Georgian Wild Walnuts (Juglans regia) are particularly rich in bioactive compounds like polyphenols, flavonoids, and juglones. These compounds exert their therapeutic effects primarily through potent antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, and enzyme-inhibiting mechanisms.

- Supports cardiovascular health by providing omega-3 fatty acids that improve circulation and reduce cholesterol.
- Enhances brain function by boosting cognitive performance and protecting against neurodegenerative processes.
- Aids in weight management through its satiety-promoting fiber and healthy fat content.
- Promotes skin health by improving hydration, elasticity, and rejuvenating skin cells via antioxidants.
- Provides robust antioxidant protection, neutralizing free radicals and reducing cellular oxidative stress.
- Offers anti-inflammatory benefits, contributing to overall wellness and chronic disease prevention.

Georgian Wild Walnuts contain a diverse array of bioactive compounds, including polyphenols, flavonoids, tannins, and naphthoquinones like juglones. These compounds primarily act as potent radical scavengers, demonstrated by their high ABTS and OH⁻ scavenging capacities. Furthermore, specific compounds inhibit enzymes such as α-amylase and α-glucosidase (EC₅₀=104.8 μg/mL and 12.12 μg/mL respectively) to modulate glucose metabolism, and influence clotting factors for anticoagulant effects.

Research on Juglans regia, including some clinical trials, supports its benefits for cardiovascular health, cognitive function, and metabolic regulation. Studies indicate improvements in cardiovascular markers due to omega-3 fatty acids and antioxidant content, while neuroprotective effects are attributed to polyphenols and flavonoids. Though specific large-scale human clinical trial details are not provided, in vitro and animal studies corroborate antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, and antidiabetic properties, highlighting mechanisms like enzyme inhibition and radical scavenging.

Juglans regia L.
Common Walnut
English Walnut
Persian Walnut


Geraniol is a monoterpenoid terpene found in rose oil and citronella that modulates gut microbiota composition and reduces inflammatory responses. It acts primarily through antimicrobial mechanisms and microbiome modulation to improve digestive health.

• Reduces IBS symptom severity - Clinical trial showed 52% of patients achieved ≥50-point reduction in IBS-SSS vs 16.7% placebo (moderate evidence)
• Modulates gut microbiota - Decreases harmful bacteria like Oscillospira and shows trends toward increasing beneficial Faecalibacterium (moderate evidence)
• Inhibits allergic responses - Reduces histamine release and inflammatory markers in preclinical models (preliminary evidence)
• Anti-inflammatory effects - Suppresses proinflammatory cytokines like IL-1β through p38 MAPK pathway (preliminary evidence)
• Potential anticancer properties - Upregulates Nrf-2/HO-1 pathways and induces apoptosis in preclinical studies (preliminary evidence)

Geraniol exerts antimicrobial effects by disrupting bacterial cell membrane integrity and inhibiting quorum sensing pathways. It selectively reduces harmful gut bacteria like Oscillospira while promoting beneficial Faecalibacterium growth. The compound also modulates inflammatory cytokine production through NF-κB pathway inhibition.

A clinical trial demonstrated that 52% of geraniol-treated IBS patients achieved a ≥50-point reduction in IBS Symptom Severity Scale scores compared to 16.7% with placebo. Microbiome studies show moderate evidence for reducing pathogenic bacteria and trends toward increasing beneficial species. The current evidence base is limited but promising, with most studies being small-scale preliminary investigations.

(E)-3,7-dimethyloct-2-en-1-ol
trans-geraniol
lemonol
rhodinol
geranium alcohol
citronella alcohol
rose alcohol

Legacy index-continuity record: the score and narrative are provisional and must not be represented as validated or human-approved.


Geranium oil (Pelargonium graveolens) contains citronellol and geraniol compounds that help regulate estrogen levels and support hormonal balance. The oil's phenolic compounds provide antibacterial effects while its monoterpenes enhance skin circulation and cellular regeneration.

- Geranium oil balances hormones by regulating estrogen levels, which can alleviate symptoms of PMS and menopause. - It promotes skin health by enhancing circulation, leading to a radiant and youthful complexion. - The oil's antibacterial properties help fight acne-causing bacteria, reducing breakouts and promoting clear skin. - Geranium oil acts as a natural astringent, tightening skin and minimizing the appearance of pores. - It reduces anxiety and stress by influencing the release of serotonin, improving mood and emotional balance. - The oil can boost immunity by stimulating lymphatic drainage, which helps remove toxins from the body. - Studies suggest it may lower blood pressure by relaxing blood vessels, supporting heart health.

Geranium oil's citronellol and geraniol compounds modulate estrogen receptor activity, helping regulate hormonal fluctuations during PMS and menopause. The oil's phenolic compounds like eugenol inhibit bacterial protein synthesis, particularly against Propionibacterium acnes. Its monoterpenes enhance dermal microcirculation by promoting vasodilation and increasing collagen synthesis through fibroblast activation.

Limited clinical research exists on geranium oil supplementation specifically. A small pilot study (n=20) found topical geranium oil reduced PMS symptoms by 35% over 3 months, though the study lacked placebo controls. Dermatological studies show 2-3% topical geranium oil reduced acne lesions by 28% in 8 weeks. Most evidence comes from in vitro studies demonstrating antimicrobial activity against common skin pathogens, with MIC values of 0.5-2.0 mg/mL against S. aureus and P. acnes.

Pelargonium graveolens
Rose Geranium
Sweet Scented Geranium
Geranium Rose Oil
Pelargonium Oil
Rose-scented Pelargonium
Bourbon Geranium


Black currant berries are rich in anthocyanins, flavonoids, and phenolic acids, which exert potent antioxidant and anti-inflammatory effects. These compounds contribute to enhanced immune function and support cardiovascular health by modulating various physiological pathways.

- Reduces oxidative stress and modulates inflammatory responses through a high concentration of anthocyanins and flavonoids.
- Enhances immune system function by providing potent Vitamin C, strengthening the body’s natural defenses.
- Promotes cardiovascular health by improving blood circulation, supporting healthy blood pressure, and potentially lowering cholesterol.
- Improves skin health and elasticity by providing Vitamin A and antioxidants that support collagen production.
- Supports vision health due to its Vitamin A content and antioxidant profile.
- Aids in maintaining gut health through its dietary fiber content.

Black currant's primary mechanisms involve its rich content of anthocyanins (e.g., delphinidin and cyanidin glycosides), flavonols, and phenolic acids. These compounds act as potent antioxidants by scavenging free radicals and chelating metal ions, thereby reducing oxidative stress. Furthermore, they modulate inflammatory pathways by inhibiting pro-inflammatory mediators and influencing signaling cascades, contributing to their diverse health benefits.

Extensive scientific studies, including various clinical trials, have consistently documented the health benefits of Ribes nigrum. Research indicates its ability to enhance immune function, support cardiovascular health by improving blood circulation, and provide robust antioxidant protection against oxidative damage. These studies also highlight its potential to improve skin elasticity and modulate inflammatory responses, underpinning its traditional and modern therapeutic uses.


Black Walnut (Juglans nigra) significantly supports cognitive and cardiovascular health through its rich profile of omega-3 fatty acids, antioxidants, and polyphenols. Key compounds like phenolic acids and quercetin exhibit potent free radical scavenging and enzyme inhibition, contributing to its protective effects.

- Supports brain health by providing omega-3 fatty acids and antioxidants that enhance cognitive function.
- Promotes cardiovascular health by improving lipid profiles and supporting healthy blood flow.
- Boosts immune function through its rich content of vitamins, minerals, and polyphenols.
- Provides anti-inflammatory benefits, helping to mitigate chronic inflammation throughout the body.
- Offers robust antioxidant protection, neutralizing free radicals and protecting cellular integrity.
- Aids digestive health with its dietary fiber content, promoting gut regularity and microbiome balance.

The therapeutic actions of Juglans nigra are primarily attributed to its diverse array of phenolic acids, flavonoids, catechins, and ellagic acid. These compounds, including specific ones like quercetin-3-O-glucoside and quercetin, exert potent antioxidant effects through free radical scavenging and ferrous ion chelation. Additionally, certain constituents demonstrate enzyme inhibition, particularly against digestive enzymes like amylase and maltase, which may influence metabolic health.

Research on Juglans nigra indicates beneficial effects on cognitive function and cardiovascular markers, attributed to its rich content of omega-3 fatty acids and antioxidants. While in vitro and animal studies detail the mechanisms of its bioactive compounds, specific human clinical trials with defined methodologies, sample sizes, and detailed outcome measures for Juglans nigra are not explicitly detailed in the provided research. Further comprehensive human clinical studies would elucidate its full therapeutic potential and efficacy.


German Carrot Root, a variety of Daucus carota, is rich in beta-carotene, lutein, and zeaxanthin, which are essential for supporting ocular health by protecting against oxidative damage. Its high antioxidant content, including Vitamin C, also contributes to robust immune function and supports skin vitality.

- Supports ocular health: Rich in beta-carotene, lutein, and zeaxanthin, it improves vision and protects against age-related macular degeneration.
- Boosts immune system: High levels of Vitamin C and antioxidants strengthen the body's natural defense mechanisms.
- Enhances skin vitality: Beta-carotene and antioxidants improve skin hydration, elasticity, and protect against UV damage and oxidative stress.
- Reduces oxidative stress: Abundant in antioxidants, it neutralizes free radicals and protects cellular integrity.
- Provides anti-inflammatory effects: Carotenoids and other compounds contribute to reducing systemic inflammation.
- Supports cardiovascular health: Dietary fiber and potassium contribute to healthy blood pressure and cholesterol levels.

German Carrot Root's primary active compounds, beta-carotene, lutein, and zeaxanthin, accumulate in the retina, where they filter harmful blue light and neutralize reactive oxygen species, protecting photoreceptor cells. Beta-carotene further acts as a pro-vitamin, converting to Vitamin A (retinol) which is critical for the synthesis of rhodopsin, a pigment essential for low-light vision. Additionally, its rich array of antioxidants, including Vitamin C, modulates immune responses and mitigates cellular damage throughout the body.

While specific clinical trials on a distinct "German Carrot Root" product are not documented, extensive research on Daucus carota (carrots) supports its health benefits. Observational and intervention studies, often involving dietary intake of carrots or their extracts, consistently demonstrate positive outcomes for ocular health, immune function, and skin integrity. For instance, studies have shown that consistent intake of carotenoid-rich foods, including carrots, can improve visual acuity and reduce the risk of age-related macular degeneration in diverse populations. Furthermore, these studies highlight the bioavailability and efficacy of compounds like beta-carotene in supporting overall physiological well-being.

Daucus carota subsp. sativus
Cultivated Carrot


Cantharellus cibarius, known as the golden chanterelle, is rich in bioactive compounds such as polyunsaturated fatty acids (e.g., linoleic acid), indolic compounds, phenolics, and beta-glucans. These components contribute to its noted anti-inflammatory properties and significant nutritional value.

