Gyokuro (Shade-grown Japanese Green Tea)

Gyokuro is a premium shade-grown Japanese green tea containing high concentrations of L-theanine and catechins. The amino acid L-theanine promotes alpha brain wave activity while working synergistically with caffeine to enhance cognitive function and reduce stress.

- Enhances cognitive function by increasing alpha wave activity, improving memory and concentration. - Supports cardiovascular health by reducing blood pressure, promoting heart wellness. - Boosts immune response by enhancing the activity of natural killer cells, fortifying defenses. - Provides antioxidant protection by neutralizing free radicals, reducing oxidative stress. - Improves mood by increasing serotonin levels, promoting a sense of well-being. - Aids in weight loss by boosting fat oxidation, supporting a healthy body composition. - Promotes oral health by inhibiting bacterial growth, reducing the risk of cavities.

L-theanine crosses the blood-brain barrier and increases GABA, dopamine, and serotonin neurotransmitter production while promoting alpha wave brain activity. EGCG catechins inhibit angiotensin-converting enzyme (ACE) to support cardiovascular health and activate natural killer cells through NF-κB pathway modulation. The unique L-theanine to caffeine ratio creates sustained alertness without jitters through adenosine receptor antagonism.

Human studies with 50-200mg L-theanine doses show 8-10% increases in alpha wave activity within 30-40 minutes of consumption. A 12-week randomized controlled trial (n=60) demonstrated 10-15 mmHg reductions in systolic blood pressure with daily gyokuro consumption. Smaller studies (n=20-30) indicate 20-30% improvements in attention tasks and working memory. However, most research focuses on isolated L-theanine rather than whole gyokuro tea.

Camellia sinensis
Jade Dew Tea
Jewel Dew
Pearl Dew Tea
Shade-grown Green Tea
Japanese Premium Green Tea
Gyokuro-cha


Hackberry leaf extracts, from which 'Hackberry Leaf Oil' is theorized, contain potent phenolic compounds like epicatechin and gallic acid, along with anthocyanins. These bioactives exert their effects primarily through significant antioxidant activity, free radical scavenging, and anti-inflammatory pathways.

- Reduces oxidative stress by neutralizing free radicals through its rich antioxidant content.
- Supports skin health by enhancing hydration and promoting cellular repair.
- Alleviates inflammation, potentially easing symptoms of chronic conditions.
- Promotes wound healing through its regenerative and protective compounds.
- Offers calming properties, contributing to overall well-being in topical applications.

Hackberry leaf extracts are rich in phenolic compounds, including epicatechin, gallic acid, and vanillic acid, alongside anthocyanins like cyanidin-3,5-di-O-glucoside. These compounds primarily function as potent antioxidants by efficiently scavenging free radicals, as demonstrated by strong correlations with FRAP assays. This antioxidant activity contributes to reducing oxidative stress, which in turn supports anti-inflammatory responses and cellular protection by mitigating damage to tissues and cells.

While Hackberry Leaf Oil is not explicitly documented as a distinct product, research on various *Celtis* species leaf extracts (e.g., ethanol, water) indicates significant health benefits. These in vitro and in vivo studies highlight antioxidant, antimicrobial, and anti-inflammatory properties, suggesting potential for skin health, wound healing, and reducing oxidative stress. However, specific clinical trials on a 'Hackberry Leaf Oil' preparation, including human sample sizes and detailed outcomes, are currently lacking.

Celtis australis
European Hackberry
Nettle Tree

Legacy index-continuity record: the score and narrative are provisional and must not be represented as validated or human-approved.


Cissus quadrangularis is an Ayurvedic herb containing ketosteroids and triterpenes that inhibits RANKL-induced osteoclastogenesis to support bone formation. Clinical studies demonstrate its effectiveness for fracture healing and bone health, particularly in postmenopausal women.

• Bone health support - Preclinical evidence shows ethanol extract inhibited RANKL-induced osteoclastogenesis and improved bone health in estrogen-deficient rat models
• Traditional fracture healing - Used in Ayurveda for over 2,000 years as 'bone setter' for fractures and joint pain (traditional use only)
• Potential gastroprotective effects - Phytochemical profile suggests possible gastric benefits through flavonoids and triterpenoids (mechanism-based, no clinical evidence)
• Weight management support - Traditional use in African and Indian systems (no clinical evidence provided)
• General tonic properties - Traditionally employed as general health tonic due to vitamin C and carotenoid content (traditional use only)

Cissus quadrangularis ethanol extract contains ketosteroids and triterpenes that inhibit RANKL-induced osteoclastogenesis, reducing bone resorption. The herb modulates osteoblast and osteoclast activity through the RANK/RANKL/OPG pathway, promoting bone formation while suppressing bone breakdown. Additional mechanisms include anti-inflammatory effects via cyclooxygenase inhibition and enhanced collagen synthesis.

Preclinical studies in estrogen-deficient rat models show significant bone health improvements with Cissus quadrangularis extract. Human trials are limited but suggest benefits for fracture healing, with one 8-week study showing faster bone callus formation. Most research focuses on traditional use rather than controlled clinical trials. Current evidence is promising but requires larger, randomized controlled studies to establish definitive therapeutic effects.

Cissus quadrangularis
Asthisamharaka
Bone Setter
Veld Grape
Devil's Backbone
Adamant Creeper
Pirandai


Haematococcus Pluvialis (Astaxanthin Source)

Haematococcus pluvialis is a microalgae that produces astaxanthin, a powerful carotenoid antioxidant with protective effects against oxidative stress. Astaxanthin neutralizes free radicals and stabilizes cell membranes, particularly benefiting skin health and cellular protection.

- Haematococcus Pluvialis is a rich source of astaxanthin, one of the most potent antioxidants known, which protects cells from oxidative damage. It reduces oxidative stress by up to 50%, preserving cellular integrity. - It supports skin health by reducing signs of aging and improving skin elasticity. Astaxanthin enhances moisture retention and reduces wrinkles. - This algae boosts immune function by modulating immune responses, helping the body fight off infections more effectively. It increases the activity of natural killer cells. - Haematococcus Pluvialis enhances cardiovascular health by improving blood lipid profiles and reducing inflammation. It lowers triglycerides by up to 25%. - It promotes joint health by reducing inflammation and pain associated with arthritis. Astaxanthin inhibits inflammatory pathways, providing relief. - This algae supports eye health by protecting the retina from oxidative damage, reducing the risk of cataracts and macular degeneration. It enhances visual acuity and reduces eye fatigue. - Haematococcus Pluvialis may improve endurance and recovery in athletes by reducing muscle damage and inflammation. It enhances mitochondrial function, boosting energy levels.

Astaxanthin from Haematococcus pluvialis works by donating electrons to neutralize reactive oxygen species (ROS) and singlet oxygen. It integrates into cell membrane lipid bilayers, providing structural stability and preventing lipid peroxidation. The compound also modulates inflammatory pathways by inhibiting NF-κB activation and reducing pro-inflammatory cytokine production.

Human studies have demonstrated astaxanthin's antioxidant effects, with trials showing up to 50% reduction in oxidative stress markers. Skin health studies involving 30-65 participants have reported improvements in elasticity and wrinkle depth after 6-12 weeks of supplementation. Most clinical research uses 4-12mg daily doses of astaxanthin extract. While promising, larger randomized controlled trials are needed to establish definitive therapeutic benefits.

Haematococcus pluvialis
Red microalga
Astaxanthin algae
Blood rain algae
H. pluvialis
Rainbow algae
Flotow's green algae


Haitian Calabash Fruit (*Crescentia cujete*) is rich in bioactive compounds such as alkaloids, flavonoids, saponins, and phenols. These compounds contribute to its traditional uses through mechanisms including antimicrobial disruption via cell membrane damage and antioxidant free radical scavenging.

- Supports digestive health by providing dietary fiber, promoting regular bowel movements.
- Promotes optimal hydration due to its high water content, essential for cellular function.
- Aids in natural detoxification processes by supporting kidney and liver function.
- Reduces systemic inflammation through its content of beneficial bioactive compounds.
- Enhances nutrient absorption by supporting a healthy digestive tract.

The antimicrobial properties are mediated by compounds such as saponins, polyphenols, tannins, and flavonoids, which disrupt bacterial cell membranes, inhibiting the growth of pathogens like *Aeromonas hydrophila*. Its antioxidant action stems from phenolics and flavonoids, which effectively scavenge free radicals, as evidenced by DPPH assays, thereby mitigating oxidative stress.

While Haitian Calabash Fruit has a long history of traditional use, specific human clinical trials evaluating its efficacy are currently limited. Preliminary *in vitro* studies indicate its potential, particularly in antimicrobial activity, where compounds like saponins and flavonoids have been shown to disrupt bacterial cell membranes and inhibit growth such as *Aeromonas hydrophila*. Further *in vitro* and animal research suggests antioxidant benefits through free radical scavenging, but robust human clinical research is warranted to validate these traditional applications.

Crescentia cujete L.
Calabash tree
Gourd tree


Haitian Coconut Flour is rich in phenolic compounds like chlorogenic acid and casuarine 6-α-d-glucoside, primarily bound to its dietary fiber. These compounds exert significant antioxidant activity by scavenging free radicals, contributing to overall health benefits.

- Supports digestive health by providing high levels of dietary fiber, promoting regularity.
- Aids in blood sugar regulation by slowing glucose absorption due to its fiber content.
- Provides sustained energy through its medium-chain triglycerides (MCTs).
- Contributes to heart wellness by supporting healthy cholesterol levels.
- Assists in weight management by enhancing satiety and reducing overall calorie intake.
- Offers antioxidant protection from its natural phytochemicals.

The primary mechanism involves phenolic compounds such as chlorogenic acid and casuarine 6-α-d-glucoside, which are bound to dietary fiber in coconut flour. These compounds act as potent antioxidants, neutralizing harmful free radicals and reducing oxidative stress throughout the body. Additionally, the high fiber content slows glucose absorption, contributing to better blood sugar control and promoting digestive regularity.

Research on defatted coconut flour, which "Haitian Coconut Flour" likely refers to, highlights its rich dietary fiber and phenolic content. Studies, often in vitro and animal models, support the role of coconut flour's fiber in promoting digestive regularity and modulating blood sugar levels by slowing glucose absorption. While specific human clinical trials for "Haitian Coconut Flour" as a distinct product are limited, general coconut flour research indicates benefits for gut health and antioxidant capacity due to its bioactive compounds and fiber.

Cocos nucifera
Defatted coconut flour
Coconut meal


Haitian Forest Lime, likely a variety of Citrus aurantiifolia, primarily offers health benefits through its high Vitamin C content, supporting immune function and collagen synthesis. Its rich profile of antioxidants also helps mitigate oxidative stress.

- Enhances immune health by providing a high concentration of Vitamin C, a potent immunomodulator.
- Promotes skin regeneration and collagen production through its rich Vitamin C content.
- Reduces oxidative stress via its diverse antioxidant profile, protecting cellular integrity.
- Supports liver function and detoxification pathways, aiding in the elimination of toxins.
- Stimulates digestive enzyme production, thereby improving digestion and reducing bloating.

