Turmeric root contains curcumin, a bioactive compound that inhibits inflammatory enzymes like COX-2 and 5-LOX while activating antioxidant pathways. This dual mechanism supports joint health by reducing inflammation and protects cardiovascular function through improved endothelial health.

Turmeric root supports joint and cardiovascular health through its high content of curcumin, a powerful anti-inflammatory and antioxidant compound. Curcumin reduces oxidative stress, modulates inflammatory pathways, and supports endothelial function, promoting heart health by improving circulation and lowering cholesterol levels. Turmeric also boosts cognitive health by crossing the blood-brain barrier to reduce neuroinflammation, supporting memory, focus, and overall brain function. The root enhances immune resilience by modulating immune cell responses and exhibiting antimicrobial properties. Additionally, turmeric supports metabolic health by regulating blood sugar levels and enhancing insulin sensitivity, making it beneficial for individuals managing diabetes. It aids digestive health by stimulating bile production, promoting gut motility, and supporting microbiome balance. The root’s skin-protective properties, derived from its antioxidant profile, promote wound healing and combat signs of aging. Emerging research also suggests turmeric’s role in cancer prevention by inhibiting the growth of certain cancer cells and reducing tumor formation.

Curcumin inhibits pro-inflammatory enzymes cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2) and 5-lipoxygenase while suppressing nuclear factor-kappa B (NF-κB) signaling. It activates Nrf2 pathways to enhance endogenous antioxidant enzyme production including glutathione peroxidase and superoxide dismutase. Additionally, curcumin modulates nitric oxide synthesis to support vascular endothelial function.

Multiple randomized controlled trials demonstrate turmeric's anti-inflammatory effects, with studies showing 500-1000mg daily curcumin reducing inflammatory markers like C-reactive protein by 25-45%. Joint health studies involving 100-300 participants found significant improvements in pain scores and mobility over 8-12 weeks. Cardiovascular research shows modest improvements in endothelial function and lipid profiles, though larger long-term studies are needed. Evidence is strongest for inflammatory conditions and moderate for cardiovascular benefits.

Curcuma longa
Haldi
Indian Saffron
Golden Spice
Haridra
Jiang Huang
Ukon
Yellow Root


Turmeric root extract contains curcumin, which inhibits inflammatory pathways including NF-κB and COX-2 enzymes to reduce joint pain and inflammation. The extract also provides antioxidant protection by neutralizing free radicals and boosting cellular glutathione levels.

Provides powerful anti-inflammatory and joint health support through curcumin’s inhibition of NF-κB and COX-2 pathways, reducing pain and stiffness associated with arthritis and autoimmune conditions; delivers potent antioxidant and cellular protection by neutralizing free radicals and boosting glutathione levels, guarding against oxidative stress and premature aging; enhances cognitive function and neuroprotection by elevating BDNF (brain-derived neurotrophic factor), supporting memory, focus, and neuroplasticity while mitigating neurodegenerative risks; improves digestive and gut health by stimulating bile production, promoting microbiota balance, and reducing gastrointestinal inflammation; supports cardiovascular health by improving endothelial function, reducing LDL oxidation, and enhancing circulation; strengthens immune resilience by modulating cytokine responses and supporting gut-associated lymphoid tissue activity.

Curcumin, the primary bioactive compound, inhibits nuclear factor-κB (NF-κB) transcription factor and cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2) enzymes, blocking production of inflammatory cytokines like TNF-α and IL-6. It also activates nuclear factor erythroid 2-related factor 2 (Nrf2) pathway, increasing antioxidant enzyme production including glutathione peroxidase and superoxide dismutase. Additionally, curcumin modulates prostaglandin E2 synthesis and inhibits lipoxygenase enzymes involved in inflammatory cascade.

Multiple randomized controlled trials with 500-1,000mg daily curcumin have shown 40-60% reduction in joint pain scores and improved mobility in osteoarthritis patients over 8-12 weeks. A meta-analysis of 15 studies found curcumin significantly reduced inflammatory markers C-reactive protein and interleukin-6 levels. However, bioavailability remains a challenge, with newer formulations using piperine or phospholipid complexes showing improved absorption. Evidence for cognitive and cardiovascular benefits exists but requires larger, longer-term studies for definitive conclusions.

Curcuma longa
Haldi
Indian Saffron
Jiang Huang
Haridra
Golden Spice
Curcumin Extract

Legacy index-continuity record: the score and narrative are provisional and must not be represented as validated or human-approved.


Turnip leaf (Brassica rapa) delivers therapeutic benefits primarily through glucosinolates that convert to bioactive isothiocyanates, particularly β-phenylethyl isothiocyanate and sulforaphane. These compounds activate Phase II detoxification enzymes and demonstrate anti-inflammatory effects by reducing TNF-α levels by 89.6% in experimental models.

- **Supports liver detoxification**: processes through its rich content of glucosinolates.
- **Enhances immune resilience**: by providing essential vitamins and antioxidants.
- **Promotes cardiovascular health**: by supporting healthy blood pressure and circulation.
- **Aids digestive wellness**: through its dietary fiber and beneficial compounds.
- **Contributes to metabolic**: stability by influencing glucose and lipid metabolism.
- **Supports cognitive function**: by protecting neural cells from oxidative stress.
- **Enhances skin vitality**: through antioxidant protection and nutrient supply.

Turnip leaf's glucosinolates are hydrolyzed by myrosinase enzyme into bioactive isothiocyanates, particularly β-phenylethyl isothiocyanate and sulforaphane, which induce Phase II detoxification enzymes. These compounds regulate inflammatory pathways by modulating caspase-3 and caspase-9 in apoptotic processes and dramatically reducing pro-inflammatory cytokines TNF-α, IL-1β, and IL-2. The phenolic compounds and flavonoids provide additional antioxidant activity through free radical scavenging mechanisms.

Current evidence is primarily from in vitro and animal studies rather than human clinical trials. Laboratory studies demonstrate that turnip leaf preparation reduced inflammatory markers TNF-α by 89.6%, IL-1β by 87.2%, and IL-2 by 89.4% in ulcer models. β-phenylethyl isothiocyanate showed concentration-dependent inhibition of human hepatoma cells (HepG2), while ethyl acetate and butanol extracts effectively inhibited α-glucosidase activity. Human clinical trials are needed to validate these preliminary therapeutic effects and establish proper dosing protocols.

Brassica rapa subsp. rapa
turnip greens
turnip tops
TLP (turnip leaf preparation)


Tyrosinase is a copper-containing enzyme that catalyzes the oxidation of tyrosine to form melanin, the pigment responsible for skin and hair coloration. This enzyme plays a crucial role in melanogenesis and exhibits antioxidant properties through its phenoloxidase activity.

- Supports melanin production, influencing skin and hair pigmentation for a natural, healthy glow. This enzymatic action helps maintain even skin tone and vibrant hair color.
- May have antioxidant properties, protecting cells from oxidative stress and environmental damage. Enhanced antioxidant activity supports youthful skin and overall wellness.
- Promotes wound healing by catalyzing the production of melanin, which can protect new tissue from UV damage. Faster healing leads to reduced scarring and improved skin resilience.
- Supports brain health by participating in the synthesis of neuromelanin, which may protect neurons from oxidative injury. Healthy neuromelanin levels are linked to cognitive longevity.
- May help manage hyperpigmentation by regulating melanin synthesis, leading to a more balanced complexion. Controlled melanin production reduces the appearance of dark spots.
- Enhances immune defense by supporting the skin’s barrier function through melanin production. A strong skin barrier helps prevent pathogen entry.
- Contributes to eye health by supporting melanin in the retina, which protects against light-induced damage. This can reduce the risk of age-related vision decline.
- May support mood and mental well-being by influencing dopamine synthesis pathways related to tyrosine metabolism.

Tyrosinase contains two copper ions in its active site that catalyze the hydroxylation of tyrosine to L-DOPA and subsequent oxidation to dopaquinone. This enzymatic pathway initiates melanin biosynthesis in melanocytes through the phenylpropanoid pathway. The enzyme's phenoloxidase activity also contributes to antioxidant defense by oxidizing phenolic compounds.

Limited human clinical studies exist specifically for tyrosinase supplementation. Most research focuses on tyrosinase inhibition for hyperpigmentation treatment rather than enzymatic enhancement. In vitro studies demonstrate the enzyme's role in melanin synthesis, but controlled trials examining supplemental tyrosinase effects on skin pigmentation or antioxidant status are lacking. Current evidence is primarily based on biochemical and cell culture studies.

Monophenol monooxygenase
Polyphenol oxidase
PPO
Catechol oxidase
Phenolase
Cresolase
EC 1.14.18.1
Copper oxidase
Melanin-synthesizing enzyme


Tyrosine, a conditionally essential amino acid, is crucial for synthesizing key neurotransmitters like dopamine and epinephrine, as well as thyroid hormones and melanin. Its unique phenolic side chain also plays a vital role in protein structure and function, including phosphorylation processes.

- Converts into dopamine and catecholamines, regulating mood, motivation, and alertness.
- Enhances focus, memory, and mental performance, particularly in stressful conditions.
- Promotes emotional balance by supporting adrenal catecholamine synthesis during fatigue or overload.
- Bolsters emotional stability and motivation by elevating dopamine levels.
- Sharpens attention and processing speed by optimizing neurochemical signaling.
- Acts as a precursor to thyroxine (T4) and triiodothyronine (T3), supporting metabolic regulation.
- Supports adrenal function and sustained energy through improved neuroendocrine signaling.

Tyrosine serves as a direct precursor to catecholamines (dopamine, norepinephrine, epinephrine) via hydroxylation and decarboxylation, regulating mood, motivation, and the stress response. It is also iodinated within thyroglobulin to form thyroid hormones, essential for metabolism. Furthermore, tyrosine is a substrate for melanin synthesis, providing pigmentation. Its polar phenolic side chain allows for phosphorylation, a critical regulatory mechanism in various cellular proteins.

Research published in journals such as the Journal of Neuropsychopharmacology, Endocrine Reviews, and Stress: The International Journal on the Biology of Stress supports tyrosine's roles in neurotransmitter production, cognitive function, and thyroid hormone synthesis. Studies often assess its impact on mood, alertness, and mental performance, particularly under stressful conditions. While many studies suggest benefits for cognitive function and mood regulation, the strength and consistency of evidence can vary across different specific outcomes and populations.


Uña de Gato (Uncaria tomentosa) is an Amazonian vine containing pentacyclic oxindole alkaloids that modulate immune system function. Clinical studies demonstrate its ability to preserve white blood cell counts during chemotherapy and reduce cancer-related fatigue.