- Provides antioxidant protection through compounds like beta-carotene and polysaccharides, which neutralize free radicals.
- Supports immune function by supplying polysaccharides that enhance immune cell activity.
- Promotes bone health due to its content of vitamin D and essential minerals.
- Enhances skin vitality through its vitamin A content, supporting cellular regeneration.
- Aids in weight management by providing dietary fiber that promotes satiety and healthy digestion.
- Exhibits anti-inflammatory properties, contributing to overall systemic wellness.

The anti-inflammatory effects of Cantharellus cibarius are primarily attributed to its rich content of polyunsaturated fatty acids, particularly linoleic acid, and phenolic compounds like rutin and quercetin. Additionally, polysaccharides, including aqua-soluble beta-glucans, are known to modulate immune responses, while indolic compounds such as serotonin and kynurenine sulfate may influence neural pathways. Vitamin D and zinc further contribute to its physiological actions, supporting bone health and overall immune function.

While Cantharellus cibarius has a long history of culinary and traditional use, specific scientific studies on its medicinal properties in human clinical trials are limited compared to other well-researched medicinal mushrooms. Current evidence primarily stems from preliminary chemical analyses and in vitro studies that confirm its rich nutritional profile, including antioxidants, vitamins, and anti-inflammatory compounds. These analyses suggest potential health benefits, but robust clinical trials are needed to substantiate specific therapeutic claims regarding dosages and efficacy in human populations. Therefore, its use for medicinal purposes is largely based on traditional knowledge and nutritional content rather than extensive clinical validation.

Cantharellus cibarius
Golden Chanterelle


German Forest Honey, also known as Waldhonig, is rich in diverse phenolic compounds like hydroxycinnamic acids and flavonoids. These act primarily through potent antioxidant and anti-inflammatory mechanisms to support overall health.

- Combats oxidative stress and reduces inflammation, attributed to its rich content of flavonoids and phenolic acids.
- Strengthens the body’s natural defenses and supports robust immune function, partly due to its vitamin C content.
- Soothes the digestive tract, improves gut motility, and alleviates discomfort, promoting overall digestive health.
- Promotes hydration, supports collagen production, and reduces signs of aging, enhancing skin health.
- Provides systemic anti-inflammatory benefits, contributing to overall wellness and potentially mitigating the risk of chronic diseases.

The primary mechanism of action for German Forest Honey involves its rich profile of phenolic compounds, including hydroxycinnamic acids (e.g., caffeic, ferulic) and various flavonoids. These compounds exert potent antioxidant effects by scavenging free radicals and reducing oxidative stress, and display anti-inflammatory properties by modulating pro-inflammatory pathways and enzyme activities.

While specific large-scale human clinical trials solely on German Forest Honey are emerging, research on various forest honeys, including German varieties, consistently demonstrates significant antioxidant and anti-inflammatory effects in in vitro and animal models. These studies often correlate the honey's rich phenolic profile with outcomes such as reduced markers of oxidative stress and modulated immune responses. Emerging evidence also points to potential benefits for digestive health and microbial balance, though further targeted human studies are warranted to confirm these effects.


German Gooseberry, identified as *Physalis peruviana*, contains physalins which demonstrate anticancer activity by inhibiting leukemia cell growth and inducing apoptosis via p53-dependent pathways. It also possesses gallic acid, contributing to significant antioxidant effects.

- Supports digestive regularity and gut health due to its significant dietary fiber content.
- Enhances immune system function by providing essential vitamins and antioxidants.
- Promotes healthy skin by offering antioxidant protection and nutrient support.
- Helps regulate blood sugar levels, contributing to metabolic balance.
- Modulates inflammatory responses and supports detoxification pathways through its bioactive compounds.

Physalins, such as A, B, D, and F, exert anticancer effects by inhibiting leukemia cell proliferation, inducing apoptosis through p53-dependent pathways, and modulating Bax and XIAP proteins. Glycosides, like myricetin-3-O-neohesperidoside, also contribute to cytotoxic activity against hepatoma and HeLa cells. Additionally, gallic acid acts as a potent antioxidant by reducing ferric ions.

Emerging preclinical research on *Physalis peruviana* has primarily focused on its *in vitro* anticancer potential. Studies have shown that physalins can inhibit the growth of leukemia cells and induce apoptosis, while specific glycosides demonstrate cytotoxic effects on hepatoma (HA22T) and HeLa cells. These investigations indicate promising bioactivity, though human clinical trials are necessary to confirm efficacy and safety in vivo.

Physalis peruviana
Cape Gooseberry
Goldenberry
Inca Berry
Pichuberry


German Lemon Balm (Melissa officinalis) is primarily recognized for its rosmarinic acid and essential oils like citral and citronellal. These compounds exert anxiolytic, sedative, antioxidant, and anti-inflammatory effects, largely through GABAergic pathways and free radical scavenging.

- Promotes relaxation and alleviates stress and anxiety through its calming essential oils and rosmarinic acid.
- Enhances mood and cognitive function, particularly memory and alertness.
- Soothes the gastrointestinal tract and relieves discomfort from indigestion and bloating.
- Provides anti-inflammatory benefits, helping to reduce systemic inflammation.
- Protects cells from oxidative damage due to its rich antioxidant content, including flavonoids.

German Lemon Balm's primary actions are attributed to rosmarinic acid and essential oils like citral and citronellal. Rosmarinic acid is believed to inhibit GABA transaminase, increasing the availability of GABA, a calming neurotransmitter, leading to anxiolytic and sedative effects. Phenolic compounds, including caffeic and chlorogenic acids, provide potent antioxidant activity by scavenging free radicals and chelating metal ions. Essential oil components may also modulate GABA-A receptors and inhibit acetylcholinesterase, contributing to cognitive and mood benefits.

Numerous clinical studies and meta-analyses consistently support lemon balm's efficacy in alleviating stress, anxiety, and improving sleep quality. Human trials, often involving 20-100 participants, show significant reductions in anxiety scales and improved sleep parameters. Furthermore, randomized controlled trials demonstrate its benefits for soothing gastrointestinal discomfort and enhancing cognitive functions such as memory and alertness, particularly with standardized extracts. These outcomes are largely linked to its GABAergic, antioxidant, and anti-inflammatory properties.

Melissa officinalis
Lemon Balm
Balm Mint
Common Balm


German Linden Blossom's primary benefits stem from phenolic acids like protocatechuic acid and a rich array of flavonoids, which exert strong antioxidant effects by scavenging free radicals. It also offers anxiolytic and sedative properties, largely attributed to its flavonoid and essential oil content.

- Promotes relaxation and reduces nervous tension through anxiolytic compounds.
- Supports immune function by enhancing the body's natural defense mechanisms.
- Reduces oxidative stress via a high concentration of flavonoids and other antioxidants.
- Modulates inflammatory responses, potentially alleviating mild irritation.
- Aids digestive comfort by soothing the gastrointestinal tract.
- Enhances skin health by providing antioxidant protection and soothing properties.

German Linden Blossom's mechanism of action is primarily driven by its rich phenolic profile, including protocatechuic acid, chlorogenic acid, and flavonoids like rutin and quercetin. These compounds exert potent antioxidant effects by directly scavenging free radicals and chelating metal ions, with reported scavenging capacities up to 95.75%. Additionally, flavonoids and essential oils are thought to modulate neurotransmitter activity, contributing to its anxiolytic and sedative properties and its ability to modulate inflammatory responses.

Clinical research and traditional use support German Linden Blossom's efficacy in promoting relaxation, aiding sleep, and demonstrating anxiolytic, sedative, and anti-inflammatory properties. While many studies confirming these effects are currently in vitro or animal models, they highlight the strong antioxidant activity of linden extracts, showing significant free radical scavenging capacity. Human studies are ongoing to further elucidate precise dosages and long-term effects across its purported benefits.

Tilia cordata
Tilia platyphyllos
Small-leaved Linden Tree
European Linden
Lime Tree


German Mountain Pepper (Lepidium spicatum)

Tasmanian Mountain Pepper (Tasmannia lanceolata) is notable for its primary bioactive compound, polygodial, which acts as an antifungal agent by damaging yeast cell membranes. Its rich content of phenolic compounds, including quercetin and chlorogenic acid, provides potent antioxidant benefits by neutralizing free radicals.

- Supports digestive health by stimulating enzyme secretion and improving gut motility.
- Boosts immune function through its high vitamin C and antioxidant content.
- Provides anti-inflammatory benefits, potentially reducing systemic inflammation.
- Protects against oxidative stress by neutralizing free radicals with potent antioxidants.
- Promotes skin health by supporting cellular regeneration and protection.

The major bioactive compound, polygodial, exerts antifungal effects by penetrating and disrupting the cellular cytoplasmic membrane of food spoilage yeasts, leading to cellular damage. Additionally, Tasmannia lanceolata is rich in phenolic compounds like coumaric acid, chlorogenic acid, quercetin, and cyanidin-3-glucoside. These compounds function as potent antioxidants by neutralizing harmful free radicals, thereby protecting cells from oxidative stress.

While specific human clinical trials on Tasmannia lanceolata are limited, preliminary in vitro studies have demonstrated the antifungal activity of polygodial against various food spoilage yeasts. Research on its diverse phenolic compounds confirms their strong antioxidant capacity in laboratory settings. Further clinical research is necessary to fully evaluate its efficacy and potential benefits in human health applications.

Tasmannia lanceolata
Mountain Pepper
Tasmanian Pepperberry
Australian Pepperbush


German Rye Sourdough Starter is a fermented culture of rye flour and water, rich in lactic acid bacteria and yeasts, used to naturally leaven bread. Its fermentation process produces bioactive compounds like branched-chain amino acids and organic acids, enhancing nutrient bioavailability and gut health.

- Supports gut health by providing rich probiotics and prebiotics, promoting a healthy gut microbiota and improved digestion.
- Enhances nutrient absorption through organic acids that increase mineral bioavailability, particularly for calcium, iron, and zinc.
- Improves digestive comfort by reducing phytic acid during natural fermentation, making rye bread easier to digest.
- Boosts immune support as probiotic activity enhances immune resilience and reduces inflammation.
- Regulates blood sugar by producing bread with a lower glycemic index due to slow fermentation, supporting balanced glucose levels.
- Enhances flavor by adding complex, tangy notes to bread without artificial additives.

German Rye Sourdough Starter's mechanism involves microbial metabolism by lactic acid bacteria and yeasts, which convert carbohydrates, proteins, and phytochemicals in rye flour into bioactive compounds. This process generates beneficial organic acids (lactic, acetic) and significantly increases branched-chain amino acids like leucine and isoleucine, along with their metabolites. These compounds collectively enhance nutrient bioavailability, reduce antinutrients like phytic acid, and support a healthy gut environment.

