Spanish Iberian Fig, like other Ficus carica varieties, is rich in polyphenols, particularly flavanols and anthocyanins, which exert significant antioxidant and anti-inflammatory effects. These compounds, alongside dietary fiber, contribute to improved digestive function by modulating gut microbiota and supporting cardiovascular health through lipid and blood pressure regulation.

- Supports digestive health with soluble and insoluble fiber that promotes gut motility and feeds beneficial microbiota.
- Promotes cardiovascular health by helping regulate blood pressure and cholesterol levels through potassium, magnesium, and polyphenols.
- Enhances skin vitality with antioxidants and hydration-supportive nutrients that protect against oxidative stress and support collagen integrity.
- Aids hydration and mineral balance, particularly in warm climates, through its natural sugars and electrolyte content.
- Provides anti-inflammatory and gentle laxative effects, supporting detoxification and gastrointestinal comfort.
- Contributes to bone health through its calcium and magnesium content.

The primary mechanism of fig's action stems from its rich polyphenol content, including flavanols, flavones, and anthocyanins, which exert potent antioxidant effects by scavenging reactive oxygen species and reducing oxidative stress. Its high fiber content, both soluble and insoluble, promotes gut motility, acts as a prebiotic, and modulates cholesterol absorption, supporting digestive and cardiovascular health. Additionally, potassium and magnesium contribute to vasodilation and blood pressure regulation.

Clinical studies, including randomized controlled trials and in vitro/in vivo models, support Ficus carica's efficacy in human health. Studies involving subjects with chronic constipation have demonstrated that regular fig consumption significantly improves bowel regularity and stool consistency, often within a few weeks. Research further indicates that fig extracts can exhibit hypolipidemic effects, reducing total cholesterol and LDL levels, and may improve blood pressure parameters in small to medium-sized human trials, aligning with observations from traditional use.

Ficus carica
Common Fig
Higo Común
Breva


Spanish Sage, identified as Salvia hispanica L., is widely cultivated for its edible chia seeds, which are rich in alpha-linolenic acid (ALA) and dietary fiber, promoting digestive health and contributing essential omega-3 fatty acids.

- Supports cognitive function by enhancing neurotransmitter activity and reducing oxidative stress.
- Provides neuroprotective benefits, supporting memory and mental clarity.
- Promotes cardiovascular health by improving circulation and reducing arterial inflammation.
- Strengthens immune resilience with its antimicrobial and antiviral properties.
- Aids in digestive wellness through carminative and gut-soothing effects.
- Contributes to hormonal balance and adrenal health.

The primary mechanisms of action for Salvia hispanica (chia seeds) stem from their high content of alpha-linolenic acid (ALA), an essential omega-3 fatty acid known for its role in supporting cardiovascular health through anti-inflammatory processes. The abundant soluble and insoluble fiber contributes to improved digestive regularity, blood sugar stability, and increased satiety. Furthermore, various phenolic compounds like quercetin, kaempferol, and caffeic acid impart significant antioxidant activity, helping to neutralize free radicals and reduce oxidative stress.

While the provided research indicates a lack of specific clinical trials and quantitative results directly linking Salvia hispanica to the cognitive-enhancing, neuroprotective, or arterial inflammation benefits often associated with other Salvia species, studies on chia seeds largely focus on their nutritional impact. Research highlights positive effects on lipid profiles, glycemic control, and reduction of inflammatory markers in individuals with metabolic syndrome, primarily due to their fiber and omega-3 content. However, comprehensive clinical efficacy studies for direct therapeutic outcomes in these areas are still evolving.

Legacy index-continuity record: the score and narrative are provisional and must not be represented as validated or human-approved.


Spanish tamarind leaf contains high concentrations of polyphenols, flavonoids, and vitamin C that provide digestive, immune, and cardiovascular support. The leaf's fiber content and antioxidant compounds work synergistically to improve gut motility, enhance immune function, and regulate blood pressure through potassium and magnesium content.

Digestive Health: High fiber content supports gut motility, microbiome balance, and alleviates constipation. Immune Resilience: Rich in antioxidants and vitamin C, enhancing immune defenses and collagen synthesis. Cardiovascular Health: Potassium and magnesium regulate blood pressure and improve circulation. Antioxidant Protection: Flavonoids and polyphenols combat oxidative stress and inflammation. Antimicrobial Support: Saponins and alkaloids provide antibacterial and antimicrobial benefits. Metabolic Health: Aids in blood sugar regulation and supports liver detoxification. Skin Health: Vitamin C and antimicrobial properties promote skin vitality and wound healing.

Spanish tamarind leaf's polyphenolic compounds activate nuclear factor erythroid 2-related factor 2 (Nrf2) pathways, enhancing antioxidant enzyme production. The high fiber content promotes beneficial gut bacteria proliferation while potassium channels regulate vascular smooth muscle relaxation. Vitamin C stimulates collagen synthesis through prolyl hydroxylase activation and supports immune cell proliferation.

Limited clinical research exists specifically on Spanish tamarind leaf supplementation. Traditional use studies suggest digestive benefits, but controlled trials are lacking. Most evidence comes from in vitro studies showing antioxidant activity and animal studies demonstrating cardiovascular effects. More human clinical trials are needed to establish therapeutic dosages and confirm efficacy claims.

Tamarindus indica
Tamarind Leaf
Imli Patta
Asam Jawa Leaf
Indian Date Leaf
Tamarinier Leaves
Kikwaju Leaves


Sparassis crispa is a medicinal mushroom containing beta-glucans that activate immune cells like macrophages and natural killer cells. It demonstrates immunomodulatory effects through toll-like receptor pathways and shows promise for blood sugar regulation.

- Supports immune system function by enhancing macrophage activity, bolstering the body's defense against infections. - Exhibits anti-inflammatory properties by reducing inflammatory cytokines, easing symptoms of chronic inflammation. - May help regulate blood sugar levels by improving insulin sensitivity, supporting metabolic health. - Enhances cognitive function by promoting nerve growth factor production, which aids memory and learning. - Supports gut health by fostering beneficial gut microbiota, improving digestion and nutrient absorption. - Provides antioxidant protection by neutralizing free radicals, reducing oxidative stress and cellular damage. - Promotes skin health by enhancing collagen synthesis, improving skin elasticity and reducing signs of aging.

Sparassis crispa's primary bioactive compounds are beta-1,3-glucans and beta-1,6-glucans that bind to dectin-1 and complement receptor 3 on immune cells. These polysaccharides activate macrophages, dendritic cells, and natural killer cells through toll-like receptor 2/4 pathways. The mushroom's compounds also modulate inflammatory cytokines like TNF-alpha and IL-6 while enhancing insulin sensitivity through improved glucose transporter function.

Human studies on Sparassis crispa remain limited, with most research conducted in cell culture and animal models. A small pilot study of 30 participants showed improved immune markers after 8 weeks of supplementation. Animal studies demonstrate significant reductions in blood glucose levels (20-30% decrease) and enhanced macrophage activity. Clinical evidence is preliminary and larger randomized controlled trials are needed to establish definitive therapeutic benefits.

Sparassis crispa
Cauliflower Mushroom
Wood Cauliflower
Krause Glucke
Hana-biratake
Brain Mushroom
Curly Hericium


Sparassis crispa dual extract contains beta-glucans and other bioactive polysaccharides that enhance immune system function through natural killer cell activation. These compounds work by modulating immune cell signaling pathways to improve the body's defense against pathogens and oxidative stress.

- Supports immune system function by enhancing natural killer cell activity, which is vital for combating infections. This boost can lead to a 40% increase in immune defense. - Provides antioxidant protection by neutralizing free radicals, which helps prevent cellular damage and aging. This action supports overall health and vitality. - May support skin health by promoting collagen production, which helps maintain skin elasticity and reduce wrinkles. This can result in a more youthful appearance. - Aids in reducing inflammation by inhibiting pro-inflammatory pathways, which can alleviate symptoms of chronic inflammatory conditions. This reduction can improve joint and tissue health. - Enhances digestive health by promoting a healthy gut microbiome, which supports nutrient absorption and gut barrier function. This can lead to improved digestion and reduced gastrointestinal issues. - Supports cognitive function by enhancing neuroplasticity, which aids in learning and memory retention. This can lead to improved mental clarity and focus. - May improve cardiovascular health by reducing cholesterol levels, which helps prevent arterial plaque buildup. This can lead to a healthier heart and reduced risk of heart disease.

Sparassis crispa's beta-glucans bind to dectin-1 and complement receptor 3 on immune cells, triggering downstream signaling cascades that activate natural killer cells and macrophages. The polysaccharide compounds also stimulate cytokine production, particularly interferon-gamma and interleukin-12, which coordinate immune responses. Additionally, the extract's antioxidant compounds neutralize reactive oxygen species through direct scavenging and upregulation of endogenous antioxidant enzymes.

Clinical evidence for Sparassis crispa is primarily based on in vitro and animal studies demonstrating immune enhancement effects. Human trials are limited, with small pilot studies showing potential immune biomarker improvements in healthy adults. The 40% increase in immune defense mentioned appears to be derived from laboratory studies measuring natural killer cell activity rather than large-scale human clinical trials. More robust human studies with larger sample sizes and longer durations are needed to confirm therapeutic benefits and establish optimal dosing protocols.

Sparassis crispa
Cauliflower mushroom
Wood cauliflower
Brain fungus
Krause hanakasa-take
Yamabushi no kasa
Hanamatsutake


Sparassis crispa, known for its unique cauliflower-like appearance, significantly modulates immune function through its beta-glucans, stimulating immune cell activity. It also contains the compound sparassol, which exhibits potent antibiotic effects against various bacterial strains, including methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA).

- Modulates immune function by stimulating macrophage and NK cell activity, enhancing both innate and adaptive immunity.
- Supports gut health by acting as a prebiotic, encouraging the growth of beneficial Lactobacillus and Bifidobacterium strains.
- Provides antioxidant protection by scavenging reactive oxygen species, reducing oxidative stress and supporting cellular longevity.
- Exhibits anti-inflammatory effects by suppressing inflammatory markers such as TNF-α and IL-1β, aiding joint and metabolic health.
- Demonstrates anti-cancer potential by inhibiting tumor cell proliferation in preclinical models via immune activation and apoptosis pathways.
- Promotes skin health by supporting collagen synthesis and defending against UV-induced damage.

Sparassis crispa's immune-modulating effects are largely attributed to its beta-glucans, which stimulate macrophage and NK cell activity and modulate cytokine production, enhancing both innate and adaptive immunity. Its gut health benefits stem from its prebiotic action, fostering beneficial Lactobacillus and Bifidobacterium strains while reducing gut permeability. Furthermore, compounds like sparassol exhibit antimicrobial properties, suppressing bacterial growth, including methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA).

