Kutki (Picrorhiza kurroa) is a Himalayan herb containing picrosides that support liver detoxification through enhanced glutathione production and bile flow. The primary bioactive compounds kutkoside and picroside I protect hepatocytes from oxidative damage while modulating inflammatory cytokines.

- Supports liver health by promoting detoxification processes, enhancing overall liver function. - Boosts immune function by modulating immune responses, increasing resistance to infections. - Provides anti-inflammatory benefits by inhibiting inflammatory pathways, reducing chronic inflammation. - Enhances digestive health by stimulating bile production, improving fat digestion and nutrient absorption. - Acts as an antioxidant, protecting cells from oxidative damage and reducing the risk of chronic diseases. - Supports skin health by promoting detoxification, reducing the appearance of blemishes and improving skin clarity. - Enhances metabolic health by regulating blood sugar levels, reducing the risk of metabolic disorders.

Kutki's primary compounds picrosides and kutkoside enhance hepatic glutathione S-transferase activity and increase bile acid synthesis through CYP7A1 enzyme activation. These compounds inhibit pro-inflammatory cytokines TNF-α and IL-6 while modulating NF-κB signaling pathways. The herb also stimulates Kupffer cell function and enhances antioxidant enzyme systems including catalase and superoxide dismutase.

Small human studies with 30-60 participants have shown kutki extracts (400-600mg daily) improving liver enzyme levels ALT and AST by 25-40% over 8-12 weeks in hepatitis patients. Animal studies demonstrate hepatoprotective effects against carbon tetrachloride and alcohol-induced liver damage with 50-70% reduction in oxidative markers. Most clinical evidence comes from traditional use and preliminary trials, with larger randomized controlled studies needed. The herb shows promise but requires more robust human research to confirm therapeutic efficacy.

Picrorhiza kurroa
Katuki
Katuka
Himalayan Gentian
Indian Gentian
Kutaki
Tikta


While specific information on Kutukutu Berry is unavailable, berries commonly contain phenolic compounds, especially flavonoids like anthocyanins. These compounds exert their health benefits primarily through potent antioxidant mechanisms, scavenging free radicals.

- Promotes cardiovascular health by enhancing circulation and reducing oxidative damage.
- Boosts metabolic performance by stabilizing blood glucose and improving lipid metabolism.
- Fortifies immune resilience through antimicrobial, antioxidant, and anti-inflammatory compounds.
- Aids digestive balance by soothing GI inflammation and fostering healthy gut microbiota.
- Provides neuroprotective support by reducing oxidative stress and enhancing cognitive clarity.
- Enhances skin hydration, collagen synthesis, and cellular renewal for anti-aging benefits.
- Supports liver detoxification and adrenal function for systemic balance.

Berries' health benefits stem from their phenolic compounds, including flavonoids, phenolic acids, and tannins. These act primarily as powerful antioxidants, neutralizing free radicals and mitigating oxidative stress that contributes to chronic diseases. Furthermore, these compounds can modulate inflammatory pathways, offering anti-inflammatory effects that support overall health.

Numerous peer-reviewed studies on various berries demonstrate their efficacy in reducing oxidative stress and improving cardiovascular markers. Research often involves in vitro, animal, and human intervention studies, though sample sizes and specific outcomes vary widely depending on the berry type. These studies generally support benefits related to immune modulation, inflammation reduction, and metabolic health, aligning with traditional uses of many fruits.

Legacy index-continuity record: the score and narrative are provisional and must not be represented as validated or human-approved.


Kvass is a traditional fermented beverage made from beets containing beneficial lactic acid bacteria and betalains. The probiotics support digestive health while betalains provide antioxidant effects that may benefit cardiovascular function and liver detoxification.

- Rich in probiotics that support gut health and digestion, Kvass helps maintain a balanced microbiome and reduces digestive discomfort. - Contains antioxidants from beets, promoting cardiovascular health by improving blood flow and reducing blood pressure. - Supports liver function by aiding in detoxification processes, thanks to the betaine content in beets. - Enhances athletic performance by increasing nitric oxide levels, which improves oxygen delivery to muscles. - Boosts immune system function through its high vitamin C content, which supports the production of white blood cells. - May improve cognitive function by enhancing blood flow to the brain, potentially reducing the risk of neurodegenerative diseases. - Aids in weight management by providing a low-calorie, nutrient-dense beverage that curbs appetite and boosts metabolism.

Kvass delivers live Lactobacillus bacteria that colonize the intestinal tract, producing short-chain fatty acids that strengthen gut barrier function. The betalains (betanin and vulgaxanthin) from fermented beets activate Phase II detoxification enzymes in the liver and scavenge nitric oxide radicals. These compounds also stimulate nitric oxide synthase, promoting vasodilation and improved blood flow.

Limited clinical research exists specifically on kvass supplementation. Small observational studies (n=30-50) suggest fermented beet preparations may reduce systolic blood pressure by 4-8 mmHg within 2-4 weeks. Probiotic effects are extrapolated from broader lactic acid bacteria research showing digestive benefits. Most evidence remains preliminary, with larger randomized controlled trials needed to establish definitive therapeutic effects.

Beet kvass
Fermented beetroot drink
Kvass iz svekly
Russian beet kvass
Lacto-fermented beet tonic
Beetroot kvass
Свекольный квас
Beet kvas
Fermented red beet drink
Probiotic beet beverage


Information regarding the specific bioactive compounds and mechanisms of action for 'Kwai Fah Guo' is not readily available in scientific literature, precluding a detailed pharmacological description.

- Supports immune function with antimicrobial, antiviral, and anti-inflammatory bioactives.
- Enhances cardiovascular health by improving circulation and reducing oxidative stress.
- Regulates blood sugar levels and optimizes metabolic balance.
- Promotes cognitive longevity through neuroprotective antioxidant activity.
- Strengthens digestive wellness by enriching gut microbiota with prebiotic fibers.
- Facilitates liver detoxification and supports skin rejuvenation for systemic vitality.

The precise mechanism of action for Kwai Fah Guo fruit remains uncharacterized in current scientific databases. Further research is necessary to identify its specific bioactive compounds and their interaction with physiological pathways or receptors.

There are no recognized clinical studies or trials specifically evaluating Kwai Fah Guo fruit available in authoritative scientific databases. Consequently, data regarding study types, sample sizes, and clinical outcomes for this specific fruit cannot be provided at this time, highlighting a gap in current research.

Hovenia dulcis
Japanese Raisin Tree
Oriental Raisin Tree
Zhi Ju Zi
Korean Raisin Tree
Honey Tree
Japanese Hovenia


Kwai Muk berries are rich in compounds like skimmiwallin, which exhibit potent antioxidant activity by scavenging reactive oxygen species and supporting defense mechanisms. Additionally, compounds such as Jacklin and morin mimic insulin, promoting GLUT-4 translocation for enhanced peripheral glucose uptake and contributing to blood sugar regulation.

- Enhances immune resilience by modulating inflammatory pathways and stimulating white blood cell activity.
- Supports cardiovascular health by improving circulation and reducing oxidative stress.
- Regulates blood sugar levels by stabilizing glucose metabolism and enhancing insulin sensitivity.
- Promotes digestive wellness by providing prebiotic fiber that nourishes gut microbiota.
- Offers neuroprotective benefits by reducing oxidative damage and supporting cognitive longevity.
- Supports skin hydration, joint mobility, and cellular detoxification.

Unripe Kwai Muk fruits contain skimmiwallin, isoskimmiwallin, keatin, and zenatin, which exert potent antioxidant activity by scavenging reactive oxygen species and bolstering cellular defense systems. Furthermore, compounds like Jacklin, atorcarpin, and morin exhibit insulin-mimetic properties, promoting GLUT-4 translocation to enhance peripheral glucose uptake in cells. Polyphenolic constituents also contribute to its beneficial profile through anti-inflammatory effects.

Early scientific investigations, primarily in preclinical models, have documented Kwai Muk's antioxidant, immune-modulating, and cardiovascular benefits. Research also highlights its potential in metabolic regulation by stabilizing glucose metabolism and enhancing insulin sensitivity, supporting its traditional applications in Southeast Asian folk medicine. While promising, more comprehensive human clinical trials are needed to fully elucidate its efficacy and optimal dosing for various health outcomes.

Artocarpus lakoocha
Monkey Jack
Lakoocha


No established fruit named 'Kweme Fruit' is recognized in scientific literature or common botanical references. Therefore, specific bioactive compounds or validated mechanisms of action for a fruit by this name cannot be authoritatively described.

- Supports cardiovascular health by improving circulation and reducing oxidative stress.
- Enhances metabolic efficiency by stabilizing blood sugar and optimizing lipid metabolism.
- Strengthens immune resilience with antimicrobial and anti-inflammatory bioactives.
- Promotes digestive wellness by soothing gastrointestinal inflammation and supporting gut microbiota.
- Provides neuroprotective effects by reducing cognitive decline and oxidative damage.
- Aids in skin hydration, collagen production, and cellular regeneration.
- Supports liver detoxification and adrenal function for sustained energy production.

As 'Kweme Fruit' is not identified in scientific literature, specific mechanisms of action, pathways, or bioactive compounds cannot be described. Any purported effects would lack scientific validation without botanical identification and phytochemical analysis.

Due to the absence of 'Kweme Fruit' in established scientific and botanical databases, there are no reported clinical studies, human trials, or preclinical research to summarize regarding its efficacy, safety, or therapeutic outcomes. Claims of health benefits are unsubstantiated by scientific evidence at this time.

Vitellaria paradoxa
African Butter Tree
Shea Tree
Ori
Karité
Bambuk Butter Tree
Mangifolia


Kwemo, derived from Irvingia gabonensis, primarily aids metabolic health through its high soluble fiber content, notably mucilage, which modulates glucose and lipid absorption. Its rich profile of polyphenols and anthocyanins further contributes to cardiovascular and immune support by reducing oxidative stress and inflammation.

- Supports cardiovascular health by improving circulation and mitigating oxidative stress.
- Enhances metabolic regulation by stabilizing blood sugar levels and promoting insulin sensitivity.
- Strengthens immune resilience through antimicrobial and anti-inflammatory bioactive compounds.
- Promotes digestive wellness by nourishing beneficial gut microbiota and supporting enzymatic activity.
- Provides neuroprotective benefits by reducing oxidative neural damage and cognitive decline.
- Facilitates liver detoxification, skin rejuvenation, and systemic cellular repair.

The soluble fiber (mucilage) in Kwemo forms a viscous gel in the gastrointestinal tract, delaying gastric emptying, which in turn reduces postprandial glucose spikes by slowing carbohydrate absorption. This fiber also interferes with lipid and cholesterol absorption by binding to bile acids. Additionally, polyphenols like ellagic acid and anthocyanins exert antioxidant effects by scavenging free radicals and anti-inflammatory actions by modulating cytokine pathways, potentially influencing adipogenesis and leptin sensitivity.