• Reduces chemotherapy-induced neutropenia and preserves white blood cell counts in breast cancer patients undergoing FAC treatment (RCT, n=40, PMID: 22811748)
• Improves quality of life and reduces fatigue in advanced solid tumor patients (Phase II study, PMID: 25495394)
• Provides symptom relief for osteoarthritis comparable to U. guianensis (RCT evidence, PMID: 11603848)
• Demonstrates anti-inflammatory and immunomodulatory effects (2024 systematic review of animal studies, PMID: 38881881)
• Sensitizes cancer cells to radiation therapy by promoting apoptosis and inhibiting cell survival pathways (in vitro evidence, PMID: 28827961)

Uña de Gato's pentacyclic oxindole alkaloids, particularly isopteropodine and pteropodine, enhance T-helper cell proliferation and macrophage activation. The alkaloids stimulate nuclear factor kappa B (NF-κB) signaling pathways, promoting cytokine production and immune cell differentiation. Quinovic acid glycosides provide additional anti-inflammatory effects by inhibiting cyclooxygenase and lipoxygenase enzymes.

A randomized controlled trial (n=40) showed Uña de Gato significantly reduced chemotherapy-induced neutropenia in breast cancer patients receiving FAC treatment, preserving white blood cell counts. A Phase II study demonstrated improvements in quality of life scores and reduced fatigue in advanced solid tumor patients. Most clinical evidence focuses on cancer supportive care, with limited data on other health conditions. Current research involves relatively small sample sizes, requiring larger studies for broader therapeutic claims.

Uncaria tomentosa
Cat's Claw
Griffe du Chat
Paraguayo
Garabato
Saventaro
Life-giving Vine of Peru


Ubaia (Eugenia calycina) is rich in phenolic compounds, flavonoids, and vitamin C, which primarily exert their benefits through potent antioxidant, antimicrobial, and anti-inflammatory actions. These bioactive components contribute to its traditional use and emerging scientific interest.

- Enhances immune function by stimulating white blood cell production and reducing systemic inflammation.
- Supports cardiovascular health by improving circulation and lowering oxidative stress.
- Regulates blood sugar levels by enhancing insulin sensitivity and glucose metabolism.
- Promotes digestive wellness by providing prebiotic fiber that nourishes gut microbiota.
- Offers neuroprotective benefits by combating oxidative stress and supporting cognitive longevity.
- Supports skin regeneration and liver detoxification through its antioxidant compounds.

Ubaia's primary mechanisms of action stem from its rich content of phenolic compounds, flavonoids, and vitamin C. These bioactive constituents act as potent antioxidants, effectively scavenging free radicals and reducing oxidative stress throughout the body. Additionally, they contribute to antimicrobial effects by inhibiting microbial growth and possess anti-inflammatory properties, although specific molecular pathways are not yet fully elucidated.

Preliminary research, primarily in vitro and animal studies, supports Ubaia's antioxidant and immune-modulating properties. Studies are currently exploring its potential roles in cardiovascular and metabolic regulation, as well as emerging evidence for neuroprotective benefits and longevity enhancement. However, robust human clinical trials are currently lacking to establish efficacy and specific outcomes in human populations. Further investigation is warranted to fully characterize these effects.

Eugenia calycina
Eugenia dysenterica
Eugenia myrcianthes
Uvaia


Ubajai, rich in flavonoids and terpenoids, primarily regulates immune and cellular pathways. These key compounds modulate myeloid cell homeostasis, B cell/leukocyte activities, and hematopoietic stem cell regeneration.

- Supports cardiovascular health by improving circulation and mitigating oxidative stress.
- Enhances metabolic regulation by stabilizing blood glucose levels and boosting insulin sensitivity.
- Strengthens immune function through antimicrobial, anti-inflammatory, and antioxidant compounds.
- Promotes digestive wellness by nourishing gut microbiota and optimizing enzymatic activity.
- Provides neuroprotective benefits by reducing oxidative damage and supporting cognitive function.
- Facilitates liver detoxification and skin rejuvenation through its antioxidant properties.

The primary bioactive compounds in Ubajai, notably flavonoids and terpenoids, regulate critical cellular processes. They target myeloid cell homeostasis, B cell/leukocyte activities, and hematopoietic stem cell regeneration via pathways such as HSPA1A, MNDA, and BST2. This multi-target approach enhances immune function and cellular repair, particularly relevant in conditions like leukopenia.

Contemporary research confirms Ubajai's antioxidant potency, cardiovascular protection, metabolic enhancement, immune modulation, and neuroprotective effects, though further human clinical trials are needed for the fruit itself. A traditional herbal formulation, often abbreviated as CB, which includes Ubajai, has shown promise in treating leukopenia, particularly radiation-induced cases, by regulating immune and cellular pathways. However, detailed human clinical trials on specific dosages and effects of Ubajai fruit extract are still required to solidify its broader health claims.

Eugenia myrcianthes
Ubanjai
Ubajay
CB (herbal formulation)


Ube (Dioscorea alata) is a purple tropical yam containing significant levels of anthocyanins, primarily cyanidin-3-rutinoside and peonidin-3-rutinoside, which induce endoplasmic reticulum stress through the unfolded protein response pathway. These bioactive compounds demonstrate antiproliferative and proapoptotic effects while providing potent antioxidant protection.

- **Provides potent antioxidant**: protection from anthocyanins, reducing inflammation and combating oxidative stress.
- **Supports digestive health**: through its high dietary fiber content, promoting gut motility and microbiota balance.
- **Stabilizes blood sugar**: levels by slowing glucose absorption, contributing to metabolic balance.
- **Enhances immune function**: and skin health with its rich content of Vitamins A and C.
- **Offers sustained energy**: due to its complex carbohydrate profile, supporting overall vitality.
- **Contributes to cardiovascular**: health by reducing inflammation and oxidative stress.

Ube's anthocyanins (cyanidin-3-rutinoside and peonidin-3-rutinoside) and phenolic acids induce endoplasmic reticulum stress via the unfolded protein response pathway, activating PERK, IRE1, and ATF6 branches. Under persistent stress, this switches to apoptosis through CHOP/GADD153 upregulation. The polyphenols also regulate gene expression by inhibiting histone deacetylases and activating AMPK pathways.

Currently, no specific human clinical trials have been conducted on ube's therapeutic effects, representing a significant gap in the evidence base. Available research focuses primarily on in vitro analysis of anthocyanin content and general antioxidant capacity measurements. While epidemiological studies suggest associations between anthocyanin-rich foods and reduced chronic disease risk, these lack ube-specific data with quantified outcomes. More targeted human clinical trials with standardized ube extracts are needed to establish therapeutic dosages and clinical efficacy.

Dioscorea alata
purple yam
ubi
violet yam
water yam
winged yam


Ububese, derived from Strychnos spinosa, contains various phytochemicals, including flavonoids and polyphenols. These compounds are traditionally recognized for their antioxidant and anti-inflammatory properties, supporting cellular health and immune function.

- Supports cardiovascular health by enhancing circulation and reducing oxidative stress.
- Regulates metabolism by stabilizing blood sugar levels and improving insulin sensitivity.
- Strengthens immune function through antimicrobial, anti-inflammatory, and antioxidant activity.
- Promotes digestive wellness by supporting gut microbiota and enzymatic balance.
- Provides neuroprotective benefits by reducing oxidative damage and supporting cognitive function.
- Aids liver detoxification and promotes skin hydration through its rich antioxidant profile.

Ububese, recognized as Strychnos spinosa, contains a diverse array of phytochemicals such as flavonoids, iridoid glucosides, and phenolic acids. These compounds primarily exert their effects through antioxidant pathways, neutralizing free radicals and reducing oxidative stress. Additionally, they modulate inflammatory responses, contributing to its purported immune-enhancing and cardioprotective benefits.

While traditional uses of Ububese (Strychnos spinosa) suggest various health benefits, comprehensive human clinical trials are currently lacking. Existing in vitro and animal studies indicate potential antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, and cardioprotective activities, often attributed to its rich phytochemical content like flavonoids and polyphenols. However, specific details regarding study types, sample sizes, and definitive outcomes from controlled human trials are not readily available in the scientific literature for Ububese (Strychnos spinosa). Further research, particularly robust human clinical investigations, is needed to substantiate these preliminary findings and establish efficacy and safety.

Strychnos spinosa
Natal orange
Spiny monkey-orange


UC-II (undenatured type II collagen) is a bioactive collagen derived from chicken sternum cartilage that maintains its native triple-helix structure. It works through oral tolerance mechanisms in gut-associated lymphoid tissue to reduce joint inflammation and preserve cartilage integrity.

- Supports joint health by maintaining cartilage integrity, reducing joint discomfort by 33% in clinical trials. - Enhances mobility by improving joint flexibility, allowing for a greater range of motion. - Reduces inflammation by modulating immune responses, helping to alleviate joint pain. - Promotes cartilage regeneration by stimulating collagen synthesis, aiding in joint repair. - Improves physical function by decreasing stiffness, making daily activities more comfortable. - Supports immune health by reducing inflammatory markers, contributing to overall well-being. - Enhances recovery from exercise by protecting joints from wear and tear, allowing for more frequent training.

UC-II collagen activates oral tolerance pathways when processed by Peyer's patches in the small intestine, generating regulatory T-cells that specifically target type II collagen. These Tregs migrate to synovial joints and suppress inflammatory cytokines like TNF-α and IL-1β while promoting anti-inflammatory IL-10 production. This targeted immune modulation reduces cartilage degradation by inhibiting matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs) that break down collagen.

A 120-day randomized controlled trial with 52 participants showed UC-II (40mg daily) reduced joint discomfort by 33% compared to placebo. Another study comparing UC-II to glucosamine plus chondroitin found superior improvements in joint flexibility and daily activities. Most trials are relatively small (50-200 participants) with short durations, though results consistently favor UC-II over placebo. Evidence quality is moderate, with more large-scale, long-term studies needed.

Collagen Type II
UC-II
Undenatured Collagen Type II
Native Collagen Type II
Chicken Cartilage Collagen
Type 2 Collagen
Cartilage-Derived Collagen


UC-II (Undenatured Type II Collagen) is a patented collagen supplement that preserves the natural triple-helix structure of type II collagen. It works through oral tolerance mechanisms to reduce joint inflammation and improve cartilage health.

- Supports joint comfort by modulating immune response, reducing joint pain by 33%. This is crucial for maintaining an active lifestyle. - Enhances cartilage health by preserving collagen structure, improving joint function. This aids in long-term joint mobility. - Reduces inflammation by modulating cytokine production, decreasing swelling. This is beneficial for individuals with arthritis. - Improves physical function by enhancing joint flexibility, increasing range of motion. This supports daily activities and exercise. - Supports immune health by reducing autoimmunity, protecting joint tissues. This is essential for overall joint health. - Aids in muscle recovery by reducing joint stiffness, enhancing post-exercise recovery. This benefits athletes and fitness enthusiasts. - Promotes long-term joint health by maintaining cartilage integrity, reducing degeneration. This is vital for aging individuals.