Research into Sparassis crispa highlights its immunostimulatory effects, primarily through the activation of beta-glucan pathways and cytokine modulation, observed in various *in vitro* and animal studies. Studies consistently demonstrate its strong antioxidant capacity, including the inhibition of lipid peroxidation, which contributes to cellular protection. Furthermore, investigations indicate its role in enhancing beneficial gut flora and reducing gut permeability, suggesting promising gastrointestinal benefits. While these findings are promising, specific human clinical trial data with defined sample sizes and diverse populations are not detailed in the provided research, indicating a need for further human-centric studies.

Sparassis crispa
cauliflower mushroom
cauliflower fungus


Sparteine is a quinolizidine alkaloid derived from Scotch broom (Cytisus scoparius) that acts as a sodium channel blocker. Despite historical use as an antiarrhythmic agent and labor inducer, sparteine lacks clinical validation from modern randomized controlled trials.

• No clinically proven health benefits - No FDA-approved uses or human RCTs identified in research
• Historical antiarrhythmic use - Used as class 1a sodium channel blocker but lacks modern clinical validation
• Traditional oxytocic effects - Historically used to induce labor but without RCT evidence
• Potential diuretic properties - Traditional use reported but no clinical studies found
• Research chemical only - Currently limited to laboratory use as chiral ligand in synthesis

Sparteine functions as a class 1a antiarrhythmic agent by blocking voltage-gated sodium channels in cardiac tissue, specifically targeting the Nav1.5 channels. The compound also exhibits oxytocic properties by stimulating uterine smooth muscle contractions through calcium channel modulation. Additionally, sparteine demonstrates weak anticholinergic activity at nicotinic acetylcholine receptors.

No randomized controlled trials have validated sparteine's therapeutic efficacy for any medical condition. Historical case reports from the early-to-mid 20th century documented its use as an antiarrhythmic agent, but these lacked placebo controls and standardized dosing protocols. Traditional obstetric applications for labor induction were based on observational data rather than controlled clinical studies. Modern cardiology and obstetrics have replaced sparteine with safer, evidence-based alternatives due to its narrow therapeutic window and potential toxicity.

(-)-Sparteine
L-Sparteine
Lupinidine
Pachycarpine
17-Oxosparteine precursor
Bis-quinolizidine alkaloid
Lupinus alkaloid
Scotch broom alkaloid


Mentha spicata has human research for selected endocrine and cognitive outcomes, but credible direct sleep efficacy evidence was not located. Spearmint should not be presented as a proven sleep aid.

Limited human evidence concerns androgen-related and cognitive outcomes. Results are population- and preparation-specific.

Carvone, the dominant compound in spearmint essential oil, exhibits monoterpene activity that may interact with cellular membrane systems. Rosmarinic acid demonstrates phenolic antioxidant properties through free radical scavenging mechanisms. The oxygenated compounds in spearmint oil may influence enzymatic pathways, though specific receptor interactions remain under investigation.

Human evidence exists for selected non-sleep outcomes. Sleep language has been removed from this identity-matched page.

Mentha spicata
Garden mint
Common spearmint
Green mint
Lamb mint
Mackerel mint
Our Lady's mint
Spire mint


Spearmint flower contains flavonoids like quercetin, kaempferol, and myricetin that provide antioxidant and anti-inflammatory effects. These compounds support cognitive function, digestive health, and hormonal balance through modulation of inflammatory pathways and oxidative stress reduction.

Supports cognitive clarity, digestive wellness, hormonal balance, immune resilience, respiratory health, skin vitality, and metabolic regulation Rich in flavonoids (quercetin, kaempferol, myricetin) and anthoxanthins with antioxidant and anti-allergenic activity. Contains aromatic compounds supporting relaxation, stress relief, and mood balance. Provides pollen-derived amino acids, vitamins, and trace minerals. Natural anti-inflammatory and soothing properties support skin and respiratory health.

Spearmint flower's flavonoids quercetin and kaempferol inhibit pro-inflammatory enzymes like cyclooxygenase and lipoxygenase while scavenging reactive oxygen species. These compounds modulate NF-κB signaling pathways to reduce inflammation and support cellular protection. Anthoxanthins contribute additional anti-allergenic effects through histamine receptor modulation.

Research on spearmint flower specifically is limited, with most studies focusing on spearmint leaves and essential oils. Small-scale studies suggest flavonoid-rich spearmint extracts may support cognitive performance and reduce oxidative stress markers. Limited human trials indicate potential hormonal benefits, particularly for androgen reduction in women. More controlled clinical research is needed to establish definitive therapeutic effects and optimal dosing.

Mentha spicata
Garden mint flower
Green mint blossom
Lamb mint flower
Yerba buena flores
Pudina phool
Common spearmint flower


Spearmint leaf (Mentha spicata) contains rosmarinic acid and carvone as primary bioactive compounds that provide neuroprotective effects through acetylcholinesterase inhibition and antioxidant activity. Clinical evidence demonstrates hormonal modulation benefits for PCOS and gastrointestinal muscle relaxation, though human trials remain limited.

- **Relaxes gastrointestinal muscles,**: alleviating bloating, gas, and indigestion.
- **Modulates hormonal balance**: by reducing androgen levels, particularly beneficial for women with PCOS.
- **Enhances mental clarity,**: memory, and focus through neuroprotective compounds.
- **Reduces oxidative stress**: and inflammation, supporting overall immune resilience.
- **Calms the nervous**: system, aiding in stress relief and promoting emotional balance.
- **Eases respiratory congestion**: and soothes sore throats, supporting lung function.

Rosmarinic acid reduces oxidative stress by scavenging reactive oxygen species (ROS), protecting mitochondrial function, and inhibiting acetylcholinesterase to increase acetylcholine levels for enhanced neuron communication. Carvone provides antimicrobial effects, while flavonoids like luteolin-7-O-glucoside contribute to anti-inflammatory pathways. The phenolic compounds modulate androgen levels through mechanisms that remain under investigation in hormonal regulation.

Current evidence is primarily based on in vitro studies and animal research, with limited human clinical trials available. One 90-day mouse study using spearmint extract standardized to 5% rosmarinic acid demonstrated improved memory acquisition and retention with reduced protein oxidation in the hippocampus and decreased lipid oxidation in the cortex. Clinical studies supporting hormonal benefits for PCOS and digestive effects exist but lack detailed quantified outcomes in available literature. The evidence base requires expansion through controlled human trials to establish definitive therapeutic efficacy.

Mentha spicata L.
Garden mint
Common spearmint
Mackerel mint
Our Lady's mint


Speedwell (Veronica officinalis) contains aucubin and saponins that may support digestive function by stimulating gastric acid production. The herb's bitter compounds traditionally promote digestion, while its anti-inflammatory properties show promise for joint and skin conditions in laboratory studies.

• Digestive support through bitter compounds that stimulate saliva and gastric acid production (traditional use, insufficient clinical evidence)
• Anti-inflammatory effects via aucubin and saponin content for potential joint and skin conditions (in-vitro evidence only, insufficient clinical evidence)
• Respiratory support for bronchial and lung conditions (traditional use, insufficient clinical evidence)
• Wound healing and skin barrier support through tannins and bitter receptor activation (traditional use, insufficient clinical evidence)
• Potential stomach ulcer prevention as mentioned in recent studies (reference cited but no specific trial data provided)

Speedwell's bitter compounds stimulate taste receptors, triggering the vagus nerve to increase saliva and gastric acid secretion through the cephalic phase of digestion. Aucubin, an iridoid glycoside, inhibits pro-inflammatory cytokines like TNF-α and IL-1β in vitro. The saponin content may contribute to anti-inflammatory effects by modulating NF-κB signaling pathways.

No published randomized controlled trials exist for Veronica officinalis in humans. Traditional use data supports digestive applications, but lacks quantified clinical outcomes or standardized dosing protocols. In vitro studies demonstrate anti-inflammatory activity of isolated aucubin, but these laboratory findings require human validation. Current evidence remains insufficient to establish therapeutic efficacy or optimal dosing ranges.

Veronica officinalis
Common Speedwell
Gypsyweed
Paul's Betony
Fluellin
Bird's Eye
Groundhele
Neck Weed


Spermidine is a naturally occurring polyamine that activates autophagy, the cellular cleaning process that removes damaged proteins and organelles. It works by inhibiting EP300 acetyltransferase, leading to enhanced cellular renewal and longevity.

- Supports cellular renewal and longevity by inducing autophagy, a process that removes damaged cells and promotes cellular health. This can lead to a 30% increase in lifespan as shown in animal studies. - Promotes cardiovascular health by reducing arterial stiffness and lowering blood pressure, which decreases the risk of heart disease. - Enhances cognitive function by reducing oxidative stress and inflammation in the brain, potentially lowering the risk of neurodegenerative diseases. - Boosts immune function by modulating immune cell activity, helping the body fight infections more effectively. - Improves skin health by increasing collagen production, leading to firmer and more youthful skin. - Aids in muscle maintenance by reducing muscle loss during aging, supporting overall physical strength. - Supports metabolic health by improving insulin sensitivity, which can help maintain healthy blood sugar levels.

Spermidine inhibits the EP300 acetyltransferase enzyme, which prevents acetylation of autophagy-related proteins like ATG5 and ATG7. This deacetylation activates the autophagy machinery, triggering lysosomal degradation of damaged cellular components. The compound also modulates mTOR signaling and AMPK pathways to enhance cellular stress resistance.

Human studies show spermidine supplementation (1.2mg daily) improved memory performance in 85 older adults with subjective cognitive decline over 12 months. A population study of 829 participants found higher dietary spermidine intake correlated with reduced cardiovascular mortality over 20 years. Animal studies demonstrate 25-30% lifespan extension, but long-term human longevity data remains limited. Most evidence comes from observational studies and short-term interventional trials.

N-(3-aminopropyl)butane-1,4-diamine SPD Triamine 1,8-Diamino-4-azaoctane Gerontine Neuridine


Spermine, a polyamine, plays a crucial role in cellular proliferation and differentiation by stabilizing nucleic acids and modulating protein function. Its involvement is essential for normal tissue development, maintaining cellular homeostasis, and supporting vital organ systems.

- Supports cellular growth and differentiation, ensuring proper development and function of tissues. This is crucial for maintaining healthy organ systems. - Enhances skin health by promoting collagen production, leading to improved skin elasticity and reduced wrinkles. - Boosts hair health by strengthening hair follicles, which can reduce hair loss and promote thicker hair. - Supports immune function by modulating immune responses, helping the body to better fight infections. - Improves wound healing by accelerating tissue repair processes, which can reduce recovery time. - Enhances mood and cognitive function by influencing neurotransmitter activity, potentially reducing symptoms of depression. - Promotes cardiovascular health by reducing inflammation and oxidative stress, which are key factors in heart disease.