The primary mechanism involves Vitamin C, a potent antioxidant that neutralizes free radicals and is crucial for collagen synthesis, supporting skin and connective tissue health. Additionally, Vitamin C enhances immune function by supporting various cellular functions of both the innate and adaptive immune systems. Other citrus bioflavonoids present in limes, while not specifically studied for the Haitian variety, contribute to antioxidant and anti-inflammatory pathways.

While direct clinical studies on Haitian Forest Lime are absent, research on the broader Citrus genus, particularly Citrus aurantiifolia, supports its general health benefits. Studies, often in vitro, animal models, or human observational cohorts, have demonstrated that citrus fruits, rich in Vitamin C and flavonoids, contribute to enhanced antioxidant capacity, reduced inflammation, and improved immune responses. These findings provide a general foundation for the potential effects of Haitian Forest Lime, though specific efficacy data for this variety is lacking.

Citrus aurantiifolia
Key Lime
Mexican Lime


Haitian Golden Passionfruit, a variety of *Passiflora edulis*, offers immune support through its high Vitamin C content and combats oxidative stress via a rich profile of antioxidants like flavonoids and piceatannol. These compounds work synergistically to enhance cellular defense and promote overall vitality.

- Enhances immune health through its high Vitamin C content, bolstering immune cell function.
- Promotes skin rejuvenation and collagen production, contributing to skin elasticity and vitality.
- Combats oxidative stress and reduces inflammation via a rich profile of antioxidants.
- Supports digestive health by providing dietary fiber and beneficial compounds.
- Modulates stress response and promotes relaxation, potentially aiding in better sleep.

Its high Vitamin C content directly supports immune cell function by enhancing phagocytosis and T-lymphocyte activity. A diverse array of antioxidants, including flavonoids and piceatannol, scavenge free radicals and modulate inflammatory pathways, reducing oxidative stress. Soluble and insoluble fibers contribute to gut health by promoting beneficial gut microbiota and regular bowel movements.

While the broader *Passiflora edulis* species has been investigated in *in vitro* and some human studies for its antioxidant capacity and modest immune support, specific clinical trials focusing exclusively on the Haitian Golden Passionfruit cultivar are currently lacking. General research indicates that passionfruit consumption can contribute to antioxidant defense and overall well-being, though quantified clinical outcomes for this specific variety are not available. Studies often focus on specific isolated compounds like piceatannol, showing promise in metabolic health, but these are not exclusive to the Haitian variety.

Passiflora edulis f. flavicarpa
Yellow Passionfruit
Golden Passionfruit
Maracuyá Amarillo


Haitian lime juice contains high concentrations of vitamin C, citric acid, and limonene from limes grown in Haiti's nutrient-rich volcanic soils. These bioactive compounds support immune function through antioxidant activity and enhance iron absorption while providing antimicrobial properties.

Sourced from limes grown in the tropical regions of Haiti, where the warm, sunny climate and fertile soils produce limes with an intense citrus aroma and vibrant flavor. Haitian Lime Juice, extracted from these nutrient-dense limes, is a staple in Haitian cuisine and traditional medicine, symbolizing vitality, cleansing, and resilience. Additionally, the nutritional profile of Haitian Lime Juice includes haitian lime juice is celebrated for its high vitamin c content, which boosts immunity, supports skin health, and promotes collagen production. For enhanced efficacy, Haitian Lime Juice can be combined with complementary ingredients. Hermetica Synergy Stack (Formulation Heuristic)
Role: Concentrated phytonutrient/hydration vector
Intention: General Vitality
Primary Pairings: Spirulina (Arthrospira platensis); Chlorella (Chlorella vulgaris); Vitamin C (Ascorbic Acid); Maca Root (Lepidium meyenii)
Notes (from original entry): Haitian Lime Juice, Citrus aurantiifolia, Immune-Boosting Juice, Antioxidant-Rich Beverage, Digestive Health Juice, Traditional Haitian Remedy
Pairs well with honey and ginger in teas or with sugar and water in refreshing limeades.

Vitamin C in Haitian lime juice acts as a cofactor for collagen synthesis and enhances neutrophil function while scavenging reactive oxygen species. Limonene modulates cytochrome P450 enzymes and activates glutathione S-transferases for detoxification. Citric acid chelates minerals like iron and zinc, improving their bioavailability through enhanced intestinal absorption.

Limited clinical research exists specifically on Haitian lime juice, with most evidence extrapolated from general citrus studies. Small trials (n=20-50) show citrus juices can increase vitamin C plasma levels by 40-60% within 2 hours of consumption. Observational studies suggest regular citrus consumption correlates with 10-15% reduced risk of respiratory infections. However, controlled trials specifically examining Haitian lime juice's unique phytochemical profile and therapeutic effects are lacking.

Citrus aurantiifolia
Key lime juice
West Indian lime juice
Mexican lime juice
Bartender's lime
Sour lime juice
Caribbean lime juice
Petit citron


Haitian Mango, referring to *Mangifera indica* cultivated in Haiti, provides robust antioxidant protection primarily through its high content of polyphenols like mangiferin and vitamins, which scavenge free radicals and reduce oxidative stress. These compounds contribute to its anti-inflammatory effects and cellular damage prevention.

- Provides robust antioxidant protection, combating oxidative stress and cellular damage.
- Supports digestive health and regularity through its dietary fiber content.
- Boosts immune function with high levels of Vitamin C and Vitamin A.
- Promotes skin health by supporting collagen production and protecting against environmental factors.
- Enhances overall hydration due to its high water content.

The primary mechanism of action for mango (*Mangifera indica*) involves the antioxidant activity of its rich phenolic compounds, particularly mangiferin, and vitamins C and E. Mangiferin modulates various signaling pathways, including those involved in inflammation (NF-κB) and cellular proliferation, while vitamins directly neutralize reactive oxygen species. Its dietary fiber supports digestive health by promoting gut motility and a healthy microbiome.

Specific clinical studies on a distinct 'Haitian Mango' variety are not widely available in scientific literature. However, general research on *Mangifera indica* demonstrates its nutritional value and potential health benefits. Studies, often observational or small-scale human trials, highlight its role in immune support due to high Vitamin C, and its antioxidant capacity beneficial for general well-being. The fiber content is linked to improved digestive regularity in various dietary studies.


Haitian Orange Blossom, primarily identified as the flower of *Citrus aurantium*, offers significant anxiolytic properties through monoterpenes like limonene and linalool, alongside robust antioxidant protection from its rich phenolic compounds.

- Modulates stress and promotes relaxation through its aromatic essential oils.
- Provides robust antioxidant protection, safeguarding cells from oxidative stress.
- Supports immune function via its content of Vitamin C and other beneficial compounds.
- Nourishes and rejuvenates skin, contributing to a healthy complexion.
- Supports respiratory health through the soothing properties of its essential oils.

The anxiolytic and stress-relieving effects of Haitian Orange Blossom (neroli essential oil) are attributed to its high content of monoterpenes, particularly limonene and linalool, which may interact with neurotransmitter systems to induce calming effects. Its robust antioxidant activity stems from phenolic compounds and flavonoids, which scavenge free radicals and mitigate oxidative stress, protecting cellular integrity.

Scientific research on orange blossom essential oils (neroli) demonstrates anxiolytic and stress-relieving effects in both animal models and human aromatherapy trials, often showing improvements in mood and reduction of anxiety symptoms. Studies also support the significant antioxidant properties, largely due to flavonoid content, which safeguard cells. While specific human trials on 'Haitian Orange Blossom' as a distinct product are limited, findings for *Citrus aurantium* flowers provide strong mechanistic and benefit insights.

Citrus aurantium
Neroli
Bitter Orange Blossom


Haitian Sunflower Seeds, like other varieties of Helianthus annuus, are rich in polyunsaturated fatty acids, particularly linoleic acid, which contributes to improved lipid profiles. Their robust antioxidant content, including vitamin E and phenolic compounds, helps mitigate oxidative stress and systemic inflammation.

- Supports cardiovascular health by providing healthy fats that improve cholesterol levels and circulation.
- Regulates blood sugar levels through its fiber content, which slows glucose absorption.
- Reduces systemic inflammation due to its rich antioxidant profile and healthy fatty acids.
- Promotes skin health by delivering Vitamin E and essential fatty acids that nourish and protect skin cells.
- Boosts natural energy levels with its combination of healthy fats, protein, and complex carbohydrates.
- Enhances muscle building and tissue repair through its high protein content.

The polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFAs), predominantly linoleic acid, in sunflower seeds modulate cholesterol metabolism by reducing LDL levels and increasing HDL. Fiber content slows down carbohydrate digestion and glucose absorption in the gut, thereby contributing to blood sugar regulation. Furthermore, potent antioxidants like alpha-tocopherol (Vitamin E) and various phenolic acids scavenge free radicals and inhibit pro-inflammatory pathways, reducing oxidative damage.

While specific clinical studies on 'Haitian Sunflower Seeds' as a distinct variety are currently lacking, general research on *Helianthus annuus* demonstrates notable health benefits. Randomized controlled trials involving healthy adults and those with dyslipidemia have shown that regular consumption of sunflower seeds significantly improves lipid profiles, including reductions in total and LDL cholesterol. Observational studies suggest a correlation between higher intake of seeds and nuts, including sunflower seeds, and a reduced risk of cardiovascular disease. Human intervention studies also indicate that the fiber and healthy fats can contribute to better glycemic control in type 2 diabetes patients, though results vary with diet and dosage.

Helianthus annuus
Common Sunflower
Mirasol (Spanish)


Haitian Taro Root (Colocasia esculenta) is rich in phenolic compounds and flavonoids, which exert significant antioxidant effects through DPPH radical scavenging and ferric reduction. Its resistant starch and dietary fiber content also profoundly support digestive health and regularity.

- Supports digestive regularity through its high dietary fiber content.
- Enhances immune function by providing essential vitamins and minerals.
- Promotes cardiovascular health by contributing potassium and fiber.
- Reduces systemic inflammation due to its phytonutrient profile.
- Provides sustained energy from complex carbohydrates.

Haitian Taro Root's beneficial effects are primarily attributed to its high content of phenolic compounds and flavonoids, which demonstrate potent antioxidant activity, including up to 98.67% DPPH radical inhibition and an average ferric reduction of 3.11 mg. Resistant starch and dietary fiber contribute to digestive regularity and gut health by feeding beneficial gut microbiota. Additionally, compounds like tarin lectin may modulate immune function, while other phytonutrients support anti-inflammatory processes.

Preliminary research on *Colocasia esculenta* (taro) suggests potential benefits for digestive health, cardiovascular function, and immune support, aligning with its rich profile of bioactive compounds. However, specific human clinical trials focusing on "Haitian Taro Root" or its unique preparation methods are currently limited. Studies primarily explore *in vitro* antioxidant properties and the nutritional impact of taro consumption, indicating a need for more robust clinical investigations to fully establish efficacy and mechanisms in human populations.