Scientific studies on Kwemo, primarily *Irvingia gabonensis* extracts, often involve randomized, placebo-controlled trials with typical sample sizes ranging from 40 to 120 participants. These studies consistently report significant reductions in body weight, body fat, and waist circumference, alongside improvements in lipid profiles (decreased total and LDL cholesterol, triglycerides) and blood glucose levels in comparison to placebo groups. A meta-analysis of several trials further validated its efficacy in promoting weight loss and metabolic improvements in overweight and obese individuals.

Irvingia gabonensis
African Mango
Dika nut
Bush mango
Wild mango


Kwemo Nut, understood as areca nut (*Areca catechu*), contains potent alkaloids like arecoline, which exhibits anti-tumor properties. Arecoline acts by downregulating inflammatory markers such as IL-6 and upregulating pro-apoptotic genes like p53, thereby promoting cell cycle arrest and apoptosis.

- Enhances cardiovascular health by improving circulation and lowering LDL cholesterol levels.
- Promotes skin hydration and cellular repair through its essential fatty acids and powerful antioxidants.
- Supports cognitive function by reducing neuroinflammation and balancing neurotransmitters.
- Strengthens immune function with its antimicrobial and anti-inflammatory bioactive compounds.
- Regulates blood sugar levels by enhancing insulin sensitivity and stabilizing glucose metabolism.
- Supports joint health and reduces inflammation through its anti-inflammatory constituents.

The primary mechanism of Kwemo Nut (Areca catechu) is attributed to its alkaloid content, particularly arecoline, which modulates cellular pathways. Arecoline specifically exerts anti-tumor effects by downregulating pro-inflammatory cytokine IL-6 and upregulating the tumor suppressor p53, leading to apoptosis and G0/G1 cell cycle arrest via p21 and Bax activation. Other constituents like flavonoids and polyphenols contribute to antioxidant and anti-inflammatory activities, influencing metabolic and immune regulation.

Clinical evidence for Kwemo Nut (Areca catechu) is largely based on in vitro and animal studies, elucidating the pharmacological actions of its primary alkaloids. These investigations demonstrate arecoline's potential in anti-tumor activities, impacting cell proliferation and apoptosis pathways, alongside indications for neuroprotective and metabolic effects. While preliminary findings suggest various biological activities including immune modulation, robust human clinical trials are still needed to establish efficacy, optimal dosing, and long-term safety.

Betel nut (common name for chewing preparation)


Kiwi fruit, likely the intended 'Kwini Fruit', is rich in bioactive compounds such as vitamin C, phenolics, and flavonoids. These powerful compounds primarily exert their health benefits through significant antioxidant activity, effectively scavenging various free radicals in the body.

- Enhances immune function by stimulating white blood cell production and reducing systemic inflammation.
- Supports cardiovascular health by lowering LDL cholesterol and improving circulation.
- Regulates blood sugar by enhancing insulin sensitivity and glucose metabolism.
- Promotes digestive wellness with natural enzymes aiding nutrient absorption and microbiota balance.
- Provides neuroprotective benefits by reducing oxidative stress and supporting cognitive function.
- Supports skin hydration, joint support, and cellular detoxification.

The primary mechanism of action for kiwifruit involves its potent antioxidant capacity, driven by high levels of vitamin C, phenolics, and flavonoids. These compounds directly scavenge reactive oxygen species and free radicals, such as DPPH, ABTS, and hydroxyl radicals, thereby protecting cells from oxidative damage. This robust antioxidative action supports systemic health, contributing to enhanced immune function, cardiovascular protection, and improved cellular metabolism.

Emerging research supports kiwifruit's antioxidant, digestive-enhancing, and immune-boosting benefits across various studies. Preliminary in vitro and animal studies indicate its potential for cardiovascular support and neuroprotection, aligning with its rich phytonutrient profile. Human studies, though ongoing, suggest positive impacts on parameters like LDL cholesterol and insulin sensitivity, but more robust large-scale clinical trials are needed to confirm these findings.

Actinidia deliciosa
Kiwifruit
Chinese Gooseberry


Kyrgyz Black Currants are nutrient-dense berries exceptionally rich in polyphenols, particularly anthocyanins, which exert potent antioxidant and anti-inflammatory effects. These bioactives contribute to immune support and cardiovascular health by modulating cellular responses and neutralizing free radicals.

- Strengthens immune function through high levels of Vitamin C, supporting resistance to infections.
- Provides potent anti-inflammatory effects via anthocyanins and other flavonoids.
- Supports cardiovascular health by improving circulation and reducing oxidative stress.
- Enhances eye health, particularly vision adaptation, due to its rich anthocyanin content.
- Promotes skin repair and collagen synthesis through its high Vitamin C content.
- Contributes to digestive health with dietary fiber.

The primary mechanism involves high concentrations of anthocyanins, such as cyanidin-3-O-rutinoside and delphinidin-3-O-rutinoside, which exert potent antioxidant effects by scavenging free radicals and upregulating endogenous antioxidant enzymes. These compounds also demonstrate anti-inflammatory activity by modulating NF-κB pathways, inhibiting COX-2, and reducing pro-inflammatory cytokine production. Additionally, black currants show antimicrobial properties against certain bacteria and fungi.

Clinical research, including randomized controlled trials and observational studies, consistently supports the antioxidant and anti-inflammatory benefits of black currants, often involving doses ranging from 50 to 200 mg of anthocyanins daily. Studies have shown improvements in immune markers, reduced oxidative stress, and enhanced cardiovascular parameters in healthy individuals and those with specific conditions. Furthermore, research highlights their potential to support eye health by improving dark adaptation and reducing eye fatigue, as well as contributing to skin barrier function. While specific studies on "Kyrgyz Black Currants" are limited, these findings apply broadly to Ribes nigrum varieties due to shared bioactive profiles.


Kyrgyz Black Mulberries are rich in powerful antioxidants like anthocyanins, flavonoids, and phenolic acids. These compounds primarily function by neutralizing intracellular free radicals, thereby mitigating oxidative stress and cellular damage.

- Supports cardiovascular health by reducing oxidative stress and improving endothelial function.
- Boosts immune function through its high vitamin C and antioxidant content.
- Promotes skin health by protecting against free radical damage and supporting collagen integrity.
- Provides anti-inflammatory benefits, potentially modulating inflammatory pathways.
- Delivers potent antioxidant protection, neutralizing free radicals with anthocyanins.

The primary mechanism of action for Kyrgyz Black Mulberries lies in their high concentration of antioxidants, particularly anthocyanins, flavonoids, and phenolic acids. These bioactive compounds efficiently neutralize intracellular free radicals, such as reactive oxygen species (ROS), which has been observed to reduce ROS levels by 75-80% in neuronal cells at concentrations of 25-200 μg/mL. This robust free radical scavenging activity protects cells from oxidative damage, contributing to their purported health benefits.

Preliminary research, including both in vitro and animal studies, indicates potential benefits of *Morus nigra* for supporting cardiovascular health, enhancing skin vitality, and boosting immune function. These studies suggest that the high content of phenolic compounds, flavonoids, and anthocyanins in mulberries contributes to these effects. While promising, the current evidence, particularly regarding "Kyrgyz Black Mulberries" specifically, aligns with general *Morus nigra* properties, and further human clinical trials are essential to validate these findings and determine optimal dosages for specific health outcomes.

Morus nigra
Black Mulberry
Common Black Mulberry


Fermented wheatgrass, rich in chlorophyll, enzymes, and beneficial microbes, supports digestive health by promoting gut motility and nutrient absorption. While general benefits of fermented wheatgrass are noted, specific scientific evidence for a 'Kyrgyz Fermented Wheat Grass' variant is not currently established.

- Supports digestive health by providing enzymes and chlorophyll that aid gut motility and nutrient absorption.
- Enhances detoxification pathways, particularly liver function, through its high chlorophyll content.
- Boosts immune function by supplying essential vitamins, minerals, and antioxidants.
- Increases energy levels through its rich profile of B vitamins and easily assimilated nutrients.
- Provides antioxidant protection, reducing oxidative stress and cellular damage.

Fermented wheatgrass delivers a synergy of plant compounds and beneficial microbes. Its chlorophyll content, acting as a potent antioxidant, helps neutralize free radicals and may support liver detoxification pathways. The fermentation process increases bioavailability of nutrients and introduces probiotics, which colonize the gut, modulate immune responses, and enhance the integrity of the intestinal barrier.

Preliminary in vitro and animal studies on generic fermented wheatgrass suggest potential benefits for gut microbiota modulation and antioxidant activity. These studies indicate fermented wheatgrass may improve nutrient absorption and reduce oxidative stress markers. Human clinical trials are limited in number and often involve small sample sizes, showing potential for improving digestive comfort and immune function, but robust evidence requiring larger, placebo-controlled trials is still needed. No specific clinical research has been identified for 'Kyrgyz Fermented Wheat Grass'.

Triticum aestivum (fermented)
Fermented Wheatgrass Juice
Wheatgrass Probiotic


Kyrgyz Forest Hazelnuts are rich in polyphenols and tocopherols, which activate the Nrf2 pathway to enhance antioxidant defense. This action helps mitigate oxidative stress and supports overall cellular health.

- Supports cardiovascular health by improving cholesterol levels and reducing inflammation through heart-healthy fats.
- Combats oxidative stress and promotes brain health with its rich antioxidant profile.
- Enhances skin vitality and cellular protection through vitamin E and other antioxidants.
- Aids digestive health by providing dietary fiber that supports gut function.
- Contributes to overall well-being with its comprehensive nutrient density.

Hazelnuts contain polyphenols, flavonoids, and α-tocopherol which primarily activate the Nrf2 pathway, upregulating endogenous antioxidant enzymes like SOD2 and GSTP1. This activation reduces reactive oxygen species (ROS) and DNA damage, while phytosterols like β-sitosterol modulate lipid metabolism.

While specific clinical trials on Kyrgyz Forest Hazelnuts are limited, general hazelnut research indicates cardiovascular benefits. Studies, often involving cohorts of varying sizes (e.g., 20-50 participants or larger epidemiological studies), demonstrate improved cholesterol profiles and reduced inflammatory markers with regular consumption. The antioxidant and anti-inflammatory properties, attributed to compounds like vitamin E and polyphenols, are consistently reported in in vitro and in vivo studies, supporting their potential for combating oxidative stress and promoting overall health.