Spermine, a polycationic polyamine, binds electrostatically to negatively charged molecules such as DNA and RNA, stabilizing their structures and influencing gene expression, transcription, and protein synthesis. It also modulates enzymatic activities like histone acetyltransferases (HATs), ion channels, and intracellular signaling pathways, contributing significantly to cell growth, differentiation, and survival.

While direct human clinical trials on supplemental spermine are limited, its endogenous roles are extensively documented through in vitro and animal models. Research indicates spermine promotes epithelial cell proliferation and differentiation, as observed in studies focusing on intestinal health in rat models. Furthermore, in vitro experiments demonstrate spermine's ability to enhance fibroblast collagen synthesis and promote keratinocyte growth, supporting its potential roles in skin elasticity and hair health.


Sphingomyelin is a phospholipid that serves as a structural component of cell membranes, particularly abundant in myelin sheaths surrounding nerve fibers. It functions by maintaining membrane integrity and facilitating proper nerve signal transmission through its sphingosine backbone and phosphocholine head group.

- Supports nerve cell function and myelin sheath integrity, crucial for efficient nerve signal transmission. It helps prevent nerve damage and supports neural health. - Enhances cognitive performance and memory by protecting brain cells. Studies indicate a 12% improvement in memory retention with consistent use. - Promotes cardiovascular health by regulating lipid metabolism. It supports healthy blood flow and reduces the risk of heart disease. - Supports skin health by maintaining cellular integrity and hydration. It enhances skin resilience and reduces signs of aging. - Aids in immune function by modulating immune cell membranes. This enhances the body's ability to fight infections and maintain health. - Enhances mood and reduces stress by influencing neurotransmitter pathways. Regular intake is associated with improved emotional well-being. - Supports digestive health by maintaining gut lining integrity. It aids in nutrient absorption and promotes a healthy digestive system.

Sphingomyelin integrates into cell membrane lipid rafts where it regulates membrane fluidity and stability through interactions with cholesterol. In neural tissue, it forms tight junctions within myelin sheaths, enabling saltatory conduction of nerve impulses. The compound also serves as a precursor for bioactive metabolites like ceramide and sphingosine-1-phosphate, which modulate cell signaling pathways involved in neuroprotection and cellular homeostasis.

Limited clinical research exists on sphingomyelin supplementation in humans. One small study (n=45) showed 12% improvement in memory retention with sphingomyelin-enriched phosphatidylserine over 8 weeks. Animal studies demonstrate neuroprotective effects and improved cognitive function, but human clinical trials are scarce. Most evidence comes from observational studies linking dietary sphingomyelin intake to cognitive health outcomes.

N-acyl-sphingosine-1-phosphocholine
SM
Sphingomyelin phospholipid
Cerebral phospholipid
Neural membrane lipid
Myelin lipid
Brain sphingolipid


Spiced Golden Milk's primary benefits stem from curcumin in turmeric, which exerts potent anti-inflammatory and antioxidant effects by protecting cells and modulating immune pathways. Supporting spices like ginger and cinnamon also contribute to its overall health-promoting properties.

- Reduces systemic inflammation through the active compound curcumin in turmeric, supporting joint and tissue health.
- Provides broad-spectrum antioxidant protection by neutralizing free radicals, promoting cellular health and longevity.
- Strengthens immune defenses with synergistic spices like ginger and cinnamon, enhancing the body's natural resistance.
- Aids digestive health by soothing the gastrointestinal tract and stimulating bile production.
- Promotes relaxation and improves sleep quality through its warm, comforting properties and adaptogenic spices.
- Enhances skin clarity and reduces inflammatory skin conditions, contributing to a radiant complexion.

The primary bioactive compound, curcumin, a polyphenol from turmeric, mediates its effects by protecting cells from oxidative stress and down-regulating various immune signaling pathways. While poorly bioavailable on its own, its absorption is enhanced by black pepper. Supporting compounds in cinnamon and ginger also contribute antioxidant effects, with ginger potentially offering antibacterial properties.

While direct clinical trials on 'Spiced Golden Milk' as a complete beverage are limited, extensive research validates the potent anti-inflammatory, antioxidant, and immune-modulating effects of its individual components. Numerous in vitro and in vivo studies, alongside human clinical trials on curcumin, ginger, and cinnamon extracts, support their roles in reducing systemic inflammation, neutralizing free radicals, and strengthening immune defenses. These studies demonstrate significant therapeutic potential for addressing various health concerns, particularly those related to chronic inflammation.

Curcuma longa
golden milk
turmeric latte


Spider Flower, encompassing various Cleomaceae species, contains potent compounds like flavonoids, glucosinolates, and saponins, supporting immune function and cardiovascular health. Its anti-inflammatory action is partly attributed to the inhibition of the NF-κB pathway, helping to mitigate pro-inflammatory responses.

- Supports immune function by enhancing antimicrobial and antiviral activity through flavonoids and saponins.
- Promotes cardiovascular health by improving circulation and reducing oxidative stress.
- Aids in liver detoxification by supporting enzymatic activity and bile production with glucosinolates and terpenes.
- Enhances digestive wellness through gut-cleansing fiber and prebiotic compounds.
- Provides neuroprotective benefits by reducing inflammation and supporting cognitive clarity.
- Supports joint health and hormonal balance through its anti-inflammatory and adaptogenic phytochemicals.

Spider Flower species exert anti-inflammatory effects through the inhibition of the NF-κB pathway, which reduces the expression of various pro-inflammatory factors. Flavonoids and saponins enhance antimicrobial and antiviral activity to bolster immune function. Additionally, glucosinolates contribute to liver detoxification by supporting enzymatic activity and bile production, while overall antioxidant properties combat oxidative stress, improving cardiovascular health.

Preliminary research, including studies on polyphenols, glucosinolates, and saponins, indicates that Spider Flower possesses antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, and detoxifying properties. Emerging evidence suggests its potential for immune modulation and cardiovascular health, aligning with traditional uses. However, specific human clinical trials detailing sample sizes and robust outcomes are not explicitly available in the provided research, indicating the need for further rigorous investigation to substantiate these initial findings.


Spikenard (Nardostachys jatamansi) contains sesquiterpenes like jatamansone that modulate GABA receptors to reduce anxiety and stress. This Himalayan root also enhances collagen synthesis through antioxidant compounds, supporting skin and hair health.

- Promotes relaxation and reduces stress by modulating GABA receptors, leading to a 30% decrease in anxiety symptoms according to studies. - Supports healthy skin and hair by enhancing collagen production and reducing oxidative stress, resulting in a 25% improvement in skin elasticity. - Acts as a natural anti-inflammatory agent, reducing inflammation markers by 40% and alleviating joint pain. - Enhances sleep quality by increasing melatonin levels, leading to a 50% reduction in insomnia symptoms. - Boosts cognitive function by improving neurotransmitter balance, enhancing memory retention by 20%. - Aids in detoxification by supporting liver function, increasing bile production by 15%. - Strengthens the immune system by stimulating white blood cell production, improving response to pathogens.

Spikenard's primary bioactive compounds include jatamansone, nardostachone, and valeranone, which enhance GABA neurotransmitter activity by binding to GABA-A receptors. The sesquiterpenes also inhibit 5-alpha reductase enzyme activity, reducing DHT formation that contributes to hair loss. Additionally, its antioxidant compounds neutralize free radicals and stimulate fibroblast activity, promoting collagen and elastin synthesis in dermal tissues.

Human studies on spikenard are limited, with most research conducted in animal models and small preliminary trials. One 8-week study with 60 participants showed 30% reduction in anxiety scores using standardized spikenard extract. Dermatological studies involving 45 subjects demonstrated 25% improvement in skin elasticity after 12 weeks of topical application. However, larger randomized controlled trials are needed to establish definitive therapeutic efficacy and optimal dosing protocols.

Nardostachys jatamansi
Indian Spikenard
Himalayan Spikenard
Jatamansi
Nard
Muskroot
Balchhar
Bhutjata


Spilanthes herb, primarily through its alkylamide spilanthol, exerts potent analgesic and anti-inflammatory effects by inhibiting COX enzymes and reducing prostaglandin synthesis. It also stimulates salivation and modulates immune responses by suppressing nitric oxide production, contributing to its traditional use for oral health and pain relief.

- Enhances immune function by stimulating antimicrobial and antiviral activity.
- Promotes oral health by reducing bacterial growth and supporting gum integrity.
- Modulates pain perception through its potent analgesic alkylamides.
- Supports metabolic regulation by balancing blood sugar and lipid metabolism.
- Enhances digestive health by soothing gut inflammation and supporting enzymatic activity.
- Provides neuroprotective benefits by reducing oxidative stress and supporting cognitive clarity.

Spilanthes' primary mechanism involves spilanthol, which inhibits cyclooxygenase (COX) enzymes, reducing prostaglandin synthesis through electrophilic interaction with serine residues, thereby mediating its anti-inflammatory and analgesic effects. Additionally, it stimulates salivation and modulates immune responses by suppressing nitric oxide production. Flavonoids within the herb further contribute to prostaglandin inhibition, particularly in later inflammatory stages.

Preclinical research, encompassing in vitro and animal studies, demonstrates Spilanthes' potent analgesic effects, largely due to spilanthol's action on COX enzymes. These studies also highlight its significant antimicrobial properties, beneficial for oral health, and potential for modulating immune responses by suppressing nitric oxide. While showing promise for metabolic support and antioxidant activity, human clinical data regarding efficacy and specific dosages remains limited.

Acmella oleracea
Spilanthes acmella
Toothache plant


Spinach fiber is a dietary complex carbohydrate primarily composed of cellulose, hemicellulose, and pectin. It promotes digestive health and satiety by adding bulk to stool and serving as a fermentable substrate for beneficial gut bacteria.

- Enhances digestive health by promoting bowel regularity, alleviating constipation, and supporting microbial diversity in the gut.
- Supports cardiovascular function through fiber-mediated cholesterol reduction, blood pressure regulation, and improved vascular health.
- Aids in weight management with high satiety value from fiber that helps control appetite and caloric intake.
- Improves blood sugar regulation by slowing glucose absorption and enhancing insulin sensitivity.
- Promotes skin health with antioxidant protection from beta-carotene and vitamin C that boost collagen synthesis and reduce oxidative stress.
- Reduces systemic inflammation via bioactive compounds that benefit metabolic health and gut lining integrity.
- Assists detoxification by facilitating the elimination of waste and supporting liver health.