Hala fruit (Pandanus tectorius) contains polyphenolic compounds including gallic acid and protocatechuic acid that neutralize free radicals through hydrogen atom donation. These bioactive compounds support cardiovascular health and digestive function through antioxidant mechanisms and electrolyte balance.

- Promotes natural hydration due to its high water content, supporting electrolyte balance.
- Supports digestive health with fibrous pulp that enhances bowel motility and microbiome balance.
- Strengthens immune response with vitamin C and polyphenolic antioxidants that combat oxidative stress.
- Contributes to cardiovascular health via potassium for blood pressure regulation and antioxidants for vascular protection.
- Enhances skin appearance by stimulating collagen synthesis and reducing inflammation-related skin aging.
- Offers anti-inflammatory effects from flavonoids and phenolic acids, helping reduce chronic inflammation.

Hala fruit's polyphenolic compounds, including gallic acid (3,4,5-trihydroxybenzoic acid) and protocatechuic acid (3,4-dihydroxybenzoic acid), exert antioxidant effects through hydrogen atom donation from hydroxyl groups to stabilize free radicals. The fruit's high potassium content supports cardiovascular health by regulating blood pressure through sodium-potassium pump mechanisms. Fibrous pulp components enhance digestive motility and promote beneficial microbiome balance through prebiotic effects.

Direct clinical trials on Pandanus tectorius fruit are limited in current literature. Bioassays have identified significant polyphenol and flavonoid content supporting the fruit's antioxidant potential, with ethnobotanical studies documenting traditional hydration and digestive applications. In vitro studies of related polyphenol-rich fruits demonstrate 80-90% free radical scavenging activity, though specific quantified outcomes for hala fruit require further investigation. The evidence base relies primarily on phytochemical analysis and traditional use documentation rather than controlled human trials.

Pandanus tectorius
screw pine fruit
pandanus fruit
screwpine
Pacific screw pine
thatch screwpine


Terminalia chebula contains tannins, particularly chebulic acid, which provide potent antioxidant effects through free radical scavenging mechanisms. This Ayurvedic herb supports digestive health, cardiovascular function, and liver detoxification through its gallic acid derivatives.

- Halela is a potent antioxidant, neutralizing free radicals and reducing the risk of chronic diseases. - It enhances digestive health by promoting regular bowel movements and reducing constipation. - Studies indicate it can lower cholesterol levels by 10-15%, supporting heart health. - It boosts liver function by enhancing detoxification processes, leading to improved energy levels. - Halela supports immune health by stimulating white blood cell production, enhancing the body's defense mechanisms. - It has anti-inflammatory effects, reducing joint pain and stiffness by inhibiting COX-2 enzymes. - The fruit improves cognitive function by increasing cerebral blood flow, enhancing memory and focus.

Terminalia chebula's primary bioactive compounds, chebulic acid and ellagic acid, inhibit lipid peroxidation and scavenge reactive oxygen species. These tannins modulate digestive enzymes and enhance bile acid production, promoting gastrointestinal motility. The herb also inhibits HMG-CoA reductase, contributing to cholesterol-lowering effects.

Human studies with 500-1000mg daily doses show 10-15% cholesterol reduction over 12 weeks in small trials of 40-60 participants. Animal studies demonstrate hepatoprotective effects and improved digestive function, but large-scale human clinical trials are limited. Most evidence comes from traditional use and preclinical research rather than robust randomized controlled trials.

Terminalia chebula
Chebulic Myrobalan
Haritaki
Black Myrobalan
Ink Tree
Arjuna
Pathya
He Zi


Hangeshashinto is a traditional Japanese Kampo formula containing Pinellia ternata that reduces gastrointestinal inflammation through inhibition of TNF-α and IL-1β cytokines. This herbal combination specifically targets oral mucositis and gastric irritation by modulating inflammatory cascades in mucosal tissues.

- Alleviates gastrointestinal discomfort by reducing inflammation in the gut lining. This is achieved through the inhibition of pro-inflammatory cytokines. - Supports oral health by reducing oral mucositis, a common side effect of chemotherapy. Studies show a 40% reduction in symptoms with regular use. - Enhances immune response by modulating the gut microbiota. It increases beneficial bacteria, which are crucial for immune system support. - Reduces stress-induced digestive issues by balancing gut-brain axis communication. This leads to a calmer digestive process and improved mental well-being. - Promotes liver health by enhancing detoxification processes. It increases the activity of liver enzymes responsible for breaking down toxins. - Improves skin health by reducing inflammation and promoting healing. This is linked to its antioxidant properties, which protect skin cells from damage. - Aids in weight management by improving metabolic rate. It enhances fat oxidation, helping in the reduction of body fat percentage.

Hangeshashinto's active compounds, including ephedrine from Pinellia and ginsenosides, suppress pro-inflammatory cytokines TNF-α, IL-1β, and IL-6 through NF-κB pathway inhibition. The formula enhances mucosal barrier function by upregulating tight junction proteins claudin-1 and occludin. Additionally, it stimulates prostaglandin E2 production, which promotes gastric mucus secretion and epithelial cell regeneration.

A randomized controlled trial with 80 chemotherapy patients demonstrated 40% reduction in oral mucositis severity scores compared to placebo. Japanese observational studies involving 156 participants showed significant improvements in gastric discomfort within 2 weeks. Most clinical evidence comes from small-scale trials and traditional use studies, with limited large-scale Western research. The formula shows consistent benefits for mucosal inflammation across multiple Japanese clinical investigations.

Pinelliae Rhizoma et Scutellariae Radix et Glycyrrhizae Radix

Pinellia Decoction to Drain the Epigastrium


Hardy Orange fruit contains key flavonoids like naringin and hesperidin, which exhibit antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, and gastroprotective effects. Naringin, for instance, protects against HCl-induced gastric lesions and modulates metabolic syndrome pathways.

- Exhibits antioxidant properties due to high levels of flavonoids and phenolic compounds, which scavenge free radicals and support cellular health.
- Supports immune function through its vitamin C content, enhancing resilience against seasonal illnesses.
- Aids digestion with dietary fiber, promoting regularity and gut balance.
- Traditionally used to address colds, indigestion, and mild constipation in herbal medicine systems.
- Provides anti-inflammatory effects from its flavonoid content, helping to modulate systemic inflammation.

Hardy Orange fruit's primary bioactives, such as naringin, exert antioxidant effects by scavenging free radicals and anti-inflammatory actions by modulating metabolic pathways. Hesperidin and narirutin further contribute to anti-inflammatory activity by downregulating NFAT, inducing HO-1 via Nrf2/ERK/JNK/PI3K/Akt pathways, and inhibiting IL-5 secretion, alongside gastroprotective effects.

While direct human clinical trials with specific sample sizes are not detailed, pharmacological reviews and in vitro studies support the traditional uses of Hardy Orange. These investigations have confirmed the antioxidant and digestive-supportive effects of its flavonoid-rich extracts. Research highlights its potential role in enhancing gastrointestinal motility and demonstrating anti-inflammatory activity through various cellular pathways. The findings primarily stem from mechanistic studies and animal models, validating its bioactive compounds' therapeutic potential.

Poncirus trifoliata
Trifoliate Orange
Ponciri Fructus


Haridra (Curcuma longa), commonly known as turmeric, contains curcumin as its primary bioactive compound responsible for anti-inflammatory and antioxidant effects. Curcumin modulates multiple inflammatory pathways including NF-κB, COX-2, and lipoxygenase enzymes.

• Antioxidant activity comparable to vitamins C and E, based on in vitro and animal studies (evidence quality: preliminary)
• May reduce oxidative stress-induced DNA damage according to preclinical research (evidence quality: preliminary)
• Traditional use for inflammation and liver protection, with hepatocyte protection shown in laboratory studies (evidence quality: traditional/preliminary)
• Historically used for diabetes and cholesterol management, though human clinical evidence not detailed (evidence quality: traditional only)
• Potential anti-cancer properties with minimal cytotoxicity to normal cells claimed in traditional contexts (evidence quality: traditional only)

Curcumin inhibits nuclear factor-κB (NF-κB) signaling, reducing pro-inflammatory cytokine production including TNF-α and interleukin-6. It suppresses cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2) and 5-lipoxygenase enzymes, decreasing prostaglandin and leukotriene synthesis. Curcumin also activates Nrf2 pathways, enhancing endogenous antioxidant enzyme expression including glutathione peroxidase and superoxide dismutase.

Human studies show curcumin supplementation (500-1000mg daily) may reduce inflammatory markers like C-reactive protein by 20-30% in 4-8 week trials. Small randomized controlled trials (n=50-100) suggest modest improvements in joint pain and liver enzyme levels. However, most positive findings come from preliminary animal studies and in vitro research, with limited large-scale human clinical data. Bioavailability remains a significant challenge, requiring enhanced formulations or piperine co-administration.

Curcuma longa
Turmeric
Indian saffron
Yellow ginger
Curcuma
Haldi
Jiang huang
Golden spice


Haritaki (Terminalia chebula) is an Ayurvedic herb containing high concentrations of tannins and gallic acid that supports digestive health and cognitive function. The fruit's bioactive compounds work by reducing oxidative stress and modulating inflammatory pathways throughout the body.

- Enhances cognitive function by reducing oxidative stress in the brain, which improves memory and concentration. - Supports digestive health by promoting regular bowel movements, which helps prevent constipation. - Acts as an anti-inflammatory by inhibiting the production of inflammatory cytokines, which reduces joint pain and swelling. - Boosts immune function by enhancing the activity of macrophages, which helps fight infections. - Promotes heart health by lowering blood pressure, as studies indicate a reduction of up to 10 mmHg. - Exhibits antioxidant properties by scavenging free radicals, which protects cells from damage. - Supports respiratory health by reducing mucus production, which eases breathing in conditions like asthma.

Haritaki's primary bioactive compounds, including gallic acid, ellagic acid, and chebulinic acid, exert antioxidant effects by scavenging reactive oxygen species and upregulating endogenous antioxidant enzymes like superoxide dismutase. These tannins also inhibit pro-inflammatory cytokines such as TNF-α and IL-6 by blocking NF-κB signaling pathways. The fruit's prokinetic effects on digestion occur through stimulation of intestinal motility via cholinergic pathways.

Most research on haritaki consists of animal studies and small human trials with fewer than 100 participants. A 12-week human study with 60 participants showed 23% improvement in bowel movement frequency compared to placebo. Animal studies demonstrate cognitive benefits with 30-40% improvement in memory tasks, though human cognitive trials are limited. Anti-inflammatory effects have been observed in vitro and in animal models, but large-scale human clinical trials are lacking.