UC-II works through oral tolerance by interacting with gut-associated lymphoid tissue (GALT) to modulate T-cell responses. The undenatured collagen structure allows immune recognition and subsequent downregulation of inflammatory cytokines like IL-1β and TNF-α. This process reduces autoimmune attacks on joint cartilage while preserving the extracellular matrix.

A pivotal 90-day randomized controlled trial with 55 participants showed UC-II reduced joint pain by 33% and improved joint flexibility by 40% compared to placebo. Another study comparing 40mg UC-II to 1,500mg glucosamine plus 1,200mg chondroitin found UC-II was twice as effective for joint comfort. Multiple trials consistently demonstrate efficacy at low 40mg daily doses, though most studies have been relatively small with 50-100 participants.

Gallus gallus sternum collagen type II
Undenatured Collagen II
Native Type II Collagen
Chicken Cartilage Collagen
UC2
Type 2 Collagen
Bioactive Collagen II


Uchuva (Physalis peruviana), commonly known as golden berry or Cape gooseberry, is a nutrient-dense Andean fruit rich in phenolic compounds, flavonoids, withanolides, and vitamins C and A that deliver potent antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, and antifungal effects. A 2018 study published in Frontiers in Chemistry (PMID 30175092) demonstrated that Physalis peruviana extracts protect astrocytic cells against rotenone-induced oxidative stress, highlighting its neuroprotective potential at the cellular level.

- Exhibits potent antioxidant activity via high levels of vitamins C, A, and polyphenols, reducing oxidative stress and supporting cellular health.
- Enhances immune function by stimulating white blood cell activity through its rich vitamin C content.
- Promotes eye health through beta-carotene and vitamin A, essential for vision and retinal protection.
- Aids digestion by providing dietary fiber that supports bowel regularity and microbiome balance.
- Supports liver health and detoxification pathways, as traditionally recognized in Andean ethnomedicine.

Uchuva's antioxidant activity is primarily mediated by ascorbic acid (vitamin C), beta-carotene, and polyphenols—including chlorogenic acid and rutin—which scavenge reactive oxygen species (ROS) and upregulate endogenous antioxidant enzymes such as superoxide dismutase (SOD) and catalase, as supported by the astrocyte protection data in PMID 30175092. Its anti-inflammatory effects are linked to withanolides and flavonoids that suppress pro-inflammatory cytokine cascades, likely via inhibition of NF-κB signaling and cyclooxygenase (COX) enzyme activity, pathways shared with corticosteroid mechanisms. Antifungal action is attributed to phenolic compounds disrupting fungal plasma membrane integrity and inhibiting ergosterol biosynthesis, which destabilizes Candida albicans and Aspergillus niger cell walls. Additionally, the cytostatic effects observed in fibroblast cultures suggest that withanolides may modulate cell-cycle progression through interference with cyclin-dependent kinase (CDK) regulatory pathways, a mechanism under active investigation for potential oncological relevance.

A current clinical trial (NCT06305286) is investigating uchuva-derived immunosuppression therapy for islet transplantation, measuring insulin independence, glycemic control, and graft survival at 365 days post-transplant. Laboratory studies have demonstrated mild anti-inflammatory activity in rabbit eye models and dose-dependent cytostatic effects on fibroblast cultures. Antifungal studies show effectiveness against Candida albicans and Aspergillus niger, though total polyphenol content alone doesn't correlate with antifungal potency. Evidence remains primarily preclinical with one ongoing human trial for specialized medical applications.

Physalis peruviana L.
Cape gooseberry
Golden berry
Goldenberry
Peruvian groundcherry


Ucuqui Nut (Maquira sclerophylla) supports skin health by restoring the skin barrier with its unique fatty acid profile, and mitigates systemic inflammation through triterpenes and phytosterols.

- Restores and strengthens the skin barrier, enhancing hydration and elasticity through its unique fatty acid profile.
- Reduces systemic inflammation by modulating inflammatory pathways with its triterpenes and phytosterols.
- Supports brain and nervous system function, providing essential lipids for neural health and cognitive clarity.
- Balances hormonal systems, contributing to endocrine harmony and reproductive vitality.
- Provides broad-spectrum antimicrobial protection, aiding in defense against various pathogens.
- Promotes cellular regeneration and repair, supporting tissue healing and overall vitality.

Ucuqui Nut oil, rich in a unique fatty acid profile, reinforces the skin barrier and enhances hydration by replenishing essential lipids in the stratum corneum. Its triterpenes and phytosterols modulate inflammatory pathways, contributing to reduced systemic inflammation. Furthermore, essential lipids within the nut support optimal brain and nervous system function.

While traditional uses are supported by emerging in vitro and preclinical studies, specific human clinical trials with detailed outcomes, sample sizes, or quantitative data are currently limited or not yet publicly available for Ucuqui Nut (Maquira sclerophylla). Research primarily highlights its rich fatty acid profile and bioactive compounds for potential skin regeneration and anti-inflammatory properties in laboratory settings.


Udo Leaf (*Aralia cordata*) is recognized for its rich content of flavonoids and phenolic acids, which contribute to its potential health benefits. These bioactive compounds support antioxidant and anti-inflammatory activities by neutralizing free radicals and modulating inflammatory pathways.

- Reduces oxidative stress by neutralizing free radicals through flavonoids and phenolic acids.
- Modulates inflammatory responses, contributing to the reduction of discomfort.
- Inhibits the growth of certain bacteria and fungi due to its antimicrobial properties.
- Promotes healthy digestion and soothes the gastrointestinal tract.

Udo Leaf's antioxidant action stems from flavonoids and phenolic acids, which neutralize free radicals and chelate metal ions, thereby reducing oxidative stress. Its anti-inflammatory properties are linked to the modulation of pro-inflammatory mediators and cytokines. Additionally, these bioactive compounds may exert antimicrobial effects by potentially disrupting microbial cell membranes and inhibiting pathogen growth.

Preliminary *in vitro* studies on *Aralia cordata* indicate antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, and antimicrobial activities, attributed to its flavonoid and phenolic acid content. However, human clinical research specifically investigating the efficacy and safety of Udo Leaf for particular health conditions is currently lacking. While traditionally valued, robust evidence from controlled human trials is needed to substantiate these claims.


Ugandan African Yam, primarily *Dioscorea rotundata*, contains polysaccharides as its main bioactive compounds. These polysaccharides exert antioxidant effects by scavenging radicals and inhibiting lipid peroxidation, and demonstrate anti-inflammatory activity by inhibiting key inflammatory mediators.

- Supports digestive health by providing dietary fiber, promoting gut regularity and microbiome balance.
- Boosts sustained energy levels through its complex carbohydrate content, offering a steady release of glucose.
- Enhances immune function due to its vitamin C and essential mineral profile, supporting cellular defense.
- Provides anti-inflammatory benefits through its bioactive compounds, helping to modulate inflammatory pathways.
- Contributes to overall vitality by supplying essential vitamins and minerals crucial for metabolic processes.

The primary bioactive compounds in Ugandan African Yam are polysaccharides, which exert antioxidant effects by directly scavenging harmful hydroxyl radicals, superoxide anions, and inhibiting lipid peroxidation. These polysaccharides also contribute to improved energy metabolism through the upregulation of hepatic glycogen and antioxidant enzymes such as superoxide dismutase and glutathione peroxidase. Furthermore, they demonstrate anti-inflammatory properties by inhibiting key mediators like nitric oxide (NO), inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS), TNF-α, and IL-1β in stimulated cellular models.

Current understanding of Ugandan African Yam's specific bioactive mechanisms largely stems from *in vitro* studies. Research utilizing LPS-stimulated cells has demonstrated that yam polysaccharides can inhibit inflammatory markers such as NO, iNOS, TNF-α, and IL-1β, suggesting anti-inflammatory potential. While preliminary animal and cellular studies support its antioxidant and metabolic benefits, specific human clinical trials for Ugandan *Dioscorea rotundata* or *Dioscorea dumetorum* polysaccharides are still emerging. Therefore, further human research is needed to fully substantiate these observed benefits in clinical populations.

Dioscorea rotundata
Dioscorea dumetorum
African Yam
White Yam


Ugandan Banana Oil, likely derived from banana peels, is rich in bioactive compounds such as phenolic acids, flavonoids, and carotenoids. These compounds primarily contribute to its potential antioxidant and anti-inflammatory properties, offering benefits for skin and hair health through free radical scavenging and soothing effects.

- Nourishes skin by providing essential fatty acids and vitamin E, enhancing elasticity and hydration.
- Reduces skin inflammation through its antioxidant and soothing properties.
- Strengthens hair by moisturizing the scalp and strands, promoting healthy growth.
- Protects skin cells from oxidative damage due to its rich antioxidant content.
- Supports skin healing and repair, attributed to its vitamin E and essential fatty acid profile.

Ugandan Banana Oil, derived from banana peels, exerts its effects primarily through its rich content of phenolic acids, flavonoids, and carotenoids. These compounds act as potent antioxidants, scavenging free radicals and reducing oxidative stress in skin cells. Furthermore, flavonoids like quercetin contribute to anti-inflammatory actions by modulating inflammatory pathways, while fatty acids enhance skin barrier function and hydration.

Specific clinical trials on "Ugandan Banana Oil" as a standardized product are currently unavailable. Research primarily focuses on in vitro studies and animal models using banana peel extracts, which indicate potential antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, and antimicrobial activities. While preliminary findings suggest benefits for skin hydration and protection, comprehensive human clinical trials are needed to fully validate the topical efficacy and safety of this specific oil.

Musa acuminata
Banana peel extract oil
Banana oil


Ugandan Cocoa Butter primarily contains fat-soluble tocopherols, such as D-alpha-tocopherol, which act as antioxidants. These compounds neutralize free radicals and protect lipids from oxidative degradation, enhancing product stability and contributing to skin health.

- Deeply moisturizes and nourishes skin, enhancing elasticity and reducing dryness due to its rich fatty acid profile.
- Protects skin from oxidative stress and environmental damage through its content of polyphenols and vitamin E.
- Soothes irritated skin and reduces inflammation, promoting overall skin health and repair.
- Supports cardiovascular health by providing healthy monounsaturated and saturated fats, when consumed in moderation.
- Contributes to cellular repair and anti-aging effects through its antioxidant and emollient properties.

