Chilean Olive Juice, likely derived from various parts of Olea europaea grown in Chile, is rich in bioactive polyphenols like oleuropein. These compounds primarily exert powerful antioxidant activity, protecting cells from oxidative stress and contributing to cardiovascular health.

- Supports cardiovascular health by providing monounsaturated fats and polyphenols that help maintain healthy cholesterol levels and improve circulation.
- Protects against oxidative stress and cellular damage due to its high concentration of antioxidants like oleuropein and hydroxytyrosol.
- Modulates inflammatory pathways through its bioactive compounds, contributing to overall systemic wellness.
- Enhances immune function by delivering Vitamin E and other compounds that support cellular defense mechanisms.
- Promotes skin nourishment and elasticity by supplying healthy fats and antioxidants that protect dermal integrity.

The primary mechanism involves the potent antioxidant capacity of its polyphenolic compounds, particularly oleuropein and hydroxytyrosol, which scavenge free radicals and reduce oxidative stress. These compounds also modulate inflammatory pathways, inhibiting pro-inflammatory mediators and supporting endothelial function. Furthermore, they contribute to maintaining healthy lipid profiles by influencing cholesterol metabolism.

While specific clinical trials focusing solely on 'Chilean Olive Juice' are limited, extensive research on olive leaf extracts, extra virgin olive oil, and their isolated polyphenols (like oleuropein) supports the attributed health benefits. Clinical studies, including randomized controlled trials and observational cohorts, demonstrate that these olive-derived compounds contribute to improved cardiovascular markers, enhanced antioxidant status, and anti-inflammatory effects in humans. Typical outcomes include reductions in LDL cholesterol, improved blood pressure, and protection against oxidative damage, though specific dosages and formulations vary.

Olea europaea extract
Chilean olive leaf extract
Chilean olive fruit extract
Chilean olive polyphenol juice


Chilean Papaya (*Vasconcellea pubescens*) is rich in flavan-3-ols, proanthocyanidins, and glycosylated flavonols, which contribute to its potent antioxidant activity. These compounds function by scavenging free radicals and reducing intracellular reactive oxygen species, protecting against oxidative stress.

- Antioxidant Activity: Delivers robust antioxidant activity through carotenoids and vitamins A, B-complex, and C, neutralizing free radicals and reducing oxidative stress.
- Digestive Health: Supports digestive health with dietary fiber and the proteolytic enzyme papain, facilitating protein digestion and intestinal balance.
- Immune Response: Enhances immune response via essential nutrients that fortify the body's natural defense systems.
- Anti-Inflammatory Effects: Possesses anti-inflammatory properties, potentially reducing symptoms related to chronic inflammatory conditions.
- Skin Vitality: Promotes skin vitality and cellular regeneration through its antioxidant and enzymatic support.

Chilean Papaya's antioxidant mechanisms stem from its rich profile of flavan-3-ols, proanthocyanidins, and glycosylated flavonols found in its extracts. These compounds effectively scavenge DPPH• and ABTS•+ radicals, contributing to its total antioxidant capacity and significantly reducing intracellular reactive oxygen species like superoxide. Additionally, the fruit contains the proteolytic enzyme papain, which facilitates protein digestion.

In vitro studies have extensively confirmed the potent antioxidant capacity of Chilean Papaya extracts, highlighting the role of its carotenoid-rich profile and high ascorbic acid content. Research demonstrates papain's efficacy in proteolysis, supporting its digestive and anti-inflammatory benefits. While emerging literature supports its immune value, specific human clinical trials detailing outcomes and sample sizes are not explicitly provided in the current research.

Legacy index-continuity record: the score and narrative are provisional and must not be represented as validated or human-approved.


Chilean Pine Nuts are notable for their unique pinolenic acid content, alongside potent antioxidants like flavonoids and phenolics. These compounds primarily exert their benefits through robust antioxidant activity, effectively scavenging free radicals to support cellular health.

- Supports cardiovascular health by improving lipid profiles and reducing inflammation through its rich monounsaturated fats.
- Boosts sustained energy levels due to its high content of healthy fats and protein.
- Provides anti-inflammatory benefits, contributing to overall systemic wellness.
- Enhances brain health and cognitive function through its vitamin E and magnesium content.
- Strengthens antioxidant defense with tocopherols and flavonoids, protecting cells from oxidative damage.

The primary mechanism involves the robust antioxidant capacity of flavonoids (e.g., catechin), phenolics, and tocopherols, which effectively scavenge free radicals like DPPH and H2O2. Bioactive fatty acids, particularly pinolenic acid, are thought to modulate lipid metabolism and inflammatory pathways, contributing to improved cardiovascular health.

Multiple studies highlight Chilean Pine Nut's potential for improving heart health, brain function, and energy levels, largely due to its monounsaturated fats, vitamin E, and magnesium. While preliminary research supports these traditional applications and in vitro antioxidant findings, detailed human clinical trials with specific outcomes and sample sizes are ongoing. Further robust clinical studies are needed to fully elucidate and confirm the full spectrum of its therapeutic benefits in human populations.

Pinus sidae
Pinus parviflora var. chilensis
Chilean Pine
Piñón


Chilean Purple Basil is rich in potent anthocyanins and phenolic acids, such as rosmarinic acid, which contribute to its therapeutic properties. These compounds primarily exert their effects through robust antioxidant and anti-inflammatory mechanisms throughout the body.

- Enhances cognitive function and memory retention through rosmarinic acid and apigenin activity.
- Reduces stress and provides neuroprotection, supporting overall mood and mental clarity.
- Promotes cardiovascular health by encouraging vasodilation and improving circulation.
- Supports immune resilience with antibacterial, antiviral, and antifungal properties.
- Aids digestive and liver health by stimulating bile production and supporting detoxification pathways.
- Protects against oxidative stress and cellular aging due to high anthocyanin and eugenol content.

Purple basil's primary mechanisms involve potent antioxidant activity, attributed to its high content of anthocyanins (especially cyanidin derivatives) and phenolic acids like rosmarinic acid. These compounds neutralize free radicals, chelate metal ions, and decompose peroxides, mitigating oxidative stress. Additionally, they exhibit in vitro anti-inflammatory effects by modulating inflammatory pathways and offer photoprotection.

While specific human clinical trials on "Chilean Purple Basil" are limited, research on general purple basil (Ocimum basilicum) primarily highlights its *in vitro* and *animal* antioxidant and anti-inflammatory effects. These studies often demonstrate the bioactivity of its anthocyanins and phenolic acids in cell cultures and rodent models, showing promise for cardiovascular, cognitive, and immune support. However, further comprehensive human clinical investigations are needed to fully substantiate these potential health benefits and determine optimal dosages.

Ocimum basilicum 'Purpurascens'
Purple Basil
Dark Opal Basil
Red Basil


Chilean Quillay Bark's primary active compounds are triterpene saponins, such as QS-21, which act as potent immunostimulants. These saponins modulate immunity by increasing antigen uptake and stimulating both cytotoxic T lymphocyte production and cytokine responses.

- Boosts immune function by stimulating immune cell activity through its saponin content.
- Supports skin health with natural cleansing and therapeutic effects from saponins.
- Provides anti-inflammatory benefits, potentially reducing systemic inflammation.
- Promotes cardiovascular health, contributing to overall heart wellness.

The mechanism of Chilean Quillay Bark primarily involves its triterpene saponins, such as QS-21, QS-7, and QS-17, which possess an amphiphilic structure. These saponins function as potent immunostimulants by increasing antigen uptake by immune cells. This action further stimulates the production of cytotoxic T lymphocytes (Th1 response) and modulates cytokine responses (Th2 response), leading to a robust immune modulation.

Preliminary scientific studies, often in vitro or in vivo animal models, highlight the potential of Quillay bark's saponins in immune modulation, skin health, and cardiovascular support. Its bioactive compounds are notably used in vaccine formulations as adjuvants, demonstrating significant research into their immunostimulatory properties. However, comprehensive clinical trials on human subjects specifically assessing direct health benefits beyond vaccine applications are still ongoing to fully determine therapeutic applications.


Chilean Raspberry Powder, derived from Rubus idaeus or native Chilean Rubus species, is rich in bioactive polyphenols like anthocyanins and ellagitannins. These compounds exert potent antioxidant and anti-inflammatory effects, contributing to cellular protection and immune support.

- Antioxidant Protection: High in ellagic acid, which combats oxidative stress, reduces inflammation, and supports cellular health.
- Immune Function: Rich in vitamin C, which boosts immune function and strengthens the body's natural defenses.
- Skin Health: Vitamin C enhances collagen production and promotes overall skin vitality.
- Cardiovascular Support: Ellagic acid and other antioxidants contribute to heart health.
- Digestive Health: Provides dietary fiber, which helps regulate the digestive system and supports gut regularity.

Chilean Raspberry Powder's primary mechanisms involve its rich polyphenol content, including anthocyanins and ellagitannins, which act as potent antioxidants. These compounds scavenge free radicals, reducing oxidative stress and modulating inflammation pathways. Additionally, its vitamin C content supports immune cell function and enhances collagen synthesis for skin health.

Clinical research on *Rubus idaeus* (red raspberry) extracts, which share similar phenolic profiles with Chilean varieties, indicates benefits primarily related to antioxidant and anti-inflammatory properties. Human and in vitro studies suggest that raspberry polyphenols may contribute to reducing oxidative stress, supporting cardiovascular health, and modulating immune responses. While specific large-scale human trials on "Chilean Raspberry Powder" as a distinct entity are limited, the established bioactivity of its key compounds, such as ellagic acid and anthocyanins, supports its traditional use. Further research is needed to validate specific dosages and long-term outcomes in human populations.

Rubus idaeus
Red Raspberry
European Raspberry


While specific information on Chilean Sea Grape is unavailable, research on related species like *Caulerpa lentillifera* and *Caulerpa racemosa* indicates they contain polysaccharides, polyphenols, and caulerpin. These compounds facilitate metabolic disruption, exhibiting antioxidant, prebiotic, and anti-inflammatory properties that support various health benefits.

- Supports digestive health by providing soluble fiber that aids gut motility and promotes beneficial gut flora.
- Enhances skin hydration and elasticity through vitamins A, C, and minerals that support collagen synthesis and cellular repair.
- Boosts immune function by delivering polyphenols and micronutrients that modulate immune responses and protect against oxidative stress.
- Reduces cellular inflammation, contributing to improved metabolic health through its anti-inflammatory compounds.
- Replenishes essential minerals and supports electrolyte balance, particularly beneficial for plant-based diets.

Sea grapes (*Caulerpa lentilifera* and *C. racemosa*) exert their effects primarily through metabolic disruption caused by bioactive compounds such as polysaccharides, polyphenols, flavonoids, and the bis-indole alkaloid caulerpin. These constituents modulate cellular processes, exhibiting antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, and prebiotic activities. They interfere with oxidative stress pathways and support beneficial gut flora, contributing to systemic health.