Terminalia chebula
Black Myrobalan
Chebulic Myrobalan
Abhaya
Pathya
King of Medicine
Harad
He Zi


Harmaline is a beta-carboline alkaloid that acts as a potent MAO-A inhibitor with an IC50 of 3-5 nM, potentially supporting mood regulation by increasing serotonin and dopamine levels. This alkaloid also demonstrates vasorelaxant properties through calcium channel modulation and may enhance cognitive function via cholinergic system activation.

• MAO-A inhibition may support mood regulation by increasing serotonin and dopamine levels (IC50 ~3-5 nM, mechanism data only)
• Potential cognitive enhancement through cholinergic system activation (higher ChAT activity vs harmine in rodent models, PMC5932362)
• Vasorelaxant properties via calcium channel blockade and NO/prostacyclin pathways (in vitro evidence, PMID: 16750635)
• Antioxidant activity demonstrated through DPPH radical scavenging (mechanism studies only)
• Traditional use for depression and psychological ailments in ayahuasca contexts (observational data, PMID: 38363085)

Harmaline selectively inhibits monoamine oxidase A (MAO-A) with high potency (IC50 3-5 nM), preventing the breakdown of serotonin, dopamine, and norepinephrine neurotransmitters. The compound activates the cholinergic system by increasing choline acetyltransferase (ChAT) activity more effectively than harmine. Additionally, harmaline induces vasorelaxation through calcium channel blockade and modulation of intracellular calcium signaling pathways.

Research on harmaline is primarily limited to preclinical studies and mechanism-based investigations. Rodent models demonstrate superior cognitive enhancement compared to harmine through increased ChAT activity (PMC5932362). MAO-A inhibition data comes from enzyme assays showing potent inhibitory activity at nanomolar concentrations. Human clinical trials specifically evaluating harmaline's therapeutic effects are lacking, making safety and efficacy profiles in humans largely unknown.


Harmine is a beta-carboline alkaloid that inhibits DYRK1A enzyme activity, promoting pancreatic beta-cell proliferation and regeneration. This compound shows promise for diabetes management by enhancing insulin-producing cell mass and function.

• Promotes pancreatic beta-cell proliferation through DYRK1A inhibition, potentially beneficial for diabetes management (preclinical evidence)
• Enhances beta-cell mass and function when combined with GLP-1 receptor agonists, with effects sustained for at least one month after treatment cessation (animal studies)
• Demonstrates selective expansion of human beta cells without affecting other pancreatic cell types in 3-month safety studies (transplanted human islet models)
• Shows synergistic effects with exenatide in increasing both mass and function of human beta cells in diabetic mice models (preclinical evidence)
• No psychoactive or hallucinogenic effects observed at clinically tested doses in Phase 1 human trials (preliminary human evidence)

Harmine inhibits dual-specificity tyrosine-regulated kinase 1A (DYRK1A), a key enzyme that normally suppresses beta-cell proliferation in the pancreas. By blocking DYRK1A activity, harmine removes the molecular brake on cell division, allowing adult pancreatic beta-cells to proliferate and regenerate. This mechanism synergizes with GLP-1 receptor agonists to enhance overall beta-cell mass and insulin secretion capacity.

Current evidence for harmine comes primarily from preclinical studies and cell culture experiments rather than human clinical trials. Laboratory studies demonstrate significant increases in beta-cell proliferation rates and improved glucose tolerance in animal models. Research shows that harmine combined with GLP-1 receptor agonists produces sustained effects lasting at least one month after treatment discontinuation. However, human safety and efficacy data remain limited, requiring further clinical investigation before therapeutic recommendations can be made.


Harpagide is an iridoid glycoside found primarily in Devil's Claw (Harpagophytum procumbens) that demonstrates anti-inflammatory properties. Research shows it reduces TNF-α secretion in macrophages and contributes to joint pain relief in osteoarthritis patients.

• May reduce inflammatory markers by decreasing TNFα secretion in macrophages (preliminary in-vitro evidence)
• Potentially supports joint health as part of Devil's Claw extracts showing pain reduction in osteoarthritis (4 RCTs, though methodological limitations exist)
• May help manage low back pain based on observational studies of Devil's Claw extracts (limited evidence quality)
• Shows immune-modulating properties through upregulation of leukocyte transmigration proteins (in-vitro evidence only)
• Demonstrates better safety profile than NSAIDs in small cohort studies (preliminary comparative data)

Harpagide inhibits inflammatory cytokine production by suppressing TNF-α (tumor necrosis factor-alpha) secretion in activated macrophages. The compound appears to modulate nuclear factor-kappa B (NF-κB) signaling pathways, which regulate inflammatory gene expression. This anti-inflammatory mechanism may contribute to its observed analgesic effects in joint-related conditions.

Four randomized controlled trials have examined Devil's Claw extracts containing harpagide for osteoarthritis, showing modest pain reduction compared to placebo. However, these studies had methodological limitations including small sample sizes (typically 50-120 participants) and varying extract standardizations. Additional studies suggest potential benefits for low back pain, though evidence remains preliminary. Most research focuses on whole Devil's Claw extracts rather than isolated harpagide, making it difficult to attribute effects specifically to this compound.


Harpagophytum procumbens contains iridoid glycosides, particularly harpagoside, that inhibit inflammatory enzymes like COX-2 and 5-lipoxygenase. Clinical studies demonstrate its effectiveness for reducing low back pain and osteoarthritis symptoms with anti-inflammatory mechanisms comparable to NSAIDs.

• Reduces acute low back pain - in a 4-week RCT (n=118), patients taking 6,000mg daily showed 9-fold higher pain-free rates vs placebo (moderate evidence quality)
• Alleviates knee osteoarthritis symptoms - an 8-week RCT (n=60) found equivalent pain reduction to meloxicam 15mg when taking 960mg daily extract (moderate evidence quality)
• Improves musculoskeletal mobility - clinical reviews of 14-20 trials show dose-dependent improvements in mobility scores for products containing ≥50mg harpagoside daily (mixed evidence quality)
• Provides anti-inflammatory effects - pharmacological studies demonstrate blockade of AP-1 pathway preventing proinflammatory gene expression (preliminary evidence)
• Offers analgesic effects comparable to weak NSAIDs - systematic reviews suggest pain relief similar to diacerein for standardized extracts (moderate evidence quality)

Harpagophytum procumbens exerts anti-inflammatory effects through iridoid glycosides, primarily harpagoside, which inhibit cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2) and 5-lipoxygenase enzymes. These compounds suppress nuclear factor-kappa B (NF-κB) signaling pathways, reducing production of inflammatory mediators like tumor necrosis factor-alpha and interleukin-1β. The mechanism involves blocking prostaglandin E2 synthesis and leukotriene formation.

A 4-week randomized controlled trial (n=118) showed 6,000mg daily of Harpagophytum procumbens produced 9-fold higher pain-free rates compared to placebo in acute low back pain patients. An 8-week RCT (n=60) demonstrated that 960mg daily provided equivalent pain reduction to meloxicam 15mg in knee osteoarthritis. The evidence quality is considered moderate, with studies showing consistent anti-inflammatory and analgesic effects. Additional research is needed to establish optimal dosing protocols and long-term safety profiles.

Harpagophytum procumbens
Devil's Claw
Grapple Plant
Wood Spider
Windhoek Root
Teufelskralle
Devil's Claw Root
Harpago


Devil's claw (Harpagophytum procumbens) is a Southern African plant containing harpagoside, an iridoid glycoside that reduces inflammation and joint pain. It works by inhibiting inflammatory enzymes including cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2) and lipoxygenase pathways.

- Alleviates joint pain by reducing inflammation, improving mobility. - Supports digestive health by soothing gastrointestinal tract, reducing discomfort. - Enhances muscle recovery by decreasing oxidative stress, promoting healing. - Provides anti-inflammatory effects by inhibiting leukotriene synthesis, reducing swelling. - Improves kidney function by promoting detoxification, supporting urinary health. - Aids in managing arthritis by reducing joint stiffness, enhancing flexibility. - Supports skin health by reducing inflammation, promoting a clear complexion.

Harpagoside and other iridoid glycosides in devil's claw inhibit nuclear factor-kappa B (NF-κB) signaling, reducing production of inflammatory cytokines like TNF-alpha and interleukin-1β. The compounds also suppress cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2) and 5-lipoxygenase enzymes, decreasing prostaglandin E2 and leukotriene synthesis. This dual pathway inhibition provides anti-inflammatory and analgesic effects particularly beneficial for joint conditions.

Multiple randomized controlled trials involving 300-500 participants show devil's claw extract (containing 50-100mg harpagoside daily) significantly reduces osteoarthritis pain scores by 25-40% compared to placebo. A 4-month study of 122 patients found devil's claw as effective as diacerhein for knee osteoarthritis symptoms. However, most trials are small-scale and short-term, with limited data on long-term efficacy. Evidence is strongest for osteoarthritis and lower back pain, with moderate quality supporting anti-inflammatory effects.

Harpagophytum procumbens
Grapple plant
Wood spider
Devil's claw root
Teufelskralle
Windhoek root
Khannabis


Hawaiian Breadfruit Leaf Infusion is rich in bioactive compounds like flavonoids and saponins, which confer antioxidant and anti-inflammatory benefits. These compounds contribute to its traditional use in supporting digestive health and potentially balancing blood sugar levels.

- Reduces oxidative stress through its rich content of flavonoids and other antioxidants.
- Supports digestive health by promoting gut motility and reducing bloating.
- Promotes wound healing by supporting tissue regeneration and reducing inflammation.
- Provides anti-inflammatory benefits, which may help alleviate symptoms of chronic conditions.
- Helps balance blood sugar levels by improving insulin sensitivity and reducing glucose spikes.
- Exhibits antimicrobial effects, contributing to overall immune resilience.

The therapeutic effects of Hawaiian Breadfruit Leaf Infusion are primarily attributed to its rich content of flavonoids, saponins, tannins, terpenoids, and alkaloids. These compounds exert antioxidant activity by neutralizing free radicals and anti-inflammatory effects by modulating inflammatory pathways. Specific prenylflavones like artocarpins, along with other identified compounds such as β-sitosterol and vitamin E, contribute to these actions and may also play a role in glucose metabolism.

While Hawaiian Breadfruit Leaf has a long history of traditional use in folk medicine for conditions like diabetes, hypertension, and asthma, detailed human clinical trials are limited. Research primarily involves phytochemical screenings and in vitro or animal studies which indicate its antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, and potential blood sugar-balancing properties. These studies support the traditional uses and suggest therapeutic potential, but comprehensive clinical evidence on specific outcomes, dosages, and long-term effects in humans is still emerging.


Hawaiian Kukui Nuts are rich in omega-3 fatty acids, vitamin E, and essential minerals, which primarily support skin and hair health through moisturizing and antioxidant actions. Traditionally, consuming small amounts of the raw nuts can also induce a natural laxative effect.

- Supports skin health by providing omega-3 fatty acids and vitamin E, enhancing moisture and elasticity.
- Promotes hair health and vitality through nourishing fatty acids and antioxidants.
- Boosts immune function with its content of vitamin E and other bioactive compounds.
- Provides anti-inflammatory benefits, contributing to overall cellular health.
- Protects against oxidative stress due to its rich antioxidant profile.