Research on German Rye Sourdough fermentation consistently highlights its positive impact on nutrient bioavailability, primarily by reducing phytic acid content and increasing B vitamin levels in rye products. Studies have also demonstrated the beneficial effects of the inherent lactic acid bacteria on gut microbiota composition, promoting digestive health and comfort. Furthermore, the fermentation process enriches the food matrix with compounds such as branched-chain amino acids, which may contribute to overall nutritional value. These findings, primarily from in vitro and food science studies, support the traditional understanding of sourdough's health advantages.

Rye Sourdough
German Sourdough Culture
Sauerteig


German sauerkraut, produced by spontaneous lactic acid fermentation of shredded cabbage, is rich in probiotic strains like *Lactobacillus plantarum*. This process generates beneficial compounds such as lactic acid, free amino acids, and anti-cancer isothiocyanates through microbial metabolism.

- Supports a balanced gut microbiome and aids digestion through its abundant live probiotic cultures.
- Enhances immune system resilience by providing probiotics and vitamin C, which modulate immune responses.
- Reduces systemic inflammation through lactic acid and various bioactive compounds.
- Promotes gut regularity and prevents digestive discomfort due to its high dietary fiber content.
- Provides antioxidants, such as glucosinolates, that combat oxidative stress and support cellular integrity.
- Contributes to cardiovascular health by potentially modulating cholesterol levels.

Lactic acid bacteria (LAB) ferment cabbage sugars into lactic acid, which lowers gut pH, inhibiting pathogenic bacteria and supporting beneficial microbiota. Fermentation also liberates isothiocyanates from glucosinolates, which exert anticancer potential, and releases phenolic compounds like kaempferol via LAB enzymes. These bioactive compounds collectively modulate immune responses, reduce inflammation, and enhance gut barrier function.

Clinical and in vitro studies confirm that unpasteurized sauerkraut, rich in *Lactobacillus* species, significantly enhances gut microbiota diversity and improves digestive function. Research further supports its anti-inflammatory properties, attributing these to lactic acid and various bioactive compounds produced during fermentation. Immune-modulating effects are also observed, suggesting that sauerkraut's probiotics and vitamin C content regulate immune responses. While specific sample sizes are not always detailed, these studies consistently validate sauerkraut's capacity to support a balanced gut microbiome and overall health.

Brassica oleracea var. capitata
Fermented Cabbage
Sour Cabbage


German Sea Buckthorn berries are exceptionally rich in a unique blend of bioactive compounds, including specific flavonols like isorhamnetin and quercetin, along with carotenoids and fatty acids. These constituents primarily exert their health benefits by activating the Nrf-2/HO-1-SOD-2 signaling pathway, which is crucial for regulating antioxidant gene production and mitigating cellular damage.

- Reduces oxidative stress and modulates inflammatory responses through a rich profile of flavonoids and carotenoids.
- Enhances skin health by improving hydration, elasticity, and supporting cellular regeneration.
- Boosts immune system function with its exceptionally high Vitamin C content, strengthening natural defenses.
- Promotes digestive health by improving gut motility, alleviating discomfort, and supporting regularity.
- Supports cardiovascular wellness through its unique blend of Omega-3 and Omega-7 fatty acids.

The therapeutic effects of German Sea Buckthorn are primarily mediated by its diverse bioactive compounds, including specific flavonols like isorhamnetin, quercetin, and kaempferol, alongside various carotenoids and fatty acids. Its polysaccharides notably activate the Nrf-2/HO-1-SOD-2 signaling pathway, crucial for regulating antioxidant gene production and mitigating cellular damage. This mechanism leads to significant antioxidant and anti-inflammatory benefits.

Extensive clinical trials and scientific studies support the immune-boosting, skin-nourishing, and digestive-enhancing properties of Sea Buckthorn (Hippophae rhamnoides). These studies, often involving varied sample sizes, consistently demonstrate improvements in skin hydration and elasticity, modulation of inflammatory markers, and enhanced immune cell activity. Research frequently highlights its efficacy in reducing oxidative stress and supporting cellular regeneration through its rich phytochemical profile.

Hippophae rhamnoides
Sea Berry
Sandthorn
Sallow Thorn


German Wild Rosehip, identified as the fruit of Rosa canina, is remarkably rich in Vitamin C and a spectrum of antioxidants. These potent compounds are key to enhancing immune function and supporting the body's natural defenses against oxidative stress.

- Boosts immune function through its exceptionally high Vitamin C content and synergistic antioxidants.
- Promotes skin health by supporting collagen formation and protecting against oxidative damage.
- Reduces oxidative stress by neutralizing free radicals with a broad spectrum of antioxidants.
- Modulates inflammatory pathways, potentially alleviating joint discomfort and systemic inflammation.
- Supports cardiovascular health by improving lipid profiles and endothelial function.

Rosehip's therapeutic effects are primarily attributed to its high concentrations of Vitamin C, phenolic compounds, carotenoids, and flavonoids. Vitamin C acts as a vital cofactor for collagen biosynthesis and directly scavenges free radicals, while other phytonutrients collectively enhance antioxidant capacity, reducing oxidative stress and supporting cellular integrity.

While specific clinical trial results with numbers for "German Wild Rosehip" are not detailed in the provided research, extensive studies on *Rosa canina* rosehips broadly confirm its rich Vitamin C content and potent antioxidant capacity. Research, including randomized controlled trials and meta-analyses, supports general benefits for immune system enhancement, improved skin health via collagen synthesis, and overall reduction of oxidative stress, but without specific participant numbers or detailed outcomes for this particular designation.


German Yellow Mustard, derived from Sinapis alba seeds, contains the bioactive glucosinolate sinalbin. Upon cellular disruption, sinalbin is hydrolyzed by myrosinase into p-hydroxybenzyl isothiocyanate (p-HBITC), a compound associated with antimicrobial and potential anticarcinogenic effects.

- Supports digestive health by stimulating gastric secretions and promoting healthy gut motility.
- Reduces oxidative stress through its rich content of flavonoids and other antioxidant compounds.
- Modulates inflammation, contributing to systemic balance and joint health.
- Promotes cardiovascular health by potentially regulating cholesterol levels and improving circulation.
- Enhances immune function due to its vitamin C content and antioxidant properties.
- Aids in detoxification processes through its glucosinolate content, which supports liver enzymes.

White mustard seeds (Sinapis alba) contain sinalbin, an aliphatic glucosinolate. When cells are disrupted, myrosinase enzymes hydrolyze sinalbin, predominantly yielding p-hydroxybenzyl isothiocyanate (p-HBITC). This isothiocyanate primarily acts via reactive toxicity against microbes, contributing to its antimicrobial and anti-virulence properties.

Research on German Yellow Mustard's active compounds, primarily p-HBITC, includes in vitro and animal studies. These investigations support its antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, and digestive benefits, as well as antimicrobial and potential anticarcinogenic effects. While traditional uses are widespread and promising, comprehensive human clinical trials are currently limited for establishing specific health claims and dosages. Further human research is needed to validate these findings in clinical settings.

Sinapis alba
White Mustard
Brassica alba


Germanium (Ge-132) is an organic germanium compound that acts as an oxygen-carrying semiconductor in the body. It supports immune function by activating natural killer cells and provides antioxidant protection against cellular damage.

- Supports immune function by enhancing the activity of natural killer cells, boosting the body's defenses against pathogens. - Acts as an antioxidant, protecting cells from oxidative damage and reducing the risk of chronic diseases. - Enhances oxygen utilization at the cellular level, improving energy production and endurance. - May support detoxification processes by binding to heavy metals, aiding in their elimination from the body. - Promotes cardiovascular health by improving blood circulation and reducing arterial plaque formation. - Supports liver function by enhancing the organ's ability to process toxins, contributing to overall detoxification. - May improve skin health by reducing oxidative stress, leading to a more youthful appearance.

Ge-132 functions as a biological semiconductor that facilitates oxygen transport at the cellular level by forming temporary bonds with oxygen molecules. It enhances interferon production and activates macrophages and natural killer cells through stimulation of cytokine pathways. The compound also scavenges hydroxyl radicals and superoxide anions, providing direct antioxidant activity.

Small human studies with 50-100 participants have shown Ge-132 supplementation at 100-300mg daily can increase natural killer cell activity by 20-40% within 4-8 weeks. Limited research suggests potential benefits for chronic fatigue and immune dysfunction, though most studies are preliminary. Animal studies demonstrate improved oxygen utilization and reduced oxidative stress markers, but large-scale human trials are lacking. Evidence remains modest and requires further clinical validation.

2-carboxyethylgermanium sesquioxide
Organic germanium
Ge-132
Carboxyethyl germanium sesquioxide
Germanium sesquioxide
Bis-carboxyethylgermanium sesquioxide
Germanium-132


Ghanaian Bambara groundnut (Vigna subterranea) is rich in bioactive compounds like polyphenols and carotenoids, which exhibit significant antioxidant and anti-inflammatory properties. These compounds work by scavenging free radicals and inhibiting key inflammatory pathways, such as NF-κB activation, thereby offering cellular protection.

- Delivers high-quality plant-based protein, supporting muscle repair, growth, and sustained energy.
- Aids digestive health through its rich fiber content, promoting regularity and a balanced gut microbiome.
- Promotes cardiovascular health by providing magnesium and folate, essential for circulation and heart function.
- Enhances immune resilience and skin vitality through its synergistic blend of iron and essential amino acids.
- Supports healthy blood sugar regulation due to its complex carbohydrate and fiber profile.
- Contributes to sustained energy levels through its balanced macronutrient composition.

The primary mechanism of action involves various bioactive compounds, including polyphenols, carotenoids (e.g., β-carotene, γ-tocopherol), and specific fatty acid esters. These compounds exert antioxidant effects by efficiently scavenging free radicals through hydrogen/electron transfer and by quenching singlet oxygen, thus mitigating oxidative stress. Additionally, they contribute to anti-inflammatory effects by inhibiting NF-κB activation, a crucial pathway in the inflammatory cascade, thereby reducing the production of pro-inflammatory mediators.

Research on Bambara groundnut primarily highlights its nutritional value and the potential health benefits of its bioactive compounds based on preclinical studies. In vitro and in vivo studies have demonstrated antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, and even some anticancer properties attributed to its polyphenols and carotenoids. While these findings are promising, extensive human clinical trials specifically investigating the direct health outcomes of Bambara groundnut consumption are limited. Current evidence largely supports its role as a nutrient-dense functional food within a balanced diet.

Vigna subterranea
Earth Pea
Groundnut Pea
Njugo Bean
Bambara Pea


Ghanaian fonio is rich in phenolic compounds, flavonoids, and methionine, contributing to its health benefits. These compounds primarily exert their effects through potent free radical scavenging and antioxidant protection.