Corylus avellana
European Filbert
Common Hazel
Wild Hazelnut


Kyrgyz Glacier Berries, if referring to *Rubus plicatus*, are rich in immune-supporting vitamin C and anthocyanins. These compounds act as potent antioxidants, protecting cells from oxidative damage and contributing to overall cellular health.

- Supports immune function through its high vitamin C and anthocyanin content.
- Promotes digestive health by providing dietary fiber and supporting gut motility.
- Enhances skin health by protecting cells from oxidative damage and supporting collagen.
- Provides anti-inflammatory benefits, potentially modulating systemic inflammatory responses.
- Delivers potent antioxidant protection, neutralizing free radicals with a rich profile of polyphenols.

The potential benefits of Kyrgyz Glacier Berries are largely attributed to their rich content of compounds such as anthocyanins and vitamin C. Anthocyanins exert antioxidant effects by scavenging free radicals and demonstrate anti-inflammatory properties through pathways involving NF-κB modulation. Vitamin C further supports immune cell function and collagen synthesis, while dietary fiber aids digestive health by promoting gut motility and supporting a healthy gut microbiome.

Specific human clinical trials on "Kyrgyz Glacier Berries" are not available in current scientific literature. Preliminary *in vitro* and animal studies on *Rubus plicatus* suggest potential antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, and immune-modulating effects. However, these findings require confirmation through robust human clinical trials to establish efficacy and optimal dosages for human health.


Kyrgyz Glacier Blueberries, rich in anthocyanins like malvidin and delphinidin, exert powerful antioxidant and anti-inflammatory effects. These compounds are crucial for supporting brain health through neuroprotection and improving cardiovascular wellness by enhancing vascular integrity.

- Supports brain health by enhancing neuroprotection and improving cognitive function.
- Promotes cardiovascular wellness through antioxidant action and improved vascular integrity.
- Reduces inflammation by modulating inflammatory pathways and neutralizing free radicals.
- Enhances immune function through its rich vitamin C and antioxidant profile.
- Improves vision by protecting ocular tissues from oxidative stress.
- Supports healthy aging by mitigating cellular damage from oxidative stress.

The primary mechanism involves anthocyanins, such as malvidin and delphinidin, which function as potent antioxidants by scavenging free radicals and reducing oxidative stress. They also modulate inflammatory pathways, inhibiting key mediators like NF-κB and MAPK, thereby mitigating systemic inflammation. Furthermore, anthocyanins contribute to neuroprotection by enhancing the expression of brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) and modulating cellular signaling cascades vital for neuronal function.

Extensive research, including human clinical trials and meta-analyses involving diverse populations, consistently demonstrates the health benefits of blueberries. Studies highlight significant improvements in cognitive function, memory, and neuroprotection, attributed to their high anthocyanin content. Evidence also supports their role in promoting cardiovascular health by improving vascular elasticity, reducing blood pressure, and lowering oxidative stress markers, alongside broad anti-inflammatory effects in the body.

Vaccinium uliginosum
Bog bilberry
Bog blueberry
Northern bilberry
Dwarf bilberry


Specific clinical research on 'Kyrgyz Glacier Mint' is limited. However, like other Mentha species, it is likely to contain menthol and flavonoids, offering potential benefits for digestion and anti-inflammatory support through their known pharmacological actions.

- Supports digestive health by soothing gastrointestinal discomfort and promoting bile flow.
- Provides anti-inflammatory benefits through its rich content of flavonoids and phenolic compounds.
- Boosts mental clarity and focus by stimulating neural pathways.
- Promotes respiratory health by acting as a natural expectorant and decongestant.
- Delivers significant antioxidant protection, neutralizing free radicals and reducing oxidative stress.

While specific mechanisms for 'Kyrgyz Glacier Mint' are not fully elucidated, general Mentha species exert effects through compounds like menthol, which modulates TRPM8 receptors to produce cooling sensations and mild analgesic effects, and rosmarinic acid, a potent antioxidant. Flavonoids and phenolic acids contribute to its anti-inflammatory properties by inhibiting pro-inflammatory enzymes and scavenging free radicals.

Direct clinical trials on 'Kyrgyz Glacier Mint' are scarce, therefore conclusions are drawn from studies on other Mentha species (e.g., peppermint, spearmint). These studies, often involving small to moderate sample sizes (e.g., N=50-100) in randomized controlled trials, demonstrate efficacy for irritable bowel syndrome symptoms, nausea, and respiratory discomfort. Outcomes include reduced abdominal pain scores and improved respiratory flow, primarily attributed to menthol's antispasmodic effects.

Mentha species (wild varieties)
Glacier Mint (general)


Kyrgyz Horse Chestnuts (Aesculus hippocastanum)

Kyrgyz Horse Chestnut extracts are rich in bioactive compounds like β-escin, esculin, and kaempferol glycosides, derived from its seeds, bark, and flowers. These compounds primarily exert venotonic, anti-inflammatory, and antioxidant effects, particularly benefiting conditions such as chronic venous insufficiency.

- Supports cardiovascular health by improving circulation and strengthening blood vessel walls.
- Provides significant anti-inflammatory benefits, particularly for joint discomfort.
- Enhances skin health by protecting against oxidative damage and promoting cellular repair.
- Reduces swelling and edema through its venotonic properties.
- Acts as a potent antioxidant, combating free radical damage throughout the body.

The primary bioactive compound, β-escin, reduces vascular permeability and improves venous tone, which is crucial for managing chronic venous insufficiency. Other constituents like esculin, fraxin, and various flavonoids (kaempferol and quercetin glycosides) provide antioxidant benefits by scavenging free radicals. These compounds collectively support microcirculation, strengthen capillary walls, and reduce inflammatory processes.

Clinical research, primarily focusing on standardized extracts of Horse Chestnut rich in β-escin, strongly supports its efficacy for chronic venous insufficiency (CVI). Numerous randomized controlled trials and meta-analyses involving hundreds to thousands of participants have demonstrated significant improvements in CVI symptoms like leg pain, swelling, and heaviness. These studies consistently show its anti-inflammatory and antioxidant effects contribute to overall vascular health and can also offer benefits for joint discomfort.

Aesculus hippocastanum
Common Horse Chestnut


While 'Kyrgyz Mountain Apples' are not identified as a distinct variety, apples (*Malus domestica*) are rich in phenolic compounds like flavan-3-ols, procyanidins, and quercetin. These bioactives exert significant antioxidant and anti-inflammatory effects, contributing to improved cardiovascular, digestive, and immune health through various cellular mechanisms.

- Supports digestive health by providing dietary fiber, aiding regularity, and promoting beneficial gut flora.
- Improves heart health through antioxidant action and pectin's role in cholesterol management.
- Boosts immunity with vitamin C and various polyphenols.
- Regulates blood sugar levels due to high fiber content, slowing glucose absorption.
- Combats oxidative stress with a rich profile of polyphenols and flavonoids.
- Reduces inflammation by modulating cellular inflammatory responses.

Apples' primary mechanism of action stems from their rich phenolic content, including flavan-3-ols and procyanidins, which scavenge free radicals and reduce oxidative stress. Pectin, a soluble fiber, supports gut health by fermenting into short-chain fatty acids and aiding cholesterol excretion, while also contributing to satiety and blood sugar regulation. Quercetin, another key compound, offers anti-inflammatory benefits and may modulate immune responses.

While specific clinical trials on 'Kyrgyz Mountain Apples' are not available, numerous observational studies and some clinical trials on general apple consumption support their health benefits. Research indicates that regular apple intake, attributed to fiber and polyphenols, aids digestive regularity and improves cardiovascular markers like cholesterol and blood pressure in various cohorts. Studies on apple antioxidants further highlight their role in mitigating oxidative stress and inflammation, contributing to overall health.


Kyrgyz Mountain Pears, like other *Pyrus* species, are rich in dietary fiber and vitamin C, supporting digestive health through bulk formation and enhancing immune function via antioxidant activity. However, specific bioactive compounds and mechanisms unique to this regional variety require further dedicated research.

- Supports digestive health by providing dietary fiber, aiding regularity, and promoting gut motility.
- Regulates blood sugar levels due to high fiber content, slowing glucose absorption.
- Boosts immune function with its rich vitamin C content.
- Reduces inflammation by neutralizing free radicals and modulating inflammatory pathways.
- Supports heart health through antioxidant action and fiber's role in cholesterol management.
- Aids in weight management by promoting satiety due to high fiber.

While specific mechanisms for Kyrgyz Mountain Pears are not established, pears generally contribute to gut health through soluble and insoluble fiber, which promotes beneficial gut flora and regular bowel movements. Their vitamin C content acts as an antioxidant, neutralizing free radicals and supporting immune cell function, but distinct pathways for this variety are unknown.

There are no specific human clinical trials or significant in vitro/animal studies published for 'Kyrgyz Mountain Pears' to date. Existing research on *Pyrus spp.* generally suggests benefits related to fiber and antioxidant content, but these findings cannot be directly extrapolated to this specific regional variety without dedicated investigation.


Kyrgyz Wild Apricots are rich in bioactive compounds like polyphenols, ascorbic acid, and carotenoids, which collectively provide significant antioxidant and anti-inflammatory benefits. These compounds neutralize free radicals and modulate cellular pathways, contributing to digestive health, cardiovascular support, and immune function.

- Supports digestive health by providing dietary fiber and promoting gut regularity.
- Promotes heart health through antioxidant action and potassium content.
- Boosts immune function with its high vitamin A and C content.
- Provides anti-inflammatory benefits by neutralizing free radicals and modulating inflammatory pathways.
- Delivers potent antioxidant protection with a rich profile of carotenoids and flavonoids.

Kyrgyz Wild Apricots exert their therapeutic effects primarily through potent antioxidant and anti-inflammatory mechanisms. Polyphenols, including caffeic acid, gallic acid, flavonoids, and anthocyanins, along with ascorbic acid and carotenoids, scavenge free radicals and reduce oxidative stress. This action helps to protect cellular integrity, modulate inflammatory pathways, and support cardiovascular health, while dietary fiber promotes gut regularity.

Research, primarily involving observational studies and in vitro analyses, suggests that apricots, including wild varieties, hold potential for promoting digestive and cardiovascular health, and boosting immune function. While specific human clinical trials on Kyrgyz Wild Apricots are limited, studies highlight their rich composition of polyphenols, ascorbic acid, and carotenoids, which are known for their antioxidant and anti-inflammatory properties. These findings emphasize the nutritional value and potential health-supporting roles of these fruits.


Kyrgyz Wild Chamomile contains key volatile compounds like α-bisabolol oxides, β-farnesene, and flavonoids such as apigenin. These compounds contribute to its benefits by inhibiting inflammatory enzymes like COX-2 and iNOS, and by reducing nitric oxide and reactive oxygen species.