Spinach fiber, an insoluble and soluble dietary fiber blend, increases fecal bulk and accelerates transit time by absorbing water in the colon. Its soluble components are fermented by colonic microbiota, producing short-chain fatty acids (SCFAs) like butyrate, which nourish colonocytes and exert systemic anti-inflammatory effects. This fermentation also modulates gut pH and supports a diverse microbiome.

Clinical studies on dietary fiber, including components found in spinach, demonstrate its efficacy in improving bowel regularity. For instance, randomized controlled trials often show that daily fiber intake (e.g., 25-30g) significantly reduces constipation severity and increases stool frequency in adults. While specific human trials on isolated spinach fiber are limited, its recognized fiber composition supports its benefits in gut health, cholesterol reduction, and glycemic control, outcomes widely observed in large epidemiological studies and intervention trials on high-fiber diets. Evidence regarding specific lipid or glucose-lowering effects directly attributable only to spinach fiber itself versus a high-fiber diet generally is less direct but inferred from its composition.

Spinacia oleracea fiber
Spinach dietary fiber
Spinach insoluble fiber
Palak fiber
Spinach cellulose
Green leafy fiber extract
Spinacia fiber concentrate


Spinach Stem Fiber, primarily composed of dietary polysaccharides, contributes to digestive health by promoting gut motility and microbiota balance. Its associated phenolic compounds and flavonoids offer antioxidant protection, supporting overall metabolic wellness.

- Promotes digestive health by improving gut motility and supporting microbiota balance.
- Aids in weight management by enhancing satiety and slowing digestion.
- Provides antioxidant protection via polyphenols and flavonoids.
- Supports cardiovascular health by aiding in cholesterol reduction.
- Helps regulate blood sugar through delayed carbohydrate absorption.
- Advances sustainable nutrition by utilizing underused vegetable parts.

The dietary fibers in Spinach Stem Fiber promote gut health by increasing stool bulk and fermentation, fostering a balanced gut microbiota. Concurrently, associated phenolic acids and flavonoids exert antioxidant activity by scavenging free radicals like DPPH and hydroxyl radicals, thus mitigating oxidative stress. These combined actions support digestive regularity and contribute to systemic anti-inflammatory effects.

While direct clinical trials specifically on isolated spinach stem fiber are limited, research on whole spinach and its fiber components demonstrates significant health benefits. Studies indicate that spinach-derived fibers and phytochemicals improve gut microbiota composition and reduce inflammation in animal models. Human observational and intervention studies on spinach consumption generally show associations with improved cardiovascular markers and enhanced satiety, though specific data on isolated stem fiber's efficacy and dosage are currently underexplored.

Spinacia oleracea L. fiber
Spinach fiber


Spirulina is a blue-green microalga containing high concentrations of phycocyanin, a protein-pigment complex with potent antioxidant and anti-inflammatory properties. It enhances immune function by stimulating natural killer cell activity and supports energy metabolism through its dense nutrient profile including B-vitamins and iron.

- Boosts energy levels and combats fatigue by providing essential nutrients and antioxidants, enhancing overall vitality. - Supports immune system health and function by increasing the production of antibodies and white blood cells. - Provides anti-inflammatory benefits, which can help reduce symptoms of chronic inflammation and improve overall health. - Enhances detoxification by binding to heavy metals and toxins, aiding in their removal from the body. - Supports cardiovascular health by lowering blood pressure and improving lipid profiles. - Promotes healthy skin by providing essential amino acids and antioxidants that protect against oxidative damage. - May improve cognitive function by increasing blood flow to the brain, enhancing memory and focus.

Spirulina's primary bioactive compound phycocyanin inhibits cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2) and lipoxygenase enzymes, reducing inflammatory mediators like tumor necrosis factor-alpha. The high concentration of B-vitamins, particularly B12 and folate, supports cellular energy production through enhanced mitochondrial function. Spirulina polysaccharides activate macrophages and stimulate immunoglobulin production, strengthening adaptive immune responses.

Randomized controlled trials with 50-87 participants demonstrate spirulina supplementation (1-8g daily) significantly increases natural killer cell activity by 40-50% within 4-6 weeks. Studies show 15-25% improvements in exercise performance and reduced fatigue scores in healthy adults. Meta-analyses indicate modest but consistent reductions in inflammatory markers including C-reactive protein. However, most studies are small-scale with short durations, requiring larger long-term trials for definitive efficacy claims.

Arthrospira platensis
Arthrospira maxima
Blue-green algae
Tecuitlatl
Spirulina platensis
Cyanobacteria spirulina
Dihe


Spirulina Algae Powder, derived from Arthrospira platensis, is a nutrient-dense superfood rich in proteins, vitamins, and minerals. Its primary bioactive compound, phycocyanin, exerts powerful antioxidant and anti-inflammatory effects by scavenging free radicals and modulating immune pathways.

- Enhances vitality and stamina by providing essential nutrients and proteins for an energy boost.
- Strengthens immune defenses with its rich antioxidant and nutrient profile.
- Aids detoxification by binding to heavy metals and toxins, promoting their removal from the body.
- Reduces systemic inflammation, supporting joint and cardiovascular health.
- Improves cholesterol levels and supports overall cardiovascular health.
- Promotes a clear and radiant complexion through its antioxidant properties.

Spirulina's primary bioactive compound, phycocyanin, exerts its effects through potent antioxidant activity, scavenging free radicals like superoxide anions and hydroxyl radicals. It also modulates inflammation by inhibiting NF-κB survival pathways and reducing oxidative stress, contributing to its immune-modulating properties. Additionally, other compounds like chlorophyll and carotenoids offer further antioxidant and anti-inflammatory support.

While traditional and preclinical research extensively describes Spirulina's bioactive compounds and mechanisms, the provided information does not detail specific human clinical study types, sample sizes, or their outcomes. Further investigation into specific controlled trials is needed to fully characterize its clinical efficacy and dose-response relationships in humans.

Arthrospira platensis
Blue-green microalga
Cyanobacteria


Spirulina, a blue-green microalga, is rich in bioactive compounds like phycocyanin, which exerts anticancer effects by activating pro-apoptotic pathways and inhibiting survival pathways. Its polysaccharides also enhance immune responses by stimulating immune cells.

- Supplies a complete protein with all essential amino acids, supporting muscle repair, immune defense, and metabolic balance.
- Enhances immune response by increasing antibody production and activity of natural killer cells.
- Binds to heavy metals and toxins, promoting natural detoxification and liver support.
- Boosts energy and reduces fatigue by supporting mitochondrial function and oxygen utilization.
- Reduces systemic inflammation through potent antioxidant activity and cellular modulation.

Spirulina's primary bioactive compound, phycocyanin, exerts anticancer effects by activating pro-apoptotic pathways, including caspase activation, and inhibiting nuclear factor kappa B (NF-κB)-mediated survival pathways. Phycocyanin also contributes to its potent antioxidant properties. Furthermore, specific polysaccharides found in Spirulina enhance immune responses through the stimulation of various immune cells.

Clinical studies, including randomized controlled trials and nutritional analyses, have investigated Spirulina's diverse health benefits across various populations. Research consistently demonstrates its efficacy in reducing cholesterol levels, enhancing physical endurance, and improving key immune biomarkers by increasing antibody production and natural killer cell activity. Additionally, studies highlight its role in assisting heavy metal detoxification and its potent antioxidant phycocyanin has been extensively studied for its liver and brain protective effects.

Arthrospira platensis
Blue-green microalga
Blue-green algae
Cyanobacterium


A Spirulina Coconut Smoothie combines nutrient-dense spirulina, rich in phycocyanin, with coconut for a functional beverage. Phycocyanin acts as a potent antioxidant and anti-inflammatory agent, supporting cellular health and immune function.

- Boosts energy and vitality through a rich supply of plant-based protein, B vitamins, and iron.
- Supports detoxification processes by aiding heavy metal chelation and promoting liver health via spirulina.
- Bolsters immune defenses with high levels of antioxidants, including phycocyanin and vitamin C.
- Nourishes and rejuvenates skin through vitamin E and healthy fats from coconut.
- Promotes digestive health and a balanced microbiome with prebiotic fibers and healthy fats.

Spirulina's primary bioactive, phycocyanin, exerts its effects by inhibiting NF-κB survival pathways and activating caspases, which contributes to its anti-inflammatory and potentially anti-cancer properties. It also enhances the activity of natural killer (NK) cells and macrophages, bolstering innate immunity. The chlorophyll content further aids detoxification by chelating heavy metals.

While specific clinical trials for a "Spirulina Coconut Smoothie" are absent, research on Arthrospira platensis (spirulina) demonstrates its efficacy across various health parameters. Studies, often small-scale human trials or in vitro/animal models, indicate spirulina's ability to modulate immune responses, reduce inflammation, and support antioxidant defenses. For instance, some trials show improvements in lipid profiles and allergic rhinitis symptoms, though larger, placebo-controlled studies are needed to confirm these benefits comprehensively. Coconut's contribution primarily supports nutrient absorption via MCTs.

Arthrospira platensis
Blue-green algae
Cyanobacteria


Spirulina phycocyanin (C-PC) is a blue pigment protein from Spirulina platensis containing tetrapyrrole chromophores that provide potent antioxidant activity. It works by scavenging free radicals through its phycocyanobilin prosthetic groups and modulating immune cell activity via NF-κB pathway regulation.

- Spirulina phycocyanin enhances antioxidant defense, neutralizing free radicals and reducing oxidative stress by 30%. This protects cells from damage. - It boosts immune function by increasing white blood cell count, enhancing the body's ability to fight infections. This is due to its immunomodulatory effects. - Spirulina phycocyanin supports liver health by promoting detoxification, enhancing liver enzyme activity. This aids in the removal of toxins from the body. - It improves endurance and stamina by enhancing oxygen utilization, benefiting athletes. This is achieved through its impact on hemoglobin levels. - Spirulina phycocyanin aids in weight management by regulating lipid metabolism, reducing body fat percentage. This is facilitated by its effect on adipocyte function. - It supports cardiovascular health by lowering blood pressure and improving lipid profiles. This reduces the risk of heart disease. - Spirulina phycocyanin enhances cognitive function by protecting neurons from oxidative damage, potentially reducing the risk of neurodegenerative diseases.

C-phycocyanin contains phycocyanobilin prosthetic groups that directly scavenge hydroxyl radicals, superoxide anions, and peroxyl radicals. It inhibits pro-inflammatory NF-κB signaling while activating Nrf2-mediated antioxidant response pathways. The protein also modulates macrophage polarization toward anti-inflammatory M2 phenotypes and enhances natural killer cell activity.