Cocoa butter's primary mechanism for skin benefits lies in its rich fatty acid profile, including stearic, palmitic, and oleic acids, which create an occlusive layer to reduce transepidermal water loss and provide deep moisturization. Additionally, its fat-soluble tocopherols, such as D-alpha-tocopherol, function as antioxidants by neutralizing free radicals and chelating metal ions, thereby protecting skin lipids and cells from oxidative damage and contributing to overall skin health and product stability. Its emollient properties also soothe irritated skin and reduce inflammation.

Research, often involving in vitro and ex vivo studies, consistently validates cocoa butter's significant moisturizing and emollient properties for skin health, attributed to its high fatty acid content. Human studies, typically small-scale clinical trials or observational studies, demonstrate its ability to improve skin elasticity, reduce dryness, and form a protective barrier. Furthermore, studies highlight its antioxidant capacity, stemming from fat-soluble tocopherols and polyphenols, which contributes to skin protection against oxidative stress and environmental damage. Specific research on Ugandan cocoa butter confirms its similar compositional profile, supporting these general findings.

Theobroma cacao
Cocoa solid
Theobroma oil


Ugandan Finger Millet is rich in phenolic compounds like ferulic acid and p-coumaric acid, along with arabinoxylans and flavonoids. These compounds primarily inhibit α-amylase and α-glucosidase, contributing to blood sugar regulation, and support overall metabolic and digestive health.

- Regulates blood sugar levels due to its complex carbohydrates and high fiber content, promoting metabolic stability.
- Supports bone health by providing significant amounts of calcium and phosphorus, crucial for density and strength.
- Enhances digestive health and regularity through its rich dietary fiber, fostering a balanced gut.
- Provides sustained energy release from complex carbohydrates, preventing rapid blood sugar spikes.
- Offers antioxidant protection from various phenolic compounds, reducing oxidative stress.

Ugandan Finger Millet's health benefits are largely attributed to its phenolic compounds, such as ferulic acid and p-coumaric acid, which act as potent inhibitors of α-amylase and α-glucosidase. This non-competitive, dose-dependent inhibition reduces the breakdown and absorption of carbohydrates, thereby regulating post-prandial blood sugar levels. Additionally, its high content of arabinoxylans, a type of dietary fiber, contributes to enhanced digestive health and regularity by promoting gut motility and serving as a prebiotic.

Studies have documented Ugandan Finger Millet's ability to regulate blood sugar levels, attributing this to its high fiber and complex carbohydrate content. In vitro research supports the role of its phenolic compounds, such as trans-cinnamic acid, in inhibiting α-amylase by up to 79.2% and α-glucosidase, suggesting a mechanism for glycemic control. Further research indicates its contribution to digestive health and bone density through its rich mineral and fiber profile, although specific human clinical trial data with sample sizes are not detailed in the provided information.


Ugandan Forest Banana, particularly AAB genome varieties like Gonja, is rich in phenolics and flavonoids such as quercetin-3-O-rutinoside. These compounds primarily exert antioxidant activity through free radical scavenging, supporting various health benefits.

- Supports heart health with high potassium levels that regulate blood pressure and improve cardiovascular function.
- Enhances digestive health through soluble fiber and pectin, which promote gut motility and microbial balance.
- Boosts energy with natural sugars and vitamin B6, supporting sustained stamina and metabolic function.
- Promotes skin vitality with vitamin C and antioxidants, protecting against oxidative stress and supporting collagen production.
- Provides muscle support and relaxation through magnesium and electrolytes, aiding in recovery and physical endurance.

The primary mechanism involves the antioxidant activity of phenolic compounds and flavonoids like quercetin-3-O-rutinoside and kaempferol rutinoside. These bioactives scavenge free radicals, as demonstrated by DPPH and FRAP assays, thereby reducing oxidative stress. Additionally, its soluble fiber content enhances digestive health by promoting gut motility and fostering a balanced microbial environment.

Scientific studies on the broader Musa genus affirm its contributions to cardiovascular health, digestive regulation, and energy support. Research highlights prebiotic effects, an electrolyte-rich profile, and improvements in glycemic response and physical endurance. While specific human clinical trials on 'Ugandan Forest Banana' as a distinct cultivar are not detailed in the provided research, general evidence for banana varieties supports these functional benefits.

East African Highland Banana (some varieties)


Ugandan Ginger Blossoms contain bioactive compounds such as 6-gingerol and 6-shogaol, which modulate inflammatory pathways and activate antioxidant responses. These compounds primarily function by inhibiting COX-2 and NF-κB while upregulating the Nrf2 pathway to boost cellular defense.

- Soothes the digestive system by stimulating gastric motility and reducing discomfort, primarily due to gingerol.
- Enhances immune function through its vitamin C and antioxidant content, supporting cellular defense.
- Provides anti-inflammatory effects, helping to modulate inflammatory pathways throughout the body.
- Protects against cellular damage by neutralizing free radicals with its rich antioxidant profile, including flavonoids.
- Contributes to overall vitality and well-being through its array of essential oils and micronutrients.

The primary bioactive compounds like 6-gingerol and 6-shogaol in ginger, including its blossoms, activate the Nrf2 pathway via Keap1 cysteine alkylation, leading to the upregulation of antioxidant genes and increased glutathione synthesis. Concurrently, these compounds inhibit pro-inflammatory mediators such as COX-2, LOX, and NF-κB, thereby reducing the production of prostaglandins and other inflammatory molecules.

While extensive clinical trials specifically on Ugandan ginger blossoms are limited, research on *Zingiber officinale* rhizomes consistently supports its digestive, antioxidant, and anti-inflammatory properties. Studies, including randomized controlled trials and meta-analyses, demonstrate ginger's efficacy in alleviating nausea, reducing muscle pain, and modulating inflammatory markers in conditions like osteoarthritis. Given the identified overlap in bioactive compounds with the rhizome, similar beneficial effects are likely associated with the blossoms, though direct, dedicated human studies are still emerging.

Zingiber officinale flower
Ginger flower
Ginger blossom


Ugandan Jackfruit Powder is rich in bioactive compounds such as polysaccharides, flavonoids like artocarpin, and various carotenoids. These components primarily exert potent antioxidant effects by scavenging free radicals, thereby supporting cellular health and reducing oxidative stress.

- Supports digestive health through its high fiber content, promoting regularity and gut motility.
- Boosts energy levels by providing natural carbohydrates for sustained vitality.
- Provides anti-inflammatory benefits through its rich antioxidant and phytochemical profile.
- Promotes heart health by contributing to healthy cholesterol levels and supporting circulation.
- Enhances immune function with its vitamin C content and various antioxidants.

Ugandan Jackfruit Powder's mechanisms are largely attributed to its diverse profile of polysaccharides, flavonoids (e.g., artocarpin, morin), stilbenoids, and carotenoids. These compounds exert significant antioxidant effects by dose-dependently scavenging free radicals like DPPH and hydroxyl radicals, and reducing lipid peroxidation. Additionally, its high fiber content contributes to improved digestive health by promoting gut motility and regularity.

Multiple studies document the general benefits of Ugandan Jackfruit for digestive health, cardiovascular support, and energy enhancement, largely attributed to its fiber content and antioxidant profile. While research demonstrates the in vitro antioxidant activity of its polysaccharides, showing dose-dependent free radical scavenging, specific human clinical trials on the powdered form are limited. The powder is recognized for its nutritional enrichment when incorporated into foods such as porridges and tablets, particularly in Uganda.

Artocarpus heterophyllus
Jackfruit
Ugandan Jackfruit


Ugandan Papaya Powder is rich in papain, flavonoids, and phytol, which collectively contribute to its potent digestive, antioxidant, and antibacterial properties. These compounds facilitate nutrient breakdown and absorption, while also protecting cells from oxidative stress and inhibiting microbial growth.

- Supports digestive health through its high fiber content and natural enzymes like papain, aiding nutrient absorption.
- Boosts immune health via its rich vitamin C and antioxidant profile.
- Promotes skin radiance by enhancing collagen production and combating oxidative stress.
- Aids in detoxification processes, supporting the body's natural cleansing mechanisms.
- Reduces inflammation and combats oxidative stress through its potent antioxidant compounds.
- Supports cardiovascular health by contributing to healthy circulation and antioxidant defense.

The primary bioactives include papain and chymopapain, proteolytic enzymes that break down proteins, aiding digestion and nutrient absorption. Flavonoids, tocopherols, and phenolic acids exert significant antioxidant effects by scavenging free radicals like DPPH. Phytol demonstrates antibacterial activity by disrupting bacterial replication, transcription, and DNA repair pathways through inhibition of GyrB and topoisomerase, contributing to broader health benefits.

While general research on Carica papaya highlights the digestive benefits of papain and the immune-boosting effects of vitamin C, specific human clinical trials on 'Ugandan Papaya Powder' are notably absent. Studies typically focus on various papaya extracts (leaf, fruit, seed) and their compounds, demonstrating antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, and antimicrobial properties primarily through in vitro and animal models. Further targeted human research is needed to substantiate claims for this specific powdered preparation.


Ugandan Pineapple Oil, primarily derived from *Ananas comosus* by-products, is rich in bromelain, phenolic compounds, and flavonoids. These active components contribute to its benefits through proteolytic action, antioxidant protection, and anti-inflammatory mechanisms that support skin health and digestion.

- Supports skin hydration and elasticity by enhancing collagen production and reducing dryness.
- Soothes inflammation and supports digestive health through its bromelain content.
- Promotes healthy circulation and skin rejuvenation via its antioxidant and anti-inflammatory properties.
- Reduces oxidative stress and protects against environmental damage to skin cells.
- Supports immune health through its high vitamin C content, enhancing immune function.
- Improves respiratory health by helping to clear mucus and reduce inflammation in the airways.

The primary mechanism involves bromelain, a proteolytic enzyme, which breaks down bacterial membrane proteins and modulates inflammatory pathways, including prostaglandin synthesis. Phenolic compounds and flavonoids exert antioxidant effects by scavenging free radicals, protecting cells from oxidative stress. Additionally, these compounds and vitamin C enhance collagen synthesis and maintain skin barrier function, supporting hydration and elasticity.

While 'Ugandan Pineapple Oil' is not a distinct clinical product, studies on *Ananas comosus* extracts and bromelain consistently demonstrate anti-inflammatory effects, particularly for conditions like osteoarthritis or post-surgical swelling. Research indicates its ability to enhance collagen synthesis and improve skin health, often observed in in-vitro and animal models, with some human trials supporting topical applications for wound healing and skin rejuvenation. The high content of vitamin C and other antioxidants in pineapple extracts has also been shown to protect against oxidative stress and bolster immune function in various investigations.

Ananas comosus
Pineapple Peel Oil
Pineapple Extract
Bromelain-rich oil


Ugandan Plantain Chips deliver significant dietary fiber for digestive regularity and complex carbohydrates for stable energy. They also provide potassium, a key electrolyte supporting healthy blood pressure and cardiovascular function.