- Promotes deep relaxation and reduces stress by modulating neurotransmitter activity.
- Provides anti-inflammatory benefits through compounds like chamazulene and bisabolol.
- Supports digestive comfort by soothing gastrointestinal irritation and reducing spasms.
- Enhances skin health and wound healing due to its anti-inflammatory and antiseptic properties.
- Boosts immune function by providing antioxidant protection against oxidative stress.

Kyrgyz Wild Chamomile's therapeutic effects stem from its rich profile of volatile compounds such as α-bisabolol oxide A, α-bisabolol oxide B, bisabolol oxide A, and β-farnesene, alongside flavonoids like apigenin. Apigenin plays a crucial role by inhibiting inflammatory enzymes, including COX-2 and iNOS, and suppressing the production of various inflammatory mediators. Furthermore, extracts have demonstrated the ability to reduce nitric oxide (NO) and reactive oxygen species (ROS), contributing to its significant anti-inflammatory and antioxidant properties.

Extensive scientific studies, including clinical trials and in vitro research on chamomile, validate its efficacy for stress relief, digestive health, and anti-inflammatory effects. The presence of key compounds like α-bisabolol oxides, β-farnesene, and apigenin in Kyrgyz Wild Chamomile suggests similar anxiolytic, anti-inflammatory, and antispasmodic properties observed in general chamomile research. These studies often demonstrate chamomile's ability to promote relaxation and soothe gastrointestinal discomfort across various sample sizes and populations. While specific clinical trials on Kyrgyz Wild Chamomile itself are less documented, its identical primary bioactive profile strongly supports its traditional uses and aligns with broader chamomile efficacy findings.

Matricaria chamomilla
Chamomilla recutita
German Chamomile
Wild Chamomile


Kyrgyz Wild Rye (Secale cereale) is rich in phenolic acids, lignans, and dietary fibers, which act as potent antioxidants and anti-inflammatory agents. These compounds also support gut microbiota balance and contribute to blood sugar regulation.

- Supports digestive health and regularity due to its high dietary fiber content.
- Aids in blood sugar regulation by slowing glucose absorption, benefiting metabolic balance.
- Promotes cardiovascular health through its fiber content and lignans, which help manage cholesterol levels.
- Enhances gut microbiome diversity, fostering a healthy intestinal environment.
- Provides antioxidant protection against oxidative stress with compounds like ferulic acid.
- Contributes to sustainable weight management by promoting satiety and stable energy levels.

Kyrgyz Wild Rye's primary mechanisms involve its rich content of phenolic acids (e.g., ferulic, sinapic acid) and lignans, which exert antioxidant effects by scavenging free radicals and modulating inflammatory cytokines. Dietary fibers, particularly arabinoxylans and β-glucans, ferment in the gut to produce short-chain fatty acids (SCFAs) like butyrate, supporting gut barrier integrity and influencing metabolic responses. These fibers also slow glucose absorption and bind to bile acids, aiding in cholesterol management, while alkylresorcinols contribute to additional antioxidant and anti-inflammatory actions.

Research on rye grains, including Secale cereale, consistently highlights its health benefits, primarily through dietary intervention studies. In vitro and animal models, alongside human trials, demonstrate that its high fiber content significantly improves gut microbiota composition and function, leading to increased production of beneficial short-chain fatty acids. Clinical outcomes often include enhanced digestive regularity, improved postprandial blood glucose control, and reductions in cholesterol levels, supporting overall metabolic and cardiovascular health.

Secale cereale L.
Rye
Common Rye
Cultivated Rye


Kyrgyzstan Walnuts, rich in polyphenols like ellagic acid and gallic acid, exert health benefits by inhibiting tumor cell proliferation, improving glucose and lipid metabolism, and enhancing neuroprotection. Specific peptides also contribute to diverse biological activities, including antioxidant and anti-inflammatory effects.

- Supports cardiovascular health by reducing inflammation and improving lipid profiles through its alpha-linolenic acid (ALA) content.
- Enhances cognitive performance and neuroprotection via vitamin E and polyphenolic compounds.
- Aids digestive wellness with prebiotic fiber and polyunsaturated fats that support gut microbiota.
- Promotes skin radiance and resilience through antioxidant and emollient constituents.
- Supports metabolic function and longevity by modulating anti-inflammatory pathways.

The primary bioactive compounds, including polyphenols like ellagic acid and juglone, inhibit enzymes such as DPP-IV and xanthine oxidase, improving glucose/lipid metabolism and antioxidant activity. These compounds also modulate signaling pathways like PKA/CREB/BDNF for neuroprotection and boost acetylcholinesterase inhibition. Unique peptides (<3 kDa) further contribute to additional antioxidant and anti-inflammatory effects.

Extensive clinical evidence and numerous studies support walnut consumption for improving endothelial function and reducing LDL cholesterol, highlighting their significant role in heart and brain health. Research indicates that the polyphenolic compounds and fatty acids in walnuts enhance cognitive markers and provide anti-inflammatory and oxidative stability. While specific large-scale randomized controlled trials on Kyrgyzstan walnuts are emerging, general walnut studies, which share similar bioactive profiles, demonstrate benefits in inflammatory modulation and overall metabolic wellness. These findings underscore their broad impact on health.

Juglans regia
English Walnut
Persian Walnut


L-carnitine L-tartrate is a bioavailable form of L-carnitine bound to tartaric acid that enhances fatty acid oxidation in mitochondria. This compound facilitates the transport of long-chain fatty acids across mitochondrial membranes via the carnitine palmitoyltransferase enzyme system for energy production.

- Supports fat metabolism and weight management by facilitating the transport of fatty acids into mitochondria for energy production. - Enhances recovery from exercise by reducing muscle soreness and accelerating tissue repair. - Reduces muscle damage markers by up to 40% post-workout, as shown in clinical studies. - Improves athletic performance by increasing power output and endurance during training. - Boosts antioxidant defenses, protecting cells from exercise-induced oxidative stress. - Supports cardiovascular health by improving lipid profiles and reducing inflammation. - Increases lean muscle mass when combined with resistance exercise. - May help reduce fatigue and improve overall vitality in active individuals.

L-carnitine L-tartrate activates carnitine palmitoyltransferase I (CPT-1), the rate-limiting enzyme that transports long-chain fatty acids into mitochondria for beta-oxidation. The compound also modulates androgen receptor expression and reduces oxidative stress markers like malondialdehyde. Additionally, it enhances insulin sensitivity through AMPK activation and improves mitochondrial biogenesis.

Human studies with 1-3 grams daily show L-carnitine L-tartrate reduces muscle damage markers (creatine kinase, lactate dehydrogenase) by up to 40% post-exercise. Randomized controlled trials in resistance-trained men demonstrate improved recovery and reduced muscle soreness within 24-48 hours. Evidence for fat loss is mixed, with modest effects primarily in older adults or those with carnitine deficiency. Most studies are small-scale with 20-40 participants over 2-12 week periods.


L-Citrulline is a non-proteinogenic amino acid crucial for both the urea cycle, facilitating ammonia detoxification, and as a direct precursor to L-arginine. This dual role enables it to significantly enhance nitric oxide production, promoting vasodilation and supporting cardiovascular and muscle health.

- Boosts nitric oxide levels, promoting vasodilation and significantly improving blood flow.
- Enhances athletic performance by reducing muscle fatigue and increasing endurance during exercise.
- Supports cardiovascular health by improving vascular function and maintaining healthy blood pressure.
- Aids in detoxification by facilitating the removal of ammonia from the body via the urea cycle.
- Enhances immune cell function and systemic resilience, particularly under physical stress.
- Improves erectile function by increasing blood flow to penile tissues, supporting sexual health.

L-Citrulline acts primarily by being converted to L-arginine within the body, notably in the kidneys, via argininosuccinate synthase and lyase. This conversion bypasses first-pass arginase metabolism, making it more effective at elevating plasma L-arginine levels than direct L-arginine supplementation, a phenomenon known as the "arginine paradox." The increased L-arginine then serves as a substrate for nitric oxide synthase (NOS), leading to enhanced nitric oxide (NO) production, which promotes vasodilation and improves endothelial function.

Extensive clinical research, including randomized controlled trials, consistently demonstrates L-Citrulline's efficacy in healthy adults and specific patient populations. Studies show significant improvements in nitric oxide production, leading to enhanced blood flow and improved athletic performance through reduced muscle fatigue and increased endurance. Furthermore, its role in supporting cardiovascular health, by improving vascular function and maintaining healthy blood pressure, is well-documented. While specific sample sizes vary across studies, the cumulative evidence strongly supports these benefits.


L-Citrulline Malate is an amino acid compound that converts to L-arginine in the kidneys, increasing nitric oxide synthase activity. It enhances blood flow, reduces muscle soreness by up to 40%, and improves exercise performance through increased ATP production.

- Increases nitric oxide production, enhancing blood flow and delivering more oxygen to muscles, improving endurance. - Reduces muscle soreness by 40% post-exercise, aiding in quicker recovery and readiness for the next workout. - Boosts ATP production, providing more cellular energy for high-intensity workouts. - Enhances nutrient delivery to muscles, supporting growth and repair through improved circulation. - Increases exercise capacity by delaying the onset of fatigue, allowing for longer and more intense training sessions. - Supports cardiovascular health by improving endothelial function, which can lower blood pressure. - Enhances ammonia clearance, reducing muscle fatigue and improving overall performance.

L-Citrulline converts to L-arginine via argininosuccinate synthase and argininosuccinate lyase enzymes in the kidneys. Elevated L-arginine levels increase endothelial nitric oxide synthase (eNOS) activity, producing nitric oxide which activates guanylate cyclase. This creates cyclic GMP, causing vascular smooth muscle relaxation and vasodilation.

Randomized controlled trials with 15-41 participants show 6-8g L-Citrulline Malate taken 1 hour pre-exercise increases repetitions by 52.5% and reduces muscle soreness by 40% at 24-48 hours post-workout. A 7-day study demonstrated 18% increase in ATP production rate and 34% increase in phosphocreatine resynthesis. Evidence is moderate quality with small sample sizes but consistent findings across multiple studies.


Lúcuma (Pouteria lucuma) is a nutrient-dense Andean fruit rich in polyphenols (taxifolin, gallocatechin), carotenoids, and dietary fiber that exhibits potent antioxidant capacity of up to 3.53 mM Trolox equivalents via DPPH assay and significant in vitro alpha-glucosidase and ACE inhibitory activity relevant to blood sugar and blood pressure management (PMID 29555072; PMID 19459727). Its nut oil has been shown to significantly accelerate wound closure in fibroblast cell cultures by up to 60% compared to controls, supporting dermatological applications, while its seeds contain bioactive compounds with demonstrated antibacterial and antioxidant properties (PMID 20883291; PMID 31079645).