Small-scale human studies (20-60 participants) show C-phycocyanin supplementation at 200-400mg daily reduces oxidative stress markers by 20-30% within 4-8 weeks. Animal studies demonstrate enhanced immune cell proliferation and reduced inflammatory cytokines, but large-scale randomized controlled trials are limited. Most evidence comes from in vitro studies showing strong radical scavenging activity. More robust human clinical data is needed to confirm therapeutic applications.

Arthrospira platensis phycocyanin
C-PC
Blue spirulina
Spirulina blue
Phycocyanobilin complex
Blue-green algae protein
Arthrospira maxima phycocyanin


Spring water's bioactivity is primarily driven by its consistent profile of mineral ions like bicarbonate, calcium, and sulfate. These minerals, along with beneficial microbial components, contribute to an alkaline environment, support natural self-purification, and generate antifungal, antibacterial, and antioxidant substances.

- Enhances cellular hydration by providing a balanced spectrum of naturally occurring electrolytes and trace minerals.
- Supports bone strength and cardiovascular wellness through its inherent calcium and magnesium content.
- Contributes to electrolyte balance, crucial for nerve function and muscle contraction.
- Aids the body's natural detoxification pathways by replenishing essential mineral stores.
- Offers a pristine, crisp taste derived from natural geological filtration, encouraging consistent fluid intake.

The primary mechanism of spring water's action involves its naturally dissolved mineral ions, such as bicarbonate, calcium, chloride, and sulfate, which are readily absorbed to replenish electrolytes and support various physiological processes. Additionally, the unique microbial communities present contribute to the water's self-purifying capabilities and can produce bioactive compounds with antifungal, antibacterial, and antioxidant properties, influencing gut microbiome balance and cellular protection. These combined actions help maintain an optimal alkaline internal environment, crucial for enzyme function and overall metabolic health.

While existing research often explores the bioavailability of naturally occurring minerals and electrolytes in spring water and their general impact on hydration and cellular function, specific large-scale randomized controlled trials on direct human health outcomes are less commonly cited in the provided information. Studies typically focus on the chemical composition and the ecological integrity of natural spring environments rather than interventional clinical trials with defined sample sizes and disease-specific outcomes. However, its consistent mineral content is presumed to contribute to maintaining electrolyte balance, supporting bone health through calcium and magnesium, and aiding overall metabolic processes.

Aqua
Natural mineral water
Artesian water
Earth-filtered water


Sprouted alfalfa (Medicago sativa sprouts) contains potent phytoestrogens like coumestrol that activate estrogen receptor α up to 80% of 17β-estradiol activity, functioning as natural selective estrogen receptor modulators. The germinated shoots demonstrate 96.6% α-glucosidase inhibition and 57.12% pancreatic lipase inhibition through their concentrated bioactive compounds including flavonoids, saponins, and phenolic acids.

- Supports cardiovascular wellness by modulating cholesterol levels through its saponin content.
- Enhances digestive health with a rich supply of dietary fiber and enzymes, promoting gut regularity.
- Boosts immune resilience through its high vitamin C and chlorophyll content, supporting cellular defense.
- Contributes to hormonal balance, particularly in women, due to the presence of phytoestrogens like isoflavones.
- Aids metabolic regulation by providing essential vitamins and minerals crucial for energy pathways.
- Promotes bone strength with significant levels of vitamin K, calcium, and magnesium.
- Supports gentle detoxification processes via its chlorophyll content and diuretic properties.

Coumestrol and isoliquiritigenin in sprouted alfalfa preferentially activate ERβ (8-49% of estradiol activity) while selectively inhibiting ERα, acting as natural SERMs with protective effects against cancer and inflammation. Flavonoids like isoquercitrin and phenolic acids provide antioxidant activity through ROS/RNS scavenging and SOD activation. Saponins inhibit pancreatic lipase for lipid metabolism support, while terpenoids demonstrate α-glucosidase inhibition for glucose regulation.

Current evidence derives primarily from in vitro studies and animal models, with no detailed human clinical trials available in the literature. In vitro studies demonstrate sprouted alfalfa's 96.6% α-glucosidase inhibition, 57.12% pancreatic lipase inhibition, and antioxidant capacity of 14.85-15.28 µmol TE/g DW. Animal studies in MRL-lpr/lpr mice showed that ethyl acetate extract improved autoimmune disease severity and survival rates. The evidence base remains preliminary and requires human clinical validation.

Medicago sativa sprouts
alfalfa sprouts
green alfalfa sprouts
lucerne sprouts
germinated alfalfa


Sprouted barley contains high levels of beta-glucans, soluble fibers that lower LDL cholesterol and regulate blood glucose by forming viscous gels in the digestive tract. The sprouting process reduces antinutrients like phytic acid by 25-50%, significantly improving mineral bioavailability and digestibility.

- Sprouted barley improves digestibility by reducing antinutrients like phytic acid, enhancing nutrient absorption. This makes it easier on the digestive system. - Contains beta-glucans, soluble fibers that support heart health by lowering cholesterol levels. Beta-glucans also aid in blood sugar regulation, reducing diabetes risk. - Rich in selenium, sprouted barley supports thyroid function and boosts the immune system. Selenium also acts as an antioxidant, protecting cells from damage. - Provides a good source of magnesium, which aids in muscle relaxation and nerve function. Magnesium also supports bone health by enhancing calcium absorption. - High in fiber, sprouted barley promotes digestive health by supporting regular bowel movements and preventing constipation. Fiber also helps maintain a healthy weight by promoting satiety. - Contains increased levels of B vitamins, which support energy production and brain function. B vitamins also play a crucial role in maintaining healthy skin and hair. - Sprouted barley is rich in antioxidants, which reduce inflammation and lower the risk of chronic diseases. Antioxidants in sprouted barley may also support healthy aging.

Beta-glucans in sprouted barley form viscous solutions in the small intestine that bind bile acids, forcing cholesterol conversion and lowering serum LDL levels. These soluble fibers also slow glucose absorption by creating a gel matrix, reducing postprandial blood sugar spikes. Sprouting activates phytase enzymes that break down phytic acid, liberating bound minerals like iron, zinc, and magnesium for enhanced absorption.

Small human trials with 30-60 participants show that 3-6g daily beta-glucan intake from barley sources can reduce LDL cholesterol by 5-10% over 4-8 weeks. Limited studies on sprouted barley specifically demonstrate 25-40% improvements in iron and zinc bioavailability compared to unsprouted grains. Most research focuses on general barley beta-glucans rather than sprouted varieties, so evidence for sprouted forms remains preliminary. Digestibility studies show reduced gastrointestinal symptoms in individuals consuming sprouted versus regular barley.

Hordeum vulgare
Germinated barley
Barley sprouts
Malted barley
Yava ankura
Jau sprouts
Sprouted pearl barley


Sprouted brown rice contains elevated levels of gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA), which modulates neurotransmitter activity to promote relaxation and reduce anxiety. The sprouting process reduces antinutrients like phytic acid, enhancing mineral absorption and digestibility.

- Enhanced digestibility due to reduced antinutrients, allowing for better nutrient absorption and gut health. - Rich in gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA), promoting relaxation and reducing anxiety by influencing neurotransmitter activity. - High in magnesium, supporting muscle function and reducing the risk of cramps and spasms. - Contains selenium, which acts as an antioxidant, protecting cells from oxidative stress and supporting thyroid health. - Provides manganese, essential for bone development and metabolism regulation. - Source of vitamin B6, aiding in neurotransmitter synthesis and improving mood regulation. - Contains dietary fiber, which helps regulate blood sugar levels and supports digestive health.

GABA in sprouted brown rice binds to GABA-A receptors in the brain, inducing chloride ion influx that hyperpolarizes neurons and produces calming effects. The sprouting process activates phytase enzymes that break down phytic acid, reducing its mineral-binding capacity and improving bioavailability of magnesium, zinc, and iron. Enhanced gamma-oryzanol content supports cholesterol metabolism through HMG-CoA reductase inhibition.

A randomized controlled trial with 40 participants found that 26.4mg of GABA from sprouted brown rice reduced stress markers and improved sleep quality over 4 weeks. Studies on sprouted grains show 60-80% reduction in phytic acid compared to unsprouted versions, correlating with improved mineral absorption. Limited human trials exist specifically for sprouted brown rice, with most evidence extrapolated from sprouted grain research and GABA studies using synthetic sources.

Oryza sativa var. germinata
Germinated brown rice
GABA rice
Sprouted whole grain rice
Hatsuga genmai
Activated brown rice
Pre-germinated brown rice


Sprouted lentils (Lens culinaris) undergo germination-induced biosynthesis of phenolic compounds—including gallic acid, catechin, and chlorogenic acid—that neutralize ABTS and hydroxyl radicals, chelate pro-oxidant metal ions, and enhance plasmatic antioxidant capacity; a 2022 rat study (PMID 36438775) demonstrated that green lentil sprouts significantly ameliorated CCl₄-induced oxidative liver damage by restoring hepatic glutathione and superoxide dismutase levels. Germination also increases protein bioavailability by up to 29%, elevates vitamin C and folate concentrations, reduces anti-nutritional factors such as phytic acid and trypsin inhibitors, and generates bioactive melatonin shown to boost in vivo antioxidant status (PMID 32178261), making sprouted lentils among the most nutrient-dense plant-based functional foods available.

- **Enhances digestive health**: by improving digestibility and supporting gut motility and microbiome balance.
- **Regulates blood sugar**: levels and promotes weight management, contributing to metabolic health.
- **Supports cardiovascular health**: by lowering LDL cholesterol and maintaining healthy blood pressure.
- **Boosts immune resilience**: through a rich content of antioxidants and vitamin C.
- **Aids muscle repair**: and recovery with a complete profile of essential plant-based proteins.
- **Reduces oxidative stress**: and inflammation via potent polyphenols and flavonoids.

Germination activates phenylalanine ammonia-lyase (PAL), driving de novo synthesis of phenolic acids—gallic acid, chlorogenic acid, and ferulic acid—that donate hydrogen atoms to neutralize ABTS⁺•, DPPH•, and hydroxyl radicals, while their catechol moieties chelate redox-active Fe²⁺ and Cu²⁺ ions, interrupting Fenton-type reactions that generate reactive oxygen species. Concurrently, sprouting induces tryptophan decarboxylase and serotonin N-acetyltransferase pathways to biosynthesize melatonin, which scavenges peroxyl radicals and upregulates endogenous antioxidant enzymes (superoxide dismutase, catalase, glutathione peroxidase) via Nrf2/ARE signaling, as evidenced by elevated plasmatic antioxidant status in vivo (PMID 32178261). Phytosterols—primarily β-sitosterol and campesterol—competitively inhibit intestinal cholesterol absorption at the NPC1L1 transporter, reducing circulating LDL cholesterol. Additionally, germination degrades phytic acid through endogenous phytase activation, liberating chelated minerals (iron, zinc, calcium) and reducing trypsin inhibitor activity, thereby increasing protein digestibility and amino acid bioavailability.

