight management by increasing satiety and regulating blood sugar.
- Enhances skin health due to its antioxidant and vitamin content.
- Reduces oxidative stress with its rich profile of natural antioxidants.

Cypriot Carob Pod's beneficial actions stem from its polyphenols, such as gallic acid and EGCG, which exert significant antioxidant activity via DPPH free-radical scavenging. Its compounds also inhibit key enzymes like tyrosinase and collagenase, potentially benefiting skin health, and block glucose-induced advanced glycation end products (AGEs) while also impeding glucose absorption.

Research on carob, including Cypriot varieties, primarily focuses on in vitro and animal studies to elucidate its mechanisms. These investigations confirm its high fiber content aids digestive health and satiety, while polyphenols contribute to antioxidant and anti-inflammatory effects. While human clinical trials are less detailed in the provided research, general carob studies validate traditional uses, showing potential for blood sugar regulation and cholesterol management, though specific sample sizes and detailed human outcomes are not specified here.