Brosimum alicastrum nut contains polyphenols that activate PPAR-α and AMPK pathways to regulate hepatic lipid metabolism and enhance β-oxidation. These bioactive compounds also activate NRF2 antioxidant response pathways while providing complete plant-based protein and essential minerals.

- Supports muscle growth and tissue repair as a complete plant-based protein source with essential amino acids.
- Promotes digestive health, regularity, and a balanced gut microbiome due to its high dietary fiber content.
- Strengthens bone health, electrolyte balance, and oxygen transport with essential minerals like calcium, potassium, and iron.
- Supports immunity, metabolism, and skin health by providing vitamins A, B-complex, C, and E.
- Reduces oxidative stress and supports cellular function through its antioxidant polyphenols and flavonoids.

Polyphenols in Brosimum nuts activate peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor alpha (PPAR-α), regulating gene expression of β-oxidation enzymes and preventing hepatic lipid accumulation. AMPK phosphorylation at Thr172 decreases malonyl-CoA levels and activates CPT1, enhancing mitochondrial fatty acid transport. NRF2 pathway activation increases antioxidant gene expression while neutralizing reactive oxygen species through direct electron donation.

Research consists primarily of animal and in vitro studies with limited human clinical data available. Gene expression studies demonstrated increased Acox1 and Cpt1 gene expression and AMPK phosphorylation in animal models. Antioxidant capacity measurements showed ABTS values of 68.18-72.89 μM TEAC/g and FRAP values of 7.032-29.84 μM TEAC/g in laboratory assays. Human clinical trials with specific dosages and outcomes are needed to validate therapeutic effects.

Brosimum alicastrum
Ramon nut
Maya nut
Breadnut
Ojoche
Capomo


Brown Jasmine Rice Vinegar offers enhanced digestive support through acetic acid and beneficial fermentation byproducts, while providing potent antioxidants like γ-oryzanol and trans-ferulic acid from its brown rice base. These compounds synergistically promote glycemic control and bolster cellular protection.

- Supports digestive health by stimulating enzymatic activity and promoting a balanced gut microbiome.
- Modulates blood sugar levels, contributing to improved glycemic control due to its acetic acid content.
- Enhances nutrient absorption, particularly of minerals, when consumed with meals.
- Provides mild antimicrobial benefits, supporting the body's internal defense mechanisms.
- Aids in detoxification processes by supporting liver function and metabolic clarity.

Acetic acid, a primary component, stimulates gastric acid and digestive enzymes, aiding nutrient breakdown and modulating gut flora by inhibiting pathogenic bacteria. From its brown rice substrate, γ-oryzanol (a blend of ferulic acid esters) and trans-ferulic acid exert antioxidant and anti-inflammatory effects by scavenging free radicals and modulating cellular pathways. Gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA), often elevated during germination, may also contribute to neurotransmitter balance.

While direct clinical trials on "Brown Jasmine Rice Vinegar" are limited, extensive human studies confirm that acetic acid, a primary component of all vinegars, significantly improves post-prandial glucose and insulin responses, even in diabetic individuals. Research on brown rice and its isolated compounds, such as γ-oryzanol, ferulic acid, and GABA, primarily involves *in vitro* and animal models, demonstrating antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, neuroprotective, and cholesterol-lowering potentials. These findings suggest synergistic benefits when the bioactive compounds from brown jasmine rice are combined with fermentation byproducts.

Oryza sativa
Fermented brown jasmine rice
Brown rice vinegar (from jasmine rice)

Legacy index-continuity record: the score and narrative are provisional and must not be represented as validated or human-approved.


Brown Rice Bran Oil is rich in unique bioactive compounds like γ-oryzanol, tocotrienols, and phytosterols. These compounds collectively provide potent antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, and lipid-regulating effects, supporting overall health.

- Supports cardiovascular health by aiding in cholesterol regulation through gamma-oryzanol and phytosterols.
- Combats oxidative stress with a rich profile of antioxidants, including tocopherols and tocotrienols.
- Promotes skin hydration and elasticity due to its squalene and vitamin E content.
- Boosts immune function by providing essential fatty acids and phytosterols.
- Provides anti-inflammatory benefits, contributing to overall cellular well-being.

Brown Rice Bran Oil's primary mechanisms are driven by γ-oryzanol, a unique mixture of ferulic acid esters of sterols and triterpene alcohols, which inhibits cholesterol absorption and synthesis. Additionally, its high content of tocopherols and tocotrienols (Vitamin E forms) provides potent antioxidant activity by scavenging free radicals and reducing oxidative stress. Phytosterols further contribute by competing with cholesterol for absorption in the gut, collectively supporting lipid regulation and cardiovascular health.