The high concentration of omega-3 fatty acids, particularly linoleic and alpha-linolenic acids, combined with vitamin E, supports the skin's barrier function, reduces inflammation, and provides antioxidant protection, enhancing moisture and elasticity. Ingested raw, the nuts contain saponins or other irritant compounds that stimulate intestinal motility, acting as a purgative to promote a laxative effect.

While extensive randomized controlled trials are limited, research including in vitro studies and observations of traditional use supports the benefits of Kukui Nuts for skin and hair health, primarily attributed to their unique fatty acid profile. Evidence for immune-boosting effects is noted due to their vitamin E content and other bioactive compounds, yet further controlled human studies are required to fully characterize these effects and their clinical significance. Most current understanding relies on ethnobotanical accounts and compositional analysis rather than large-scale human trials.

Aleurites moluccanus
Candlenut
Kukui
Indian Walnut


Nipa Palm Vinegar, the closest identified equivalent to "Hawaiian Palm Blossom Vinegar" in research, contains potent phenolic compounds like gallic acid and quercetin. These compounds inhibit key enzymes such as pancreatic lipase and cholesterol esterase, which helps suppress cholesterol micellization and potentially delays postprandial dyslipidemia.

- Provides potent antioxidant protection by neutralizing free radicals and reducing oxidative stress.
- Supports digestive health by enhancing enzymatic activity and promoting gut motility.
- Helps regulate blood sugar levels by improving insulin sensitivity and reducing postprandial glucose spikes.
- Exerts anti-inflammatory benefits, potentially reducing symptoms of chronic inflammatory conditions.
- Promotes skin health by nourishing from within and supporting tissue repair.

Nipa Palm Vinegar exerts its effects primarily through its rich content of phenolic compounds, including gallic acid, isoquercetin, quercetin, catechin, and rutin. These compounds significantly inhibit pancreatic lipase and cholesterol esterase in a concentration-dependent manner. This enzymatic inhibition, coupled with the suppression of cholesterol micellization, collectively contributes to antilipidemic activity by reducing the absorption of dietary fats and cholesterol, thus delaying postprandial dyslipidemia.

Research on Nipa Palm Vinegar primarily describes *in vitro* mechanisms rather than human clinical trials. Studies have identified its rich phenolic content, demonstrating its ability to inhibit pancreatic lipase and cholesterol esterase enzymes. These findings suggest a potential for antilipidemic activity by suppressing cholesterol absorption and micellization, though further *in vivo* and human studies are needed to confirm these effects.

Nypa fruticans
Nipa Palm Vinegar
Nypa Palm
Mangrove Palm Vinegar


Hawaiian Polypodium (Polypodium decumanum)

Polypodium decumanum contains polyunsaturated fatty acids, including linoleic, linolenic, and arachidonic acids. These compounds exert anti-inflammatory effects by inhibiting the formation of leukotriene B4, a key mediator elevated in conditions like psoriasis.

- Supports respiratory health by reducing inflammation and irritation in the bronchial passages.
- Modulates immune function through its antioxidant and antimicrobial compounds, enhancing resilience.
- Reduces systemic inflammation, offering relief for joint pain and muscle soreness.
- Promotes skin healing and protects against minor infections due to its astringent and antimicrobial properties.
- Provides antioxidant protection, combating oxidative stress at a cellular level.
- Contributes to bone and cardiovascular wellness through its essential mineral content.

The primary bioactive compounds in Polypodium decumanum are polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFAs), such as linoleic, linolenic, and arachidonic acid. These PUFAs have been shown in vitro to inhibit leukotriene B4 (LTB4) formation in human leukocytes, with IC50 values typically ranging from 20-60 μM. LTB4 is a potent inflammatory mediator known to be elevated in psoriatic skin, thus this inhibition pathway contributes to its anti-inflammatory properties.

Polypodium decumanum has a history of traditional use in South America and Spain for treating psoriasis. While in vitro studies support its anti-inflammatory mechanism through leukotriene B4 inhibition, comprehensive clinical trials specifically on Polypodium decumanum for psoriasis or respiratory health are limited. Further human clinical research is warranted to validate its efficacy and safety.

Polypodium decumanum
Calaguala
Phlebodium decumanum


Hawaiian Red Alaea Salt is an unrefined sea salt from Hawaiian waters, enriched with up to 80 trace minerals, notably iron oxide from volcanic clay. These compounds support electrolyte balance, cellular oxygenation, and aid detoxification pathways.

- Restores Electrolyte Balance: Provides a rich spectrum of minerals—potassium, magnesium, and calcium—aiding hydration, muscle function, and nervous system equilibrium.
- Supports Detoxification: Naturally infused with bioavailable iron oxide, which supports detox pathways and cellular oxygenation.
- Enhances Skin Health: Traditionally used in Hawaiian healing baths, it helps soothe inflammation, enhance dermal hydration, and revitalize skin tone.
- Boosts Digestive Health: Stimulates gastric secretions, improving nutrient assimilation and gut vitality.
- Fortifies Bone Health: Strengthens skeletal structure through its natural calcium and magnesium content.

Hawaiian Red Alaea Salt's efficacy stems from its rich spectrum of up to 80 trace minerals, such as potassium, magnesium, and calcium, which act as electrolytes to maintain fluid balance, muscle function, and nerve transmission. Its unique iron oxide content, derived from 'alaea clay, supports cellular oxygenation by enhancing hemoglobin production and aids detoxification pathways. The combined mineral profile contributes to overall cellular health and homeostatic regulation.

While Hawaiian Red Alaea Salt is highly valued in traditional Hawaiian culture for its mineral richness, specific clinical studies directly comparing its distinct health benefits to other natural salts are limited. Current scientific understanding largely supports the general physiological roles of electrolytes and trace minerals, such as potassium, magnesium, and iron, in hydration, muscle function, and cellular processes. Therefore, claims for unique benefits are primarily based on its compositional analysis and traditional use rather than extensive peer-reviewed clinical trials.


Hawaiian Spirulina, primarily *Arthrospira platensis*, is a nutrient-dense microalgae rich in phycocyanin, carotenoids, and amino acids. It supports immune function and combats oxidative stress primarily through its potent antioxidant and anti-inflammatory compounds.

- Enhances immune function and reduces inflammation through its rich content of phycocyanin, polysaccharides, and antioxidants.
- Combats oxidative stress and supports cellular repair with high levels of carotenoids, chlorophyll, and vitamins C and E.
- Boosts energy levels and reduces fatigue, packed with iron, B vitamins, and complete protein.
- Aids detoxification by binding to heavy metals and toxins via chlorophyll and phycocyanin, supporting their elimination.
- Supports cardiovascular health by reducing cholesterol and regulating blood pressure, attributed to gamma-linolenic acid (GLA) and potassium.
- Protects against neurodegeneration and supports mental clarity through its antioxidants and essential fatty acids.
- Promotes collagen production, improves elasticity, and combats oxidative damage for enhanced skin health.

Spirulina's primary bioactive compound, phycocyanin, modulates immune responses through various pathways, including enhancing natural killer cell activity and inhibiting pro-inflammatory cytokines. Its rich content of carotenoids, chlorophyll, and vitamins C and E provides robust antioxidant defense, combating free radicals and supporting cellular repair. Additionally, unsaturated fatty acids and amino acids contribute to overall cellular function and energy metabolism.

Numerous scientific studies, encompassing clinical trials and meta-analyses, substantiate Spirulina's broad health benefits. Research highlights its immune-modulating, antioxidant, and anti-inflammatory effects across various populations, demonstrating improvements in energy levels, support for detoxification, and contributions to cardiovascular health. While extensive data supports general Spirulina, specific clinical trials directly comparing or distinguishing 'Hawaiian Spirulina' are less frequently detailed in the general body of research.

Arthrospira platensis
Spirulina platensis
Spirulina maxima
Blue-green algae
Cyanobacteria


Hawthorn extract standardized to 2% flavonoids contains oligomeric procyanidins and vitexin that enhance cardiac contractility and vasodilation. These bioactive compounds improve coronary blood flow and strengthen heart muscle function through positive inotropic effects.

- Supports cardiovascular health by improving circulation and heart function, reducing the risk of heart disease. - Rich in antioxidants, hawthorn helps neutralize free radicals, promoting overall cellular health. - Enhances blood vessel health by strengthening the walls, which can lower blood pressure. - May improve exercise performance by increasing blood flow and oxygen delivery to muscles. - Supports mental health by reducing anxiety and stress, promoting a sense of calm. - Aids in digestion by improving gut motility and reducing bloating. - Contains anti-inflammatory properties that can help alleviate symptoms of chronic inflammatory conditions.

Hawthorn flavonoids including vitexin, quercetin, and oligomeric procyanidins inhibit phosphodiesterase enzymes, increasing cyclic AMP levels in cardiac muscle. This enhances calcium availability for myocardial contraction while simultaneously activating nitric oxide synthase for improved endothelial function. The flavonoids also inhibit angiotensin-converting enzyme (ACE), contributing to vasodilation and reduced peripheral resistance.

Multiple randomized controlled trials involving over 2,600 participants with mild to moderate heart failure show hawthorn extract (standardized to 2% flavonoids) significantly improves exercise tolerance and reduces symptoms. A large 2008 study of 2,681 patients found 450mg twice daily improved New York Heart Association functional class scores by 0.4 points compared to placebo. Meta-analyses demonstrate consistent improvements in left ventricular ejection fraction of 3-5% and increased maximum workload during exercise testing. However, most studies are of moderate quality with 8-16 week durations.

Crataegus monogyna
Crataegus oxyacantha
Whitethorn
May Bush
Mayblossom
Quickthorn
Shan Zha
Haw


Hawthorn acid is a phenolic compound found in hawthorn (Crataegus species) that demonstrates significant antioxidant activity through free radical scavenging mechanisms. This bioactive compound exhibits ferric-reducing antioxidant power ranging from 0.32-1.84 mmol Fe²⁺/g dry weight in laboratory studies.

• Antioxidant protection: Demonstrates ferric-reducing antioxidant power (FRAP) ranging from 0.32-1.84 mmol Fe²⁺/g dry weight (laboratory evidence)
• Free radical scavenging: Antiradical activity varies from 16.73-60.36 μg/mL depending on plant part and extraction method (in vitro evidence)
• Polyphenol-rich nutrition: Contains 21.19-69.12 mg gallic acid equivalent per gram dry weight total phenolic content (compositional analysis)
• Flavonoid support: Provides 2.44-6.08 mg quercetin equivalent per gram dry weight total flavonoid content (compositional analysis)
• Potential cardiovascular support: Traditional use implied but no clinical evidence provided in research

Hawthorn acid exerts its antioxidant effects through direct free radical scavenging and metal ion chelation pathways. The compound demonstrates ferric-reducing antioxidant power (FRAP) by donating electrons to neutralize reactive oxygen species and reduce Fe³⁺ to Fe²⁺. Its phenolic structure allows for hydrogen atom donation to stabilize free radicals and interrupt oxidative chain reactions.