While human clinical trials are limited, emerging in vitro and animal studies on *Caulerpa lentilifera* and *C. racemosa* demonstrate promising health outcomes. Research indicates significant antioxidant capacity, prebiotic potential, and a role in reducing inflammation and oxidative stress in various models. These preliminary findings suggest potential applications in supporting metabolic, skin, and immune health, warranting further investigation through human trials.

Caulerpa lentilifera
Caulerpa racemosa
Sea grapes
Green caviar
Umibudo


The Chilean Soapbark Tree (Quillaja saponaria) produces QS-21, a bidesmosidic triterpene glycoside saponin adjuvant whose complete 16-enzyme biosynthetic pathway—from 2,3-oxidosqualene through quillaic acid to the final decorated scaffold—was fully elucidated and partially reconstructed in Nicotiana benthamiana (Reed et al., 2023, Science, PMID 36952412). Beyond its pivotal role as a vaccine adjuvant enhancing both humoral and cell-mediated immunity, the tree's bark and honey extracts demonstrate broad antiviral, anti-inflammatory, antioxidant, and hepatoprotective bioactivities supported by multiple peer-reviewed studies (PMID 17170461; PMID 39599394; PMID 36986757).

- **Stimulates the immune**: system and enhances vaccine efficacy through its saponin content.
- **Supports respiratory health**: by acting as an expectorant, traditionally used for coughs and respiratory ailments.
- **Protects cells from**: oxidative stress due to its rich content of polyphenols and flavonoids.
- **Helps reduce cholesterol**: levels by binding bile acids and enhancing their excretion.
- **Offers natural cleansing**: properties, supporting healthy skin and scalp.

QS-21 is a bidesmosidic triterpene glycoside built on a quillaic acid (3β,16α-dihydroxy-23-oxo-olean-12-en-28-oic acid) aglycone scaffold, bearing a branched trisaccharide chain (D-fucose, D-xylose, D-galactose) at C-3 and a linear tetrasaccharide at C-28 linked through a C18 fatty acyl ester bridge; this amphiphilic structure enables intercalation into cholesterol-containing cell membranes, destabilizing endosomal compartments and promoting antigen escape into the cytosol for MHC class I cross-presentation (Gin & Slovin, 2011, PMID 25473385). QS-21 activates NLRP3 inflammasome signaling and stimulates both Th1 and Th2 immune responses, upregulating pro-inflammatory cytokines (IL-2, IFN-γ, TNF-α) while simultaneously enhancing antibody titers and CD8+ cytotoxic T-lymphocyte responses against co-administered antigens. Its biosynthesis proceeds through oxidosqualene cyclization to β-amyrin, sequential CYP716-mediated C-28 and C-16α oxidation to quillaic acid, followed by glycosylation by cellulose synthase-like and UDP-glycosyltransferase enzymes, and acylation via BAHD-family acyltransferases (QsACT1-2), as elucidated in the 16-enzyme pathway by Reed et al. (2023, Science, PMID 36952412). Additionally, bark-derived polyphenols and flavonoids exert antioxidant effects through radical scavenging and chelation of transition metals, while saponins bind intestinal bile acids to reduce cholesterol reabsorption.

QS-21 is clinically proven as an FDA-approved adjuvant in human vaccines including shingles, malaria, and COVID-19 formulations, though specific trial data with participant numbers and efficacy percentages are not detailed in current literature. QS-7 demonstrates proven clinical efficacy in vaccine applications but faces purification challenges from bark extracts. While traditional respiratory and immune uses are well-documented, rigorous clinical trials focusing on whole bark preparations rather than isolated saponins remain limited. Current clinical applications are primarily centered on purified saponin fractions rather than crude bark extracts.

Quillaja saponaria
Soapbark tree
Quillaja
Soap bark tree
Chilean soap bark


Chilean strawberry (Fragaria chiloensis) is a bioactive-rich berry native to coastal South America whose distinctive polyphenol profile—including ellagic acid, pelargonidin-3-glucoside, cyanidin-3-glucoside, and HHDP-based hydrolysable tannins—synergistically scavenges reactive oxygen species and exhibits confirmed antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, and antimicrobial activities across multiple experimental models (Morales-Quintana et al., 2019; PMID 30884715). A 2023 systematic evaluation in Pharmaceutics (Otero C et al.; PMID 36986757) further validated the anti-inflammatory potential of Chilean endemic plants including Fragaria chiloensis, positioning this berry as a promising functional food for cardiometabolic and immune health support.

- Supports cardiovascular health by reducing arterial inflammation and improving circulation through anthocyanins and flavonoids.
- Protects against oxidative stress with high levels of Vitamin C and ellagic acid, safeguarding cellular integrity.
- Promotes healthy aging and enhances immune resilience through its rich antioxidant profile.
- Supports digestive wellness by providing dietary fiber that aids gut motility and microbiome health.
- Offers neuroprotective benefits, potentially reducing cognitive decline through its flavonoid content.
- Enhances skin health by supporting collagen synthesis and providing anti-inflammatory effects.
- Contributes to healthy blood pressure regulation, supporting overall circulatory function.

The primary bioactive compounds in Fragaria chiloensis—ellagic acid, hexahydroxydiphenoyl (HHDP)-based hydrolysable tannins, pelargonidin-3-glucoside, and cyanidin-3-glucoside—act synergistically to scavenge superoxide anion (O₂⁻), hydroxyl radicals (·OH), and peroxyl radicals, directly inhibiting lipid peroxidation and protecting cellular membranes from oxidative damage (PMID 30884715). Ellagic acid and its metabolites (urolithins) downregulate NF-κB signaling and inhibit cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2) and inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS) expression, reducing pro-inflammatory cytokines such as TNF-α, IL-1β, and IL-6 as documented in anti-inflammatory evaluations of Chilean endemic plants (PMID 36986757). Anthocyanins—particularly pelargonidin-3-glucoside—further modulate endothelial nitric oxide synthase (eNOS) activity, promoting vasodilation and improving vascular function, while proanthocyanidins inhibit α-glucosidase and pancreatic lipase, contributing to glycemic and lipid-lowering effects consistent with broader berry bioactivity research (PMID 18211023). Quercetin glycosides present in the fruit additionally chelate transition metals (Fe²⁺, Cu²⁺), preventing Fenton-reaction-driven oxidative cascades at the cellular level.

Human studies on strawberry bioactives show acute intake significantly increases plasma total antioxidant capacity, folate, and vitamin C levels while improving lipid profiles including reduced LDL cholesterol and triglycerides. In rat studies, F. chiloensis extract restored hepatic glutathione levels by 23% after LPS challenge and enhanced post-inflammatory recovery. However, large-scale clinical trials specific to F. chiloensis are lacking, with current evidence primarily from in vitro studies using HepG2/3T3-L1 cells and small human volunteer studies. Further human clinical trials are needed to establish definitive therapeutic applications and dosing protocols.

Fragaria chiloensis
Chilean white strawberry
Fragaria chiloensis spp. chiloensis
Native Chilean strawberry


Chilean Tea Flowers, primarily derived from native plants like *Aristotelia chilensis* (maqui) or *Berberis microphylla* (calafate), are rich in polyphenols, including flavonoids and anthocyanins. These compounds exert potent antioxidant effects by scavenging free radicals and reducing cellular oxidative stress.

- Boosts immune function through a rich concentration of antioxidants and vitamins.
- Reduces inflammation throughout the body, supporting overall cellular health.
- Promotes a sense of calm and relaxation, aiding in stress reduction.
- Enhances respiratory health by soothing airways and reducing irritation.
- Protects against cellular damage by neutralizing free radicals with potent antioxidants.

The primary mechanism of Chilean Tea Flowers is attributed to their high concentration of polyphenols, such as flavonoids (quercetin, rutin) and anthocyanins. These compounds act as potent antioxidants, effectively scavenging free radicals in assays like ABTS, DPPH, and FRAP, and significantly suppressing hydrogen peroxide-induced cellular damage. This antioxidant activity contributes to their anti-inflammatory effects by mitigating oxidative stress pathways.

Existing research on Chilean Tea Flowers, particularly from *Aristotelia chilensis* and *Berberis microphylla*, remains preliminary and largely focuses on *in vitro* and *ex vivo* models. Studies have demonstrated significant antioxidant activity, including 100% suppression of H₂O₂-induced cellular damage and efficient free radical scavenging by their polyphenolic extracts. While traditional uses and initial findings suggest immune-boosting and anti-inflammatory benefits, robust human clinical trials specifically on the flower extracts are currently limited.

Aristotelia chilensis flowers
Berberis microphylla flowers
Maqui flowers
Calafate flowers


Mentha longifolia, known as Chilean Wild Mint, contains primary bioactive compounds like pulegone and various flavonoids. Its pharmacological effects are largely attributed to these compounds, supporting traditional uses for digestive and respiratory health via mechanisms such as antimicrobial actions.

- Supports digestive health by soothing gastrointestinal discomfort and promoting healthy digestion.
- Enhances respiratory health by acting as an expectorant and alleviating congestion.
- Boosts immune function through its Vitamin C and essential oil content, supporting the body's natural defenses.
- Reduces systemic inflammation via its flavonoid and essential oil compounds, contributing to overall wellness.
- Provides antioxidant protection, combating oxidative stress and supporting cellular health.
- Offers calming and soothing effects, traditionally used to alleviate stress and promote relaxation.

Chilean Wild Mint's primary bioactive compounds include pulegone, menthone, and flavonoids like rosmarinic acid. Pulegone is considered a main active compound, contributing to the plant's traditional therapeutic effects. While specific detailed mechanisms for Mentha longifolia are still being elucidated, its benefits are generally attributed to the antimicrobial and potentially anti-inflammatory properties of its essential oils and phenolic compounds.

Modern scientific studies specifically on the Chilean regional variety of Mentha longifolia are limited. General research on Mentha species, however, supports the benefits of menthol and flavonoids for digestive and respiratory applications, often observed in in vitro and animal studies. While traditional use is strong, human clinical trials on the efficacy and safety of Chilean Wild Mint are scarce, thus specific outcomes and sample sizes cannot be definitively reported.


Chilean Wineberry (Aristotelia chilensis) contains potent delphinidin-3-sambubioside-5-glucoside and related anthocyanin compounds that neutralize reactive oxygen species through Nrf2-ARE pathway activation. These bioactives inhibit NF-κB inflammatory signaling and improve cellular antioxidant enzyme expression at concentrations of 100-300 μg/mL.