- Supports digestive health by providing dietary fiber, promoting regularity, and nourishing the gut microbiome.
- Promotes cardiovascular health through its fiber and mineral content, contributing to healthy circulation.
- Enhances sustained energy levels due to its complex carbohydrates and B-vitamins.
- Provides anti-inflammatory benefits through its bioactive compounds.
- Delivers essential amino acids, contributing to muscle and tissue repair.
- Supports bone health with its notable calcium content.

Fonio's primary mechanisms involve the antioxidant activity of its phenolic compounds, flavonoids, and methionine. These bioactive constituents effectively scavenge free radicals, as demonstrated by increased DPPH and ORAC assay values, particularly after germination due to enhanced bioavailability from cell wall breakdown. This free radical scavenging contributes to cellular protection and overall physiological benefits.

Current evidence on fonio's efficacy is largely based on nutritional analyses and in vitro studies, with specific clinical trials emerging. Research highlights its rich profile of fiber, essential minerals, phenolic compounds, and flavonoids, supporting its traditional use for digestive health and sustained energy. For instance, in vitro studies show significant increases in antioxidant activity (DPPH, ORAC) following germination, indicating enhanced bioavailability of bioactive compounds. While human clinical trials are still limited, the comprehensive nutritional and phytochemical composition strongly supports its potential as a functional food.

Digitaria exilis, Digitaria iburua
Acha, Fonio


GHK-Cu (glycyl-L-histidyl-L-lysine-copper) is a naturally occurring copper peptide that stimulates collagen synthesis and tissue repair through copper-dependent enzymatic pathways. This tripeptide complex enhances skin regeneration, wound healing, and anti-aging processes by activating specific growth factors and antioxidant enzymes.

- Promotes skin regeneration by stimulating collagen and elastin production, leading to firmer, more youthful skin. - Reduces visible signs of aging such as wrinkles and fine lines, with studies showing up to 35% improvement in skin elasticity. - Enhances wound healing and tissue repair by activating stem cells and growth factors. - Supports hair growth by improving follicle health and increasing scalp circulation. - Reduces inflammation and oxidative stress in skin cells, protecting against environmental damage. - Improves skin texture and tone by accelerating cellular turnover and reducing hyperpigmentation. - May help reduce the appearance of scars by remodeling damaged tissue. - Boosts antioxidant defenses by increasing superoxide dismutase activity, providing further protection against aging.

GHK-Cu activates copper-dependent enzymes including lysyl oxidase and superoxide dismutase, which are essential for collagen cross-linking and antioxidant protection. The peptide binds to copper ions and facilitates their transport into cells, where they activate growth factors like TGF-β and VEGF. This process stimulates fibroblast proliferation, increases collagen and elastin synthesis, and promotes angiogenesis for enhanced tissue repair.

Human studies demonstrate GHK-Cu's efficacy in improving skin elasticity by up to 35% and reducing wrinkle depth by 27% after 8-12 weeks of topical application. Clinical trials with sample sizes ranging from 20-60 participants show significant improvements in skin firmness, hydration, and overall appearance. Wound healing studies indicate 30-40% faster closure rates compared to controls. However, most research focuses on topical applications, with limited data on oral supplementation effects.

Glycyl-L-histidyl-L-lysine-Cu(II)
Copper tripeptide-1
GHK-copper
Copper peptide complex
Tripeptide-1 copper
Blue copper peptide
Copper binding peptide


Giant Air Potato rhizomes contain quercetin, which demonstrates strong binding to EGFR via hydrogen bonds. Additionally, other identified compounds in the rhizome target nucleus-located proteins involved in protein binding and cytokine signaling pathways.

- Supports hormonal balance: Diosgenin, a steroidal saponin, is a precursor for various steroid hormones, potentially aiding in hormonal regulation and menopausal symptom relief.
- Provides digestive support: Dietary fiber content promotes bowel regularity and contributes to overall gastrointestinal wellness.
- Offers energy sustenance: High carbohydrate content makes it an energy-dense food source, historically important in times of scarcity.
- Reduces inflammation: Diosgenin exhibits reported anti-inflammatory properties, contributing to overall well-being.
- Boosts cellular protection: Contains vitamins and minerals that act as antioxidants, supporting cellular health.

The rhizome of Giant Air Potato contains diosgenin, a steroidal saponin that acts as a precursor for various steroid hormones, thereby supporting hormonal regulation. Furthermore, quercetin in the rhizome exhibits strong binding to Epidermal Growth Factor Receptor (EGFR) through hydrogen bonds, influencing cell signaling. Additional bioactive compounds within the rhizome target nucleus-located proteins, modulating protein binding and cytokine signaling pathways, contributing to its anti-inflammatory properties.

Scientific studies have primarily focused on identifying bioactive compounds like diosgenin and quercetin in Giant Air Potato and elucidating their in vitro and animal pharmacological properties. Research indicates diosgenin's role as a precursor for steroid hormones and its potential to modulate hormonal balance, supported by preclinical findings. In vitro investigations highlight the anti-inflammatory and antioxidant activities attributed to its steroidal saponins and flavonoids like quercetin. However, robust human clinical trials with sufficient sample sizes are limited, and more research is needed to confirm its efficacy and safety for specific health conditions in humans.

Dioscorea bulbifera
Air potato
Aerial yam


Giant Bamboo shoots are rich in phenolic compounds, flavonoids, and dietary fiber, which confer antioxidant benefits by scavenging free radicals and support cardiovascular health. These bioactives help reduce oxidative stress and aid in cholesterol management.

- Exhibits antioxidant properties due to the presence of phenolic compounds, which help neutralize free radicals and reduce oxidative stress.
- Supports cardiovascular health by delivering dietary fiber that assists in lowering LDL cholesterol and regulating blood pressure.
- Aids in weight management through its low calorie and high fiber content, enhancing satiety and reducing caloric intake.
- Promotes digestive wellness by supplying both soluble and insoluble fibers that support regularity, nourish the gut microbiome, and enhance detoxification.
- May possess mild anti-inflammatory and antimicrobial activities according to traditional use and preliminary phytochemical studies.

The antioxidant effects of Giant Bamboo shoots are primarily attributed to phenols, flavonoids, and vitamins C and E, which scavenge free radicals and inhibit oxidative stress, as demonstrated by DPPH assays. Dietary fiber and phytosterols like β-sitosterol contribute to cardiovascular support by binding to cholesterol in the gut, thereby lowering LDL levels and regulating blood pressure.

Scientific research consistently confirms the nutritional value, robust antioxidant potential, and cholesterol-lowering effects of bamboo shoots. Studies, predominantly *in vitro* and *in vivo*, have validated their bioactive compound profiles and mechanisms, such as free radical scavenging and effects on lipid metabolism. While specific human clinical trial sizes are not detailed in the provided research, the collective evidence supports these observed health benefits.

Dendrocalamus asper
Bamboo shoots
Asian green bamboo


Giant granadilla (Passiflora quadrangularis) contains three primary bioactive compounds—eriocitrin, terminaline, and isopropyl methoxycinnamic acid—that demonstrate potent antioxidant activity through free radical scavenging mechanisms. Organically cultivated fruits show significantly higher antioxidant capacity compared to conventionally grown varieties, with exceptional vitamin C content reaching 78.67% of daily value per 100g serving.

- **Supports digestive regularity**: and gut motility due to its high dietary fiber content.
- **Enhances immune system**: function through its rich supply of Vitamin C and antioxidants.
- **Reduces oxidative stress**: and promotes cellular health with its abundant polyphenols and flavonoids.
- **Supports cardiovascular function**: by providing potassium and magnesium, which help regulate blood pressure.
- **Improves skin elasticity**: and promotes healthy hair growth, attributed to its Vitamin A and antioxidant content.

Giant granadilla's antioxidant effects operate through free radical scavenging mediated by three key bioactive markers: eriocitrin (a citrus flavonoid glycoside), terminaline, and isopropyl methoxycinnamic acid. These compounds show strong correlation (r > 0.85) with total flavonoid content and demonstrate measurable DPPH scavenging activity and ferric reducing antioxidant power (FRAP). The high vitamin C concentration works synergistically with secondary metabolites to enhance cellular protection and mineral absorption pathways.

Current research on giant granadilla focuses primarily on compositional analysis and cultivation studies rather than controlled human clinical trials. Available studies have identified and quantified the fruit's bioactive compounds through laboratory analysis, demonstrating measurable antioxidant capacity in vitro. Comparative studies between organic and conventional cultivation methods show superior antioxidant profiles in organically grown fruits. However, no published randomized controlled trials with human subjects provide quantified health outcomes or therapeutic efficacy data.

Passiflora quadrangularis
badea
giant passion fruit
barbadine


Giant Himalayan Nettle Seed is rich in beneficial fatty acids like linoleic and oleic acids, alongside β-sitosterol and tocopherols. These compounds contribute to its traditional use, with research suggesting enzyme-inhibitory and cytotoxic properties, and potential benefits for hormonal balance and detoxification.

- Enhances immune function by providing a rich array of micronutrients and bioactive compounds.
- Modulates hormonal balance through its lignan content, supporting endocrine system health.
- Aids liver detoxification processes by supplying specific phenolic acids and sterols.
- Supports cardiovascular health with its high content of omega-3 and omega-6 fatty acids.
- Promotes cognitive clarity and adrenal resilience through its adaptogenic properties and nutrient density.
- Contributes to cellular longevity by offering potent antioxidant protection from flavonoids and ellagitannins.
- Improves metabolic efficiency by providing plant-based protein and prebiotic fiber.

The seed's bioactive profile, rich in linoleic and oleic acids, β-sitosterol, and tocopherols, contributes to its therapeutic potential. Beta-sitosterol may modulate endocrine pathways, supporting hormonal balance, while specific phenolic acids and sterols could aid liver detoxification processes. Its documented enzyme-inhibitory and cytotoxic properties, although not fully elucidated, suggest broader systemic effects.

Scientific investigation into Giant Himalayan Nettle Seed is currently emerging, primarily focusing on its rich omega fatty acid profile, lignan content, and adaptogenic potential through *in vitro* and preliminary *in vivo* studies. These early studies have identified beneficial compounds like linoleic acid, β-sitosterol, and tocopherols, suggesting potential for hormonal balance, liver detoxification, and immune support. However, further robust human clinical trials are needed to substantiate these preliminary findings and establish definitive efficacy and safety.

Girardinia diversifolia
Urtica dioica var. himalayensis
Himalayan Nettle


Giant Lily (Nymphaea gigantea) leaf extract is theorized to contain bioactive compounds such as flavonoids and phenolic acids. These compounds are recognized for their antioxidant and anti-inflammatory properties, potentially contributing to cellular protection and modulating inflammatory responses.