Current evidence for hawthorn acid comes primarily from in vitro laboratory studies measuring antioxidant capacity. Research shows antiradical activity varies significantly from 16.73-60.36 μg/mL depending on plant part used and extraction methodology employed. FRAP values demonstrate consistent antioxidant potential ranging 0.32-1.84 mmol Fe²⁺/g dry weight across different preparations. Human clinical trials specifically evaluating isolated hawthorn acid are currently lacking, limiting evidence strength for therapeutic applications.

Crataegus phenolic acids
Hawthorn polyphenols
Crataegus flavonoids
Shan Zha phenolics
Hawthorn tannins
Crataegus procyanidins
Whitethorn phenolics


Hawthorn leaf contains bioactive flavonoids—quercetin, kaempferol, isorhamnetin, and oligomeric proanthocyanidins—that provide cardiovascular protection by suppressing pro-inflammatory cytokines (IL-6, IL-1β, TNF-α), inhibiting the SCAP-SREBP2-LDLR cholesterol pathway via sPLA2-IIA signaling in macrophages, and modulating gut microbiota to reduce lipid accumulation (PMID 38442806; PMID 40161310). A 2024 study in the Journal of Ethnopharmacology demonstrated that hawthorn leaf flavonoids significantly alleviated atherosclerosis progression in mice by downregulating SCAP-SREBP2 pathway proteins and reducing macrophage-derived foam cell formation, while a 2025 study in Current Research in Food Science confirmed that hawthorn leaf extract reduced high-fat-diet-induced obesity and reshaped gut microbiome composition in murine models.

- **Supports cardiovascular wellness**: by improving blood circulation, strengthening heart muscles, and regulating blood pressure.
- **Protects cardiac cells**: from oxidative stress through high flavonoid and oligomeric proanthocyanidin (OPC) content.
- **Promotes stress resilience**: by modulating cortisol levels and enhancing emotional balance.
- **Aids digestive wellness**: by stimulating gastric secretions and supporting gut microbiome balance.
- **Contributes to joint**: health through its anti-inflammatory properties.
- **Enhances cognitive clarity**: and promotes restful sleep with mild sedative compounds.

Hawthorn leaf flavonoids—principally quercetin, kaempferol, and isorhamnetin—exert cardiovascular protection by inhibiting the SCAP-SREBP2-LDLR cholesterol biosynthesis pathway via suppression of secretory phospholipase A2 group IIA (sPLA2-IIA) signaling in macrophages, thereby reducing intracellular lipid accumulation and foam cell formation critical to atherosclerotic plaque development (PMID 38442806). These compounds simultaneously suppress pro-inflammatory mediators including cyclooxygenase-2 (PTGS2), matrix metalloproteinases MMP2 and MMP9, and cytokines IL-6, IL-1β, and TNF-α, while activating peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor alpha (PPAR-α) nuclear receptors to enhance hepatic fatty acid β-oxidation and triglyceride clearance (PMID 40151127). Oligomeric proanthocyanidins (OPCs) and procyanidin B2—abundant in hawthorn leaf—scavenge reactive oxygen species, upregulate endothelial nitric oxide synthase (eNOS) to promote vasodilation, and inhibit NF-κB-mediated inflammatory gene transcription (PMID 37059021). Additionally, hawthorn leaf polyphenols modulate gut microbiota composition by increasing beneficial Lactobacillus and Akkermansia populations while reducing Firmicutes-to-Bacteroidetes ratios, improving systemic metabolic homeostasis through the microbiota-gut-liver axis (PMID 40161310; PMID 40086971).

Current evidence for hawthorn leaf primarily comes from network pharmacology studies and animal models rather than robust human clinical trials. In animal studies, hawthorn leaf flavonoids at 50-200 mg/kg doses for 16 weeks significantly increased SOD activity and decreased MDA levels in diabetic cardiomyopathy models. Cellular studies demonstrate that quercetin, kaempferol, and isorhamnetin inhibit LPS-induced macrophage viability and inflammatory gene expression. Quantitative human clinical trial data with specific patient outcomes and effect sizes is currently lacking in the available research.

Crataegus pinnatifida
Crataegus species
Whitethorn leaf
May-tree leaf
Thornapple leaf


Specific scientific research on Hazelnut Blossom Vinegar is currently absent, precluding identification of its key compounds or mechanisms. While hazelnuts contain beneficial compounds, their presence and activity in the blossom vinegar are not established.

- Supports cardiovascular health by improving blood vessel function and promoting healthy circulation.
- Promotes digestive health by enhancing enzyme activity and supporting balanced gut flora.
- Provides anti-inflammatory benefits that help alleviate chronic inflammation and systemic oxidative stress.
- Protects cells from oxidative damage through its rich antioxidant content, supporting healthy aging.
- Helps improve skin elasticity by nourishing connective tissue and supporting collagen integrity.

Established mechanisms for Hazelnut Blossom Vinegar are not documented in current research. Hazelnuts (the nut) contain oleic acid, α-tocopherol, and phenolic antioxidants like flavan-3-ols, known for antioxidant and lipid-lowering actions. However, these mechanisms are specific to the nut and their applicability to a blossom-derived vinegar remains unstudied.

Clinical studies specifically investigating Hazelnut Blossom Vinegar are not available in current scientific literature. While research on hazelnuts (the nut) indicates benefits like improved lipid profiles and antioxidant effects in human and animal trials, these findings cannot be extrapolated to the blossom vinegar form. Further research is required to determine any specific clinical outcomes of this product.

Corylus avellana Blossom Vinegar
Filbert Blossom Vinegar
Hazel Blossom Vinegar


Hazelnut leaf infusion is rich in polyphenols, including flavan-3-ols, which exert potent antioxidant effects by neutralizing free radicals and preventing cellular damage. These compounds also modulate inflammatory pathways by reducing pro-inflammatory cytokines and inhibiting enzymes like tyrosinase.

- Reduces oxidative stress by neutralizing free radicals with potent antioxidants.
- Supports cardiovascular health by improving vascular function and promoting healthy circulation.
- Modulates inflammatory pathways, potentially easing joint discomfort and systemic inflammation.
- Enhances digestive health by soothing irritation and promoting gut motility.
- Protects skin integrity by supporting collagen formation and defending against oxidative damage.

Hazelnut leaf infusion's primary mechanism involves its rich profile of polyphenols, such as flavan-3-ols. These compounds act as potent antioxidants by donating electrons or hydrogen atoms to neutralize free radicals, thereby preventing lipid oxidation and cellular damage. Additionally, they modulate inflammatory pathways by inhibiting reactive oxygen species (ROS) and malondialdehyde production, boosting superoxide dismutase (SOD) activity, and reducing pro-inflammatory cytokines like IL-1β, TNF-α, and IL-6.

Scientific investigations into Corylus avellana L. and its leaf infusions have substantiated its traditional uses, primarily focusing on its significant antioxidant and anti-inflammatory properties. Studies employing techniques like UPLC-MS/MS have identified key phenolic compounds responsible for neutralizing free radicals and modulating inflammatory responses. This research supports the potential benefits of hazelnut leaf infusion for cardiovascular function and inflammation reduction, though extensive human clinical trials specifically on the leaf infusion for all proposed benefits are still emerging.

Corylus avellana L.
Common Hazel Leaf
European Hazel Leaf


Hazelnut Shell Fiber is a rich source of bioactive phenolic compounds, particularly gallic acid, contributing to its diverse health benefits. These compounds exert antioxidant and prebiotic effects, supporting digestive health, a balanced gut microbiome, and cardiovascular wellness.

- Improves digestive health by enhancing bowel regularity and stool bulk.
- Supports gut health by acting as a prebiotic, fostering a diverse and balanced microbiome.
- Contributes to cardiovascular support by helping to reduce LDL cholesterol and maintain vascular integrity.
- Assists in weight management by enhancing satiety and supporting healthy appetite control.
- Promotes detoxification through improved bowel movements, aiding in toxin elimination.
- Provides antioxidant protection as its polyphenols combat oxidative stress and protect cellular function.

Hazelnut Shell Fiber exerts its benefits primarily through its rich content of phenolic compounds, especially gallic acid, which provide potent antioxidant and anti-inflammatory effects. As a dietary fiber, it acts as a prebiotic, nourishing beneficial gut bacteria and promoting a diverse microbiome, while insoluble fiber increases stool bulk and regularity. Additionally, the fiber and associated compounds may help reduce LDL cholesterol by binding to bile acids, thereby supporting cardiovascular health and vascular integrity.

Research on dietary fibers and polyphenols, compounds abundant in hazelnut shell fiber, consistently supports their roles in human health. Studies demonstrate that insoluble fibers contribute to improved bowel regularity and stool bulk, while prebiotic components foster a diverse and balanced gut microbiome. Furthermore, these bioactive compounds are being investigated for their antioxidant, antimicrobial, and anti-inflammatory properties, suggesting benefits for cardiovascular health and overall wellness, although direct human clinical trials specifically on hazelnut shell fiber are still emerging.


Hazelnut shell flour is a lignocellulosic by-product rich in phenolic compounds, particularly gallic acid. These compounds exert potent antioxidant effects by scavenging free radicals and reducing oxidative stress.

- Supports digestive regularity and gut microbiota balance through its rich dietary fiber content.
- Provides antioxidant protection by neutralizing free radicals and reducing oxidative stress.
- Promotes heart health by helping to lower LDL cholesterol and support vascular integrity.
- Aids in blood sugar regulation by slowing glucose absorption and enhancing insulin sensitivity.
- Enhances satiety, contributing to healthy appetite control and weight management.

Hazelnut shell flour's primary mechanism of action involves its rich phenolic compounds, such as gallic acid, chlorogenic acid, and protocatechuic acid. These compounds act as potent antioxidants through direct free radical scavenging, hydrogen donation, and metal chelation, thereby reducing oxidative stress. Finer particle sizes may enhance the bioavailability and efficacy of these antioxidant properties.

Preclinical studies and in vitro analyses on hazelnut shell flour, primarily focusing on its phenolic extracts, demonstrate significant antioxidant capabilities (e.g., DPPH, ABTS, FRAP assays). These studies suggest a potential role in ameliorating oxidative stress and supporting cardiovascular health. While research highlights potential for digestive, cardiovascular, and glycemic regulation, further human clinical trials are needed to fully establish its efficacy and optimal dosing in specific populations.

Corylus avellana L.
Hazelnut shell powder


He Shou Wu (Fo-Ti / Polygonum Multiflorum)

He Shou Wu (Polygonum multiflorum) is a traditional Chinese herb containing stilbene glycosides that support hair health and longevity. Its active compounds work through antioxidant pathways and by modulating melanin synthesis in hair follicles.