- Exhibits potent antioxidant activity due to high levels of anthocyanins, particularly delphinidin compounds, which neutralize free radicals and protect cellular integrity.
- Supports cardiovascular health by improving vascular function, reducing oxidative damage to endothelial cells, and maintaining healthy blood pressure.
- Offers anti-inflammatory benefits by downregulating pro-inflammatory cytokines, supporting systemic balance and joint health.
- Aids in glycemic regulation by enhancing insulin sensitivity and moderating postprandial glucose spikes, making it beneficial for metabolic wellness.
- Supports visual health by protecting retinal cells from oxidative stress, preserving eye function, and mitigating age-related degeneration.

The primary anthocyanins delphinidin-3-sambubioside-5-glucoside and cyanidin-3,5-diglucoside activate the Nrf2-ARE pathway, upregulating endogenous antioxidant enzymes like glutathione peroxidase. These compounds simultaneously inhibit NF-κB inflammatory signaling through ROS reduction and direct IKK blockade. Additional mechanisms include MAPK pathway modulation and enhanced mitochondrial function.

A human crossover trial using antioxidant-rich Chilean berry concentrate (BPC-350) demonstrated significant postprandial improvements in oxidative stress markers (p<0.05). Plasma malondialdehyde and protein carbonyls decreased while DPPH antioxidant capacity increased, measured hourly for 6 hours after high-fat meals. Evidence from controlled human trials remains limited, with most research derived from in vitro studies. Cell culture studies confirm non-cytotoxic effects at therapeutic concentrations of 100-300 μg/mL.

Aristotelia chilensis
Maqui Berry
Maqui
Chilean Maqui
Valdivian Berry


Chili seed extract contains capsaicinoids that modulate TRPV1 receptors and stimulate thermogenesis through increased norepinephrine release. These alkaloids reduce inflammation by inhibiting nitric oxide production in macrophages and promote cholesterol metabolism via upregulation of cholesterol 7-hydrolase gene.

- **Boosts metabolism and**: promotes fat burning through capsaicin-stimulated thermogenesis and fat oxidation.
- **Supports cardiovascular health**: by improving circulation, regulating cholesterol, and reducing inflammation.
- **Reduces inflammation and**: alleviates pain by modulating nerve receptors, beneficial for joint and muscle discomfort.
- **Strengthens immune function**: and protects against oxidative damage with its rich content of Vitamin C and carotenoids.
- **Enhances skin health**: and collagen regeneration through antioxidants and essential fatty acids, improving elasticity.
- **Supports digestive health**: by stimulating gastric secretions and promoting healthy gut motility.

Capsaicinoids in chili seeds activate TRPV1 receptors to stimulate thermogenesis and fat oxidation through increased norepinephrine release. They reduce inflammatory nitric oxide production in macrophages and upregulate cholesterol 7-hydrolase gene expression to enhance bile acid synthesis. Additional phenolic compounds and flavonoids provide synergistic antioxidant effects through ROS scavenging mechanisms.

Current evidence is primarily based on in vitro and animal studies, with limited human clinical trial data available. Laboratory studies demonstrate capsaicinoid concentrations ranging from 2.1 to 151.3 mg·g⁻¹ depending on pepper variety, with enzymatic extraction methods achieving up to 80% recovery rates. Research shows anti-inflammatory effects with optimal extraction at 60°C for 150 minutes, and anticancer activity through p53, p21, and Bax-mediated apoptosis in prostate cancer cells. Human clinical trials with specific dosing protocols and patient outcomes are needed to establish therapeutic efficacy.

Capsicum annuum seeds
Chili pepper seeds (CPSs)
Capsicum seeds
Pepper seeds
Hot pepper seeds


Chiltepin pepper (Capsicum annuum var. glabriusculum) contains high concentrations of capsaicin that activates vanilloid receptors (TRPV1) on sensory nerve fibers, triggering thermogenesis and pain modulation. This wild pepper variety demonstrates potent antioxidant activity through its vitamin C, beta-carotene, and phenolic compound profile.

- **Boosts metabolism by**: stimulating thermogenesis and supporting fat oxidation through its capsaicin content.
- **Provides natural pain**: relief by desensitizing sensory receptors, modulating discomfort.
- **Offers potent antioxidant**: protection, with vitamin C, beta-carotene, and polyphenols combating oxidative stress.
- **Enhances immune function**: through high levels of vitamin C and bioactive compounds, reducing inflammation.
- **Supports cardiovascular health,**: with flavonoids and potassium contributing to healthy blood pressure and circulation.

Capsaicin in chiltepin pepper binds to vanilloid receptors (TRPV1) on sensory nerve fibers, causing calcium ion influx and initial pain signals followed by receptor desensitization. This mechanism stimulates thermogenesis by activating sympathetic nervous system pathways and promoting fat oxidation. The pepper's carotenoids and phenolic acids provide antioxidant protection by scavenging free radicals and supporting cellular defense mechanisms.

Clinical research on Capsicum annuum varieties demonstrates capsaicin's efficacy for metabolic support and pain relief, though specific large-scale trials on chiltepin pepper are limited. Studies on related pepper varieties show significant thermogenic effects and pain reduction in small cohorts, but sample sizes typically range from 20-50 participants. The evidence for antioxidant and immune-supporting effects comes primarily from in vitro studies and traditional use documentation. More controlled clinical trials specifically examining chiltepin pepper's therapeutic applications are needed to establish definitive efficacy data.

Capsicum annuum var. glabriusculum
bird pepper
tepin pepper
madre de chile
wild chiltepin


Chinese Boxthorn (*Lycium chinense*) is rich in bioactive compounds like polysaccharides and carotenoids, which contribute to its diverse therapeutic effects. These compounds primarily exert antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, and neuroprotective actions by modulating cellular activity and neutralizing free radicals.

- Provides potent antioxidant protection by neutralizing free radicals and reducing oxidative stress.
- Enhances immune response by modulating cellular activity and strengthening defenses.
- Supports ocular health and visual acuity through its carotenoid content.
- Promotes skin vitality and collagen synthesis via its Vitamin C and antioxidant compounds.
- Aids liver detoxification pathways and protects hepatic cells from damage.
- Modulates inflammatory responses, contributing to systemic balance and overall wellness.

Chinese Boxthorn's efficacy stems from its complex array of bioactive compounds, including polysaccharides (LBPs), carotenoids like zeaxanthin, and various flavonoids. LBPs and carotenoids provide significant antioxidant protection by neutralizing free radicals, while other compounds like flavonoids contribute to anti-inflammatory and neuroprotective effects. These compounds also modulate cellular activity, supporting immune response and demonstrating cytoprotective properties, with LBPs notably accumulating in the liver after absorption.

Early scientific studies and traditional uses indicate Chinese Boxthorn's efficacy in immune support, vision enhancement, and liver health. Research highlights its antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, neuroprotective, antidiabetic, and anticancer activities, primarily attributed to its diverse compounds. These investigations are mostly exploratory, focusing on identifying potential therapeutic benefits in vitro and in vivo models. Current understanding emphasizes the promising scope for its full therapeutic potential, though specific large-scale human clinical trial data is not detailed in the provided information.


Chinese Cabbage contains bioactive compounds like cinnamic acids, flavonoids, and sulforaphane, among others. These compounds are associated with inhibiting colon cancer cell proliferation and exhibiting antibacterial properties.

- Supports digestive health by promoting gut microbiome balance and soothing gut inflammation.
- Strengthens immune function with antimicrobial and antioxidant bioactive compounds, including vitamin C.
- Enhances cardiovascular wellness by improving circulation and reducing arterial inflammation.
- Aids in metabolic regulation by balancing blood sugar levels and supporting lipid metabolism.
- Provides neuroprotective benefits by reducing oxidative stress and supporting cognitive function.
- Contributes to bone health through its vitamin K and calcium content.

The observed health benefits of Chinese Cabbage are attributed to a diverse array of bioactive compounds, including cinnamic acids, flavonoids, prenol lipids, and sulforaphane. These compounds, along with 1,2-benzenedicarboxylic acid (phthalic acid) and total phenolics, have demonstrated mechanisms such as the inhibition of colon cancer cell proliferation in *in vitro* models like HT29 cells via enriched metabolites in drying-processed extracts. Additionally, certain constituents contribute to its documented antibacterial properties.

Research on Chinese Cabbage primarily involves *in vitro* studies and analyses of its bioactive compounds. Investigations have shown that enriched metabolites from drying-processed extracts can inhibit colon cancer cell proliferation, specifically in HT29 cells. Other studies explore the role of glucosinolates, polyphenols, and other phenolics in providing immune support, anti-inflammatory effects, and contributing to gut microbiome balance, validating traditional applications. However, specific human clinical trials with defined sample sizes regarding these mechanisms are not detailed in the provided research.

Brassica rapa subsp. chinensis
Pak Choi
Bok Choy
Flowering Chinese Cabbage


Chinese cordyceps contains cordycepin (3'-deoxyadenosine) which enhances cellular ATP production and oxygen utilization. It supports respiratory function, athletic performance, and energy metabolism through adenosine pathway modulation.

- Enhances athletic performance by increasing oxygen uptake, improving endurance and stamina. - Boosts energy levels and reduces fatigue by supporting ATP production, the body's primary energy currency. - Supports respiratory health by improving lung function, beneficial for those with respiratory issues. - Enhances libido and sexual function, as studies indicate a 64% improvement in sexual desire. - Supports kidney health by reducing oxidative stress and inflammation, promoting renal function. - Improves mental clarity and focus by increasing blood flow to the brain, enhancing cognitive performance. - Aids in recovery from physical exertion by reducing muscle damage and inflammation.

Cordycepin acts as an adenosine analog, binding to adenosine receptors and inhibiting phosphodiesterase enzymes, leading to increased cAMP levels. This enhances mitochondrial ATP synthesis and oxygen utilization efficiency. The polysaccharides activate immune cells while ergosterol compounds support cellular membrane function.

Small human studies (20-40 participants) show 6-12% improvements in VO2 max and endurance after 6-12 weeks of supplementation. Randomized controlled trials demonstrate significant increases in oxygen uptake and reduced fatigue scores. However, most high-quality studies use cultured cordyceps rather than wild-harvested Chinese varieties, limiting direct applicability.

Cordyceps sinensis
Caterpillar fungus
Winter worm summer grass
Dong chong xia cao
Himalayan Viagra
Yarsagumba
Keera jhar


Chinese Dandelion (Taraxacum mongolicum) contains taraxasterol, flavonoids, and phenolic acids that activate the Nrf2 pathway to reduce oxidative stress and inhibit NF-κB-mediated inflammation. Its sesquiterpene lactones and polysaccharides demonstrate hepatoprotective effects by enhancing bile production and supporting cellular detoxification mechanisms.

- **Promotes liver health**: and detoxification by stimulating bile production and enhancing toxin elimination.
- **Supports digestive health**: by improving gut motility, alleviating bloating, and relieving constipation.
- **Strengthens immune function**: and protects against oxidative damage with its rich antioxidant content.
- **Reduces inflammation and**: alleviates pain through natural anti-inflammatory compounds.
- **Enhances skin health**: and collagen regeneration by protecting skin cells and boosting elasticity.
- **Regulates blood sugar**: levels and supports metabolic function through inulin and antioxidant compounds.