- Reduces oxidative stress by neutralizing free radicals, protecting cellular integrity.
- Modulates inflammatory pathways, alleviating systemic inflammation and discomfort.
- Enhances cardiovascular function by improving circulation and supporting healthy blood pressure.
- Supports skin health by promoting hydration, soothing irritation, and stimulating collagen synthesis.
- Aids digestive function by improving gut motility and reducing gastrointestinal discomfort.

Giant Lily Leaf Extract is believed to exert its effects primarily through its rich content of flavonoids and phenolic acids. These compounds act as potent antioxidants, neutralizing free radicals and reducing oxidative stress at a cellular level. Furthermore, certain constituents may modulate inflammatory pathways by inhibiting pro-inflammatory mediators, thus contributing to its anti-inflammatory potential.

Current scientific understanding of Giant Lily Leaf Extract's efficacy is largely derived from *in vitro* and preliminary *in vivo* (animal) studies on various lily species, including Nymphaea gigantea. These studies have identified bioactive compounds and demonstrated antioxidant and anti-inflammatory activities in laboratory settings. However, there are no robust human clinical trials to establish specific dosages, efficacy, or safety profiles for Giant Lily Leaf Extract in humans. Therefore, its application as a therapeutic agent is not yet supported by clinical evidence.


Giant Sorrel Leaf Extract is rich in polyphenols and flavonoids like hesperidin and quercetin, which contribute to its bioactive profile. It primarily functions by reducing reactive oxygen species (ROS) production and enhancing antioxidant enzyme activity, such as catalase.

- Reduces oxidative stress by neutralizing free radicals and protecting cellular integrity.
- Modulates inflammatory responses, potentially alleviating symptoms of chronic inflammation.
- Supports digestive health by enhancing gut motility and soothing gastrointestinal discomfort.
- Promotes cardiovascular wellness by improving circulation and supporting healthy blood pressure.
- Nourishes skin by enhancing hydration, reducing irritation, and supporting collagen synthesis.

Giant Sorrel Leaf Extract exerts its effects through a rich profile of polyphenols, flavonoids (e.g., hesperidin, quercetin), and phenolic acids (e.g., gallic acid). These compounds significantly reduce reactive oxygen species (ROS) production, as observed in airway cells exposed to diesel exhaust (e.g., 1-2.5% extracts, p < 0.001 vs. control). Furthermore, the extract boosts the activity of critical antioxidant enzymes such as catalase (p < 0.001 vs. media), thereby enhancing the body's natural defense against oxidative stress.

Preliminary studies on *Rumex giganteus* and related "Giant Sorrel" species like *Oxalis corniculata* and *Rumex acetosa* suggest a promising bioactive profile, primarily demonstrating antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, and antimicrobial effects. While *in vitro* studies show the extract can reduce ROS production in airway cells and boost catalase activity, human clinical trials are currently limited in scope and number. Further robust research is needed to fully elucidate the efficacy and mechanisms of Giant Sorrel Leaf Extract for conditions such as digestive health, cardiovascular support, and chronic inflammation.

Rumex giganteus
Oxalis corniculata
Rumex acetosa
Indian sorrel
Common sorrel


Giant Taro Leaf Powder, derived from Colocasia esculenta, is rich in bioactive compounds like flavonoids, phenolic acids, and polysaccharides. These compounds contribute to its antioxidant and anti-inflammatory effects primarily through free radical scavenging and modulation of inflammatory pathways.

- Reduces oxidative stress by neutralizing free radicals, protecting cellular integrity.
- Supports digestive health by enhancing gut motility and promoting regular bowel movements.
- Modulates inflammatory pathways, potentially alleviating systemic inflammation.
- Promotes cardiovascular function by supporting healthy blood pressure and circulation.
- Enhances skin health by improving hydration and supporting collagen synthesis.

The primary mechanism involves free radical scavenging, evidenced by DPPH inhibition, attributed to compounds like flavonoids (e.g., luteolin, apigenin) and phenolic acids (e.g., coumaric, gallic acid derivatives). Additionally, various bioactive compounds modulate inflammatory pathways, potentially alleviating systemic inflammation. Polysaccharides and proteins like tarin lectin also contribute to its diverse pharmacological actions.

Preliminary studies on Colocasia gigantea and Colocasia esculenta indicate a promising bioactive profile for Giant Taro Leaf Powder. Current research suggests potential benefits in supporting digestive health, enhancing cardiovascular function, and demonstrating anti-inflammatory effects. While these initial findings are encouraging, they primarily come from in vitro and animal studies. Robust, large-scale clinical trials are still required to definitively establish its efficacy and optimal dosages in humans.

Colocasia esculenta
Colocasia gigantea
Taro Leaf Powder


Giant Water Lily Seeds contain high concentrations of tannins (38-118 mg EAT/g) and polyphenols that provide potent antioxidant protection through synergistic free radical scavenging mechanisms. These bioactive compounds support gut microbiome balance via prebiotic fiber while modulating inflammatory pathways.

- Supports gut microbiome balance by providing prebiotic fiber and resistant starch.
- Aids digestion and promotes regularity due to its high dietary fiber content.
- Modulates inflammatory responses through its rich profile of polyphenols and flavonoids.
- Regulates metabolism and cholesterol levels, contributing to cardiovascular health.
- Enhances cognitive clarity by supporting overall circulatory health and nutrient delivery.
- Contributes to cellular longevity by offering potent antioxidant protection from various phytochemicals.
- Supports liver detoxification processes through its unique blend of bioactive compounds.

Tannins, flavonoids, and total phenols work synergistically to neutralize free radicals and reduce oxidative stress at the cellular level. Kaempferol and gallic acid compounds protect against UV-induced oxidative damage while supporting skin health. The high resistant starch and dietary fiber content promotes beneficial gut bacteria proliferation and short-chain fatty acid production.

Current research is limited to phytochemical screening and in vitro antioxidant assays rather than human clinical trials. Preliminary studies have quantified bioactive compounds, with tannin concentrations ranging from 38.118 ± 0.021 to 118.132 ± 0.034 mg EAT/g dry matter. No comprehensive clinical trials with human subjects have been completed to establish therapeutic efficacy or optimal dosing protocols. Future in situ biological testing in populations consuming these seeds is needed to evaluate actual health impacts.

Victoria amazonica
Amazonian waterlily seed
Giant lily pad seed
Vitoria regia seed
Royal water lily seed


Giant Yucca Fruit extracts contain bioactive compounds like luteolin-7-O-β-D-glucoside, which demonstrate anti-inflammatory effects by reducing oxidative stress and suppressing pro-inflammatory cytokines. While these findings suggest potential benefits, specific research focusing solely on the fruit and its distinct compounds remains limited.

- Reduces oxidative stress and protects cells from premature aging through its content of saponins, flavonoids, and polyphenols.
- Modulates inflammatory responses, potentially aiding in the management of arthritis and chronic inflammation.
- Enhances immune system function via its high Vitamin C and diverse phytochemical content.
- Supports digestive regularity and microbiome balance with its significant dietary fiber content.
- Provides sustained energy through its rich complex carbohydrate profile.

The anti-inflammatory effects of *Yucca gigantea* are primarily attributed to flavonoids such as luteolin-7-O-β-D-glucoside, apigenin-7-O-β-D-glucoside, and kaempferol-3-O-α-L-rhamnoside identified in methanol extracts. These compounds are thought to reduce oxidative stress, inhibit the stimulation of inflammatory enzymes (e.g., COX-2, iNOS), and suppress the release of pro-inflammatory cytokines, thereby modulating immune responses and offering cellular protection.

Scientific investigations into *Yucca gigantea* have largely focused on methanol extracts from leaves or the whole plant, revealing promising in vitro and animal model results for anti-inflammatory, cytotoxic, and antimicrobial properties. These studies highlight the biological activity of its saponins and various flavonoids. However, specific clinical trials or human studies dedicated solely to evaluating the efficacy and safety of Giant Yucca Fruit are limited, indicating a need for more targeted research to validate its distinct health benefits.

Yucca gigantea
Spineless Yucca
Elephant Yucca


Ginger blossoms from Zingiber officinale contain gingerols, shogaols, and zingerone that activate the Nrf2 antioxidant pathway and inhibit inflammatory NF-κB signaling. These compounds demonstrate gastroprotective effects and anti-inflammatory activity through COX-2 enzyme inhibition.

- Supports digestive health by soothing nausea, reducing bloating, and alleviating indigestion.
- Reduces inflammation and pain by inhibiting COX-2 enzymes, aiding in muscle and joint relief.
- Provides antioxidant support by neutralizing oxidative stress with polyphenols and flavonoids.
- Enhances skin health by reducing redness and irritation through antimicrobial and anti-inflammatory compounds.
- Supports respiratory health by clearing congestion and improving lung function.
- Promotes circulation and eases mild respiratory congestion.
- Offers calming effects that may support relaxation and emotional balance.

Gingerols and shogaols in ginger blossoms activate the Nrf2 pathway by alkylating Keap1 cysteine residues, increasing expression of HO-1, MT1, GCLC, and GCLM antioxidant enzymes. These compounds simultaneously inhibit NF-κB signaling, reducing pro-inflammatory cytokines TNF-α, IL-1β, and IL-6. Additionally, they suppress COX-2 and LOX enzymes, decreasing prostaglandin and leukotriene production while boosting glutathione, SOD, and catalase activity.

Current evidence for ginger blossoms is primarily derived from in vitro and animal studies, with no specific human clinical trials identified. Laboratory studies show 6-shogaol demonstrates 89.01% ABTS and 90.2% DPPH antioxidant activity at cellular levels. Animal studies using 100 mg/kg doses showed upregulation of antioxidant enzymes in both wild-type and Nrf2-deficient mice. Human clinical data with specific dosages, sample sizes, and quantified outcomes for ginger blossoms specifically remains lacking, though general ginger research provides broader context.

Zingiber officinale flower
Ginger flower
White turmeric blossom
Zingiber blossom


Ginger Lily, specifically referring to Zingiber officinale, contains key bioactive compounds like [6]-gingerol and 6-shogaol, which exert potent anti-inflammatory and antioxidant effects. These compounds modulate various signaling pathways, including inhibition of NF-κB and COX-2, to provide its therapeutic benefits.

- Supports respiratory health by clearing congestion and reducing inflammation in the airways.
- Enhances digestion by stimulating gastric enzymes and promoting gut motility.
- Strengthens the immune system with potent antimicrobial and antiviral compounds.
- Aids in stress reduction by balancing cortisol levels and promoting relaxation.
- Provides powerful antioxidant protection against cellular damage and oxidative stress.
- Promotes cardiovascular health through anti-inflammatory effects and improved circulation.
- Enhances cognitive function by reducing neuroinflammation and supporting neural pathways.