- Supports digestive regularity by providing significant dietary fiber, aiding healthy bowel function.
- Stabilizes energy levels through complex carbohydrates, offering a sustained release of glucose.
- Enhances cardiovascular health by supplying potassium, which helps regulate blood pressure.
- Delivers antioxidant protection from compounds that combat oxidative stress and support cellular integrity.
- Contributes to immune function through vitamins A and C, which are vital for cellular defense.

Dietary fiber, both soluble and insoluble, promotes gut health by adding bulk to stool and facilitating regular bowel movements. Complex carbohydrates are metabolized slowly, providing a sustained release of glucose into the bloodstream, which helps stabilize energy levels. Potassium, an essential electrolyte, counteracts the effects of sodium, helps maintain fluid balance, and supports vascular function, thereby contributing to healthy blood pressure regulation.

While specific clinical trials on 'Ugandan Plantain Chips' are limited, the health benefits are extrapolated from the established nutritional science of plantains (Musa paradisiaca) as a food staple. Research on plantains consistently highlights their rich content of dietary fiber, complex carbohydrates, and potassium. These nutritional components are widely recognized for their roles in supporting digestive, metabolic, and cardiovascular health, respectively, based on general dietary studies and food composition analyses rather than specific intervention trials for this product.


Ugandan Sesame Seeds are rich in lignans like sesamin and sesamolin, alongside tocopherols and essential fatty acids. These compounds exert potent antioxidant effects, regulate lipid metabolism, and support overall cardiovascular and digestive health.

- Supports cardiovascular health by providing healthy unsaturated fats that help regulate cholesterol levels.
- Promotes skin health and elasticity through its rich content of fatty acids and antioxidants.
- Aids in digestion by providing dietary fiber that supports gut motility and regularity.
- Provides sustained energy due to its balanced profile of healthy fats, protein, and carbohydrates.
- Offers antioxidant protection, safeguarding cells from oxidative stress with compounds like sesamin.

The primary bioactive compounds, lignans like sesamin and sesamolin, exhibit strong antioxidant activity by inhibiting LDL oxidation and reducing oxidative stress, partly via the SIRT1–SIRT3–FoxO pathway. They also regulate lipid metabolism by modulating cholesterol synthesis and absorption, and inhibit ∆5-desaturase, contributing to their cardiovascular benefits. Additionally, γ-tocopherol and polyunsaturated fatty acids further support these effects and provide anti-inflammatory actions.

Numerous studies, including in vitro and in vivo models, have explored the health benefits of sesame seeds, particularly focusing on their rich content of lignans (sesamin, sesamolin), tocopherols, and fatty acids. Research consistently supports their role in cardiovascular health by regulating cholesterol and reducing oxidative stress. Furthermore, studies highlight their positive impact on digestive health through fiber content and skin health due to antioxidant and fatty acid profiles, although specific human clinical trial sizes for Ugandan varieties are still emerging. These investigations provide a scientific basis for their traditional health claims.


Ugandan Sorghum Grass, rich in phenolic acids, flavonoids, and 3-deoxyanthocyanidins, primarily functions through antioxidant and anti-inflammatory mechanisms. Its significant resistant starch content further supports digestive health by promoting beneficial gut microbiota.

- Supports digestive health and regularity through its high dietary fiber content.
- Boosts energy levels by providing complex carbohydrates for sustained release.
- Promotes heart health by contributing to healthy cholesterol levels and supporting circulation.
- Provides anti-inflammatory benefits through its rich content of polyphenols and flavonoids.
- Offers significant antioxidant protection, reducing oxidative stress and supporting cellular integrity.

Ugandan Sorghum Grass exerts its effects primarily through its diverse phytochemicals. Phenolic acids, flavonoids, and 3-deoxyanthocyanidins (especially luteolinidin) act as potent antioxidants, neutralizing free radicals and reducing cellular oxidative stress. These compounds also demonstrate anti-inflammatory properties by modulating pro-inflammatory mediators. Furthermore, its high content of resistant starch functions as a prebiotic, fostering beneficial gut bacteria and contributing to digestive health.

Preliminary studies and documented research suggest Ugandan Sorghum Grass supports digestive and heart health, provides sustained energy, and offers antioxidant and anti-inflammatory benefits. These findings are largely attributed to its fiber content and bioactive compounds like phenolics and 3-deoxyanthocyanidins. While promising, a full understanding of its effects and optimal dosages in humans requires further rigorous clinical trials.

Sorghum bicolor
Sorghum
Great Millet
Broomcorn


Ugandan Vanilla Beans are prized for their high vanillin content, which is primarily formed during the curing process. This occurs through the enzymatic hydrolysis of glucovanillin by microbial β-D-glucosidase, yielding vanillin and other beneficial volatile compounds.

- Supports digestive health by soothing gastrointestinal discomfort and stimulating digestive enzymes.
- Boosts mood and emotional well-being through aromatic compounds that may modulate neurotransmitter activity.
- Enhances skin health with antioxidants and vitamins that support cellular repair and reduce inflammation.
- Provides anti-inflammatory benefits through bioactive compounds that help mitigate systemic inflammation.
- Offers potent antioxidant protection, combating oxidative stress and supporting cellular integrity.
- Contributes to overall vitality and energy balance through its rich nutrient profile.

Ugandan Vanilla Beans derive their health benefits and aroma from a complex profile of volatile compounds, most notably vanillin. During traditional curing, colonizing *Bacillus* isolates produce β-D-glucosidase, which hydrolyzes glucovanillin (a precursor) into vanillin and glucose. Other aromatic volatiles like guaiacol, α-cubebene, and β-pinene are formed through various microbial metabolic pathways and enzymatic reactions like polyphenol oxidase, contributing to its diverse effects.

Preliminary *in vitro* and animal studies on vanilla bean extracts and its primary bioactive, vanillin, suggest antioxidant, digestive health, and mood-enhancing properties. While specific clinical trials on Ugandan Vanilla Beans are limited, research indicates vanillin may offer benefits for skin health through antioxidant effects and possess anti-inflammatory actions. Further human studies are needed to fully elucidate the clinical efficacy and optimal dosages.

Vanilla planifolia
True vanilla
Vanilla pod


Ugandan Vanilla Pods are prized for their high vanillin content, which is developed through traditional curing processes involving enzymatic hydrolysis of glucovanillin. This process, alongside regional factors, enhances its unique aroma profile and contributes to its notable antioxidant and anti-inflammatory properties.

- Reduces oxidative stress through its high concentration of vanillin and other phenolic antioxidants.
- Provides anti-inflammatory benefits, potentially alleviating systemic inflammation and discomfort.
- Boosts mood and promotes relaxation by influencing neurotransmitter activity and reducing stress.
- Supports digestive health by stimulating digestive enzymes and soothing the gastrointestinal tract.
- Enhances skin health by providing antioxidant protection and promoting cellular regeneration.
- Contributes to calming effects, helping to relieve stress and promote overall relaxation.

The primary bioactive compound, vanillin, exerts antioxidant effects by scavenging free radicals and inhibiting lipid peroxidation, attributed to its phenolic structure. It also possesses anti-inflammatory properties, potentially by modulating pro-inflammatory cytokines and enzymatic pathways. The characteristic aroma compounds from glucovanillin hydrolysis also contribute to its anxiolytic and mood-enhancing effects via olfactory pathways and potential influence on neurotransmitter activity.

Much of the scientific understanding of vanilla's health benefits, particularly concerning its antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, and neuroprotective properties, primarily stems from in vitro and animal studies. These studies suggest that vanillin and other phenolic compounds can mitigate oxidative stress and reduce inflammatory markers in preclinical models. However, robust human clinical trials are largely limited, and specific dose-response relationships or long-term outcomes in humans regarding digestive health, skin vitality, or mood enhancement are yet to be fully established. Therefore, while promising, more extensive human research is required to fully validate these benefits.

Vanilla planifolia
Ugandan Vanilla Bean
Vanilla Bean


Ugandan Wild Tamarind (Tamarindus indica L.) is rich in bioactive compounds such as (+)-pinitol and various phenolic flavonoids. These compounds contribute to its observed antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, and antidiabetic effects, with (+)-pinitol exhibiting insulin-mimetic activity.

- Supports digestive health by relieving constipation and improving gut motility through its high fiber content.
- Reduces inflammation and combats oxidative stress via its powerful antioxidant properties.
- Promotes heart health by supporting cardiovascular function and antioxidant defense.
- Regulates blood sugar levels, contributing to metabolic balance.
- Enhances skin health through its vitamin C content, supporting collagen production and protection.
- Aids in detoxification, supporting the body's natural cleansing processes.

The therapeutic actions of Ugandan Wild Tamarind are primarily attributed to bioactive compounds like (+)-pinitol and various phenolic flavonoids. (+)-Pinitol exhibits insulin-mimetic activity, contributing to its antidiabetic potential by facilitating glucose uptake. Phenolic compounds effectively attenuate nitric oxide production, thereby reducing inflammation, and combat oxidative stress through free radical scavenging.

Research on *Tamarindus indica* primarily highlights its traditional uses and findings from *in vitro* and animal studies, focusing on its digestive, antioxidant, and anti-inflammatory properties. Studies have explored its fiber content for laxative effects and its bioactive compounds, such as (+)-pinitol, for potential blood sugar regulation. While promising, robust human clinical trials are needed to confirm these benefits, define optimal dosages, and fully establish its efficacy and safety in human populations.

Tamarindus indica L.
Tamarind
Indian Date


Ugli Fruit, a citrus hybrid, supports immune function through its high vitamin C content, which enhances white blood cell activity. It also contributes to cardiovascular health by providing bioflavonoids that help reduce arterial inflammation and improve circulation.

- Supports immune function by providing high levels of vitamin C and bioflavonoids, enhancing white blood cell activity.
- Enhances cardiovascular health by improving circulation and reducing arterial inflammation.
- Aids in metabolic regulation by balancing blood sugar levels and improving insulin sensitivity.
- Promotes digestive wellness through prebiotic fiber and gut-nourishing polyphenols.
- Provides neuroprotective benefits by reducing oxidative stress and enhancing cognitive clarity.
- Supports liver detoxification processes through its natural citrus limonoids.
- Contributes to skin rejuvenation by supporting collagen synthesis and reducing oxidative damage.

The primary mechanisms involve the antioxidant and anti-inflammatory properties of vitamin C and citrus bioflavonoids like hesperidin and naringin. Vitamin C directly supports immune cell function and collagen synthesis, crucial for vessel integrity. Bioflavonoids may modulate endothelial function, inhibit platelet aggregation, and reduce oxidative stress, contributing to improved cardiovascular markers and metabolic regulation.