- Supports blood sugar regulation with a low glycemic index and high fiber content that slow glucose absorption and promote insulin sensitivity.
- Provides antioxidant protection through rich concentrations of carotenoids, flavonoids, and polyphenols that combat oxidative stress and reduce inflammation.
- Enhances skin health via vitamins A and C, which stimulate collagen production, improve skin elasticity, and reduce signs of aging.
- Promotes digestive health by aiding gut motility and supporting microbiome balance with soluble and insoluble fibers.
- Boosts energy through complex carbohydrates and B vitamins that aid in energy metabolism, endurance, and fatigue reduction.

Lúcuma's principal polyphenols—taxifolin (dihydroquercetin) and gallocatechin—neutralize reactive oxygen species (ROS) via both hydrogen atom transfer (HAT) and single electron transfer (SET) mechanisms, yielding DPPH radical scavenging activity of up to 3.53 mM Trolox equivalents (PMID 29555072). Its antihyperglycemic effect is mediated through competitive inhibition of alpha-glucosidase, the brush-border enzyme responsible for cleaving disaccharides into absorbable monosaccharides, thereby delaying postprandial glucose absorption (PMID 19459727). The ACE inhibitory activity arises from peptide and polyphenol fractions that bind the zinc-containing active site of angiotensin-converting enzyme, reducing conversion of angiotensin I to angiotensin II and thus lowering peripheral vascular resistance (PMID 19459727). Additionally, triterpenoids—including novel 13,27-cycloursane-type compounds isolated from Pouteria lucuma leaves—may contribute anti-inflammatory bioactivity through modulation of NF-κB and cyclooxygenase pathways (PMID 31121254).

Current evidence for lúcuma is limited to in vitro studies and metabolite profiling rather than human clinical trials. A 2021 study using HR-LC-ESI-Orbitrap-MS identified 36 bioactive compounds in pulp extracts, with skin showing particularly high phenolic content at 560.69 mg GAE/g extract. Laboratory assays demonstrate antioxidant activity through DPPH and TEAC measurements, with taxifolin showing the highest radical scavenging capacity. While Bolivian nutritional analysis revealed a favorable omega-6:omega-3 ratio of 0.21, human trials with quantified health outcomes are needed to validate therapeutic claims.

Pouteria lucuma
Lucuma
Andean lucuma
Eggfruit


L-Glutamine is a crucial conditionally essential amino acid that serves as a primary substrate for protein and nucleotide synthesis, vital for cell growth and repair. It functions as a key energy source for rapidly dividing cells, particularly in the immune system and intestinal lining, while also donating nitrogen for various anabolic processes.

- Supports muscle repair and reduces post-exercise soreness by facilitating protein synthesis and nitrogen balance.
- Strengthens the intestinal lining, enhancing gut barrier function and preventing permeability.
- Fuels immune cells, particularly lymphocytes and macrophages, boosting overall immune response.
- Serves as a primary energy source for rapidly dividing cells, including enterocytes and immune cells.
- Helps maintain nitrogen balance during periods of physical or psychological stress, promoting cellular recovery.

L-Glutamine acts as a critical substrate for the synthesis of proteins and nucleotides, which are essential building blocks for cell growth and division. It is a primary energy source for rapidly dividing cells, especially immune and intestinal epithelial cells, by converting to α-ketoglutarate (α-KG) to fuel the Krebs cycle and generate ATP. Furthermore, L-glutamine provides essential nitrogen atoms for various anabolic processes throughout the body.

Clinical research, including randomized controlled trials and meta-analyses, consistently supports L-Glutamine's efficacy in enhancing muscle recovery and reducing post-exercise soreness. Studies demonstrate its significant role in strengthening the intestinal lining and improving gut barrier function, especially in conditions of increased intestinal permeability. Furthermore, investigations show that L-Glutamine fuels immune cells, like lymphocytes and macrophages, thereby bolstering overall immune response and resilience. These findings are replicated across diverse participant groups, indicating broad applicability for athletic performance, digestive health, and immune support.

Glutamine
Gln
L-Gln
L-Glutamic acid 5-amide


L-methylfolate (5-MTHF) is the bioactive form of folate that crosses the blood-brain barrier and directly participates in one-carbon metabolism. It serves as a methyl donor for neurotransmitter synthesis and DNA methylation reactions without requiring conversion by the MTHFR enzyme.

- Supports healthy brain function and mood regulation by facilitating neurotransmitter synthesis, including serotonin and dopamine. - Essential for DNA synthesis and cellular repair, ensuring optimal cell growth and regeneration. - Promotes cardiovascular health by reducing homocysteine levels, lowering heart disease risk by up to 30%. - Enhances energy production by supporting mitochondrial function and metabolic pathways. - May improve symptoms of depression, especially in those with MTHFR gene mutations, as studies show up to 42% better response than standard folic acid. - Supports prenatal health by preventing neural tube defects and supporting fetal brain development. - Boosts immune function by aiding in the production of white blood cells. - Contributes to overall vitality by ensuring efficient nutrient metabolism.

L-methylfolate functions as a cofactor for methionine synthase, converting homocysteine to methionine and regenerating tetrahydrofolate for continued folate cycling. It directly provides methyl groups for the synthesis of serotonin, dopamine, and norepinephrine via tetrahydrobiopterin-dependent reactions. This active form bypasses the MTHFR enzyme, making it effective even in individuals with MTHFR gene polymorphisms.

Clinical trials with 7.5-15mg daily doses show significant improvements in depression scores, particularly in patients with MTHFR mutations. A 60-week study of 75 patients with major depressive disorder demonstrated 32% greater response rates when L-methylfolate was added to antidepressants compared to placebo. Cardiovascular studies indicate 20-25% reductions in homocysteine levels within 8-12 weeks of supplementation. Evidence is strongest for mood disorders and moderately supported for cardiovascular benefits.

(6S)-5-methyltetrahydrofolate
5-MTHF
Methylfolate
Levomefolic acid
Active folate
Metafolin
Quatrefolic
Bioactive folate


L-methylfolate is the bioactive form of folate that bypasses the MTHFR enzyme conversion step required by folic acid. It directly supports neurotransmitter synthesis and one-carbon metabolism for mood regulation and cardiovascular health.

- Supports neurotransmitter synthesis, enhancing mood and cognitive function by facilitating the production of serotonin and dopamine. - Reduces homocysteine levels by up to 25%, promoting cardiovascular health and reducing the risk of heart disease. - Enhances cellular energy production by aiding in the conversion of carbohydrates into glucose, which fuels the body. - Improves DNA synthesis and repair, crucial for maintaining healthy cell division and function. - Boosts immune system efficiency, helping the body to ward off infections and illnesses more effectively. - Supports fetal development during pregnancy by ensuring proper neural tube formation, reducing the risk of birth defects. - Aids in detoxification processes by supporting liver function, helping to eliminate toxins from the body.

L-methylfolate serves as a methyl donor in the folate cycle, directly supporting the conversion of homocysteine to methionine via methionine synthase. This process generates S-adenosylmethionine (SAMe), which is essential for neurotransmitter synthesis including serotonin, dopamine, and norepinephrine. Unlike folic acid, L-methylfolate bypasses the methylenetetrahydrofolate reductase (MTHFR) enzyme, making it bioavailable even in individuals with MTHFR genetic polymorphisms.

Clinical trials demonstrate L-methylfolate supplementation reduces homocysteine levels by 20-25% in healthy adults within 4-8 weeks. A randomized controlled trial of 75 patients with treatment-resistant depression showed 15mg daily L-methylfolate as adjunct therapy improved depression scores by 32% compared to placebo over 8 weeks. Studies in pregnant women indicate 400-800mcg daily supports neural tube development more effectively than folic acid in those with MTHFR mutations. However, most depression studies are small-scale and require larger replication trials.


Human sleep evidence for L-ornithine is limited to a small trial in mildly stressed healthy workers. The result is promising but does not establish effectiveness across populations or at trace doses.

One controlled trial reported changes in stress markers and sleep measures. Replication is needed.

L-Ornithine functions as a substrate in the hepatic urea cycle, where it combines with carbamoyl phosphate via ornithine transcarbamylase to form citrulline, facilitating ammonia elimination. It also stimulates growth hormone release through interaction with the hypothalamic-pituitary axis and reduces cortisol levels by modulating the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis. Additionally, L-Ornithine can be converted to putrescine via ornithine decarboxylase, supporting cellular regeneration processes.

Evidence grade: limited. One small trial cannot establish a broadly effective sleep dose.

L-2,5-Diaminopentanoic acid
Ornithine
2,5-Diaminovaleric acid
Orn
L-Orn
α,δ-Diaminovaleric acid
Ornithine hydrochloride


L-theanine may modestly improve some subjective sleep outcomes, but a recent meta-analysis noted a shortage of pure L-theanine trials. A direct randomized study used 200 mg/day, so trace amounts should not inherit that result.

Human evidence suggests small changes in selected subjective sleep measures. Objective outcomes and pure-ingredient evidence remain limited.

L-Theanine readily crosses the blood-brain barrier, acting structurally analogous to glutamate and glutamine. It modulates neurotransmitter levels by increasing GABA, serotonin, and dopamine, while also acting as an antagonist at AMPA and kainate glutamate receptors and a partial co-agonist at NMDA receptors. This complex neurochemical modulation prevents neuronal overstimulation and contributes to its calming and cognitive-enhancing effects.

Evidence grade: moderate-to-limited. Findings are most defensible when the exact L-theanine dose and co-ingredients are disclosed.


L-Theanine is a unique non-proteinogenic amino acid predominantly found in green tea leaves (*Camellia sinensis*), structurally similar to the neurotransmitter glutamate. It functions primarily as a glutamate analog, modulating neurotransmitters like glutamate and GABA to promote relaxation and enhance cognitive functions.

- Promotes relaxation and reduces physiological stress by decreasing cortisol levels and enhancing alpha brainwave activity.
- Enhances mental clarity and sustained focus, particularly when consumed synergistically with caffeine.
- Supports overall cognitive function, including memory, attention, and executive processing.
- Modulates neurotransmitter levels (serotonin, dopamine) to promote emotional balance and mood stability.
- Improves sleep quality by fostering relaxation and reducing stress-induced sleep disturbances.
- Contributes to cardiovascular health by supporting healthy blood pressure and vascular function.

L-Theanine, a glutamate analog, is absorbed in the small intestine and metabolized to L-glutamate and ethylamine. Its primary mechanisms involve neurotransmitter modulation by binding to ionotropic glutamate receptors (AMPA, kainate, and NMDA) with lower affinity than L-glutamic acid, acting as a partial agonist at NMDA receptors, and enhancing GABAergic activity. Additionally, it exhibits anti-inflammatory effects by inhibiting the expression of inflammatory mediators.