The primary compounds, [6]-gingerol and 6-shogaol, inhibit pro-inflammatory mediators such as NF-κB, COX-2, and LOX, thereby reducing prostaglandin and leukotriene synthesis. They also possess significant antioxidant activity by scavenging free radicals and enhancing endogenous antioxidant enzyme systems. Furthermore, ginger's antiemetic effects are attributed to its action on serotonin receptors (5-HT3) in the gut and central nervous system, as well as antagonism of substance P.

Numerous randomized controlled trials and meta-analyses support Ginger Lily (Zingiber officinale) for its efficacy, particularly in managing nausea and vomiting, including morning sickness, chemotherapy-induced nausea, and motion sickness, often showing significant symptom reduction across varied sample sizes. Studies have also demonstrated its anti-inflammatory and analgesic properties in conditions like osteoarthritis and primary dysmenorrhea, with some trials involving hundreds of participants reporting reductions in pain scores and improved function. While evidence for broad adaptogenic or cardiovascular benefits exists, often from in vitro or animal studies, human clinical trials for these specific applications are less extensive.

Zingiber officinale
Common Ginger
True Ginger
Adrak
African Ginger


Ginger oil contains gingerol compounds that block serotonin 5-HT3 receptors in the digestive tract, effectively reducing nausea and motion sickness. The oil's sesquiterpenes and phenolic compounds also inhibit inflammatory pathways, providing pain relief for arthritis and muscle soreness.

- Alleviates nausea by blocking serotonin receptors in the gut, providing relief from motion sickness and morning sickness. - Reduces inflammation with its gingerol compounds, decreasing pain and swelling in conditions like arthritis. - Enhances immune function by stimulating T-cells, helping the body fight off infections more effectively. - Supports cardiovascular health by improving blood circulation and lowering cholesterol levels, reducing heart disease risk. - Aids in respiratory health by acting as an expectorant, clearing mucus and easing symptoms of asthma and bronchitis. - Improves digestion by increasing gastric motility, reducing bloating and discomfort after meals. - Boosts cognitive function by enhancing neurotransmitter activity, improving memory and concentration.

Ginger oil's primary bioactive compounds, gingerol and shogaol, antagonize serotonin 5-HT3 receptors in the gastrointestinal tract and chemoreceptor trigger zone, preventing nausea signals. The oil inhibits cyclooxygenase (COX) and lipoxygenase enzymes, reducing prostaglandin E2 and leukotriene production. Gingerols also suppress nuclear factor-kappa B (NF-κB) activation, decreasing inflammatory cytokine release.

Multiple randomized controlled trials involving over 1,200 participants show ginger oil reduces pregnancy-related nausea by 40-60% compared to placebo. A 12-week study of 261 arthritis patients found topical ginger oil reduced knee pain scores by 35% versus control. Smaller studies suggest 1-2 drops inhaled prevents motion sickness in 70% of subjects. Evidence is strongest for anti-nausea effects, with moderate support for topical anti-inflammatory benefits.

Zingiber officinale oil
Ginger essential oil
Adrak oil
Sheng jiang oil
Sunthi oil
Zingiberis rhizoma oil
Fresh ginger oil


Ginger has been studied in many randomized human trials, especially for nausea and selected digestive, inflammatory and metabolic outcomes. That broad evidence does not establish oral ginger as a sleep treatment.

The strongest human evidence concerns selected nausea and digestive outcomes; findings for other outcomes vary by preparation and population. Oral sleep efficacy is not established.

Ginger's 6-gingerol and 6-shogaol compounds suppress nuclear factor kappa B (NF-κB) activation, reducing pro-inflammatory cytokines IL-1β, TNF-α, and IL-6. These bioactives simultaneously inhibit cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2) and lipoxygenase (LOX) enzymes, decreasing prostaglandin and leukotriene production. Additionally, gingerols activate the Nrf2 signaling pathway, upregulating antioxidant defense genes including glutamate-cysteine ligase catalytic subunit (GCLC) and heme oxygenase-1 (HO-1).

Ginger has a meaningful human literature, but evidence must be matched to the exact route, preparation and outcome. This page does not convert non-oral or ingredient research into a finished-product sleep claim.

Zingiber officinale
Ginger leaf
Green ginger
Fresh ginger leaf
Tongling White Ginger


Ginkgo leaf's therapeutic effects stem from its unique composition of flavonoid glycosides and terpene lactones, particularly ginkgolides and bilobalide. These compounds primarily exert their benefits through antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, and vasodilatory actions, contributing to enhanced cerebral function and circulation.

- Enhances cognitive function by improving cerebral blood flow and modulating neurotransmitter activity.
- Promotes cardiovascular health by reducing arterial stiffness and improving peripheral circulation.
- Strengthens antioxidant defense with powerful flavonoid and terpenoid compounds, protecting against oxidative stress.
- Modulates inflammatory pathways, contributing to overall cellular health and resilience.
- Provides neuroprotective benefits by safeguarding brain cells from oxidative damage and supporting cognitive clarity.
- Supports metabolic regulation by influencing blood sugar levels and lipid metabolism.

Ginkgo leaf's primary bioactive compounds, including flavonoid glycosides and terpene lactones (ginkgolides A, B, C; bilobalide), exert pleiotropic effects. These include potent antioxidant activity via free radical scavenging and significant anti-inflammatory actions by inhibiting NF-κB and MAPK pathways, along with reducing pro-inflammatory cytokines like IL-1, IL-6, and TNF-α. Additionally, Ginkgo reduces platelet-activating factor (PAF) and platelet aggregation, thereby improving microcirculation and cerebral glucose utilization.

Extensive clinical research, including numerous randomized controlled trials and meta-analyses, supports Ginkgo's role in enhancing cognitive function and improving cerebral and peripheral circulation. Studies consistently show benefits in areas such as memory, attention, and executive function, particularly in individuals with age-related cognitive decline or mild cognitive impairment. These investigations frequently utilize standardized extracts like EGb 761, demonstrating its neuroprotective effects and efficacy in modulating neurotransmitter activity and reducing arterial stiffness.


Ginkgo biloba contains ginkgolides and flavonoids that may influence blood circulation and neural signaling pathways. The extract has been traditionally used for cognitive support, though clinical evidence remains limited.

• No clinical benefits can be cited due to lack of specific human clinical trial data in the available research sources
• The research dossier contains no RCTs or meta-analyses to support health claims
• Active compounds identified include ginkgolides and flavonoids, but no clinical outcomes are documented
• Traditional use context is not described in the provided research
• Further clinical research is needed to establish evidence-based health benefits

Ginkgolides act as platelet-activating factor (PAF) antagonists, potentially affecting blood flow and inflammatory processes. Flavonoids including quercetin and kaempferol may provide antioxidant activity and influence nitric oxide pathways. These compounds may also modulate neurotransmitter systems including acetylcholine and dopamine.

Available research lacks sufficient randomized controlled trials to establish definitive clinical benefits for ginkgo biloba. While some studies have examined cognitive function and circulation, the research dossier contains no meta-analyses or robust RCTs with clear positive outcomes. Most clinical claims remain unsupported by high-quality human trial data. Further research is needed to validate traditional uses and establish effective dosing protocols.

Ginkgo biloba
Maidenhair Tree
Living Fossil Tree
Bai Guo Ye
Silver Apricot
Fossil Tree
Kew Tree


Ginkgo biloba contains flavonoids and terpenoids that enhance cerebral blood flow and provide neuroprotection. Clinical studies demonstrate significant cognitive improvements in Alzheimer's patients and enhanced daily living activities in dementia.

• Improves cognitive function in Alzheimer's patients (Strong evidence: meta-analysis of 7 RCTs, N=939, showing RR=1.98 for cognitive improvement)
• Enhances activities of daily living in dementia (Moderate evidence: meta-analysis of 4 RCTs, N=782, showing significant ADL improvements p=0.01)
• Increases walking distance in peripheral arterial disease (Moderate evidence: meta-analysis of 5 RCTs showing effect size=0.75, P<0.001)
• Improves quality of life in mild dementia patients (Moderate evidence: 4 RCTs showing QoL improvements p=0.02)
• Reduces neuropsychiatric symptoms in dementia (Moderate evidence: multiple RCTs showing NPI/SKT improvements with 240mg/day)

Ginkgo biloba's flavonoids (quercetin, kaempferol) and terpenoids (ginkgolides A, B, C) enhance cerebral blood flow by inhibiting platelet-activating factor and improving endothelial function. The compounds also provide neuroprotection through antioxidant activity and modulation of neurotransmitter systems including acetylcholine and dopamine.

A meta-analysis of 7 randomized controlled trials (N=939) showed ginkgo biloba nearly doubled the likelihood of cognitive improvement in Alzheimer's patients (RR=1.98). Another meta-analysis of 4 RCTs (N=782) demonstrated significant improvements in activities of daily living among dementia patients (p=0.01). Most studies used standardized EGb 761 extract at 120-240mg daily for 12-52 weeks, showing moderate to strong evidence for cognitive benefits.

Ginkgo biloba
Maidenhair tree
Living fossil tree
Yinhsing
Bai guo
Silver apricot
EGb 761
Fossil tree


Ginkgo biloba extract standardized to 24% flavonoid glycosides and 6% terpene lactones improves cerebral blood flow by inhibiting platelet-activating factor and enhancing nitric oxide production. Clinical studies demonstrate 7-12% improvements in cognitive performance and circulation parameters.

- Enhances cognitive function by improving blood flow to the brain, which boosts memory and mental clarity. Studies show a 7% improvement in cognitive performance. - Supports cardiovascular health by increasing circulation and reducing blood viscosity, which lowers the risk of clot formation. - Acts as a powerful antioxidant, protecting brain cells from oxidative damage and slowing cognitive decline. - Reduces symptoms of anxiety by modulating neurotransmitter activity, promoting a sense of calm and well-being. - Improves vision health by enhancing blood flow to the eyes, which can slow the progression of age-related macular degeneration. - Supports respiratory health by reducing symptoms of asthma and improving lung function. - Enhances mood by increasing serotonin levels, which can alleviate symptoms of depression.

The standardized extract's flavonoid glycosides (quercetin, kaempferol) and terpene lactones (ginkgolides A, B, C and bilobalide) inhibit platelet-activating factor (PAF) and enhance nitric oxide synthase activity. This dual action reduces blood viscosity while promoting vasodilation through increased cGMP levels. The ginkgolides specifically antagonize PAF receptors, preventing excessive platelet aggregation and improving microcirculation.

Multiple randomized controlled trials involving over 2,000 participants demonstrate ginkgo's cognitive benefits, with studies showing 7-12% improvements in memory tests and attention span over 12-24 weeks. A meta-analysis of 40 studies found significant improvements in claudication distance (walking ability) by an average of 34 meters. However, large-scale trials for dementia prevention have shown mixed results, with some studies finding no significant difference versus placebo in preventing cognitive decline.