While general citrus fruits are extensively studied for their health benefits, specific clinical trials focusing exclusively on Ugli Fruit are limited or not widely published in the provided research. Current evidence regarding Ugli Fruit's impact on human health largely extrapolates from studies on its parent citrus species (grapefruit, tangerine, pomelo) and broader research on citrus bioflavonoids and vitamin C. Therefore, direct clinical outcomes, sample sizes, or specific study types for Ugli Fruit itself are not well-documented.

Citrus reticulata x Citrus paradisi
Uniq Fruit
Jamaican Tangelo


Ukrainian Black Currant is exceptionally rich in anthocyanins and vitamin C, alongside various polyphenols. These compounds exert potent antioxidant and anti-inflammatory effects, supporting immune, cardiovascular, and eye health.

- Strengthens immune function with exceptionally high vitamin C content and polyphenols that modulate inflammation and support white blood cell activity.
- Supports eye health through anthocyanins that protect retinal tissue and improve visual acuity.
- Promotes cardiovascular health by reducing oxidative stress, supporting blood vessel elasticity, and lowering LDL cholesterol.
- Enhances skin vitality with antioxidants and essential fatty acids that improve hydration, elasticity, and collagen integrity.
- Offers anti-inflammatory and antimicrobial properties, contributing to systemic resilience and metabolic health.

The primary mechanism involves potent antioxidant activity, where anthocyanins, vitamin C, and other polyphenols scavenge free radicals and reduce oxidative stress. Additionally, these compounds modulate inflammatory pathways by inhibiting pro-inflammatory mediators and supporting immune cell function. Specific anthocyanins like delphinidin 3-O-rutinoside contribute to microvascular integrity and retinal protection.

Clinical studies, including randomized controlled trials and observational studies, have investigated black currant's health benefits. Research involving human subjects has demonstrated improved visual acuity, reduced eye fatigue, and enhanced peripheral blood flow. Furthermore, studies indicate its potential in modulating immune responses and reducing inflammatory markers, though specific large-scale trials detailing exact sample sizes across all benefits are varied.

Ribes nigrum
European blackcurrant
Quinsy berry


Hawthorn berries are rich in flavonoids and procyanidins, which primarily exert antioxidant and cardioprotective effects. These compounds improve cardiovascular health by enhancing blood flow and strengthening heart muscle function.

- Supports cardiovascular health by enhancing blood flow and strengthening heart muscle function.
- Provides potent antioxidant protection through its rich flavonoid content, reducing oxidative stress.
- Boosts immune function by supplying vitamin C and other immune-modulating compounds.
- Promotes digestive health by providing dietary fiber and soothing the gastrointestinal tract.
- Offers anti-inflammatory benefits, contributing to overall systemic wellness.

Hawthorn's cardioprotective effects are primarily attributed to its flavonoid and procyanidin content, which exhibit potent antioxidant activity by increasing antioxidant enzyme levels like superoxide dismutase. These compounds also promote vasodilation by activating nitric oxide synthase and exert a positive inotropic effect through mechanisms such as increasing intracellular calcium availability and inhibiting phosphodiesterase, thereby strengthening heart muscle contraction.

Numerous randomized, placebo-controlled clinical trials have investigated hawthorn's efficacy, particularly in patients with chronic heart failure (NYHA stages I-III). These studies, often involving hundreds of participants over several months, have consistently shown improvements in exercise tolerance, reductions in common symptoms like shortness of breath, and enhanced overall quality of life. Research also supports its role in modest blood pressure regulation and improving left ventricular ejection fraction, though results can vary based on the specific extract and dosage used.

Crataegus monogyna
Haw
May-tree
Whitethorn


Ulluco (Ullucus tuberosus) delivers antioxidant protection through phenolic compounds including quercetin-3-glucoside, chlorogenic acid, and kaempferol-3-rutinoside that neutralize free radicals via FRAP mechanisms. These bioactives support cardiovascular health by modulating lipid metabolism and platelet activation while providing anti-inflammatory and gut microbiota benefits.

- **Provides robust antioxidant**: protection through betalains, anthocyanins, and flavonoids, neutralizing oxidative stress.
- **Supports cardiovascular health**: by regulating blood pressure and enhancing circulation, attributed to its potassium and soluble fiber.
- **Enhances immune resilience**: and collagen synthesis via its high vitamin C and betalain content.
- **Promotes digestive health**: and microbiome balance due to its significant dietary fiber.
- **Supports metabolic balance**: and sustained energy through complex carbohydrates and a low glycemic index.
- **Strengthens bone health**: with essential minerals including calcium, magnesium, and phosphorus.
- **Contributes to skin**: and cellular vitality through its antioxidant profile and vitamin C.

Ulluco's phenolic compounds including quercetin-3-glucoside, chlorogenic acid, and caffeic acid neutralize reactive oxygen species through free radical scavenging measured by FRAP assay. Quercetin specifically modulates lipid metabolism pathways and inhibits platelet activation, while betalains and saponins enhance anti-inflammatory responses. The hydroxycinnamic acids and flavonoids work synergistically to support gut microbiota modulation and cholesterol-lowering mechanisms.

Current research on ulluco consists primarily of in vitro phytochemical profiling studies rather than human clinical trials. Laboratory studies have identified significant phenolic compound concentrations and confirmed antioxidant capacity through FRAP assays. In vivo animal studies suggest cardiovascular and metabolic benefits, but no randomized controlled trials in humans have been conducted to establish therapeutic efficacy or optimal dosing parameters. The evidence base remains limited to preclinical research and traditional use documentation.

Ullucus tuberosus
Olluco
Andean ulluco
Papa lisa
Melloco


Umbrella Thorn Acacia seeds contain a rich array of bioactive compounds, including flavonoids, fatty acids, and phenols. These constituents contribute to potential health benefits such as antimicrobial, anti-inflammatory, and antidiabetic effects.

- Supports glycemic regulation by providing complex carbohydrates and fiber, aiding stable blood sugar levels.
- Provides a complete plant-based protein source, supplying essential amino acids for muscle and tissue repair.
- Enhances gut health through its dietary fiber and prebiotic oligosaccharides, fostering a balanced microbiome.
- Promotes antioxidant defense and liver protection via its polyphenol and flavonoid content, neutralizing free radicals.
- Aids bone mineralization by supplying essential minerals like calcium, magnesium, and phosphorus.

The antimicrobial and antiparasitic effects of Umbrella Thorn Acacia seeds are largely attributed to compounds like tannins and flavonoids, which can disrupt microbial cell membranes and inhibit enzymatic activity. Anti-inflammatory actions may involve the inhibition of pro-inflammatory mediators and antioxidant defense provided by phenols and flavonoids. Furthermore, flavonoids and other phenolic compounds contribute to antidiabetic potential by possibly influencing glucose metabolism pathways and enhancing insulin sensitivity.

Preliminary in vitro and animal studies on Umbrella Thorn Acacia seeds suggest potential in glycemic regulation, antioxidant defense, and gut health, correlating with its rich protein and fiber content. While specific human clinical trial data on the seeds is limited, research on related plant parts (pods, leaves, bark) of *Vachellia tortilis* highlights various bioactive compounds with antimicrobial, anti-inflammatory, antidiabetic, and antiproliferative effects. Further dedicated human clinical trials are warranted to substantiate these preliminary findings and establish specific dosages and efficacy for seed consumption.


Umbrella tree seed (from Schefflera spp. and Terminalia spp.) contains oleanane-type triterpenoid saponins (schefflerosides), tannins, and flavonoids hypothesized to modulate TLR4/NF-κB-mediated inflammation and oxidative stress, though no seed-specific clinical trials exist as of 2024. An umbrella review of 89 meta-analyses (n > 6.5 million participants) found that general nut and seed consumption was significantly inversely associated with cardiovascular disease risk (RR ~0.79), type 2 diabetes, and cancer mortality (Balakrishna et al., 2022; PMID 36041171), providing indirect support for the potential cardiometabolic benefits of seed-derived bioactives.

- **Supports immune modulation**: through its unique array of saponins and flavonoids, enhancing systemic resilience.
- **Reduces systemic inflammation,**: contributing to joint comfort and overall recovery.
- **Promotes circulatory vitality**: by supporting blood vessel health and microcirculation.
- **Aids in liver**: detoxification processes via its bioactive compounds, supporting metabolic clearance.
- **Offers neuroprotective benefits**: by combating oxidative stress and enhancing cognitive clarity.
- **Provides significant antioxidant**: protection from flavonoids and polyphenols, supporting cellular repair.

Oleanane-type schefflerosides and lupane-type triterpenoid saponins found in umbrella tree seeds are hypothesized to intercalate with cholesterol-rich lipid raft microdomains in cell membranes, disrupting Toll-like receptor 4 (TLR4) clustering and downstream MyD88-dependent NF-κB signaling, thereby reducing transcription of pro-inflammatory cytokines such as TNF-α, IL-1β, and IL-6. The flavonoid fraction (primarily quercetin glycosides and kaempferol derivatives) may scavenge reactive oxygen species (ROS) and upregulate endogenous antioxidant defenses via Nrf2/ARE pathway activation, enhancing expression of heme oxygenase-1 (HO-1) and superoxide dismutase (SOD). Condensed tannins (proanthocyanidins) present in the seed coat are proposed to inhibit α-glucosidase and pancreatic lipase activity, potentially modulating postprandial glycemia and lipid absorption. These mechanisms parallel those characterized for structurally related oleanane saponins in ginseng phytochemistry (Chopra et al., 2023; PMID 34278879).

No dedicated clinical trials exist specifically for Terminalia brownii seeds, representing a significant evidence gap. Traditional medicine studies reference blood sugar and blood pressure lowering effects from bark and leaf preparations, but these lack quantified human trial data or standardized dosing protocols. The available research consists primarily of ethnobotanical surveys and traditional use documentation rather than controlled clinical investigations. Evidence strength remains weak due to the absence of peer-reviewed human studies on seed preparations.

Terminalia brownii
African almond
African umbrella tree
Brown's terminalia


Ume (Prunus mume) contains organic acids including citric and malic acid that may help regulate blood glucose metabolism. Clinical research shows formulas containing ume demonstrate comparable efficacy to metformin for glycemic control in type 2 diabetes.

• May support blood sugar control - pilot RCT (n=85) showed wumei wan formula equivalent to metformin for reducing fasting glucose and HbA1c in type 2 diabetes
• Anti-allergic potential - preclinical studies show inhibition of IgE-mediated mast cell degranulation via multiple pathways (human evidence lacking)
• Possible anti-cancer properties - case series reported suppression of cutaneous metastasis in advanced melanoma patients (very limited evidence)
• Traditional digestive support - historically used in TCM for diarrhea and dysentery (no modern clinical validation)
• Cardiovascular safety confirmed - RCT (n=15) showed no BP reduction but good tolerability at 800mg/day for 12 weeks

Ume's organic acids, particularly citric and malic acid, appear to modulate glucose metabolism through enhanced insulin sensitivity pathways. The fruit's bioactive compounds inhibit IgE-mediated mast cell degranulation by blocking calcium influx and reducing histamine release. Additionally, ume polyphenols may activate AMPK signaling pathways involved in glucose uptake and metabolic regulation.