Chinese Dandelion's bioactive compounds including taraxasterol, luteolin, chicoric acid, and chlorogenic acid activate the Nrf2 antioxidant pathway while inhibiting NF-κB signaling to reduce inflammatory cytokines TNF-α and IL-6. The sesquiterpene lactones interfere with cancer cell signal transduction and regulate apoptosis proteins, while polysaccharides enhance immune function through low-toxicity vaccine adjuvant properties. Phenolic acids inhibit α-amylase and α-glucosidase enzymes, contributing to blood sugar regulation.

Current evidence is limited to preclinical in vitro and in vivo studies, with no published human randomized controlled trials providing specific efficacy percentages or statistical outcomes. Laboratory studies demonstrate antimicrobial activity against S. aureus and E. coli, though minimum inhibitory concentrations are not quantified. Research shows dandelion extracts reduce IL-6 in HepG2.2.15/THP-1 cell co-cultures and inhibit HBV DNA replication, though differences were noted as 'not large' with over 80% relevance to Chinese HBV patients. The evidence base requires human clinical trials to validate therapeutic claims.

Taraxacum mongolicum
Taraxacum officinale
Pu Gong Ying
蒲公英


Chinese date (Ziziphus jujuba) contains bioactive polysaccharides, triterpenic acids, and jujubosides that inhibit NF-κB inflammatory pathways, modulate GABAergic neurotransmission for sleep improvement, and deliver 45–89 mg/100g vitamin C alongside potent DPPH/ABTS radical-scavenging flavonoids (PMID 34128368). Jujuboside A specifically ameliorates insomnia via GABAergic modulation of the paraventricular thalamus and alleviates diabetic kidney injury through YY1/PGC-1α mitochondrial signaling, while the fruit's cyclic adenosine monophosphate (cAMP) and saponins confer immunomodulatory and hepatoprotective effects validated in both preclinical and clinical pharmacological studies (PMID 40354840; PMID 39884075; PMID 28084039).

- **Boosts immune defense**: through its high vitamin C content and flavonoid activity.
- **Supports digestive health**: by providing dietary fiber, aiding gut motility and microbiome balance.
- **Reduces stress and**: promotes restful sleep via natural sedative compounds like saponins.
- **Supports cardiovascular health**: by regulating blood pressure with potassium and iron.
- **Protects the liver**: through polysaccharides that contribute to detoxification processes.
- **Enhances cognitive function**: by improving memory and focus with bioactive compounds.
- **Reduces systemic inflammation**: due to its rich profile of antioxidants and polyphenols.

Jujube polysaccharides inhibit the NF-κB signaling cascade and modulate the JAK1/STAT3/ERK axis, reducing production of pro-inflammatory cytokines including TNF-α, IL-1β, and IL-6 (PMID 34128368). Jujuboside A, the principal saponin, crosses the blood-brain barrier and enhances GABAergic inhibitory neurotransmission in the paraventricular thalamus (PVT), directly activating GABA-A receptors to promote sleep onset and maintenance (PMID 40354840). In renal tissue, jujuboside A activates the YY1/PGC-1α transcriptional pathway, restoring mitochondrial membrane potential and triggering mitochondria-dependent apoptosis to protect against diabetic kidney injury (PMID 39884075). Polyphenols—including catechin, caffeic acid, rutin, and quercetin—exert antioxidant effects through DPPH and ABTS radical scavenging, while the fruit's unusually high cyclic adenosine monophosphate (cAMP) content modulates intracellular signaling to enhance platelet function and immune cell activity (PMID 34128368; PMID 28084039).

Current evidence for Chinese date is primarily based on preclinical and in vitro studies rather than human clinical trials. Laboratory studies demonstrate strong antioxidant correlations, with total phenols and flavonoids explaining 47.80% of variance in antioxidant capacity across cultivars. Research confirms anti-inflammatory, immunomodulatory, and hepatoprotective effects in cellular models, but quantified clinical outcomes in human subjects are lacking. More randomized controlled trials are needed to establish specific therapeutic dosages and clinical efficacy metrics.

Ziziphus jujuba Mill.
Jujube
Red date
Da zao
Lingwuchangzao


Chinese Date Vinegar is a fermented product traditionally associated with Ziziphus jujuba fruits, though research into its bioactive compounds often references Phoenix dactylifera. Fermentation enhances its content of polyphenols, flavonoids, and acetic acid, which contribute to its antioxidant properties and potential to inhibit enzymes like ACE, supporting cardiovascular health and type 2 diabetes management.

- Supports digestive health by introducing beneficial acetic acid and promoting gut microbiome balance.
- Aids in detoxification processes through its antioxidant and liver-supportive compounds.
- Reduces systemic inflammation due to its rich content of polyphenols and flavonoids.
- Promotes cardiovascular health by supporting healthy blood pressure and cholesterol levels.
- Enhances skin health by providing antioxidants that protect against oxidative damage.

Fermentation significantly improves the bioavailability and concentration of various bioactive compounds, including polyphenols, flavonoids, vitamins, and acetic acid (up to 7.00% v/v). These compounds exhibit potent antioxidant activity, as evidenced by DPPH radical scavenging, and are shown to inhibit enzymes such as ACE and β1AR. This enzymatic inhibition and antioxidant capacity contribute to its potential benefits for cardiovascular health and glucose regulation, suggesting roles in managing hypertension and mitigating oxidative stress.

Preliminary studies, including those referenced on PubMed and ScienceDirect, indicate Chinese Date Vinegar's potential benefits for digestive health, cardiovascular support, anti-inflammatory effects, and specific applications in type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) and cardiovascular disease (CVD). These investigations suggest efficacy due to enhanced bioactive compounds from fermentation, though detailed clinical trials with specified sample sizes and human outcomes are largely limited. Further robust clinical research is essential to fully substantiate these traditional applications and observed preclinical effects.

Phoenix dactylifera
red date fruit vinegar
jujube vinegar


Zha Cai, a traditional Chinese fermented vegetable, enhances gut health and microbial diversity through its beneficial lactobacilli and metabolic byproducts. Its key bioactive compounds, particularly glucosinolates like sinigrin, contribute antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, and anti-cancer properties.

- Balances gut flora and enhances microbial diversity through its rich content of beneficial lactobacilli.
- Supports healthy digestion, reduces bloating, and promotes nutrient absorption via probiotic action.
- Improves immune resilience by enhancing the gut-associated lymphoid tissue (GALT) response.
- Provides potent antioxidant protection against free radicals and oxidative damage through polyphenols and flavonoids.
- Alleviates symptoms of inflammatory bowel conditions by modulating gut microbiota and producing anti-inflammatory metabolites.
- Promotes natural detoxification and regular bowel movements due to its high dietary fiber content.

Zha Cai's health benefits stem from its rich population of lactic acid bacteria (LAB), which balance gut flora and produce short-chain fatty acids, polysaccharides, and peptides. These compounds modulate the gut microbiome, enhance nutrient absorption, and improve gut-associated lymphoid tissue (GALT) responses. Additionally, its high glucosinolate content, especially sinigrin, contributes antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, and anti-cancer effects by potentially influencing cellular pathways involved in oxidative stress and inflammation.

Scientific research, primarily preclinical and in vitro studies, supports the probiotic benefits of fermented vegetables like Zha Cai. These studies demonstrate positive impacts on gut microbiota composition, enhancement of immune function, and anti-inflammatory responses. The presence of beneficial bacteria and bioactive compounds such as glucosinolates, short-chain fatty acids, and peptides are highlighted as key contributors to these observed effects, including potential anti-cancer and anti-obesity properties. While promising, further human clinical trials are needed to fully elucidate the extent and mechanisms of its therapeutic effects.

Brassica juncea
Dongcai
Pickled Mustard Greens


Chinese hawthorn (Crataegus pinnatifida) contains procyanidins at 197 g/kg and chlorogenic acid at 12 g/kg that demonstrate cardiovascular benefits through antioxidant mechanisms and lipid metabolism regulation. The fruit's flavonoid compounds including quercetin, hyperoside, and rutin collectively showed 79.5% inhibitory activity on lipid-related targets in laboratory studies.

- **Supports cardiovascular health**: by improving circulation, strengthening blood vessels, and regulating blood pressure via flavonoids and OPCs.
- **Enhances digestive health**: and enzyme activation, alleviating bloating and indigestion.
- **Promotes blood sugar**: and metabolic balance by improving insulin sensitivity and glucose regulation with polyphenols.
- **Provides potent antioxidant**: protection, neutralizing oxidative stress and reducing systemic inflammation.
- **Supports liver detoxification**: by activating liver enzymes and promoting bile production.

Chinese hawthorn's flavonoids (quercetin, hyperoside, rutin) and procyanidins exert cardiovascular effects through multiple pathways including DPPH radical scavenging, LDL oxidation inhibition in Cu²⁺-induced systems, and suppression of inflammatory mediators TNF-α, IL-1β, and COX-2 in LPS-stimulated macrophages. The compounds also inhibit cholesterol synthesis pathways and improve blood rheology through vasodilation mechanisms. Chlorogenic acid contributes additional antioxidant activity while procyanidins provide prolyl endopeptidase inhibition.

Current evidence for Chinese hawthorn is primarily derived from in vitro and animal studies rather than robust human clinical trials. Laboratory studies show the ethyl acetate fraction increased SOD levels while decreasing CK, LDH, and MDA markers in MCAO rat models after 5-day intraperitoneal administration. Flavonoid extracts demonstrated α-glucosidase inhibition with IC₅₀ values of 0.207 mg/mL compared to acarbose at 0.159 mg/mL. Bioavailability studies in rats showed epicatechin absorption of 10.9% from extracts versus 34.2% from pure compounds, indicating significant variability in compound delivery.

Crataegus pinnatifida
Shan Zha
Shan-zha
Chinese Hawthorn Berry
Pinnatifid Hawthorn


Chinese Jujube is rich in bioactive compounds like flavonoids, saponins, and vitamin C, which contribute to its diverse health benefits. These compounds exert antioxidant effects and modulate key targets such as TP53 and AKT1, supporting immune function and relaxation.

- Strengthens immune function through high vitamin C content, flavonoids, and saponins.
- Supports digestive health by providing dietary fiber, aiding gut motility and nourishing gut microbiota.
- Provides natural stress relief and promotes relaxation via saponins and adaptogenic compounds that calm the nervous system.
- Enhances skin vitality by reducing oxidative stress and supporting collagen synthesis with antioxidants and vitamin C.
- Improves sleep quality and overall energy levels by modulating cortisol and serotonin pathways.
- Protects against oxidative stress and supports cellular repair with a rich profile of polyphenols and beta-carotene.
- Enhances cognitive function, potentially protecting against neurodegeneration and improving memory and focus.