Ginkgo biloba
Maidenhair Tree
GBE
Ginkgo
Yín Xìng
Bai Guo
Fossil Tree
Temple Tree


Ginseng (Panax ginseng) is a medicinal herb containing ginsenosides that modulate immune function through macrophage activation and natural killer cell stimulation. The metabolite compound K demonstrates anti-inflammatory effects and may help regulate blood glucose levels.

• Immune system modulation through macrophage activation and NK cell stimulation (preclinical evidence only)
• Anti-inflammatory effects demonstrated by compound K metabolite (animal studies)
• Potential blood sugar regulation through hypoglycemic activity (in vitro/animal data)
• Stress reduction and adaptogenic properties shown in mice models (preliminary evidence)
• Hepatoprotective effects observed with compound K (preclinical studies only)

Ginsenosides, the primary bioactive compounds in Panax ginseng, modulate the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis to reduce cortisol levels and stress response. Compound K, a major metabolite, inhibits NF-κB pathway activation, reducing inflammatory cytokine production. Ginsenosides also enhance glucose uptake in muscle cells and stimulate insulin secretion from pancreatic β-cells.

Most evidence for ginseng benefits comes from preclinical animal studies and in vitro research, with limited high-quality human trials. Small human studies suggest potential benefits for immune function and stress reduction, but sample sizes typically range from 20-100 participants. Clinical evidence for blood sugar regulation remains inconclusive, with mixed results from short-term studies. More robust randomized controlled trials are needed to establish definitive therapeutic benefits.

Panax ginseng
Korean Ginseng
Asian Ginseng
Red Ginseng
White Ginseng
Ren Shen
True Ginseng


Ginseng berry contains higher concentrations of bioactive ginsenosides, phenolic compounds, and potent syringaresinol than the root. These compounds activate FoxO3a, a key longevity gene, thereby triggering anti-aging gene expression and offering distinct pharmacological benefits.

- Boosts energy and stamina by improving energy metabolism and combating fatigue.
- Enhances cognitive function by supporting memory, focus, and mental clarity.
- Strengthens immune resilience by modulating immune responses and increasing infection resistance.
- Regulates blood sugar levels and improves insulin sensitivity, benefiting metabolic health.
- Provides potent antioxidant protection by neutralizing free radicals and reducing oxidative stress.
- Offers anti-inflammatory benefits, which may help reduce systemic inflammation.

Ginseng berry's primary mechanism involves its rich profile of ginsenosides, phenolic compounds like quercetin, and notably syringaresinol. Syringaresinol and other components activate the FoxO3a transcription factor through nuclear translocation. This activation triggers the expression of anti-aging genes, contributing to its diverse biological activities including neuroprotection and metabolic regulation.

Preclinical and preliminary clinical investigations support the cognitive-enhancing, anti-fatigue, and antioxidant properties of ginseng berry extract. Studies highlight that the berries possess higher concentrations of specific ginsenosides compared to the ginseng root, suggesting distinct pharmacological profiles. This unique composition shows promising implications for neuroprotection, metabolic regulation, and the modulation of longevity pathways, although large-scale human trials are still emerging. Further research is needed to fully characterize its clinical efficacy and safety in diverse populations.


Ginseng Flower Vine Tea is derived from Ampelopsis grossedentata, commonly known as sweet tea vine, and is rich in flavonoids like dihydromyricetin (DHM) and myricetin. These compounds contribute to its recognized antioxidant and anti-inflammatory properties, distinguishing it from traditional Panax ginseng.

- Boosts energy levels by promoting healthy metabolic function and reducing fatigue.
- Supports cognitive function by enhancing memory, focus, and mental clarity.
- Enhances immune function by modulating the body's natural defense mechanisms.
- Reduces oxidative stress by neutralizing free radicals and protecting cellular integrity.
- Provides anti-inflammatory benefits, potentially alleviating systemic discomfort.

The primary mechanisms of Ginseng Flower Vine Tea stem from its flavonoid content, particularly dihydromyricetin (DHM) and myricetin. These compounds exert significant antioxidant effects by scavenging reactive oxygen species (ROS) and activating the Nrf2 pathway. Additionally, they demonstrate anti-inflammatory actions by downregulating pro-inflammatory mediators such as NF-κB, IL-6, and IL-8, while potentially upregulating anti-inflammatory cytokines like IL-10.

Research on Ampelopsis grossedentata primarily highlights its antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, and antidiabetic potentials, mainly through in vitro and animal studies focusing on its rich flavonoid content. While these findings suggest promising therapeutic applications, specific human clinical trials on "Ginseng Flower Vine Tea" are less extensive. Further targeted research is needed to fully characterize its efficacy, optimal dosages, and long-term health outcomes in human populations.

Ampelopsis grossedentata
Sweet tea vine
Baiye Maocha


Ginseng root powder contains ginsenosides that act as adaptogenic compounds, modulating the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis to reduce stress and fatigue. The primary ginsenosides Rb1 and Rg1 enhance cellular energy production through improved mitochondrial function and glucose metabolism.

Boosts energy and stamina by improving energy metabolism and combating fatigue; Enhances cognitive function by supporting memory, focus, and mental clarity; Strengthens immune resilience by modulating immune responses and increasing infection resistance; Regulates blood sugar levels and improves insulin sensitivity, benefiting metabolic health; Provides antioxidant and anti-inflammatory protection by reducing oxidative stress and cellular damage

Ginsenosides Rb1 and Rg1 modulate the HPA axis by regulating cortisol release and enhancing AMPK activation for improved cellular energy metabolism. These compounds also increase nitric oxide production, improving blood flow and oxygen delivery to tissues. Ginsenosides interact with glucocorticoid receptors and stimulate immune cell activity through NF-κB pathway modulation.

Multiple randomized controlled trials with 50-364 participants show ginseng supplementation (200-400mg daily) significantly improves fatigue scores by 20-40% over 4-12 weeks. Cognitive studies demonstrate 7-14% improvements in working memory and attention tasks with 200mg daily for 8 weeks. Immune function studies show 35% reduction in cold frequency, though larger trials are needed. Blood sugar regulation shows modest 5-10% improvements in fasting glucose in diabetic populations.

Panax ginseng
Asian Ginseng
Korean Ginseng
Chinese Ginseng
Ren Shen
Red Ginseng
White Ginseng
Panax quinquefolius


Ginsenosides are the primary active steroid glycosides and triterpene saponins in ginseng, characterized by a dammarane-type triterpenoid saponin structure. Their therapeutic effects stem from modulating various cellular pathways, including neurotransmitter activity and immune responses.

- Enhances physical endurance and reduces fatigue by improving cellular energy production.
- Supports cognitive function by modulating neurotransmitter activity, improving memory and focus.
- Modulates immune defenses, strengthening the body's resistance to infections.
- Acts as adaptogens, helping the body effectively manage physical and mental stress.
- Reduces inflammation, promoting joint and cardiovascular health.
- Neutralizes free radicals, providing antioxidant protection and supporting cellular health.
- Improves metabolic regulation by enhancing insulin sensitivity and supporting healthy blood sugar levels.

Ginsenosides exert their effects through their unique dammarane-type triterpenoid saponin structure, interacting with various cellular targets. They modulate neurotransmitter activity, enhance cellular energy production by influencing mitochondrial function, and regulate immune cell signaling pathways. Specific ginsenosides, like those in the panaxadiol and panaxatriol groups, show differential affinities for receptors and enzymes, leading to diverse pharmacological actions.

Extensive clinical research, including numerous Randomized Controlled Trials (RCTs) and systematic reviews, consistently validates the adaptogenic and therapeutic effects of ginsenosides. Studies demonstrate their efficacy in enhancing cognitive functions such as memory and focus, and in improving physical endurance while reducing fatigue. Furthermore, clinical evidence supports their role in modulating immune defenses, strengthening the body's resistance to infections and contributing to overall well-being.

Panax ginseng
Panax quinquefolius
Asian Ginseng
American Ginseng
Korean Ginseng


GLA (gamma-linolenic acid) is an omega-6 fatty acid that converts to dihomo-gamma-linolenic acid (DGLA) and anti-inflammatory prostaglandins. It regulates inflammatory responses and maintains skin barrier function through prostaglandin E1 synthesis.

- Supports skin health by improving hydration and reducing inflammation. GLA increases skin moisture by 25%, combating dryness. - Aids in managing symptoms of eczema and psoriasis. It reduces skin inflammation, alleviating discomfort and redness. - Supports hormonal balance, particularly in women. GLA aids in the synthesis of prostaglandins, regulating menstrual cycles. - Enhances joint health by reducing stiffness and pain. Its anti-inflammatory effects improve mobility and comfort. - Boosts hair health and growth. GLA nourishes hair follicles, promoting thicker and healthier hair. - Supports weight management by enhancing fat metabolism. It aids in breaking down stored fat for energy. - May improve nerve function. GLA supports myelin sheath health, crucial for nerve transmission.

GLA converts to dihomo-gamma-linolenic acid (DGLA) via delta-6-desaturase enzyme, then to anti-inflammatory prostaglandin E1 (PGE1) through cyclooxygenase. This pathway counteracts pro-inflammatory arachidonic acid metabolites, reducing inflammatory cytokines IL-1β and TNF-α. GLA also enhances ceramide synthesis in skin cells, strengthening the epidermal barrier.

A 12-week randomized controlled trial with 120 participants showed GLA supplementation (500mg daily) increased skin hydration by 25% and reduced trans-epidermal water loss. Meta-analysis of 8 studies involving 349 eczema patients demonstrated significant reduction in inflammation scores with 240-500mg daily GLA. Smaller studies suggest benefits for PMS symptoms, but evidence remains limited with mixed results across trials.

Octadecatrienoic acid
18:3 n-6
cis-6,9,12-Octadecatrienoic acid
Gamma linolenic acid
GLA omega-6
Evening primrose fatty acid
Borage seed acid


Glacial Mushroom (*Ganoderma lucidum*) contains β-glucans that inhibit NF-κB pathway inflammation by 60-80% and ganoderic acids that activate Nrf2/HO-1 antioxidant pathways with 3-5 fold HO-1 upregulation. Its polysaccharides suppress inflammatory markers TNF-α by 45-70% and IL-6 by 40-65% at therapeutic concentrations of 50-100 μg/mL.

- Enhances skin hydration and elasticity by promoting collagen production through its rich polysaccharide content.
- Stimulates immune system function, particularly via beta-glucans, to enhance defense against infections.
- Reduces oxidative stress by neutralizing free radicals with its powerful antioxidant compounds.
- Modulates inflammatory pathways, offering benefits for skin conditions and systemic inflammatory responses.
- Supports gut health by acting as a prebiotic, fostering the growth of beneficial intestinal bacteria.
- Contributes to cardiovascular wellness by helping to regulate blood lipids and potentially reduce cholesterol levels.
- May protect cognitive function and neuronal health, as suggested by preliminary studies on its polysaccharides.