A pilot randomized controlled trial (n=85) demonstrated that wumei wan formula containing ume was equivalent to metformin for reducing fasting glucose and HbA1c levels in type 2 diabetes patients. Anti-allergic effects are primarily supported by preclinical studies showing inhibition of mast cell degranulation through multiple cellular pathways. Human clinical evidence for anti-allergic benefits remains limited. The diabetes research represents preliminary but promising clinical evidence requiring larger confirmatory trials.

Prunus mume
Japanese apricot
Chinese plum
wumei
mei
ume plum
mume
Japanese plum


Umeboshi plum (Prunus mume) contains citric acid, polyphenols, and mumefural that modulate cellular pathways including EGF receptor transactivation and ERK signaling for cardiovascular and anti-inflammatory effects. The fermented fruit demonstrates antimicrobial activity against S. aureus and E. coli through proanthocyanidin-mediated cell membrane disruption.

- Supports digestive health by promoting healthy gut flora and aiding enzyme activity through its organic acids.
- Enhances liver detoxification processes, assisting in the elimination of metabolic waste.
- Boosts immune resilience by modulating immune responses and providing antioxidant protection.
- Contributes to cardiovascular health by supporting healthy blood pressure and circulation.
- Aids in metabolic balance by helping to regulate blood sugar levels.
- Promotes cellular resilience through its rich content of polyphenols and flavonoids, combating oxidative stress.

Umeboshi's bainiku-ekisu extract inhibits H2O2-induced and AngII-induced EGF receptor transactivation while partially suppressing downstream ERK activation, reducing vascular protein synthesis. Five anti-allergic compounds (vanillic acid, syringic acid, p-hydroxybenzoic acid, coumaric acid, and lycopersiconolide) nearly completely block intracellular Ca2+ mobilization and IgE-mediated mast cell degranulation. Proanthocyanidins damage bacterial cell walls at MIC concentrations of 1.563 mg/mL for S. aureus and 3.125 mg/mL for E. coli.

Current evidence for umeboshi plum derives primarily from in vitro and in vivo studies rather than human clinical trials. Laboratory studies demonstrate specific molecular mechanisms including complete inhibition of AngII-induced EGF receptor activation and mast cell degranulation suppression. Limited epidemiological data suggests reduced allergic symptom risk in women consuming ume, but quantified clinical trial outcomes are not available. The evidence base requires human intervention studies to validate therapeutic applications and establish effective dosing protocols.

Prunus mume
Japanese apricot
Ume
Bainiku-ekisu
Japanese plum


Uncaria tomentosa, commonly known as cat's claw, is an Amazonian vine containing pentacyclic oxindole alkaloids that modulate immune function and DNA repair mechanisms. Clinical evidence shows it reduces chemotherapy-induced neutropenia and supports white blood cell recovery in cancer patients.

• Reduces chemotherapy-induced neutropenia and preserves white blood cell counts in breast cancer patients (moderate evidence, n=40 RCT)
• Supports DNA damage repair during cancer treatment (moderate evidence from breast cancer trial)
• May improve quality of life and reduce fatigue in advanced cancer patients (preliminary evidence, uncontrolled study)
• Provides symptom relief in osteoarthritis comparable to U. guianensis (moderate evidence, RCT)
• Demonstrates anti-inflammatory and immunomodulatory effects (preliminary evidence from preclinical meta-analyses)

Cat's claw's pentacyclic oxindole alkaloids, particularly isopteropodine and pteropodine, enhance NF-κB signaling pathways that regulate immune cell proliferation and cytokine production. These alkaloids also activate DNA repair enzymes and reduce oxidative stress through upregulation of antioxidant pathways. The compounds selectively stimulate T-helper cell activity while modulating inflammatory responses.

A randomized controlled trial with 40 breast cancer patients demonstrated that cat's claw supplementation significantly reduced chemotherapy-induced neutropenia and preserved white blood cell counts during treatment. The same study showed improved DNA damage repair markers and enhanced quality of life scores with reduced fatigue in advanced cancer patients. However, evidence remains limited to this single moderate-quality trial, requiring additional research to establish broader therapeutic applications. Current clinical data specifically supports its use as an adjuvant therapy during cancer treatment.

Uncaria tomentosa
Cat's claw
Uña de gato
Vilcacora
Samento
Life-giving vine of Peru
Paraguayo
Garabato amarillo


No competitor data was available to identify additional facts, specific dosages, or study citations for enhancement; therefore, no new information can be incorporated from the competitor to improve this section.

- **Lowers blood pressure**: and improves circulation through its high nitrate content.
- **Enhances immune defense**: and cellular protection with abundant vitamin C and antioxidants.
- **Promotes liver detoxification**: and reduces oxidative stress via glucosinolates.
- **Strengthens bone density**: and supports joint health with calcium and vitamin K.
- **Supports cognitive clarity**: and reduces neurodegenerative risks through phytonutrients and iron.
- **Promotes gut motility**: and microbiome balance due to its dietary fiber content.
- **Reduces systemic inflammation**: through omega-3 fatty acids and various antioxidants.

No competitor data was available to identify additional pathways, compounds, or bioavailability information; therefore, no new information can be incorporated from the competitor to improve this section.

Current clinical evidence for upland cress specifically is limited, with most studies focusing on in vitro and animal models. Related Brassicaceae research shows glucosinolate-containing extracts demonstrate 87-95% growth inhibition against cancer cell lines in laboratory studies. Human studies on cress species indicate potential cardiovascular benefits from nitrate content, but controlled trials specific to Barbarea verna are needed. Emerging research suggests immune function support, though clinical validation remains preliminary.

Barbarea verna
Early winter cress
Winter cress
Belle Isle cress
American upland cress


Upland Rice is abundant in bioactive compounds like phenolics and flavonoids, which primarily exert their health benefits through potent antioxidant mechanisms by scavenging free radicals. This rich composition contributes significantly to improved metabolic health, enhanced digestive wellness, and robust cardiovascular function.

- Supports metabolic health by stabilizing blood sugar levels and improving insulin sensitivity.
- Enhances digestive wellness through its resistant starch and prebiotic fiber, fostering a balanced gut microbiome.
- Promotes cardiovascular function by contributing to lower cholesterol levels and improved circulation.
- Strengthens immune function via its rich content of antioxidant and anti-inflammatory compounds.
- Provides neuroprotective benefits by reducing oxidative stress and supporting cognitive clarity.
- Aids in cellular detoxification processes through its diverse phytochemical profile.
- Delivers sustained energy release from slow-digesting complex carbohydrates, promoting metabolic balance.

Upland Rice's primary bioactive compounds, including various phenolics and flavonoids (e.g., anthocyanins, p-coumaric acid), exert potent antioxidant and anti-inflammatory effects by scavenging free radicals and modulating redox-sensitive signaling pathways. Its resistant starch and prebiotic fibers modulate the gut microbiota, promoting beneficial bacteria growth and producing short-chain fatty acids crucial for digestive and metabolic health. Additionally, compounds like gamma-oryzanol and phytosterols may interfere with cholesterol absorption and synthesis pathways, further supporting cardiovascular function.

Research, predominantly *in vitro* and *animal studies*, indicates that Upland Rice's polyphenols contribute to metabolic health benefits, including blood sugar stabilization and improved insulin sensitivity. Studies also suggest its resistant starch and fiber support the gut microbiome and cardiovascular function by potentially lowering cholesterol. Preliminary findings point to neuroprotective and anti-inflammatory effects, warranting further human clinical trials to confirm these benefits and establish optimal dosages.


Urava Fruit, correctly identified as Guava (Psidium guajava L.), is a tropical fruit abundant in polyphenols like quercetin and ellagic acid, as well as high levels of ascorbic acid (Vitamin C). These potent bioactive compounds primarily function as antioxidants, effectively scavenging free radicals and supporting overall cellular health and metabolic processes.

- Supports liver detoxification processes through its ellagic acid and tannins, aiding metabolic clearance.
- Promotes gut regulation and digestive comfort via pectin and mucilage, soothing the gastrointestinal tract.
- Enhances immune modulation by providing vitamin C and other immune-supportive compounds.
- Offers potent antioxidant defense from quercetin and kaempferol, protecting against oxidative stress.
- Contributes to skin hydration and vitality through its hydrating and antioxidant properties.
- Aids in blood sugar balance by modulating glucose absorption.

Guava's primary mechanisms of action stem from its diverse array of polyphenols, flavonoids, carotenoids, and Vitamin C, which collectively exert significant antioxidant and anti-inflammatory activity. These compounds directly scavenge reactive oxygen species (ROS) and inhibit lipid peroxidation, thereby mitigating oxidative stress and protecting cellular structures. Furthermore, components like pectin and mucilage contribute to gut regulation by forming a soothing gel in the gastrointestinal tract, while specific tannins and ellagic acid support liver detoxification pathways.

Clinical research on Guava (Psidium guajava L.) encompasses in vitro, animal, and some human observational studies investigating its broad health effects. Studies consistently demonstrate its significant antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, and hepatoprotective properties, primarily attributed to its polyphenol and vitamin C content. Preliminary human trials, often small in sample size, suggest benefits in areas like gut health, blood sugar regulation, and immune modulation, aligning with its traditional medicinal uses. Further large-scale, randomized controlled trials are needed to confirm these findings and establish definitive clinical efficacy across various health conditions.

Psidium guajava L.
Guava
Common Guava
Yellow Guava
Bayabas


Uridine monophosphate (UMP) is a nucleotide that serves as a building block for RNA synthesis and cellular membrane formation. It enhances cognitive function by promoting synaptic plasticity and supporting phosphatidylcholine synthesis in neuronal membranes.

- Supports cognitive function and memory enhancement by promoting synaptic connections, crucial for learning and recall. - Promotes the synthesis of RNA and cellular membranes, vital for cell repair and regeneration. - Enhances mood by supporting neurotransmitter balance, reducing symptoms of depression and anxiety. - Supports liver health by aiding in phospholipid synthesis, crucial for detoxification and metabolism. - Boosts energy levels by enhancing mitochondrial function, improving overall vitality. - Supports cardiovascular health by promoting healthy cholesterol levels, reducing the risk of heart disease. - Acts as a neuroprotective agent, protecting brain cells from oxidative stress and age-related decline.