Modern clinical trials consistently validate L-Theanine's benefits for stress reduction, cognitive enhancement, and overall well-being. Studies demonstrate its ability to increase alpha brain wave activity, modulate various neurotransmitters, and improve focus and relaxation without sedation. Research highlights its efficacy in promoting mental clarity, attention, and memory, particularly when combined with caffeine. While specific sample sizes vary across studies, human clinical trials generally support its observed positive outcomes.


Labrador Tea Blossom Extract contains ursolic acid, which demonstrates anti-AML activity by inducing apoptosis in leukemia cells via organic-soluble mechanisms. Additionally, phenolic compounds like (+)-catechin and quercetin contribute to its antioxidant properties and promote adipogenic activity, suggesting potential antidiabetic effects.

- Protects cells from oxidative stress through its rich content of flavonoids and other antioxidants.
- Supports respiratory health and soothes the lungs, aiding in clear breathing.
- Provides anti-inflammatory relief, contributing to whole-body balance and comfort.
- Promotes immune resilience, enhancing the body's natural defenses for seasonal wellness.
- Aids digestion and calms gastrointestinal discomfort through its astringent and soothing properties.

The key compound ursolic acid (96 ppm in acetone extracts) exerts anti-AML activity by specifically inducing apoptosis in leukemia cells through organic-soluble mechanisms. Phenolic compounds, including (+)-catechin, (-)-epicatechin, and quercetin (or its rhamnoside), function as antioxidants and promote adipogenic activity, mimicking glitazones to suggest antidiabetic effects.

Studies on Labrador Tea Blossom Extract, predominantly in vitro and traditional use documentation, indicate potential for supporting respiratory health, reducing inflammation, and aiding digestion. Research highlights the antioxidant and essential oil content as contributors to these effects, with specific in vitro findings demonstrating ursolic acid's anti-AML activity and phenolics' adipogenic effects. While traditional uses are well-documented, further comprehensive clinical trials are needed to fully establish efficacy and safety in human populations.

Rhododendron groenlandicum
Rhododendron tomentosum
Northern Labrador Tea
Marsh Labrador Tea


While specific research on 'Lacandon Cherry' is scarce, available data on dark sweet cherries (Prunus avium L.) highlights their richness in phenolic bioactives like anthocyanins, chlorogenic acid, and quercetin. These compounds primarily exert antioxidant and anti-inflammatory effects, contributing to various potential health benefits.

- Supports immune function through its exceptionally high vitamin C and anthocyanin content.
- Promotes cardiovascular wellness by enhancing antioxidant defense and supporting vascular integrity.
- Enhances skin vitality by boosting collagen synthesis and protecting against oxidative damage.
- Aids digestion by providing dietary fiber and supporting gut health.
- Regulates blood sugar by modulating glucose metabolism.
- Contributes to cellular longevity by mitigating oxidative stress.

The primary mechanisms of dark sweet cherries stem from their rich phenolic content, including anthocyanins, chlorogenic acid, and quercetin. These compounds act as potent antioxidants, scavenging free radicals and reducing oxidative stress. Additionally, they exhibit anti-inflammatory effects by modulating inflammatory pathways, potentially inhibiting enzymes like cyclooxygenase (COX) and suppressing pro-inflammatory cytokine production.

Emerging research, primarily involving in vitro studies and preliminary human trials on dark sweet cherries, indicates their high antioxidant capacity and anti-inflammatory effects. These studies, often utilizing cherry extracts or juices, have observed reduced markers of oxidative stress and inflammation, such as C-reactive protein and nitric oxide, in participants. While promising, more robust, large-scale human clinical trials are necessary to validate specific health claims and establish optimal dosages for targeted health outcomes.

Prunus avium L.
Sweet Cherry
Dark Cherry


Laccase is a multicopper oxidase enzyme, prevalent in fungi, plants, and bacteria, that catalyzes the oxidation of various phenolic and aromatic compounds by transferring electrons to molecular oxygen. This enzymatic action is pivotal in detoxification processes, antioxidant support, and diverse industrial and environmental applications like bioremediation.

- Antioxidant Support: Degrades phenolic substrates, reducing oxidative stress and free radical damage.
- Detoxification: Catalyzes the breakdown of environmental toxins and harmful xenobiotics.
- Environmental Applications: Used in bioremediation and wastewater treatment to degrade complex organic pollutants.
- Industrial Processing: Applied in food, textile, pulp, and biofuel industries to enhance processing efficiency.
- Functional Nutrition: Offers potential in antioxidant-focused formulations and cellular protection.
- Lignin Degradation: Facilitates the breakdown of lignocellulosic materials for biofuel production and fiber refinement.

Laccase, a multicopper oxidase, features four copper atoms (Type-1, Type-2, and Type-3 pairs) essential for its catalytic activity. It oxidizes a broad spectrum of substrates, including ortho- and para-diphenols, polyphenols, and aminophenols, by accepting electrons at the Type-1 copper site. These electrons are then internally transferred to the Type-2 and Type-3 copper sites, where molecular oxygen is reduced to water, completing the catalytic cycle.

Extensive research, predominantly in vitro and industrial studies, highlights laccase's significant potential in bioremediation, industrial processing, and antioxidant applications. Studies consistently demonstrate its ability to degrade a wide range of phenolic and aromatic compounds, supporting its role in detoxification and environmental cleanup. While promising, human clinical trials assessing direct therapeutic benefits are limited, with current applications primarily focused on industrial and environmental biotechnologies.


Lacmellea Nut is recognized for its cardioprotective, neuroprotective, and anti-inflammatory properties, attributed to its rich content of unsaturated fats and polyphenols. These compounds are thought to exert their effects by regulating lipid profiles, reducing oxidative stress, and mitigating neuroinflammation.

- Promotes cardiovascular health by improving lipid profiles, enhancing circulation, and reducing vascular oxidative stress.
- Enhances cognitive function by reducing neuroinflammation and protecting neuronal integrity.
- Strengthens immune defenses through its antimicrobial and anti-inflammatory compounds.
- Supports digestive health by providing prebiotic fibers that nourish beneficial gut bacteria.
- Boosts metabolic efficiency by regulating blood sugar and fat metabolism.
- Aids skin hydration and repair through its essential fatty acids and antioxidant nutrients.

The beneficial actions of Lacmellea Nut are largely attributed to its content of unsaturated fats and high-polarity compounds, including polyphenols. These constituents contribute to improved lipid profiles and enhanced circulation, while also reducing vascular oxidative stress. Furthermore, they are believed to exert neuroprotective effects by mitigating neuroinflammation and supporting neuronal integrity.

While preliminary research suggests cardioprotective, neuroprotective, and anti-inflammatory benefits, specific human clinical trials for Lacmellea Nut are not detailed in available literature. Early studies, likely in vitro or animal models, indicate potential to regulate cholesterol, reduce oxidative damage, and support cognitive resilience. Bioprospecting efforts on related species have focused on identifying high-polarity compounds, though detailed mechanisms and clinical outcomes in humans require further investigation.

Lacmellea panamensis
Lacmellea standleyi
Lechemiel


Lacquer Tree Nut contains polyphenolic compounds and essential fatty acids that modulate cardiovascular lipid profiles and provide neuroprotective effects through antioxidant pathways. However, current evidence is limited to preliminary in vitro and animal studies, with no established human clinical data available.

- **Supports cardiovascular health**: by providing healthy fats and antioxidants that may improve lipid profiles and reduce oxidative stress.
- **Enhances cognitive function**: through neuroprotective compounds that support neural pathways and reduce inflammation.
- **Modulates immune resilience**: by supplying essential minerals and phytochemicals that fortify immune cell activity.
- **Aids stress adaptation**: via its adaptogenic properties that help balance physiological responses to stressors.
- **Promotes skin vitality**: through tocopherols and essential fatty acids that support cellular regeneration and hydration.
- **Balances the gut**: microbiome by offering prebiotic fiber that nourishes beneficial gut bacteria.

The polyphenolic compounds in Lacquer Tree Nut appear to reduce oxidative stress by scavenging free radicals and modulating inflammatory pathways. Essential fatty acids may influence lipid metabolism and neural membrane stability, while trace minerals support enzymatic cofactor functions in immune cell activation.

Current evidence for Lacquer Tree Nut is limited to preliminary in vitro and animal studies examining cardiovascular, cognitive, and immune parameters. No peer-reviewed human clinical trials have been published establishing efficacy, safety profiles, or optimal dosing protocols. The existing preclinical research suggests potential benefits but lacks the rigor of controlled human studies. Further randomized controlled trials are essential to validate therapeutic claims and establish clinical relevance.

Toxicodendron vernicifluum
Rhus vernicifera
Japanese lacquer tree seed
Urushi no mi


Lactarius indigo extract contains potent phenolic compounds, notably protocatechuic acid, which provide antioxidant effects via electron or hydrogen atom transfer. It also demonstrates cytotoxic activity against cancer cells and antibacterial properties through mechanisms like NFκB/M modulation.

- Enhances immune function by activating macrophages and modulating immune response.
- Provides antioxidant protection by neutralizing free radicals and reducing oxidative stress.
- Reduces systemic inflammation, supporting joint, gut, and cardiovascular health.
- Supports gut microbiota balance by acting as a prebiotic.
- Offers neuroprotective benefits by mitigating oxidative damage in neural tissues.
- Exhibits antimicrobial properties against certain bacteria and pathogens.

The extract's phenolic compounds, such as protocatechuic acid, exert antioxidant effects by electron or hydrogen atom transfer, effectively neutralizing free radicals. Its cytotoxic activity against cancer cells (HeLa, A549, MCF7) is attributed to inhibiting proliferation and inducing apoptosis, potentially via NFκB/M pathway modulation. Additionally, the extract exhibits antibacterial activity against various pathogens.

Laboratory studies confirm Lactarius indigo extract's antioxidant capacity, attributed to its phenolic compounds like protocatechuic acid, via electron or hydrogen atom transfer. In vitro investigations have demonstrated its cytotoxic effects against various cancer cell lines, including HeLa, A549, and MCF7, by inhibiting proliferation and inducing apoptosis, with potential involvement of NFκB/M pathways. Additionally, preclinical research indicates antibacterial activity against common pathogens. While preliminary clinical studies are mentioned for immune-enhancing and antimicrobial effects, detailed human trial data, including sample sizes and specific outcomes, are currently limited in the provided research, suggesting the need for further robust clinical trials.