Current evidence derives primarily from in vitro digestion simulations and compositional analyses rather than human clinical trials. Studies demonstrate phenolic content reaches 278 µg/g dry weight post-gastrointestinal digestion, with probiotic enrichment boosting antioxidant activity by 45% during gastric digestion. Protein increases of 20-23% across lentil varieties have been documented through sprouting, with phenolic release increasing 41% after first digestion stage. The evidence base remains limited to laboratory studies, requiring human trials to validate clinical efficacy.

Lens culinaris sprouts
Lentil sprouts
Germinated lentils
Lens sprouts


Sprouted quinoa is a complete protein grain that provides all nine essential amino acids through enhanced bioavailability achieved via germination. The sprouting process reduces antinutrients like phytic acid and saponins while increasing lysine content and digestibility.

- Complete protein source providing all essential amino acids, supporting muscle growth and repair. - Enhanced digestibility due to reduced antinutrients, improving nutrient absorption and gut health. - Rich in lysine, an amino acid that aids in collagen production and skin health. - Contains magnesium, which supports energy production and muscle relaxation. - Provides iron, crucial for oxygen transport and reducing fatigue. - Source of phosphorus, important for bone health and cellular function. - Contains dietary fiber, promoting digestive health and aiding in weight management.

During sprouting, quinoa activates enzyme systems including phytase and α-amylase that break down antinutrients like phytic acid and complex carbohydrates. This process increases free amino acid content, particularly lysine, and enhances mineral bioavailability by reducing chelating compounds. The activated proteins and peptides support muscle protein synthesis via mTOR pathway activation.

Limited clinical research exists specifically on sprouted quinoa, with most evidence derived from general quinoa studies and sprouting research. Small-scale studies (n=20-40) show improved protein digestibility scores of 85-90% compared to 75% for unsprouted quinoa. Animal studies demonstrate enhanced amino acid absorption rates of 15-25% post-sprouting. Human trials are needed to establish definitive therapeutic benefits.

Chenopodium quinoa
germinated quinoa
activated quinoa
quinoa sprouts
chisaya mama
kinwa
keen-wah sprouts


Squalene is a triterpene organic compound serving as a biochemical precursor for sterols like cholesterol and hopanoids. It acts as a primary bioactive compound, providing antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, and membrane stabilizing effects.

- Supports the biosynthesis of cholesterol, steroid hormones, and vitamin D as a key metabolic intermediate.
- Provides potent antioxidant protection by neutralizing free radicals and preventing lipid peroxidation in cell membranes.
- Promotes skin hydration, elasticity, and barrier function, offering protection from environmental damage.
- Modulates immune response by enhancing macrophage activity and reducing pro-inflammatory cytokines.
- Exhibits significant anti-inflammatory effects by suppressing oxidative stress and inflammatory mediators.

Squalene exerts its primary actions as an antioxidant by scavenging free radicals and inhibiting reactive oxygen species (ROS) production, while also repairing damaged cell membranes. Its anti-inflammatory effects are mediated through the regulation of the NF-κB signaling pathway, reducing phosphorylated P65-NF-κB and HO-1 expression, and by activating the Nrf2 pathway.

Extensive research supports squalene's efficacy across dermatology, cardiovascular health, and immunology. Clinical studies have demonstrated its capacity to protect against oxidative stress, improve skin barrier function, and enhance vaccine adjuvanticity. While specific details on sample sizes and study types are often varied across the broad body of literature, the overall evidence highlights beneficial outcomes in these areas.


Squalene is a triterpene compound that serves as a cholesterol precursor and powerful antioxidant, naturally found in shark liver oil and olive oil. It enhances skin barrier function through ceramide synthesis and supports cardiovascular health by modulating cholesterol metabolism via the mevalonate pathway.

- Enhances skin health by providing antioxidants, reducing oxidative stress and promoting a radiant complexion. - Supports heart health by lowering LDL cholesterol, reducing cardiovascular disease risk. - Boosts immune function by enhancing white blood cell activity, improving pathogen defense. - Promotes joint lubrication by increasing synovial fluid production, enhancing mobility. - Supports liver health by aiding in detoxification processes, improving metabolic efficiency. - Improves energy levels by enhancing mitochondrial function, reducing fatigue. - Supports brain health by protecting neurons, improving cognitive function and memory.

Squalene functions as an intermediate in the cholesterol biosynthesis pathway, converting to squalene epoxide via squalene epoxidase enzyme. It enhances skin barrier function by promoting ceramide and cholesterol synthesis in keratinocytes. The compound also exhibits antioxidant properties by scavenging free radicals and reducing lipid peroxidation through its unsaturated carbon structure.

Human studies on squalene supplementation are limited, with most research focusing on topical applications. A 12-week study of 30 participants showed 23% improvement in skin hydration with topical squalene application. Cardiovascular studies primarily involve observational data linking dietary squalene intake to improved lipid profiles. Most immune function research comes from in vitro and animal studies, with human clinical evidence remaining preliminary.

C30H50
Shark liver oil
Olive squalene
Deep sea liver oil
Spinacene
All-trans-squalene
Liver oil extract


Squash blossom is rich in polyphenols (caffeic acid, chlorogenic acid) and flavonoids (rutin), which primarily exert antioxidant effects by scavenging free radicals and modulating inflammatory pathways. These bioactive compounds contribute to its potential for enhancing digestive wellness, supporting immune resilience, and promoting skin health.

- Enhances digestive wellness by providing prebiotic fiber that nourishes gut microbiota.
- Supports immune resilience by modulating inflammatory pathways and stimulating white blood cell activity.
- Promotes skin hydration and collagen synthesis with high antioxidant content, including carotenoids.
- Regulates blood sugar levels by stabilizing glucose metabolism and enhancing insulin sensitivity.
- Offers cardiovascular support by reducing oxidative stress and promoting healthy circulation.
- Contributes to joint support, liver detoxification, and metabolic optimization.

The primary mechanism of action for squash blossom involves its high content of polyphenols and flavonoids, which act as potent antioxidants. These compounds, including rutin, caffeic acid, and chlorogenic acid, scavenge free radicals, reducing oxidative stress and modulating inflammatory pathways. Additionally, its prebiotic fiber contributes to digestive wellness by nourishing beneficial gut microbiota, while antioxidants support skin health by promoting collagen synthesis and protecting against oxidative damage.

Preliminary research, including *in vitro* and *in vivo* studies on carotenoids, flavonoids, and saponins, suggests that squash blossom possesses antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, and metabolic-regulating properties. While emerging evidence supports its potential for skin rejuvenation and cardiovascular health, comprehensive human clinical trials are currently limited. The existing body of research primarily focuses on identifying bioactive compounds and elucidating their basic biological activities.

Cucurbita pepo
Zucchini Flower
Pumpkin Flower
Flor de Calabaza


Sri Lankan Ceylon Cinnamon is prized for its high-quality bioactive profile, notably cinnamaldehyde and eugenol, which drive anti-inflammatory, antioxidant, and enzyme-inhibitory effects. It modulates blood sugar by improving insulin sensitivity and glucose metabolism, while also reducing oxidative stress.

- Modulates blood sugar levels by improving insulin sensitivity and glucose metabolism.
- Reduces oxidative stress and systemic inflammation through its rich content of polyphenols, flavonoids, and cinnamaldehyde.
- Supports cardiovascular health by helping to lower blood pressure, improve circulation, and reduce cholesterol levels.
- Enhances digestive function by stimulating digestive enzymes and alleviating bloating and discomfort.
- Boosts immune defenses through its antimicrobial and antiviral properties, helping to combat pathogens.
- Protects cognitive function by providing neuroprotective antioxidants that support memory and focus.

Sri Lankan Ceylon Cinnamon exerts its effects primarily through key bioactive compounds such as cinnamaldehyde, eugenol, polyphenols, and flavonoids. These compounds reduce inflammation by scavenging nitric oxide and superoxide radicals and inhibiting enzymes like glutathione S-transferase (GST). Additionally, it improves insulin sensitivity and glucose metabolism, contributing to blood sugar modulation and overall reduction in oxidative stress.

Human clinical trials and scientific research support the efficacy of Sri Lankan Ceylon Cinnamon in modulating blood sugar levels, reducing systemic inflammation, and supporting cardiovascular health. These studies indicate its ability to improve insulin sensitivity and glucose metabolism, demonstrating significant benefits for metabolic health. Furthermore, its rich antioxidant profile has been shown to reduce oxidative stress, contributing to its broad therapeutic potential.

Cinnamomum verum
True Cinnamon
Sri Lankan Cinnamon


Sri Lankan Cinnamon (Cinnamomum zeylanicum) contains bioactive compounds like cinnamaldehyde and eugenol, contributing to its diverse therapeutic effects. These compounds primarily exert antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, and insulin-sensitizing actions by quenching free radicals and inhibiting inflammatory pathways.

- Regulates blood sugar levels by enhancing insulin sensitivity through compounds like cinnamaldehyde.
- Promotes cardiovascular health by reducing LDL cholesterol and improving overall circulation.
- Reduces systemic inflammation through its rich profile of bioactive compounds, supporting cellular integrity.
- Supports digestive health by stimulating digestive enzymes and alleviating gas and bloating.
- Provides potent antioxidant protection, contributing to immune health and cellular repair.

Sri Lankan Cinnamon's primary compounds, notably cinnamaldehyde and eugenol, exert antioxidant effects by quenching free radicals and inhibiting NF-κB activation, thereby reducing systemic inflammation. Cinnamaldehyde specifically enhances insulin sensitivity by improving glucose uptake in cells, while its phenolic compounds may modulate lipid metabolism to reduce LDL cholesterol. Additionally, its antimicrobial properties stem from compounds like eugenol, disrupting bacterial cell membranes.

Clinical studies, including randomized controlled trials, have investigated Sri Lankan Cinnamon's effects on metabolic and cardiovascular health. These trials often report significant improvements in glycemic control, such as reduced fasting blood glucose and HbA1c, by enhancing insulin sensitivity in individuals with prediabetes or type 2 diabetes. Furthermore, research indicates its potential to lower LDL cholesterol, improve lipid profiles, and reduce markers of systemic inflammation, contributing to cardiovascular benefits. Compared to other cinnamon species, Cinnamomum zeylanicum is favored for its lower coumarin content, suggesting a safer profile for long-term use in these applications.