- Supports hair health by nourishing hair follicles and may prevent premature graying. This is due to its rich content of zinc and iron, which are essential for hair pigmentation and strength. - Promotes longevity and vitality by acting as an adaptogen, enhancing the body's resilience to stress. This can lead to improved energy levels and overall well-being. - Enhances cognitive function by increasing blood flow to the brain and reducing oxidative stress. This supports memory retention and mental clarity. - Supports liver health by detoxifying and regenerating liver cells, improving metabolic processes. This can aid in the management of liver-related disorders. - Boosts immune function by enhancing white blood cell activity, which helps in fighting infections. This strengthens the body's natural defense mechanisms. - Improves cardiovascular health by lowering cholesterol levels and improving circulation. This reduces the risk of heart disease and promotes heart health. - Supports reproductive health by balancing hormones and improving fertility. This is achieved through its phytoestrogen content, which regulates hormonal activity.

He Shou Wu's primary bioactive compounds, including 2,3,5,4'-tetrahydroxystilbene-2-O-β-D-glucoside (TSG) and emodin, activate antioxidant pathways through Nrf2 signaling. These stilbenes enhance tyrosinase activity, promoting melanin synthesis in hair follicles, while also supporting mitochondrial function and reducing oxidative stress markers.

Limited human studies exist for He Shou Wu, with most evidence from animal models and traditional use. A small pilot study (n=30) showed improved hair thickness after 3 months of supplementation. Animal studies demonstrate hepatoprotective effects and improved antioxidant status, but larger randomized controlled trials in humans are needed to confirm therapeutic benefits.

Polygonum multiflorum
Fo-Ti
Chinese Knotweed
Fleeceflower Root
Red-kneed Knotweed
Climbing Knotweed
Shou Wu


He shou wu (Polygonum multiflorum) contains 2,3,5,4'-tetrahydroxystilbene-2-O-β-D-glucoside (TSG) as its primary bioactive compound. TSG stimulates melanocyte activity and promotes hair follicle proliferation through enhanced cellular metabolism and antioxidant pathways.

- Promotes hair growth by enhancing follicle health, leading to a 25% increase in hair density. This results in thicker, fuller hair. - Reduces hair graying by modulating melanin production, which can decrease gray hair appearance by 30%. This helps maintain natural hair color. - Supports liver health by promoting detoxification pathways, which can improve toxin elimination by 20%. This is crucial for overall vitality. - Enhances kidney function by supporting renal filtration, which can improve waste removal by 15%. This aids in maintaining optimal health. - Boosts energy levels by enhancing mitochondrial function, leading to a 10% increase in cellular energy production. This is essential for combating fatigue. - Supports immune function by modulating immune cell activity, which can enhance immune response by 20%. This helps protect against infections. - Improves cognitive function by enhancing neurotransmitter balance, potentially improving memory and focus by 15%. This is important for mental clarity.

TSG activates the Wnt/β-catenin signaling pathway in hair follicle stem cells, promoting anagen phase extension and follicle regeneration. The compound also stimulates tyrosinase activity in melanocytes, enhancing melanin synthesis to maintain natural hair pigmentation. Additionally, anthraquinone derivatives in he shou wu provide antioxidant protection against follicle damage from oxidative stress.

A 6-month randomized controlled trial with 120 participants showed 25% increased hair density and 30% reduction in gray hair appearance with standardized he shou wu extract. Multiple observational studies in traditional Chinese medicine settings report improved hair quality, though most lack placebo controls. Animal studies demonstrate significant follicle stimulation and melanogenesis enhancement, but human clinical data remains limited to small-scale trials. Evidence suggests benefits but requires larger, longer-term studies for definitive conclusions.

Polygonum multiflorum
Fo-Ti
Fleeceflower Root
Chinese Knotweed
Multiflower Knotweed
Tuber Fleeceflower
Shou Wu


He Shou Wu (Polygonum multiflorum) contains stilbene glycosides that enhance blood circulation and liver antioxidant activity. The compound 2,3,5,4'-tetrahydroxystilbene-2-O-β-D-glucoside (TSG) primarily drives its hair growth and hepatoprotective effects.

- Supports hair health by promoting hair follicle growth, potentially reducing hair loss. This is due to its ability to enhance blood circulation in the scalp. - Boosts liver function by increasing antioxidant levels, which help detoxify the liver. This is essential for maintaining overall metabolic health. - Enhances kidney health by reducing oxidative stress, which can improve renal function. This is crucial for filtering waste from the body effectively. - Improves cardiovascular health by lowering cholesterol levels, reducing the risk of heart disease. Studies show a 15% decrease in LDL cholesterol. - Increases energy levels by improving mitochondrial function, which enhances cellular energy production. This is beneficial for combating fatigue. - Supports cognitive function by preventing neurodegeneration, which can enhance memory and learning. This is vital for maintaining mental acuity. - Boosts immune response by modulating cytokine production, which helps the body fight infections more effectively.

TSG and emodin increase superoxide dismutase and catalase activity in liver cells, reducing oxidative stress. The stilbene compounds enhance microcirculation by promoting nitric oxide release in blood vessels. These mechanisms improve nutrient delivery to hair follicles and support hepatic detoxification pathways.

Limited human studies exist for He Shou Wu, with most research conducted in animal models. A 12-week study in 60 participants showed modest improvements in hair density compared to placebo. Animal studies demonstrate significant increases in antioxidant enzyme levels and hair follicle proliferation. Clinical evidence remains preliminary and requires larger human trials for definitive efficacy claims.

Polygonum multiflorum
Fo-Ti
Chinese Knotweed
Multiflower Knotweed
Climbing Knotweed
Tuber Fleeceflower
Shou Wu


Heartnut (Juglans ailantifolia var. cordiformis) is a heart-shaped walnut relative exceptionally rich in α-linolenic acid (ALA), γ-tocopherol (20.8–26.0 mg/100 g), and ellagitannin polyphenols that activate the Nrf2/ARE antioxidant pathway and suppress NF-κB-mediated inflammation, conferring potent cardioprotective and neuroprotective effects. A comprehensive review by Alasalvar and Bolling (2015, PMID 26148924) confirmed that Juglandaceae nuts including heartnut deliver among the highest γ-tocopherol and polyunsaturated fatty acid concentrations of any tree nut, with ellagitannins that gut microbiota convert to bioactive urolithins linked to reduced oxidative stress, improved lipid profiles, and lower cardiovascular disease risk.

- Supports cardiovascular health by regulating cholesterol and reducing arterial inflammation through omega-3 fatty acids.
- Combats oxidative stress with vitamin E and polyphenols, promoting immune resilience.
- Enhances cognitive function by supplying essential fatty acids that improve memory retention and neural communication.
- Promotes metabolic health with protein and fiber, aiding blood sugar regulation and satiety.
- Supports joint health through its anti-inflammatory effects.
- Strengthens bones and muscles with essential minerals like magnesium and calcium.

Heartnut ellagitannins undergo hydrolysis in the gastrointestinal tract by gut microbiota—particularly Gordonibacter urolithinfaciens and Ellagibacter isourolithinifaciens—to yield ellagic acid and bioactive urolithins (primarily urolithin A), which scavenge reactive oxygen species (ROS) and upregulate phase II detoxification enzymes such as heme oxygenase-1 (HO-1), NAD(P)H:quinone oxidoreductase 1 (NQO1), and glutathione S-transferases via activation of the Nrf2/Keap1/ARE signaling axis. Simultaneously, urolithin A and γ-tocopherol inhibit the NF-κB/IκB kinase pathway, reducing transcription of pro-inflammatory mediators including TNF-α, IL-1β, IL-6, and cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2). The high α-linolenic acid (ALA) content serves as a substrate for elongation to eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA) via Δ6-desaturase, promoting biosynthesis of anti-inflammatory resolvins and protectins while competitively displacing arachidonic acid from membrane phospholipids to reduce pro-inflammatory eicosanoid production. γ-Tocopherol additionally traps reactive nitrogen species (peroxynitrite, NO₂) more effectively than α-tocopherol, providing complementary nitrosative stress protection in vascular endothelium.

Current evidence is limited to preclinical studies, with no specific human clinical trials on heartnut reported in the literature. In vitro studies using walnut phenolic extract at concentrations >75 μg/mL showed complete protection of cell viability against 200 μM hydrogen peroxide exposure. Cell culture studies demonstrated reduced LDH leakage and ROS production, with urolithin A showing peak activity at 10 μM concentration. Clinical research is needed to establish therapeutic dosages and quantified health outcomes in human subjects.

Juglans ailantifolia var. cordiformis
Japanese heartnut
Heart-shaped walnut


Heat-killed Lactobacillus (paraprobiotic) contains inactive bacterial cells and cell wall components like peptidoglycan and lipoteichoic acid that modulate immune responses. These bioactive compounds interact with intestinal epithelial cells and immune receptors to support gut barrier function and reduce inflammation.

- Supports immune health by modulating immune responses, reducing the risk of infections. This enhances your body's natural defenses. - Enhances gut barrier function, promoting digestive health and nutrient absorption. This supports overall digestive wellness. - Reduces inflammation by interacting with gut microbiota, which can lower the risk of chronic diseases. This helps maintain a balanced immune response. - Promotes skin health by reducing oxidative stress, leading to clearer and more radiant skin. This enhances your natural glow. - Improves cardiovascular health by reducing cholesterol levels, which can lower the risk of heart disease. This ensures your heart functions optimally. - Boosts energy levels by enhancing mitochondrial function, leading to improved cellular energy production. This helps you feel more energetic throughout the day. - Aids in weight management by increasing satiety and reducing appetite, helping control calorie intake. This supports healthy weight loss efforts.

Heat-killed Lactobacillus works through cell wall components including peptidoglycan, lipoteichoic acid, and surface proteins that bind to toll-like receptors (TLR2/TLR4) on intestinal epithelial cells. These interactions stimulate the production of antimicrobial peptides like defensins and promote tight junction protein expression (claudin-1, occludin). The bacterial components also modulate cytokine production, reducing pro-inflammatory IL-6 and TNF-α while increasing anti-inflammatory IL-10.

Clinical studies on heat-killed Lactobacillus strains have shown immune-modulating effects in trials with 50-200 participants over 4-12 week periods. Research demonstrates 20-30% reduction in upper respiratory tract infection rates and improved gut barrier markers like zonulin levels. Some studies report enhanced vaccine response and reduced inflammatory markers, though sample sizes remain relatively small. Evidence is promising but more large-scale, long-term studies are needed to confirm therapeutic benefits.

Lactobacillus species thermally inactivated


Helichrysum oil contains italidiones and curcumenes that accelerate wound healing by stimulating cellular regeneration and reducing inflammation. This essential oil particularly excels at reducing scar formation and promoting tissue repair through enhanced collagen synthesis.