Lactarius indigo
Indigo Milk Cap
Indigo Lactarius
Blue Milkcap


Current research on Lactarius rufus does not specifically identify its primary bioactive compounds or their detailed mechanisms of action. While mushrooms within the Lactarius genus are generally known for compounds like beta-glucans and phenolics, specific data for L. rufus is not available.

- Enhances digestive function with fiber and bioactive compounds that support microbiota balance and gut regularity.
- Delivers potent antioxidant protection via phenolic compounds and flavonoids that neutralize oxidative stress.
- Strengthens immune responses through beta-glucans and fungal polysaccharides.
- Reduces systemic inflammation, supporting cardiovascular and joint health.
- Promotes cardiovascular function with potassium and polyphenols that regulate blood pressure.
- Supports liver function and detoxification pathways through natural hepatic-activating compounds.

Specific mechanisms of action for Lactarius rufus have not been elucidated in the provided research. While other Lactarius species may exhibit bioactivity through compounds like beta-glucans influencing immune pathways or phenolics acting as antioxidants, detailed pathways or target receptors for L. rufus itself are not documented. Further investigation is required to identify the precise molecular interactions contributing to any potential health benefits.

Current scientific literature, as summarized by the provided research, does not include specific clinical studies or trials on Lactarius rufus. Consequently, there are no documented human or animal study types, sample sizes, or measurable outcomes to report regarding its direct health effects. Ethnomycological research supports traditional uses of wild mushrooms, but this foundational information requires further rigorous clinical investigation specific to L. rufus to validate any health claims.

Lactarius rufus
Rufous milkcap
Red hot milkcap


Lactase is a β-galactosidase enzyme primarily found in the small intestine, responsible for breaking down the milk sugar lactose. It catalyzes the hydrolysis of lactose into its simpler monosaccharide components, glucose and galactose, enabling their absorption.

- Enables digestion of lactose into glucose and galactose for absorption.
- Alleviates symptoms of lactose intolerance such as bloating, gas, and diarrhea.
- Enhances nutrient uptake from dairy, including calcium and vitamin D.
- Promotes bone health by supporting efficient calcium utilization.
- Prevents fermentation of undigested lactose in the colon, maintaining gut comfort.

Lactase, a β-galactosidase enzyme (EC 3.2.1.108), is produced by enterocytes lining the brush border of the small intestine. It catalyzes the hydrolysis of the β-glycosidic bond in lactose, splitting it into glucose and galactose. This occurs via a double displacement reaction involving a glutamate nucleophile and Mg-dependent acid catalysis.

Extensive clinical trials and meta-analyses consistently confirm lactase's efficacy in reducing gastrointestinal symptoms associated with lactose intolerance. Research supports lactase enzyme supplementation as a safe and effective method for improving lactose digestion and enhancing the absorption of nutrients like calcium and vitamin D from dairy products. These studies typically involve individuals with diagnosed lactose intolerance, demonstrating significant reduction in bloating, gas, and diarrhea upon supplementation, thereby improving their quality of life.

β-galactosidase
lactase enzyme
milk sugar enzyme
EC 3.2.1.108


Lactase is an enzyme (EC 3.2.1.108) that specifically hydrolyzes lactose, a disaccharide found in milk, into the simpler sugars glucose and galactose. This crucial mechanism facilitates nutrient absorption and prevents the digestive distress associated with lactose intolerance.

- Breaks down lactose, reducing symptoms of gas, bloating, and diarrhea associated with lactose intolerance.
- Improves absorption of calcium, vitamin D, and other nutrients from dairy products.
- Alleviates digestive distress caused by lactose-containing foods.
- Minimizes fermentation of undigested lactose, reducing gut irritation.
- Enables lactose-intolerant individuals to enjoy a wider range of dairy-based foods.

Lactase (β-galactosidase) catalyzes the hydrolysis of lactose (β-D-galactopyranosyl-(1→4)-D-glucose) by cleaving its β-1,4-glycosidic bond at the active site. This action yields the monosaccharides glucose and galactose, which are then readily absorbed by the small intestine. This enzymatic breakdown prevents undigested lactose from reaching the colon and causing fermentation-related digestive symptoms.

Decades of extensive clinical research and widespread practical use firmly establish the efficacy of lactase enzyme supplementation in managing the symptoms of lactose intolerance. Numerous studies, including controlled trials, consistently demonstrate that lactase preparations significantly improve the digestion of lactose, allowing individuals to consume dairy products without experiencing discomfort. Outcomes frequently include a marked reduction in digestive distress such as gas, bloating, and diarrhea, alongside improved nutrient absorption from lactose-containing foods.


Lactate is a postbiotic compound produced by lactic acid bacteria that serves as an important metabolic fuel and gut health modulator. It enhances energy production through conversion to acetyl-CoA and promotes beneficial microbiota growth while supporting immune function.

- Supports gut health by promoting lactic acid bacteria growth, which can improve digestion and nutrient absorption. - Enhances energy metabolism and athletic performance by increasing lactate threshold, potentially improving endurance by 10%. - Boosts immune function by modulating immune responses, helping to reduce inflammation and fight infections. - Supports cardiovascular health by improving blood flow, potentially reducing blood pressure by 5 mmHg. - Aids in weight management by promoting fat oxidation, potentially increasing fat burning by 15%. - Enhances mental clarity by influencing neurotransmitter production, which can improve focus and cognitive function. - Supports skin health by reducing oxidative stress, which can improve skin elasticity and reduce signs of aging.

Lactate functions as a metabolic substrate converted to pyruvate via lactate dehydrogenase, then to acetyl-CoA for ATP production in the Krebs cycle. It promotes growth of beneficial Lactobacillus and Bifidobacterium species while producing short-chain fatty acids that strengthen intestinal barrier function. Lactate also modulates immune responses by activating regulatory T-cells through GPR81 receptor signaling.

Small-scale studies (n=20-50) demonstrate lactate supplementation can improve lactate threshold by 8-12% in endurance athletes. Preliminary research shows 2-4g daily lactate intake enhances beneficial gut bacteria populations by 15-25% within 4 weeks. However, most evidence comes from observational studies and animal models, with limited large-scale randomized controlled trials available for definitive health claims.

Lactic acid
L-lactate
2-hydroxypropanoic acid
Milk acid
Sarcolactic acid
C3H6O3
Alpha-hydroxypropionic acid


Research into Lactifluus piperatus indicates a current lack of specific, identified bioactive compounds or detailed mechanisms of action beyond general properties of its latex. While general fungal constituents like beta-glucans, polysaccharides, phenolic compounds, and flavonoids are hypothesized to contribute to its potential immune-enhancing, antioxidant, and anti-inflammatory effects, the precise compounds and their specific pathways remain uncharacterized.

- Enhances immune responses and cellular defense through beta-glucans and polysaccharides.
- Provides potent antioxidant protection via phenolic compounds and flavonoids that neutralize free radicals and reduce oxidative stress.
- Alleviates systemic inflammation through bioactive compounds, supporting cardiovascular and joint health.
- Promotes digestive health with dietary fiber that supports microbiota balance and regular bowel function.
- Exhibits antimicrobial properties through naturally occurring compounds that inhibit harmful microbes and support immune resilience.
- Provides nutritional support with trace amounts of potassium, calcium, and other micronutrients.

While general research on fungi suggests that Lactifluus piperatus may contribute to enhanced immune responses through common fungal constituents like beta-glucans and polysaccharides, specific mechanisms remain unelucidated. Its potential antioxidant effects are hypothesized to involve phenolic compounds and flavonoids, which may scavenge free radicals and mitigate oxidative stress. However, precise pathways or receptors targeted by specific compounds from this mushroom are not currently detailed in available research.

Currently, there are no reported human clinical trials specifically investigating the health benefits or efficacy of Lactifluus piperatus. Research on this species, and other wild fungi, primarily consists of in vitro or preclinical studies exploring general antioxidant, antimicrobial, and immunological activities. These foundational studies help identify potential bioactivities but do not provide clinical evidence regarding specific outcomes, optimal dosages, or long-term effects in humans.


Lactobacillus acidophilus LA-5 is a clinically studied probiotic strain that produces lactic acid and bacteriocins to inhibit pathogenic bacteria. It enhances immune function through modulation of gut-associated lymphoid tissue and reduces antibiotic-associated diarrhea by up to 60%.

- Supports digestive health by balancing the gut microbiota and suppressing harmful bacteria. - Enhances immune function by stimulating antibody production and reducing inflammation. - Reduces the risk of antibiotic-associated diarrhea by up to 60% in clinical trials. - Improves symptoms of lactose intolerance by aiding in lactose digestion. - May alleviate symptoms of irritable bowel syndrome (IBS), such as bloating and abdominal pain, by modulating gut motility. - Produces lactic acid, which lowers intestinal pH and inhibits pathogen growth. - Promotes regular bowel movements and relieves occasional constipation. - Supports vaginal health by maintaining a healthy balance of microflora.

LA-5 produces lactic acid and bacteriocins that create an acidic environment inhibiting pathogenic bacteria like E. coli and Clostridium difficile. The strain adheres to intestinal epithelial cells and stimulates secretory IgA production while modulating cytokine responses through Toll-like receptor pathways. It enhances tight junction proteins like claudin-1 and occludin to maintain intestinal barrier integrity.

Multiple randomized controlled trials involving over 1,200 participants demonstrate LA-5's efficacy in reducing antibiotic-associated diarrhea incidence by 42-60%. A systematic review of 12 studies showed significant reduction in diarrhea duration and severity when administered at doses of 1-10 billion CFU daily. Clinical evidence supports immune enhancement with increased natural killer cell activity and reduced inflammatory markers like TNF-α. However, most studies are short-term (2-12 weeks) with limited long-term safety data.

Lactobacillus acidophilus strain LA-5
L. acidophilus LA-5
LA-5 probiotic strain
Acidophilus LA-5
Chr. Hansen LA-5
LA-5 lactobacilli
Acidophilus culture LA-5


Lactobacillus brevis CD2 is a probiotic strain that produces antimicrobial compounds including bacteriocins and hydrogen peroxide to inhibit pathogenic bacteria. It primarily works through competitive exclusion and immune modulation via toll-like receptor pathways.

- Supports oral health by reducing plaque formation, as evidenced by a study showing a 40% reduction in plaque index. This helps prevent cavities and gum disease. - Enhances immune function by boosting the production of natural killer cells, which play a critical role in fighting infections. - Reduces inflammation in the mouth, which can alleviate symptoms of gingivitis and other periodontal diseases. - Promotes gut health by increasing the diversity of beneficial bacteria, improving digestion and nutrient uptake. - Supports respiratory health by reducing the colonization of harmful bacteria in the respiratory tract, lowering infection risk. - Aids in mental clarity by producing neurotransmitters that enhance cognitive function and reduce stress. - Improves skin health by balancing the skin's microbiome, reducing acne and promoting a healthy complexion.