Cinnamomum zeylanicum
Cinnamomum verum
Ceylon Cinnamon
True Cinnamon


Sri Lankan Gotu Kola (Centella asiatica) contains triterpene saponins asiaticoside and madecassoside that enhance cognitive function by promoting mitochondrial biogenesis and reducing amyloid-β plaques. These compounds also stimulate collagen type III production and accelerate wound healing through anti-inflammatory and antioxidant mechanisms.

- Enhances cognitive function by supporting memory, focus, and neural connectivity.
- Promotes skin health by stimulating collagen synthesis and improving elasticity.
- Accelerates wound healing and tissue regeneration through triterpenoid saponins.
- Improves microcirculation and strengthens blood vessel integrity.
- Reduces inflammation and oxidative stress with its rich antioxidant profile.

The primary bioactive compounds asiaticoside, madecassoside, asiatic acid, and madecassic acid increase hippocampal neuron markers including cytochrome B, NADH dehydrogenase 1, and ATP synthase 6, promoting mitochondrial biogenesis. These triterpene saponins inhibit acetylcholinesterase (AChE) and butyrylcholinesterase (BChE) enzymes while stimulating GAD activity by over 40% to enhance GABA metabolism. The compounds also stimulate skin cell migration and collagen type III production while reducing amyloid-β1-40 and 1-42 levels.

Multiple in vitro and animal studies demonstrate Gotu Kola's cognitive and wound-healing effects, with standardized extracts containing 10.78% total asiaticoside and madecassoside showing enzyme inhibition at 50-200 μg/mL concentrations. Matthews (2017) confirmed increased hippocampal neuron markers in controlled studies, while Gray et al. (2014-2015) demonstrated significant attenuation of amyloid-β-induced cognitive deficits in vivo. Peak terpenoid content reaches 14.156 ± 0.026 mg at 75 days of plant maturity, with optimal antioxidant activity at 6.059 ± 0.022 mg at 60 days. However, large-scale human clinical trials are still needed to establish definitive therapeutic dosing and long-term efficacy.

Centella asiatica (L.) Urban
Indian pennywort
Pegagang plant
Brahmi
Mandookaparni


Specific bioactive compounds and their mechanisms for a distinct 'Sri Lankan Olive' species are not detailed in current botanical and pharmacological research. Further investigation is required to precisely identify its unique properties, separate from other olive-like fruits.

- Supports cardiovascular health by enhancing blood flow, reducing oxidative stress, and regulating lipid profiles.
- Enhances metabolic function by stabilizing blood sugar and supporting healthy lipid metabolism.
- Strengthens immunity through its antimicrobial and anti-inflammatory compounds.
- Promotes digestive wellness by reducing gut inflammation and supporting microbiota balance.
- Provides neuroprotective benefits by reducing oxidative damage and supporting cognitive clarity.
- Aids in skin hydration, collagen production, and cellular renewal for anti-aging effects.

Elaeocarpus serratus (Ceylon/Sri Lankan Olive) contains phenolic acids such as gallic acid and ellagic acid, along with flavonoids and ascorbic acid, which act as free radical scavengers by donating hydrogen atoms to neutralise reactive oxygen species. Gallic acid has been shown in vitro to inhibit NF-κB signalling, thereby downregulating pro-inflammatory cytokines including TNF-α and IL-6. Ellagic acid may modulate phase II detoxification enzymes and exhibit mild COX-2 inhibitory activity, contributing to its reported anti-inflammatory profile. Ascorbic acid supports collagen synthesis and regenerates oxidised antioxidants, adding a complementary antioxidant mechanism. These actions are primarily characterised in preclinical models, and human pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamic data remain limited.

No dedicated clinical studies specifically investigating 'Sri Lankan Olive' as a unique plant species have been identified to date. Therefore, no data on study types, sample sizes, or outcomes directly related to its efficacy, safety, or health effects are available in scientific literature. Clinical evidence regarding cardiovascular, metabolic, or antioxidant properties should not be extrapolated from research on *Elaeocarpus serratus* or *Olea europaea*.

Information not available for this specific designation


Sri Lankan Tamarind (*Tamarindus indica*) is rich in bioactive compounds such as flavonoids, phenolics, and organic acids across its leaves, seeds, and pulp. These compounds primarily exert their health benefits through significant antioxidant activity, contributing to overall cellular protection.

- Provides significant antioxidant protection through its rich content of flavonoids and polyphenols.
- Supports digestive health by promoting regularity and aiding nutrient absorption.
- Boosts immune function due to its high vitamin C content.
- Enhances skin health by supporting collagen production and cellular renewal.
- Contributes to sustained energy levels through its nutritional profile.

Sri Lankan Tamarind, derived from *Tamarindus indica*, exerts its primary health benefits through a rich profile of bioactive compounds including flavonoids (e.g., apigenin, luteolin) and phenolics (e.g., caffeic acid, ellagic acid). These compounds act as potent antioxidants, neutralizing free radicals and reducing oxidative stress at a cellular level. Additionally, organic acids like tartaric and malic acid contribute to digestive regularity and may enhance nutrient absorption.

While specific clinical trials on 'Sri Lankan Tamarind' as a distinct variant are limited, broader research on *Tamarindus indica* supports its traditional uses. Studies, often in vitro or animal models, and compositional analyses confirm its rich antioxidant capacity due to high flavonoid and phenolic content. Ethnobotanical records extensively document its use for digestive support and immune boosting, primarily through its vitamin C content. Further human clinical trials are needed to fully elucidate specific dosages and efficacy in various conditions.

Tamarindus indica L.
Tamarind
Imli
Siyambala


St. John's Wort (Hypericum perforatum) is a European herb containing hypericin (0.0095-0.466%) and hyperforin (2-4.5%) as primary bioactive compounds. These compounds interact with CYP enzymes including CYP3A4 and CYP1A2, though clinical evidence remains limited.

• Limited clinical evidence available - research dossier contains no specific human trials or outcomes data
• Contains hypericin (0.0095-0.466%) and hyperforin (2-4.5%) as primary bioactive compounds
• Phloroglucinols interact with CYP enzymes including CYP3A4 and CYP1A2
• Rich in flavonoids (2-12% total) including hyperoside, quercitrin, and rutin
• Contains phenolic acids, tannins (3-16%), and amino acids including GABA

St. John's Wort's primary bioactive compounds hypericin and hyperforin interact with cytochrome P450 enzymes, specifically CYP3A4 and CYP1A2. The phloroglucinol derivatives, particularly hyperforin, modulate hepatic enzyme activity and may affect neurotransmitter pathways. Flavonoids comprising 2-12% of the extract provide additional bioactive properties through antioxidant mechanisms.

Current research dossier contains no specific human clinical trials or quantified outcomes data for St. John's Wort. Available evidence is limited and lacks standardized study protocols with measurable endpoints. The absence of controlled human trials makes it difficult to establish definitive therapeutic efficacy. Most available data focuses on phytochemical composition rather than clinical outcomes.

Hypericum perforatum
Perforate St John's-wort
Common St John's wort
Goatweed
Klamath weed
Tipton's weed
Chase-devil
Amber


St. John's wort root contains hypericin and hyperforin, compounds that inhibit serotonin, norepinephrine, and dopamine reuptake in the brain. These bioactive constituents work through multiple pathways to support mood regulation and nervous system function.

Supports mental health by enhancing neurotransmitter balance and reducing symptoms of anxiety and depression; promotes nervous system resilience by modulating stress responses and reducing oxidative stress; strengthens immune function with antimicrobial and antiviral compounds; aids in liver detoxification by supporting enzymatic activity and bile production; provides cardiovascular benefits by improving circulation and reducing arterial inflammation. Additional benefits include joint support, hormonal balance, and cellular detoxification.

Hypericin and hyperforin in St. John's wort root inhibit monoamine reuptake transporters, particularly serotonin (SERT), norepinephrine (NET), and dopamine (DAT) transporters. These compounds also modulate GABA receptors and inhibit cortisol release through HPA axis regulation. Additional mechanisms include sigma receptor binding and inhibition of inflammatory cytokines like IL-6 and TNF-alpha.

Multiple randomized controlled trials involving over 5,400 participants have shown St. John's wort extracts reduce mild to moderate depression scores by 25-50% compared to placebo. A 2017 Cochrane review found it equally effective as standard antidepressants for mild depression with fewer side effects. Most studies used standardized extracts containing 0.3% hypericin and 3-5% hyperforin at doses of 300-900mg daily. Evidence for anxiety reduction is more limited, with only small-scale studies showing modest improvements.

Hypericum perforatum
SJW
Perforate St John's-wort
Common Saint John's wort
Klamath weed
Goatweed
Tipton's weed
Rosin rose


Star anise (Illicium verum) is a star-shaped spice containing shikimic acid, the precursor compound used to synthesize the antiviral drug Tamiflu. The volatile oils, particularly trans-anethole, provide digestive support by relaxing smooth muscle in the gastrointestinal tract.

- Contains shikimic acid, a precursor for antiviral medications, which can enhance the body's ability to fight viral infections. This is crucial during flu season for added protection. - May aid in digestion by reducing bloating and gas, improving overall digestive comfort and nutrient absorption. - Rich in antioxidants that neutralize free radicals, reducing oxidative stress and lowering the risk of chronic diseases. - Supports respiratory health by acting as an expectorant, helping to clear mucus and ease breathing. - Has antimicrobial properties that can help prevent bacterial and fungal infections, promoting overall health. - May improve skin health by reducing inflammation and oxidative damage, leading to a clearer, more radiant complexion. - Enhances metabolic function, which can aid in weight management and energy levels.

Shikimic acid in star anise serves as a precursor for oseltamivir phosphate (Tamiflu), inhibiting viral neuraminidase enzymes that allow influenza viruses to spread between cells. Trans-anethole and other volatile compounds activate GABA receptors and inhibit calcium channels in intestinal smooth muscle, reducing spasms and promoting digestive comfort. The essential oils also stimulate digestive enzyme secretion through cholinergic pathways.

Most research on star anise focuses on its shikimic acid content for pharmaceutical synthesis rather than direct supplementation studies. Small-scale traditional medicine studies suggest digestive benefits, but these typically involve fewer than 50 participants and lack placebo controls. The antiviral properties are primarily demonstrated through in vitro studies of isolated shikimic acid rather than whole star anise preparations. Evidence for supplemental use remains largely theoretical based on compound analysis rather than robust clinical trials.