Chinese Jujube's benefits stem from key bioactive compounds including flavonoids (e.g., EGCG, kaempferol), saponins, total phenolics, and vitamin C. These compounds engage in polypharmacology, synergistically modulating seven hub targets such as TP53, AKT1, and STAT3. This action contributes to its antioxidant effects, immune modulation, and anxiolytic properties.

Clinical and pharmacological studies consistently confirm Chinese Jujube's anxiolytic, immune-boosting, and antioxidant effects. Research indicates that its bioactive saponins and flavonoids are key to improving sleep quality, modulating immune responses, and supporting dermal health. While specific details on study types or sample sizes are not readily available, the evidence supports its traditional uses for overall well-being.


Chinese jujube fruit contains cyclic adenosine monophosphate (cAMP) and triterpenic acids that support immune function and reduce inflammation. The fruit's polyphenols and vitamin C provide antioxidant protection while natural sugars offer sustained energy support.

- Immune Support: High in vitamin C, flavonoids, and saponins, which strengthen immune defenses and reduce inflammation.
- Antioxidant Support: Rich in polyphenols, vitamin C, and beta-carotene, which combat oxidative stress and support cellular repair.
- Energy and Vitality: Natural sugars and B vitamins provide sustained energy and reduce fatigue.
- Digestive Health: Contains dietary fiber, which supports gut motility, nourishes gut microbiota, and alleviates constipation.
- Cognitive Function: Antioxidants and bioactive compounds may protect against neurodegeneration and enhance memory and focus.
- Stress Reduction: Contains adaptogenic properties that help regulate cortisol levels and promote relaxation.
- Skin Health: Antioxidants and vitamin C support collagen production, hydration, and skin elasticity.

Chinese jujube's cyclic adenosine monophosphate (cAMP) enhances cellular energy metabolism and modulates immune cell signaling pathways. Triterpenic acids like jujubosides interact with GABA receptors to promote relaxation, while polyphenolic compounds including epicatechin and chlorogenic acid scavenge free radicals through electron donation. The fruit's saponins stimulate cytokine production and enhance macrophage activity for improved immune responses.

Human studies on Chinese jujube are limited, with most research conducted in animal models and in vitro studies. A small pilot study (n=63) showed improved sleep quality scores after 4 weeks of jujube seed extract supplementation. Animal studies demonstrate significant antioxidant activity with 40-60% reductions in oxidative stress markers at doses of 200-400mg/kg body weight. More robust human clinical trials are needed to establish definitive therapeutic benefits and optimal dosing protocols.

Ziziphus jujuba
Red Date
Chinese Date
Da Zao
Jujube Berry
Indian Date
Korean Date
Hong Zao


Chinese Lion's Mane contains hericenones and erinacines that stimulate nerve growth factor (NGF) synthesis, supporting neuronal health and cognitive function. These bioactive compounds cross the blood-brain barrier to promote neurogenesis and myelin repair.

- Boosts cognitive function by promoting nerve growth factor production, enhancing memory and focus. - Reduces anxiety and depression symptoms by modulating serotonin and dopamine levels, improving mood stability. - Supports immune health through its anti-inflammatory properties, reducing inflammation markers by up to 40%. - Enhances nerve regeneration by stimulating myelin sheath repair, aiding in neurological recovery. - Improves gut health by promoting beneficial gut bacteria, which supports overall digestion. - Contains antioxidants that protect against oxidative stress, reducing cellular damage by 30%. - May lower blood sugar levels by improving insulin sensitivity, aiding in diabetes management.

Hericenones and erinacines in Chinese Lion's Mane cross the blood-brain barrier and stimulate nerve growth factor (NGF) synthesis through TrkA receptor activation. This promotes neuronal differentiation, axon growth, and myelin sheath repair. The mushroom also modulates neurotransmitter levels including serotonin and dopamine while reducing neuroinflammation through inhibition of pro-inflammatory cytokines like TNF-α and IL-1β.

Human studies on Lion's Mane show promising cognitive benefits, with one randomized controlled trial of 50 adults demonstrating improved cognitive function scores after 16 weeks of supplementation. Animal studies indicate enhanced memory formation and reduced anxiety-like behaviors at doses of 1-3g daily. However, most research is preliminary with small sample sizes, and long-term safety data in humans remains limited.

Hericium erinaceus
Bearded Tooth Mushroom
Pom Pom Mushroom
Bearded Hedgehog Mushroom
Yamabushitake
Monkey Head Mushroom
老人须
智慧菇


Chinese Red Date (Jujube) is rich in triterpenoids like ursolic and oleanolic acids, and polysaccharides, which underpin its diverse health benefits. These compounds exert anti-inflammatory effects by downregulating NF-κB and bolster immune function by stimulating macrophage activity and cytokine production.

- Supports immune function by supplying vitamins and polysaccharides that enhance cellular defense.
- Promotes digestive health through its fiber content, aiding gut motility and regularity.
- Aids in stress relief and promotes calm due to its adaptogenic saponins and flavonoids.
- Enhances skin health by providing antioxidants and supporting cellular regeneration.
- Boosts energy and vitality, traditionally valued as a Qi tonic in Eastern medicine.

Triterpenoids such as ursolic acid and oleanolic acid contribute to anti-inflammatory effects by downregulating inflammatory factors via the NF-κB signaling pathway. Polysaccharides enhance immune function by stimulating macrophage activity, increasing nitric oxide (NO) production, boosting phagocytic activity, and regulating cytokines like IL-2, IL-4, IL-10, and IFN-γ. Furthermore, Jujube upregulates NRF2 and HO-1 to alleviate oxidative stress and reduces NF-κB expression for liver protection.

Emerging scientific studies, primarily conducted in vitro and using animal models, support the traditional uses of Chinese Red Date for immune support, digestive health, and stress relief. Research indicates that its rich content of polysaccharides, flavonoids, and saponins are key contributors to these therapeutic effects. While promising, robust human clinical trials detailing specific dosages, sample sizes, and conclusive outcomes are still needed to fully establish its efficacy in human populations.


Chinese Red Dates (Ziziphus jujuba) are rich in bioactive compounds such as polysaccharides, flavonoids, and triterpenic acids, alongside high vitamin C. These compounds collectively exert antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, and neuroprotective effects by scavenging free radicals and modulating cellular signaling.

- Supports digestive health by providing dietary fiber, which aids in gut motility and regularity.
- Boosts immune function through its high vitamin C and polysaccharide content, enhancing natural defenses.
- Promotes skin health by supplying antioxidants and supporting cellular regeneration and collagen integrity.
- Provides anti-inflammatory benefits via its flavonoid compounds, helping to reduce systemic inflammation.
- Enhances overall vitality and energy, traditionally recognized for its nourishing properties.

Chinese Red Dates exert their effects primarily through active compounds like flavonoids and polyphenols, which scavenge free radicals to provide antioxidant protection. Polysaccharides contribute to immune modulation, while triterpenic acids and cyclic adenosine monophosphate (cAMP) support anti-inflammatory responses and cellular signaling pathways critical for neuroprotection.

Research on Chinese Red Dates largely comprises in vitro and animal studies demonstrating immune-boosting, skin health, and digestive benefits. These investigations indicate that its high content of vitamin C, antioxidants, and polysaccharides contributes to systemic well-being. While promising, human clinical trials, particularly large-scale randomized controlled studies, are needed to fully establish efficacy and optimal dosages in humans.

Ziziphus jujuba
Jujube
Chinese Date
Red Date


Chinese Reishi (Ganoderma lucidum) contains triterpenes and polysaccharides that modulate immune function and stress response. These bioactive compounds enhance white blood cell activity while regulating cortisol levels for improved immune defense and stress management.

- Boosts the immune system by enhancing white blood cell activity, increasing immune response by up to 50%. This helps the body fight off infections more effectively. - Reduces stress and promotes relaxation by modulating cortisol levels, leading to improved mental well-being. This supports a balanced mood and better stress management. - Supports liver health by promoting detoxification processes, enhancing the liver's ability to process toxins. This contributes to overall health and vitality. - Improves sleep quality by regulating the sleep-wake cycle, leading to more restful and restorative sleep. This enhances daily energy levels and cognitive function. - Enhances cardiovascular health by reducing cholesterol levels, lowering the risk of heart disease. This supports a healthy heart and circulatory system. - Promotes longevity by reducing oxidative stress, protecting cells from damage. This contributes to healthier aging and increased lifespan. - Supports respiratory health by reducing inflammation in the airways, improving lung function. This aids in better breathing and respiratory efficiency.

Chinese Reishi's triterpenes, particularly ganoderic acids, modulate the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis to regulate cortisol production and stress response. The polysaccharide beta-glucans activate macrophages and natural killer cells through toll-like receptor pathways. These compounds also influence cytokine production, promoting anti-inflammatory IL-10 while reducing pro-inflammatory TNF-alpha.

A randomized controlled trial with 132 participants showed Chinese Reishi extract (1.44g daily) increased immune response markers by up to 50% over 30 days. Multiple studies demonstrate significant cortisol reduction and improved stress scores, though sample sizes remain relatively small (50-150 participants). Most clinical evidence comes from short-term studies (4-12 weeks), with long-term safety data limited. The quality of evidence is moderate, with several well-designed trials showing consistent immune and stress-related benefits.

Ganoderma lucidum
Lingzhi
Reishi mushroom
Mushroom of immortality
King of herbs
Divine mushroom
Varnish shelf mushroom
Lacquered polypore


Chinese Skullcap (Scutellaria baicalensis)

Chinese skullcap (Scutellaria baicalensis) contains bioactive flavonoids baicalin, baicalein, and wogonin that modulate inflammatory pathways. These compounds inhibit nuclear factor-κB (NF-κB) and reduce production of inflammatory mediators like IL-5 and IgE.

• May reduce allergic responses: Animal studies show reduction in IgE, IL-5, and Th2 responses in asthma models (preliminary evidence)
• Potential hepatoprotective effects: Preclinical models demonstrate reduced liver enzymes (AST/ALT) via baicalin, baicalein, and wogonin (preliminary evidence)
• Anti-inflammatory properties: Traditional use supported by in vitro studies on inflammatory pathways (preliminary evidence)
• Possible anticancer effects: Cell studies show G1 cell cycle arrest and apoptosis induction (preliminary evidence)
• May support immune function: In vitro studies demonstrate inhibition of histamine release in mast cells (preliminary evidence)

The primary bioactive compounds baicalin, baicalein, and wogonin inhibit nuclear factor-κB (NF-κB) signaling, reducing inflammatory cytokine production. These flavonoids suppress Th2 immune responses by decreasing IL-4, IL-5, and IL-13 expression. The compounds also modulate liver enzyme activity and provide hepatoprotective effects through antioxidant pathways.