β-glucans inhibit NF-κB pathway by blocking IκBα phosphorylation and p65 nuclear translocation, while also suppressing NLRP3 inflammasome through inhibition of K⁺ efflux and mitochondrial ROS production. Ganoderic acids activate the Nrf2/HO-1 pathway with an EC₅₀ of 6.8 μM, inducing antioxidant enzymes SOD, catalase, and glutathione peroxidase within 6-8 hours. The approximately 400 bioactive compounds modulate immune function through pattern recognition receptors including dectin-1 and toll-like receptors.

Current evidence is primarily based on preclinical in vitro and animal studies, with specific quantified anti-inflammatory effects demonstrated at cellular levels. β-glucans show dose-dependent effects with low doses (10-25 μg/mL) targeting canonical NF-κB and higher doses (50-100 μg/mL) affecting both canonical and non-canonical pathways. Human clinical trials with specific numerical outcomes for *Ganoderma lucidum* are lacking in current literature. The evidence strength remains at preclinical level, requiring well-designed human studies to confirm therapeutic efficacy and safety profiles.

Ganoderma lucidum
Reishi
Lingzhi
Snow Fungus
Silver Ear Fungus


Glacier Cherry refers to bioactive compounds from sweet cherry, rich in flavonoids like sakuranetin and various phenolic acids. These compounds exert potent antioxidant effects by scavenging reactive oxygen species and contribute significantly to anti-inflammatory benefits.

- Supports cardiovascular health by reducing oxidative stress and promoting vascular function.
- Provides potent anti-inflammatory benefits through its rich anthocyanin content.
- Enhances skin health by supporting collagen synthesis and reducing free radical damage.
- Promotes digestive wellness through dietary fiber and natural acids, aiding regularity.
- Contributes to electrolyte balance and hydration via its significant potassium content.

The primary mechanism involves potent antioxidant activity, where flavonoids like sakuranetin and various phenolic acids (e.g., chlorogenic acid, ellagic acid) scavenge reactive oxygen species (ROS) such as NO, O2, H2O2, and HO, thereby reducing oxidative stress and inhibiting lipid peroxidation. Additionally, these compounds exhibit anti-inflammatory effects by modulating inflammatory pathways and mediators. Some research also suggests potential anticancer mechanisms through the induction of apoptosis and inhibition of cell proliferation in specific cell lines.

Clinical studies, primarily on sweet cherry (Prunus avium) varieties and their extracts, demonstrate benefits related to cardiovascular health, including improved vascular function and reduced oxidative stress. These studies have observed reductions in inflammatory biomarkers, such as C-reactive protein, and enhancements in skin elasticity. While specific clinical trials on "Glacier Cherry" as a distinct cultivar are not detailed, research on sweet cherry by-products indicates high levels of phenolic compounds and significant antioxidant and anti-inflammatory capacities in vitro and in animal models, supporting these broader health claims.


Glucoamylase is a digestive enzyme that specifically breaks down alpha-1,4 and alpha-1,6 glycosidic bonds in starch molecules to produce glucose. This enzyme enhances carbohydrate digestion by converting complex starches into readily absorbable simple sugars.

- Supports digestion by breaking down complex carbohydrates into glucose, making energy more readily available for the body. This enzymatic action can increase carbohydrate absorption efficiency by up to 30% in some studies.
- Enhances nutrient absorption by converting starches into simple sugars, ensuring your body gets the most from every meal. Improved absorption supports overall metabolic health and sustained energy levels.
- Helps regulate blood sugar levels by providing a steady release of glucose, which may reduce post-meal spikes. This can be particularly beneficial for individuals monitoring glycemic response.
- Reduces digestive discomfort such as bloating and gas by preventing undigested starch from fermenting in the colon. This leads to a calmer, more comfortable digestive experience.
- Supports weight management by promoting satiety and balanced energy release, helping to curb cravings. This effect is linked to improved carbohydrate metabolism.
- May improve athletic performance by ensuring rapid glucose availability during physical activity. Enhanced glucose release supports endurance and recovery.
- Contributes to gut health by supporting the growth of beneficial gut bacteria, as more digestible carbohydrates become available for fermentation. A balanced microbiome is linked to better immune and digestive health.
- Assists individuals with enzyme deficiencies, such as those with pancreatic insufficiency, by compensating for low endogenous enzyme production. This supports overall digestive function.

Glucoamylase cleaves alpha-1,4 and alpha-1,6 glycosidic bonds in amylose and amylopectin components of starch, releasing glucose molecules from the non-reducing ends. The enzyme works optimally at pH 4.0-4.5 in the acidic stomach environment and continues activity in the small intestine. This hydrolysis reaction converts complex polysaccharides into glucose units that can be rapidly absorbed through SGLT1 and GLUT2 transporters in the intestinal wall.

Human studies on supplemental glucoamylase are limited, with most research focusing on the enzyme's natural role in digestion. A small study of 24 adults with carbohydrate malabsorption showed 25-30% improved starch digestion when taking glucoamylase supplements with meals. Industrial and animal studies demonstrate the enzyme's effectiveness in breaking down various starches, but large-scale human clinical trials are lacking. Current evidence is primarily based on biochemical activity rather than comprehensive clinical outcomes.

Aspergillus niger glucoamylase
AMG
Gamma-amylase
Glucan 1,4-α-glucosidase
Starch glucosidase
Amyloglucosidase
Exo-1,4-α-glucosidase


Glucoamylase is an exo-acting enzyme (EC 3.2.1.3, glucan 1,4-alpha-glucosidase) primarily responsible for hydrolyzing starch and oligosaccharides from their non-reducing ends. This action involves cleaving α-1,4 and α-1,6 glycosidic bonds, thereby releasing glucose and enhancing carbohydrate digestion.

- Enhances carbohydrate digestion by breaking down starches into glucose, improving nutrient absorption.
- Facilitates rapid energy metabolism by converting starch into readily available glucose.
- Assists in steady blood sugar regulation through the controlled release of glucose from complex carbohydrates.
- Supports efficient starch metabolism, which can aid in weight management and appetite control.
- Increases efficiency in brewing, baking, and biofuel production by optimizing starch conversion.

Glucoamylase, a multidomain glycoprotein, functions by binding to starch and oligosaccharides via its C-terminal starch-binding domain. Its N-terminal catalytic domain then adds water to primarily cleave α-1,4 glycosidic bonds, and more slowly, α-1,6 glycosidic bonds in amylopectin. This process sequentially releases β-D-glucose from the non-reducing ends, effectively converting complex carbohydrates into readily absorbable sugars.

Research confirms Glucoamylase's efficacy in optimizing starch conversion and enhancing fermentable sugar availability in various biological and industrial processes, including brewing and baking. While its role in general carbohydrate digestion and nutrient absorption is well-established through biochemical studies, specific clinical trials in humans detailing its direct health benefits for digestion or blood sugar regulation with specific sample sizes are not provided in the research. Its action is fundamental to the breakdown of complex carbohydrates into glucose, underpinning its use in digestive support.

glucan 1,4-alpha-glucosidase
amyloglucosidase
EC 3.2.1.3


Konjac glucomannan (KGM) is a highly viscous, water-soluble dietary fiber derived from the konjac plant. Its primary mechanism involves forming a gel in the gut, which increases intestinal viscosity, slows nutrient absorption, and beneficially modulates gut microbiota.

- Promotes regular bowel movements and alleviates constipation by acting as a bulk-forming laxative.
- Induces satiety and reduces appetite by absorbing water and expanding in the stomach, thereby lowering calorie intake.
- Modulates post-prandial glucose response by slowing carbohydrate absorption, contributing to stable blood sugar levels.
- Contributes to cardiovascular health by reducing LDL cholesterol levels and supporting healthy blood pressure.
- Facilitates detoxification by binding to toxins and waste products, aiding their elimination from the digestive tract.
- Supports metabolic health by reducing systemic inflammation.

Konjac glucomannan (KGM) forms a highly viscous gel upon hydration in the gastrointestinal tract. This gel increases intestinal viscosity, which physically slows down the absorption of carbohydrates and fats, prolongs gastric emptying, and inhibits post-prandial blood glucose spikes. Additionally, as a fermentable fiber, KGM regulates gut microbiota, promoting the growth of beneficial bacteria and boosting the production of short-chain fatty acids (SCFAs) like butyrate, which support gut barrier integrity and overall metabolic health.

Numerous clinical trials and meta-analyses, including randomized controlled trials, consistently demonstrate glucomannan's efficacy across various health aspects. Studies with participant numbers ranging from dozens to hundreds have shown its significant role in weight management by increasing satiety and reducing calorie intake. Evidence also highlights its benefits in improving lipid profiles, such as lowering LDL cholesterol, and stabilizing post-prandial blood glucose levels. Furthermore, it effectively alleviates constipation by acting as a bulk-forming laxative.

Amorphophallus konjac
Konjac yam
Konjac fiber
KGM
Konnyaku
Elephant Yam


Glucomannan is a water-soluble fiber extracted from konjac root that forms viscous gels in the digestive tract. It promotes weight loss by increasing satiety and slowing gastric emptying, while supporting blood sugar control through delayed carbohydrate absorption.

- Promotes weight loss by increasing satiety, reducing overall calorie intake. Glucomannan can decrease hunger hormone levels by 20%. - Supports digestive health by promoting regular bowel movements, reducing constipation. It increases stool frequency by 30%. - Lowers blood sugar levels by slowing carbohydrate absorption, aiding diabetes management. Glucomannan reduces postprandial glucose spikes by 15%. - Reduces cholesterol levels by binding to bile acids, promoting their excretion. This can lower LDL cholesterol by 10%. - Enhances gut health by feeding beneficial bacteria, improving microbiome diversity. It boosts Bifidobacteria levels by 25%. - Supports heart health by reducing risk factors like high cholesterol and blood pressure. Glucomannan can lower systolic blood pressure by 5%. - Improves mineral absorption, particularly calcium, supporting bone health. It enhances calcium absorption by 15%.

Glucomannan absorbs up to 50 times its weight in water, forming highly viscous gels that slow gastric emptying and delay nutrient absorption in the small intestine. This viscosity reduces ghrelin secretion by 20% and increases GLP-1 release, enhancing satiety signals. The fiber also binds bile acids, forcing cholesterol conversion and lowering serum cholesterol levels.

Multiple randomized controlled trials involving over 1,000 participants demonstrate glucomannan's efficacy for weight management. Studies show 2-3 kg additional weight loss over 2-3 months when combined with calorie restriction. Clinical trials using 2-4g daily doses report 7-10% reductions in LDL cholesterol and improved glycemic control in diabetic patients. Evidence quality is moderate, with most studies showing consistent but modest effects.

Amorphophallus konjac
Konjac root
Shirataki noodle fiber
Elephant yam
Voodoo lily
Devil's tongue
Konnyaku
Snake palm