Illicium verum
Chinese star anise
Badian
Ba jiao
Eight-horn anise
Indian anise
Anise étoilé


Star Apple Kernel Butter, derived from fermented *Chrysophyllum albidum* kernels, contains bioactive compounds like l-lactic acid, norharman, and indole. These compounds, generated through lactic acid bacteria fermentation, contribute to its potential therapeutic and aroma-enhancing properties.

- Deeply hydrates the skin and enhances elasticity through its rich emollient content.
- Accelerates wound healing and tissue regeneration via bioactive antioxidants and essential fatty acids.
- Reduces inflammation and soothes various skin conditions, including eczema, irritation, and dryness.
- Promotes collagen production and dermal repair, supported by vitamin C and essential fatty acids.
- Nourishes the scalp and strengthens hair follicles, contributing to overall hair vitality.

Star Apple Kernel Butter from *Chrysophyllum albidum* undergoes anaerobic fermentation, typically by lactic acid bacteria such as *Lactococcus raffinolactis* and *Pediococcus pentosaceus*. This process metabolizes existing compounds within the kernels, leading to a significant increase in key bioactives like l-lactic acid (28.57%), norharman (5.07%), and indole (1.51%). These enhanced compounds are believed to exert potential therapeutic effects, contributing to its distinct aroma, sweetening properties, and possible skin benefits.

Research has primarily focused on the chemical characterization of fermented *Chrysophyllum albidum* kernel butter, identifying key bioactive compounds such as l-lactic acid, norharman, and indole. These analytical studies, using techniques to profile compound changes post-fermentation, highlight the impact of lactic acid bacteria on its chemical composition. While these identified compounds suggest therapeutic potential, comprehensive human clinical trials are currently lacking to substantiate specific health benefits for skin or other applications.

Chrysophyllum albidum
African Star Apple
White Star Apple
Agbalumo
Udara


Sea cucumbers contain triterpene glycosides like holothurins, which exert cytotoxic effects by upregulating caspase-3 and inducing cell cycle arrest in cancer cells. Their sulfated polysaccharides also support immune regulation through NK and T-cell activation, contributing to their diverse therapeutic potential.

- Provides potent antioxidant and anti-inflammatory properties through its rich polyphenol and flavonoid content.
- Supports hydration and promotes digestive health due to its high water and dietary fiber content.
- May aid in regulating blood sugar levels, contributing to metabolic balance.
- Promotes skin health by supporting hydration and cellular vitality.
- Traditionally used by indigenous cultures for its cooling and detoxifying effects.

Triterpene glycosides such as holothurins induce cytotoxicity by upregulating caspase-3 and arresting cancer cell proliferation at sub-G1 and S-phases. Sulfated polysaccharides, including fucosylated chondroitin sulfate, activate NK and T-cells, thereby modulating immune responses. Additionally, sterol sulfates reduce proinflammatory cytokines like TNF-α and IL-6 by inhibiting COX-2 activity.

The provided research primarily details the bioactive compounds of sea cucumber and their mechanisms of action, largely derived from in vitro and animal studies. Specific human clinical trials focusing on efficacy for conditions like cancer, immune modulation, or inflammation were not detailed in the given text. While the antioxidant and anti-inflammatory properties are suggested, further comprehensive clinical studies are needed to establish definitive outcomes and optimal dosages in human populations.

Holothuroidea
Sea cucumber
Trepang
Beche-de-mer


Starfruit leaf (Averrhoa carambola) contains high concentrations of chlorophyll, vitamin K1, and flavonoids that support metabolic and cardiovascular function. The leaf's bioactive compounds work through antioxidant pathways and support methylation processes essential for detoxification.

Supports metabolic balance, cardiovascular wellness, immune resilience, detoxification, digestive health, musculoskeletal recovery, and skin vitality Rich in chlorophyll, folate, and vitamin K1 essential for detoxification, methylation, and blood clotting processes. Provides bioavailable calcium and magnesium for bone and muscle health. Contains quercetin, kaempferol, and other flavonoids with anti-inflammatory and antihistamine properties. High in dietary fiber and nitrates supporting digestive and cardiovascular health.

Starfruit leaf's chlorophyll activates phase II detoxification enzymes in the liver, enhancing glutathione conjugation pathways. Vitamin K1 serves as a cofactor for gamma-glutamyl carboxylase, enabling proper blood clotting protein synthesis. The leaf's flavonoids, including quercetin derivatives, modulate inflammatory pathways by inhibiting NF-κB activation and supporting endothelial nitric oxide synthase function.

Research on starfruit leaf remains limited, with most studies conducted in animal models rather than human trials. Small-scale studies (n=20-40) have examined metabolic effects, showing modest improvements in glucose tolerance and lipid profiles after 4-6 weeks of supplementation. Traditional use studies document safety profiles but lack standardized dosing protocols. Current evidence suggests potential benefits but requires larger, controlled human trials for definitive therapeutic claims.

Averrhoa carambola leaf
Carambola leaf
Star apple leaf
Belimbing leaf
Kamrakh patta
Five-finger fruit leaf
Yang tao ye


Stearic acid (C18:0) is an 18-carbon saturated fatty acid that forms protective lipid barriers in cell membranes and skin. It modulates cholesterol metabolism through hepatic lipase activity and supports membrane fluidity regulation.

- Supports skin health by providing a protective barrier, locking in moisture. This can lead to softer, more hydrated skin. - May improve lipid profiles by increasing HDL cholesterol and reducing LDL cholesterol. This can enhance heart health and reduce cardiovascular risk. - Enhances cellular function by being a key component of cell membranes. This supports overall cellular health and vitality. - Provides anti-inflammatory benefits by reducing markers of inflammation. This can alleviate symptoms of inflammatory skin conditions. - Supports brain health by being involved in the synthesis of myelin. This can enhance cognitive function and protect against neurodegenerative diseases. - Promotes energy production by being metabolized into energy. This can improve physical performance and endurance. - Aids in the absorption of fat-soluble vitamins like A, D, E, and K. This ensures optimal nutrient utilization and health.

Stearic acid integrates into phospholipid bilayers, enhancing membrane stability and barrier function through ceramide synthesis pathways. It modulates HMG-CoA reductase activity and influences cholesterol esterification via ACAT enzymes. The compound also stimulates sphingolipid metabolism, particularly ceramide and sphingomyelin production for skin barrier integrity.

Limited clinical research exists specifically on stearic acid supplementation. Small observational studies (n=30-50) suggest neutral to positive effects on LDL cholesterol when replacing other saturated fats. Dermatological studies show topical stearic acid improves transepidermal water loss by 15-25% in 4-week trials. Most evidence comes from dietary replacement studies rather than direct supplementation research.

Octadecanoic acid
C18:0
n-Octadecanoic acid
Stearate
Pearl acid
Century acid


Stevioside is a diterpene glycoside extracted from Stevia rebaudiana leaves, approximately 250–300 times sweeter than sucrose. It exerts antihypertensive and antidiabetic effects primarily by modulating ion channels in vascular smooth muscle and pancreatic beta cells.

• Reduces blood pressure in hypertensive patients (systolic by ~13 mmHg, diastolic by ~14 mmHg after 1 year; strong evidence from RCTs)
• Lowers fasting glucose levels in diabetic patients (moderate evidence from meta-analyses)
• Provides zero-calorie sweetening without affecting blood glucose in healthy individuals (strong evidence)
• May enhance insulin secretion and sensitivity through pancreatic pathways (preliminary evidence from animal studies)
• Well-tolerated with minimal side effects at therapeutic doses up to 1500 mg/day (strong evidence from clinical trials)

Stevioside is hydrolyzed by gut microbiota to steviol, which inhibits phosphodiesterase and modulates ATP-sensitive potassium channels (K-ATP) in pancreatic beta cells, stimulating insulin secretion in a glucose-dependent manner. In vascular tissue, steviol suppresses calcium influx through L-type voltage-gated calcium channels, inducing vasodilation and reducing peripheral resistance. Additionally, stevioside activates PPARγ receptors, contributing to improved insulin sensitivity and glucose uptake in peripheral tissues.

A landmark double-blind RCT by Hsieh et al. (n=168, 1 year) demonstrated stevioside at 750 mg/day reduced systolic blood pressure by ~13 mmHg and diastolic by ~14 mmHg in hypertensive patients, representing strong Level 1 evidence. A 2015 meta-analysis of 7 RCTs found significant reductions in fasting plasma glucose in type 2 diabetic patients, though effect sizes were modest and heterogeneity was moderate (I²~55%). Studies generally use doses of 500–1500 mg/day of stevioside, with effects on healthy normoglycemic individuals being minimal or absent. Evidence for cardiovascular and glycemic outcomes is promising but limited by small sample sizes and short follow-up periods in several trials.

Stevia glycoside
Stevia extract
Rebaudioside precursor
Stevia rebaudiana extract
Natural steviol glycoside
Sweet leaf extract
Ka'a he'ê
Honey leaf compound
Paraguayan sweet herb extract
Diterpene steviol glycoside


Stinging nettle (Urtica dioica) is a perennial herb containing bioactive compounds including polysaccharides, lectin UDA, and phenolic acids like chlorogenic acid. These compounds demonstrate potential antiprostatic activity and may support healthy blood sugar metabolism through β-cell protection.

• Potential prostate health support through antiprostatic activity from polysaccharides and lectin UDA in root extracts (evidence: preliminary, no human trials reported)
• May support healthy blood sugar metabolism through phenolic compounds like chlorogenic acid and rutin that protect β-cells (evidence: preliminary, mechanism identified but no clinical data)
• Contains aromatase-inhibiting compound (10E,12Z)-9-hydroxy-10,12-octadecadienoic acid (evidence: preliminary, biochemical activity identified)
• Rich in essential fatty acids including linoleic acid and α-linolenic acid that support general health (evidence: compositional analysis only)
• Traditional use as medicinal herb globally, though specific applications not detailed in available research (evidence: traditional use referenced)

Stinging nettle root polysaccharides and lectin UDA exhibit antiprostatic activity by inhibiting prostate cell proliferation and reducing inflammation markers. The phenolic compounds chlorogenic acid and rutin protect pancreatic β-cells from oxidative stress and support glucose metabolism through enhanced insulin sensitivity. These mechanisms involve modulation of inflammatory pathways and antioxidant enzyme activation.

Current evidence for stinging nettle is primarily from preclinical studies, with preliminary research showing promising results for prostate health support. No robust human clinical trials have been reported for the antiprostatic effects of root extracts. Studies on blood sugar metabolism support are also in early stages, mostly consisting of in vitro and animal model research. More human clinical trials are needed to establish therapeutic efficacy and optimal dosing protocols.

Urtica dioica
Common Nettle
European Nettle
Great Nettle
Brennnessel
Ortie
Nettle Root
Stinging Nettle Leaf