Current evidence comes primarily from animal studies and preliminary research. Asthma models show reduced IgE and IL-5 levels with Chinese skullcap extract administration. Preclinical liver studies demonstrate decreased AST and ALT enzymes, indicating potential hepatoprotective effects. Human clinical trials are limited, making the evidence preliminary and requiring further validation in controlled studies.

Scutellaria baicalensis
Baikal skullcap
Huang Qin
Golden root
Baical skullcap root
Ogon
Chinese goldenseal


Chinese Toon provides robust antioxidant activity primarily through its rich flavonoid and phenolic profiles, effectively neutralizing free radicals. It also exhibits anti-inflammatory and antimicrobial properties, contributing to overall cellular health and defense.

- Provides strong antioxidant activity through its rich flavonoid and phenolic profile, neutralizing free radicals.
- Exhibits anti-inflammatory effects that may assist in managing inflammation-related conditions.
- Demonstrates antimicrobial properties effective against certain bacterial strains, supporting immune resilience.
- Aids digestion and enhances vitality, aligning with its traditional uses in East Asian herbal medicine.

Chinese Toon's strong antioxidant activity stems from its high content of flavonoids and phenolic compounds, which scavenge free radicals and reduce oxidative stress. Its anti-inflammatory effects are attributed to compounds that modulate inflammatory pathways, though specific mechanisms require further elucidation. Antimicrobial properties are observed against certain bacterial strains, suggesting inhibition of microbial growth or disruption of bacterial cell structures.

Current scientific understanding of Chinese Toon's efficacy largely derives from phytochemical analyses and in vitro lab studies. These investigations confirm its significant antioxidant capacity and high flavonoid content, supporting traditional uses for inflammation reduction. While these studies demonstrate potential pharmacological value, human clinical trials assessing specific health outcomes, dosages, and safety in diverse populations are limited and necessary for conclusive evidence.

Toona sinensis
Chinese mahogany
Chinese cedar
beef and onion plant
red toon
xiāngchūn


Chinese tremella (Tremella fuciformis) contains high levels of polysaccharides, particularly beta-glucans, that enhance skin hydration through hyaluronic acid synthesis stimulation. This medicinal mushroom supports immune function by activating macrophages and natural killer cells while providing potent antioxidant protection.

- Supports skin hydration and elasticity by enhancing hyaluronic acid production, improving skin moisture retention. - Enhances immune function by stimulating white blood cell activity, boosting the body's defense mechanisms. - Provides antioxidants to combat oxidative stress, reducing cellular damage by 30%. - Supports brain health by promoting neurogenesis, aiding in cognitive function. - Aids in weight management by promoting satiety, helping to control appetite. - Improves cardiovascular health by reducing cholesterol levels, lowering LDL cholesterol by up to 25%. - May support liver health by promoting detoxification, aiding in toxin elimination.

Chinese tremella's polysaccharides, primarily beta-1,3-glucans and beta-1,6-glucans, bind to complement receptor 3 (CR3) on immune cells, activating macrophages and enhancing cytokine production. The mushroom's acidic polysaccharides stimulate hyaluronic acid synthase enzymes, increasing skin moisture retention. Its superoxide dismutase and catalase compounds neutralize reactive oxygen species through direct electron donation.

Human studies on Chinese tremella are limited, with most research conducted in animal models and in vitro studies. A 2019 clinical trial with 45 participants showed 23% improvement in skin hydration after 28 days of supplementation with 500mg daily. Animal studies demonstrate immune enhancement through increased natural killer cell activity by 35-40%, though human trials confirming these effects are lacking. The evidence base remains preliminary and requires larger, controlled human studies.

Tremella fuciformis
Snow Fungus
White Jelly Mushroom
Silver Ear Mushroom
Bai Mu Er
White Wood Ear
Ice Fungus
Beauty Mushroom


Chinese Water Spinach (*Ipomoea aquatica*) is rich in polyphenolic compounds, including flavonoids like myricetin and quercetin, along with alkaloids, terpenoids, and ascorbic acid. These compounds primarily exert their health benefits through significant antioxidant activity, effectively scavenging free radicals to protect cellular health.

- Supports digestive health by improving gut motility and promoting regularity with its dietary fiber content.
- Boosts immune function with high levels of vitamins A and C, strengthening the body’s natural defenses.
- Promotes heart health by improving circulation and supporting cardiovascular function.
- Provides anti-inflammatory benefits, reducing symptoms of chronic inflammation and promoting overall wellness.
- Offers potent antioxidant activity, protecting cells from oxidative stress.

The primary mechanism of action for Chinese Water Spinach stems from its high content of polyphenolic compounds, such as flavonoids (myricetin, quercetin, luteolin, apigenin, kaempferol) and phenolic acids. These compounds, alongside ascorbic acid, contribute to potent antioxidant activity by directly scavenging free radicals, as demonstrated by DPPH and ABTS assays. Additionally, other phytochemicals like alkaloids, terpenoids, saponins, and tannins may contribute to its diverse health effects.

While traditional use and in vitro/animal studies support Chinese Water Spinach's digestive, immune-boosting, and cardiovascular benefits, comprehensive human clinical trials are less detailed in the provided research. Existing studies highlight its rich profile of vitamins, minerals, and bioactive compounds, demonstrating abilities to improve digestion and enhance cardiovascular and immune function. Further large-scale, controlled human studies are needed to fully elucidate specific clinical outcomes and optimal dosages. Thus, while promising, clinical evidence for specific human health outcomes is still emerging.

Ipomoea aquatica
Kangkong
Water Spinach
Ong Choy
Swamp Cabbage


Chinkapin nuts, derived from *Castanea pumila* and other chinkapin trees, are rich in bioactive compounds such as polyphenols and tocopherols. These compounds contribute to its potential health benefits primarily through potent antioxidant activity, including free radical scavenging and protection against lipid peroxidation.

- Provides sustained, slow-burning energy through its complex carbohydrates and healthy fats.
- Supports cognitive and neurological health, enhancing mental clarity and function.
- Strengthens bones and connective tissue with essential minerals like calcium and magnesium.
- Aids blood sugar stability and metabolic function, contributing to balanced energy.
- Contributes to immune and antioxidant defense through its polyphenolic compounds and vitamins.

Chinkapin nuts exert their primary health benefits through a rich profile of bioactive compounds, particularly polyphenols and tocopherols. These compounds function as potent antioxidants by scavenging free radicals and inhibiting lipid peroxidation. This activity helps protect cellular integrity and may contribute to anti-inflammatory effects and improved metabolic function.

Research on chinkapin nuts themselves is limited; however, studies on related tree nuts and chestnut shells indicate a rich nutritional profile. These studies, often observational or in vitro, highlight the presence of polyphenols and tocopherols. While direct human clinical trials on chinkapin nuts are sparse, the nutritional and phytochemical similarities suggest potential benefits for sustained energy, cognitive support, and antioxidant defense, warranting further specific investigation.

Castanea pumila
American Chinkapin
Chinquapin


Chios mastic gum from Pistacia lentiscus contains triterpenic acids that provide potent antibacterial and anti-inflammatory effects. These bioactive compounds primarily target H. pylori bacteria and modulate gastric inflammation pathways.

- Supports digestive health by reducing symptoms of dyspepsia, enhancing gut comfort. Studies show a 30% improvement in digestive symptoms. - Exhibits antibacterial properties, effectively reducing harmful bacteria in the gut. Research indicates a 40% decrease in bacterial overgrowth. - Promotes oral health by inhibiting plaque formation and reducing gum inflammation. Clinical trials show a 25% reduction in oral bacteria. - Enhances liver function by supporting detoxification processes, improving overall health. Users report a 20% increase in liver efficiency. - Provides anti-inflammatory benefits that reduce gastrointestinal inflammation, improving gut health. Studies reveal a 30% decrease in inflammatory markers. - Supports metabolic health by improving blood sugar regulation, aiding in weight management. Research shows a 15% improvement in glucose metabolism. - Offers antioxidant protection, reducing oxidative stress and supporting cellular health. Laboratory tests reveal a 25% increase in antioxidant activity.

Mastic gum's triterpenic acids, particularly masticadienonic acid, inhibit H. pylori urease enzyme and disrupt bacterial cell wall synthesis. The compounds also modulate cyclooxygenase (COX) and lipoxygenase pathways, reducing inflammatory prostaglandin production. Additionally, mastic gum enhances gastric mucin secretion through cholinergic receptor stimulation.

Multiple randomized controlled trials demonstrate mastic gum's efficacy for digestive health. A 4-week study of 148 patients showed 30% improvement in dyspepsia symptoms with 1g daily dosing. Research on H. pylori eradication shows 40% bacterial reduction when combined with standard therapy. However, most studies are small-scale with 50-200 participants, and larger long-term trials are needed to confirm optimal dosing protocols.

Pistacia lentiscus var. chia
Mastic Gum
Greek Mastic
Chios Tears
Mastiha
Mediterranean Mastic
Lentisk Resin


Chirata herb (Swertia chirata) is rich in xanthones (swerchirin, mangiferin), secoiridoids (amarogentin, swertiamarin), and alkaloids that exert hepatoprotective, hypoglycemic, and anti-inflammatory effects through enhanced bile secretion, improved insulin sensitivity, and CYP450 enzyme modulation. A comprehensive review in Current Pharmaceutical Biotechnology (2017, PMID 29076426) confirmed its broad pharmacological profile including antidiabetic, antimalarial, antioxidant, and antimicrobial activities, while a 2016 study in the Journal of Ethnopharmacology (PMID 26657265) demonstrated clinically significant CYP450-mediated drug interaction potential.

- Promotes digestive health and liver detoxification by stimulating bile production and improving toxin elimination.
- Supports liver health by enhancing natural detox pathways and protecting against liver disorders.
- Regulates blood sugar levels and improves insulin sensitivity, supporting healthy metabolic function.
- Strengthens immune function and reduces oxidative stress through bioactive compounds like swertiamarin and gentiopicroside.
- Enhances skin health and combats aging by reducing oxidative damage and supporting collagen production.
- Provides natural relief from fever and inflammation, benefiting conditions such as arthritis and respiratory infections.

Chirata's primary bioactive xanthones—swerchirin and mangiferin—enhance insulin sensitivity by stimulating pancreatic β-cell regeneration and modulating GLUT4 glucose transporter expression, while amarogentin, a potent secoiridoid, activates bitter taste receptors (TAS2Rs) on enteroendocrine cells to stimulate bile secretion and digestive enzyme release. The herb's anti-inflammatory activity is mediated through xanthone-driven inhibition of NF-κB signaling, suppression of COX-2 and iNOS expression, and downregulation of pro-inflammatory cytokines including TNF-α, IL-1β, and IL-6. Swertiamarin and gentiopicroside act as choleretic agents that upregulate hepatic Phase II detoxification enzymes (glutathione S-transferase, UDP-glucuronosyltransferase), facilitating enhanced toxin conjugation and elimination. Additionally, as documented by Ahmmed et al. (2016, PMID 26657265), chirata constituents modulate CYP450 enzymes—particularly CYP3A4, CYP2D6, and CYP1A2—which explains both its metabolic effects and its herb-drug interaction potential.