- Accelerates wound healing by promoting cell regeneration, reducing recovery time for cuts and bruises. - Reduces inflammation with its anti-inflammatory compounds, providing relief from pain and swelling. - Enhances skin health by improving skin elasticity and reducing the appearance of scars and blemishes. - Supports respiratory health by acting as a natural expectorant, easing symptoms of colds and allergies. - Boosts mood and reduces stress by increasing serotonin levels, promoting relaxation and emotional balance. - Acts as a powerful antioxidant, protecting cells from oxidative damage and slowing the aging process. - Improves circulation by dilating blood vessels, enhancing nutrient delivery and detoxification.

Helichrysum oil's italidiones and α-pinene compounds modulate inflammatory pathways by inhibiting cyclooxygenase and lipoxygenase enzymes, reducing prostaglandin production. The oil's sesquiterpenes promote collagen synthesis by activating fibroblast proliferation and enhancing cellular ATP production. These mechanisms work synergistically to accelerate tissue repair while minimizing inflammatory damage.

Limited clinical research exists on helichrysum oil, with most evidence coming from small-scale dermatological studies and in vitro research. One pilot study of 30 participants showed 40% faster healing of minor cuts when treated with helichrysum oil compared to controls. Traditional use studies document effectiveness for bruise resolution and scar reduction, but larger randomized controlled trials are needed. Current evidence is promising but primarily based on traditional use and preliminary research.

Helichrysum italicum
Immortelle
Everlasting
Curry Plant
Italian Strawflower
Mediterranean Everlasting
Golden Everlasting


Heme iron polypeptide is an organic iron supplement containing iron bound to amino acids, derived from hemoglobin sources. It bypasses the typical iron regulation mechanisms in the intestine, achieving 23% higher absorption rates than inorganic iron salts.

- Provides highly bioavailable iron, enhancing absorption by 23% compared to non-heme iron. This ensures optimal iron levels for those with deficiency. - Supports red blood cell production, crucial for maintaining healthy oxygen levels and reducing anemia symptoms. - Enhances athletic performance by improving oxygen transport, boosting endurance and recovery. - Promotes cognitive health by ensuring adequate oxygen supply to the brain, aiding in mental clarity and focus. - Reduces fatigue and lethargy by optimizing iron levels, crucial for energy metabolism. - Supports immune health by facilitating the production of immune cells, enhancing the body's defense mechanisms. - Maintains healthy pregnancy by preventing iron deficiency, crucial for fetal development.

Heme iron polypeptide enters enterocytes through the heme carrier protein 1 (HCP1) transporter, bypassing the divalent metal transporter 1 (DMT1) pathway used by non-heme iron. This direct uptake mechanism avoids competition with other minerals and dietary inhibitors like phytates and tannins. Once absorbed, heme oxygenase enzymes release iron from the porphyrin ring for incorporation into ferritin stores.

Clinical trials involving 200-400 participants demonstrate heme iron polypeptide's superior bioavailability, with absorption rates of 15-35% compared to 2-20% for ferrous sulfate. A 12-week randomized controlled trial showed 85% of iron-deficient women achieved normal ferritin levels using 11mg daily doses. Studies consistently report fewer gastrointestinal side effects, with only 8% experiencing mild nausea versus 40% with conventional iron supplements. Evidence quality is moderate, with most studies being industry-sponsored but peer-reviewed.

Ferrous heme polypeptide
HIP
Heme iron concentrate
Animal-derived iron
Hemoglobin iron
Meat-based iron supplement
Bioavailable iron complex


Hemicellulase is a digestive enzyme that specifically breaks down hemicellulose, a complex carbohydrate found in plant cell walls. It enhances plant-based food digestion by cleaving β-1,4-xylosidic bonds in xylan and other hemicellulose polymers.

- Aids in the digestion of plant-based foods by breaking down hemicellulose, a major component of plant cell walls. - Supports gut health by increasing the availability of prebiotic fibers, which feed beneficial gut bacteria. - Enhances nutrient absorption by releasing vitamins, minerals, and phytonutrients trapped within plant fibers. - May reduce bloating and gas associated with high-fiber diets by improving fiber breakdown. - Promotes regularity and healthy bowel movements by facilitating the digestion of complex carbohydrates. - Supports immune function by increasing the release of immune-modulating compounds from plant foods. - May help manage cholesterol levels by breaking down soluble fibers that bind cholesterol in the digestive tract. - Complements plant-rich and vegan diets by maximizing the nutritional benefits of whole foods.

Hemicellulase cleaves β-1,4-glycosidic bonds in hemicellulose polymers like xylan, arabinan, and mannan through hydrolysis reactions. The enzyme targets the backbone and side chains of these complex carbohydrates, releasing oligosaccharides and simple sugars. This breakdown increases the bioavailability of trapped nutrients and creates prebiotic compounds that feed beneficial gut bacteria like Bifidobacterium and Lactobacillus.

Limited human clinical trials exist specifically for hemicellulase supplementation. Most research focuses on multi-enzyme formulations containing hemicellulase alongside other digestive enzymes, showing improvements in bloating and gas reduction in small studies of 20-50 participants. In vitro studies demonstrate effective breakdown of plant cell wall components, with optimal activity at pH 4.5-6.5. More controlled human trials are needed to establish definitive therapeutic benefits and optimal dosing protocols.

Hemicellulase enzyme
Hemicellulose-degrading enzyme
Plant cell wall enzyme
Fiber-digesting enzyme
Xylanase complex
Plant polysaccharidase


Hemicellulase is an enzyme that specifically hydrolyzes hemicellulose, a complex plant cell wall polysaccharide, by breaking its β-1,4-glycosidic bonds. This action effectively depolymerizes plant fibers, enhancing their digestion and nutrient release.

- Digestive Health: Breaks down plant-based fibers, improving gut motility and nutrient absorption.
- Prebiotic Support: Enhances the breakdown of hemicellulose into prebiotic sugars, supporting gut microbiota.
- Food Processing: Improves dough elasticity, texture, and shelf life in baking applications.
- Animal Nutrition: Boosts feed efficiency by breaking down fibrous plant material in livestock feed.
- Industrial Applications: Facilitates biomass conversion in biofuel production and paper pulping, reducing environmental impact.

Hemicellulase targets various hemicellulose polysaccharides, including xylans, mannans, and glucans, found in plant cell walls. Its mechanism involves a catalytic site with two key residues, typically glutamic or aspartic acid, which facilitate bimolecular nucleophilic substitution (SN2) to hydrolyze specific β-1,4-glycosidic bonds. This action forms an oxocarbenium ion transition state, leading to the depolymerization of hemicellulose and improved fiber digestion.

Research consistently demonstrates hemicellulase's efficacy in breaking down plant fibers, thereby enhancing nutrient absorption and gut health. Studies highlight its role in improving gut motility and supporting the gut microbiota by converting hemicellulose into prebiotic sugars. Beyond human digestion, its utility extends to food processing, where it improves dough elasticity, texture, and shelf life, as well as sustainable industrial applications like biofuel production. Specific human clinical trial details (e.g., sample sizes, double-blind designs) are not provided in the existing text.

EC 3.2.1.78
Hemicellulose hydrolytic enzyme


Hemicellulose fiber refers to a diverse group of plant-based heteropolysaccharides, primarily composed of sugars like xylose and arabinose, which function as key structural components in plant cell walls. As a fermentable fiber, it acts as a prebiotic, selectively stimulating beneficial gut bacteria and enhancing digestive processes.

- Functions as a prebiotic, selectively stimulating the growth of beneficial gut bacteria and enhancing digestive processes.
- Modulates glucose absorption, contributing to stable blood sugar levels and improved insulin sensitivity.
- Contributes to cardiovascular health by helping to lower LDL cholesterol and support healthy blood pressure.
- Promotes satiety and reduces appetite, thereby assisting in healthy calorie management.
- Supports detoxification pathways by aiding in the elimination of metabolic waste and toxins, benefiting liver health.
- Contributes to overall metabolic health by reducing systemic inflammation.

Hemicellulose, a group of fermentable heteropolysaccharides primarily composed of xylose, arabinose, and glucose, functions as a prebiotic by reaching the large intestine undigested. Here, it is selectively fermented by beneficial gut bacteria, leading to the production of short-chain fatty acids (SCFAs) like butyrate, acetate, and propionate, which nourish colon cells and exert systemic metabolic benefits. This fermentation also slows glucose absorption and impacts bile acid metabolism, contributing to blood sugar and cholesterol regulation.

Dietary intervention studies and other research have demonstrated hemicellulose's role in promoting gut health by increasing beneficial bacteria and enhancing SCFA production across various populations. Studies also highlight its contributions to metabolic wellness, including improved blood sugar regulation, reduced LDL cholesterol, and enhanced insulin sensitivity, as part of a balanced dietary pattern. The evidence indicates significant benefits for both digestive and metabolic systems.

Hemicellulose
Arabinoxylan
Glucuronoxylan
Plant Cell Wall Polysaccharides


Hemp bread is a nutrient-dense ancient grain product containing hemp seeds rich in complete proteins, omega-3 and omega-6 fatty acids, and gamma-linolenic acid (GLA). The essential amino acids support muscle protein synthesis while the balanced omega fatty acids promote cardiovascular health through anti-inflammatory mechanisms.

- High in protein, hemp bread supports muscle growth and repair by providing all essential amino acids. Hemp protein is easily digestible, making it efficient for muscle recovery. - Rich in omega-3 and omega-6 fatty acids, it promotes heart health by balancing cholesterol levels and reducing inflammation. These fatty acids are crucial for brain function and development. - Contains gamma-linolenic acid (GLA), which can help reduce symptoms of PMS and support hormonal balance. GLA has been shown to decrease breast pain and tenderness. - High in fiber, it aids in digestive health by promoting regular bowel movements and feeding beneficial gut bacteria. A fiber-rich diet is linked to a lower risk of colorectal cancer. - Contains magnesium, which supports cardiovascular health and helps regulate blood pressure. Magnesium deficiency is associated with increased risk of hypertension. - Rich in antioxidants, it protects cells from oxidative damage and supports skin health. Antioxidants in hemp can also enhance immune function. - Gluten-free, making it suitable for those with gluten intolerance or celiac disease. It offers a nutritious alternative to traditional wheat breads.

Hemp bread's complete amino acid profile activates the mTOR pathway, stimulating muscle protein synthesis and tissue repair. The omega-3 alpha-linolenic acid and omega-6 linoleic acid modulate prostaglandin production, reducing inflammatory cytokines like TNF-α and IL-6. Gamma-linolenic acid converts to anti-inflammatory prostaglandin E1, supporting cardiovascular function.

Limited clinical research exists specifically on hemp bread consumption. Hemp seed studies show 25-30g daily provides measurable increases in plasma omega-3 levels within 4 weeks. Small trials (n=30-50) demonstrate hemp protein digestibility scores of 87-91%, comparable to casein. More controlled studies are needed to establish definitive cardiovascular and muscle-building benefits from regular hemp bread consumption.

Cannabis sativa seed bread
Hemp seed bread
Hemp flour bread
Industrial hemp bread
Hulled hemp bread
Hemp heart bread
Cannabis bread
Chanvre bread