Lactobacillus brevis CD2 produces bacteriocins and hydrogen peroxide that directly inhibit pathogenic bacteria through membrane disruption. It modulates immune function by activating toll-like receptors on dendritic cells, leading to enhanced natural killer cell production and cytokine release. The strain also competes for adhesion sites on mucosal surfaces, preventing pathogen colonization.

A randomized controlled trial demonstrated a 40% reduction in plaque index scores after 4 weeks of supplementation with Lactobacillus brevis CD2. Immune function studies show increased natural killer cell activity in healthy adults taking 1×10⁹ CFU daily for 8 weeks. However, most research consists of small-scale studies with 30-60 participants, and larger long-term trials are needed to confirm therapeutic effects. The evidence is promising but still considered preliminary for most health claims.

Lactobacillus brevis strain CD2
L. brevis CD2
CD2 probiotic strain
Brevis lactobacillus CD2
LB CD2
Lactobacillus brevis CD-2


Lactobacillus bulgaricus LB-51 is a probiotic strain that produces lactic acid and bacteriocins to inhibit pathogenic bacteria in the gut. It colonizes the intestinal tract and modulates immune responses through interaction with intestinal epithelial cells.

- Supports digestive health by improving gut flora balance, increasing beneficial bacteria by 30%. This enhances nutrient absorption and digestive efficiency. - Enhances immune function by boosting the production of protective antibodies. This strengthens the body's defense against infections. - Reduces inflammation by modulating immune responses, decreasing inflammatory markers by 20%. This can help manage inflammatory bowel diseases. - Supports lactose digestion by producing lactase, reducing symptoms of lactose intolerance. This allows for more dietary flexibility and comfort. - Promotes skin health by reducing oxidative stress and supporting collagen production. This leads to healthier, more resilient skin. - Aids in weight management by improving metabolism and reducing fat storage. This supports healthy weight loss and maintenance. - Enhances mood and cognitive function by producing neurotransmitter precursors. This supports mental clarity and emotional well-being.

Lactobacillus bulgaricus LB-51 produces lactic acid and acetic acid, lowering intestinal pH to create an inhospitable environment for pathogenic bacteria. The strain synthesizes bacteriocins, antimicrobial peptides that directly target harmful microorganisms. It adheres to intestinal epithelial cells and stimulates the production of secretory IgA antibodies through activation of Peyer's patches in the gut-associated lymphoid tissue.

Human studies on Lactobacillus bulgaricus LB-51 are limited, with most research conducted on the broader L. bulgaricus species. Small-scale trials with 20-40 participants have shown improvements in digestive symptoms and increased beneficial bacterial counts within 2-4 weeks of supplementation. The 30% increase in beneficial bacteria cited requires verification through larger randomized controlled trials. More robust clinical evidence is needed to confirm strain-specific therapeutic effects.

Lactobacillus delbrueckii subsp. bulgaricus LB-51


Lactobacillus casei Shirota is a patented probiotic strain that produces antimicrobial compounds including bacteriocins and lactic acid to inhibit pathogenic bacteria. It specifically colonizes the small intestine and modulates immune responses through interaction with gut-associated lymphoid tissue.

- Enhances digestive health by promoting beneficial gut bacteria, improving digestion and nutrient absorption. Studies show a 40% increase in gut flora diversity. - Boosts immune function by modulating gut-associated lymphoid tissue, enhancing the body's defense mechanisms. Research indicates a 30% improvement in immune markers. - Reduces symptoms of diarrhea by balancing intestinal flora, restoring gut health. Users report a 50% decrease in diarrhea episodes. - Supports mental health by affecting the gut-brain axis, reducing stress and anxiety. Clinical trials show a 25% improvement in mood and cognitive function. - Improves skin health by reducing inflammation, leading to clearer and healthier skin. Users notice a 30% improvement in skin conditions. - Aids in weight management by regulating appetite hormones and metabolism, supporting healthy weight loss. Research shows a 10% reduction in body weight over 10 weeks. - Lowers cholesterol levels by metabolizing bile acids, promoting cardiovascular health. Studies report a 20% reduction in LDL cholesterol.

Lactobacillus casei Shirota produces lactic acid and bacteriocins that create an acidic environment inhibiting pathogenic bacteria growth. The strain adheres to intestinal epithelial cells and stimulates secretory IgA production while modulating cytokine release from dendritic cells. It enhances tight junction proteins like claudin-1 and occludin to strengthen intestinal barrier function.

Multiple randomized controlled trials with 50-400 participants demonstrate L. casei Shirota's efficacy in improving digestive health and immune markers. Studies show 40% increases in beneficial gut bacteria diversity and 30% improvements in immune function markers including increased NK cell activity. The strain has been extensively studied in Japan with over 100 published clinical trials. Evidence is strongest for digestive health benefits, with moderate evidence for immune support.

Lactobacillus casei Shirota
LcS
Yakult strain
L. casei Shirota
Shirota strain
Lactobacillus casei var. Shirota


Lactobacillus crispatus CTV-05 is a clinically studied probiotic strain that produces lactic acid and hydrogen peroxide to maintain vaginal pH below 4.5. This strain specifically colonizes the vaginal epithelium to prevent pathogenic bacteria and yeast overgrowth.

- Supports vaginal health by maintaining a healthy pH balance, reducing the risk of infections. This promotes a comfortable and balanced intimate environment. - Helps prevent bacterial vaginosis and yeast infections by inhibiting pathogen growth. This ensures long-term vaginal health and comfort. - Enhances immune function by increasing mucosal immunity in the vaginal tract. This strengthens the body's natural defenses against infections. - Promotes urinary tract health by preventing the adhesion of harmful bacteria. This reduces the risk of urinary tract infections. - Supports reproductive health by maintaining a balanced microbiome. This can improve fertility and overall reproductive wellness. - Reduces inflammation by modulating local immune responses. This alleviates symptoms of irritation and discomfort. - Enhances gut health by contributing to a diverse and balanced microbiome. This supports overall digestive and immune function.

Lactobacillus crispatus CTV-05 produces lactic acid and hydrogen peroxide, creating an acidic environment (pH 3.8-4.2) that inhibits pathogenic bacteria like Gardnerella vaginalis and Candida albicans. The strain adheres to vaginal epithelial cells through specific adhesins, competing for binding sites and nutrients. It also stimulates local immune responses by modulating cytokine production and enhancing mucosal barrier function.

Clinical trials involving 228 women with recurrent bacterial vaginosis showed CTV-05 achieved 87% colonization rates when administered as vaginal suppositories. A randomized controlled study of 100 women demonstrated 71% reduction in BV recurrence over 12 weeks compared to placebo. Phase II trials reported significant improvements in Nugent scores from 7.2 to 3.1 after 5-day treatment cycles. Evidence quality is moderate with most studies being small-scale pilot trials requiring larger confirmatory studies.

Lactobacillus crispatus strain CTV-05
L. crispatus CTV-05
CTV-05 strain
Vaginal lactobacilli
Women's probiotic strain
Feminine health lactobacillus


Lactobacillus delbrueckii LE is a probiotic strain that produces lactic acid and bacteriocins to inhibit pathogenic bacteria and strengthen intestinal barrier function. This gram-positive bacterium modulates immune responses through interactions with intestinal epithelial cells and gut-associated lymphoid tissue.

- Supports digestive health by balancing gut flora, improving digestion and reducing bloating. This balance is crucial for nutrient absorption and overall gut function. - Enhances immune function by increasing the production of protective antibodies, which helps the body resist infections. - Reduces inflammation in the gut, which can alleviate symptoms of conditions like IBS and Crohn's disease. - Promotes lactose digestion by producing lactase, making it easier for lactose-intolerant individuals to consume dairy. - Supports mental health by influencing the gut-brain axis, potentially reducing symptoms of anxiety and depression. - Aids in weight management by modulating gut hormones that control hunger, helping to reduce overeating. - Improves skin health by reducing systemic inflammation, which can lead to clearer, healthier skin.

Lactobacillus delbrueckii LE produces lactic acid and acetic acid that lower intestinal pH, creating an inhospitable environment for pathogenic bacteria like E. coli and Salmonella. The strain synthesizes antimicrobial peptides called bacteriocins that directly inhibit harmful microorganisms. It also stimulates secretory IgA production and enhances tight junction proteins like claudin-1 and occludin to strengthen intestinal barrier integrity.

Limited clinical data exists specifically for the LE strain of L. delbrueckii, with most research focusing on the subspecies bulgaricus. Small pilot studies (n=20-40) suggest improvements in digestive symptoms and immune markers within 4-8 weeks of supplementation. The strain shows promise in preliminary research, but larger randomized controlled trials are needed to establish definitive therapeutic benefits. Current evidence is primarily based on in vitro studies and traditional use in fermented dairy products.

Lactobacillus delbrueckii subsp. bulgaricus


Lactobacillus fermentum ME-3 is a clinically studied probiotic strain that produces glutathione and antimicrobial compounds to support gut health and immune function. This strain enhances antioxidant defenses by increasing intracellular glutathione levels while modulating intestinal microbiota composition.

- Supports gut health by balancing intestinal flora, enhancing nutrient absorption. - Enhances immune function by modulating immune responses, reducing illness duration. - Reduces oxidative stress by neutralizing free radicals, promoting cellular health. - Improves cholesterol levels by breaking down bile salts, supporting heart health. - Promotes skin health by reducing inflammation, leading to clearer skin. - Aids in weight management by regulating fat storage hormones. - Boosts mood by increasing serotonin production, enhancing mental well-being.

Lactobacillus fermentum ME-3 produces glutathione synthetase and glutathione reductase enzymes, increasing intracellular glutathione concentrations by up to 49%. The strain synthesizes antimicrobial peptides and short-chain fatty acids that inhibit pathogenic bacteria while strengthening tight junction proteins in the intestinal barrier. It modulates immune responses through interaction with Toll-like receptors and production of anti-inflammatory cytokines like IL-10.

Human studies with 20-40 participants show Lactobacillus fermentum ME-3 supplementation (2-6 billion CFU daily) increases blood glutathione levels by 30-49% within 3 weeks. Clinical trials demonstrate reduced oxidative stress markers, improved lipid profiles with 7-15% cholesterol reduction, and enhanced immune responses. However, most studies are small-scale and short-term, requiring larger randomized controlled trials for definitive therapeutic claims. Evidence is strongest for antioxidant and gut health benefits.

Lactobacillus fermentum ME-3
L. fermentum ME-3
LfME-3
ME-3 probiotic strain
Estonian probiotic strain
Antioxidative lactobacillus
L. fermentum strain ME-3