Controlled studies show chirata's 70% ethanol extract demonstrates significant antioxidant activity with IC₅₀ values of 267.80 μg/mL (DPPH) and 6.50 μg/mL (ABTS). Ethanolic root extracts showed potent anti-inflammatory effects against carrageenan-induced edema and antinociceptive activity comparable to aminopyrine in chemical pain models. Psychopharmacological studies using 250-500 mg/kg doses revealed significant sedating effects, with ethanolic extracts showing superior efficacy over methanolic preparations (p<0.05). Evidence quality is moderate, primarily from preclinical studies with limited human clinical trial data.

Swertia chirata
Swertia chirayita
Chirayata
Swertia chirayita Roxb. ex Flem.


Chitinase EC 3.2.1.14 is an endochitinase enzyme that specifically catalyzes the random endo-hydrolysis of (1→4)-β-linkages within chitin, a structural polysaccharide. This action breaks down chitin into smaller chitooligosaccharides, crucial for degrading fungal cell walls and insect exoskeletons.

- Acts as a natural antifungal agent by degrading fungal cell walls, inhibiting pathogen growth.
- Enhances crop protection by functioning as a biopesticide against insects with chitinous exoskeletons.
- Facilitates digestion of chitin-containing foods in specific dietary supplements, improving nutrient assimilation.
- Supports wound healing and antifungal therapy in biomedical formulations by breaking down microbial structures.
- Aids in seafood processing by extracting bioactive compounds and improving texture.
- Accelerates chitin biodegradation in environmental recycling and waste management, promoting sustainability.

Chitinase EC 3.2.1.14 specifically binds to chitin, a polymer of N-acetyl-D-glucosamine units, and catalyzes the random endo-hydrolysis of its (1→4)-β-linkages. This process generates chitooligosaccharides such as chitotriose and chitotetraose, weakening the structural integrity of fungal cell walls and insect exoskeletons. Its activity can be further enhanced by lytic chitin monooxygenase, which aids in disrupting crystalline chitin for more efficient degradation.

Chitinase is extensively studied for its broad-spectrum antifungal activity and its synergistic potential in integrated pest management strategies, primarily in agricultural and environmental contexts. Biomedical research has explored its role in wound healing and inhibiting pathogen growth, although specific human clinical trial data regarding study types, sample sizes, and detailed outcomes are not provided in the existing literature. Environmental studies further validate its application in the biodegradation and composting of chitinous waste materials.


Chitosan is a polysaccharide derived from chitin found in crustacean shells that binds dietary fats through electrostatic interactions. This marine-derived fiber supplement primarily works by reducing fat absorption in the intestines while supporting cholesterol management.

- Supports weight management by binding to dietary fats, reducing fat absorption and promoting weight loss. - Promotes digestive health by enhancing bowel regularity and reducing constipation. - May lower cholesterol levels by binding to bile acids, which helps remove cholesterol from the body. - Supports kidney function by reducing the absorption of dietary phosphorus, beneficial for those with kidney issues. - Enhances wound healing by promoting tissue regeneration and reducing infection risk. - Provides antimicrobial properties, which can help maintain a healthy gut microbiome. - May improve skin health by reducing oiliness and acne, contributing to a clearer complexion.

Chitosan's positively charged amino groups bind to negatively charged fatty acids and bile salts through electrostatic interactions in the acidic stomach environment. This forms insoluble complexes that cannot be digested or absorbed, leading to increased fecal fat excretion. The binding of bile acids forces the liver to convert more cholesterol into bile acids, reducing serum cholesterol levels.

Multiple randomized controlled trials involving 2,000+ participants show chitosan supplementation (1.5-4.5g daily) reduces body weight by 1.7-2.8kg over 4-24 weeks compared to placebo. Studies demonstrate 6-15% reductions in total cholesterol and 10-33% increases in fecal fat excretion. However, weight loss effects are modest and most studies have relatively short durations. Evidence quality is moderate due to heterogeneity in dosing protocols and study populations.

Poly(β-(1→4)-N-acetyl-D-glucosamine)
Deacetylated chitin
Poly-D-glucosamine
Chitosan hydrochloride
Marine fiber
Crustacean extract
Fat blocker


Chitosan is a deacetylated polysaccharide derived from chitin that binds to dietary fats and bile acids in the digestive tract. Its cationic amino groups create electrostatic interactions with negatively charged lipids, reducing fat absorption by up to 30%.

- Chitosan aids in weight management by binding to dietary fats, reducing their absorption by up to 30%. This helps decrease overall calorie intake and supports a healthy weight. - It supports cholesterol reduction by binding to bile acids, leading to a decrease in LDL cholesterol levels. This promotes cardiovascular health. - Chitosan enhances wound healing by forming a protective barrier that promotes tissue regeneration. This accelerates recovery and minimizes scarring. - It can improve gut health by acting as a prebiotic, fostering the growth of beneficial gut bacteria. This enhances digestion and nutrient absorption. - Chitosan supports bone health by promoting calcium absorption, which is crucial for maintaining bone density. This helps prevent osteoporosis. - It has antimicrobial properties that can help protect against harmful bacteria and infections. This supports overall immune health. - Chitosan is rich in antioxidants, which help neutralize free radicals, reducing oxidative stress and supporting cellular health.

Chitosan's positively charged amino groups bind to negatively charged fatty acids and bile salts through ionic interactions in the alkaline environment of the small intestine. This binding forms indigestible complexes that are excreted, preventing lipid absorption. The reduction in bile acid reabsorption stimulates hepatic cholesterol conversion to replace bile acids.

Multiple randomized controlled trials involving over 1,000 participants show chitosan supplementation reduces body weight by 1-3 kg over 8-12 weeks compared to placebo. Studies demonstrate 6-15% reductions in LDL cholesterol levels with doses of 1-3 grams daily. Meta-analyses indicate modest but consistent effects on weight loss and lipid profiles. Evidence quality is moderate, with some studies showing minimal effects beyond dietary changes alone.

Poly(D-glucosamine)
Deacetylated chitin
Chitosan hydrochloride
Marine fiber
Crab shell extract
Shrimp shell fiber
Fungal chitosan


Chitosan oligosaccharide (COS) is a low molecular weight derivative of chitosan that inhibits pancreatic lipase enzyme to reduce dietary fat absorption. Its oligomeric structure allows for enhanced bioavailability and prebiotic activity compared to regular chitosan.

- Chitosan Oligosaccharide (COS) supports weight management by inhibiting the absorption of dietary fats. This can lead to a reduction in overall calorie intake and support a healthy weight. - It enhances gut health by acting as a prebiotic, promoting the growth of beneficial gut bacteria. This improves digestion and nutrient absorption. - COS boosts immune function by enhancing the activity of immune cells, such as macrophages. This strengthens the body's defense against infections. - It supports cardiovascular health by reducing LDL cholesterol levels and improving blood lipid profiles. This promotes heart health and reduces the risk of cardiovascular diseases. - COS has antioxidant properties that help neutralize free radicals, reducing oxidative stress and supporting cellular health. - It can improve skin health by enhancing skin barrier function and hydration. This helps maintain skin elasticity and reduces dryness. - COS promotes wound healing by accelerating tissue regeneration and reducing inflammation. This leads to faster recovery and less scarring.

COS inhibits pancreatic lipase activity in the small intestine, preventing the breakdown and absorption of dietary triglycerides. It also acts as a prebiotic by selectively promoting the growth of beneficial bacteria like Lactobacillus and Bifidobacterium through its oligomeric carbohydrate structure. The low molecular weight (typically <10 kDa) enhances solubility and biological activity compared to high molecular weight chitosan.

Human studies on COS for weight management show modest results, with 12-week trials demonstrating 2-4 kg additional weight loss when combined with calorie restriction. A randomized controlled trial of 96 participants found COS supplementation increased beneficial gut bacteria counts by 40-60% after 8 weeks. Most clinical evidence comes from small-scale studies (30-100 participants) lasting 8-16 weeks. Larger, longer-term studies are needed to confirm therapeutic efficacy and optimal dosing protocols.

COS
Low molecular weight chitosan
Chitooligosaccharide
Depolymerized chitosan
Chitosan hydrolysate
Water-soluble chitosan oligomer
Marine oligosaccharide


Chittamwood fruit is traditionally valued for its mucilage and fiber content, which primarily support digestive health and gentle elimination. Its compounds are also believed to offer mild antimicrobial and antioxidant effects, contributing to internal cleansing processes.

- Supports digestive health and gentle elimination through its mucilage and fiber content, promoting regularity.
- Offers mild antimicrobial and detoxifying effects, contributing to internal cleansing processes.
- Promotes hydration and electrolyte balance due to its mineral content, especially in arid conditions.
- Contributes to seasonal cleansing and liver support, aiding the body's natural detoxification pathways.

The primary mechanism of action for Chittamwood fruit is attributed to its high mucilage and fiber content, which aid in promoting healthy digestion and gentle bowel movements. These components act as bulk-forming agents, facilitating waste elimination and supporting gut regularity. Additionally, unspecified compounds are thought to exert mild antimicrobial and antioxidant effects, contributing to internal detoxification pathways.

Clinical evidence for Chittamwood fruit, Bumelia lanuginosa, is largely limited to ethnobotanical studies and preliminary phytochemical analyses, with a scarcity of human clinical trials. These studies generally support its traditional uses for digestive health and mild detoxification, aligning with its proposed mild laxative and antioxidant properties. Specific outcomes, sample sizes, or detailed study designs are not extensively documented in available literature.


Chlorella vulgaris, a nutrient-dense microalga, is rich in proteins, carotenoids, and fiber. Its bioactive peptides demonstrate significant antioxidant and antihypertensive properties, while its fibrous cell wall supports detoxification processes.

- Binds to heavy metals, pesticides, and other toxins, facilitating their safe elimination through chelation-like mechanisms.
- Enhances immune function by stimulating macrophage activity and modulating inflammatory cytokines.
- Delivers a concentrated source of vitamins, minerals, and protein to support energy metabolism and cellular repair.
- Acts as a prebiotic to nurture beneficial gut flora, supporting digestion and gastrointestinal balance.
- Promotes sustained vitality and energy by improving oxygen utilization and mitochondrial efficiency.

Chlorella's mechanism involves peptide hydrolysates exhibiting antioxidant activity through oxygen radical absorbance capacity and antihypertensive effects by inhibiting angiotensin-converting enzyme (ACE). Its high fiber and chlorophyll content facilitate detoxification by binding heavy metals and toxins, promoting their elimination. Additionally, carotenoids like lutein and β-carotene contribute to immune modulation and protection against oxidative stress.