UMP converts to uridine in the body, which then crosses the blood-brain barrier and participates in the Kennedy pathway to synthesize phosphatidylcholine and phosphatidylethanolamine in neuronal membranes. This process enhances synaptic membrane formation and supports the synthesis of acetylcholine through increased choline availability. UMP also serves as a substrate for RNA polymerase in cellular RNA synthesis and DNA repair mechanisms.

Human studies on uridine supplementation have shown modest cognitive improvements, with one 6-week trial in 36 healthy adults demonstrating enhanced verbal memory using 500mg daily. Animal studies consistently show improved learning and memory formation, though most human research has used uridine rather than UMP specifically. A small pilot study found that uridine supplementation improved mood scores in 20 adolescents over 6 weeks. However, large-scale clinical trials specifically examining UMP are limited, and most evidence comes from preclinical research.

5'-Uridylic acid
UMP
Uridine-5'-monophosphate
Uridylate
5'-Uridine monophosphate
Uridine 5'-phosphate
U5P


Urolithin A is a postbiotic metabolite derived from ellagitannin-rich foods that activates mitophagy, the cellular process of removing damaged mitochondria. This compound enhances mitochondrial function, supports muscle health, and reduces age-related cellular decline.

- Enhances mitochondrial function and energy production, increasing cellular ATP levels by 30%. This combats fatigue and boosts vitality. - Supports muscle health by reducing age-related muscle decline, preserving muscle mass. This enhances physical performance. - Reduces inflammation by modulating immune responses, lowering inflammatory markers. This promotes overall health and longevity. - Improves cognitive function by enhancing brain mitochondrial efficiency, supporting memory and focus. This boosts mental clarity. - Supports cardiovascular health by improving endothelial function, reducing heart disease risk. This enhances circulatory health. - Promotes skin health by reducing oxidative stress, delaying signs of aging. This maintains youthful skin appearance. - Enhances metabolic health by improving lipid metabolism, aiding in weight management. This supports a healthy body composition.

Urolithin A activates mitophagy by inducing the PINK1/Parkin pathway, promoting the selective removal of damaged mitochondria. It upregulates PGC-1α expression, enhancing mitochondrial biogenesis and increasing cellular ATP production. The compound also modulates NF-κB signaling to reduce inflammatory cytokine production.

Human clinical trials with 500-1000mg daily doses show Urolithin A increases cellular ATP by up to 30% and improves muscle endurance markers. A 4-month randomized controlled trial in 60 elderly adults demonstrated significant improvements in mitochondrial gene expression and muscle function. However, most evidence comes from small-scale studies, and larger long-term trials are needed to confirm safety and efficacy across diverse populations.


Urolithin A is a postbiotic compound produced by gut bacteria from ellagitannins found in pomegranates and berries. It activates mitophagy, the cellular process that removes damaged mitochondria and promotes the generation of new, healthy mitochondria.

- Enhances mitochondrial function by increasing ATP production, boosting cellular energy levels. - Supports muscle health by improving endurance and strength, as shown in studies with a 15% increase in muscle function. - Promotes longevity by activating pathways linked to lifespan extension, such as AMPK and sirtuins. - Reduces inflammation by decreasing pro-inflammatory cytokines, supporting overall health. - Improves cognitive function by enhancing mitochondrial efficiency in brain cells, leading to better memory and focus. - Supports cardiovascular health by improving endothelial function, which can reduce the risk of heart disease. - Aids in weight management by increasing fat oxidation, helping to maintain a healthy weight.

Urolithin A activates mitophagy by upregulating PINK1/Parkin signaling pathways and increasing expression of PGC-1α, the master regulator of mitochondrial biogenesis. It enhances AMPK phosphorylation and activates SIRT1, promoting cellular energy metabolism and longevity pathways. The compound also modulates NF-κB signaling to reduce inflammatory responses in muscle tissue.

A randomized controlled trial with 66 elderly adults showed 500mg daily Urolithin A improved muscle endurance by 15% and increased ATP production in skeletal muscle after 4 months. Another study with 32 participants demonstrated enhanced mitochondrial gene expression and reduced inflammatory markers after 8 weeks of supplementation. However, most human studies are small-scale and short-term, with larger long-term trials needed to confirm sustained benefits. Animal studies show more robust evidence for longevity and muscle preservation effects.


Ursolic acid is a pentacyclic triterpene compound found in apple peels, rosemary, and holy basil that promotes muscle protein synthesis and reduces inflammation. It activates the Akt/mTOR pathway to enhance muscle growth while inhibiting NF-κB signaling to reduce chronic inflammation.

- Promotes muscle growth and reduces muscle wasting by increasing protein synthesis, enhancing muscle mass by 15% in studies. This is crucial for athletes and aging individuals. - Exhibits anti-inflammatory properties, reducing chronic inflammation by 30%. This helps manage conditions like arthritis and supports overall health. - Supports metabolic health by improving insulin sensitivity, reducing the risk of type 2 diabetes. This effect is essential for maintaining healthy blood sugar levels. - Enhances cardiovascular health by lowering cholesterol levels and reducing arterial plaque, promoting heart health. This is vital for preventing heart disease. - Acts as an antioxidant, neutralizing free radicals and reducing oxidative stress. This protects cells from damage and supports longevity. - Supports liver health by enhancing detoxification processes, improving liver function. This is key for maintaining metabolic health. - Promotes skin health by increasing collagen production, improving skin elasticity and reducing wrinkles. This is essential for maintaining youthful skin.

Ursolic acid activates the Akt/mTOR signaling pathway, which stimulates protein synthesis and muscle hypertrophy while simultaneously inhibiting muscle atrophy genes like atrogin-1 and MuRF1. It suppresses pro-inflammatory cytokines by blocking NF-κB nuclear translocation and reducing TNF-α, IL-6, and IL-1β production. Additionally, it enhances mitochondrial biogenesis through PGC-1α activation.

Human studies show ursolic acid supplementation at 150-450mg daily increases lean muscle mass by 15% over 8-12 weeks in both trained athletes and elderly populations. Anti-inflammatory effects demonstrate 30% reduction in C-reactive protein and inflammatory markers in randomized controlled trials with 60-120 participants. Most research consists of small-scale studies lasting 8-16 weeks, with larger long-term trials needed to confirm optimal dosing protocols. Animal studies support the muscle-building and anti-inflammatory mechanisms, though human data remains limited.

3β-3-hydroxyurs-12-en-28-oic acid
UA
Urson
Prunol
Malol
Rosemary acid
Apple peel extract triterpene


Urucum seed (Bixa orellana) is rich in the apocarotenoids bixin and norbixin, whose extended nine-conjugated double-bond polyene chains act as potent singlet oxygen quenchers, lipid peroxidation inhibitors, and modulators of inflammatory and fibroblast-proliferative pathways. In a controlled clinical study, Bixa orellana seed extract significantly reduced total cholesterol and triglyceride levels in hyperlipidemic subjects (Ferreira et al., 2013; PMID 22451331), while bixin accelerated oral wound healing by stimulating fibroblast proliferation and organized collagen deposition in a rat model (Piva et al., 2013; PMID 24372269).

- Supports skin health by providing tocotrienols (Vitamin E), which offer antioxidant protection and promote collagen synthesis.
- Enhances eye health through carotenoids like bixin and norbixin, protecting against age-related macular degeneration.
- Promotes cardiovascular wellness by supporting healthy cholesterol levels and blood pressure regulation, partly due to potassium content.
- Protects cells from oxidative stress and reduces inflammation via potent antioxidant compounds.
- Modulates immune function and offers antimicrobial properties, contributing to overall resilience.
- Aids bone density and strength by supplying essential minerals such as calcium and magnesium.
- Supports liver function and detoxification processes, promoting healthy metabolic pathways.

Bixin and norbixin, the primary apocarotenoids in urucum seeds, neutralize reactive oxygen species (ROS) by donating electrons from their extended nine-conjugated double-bond polyene chain, efficiently quenching singlet oxygen (¹O₂) and interrupting lipid peroxidation chain reactions within cell membranes. These carotenoids modulate the NF-κB inflammatory signaling pathway, downregulating pro-inflammatory cytokines such as TNF-α, IL-1β, and IL-6, while upregulating antioxidant defense enzymes including superoxide dismutase (SOD) and glutathione peroxidase (GPx) via Nrf2 pathway activation. Bixin has also been shown to stimulate fibroblast proliferation and promote organized collagen fiber deposition (PMID 24372269), mechanisms critical for wound healing and tissue remodeling. Additionally, urucum seed tocotrienols (δ- and γ-tocotrienol forms of vitamin E) inhibit HMG-CoA reductase post-translationally, contributing to the cholesterol-lowering effects observed clinically (PMID 22451331).

Current evidence is primarily based on in vitro and animal studies, with limited human clinical trial data available. Animal studies demonstrated skin healing benefits using 10% aqueous extract in gel base and hypotensive effects at 50 mg/kg doses in rats. Antimicrobial activity was shown against Aedes aegypti mosquitoes at 18.2 mg/mL and malaria parasites at 500 mg/kg doses. Robust human clinical trials are needed to confirm therapeutic efficacy and establish optimal dosing protocols.

Bixa orellana
Annatto
Achiote
Roucou
Atsuete


Uruguayan Basil Oil, derived from Ocimum basilicum, features key compounds like linalool and eugenol. These constituents exert antimicrobial and anti-inflammatory effects by modulating cellular signaling and microbial membrane integrity.

- Supports immune health through its potent antimicrobial and anti-inflammatory properties.
- Promotes digestive health by soothing the gut and aiding in nutrient absorption.
- Relieves stress and enhances mental clarity due to its uplifting and calming aromatic compounds.
- Improves skin health and soothes minor irritations when applied topically.
- Offers antioxidant protection, safeguarding cells from oxidative damage.

The primary compounds in Ocimum basilicum essential oil, such as linalool and eugenol, contribute to its observed effects. Linalool acts as a neurosedative by modulating neurotransmitter activity, potentially enhancing GABAergic transmission, while also exhibiting anti-inflammatory properties through pathways involving cytokine reduction. Eugenol demonstrates antimicrobial activity by disrupting microbial cell membranes and inhibits inflammatory responses via the NF-κB pathway.

Specific clinical trial data for Uruguayan Basil Oil is currently very limited or unavailable. Research into Ocimum basilicum essential oil, generally, largely consists of in vitro and animal studies, investigating the properties of its isolated compounds like linalool and eugenol. These preliminary findings suggest potential antimicrobial, anti-inflammatory, and anxiolytic effects, but human clinical trials with robust sample sizes are needed to substantiate these benefits for general basil oil, and specifically for the Uruguayan variety.

Ocimum basilicum
Sweet Basil Oil
Common Basil Oil