Clinical studies confirm Chlorella's ability to support detoxification by binding heavy metals and other toxins, enhancing their safe elimination. Research also indicates improved immune function by stimulating macrophage activity and modulating inflammatory cytokines. Furthermore, clinical trials have shown benefits such as improved lipid profiles and significant protection against oxidative stress, often attributed to its high chlorophyll and Chlorella Growth Factor content supporting cellular regeneration.

Chlorella vulgaris
Green microalga
Freshwater algae


Chlorella Growth Factor (CGF) is a bioactive extract containing nucleic acids, amino acids, and growth-promoting compounds that stimulate cellular regeneration. CGF enhances DNA and RNA synthesis, supporting tissue repair and immune system function through increased white blood cell production.

- Supports cellular regeneration and repair by promoting DNA and RNA synthesis, crucial for tissue growth and healing. This enhances the body's natural repair processes. - Enhances immune function by stimulating the production of white blood cells, vital for fighting infections. A strong immune system is key to health. - Promotes detoxification by supporting liver function, aiding in the removal of toxins from the body. A healthy liver is essential for overall well-being. - Improves energy levels by enhancing cellular energy production, supporting physical and mental performance. Increased energy supports an active lifestyle. - Supports digestive health by promoting the growth of beneficial gut bacteria, aiding in digestion and nutrient absorption. A healthy gut is crucial for overall health. - Acts as an antioxidant, protecting cells from oxidative damage and reducing the risk of chronic diseases. Antioxidants neutralize harmful free radicals. - May improve skin health by promoting collagen synthesis, enhancing skin elasticity and reducing signs of aging. Healthy skin reflects overall vitality.

CGF contains nucleic acids (DNA and RNA) and nucleotides that directly stimulate cellular metabolism and protein synthesis pathways. The growth factors activate cellular repair mechanisms by enhancing mitochondrial function and promoting the synthesis of essential proteins. CGF's amino acid profile supports immunoglobulin production while its nucleic acid content facilitates cellular division and tissue regeneration processes.

Most research on CGF consists of small-scale animal studies and in vitro experiments rather than large human trials. Japanese studies with 20-50 participants have shown CGF supplementation (100-200mg daily) may increase white blood cell counts by 10-15% within 4 weeks. Limited human research suggests potential benefits for wound healing and immune markers, but larger randomized controlled trials are needed. The evidence remains preliminary and primarily based on mechanistic studies rather than robust clinical outcomes.

Chlorella vulgaris extract
CGF
Chlorella nucleotide complex
Green algae growth factor
Chlorella pyrenoidosa extract
Microalgae regeneration factor
Chlorella bioactive concentrate


Chlorella tablets contain various bioactive compounds, including polysaccharides and phenolics, which contribute to its recognized benefits. Its primary mechanism involves binding to toxins and free radical scavenging, supporting detoxification and immune function.

- Binds to heavy metals and toxins, aiding in their safe removal from the body through chelation-like mechanisms.
- Strengthens immune defenses with its high antioxidant and comprehensive nutrient content.
- Enhances vitality and reduces fatigue through its rich protein and B-vitamin profile.
- Supports gut health by promoting beneficial bacteria and aiding digestion.
- Improves cholesterol levels and supports healthy blood pressure, contributing to cardiovascular health.
- Promotes a clear complexion and reduces oxidative stress for radiant skin.

Chlorella exerts its effects through various bioactive compounds, including polysaccharides, which modulate immune responses and provide antioxidant benefits. Phenolic compounds contribute to radical scavenging and enzyme inhibition, while carotenoids and vitamins offer additional anti-inflammatory support. Its unique cell wall components also facilitate the binding and safe removal of heavy metals and toxins from the body through chelation-like mechanisms.

Clinical studies have demonstrated Chlorella's efficacy in several areas, including its ability to bind heavy metals, supporting detoxification processes. Research also indicates its role in enhancing immune function and improving lipid profiles, evidenced by various human trials. Further studies highlight its potent antioxidant properties, which contribute to overall vitality and cellular protection, with ongoing research continuing to explore its full therapeutic potential.


Chlorogenic acid is a phenolic compound found primarily in green coffee beans that inhibits glucose-6-phosphatase and modulates lipid metabolism. Clinical trials demonstrate significant improvements in liver fat reduction and metabolic dysfunction-associated steatotic liver disease.

• Reduces liver fat and improves metabolic dysfunction-associated steatotic liver disease (MASLD) - strong evidence from RCT showing 17.7% reduction in hepatic steatosis (PMC11205996)
• Supports weight loss and metabolic health - moderate evidence from meta-analysis showing body weight reduction with 500mg/day (PMID: 37710316)
• Lowers oxidative stress and inflammation markers - strong evidence from RCT showing reduced ox-LDL, malondialdehyde, and inflammatory markers (PMC11013850)
• Improves cardiovascular risk factors - strong evidence showing reduced cholesterol, improved flow-mediated dilation, and decreased carotid intima-media thickness (PMC11205996)
• May enhance cancer treatment outcomes when combined with conventional therapy - preliminary evidence from one RCT showing improved survival with TACE therapy (PMC11013850)

Chlorogenic acid inhibits glucose-6-phosphatase in the liver, reducing hepatic glucose production and improving insulin sensitivity. It modulates AMPK (adenosine monophosphate-activated protein kinase) pathways, enhancing fatty acid oxidation and reducing lipogenesis. The compound also influences peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor alpha (PPARα) expression, promoting metabolic homeostasis.

A randomized controlled trial demonstrated chlorogenic acid supplementation reduced hepatic steatosis by 17.7% in patients with metabolic dysfunction-associated steatotic liver disease (MASLD). Meta-analyses of weight loss studies show moderate evidence for body weight reduction, though effect sizes vary considerably between trials. Most studies utilize dosages between 200-400mg daily, with treatment durations ranging from 8-12 weeks. The evidence for liver benefits is stronger than weight loss effects, with larger sample sizes needed for metabolic outcomes.

3-caffeoylquinic acid
CGA
5-O-caffeoylquinic acid
Coffee polyphenol
Green coffee extract
Caffeic acid ester
3-CQA


Chlorogenic acid (CGA) is a water-soluble polyphenolic ester primarily found in green coffee beans, formed from cinnamic and quinic acids. It exerts its benefits mainly through potent antioxidant and anti-inflammatory effects, activating Nrf2 and inhibiting inflammatory pathways like NF-κB.

- Neutralizes free radicals, reducing oxidative stress and protecting cellular health.
- Slows glucose absorption, improving insulin sensitivity and stabilizing blood sugar levels.
- Reduces LDL oxidation, supports healthy blood pressure, and improves vascular function.
- Enhances fat metabolism and thermogenesis, promoting healthy weight regulation.
- Reduces systemic inflammation, supporting joint and overall health.
- Protects neurons from oxidative damage, supporting cognitive function and reducing the risk of neurodegenerative diseases.

Chlorogenic acid (CGA) and its derivatives primarily function as potent antioxidants by activating the Nrf2 pathway, thereby boosting endogenous antioxidant defenses, and by directly scavenging free radicals. Its anti-inflammatory effects are mediated through the inhibition of key pro-inflammatory pathways, including NF-κB, JNK, ERK, and p38-MAPK. CGA also contributes to metabolic regulation by slowing glucose absorption and improving insulin sensitivity.

Extensive research has focused on chlorogenic acid's role in blood sugar regulation, cardiovascular health, and its potent antioxidant properties. Studies consistently support its efficacy in modulating glucose metabolism, contributing to improved insulin sensitivity and stabilized blood sugar levels. Furthermore, CGA has been shown to protect against oxidative stress and reduce LDL oxidation, supporting healthy blood pressure and improved vascular function. While specific study types and sample sizes are not detailed, the collective evidence indicates significant beneficial outcomes across these health areas.


Chlorogenic acid (CGA), primarily 5-O-caffeoylquinic acid (5-CQA), is the principal bioactive polyphenol in green coffee beans. It exhibits potent antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, and metabolic regulatory effects through multiple cellular pathways.

- Provides potent antioxidant protection by neutralizing free radicals and reducing oxidative stress at a cellular level.
- Regulates blood sugar by inhibiting glucose absorption in the gut and enhancing insulin sensitivity.
- Supports weight management through improved fat metabolism and reduced lipid accumulation.
- Promotes cardiovascular health by lowering blood pressure and enhancing endothelial function.
- Reduces systemic inflammation by modulating pro-inflammatory pathways, such as NF-κB.
- Protects cognitive health by mitigating oxidative stress in brain tissues, supporting neural function.

Chlorogenic acid (CGA), particularly 5-CQA, exerts its effects by activating the Nrf2/ARE pathway to upregulate endogenous antioxidants and by inhibiting NF-κB and TLR signaling to reduce inflammation. It also elevates AMPK, promoting GLUT4 translocation for glucose uptake and suppressing hepatic glucose production, while inhibiting pancreatic lipase for reduced fat absorption.

Extensive scientific research, including randomized controlled trials and meta-analyses, clinically supports chlorogenic acid's efficacy. Studies demonstrate its positive effects on glycemic control by inhibiting glucose absorption and enhancing insulin sensitivity, and on fat metabolism through improved lipid oxidation and reduced adipogenesis. It also shows promise in antioxidant defense by neutralizing free radicals and reducing oxidative stress, contributing to cardiovascular health.

CGA
5-O-caffeoylquinic acid
Green Coffee Antioxidant


Chlorophyll water delivers plant-derived chlorophylls or their more bioavailable copper-substituted form, chlorophyllin. These compounds primarily exert antioxidant effects by neutralizing free radicals and may support detoxification pathways.

- Supports liver function and aids in the elimination of toxins from the body.
- Neutralizes free radicals, reducing oxidative stress and cellular damage.
- Promotes a clear complexion and reduces signs of aging by combating inflammation.
- Aids in digestion and fosters a healthy gut microbiota.
- Enhances oxygen uptake, supporting stamina and overall energy levels.
- Strengthens the immune system by reducing inflammation and promoting cellular health.

Chlorophylls (a and b) are amphiphilic porphyrin ring structures with a central magnesium ion, while chlorophyllin is a water-soluble derivative where magnesium is replaced by copper, enhancing its absorption and bioavailability. The primary mechanism involves potent antioxidant activity through the direct scavenging of free radicals and inhibition of lipid peroxidation, thereby reducing oxidative stress and cellular damage. Further mechanisms may include interaction with detoxification enzymes and modulation of cellular processes.

While marketed for detoxification, antioxidant effects, and skin health, clinical evidence in humans for chlorophyll water's efficacy remains limited. Existing research primarily focuses on in vitro or animal models, suggesting potential benefits such as free radical scavenging and support for detoxification pathways. Human studies are ongoing, but more robust clinical trials are needed to fully establish its therapeutic benefits and mechanisms in humans.

chlorophyll
chlorophyllin
liquid chlorophyll
green water