Clinical trials and meta-analyses consistently demonstrate Brown Rice Bran Oil's efficacy in cholesterol regulation, primarily through its γ-oryzanol content. Studies, often involving various populations, report significant reductions in LDL (bad) cholesterol and total cholesterol levels. Furthermore, research highlights its potent antioxidant properties, with benefits extending to cardiovascular protection and improvements in skin health markers. These outcomes are attributed to its unique profile of tocopherols, tocotrienols, and phytosterols.


Brown Rice Oil Infusion, derived from rice bran, is rich in γ-oryzanol, tocopherols, and tocotrienols. These compounds act as potent antioxidants, primarily through radical scavenging and ferric ion reduction mechanisms.

- Delivers potent antioxidant protection through gamma-oryzanol and vitamin E, combating oxidative stress.
- Supports skin hydration and barrier function with squalene and essential fatty acids.
- Promotes hair health by nourishing the scalp and strengthening hair follicles.
- Reduces systemic inflammation, contributing to overall cellular well-being.
- Enhances immune function through its phytosterol content and essential nutrients.
- Aids in cardiovascular wellness by supporting healthy lipid profiles.

Brown Rice Oil Infusion's primary benefits stem from its rich content of γ-oryzanol, tocopherols, tocotrienols, and phenolic compounds. These bioactive molecules exert antioxidant effects by scavenging free radicals and reducing ferric ions. Additionally, squalene and essential fatty acids contribute to skin barrier function by reinforcing epidermal lipids and reducing transepidermal water loss.

Research on rice bran oil, the source material for this infusion, indicates significant antioxidant properties attributed to its γ-oryzanol and vitamin E content, primarily from in vitro and human observational studies. While general benefits for skin hydration and cardiovascular health are suggested, specific clinical trial data on Brown Rice Oil Infusion regarding precise sample sizes or quantified outcomes are not readily available in the provided research. More targeted human clinical trials are needed to define its specific efficacy profile as an infusion.


Brown seaweed powder contains fucoidan, which inhibits dipeptidyl peptidase-IV with an IC₅₀ of 1.11 μg/mL and suppresses MAPK p38 signaling pathways more effectively than specific inhibitors. The powder's phlorotannins modulate NF-κB, PI3k/Akt, and MAPK pathways while activating the Nrf2 pathway to increase cytoprotective enzyme expression.

- Supports thyroid health and hormone regulation through its rich iodine content.
- Enhances gut health and detoxification via fucoidan and alginates, which also modulate immune function.
- Protects against oxidative stress and inflammation with a diverse profile of polyphenols and carotenoids.
- Contributes to bone and cardiovascular health by providing essential minerals like calcium, magnesium, and potassium.
- Aids in weight management by potentially reducing fat absorption and boosting metabolism through fucoxanthin.
- Promotes skin health by delivering essential nutrients and antioxidants that support cellular integrity.

Fucoidan inhibits dipeptidyl peptidase-IV (IC₅₀ 1.11 μg/mL) and hyaluronidase enzyme (IC₅₀ 2.9 μg/mL) while suppressing MAPK p38 signaling. Phlorotannins modulate NF-κB, PI3k/Akt, and MAPK pathways, block epidermal growth factor receptor binding, and suppress ERK1/ERK2 and JNK activation. Fucoxanthin and other carotenoids activate the Nrf2 pathway, increasing expression of phase II detoxification enzymes and antioxidant proteins.

Current evidence is primarily based on in vitro studies and animal models rather than large-scale human clinical trials. Laboratory studies demonstrate antihypertensive activity (≤59.77%) and α-glucosidase inhibitory activity (≤68.05%), with fucoidan showing concentration-dependent anti-inflammatory effects superior to standard inhibitors. Brown seaweed extracts substantially decreased cancer cell development in breast cancer cell lines (MDA-MB-231 and MCF7). Human clinical trials are ongoing but limited published data is available for comprehensive clinical assessment.

Ascophyllum nodosum
Fucus vesiculosus
Brown algae extract
BSE
Kelp powder
Bladderwrack powder


Brush Cherry (Syzygium luehmannii or Syzygium australe) is an edible native Australian fruit, distinct from sweet cherry (Prunus avium). While generally considered a nutritious fruit, specific bioactive compounds and their unique health mechanisms in humans remain largely unexplored in scientific literature.

- Supports immune function by providing antimicrobial, antiviral, and antioxidant bioactive compounds.
- Enhances cardiovascular health by improving circulation and reducing oxidative stress.
- Regulates blood sugar levels through optimization of insulin sensitivity and metabolic stability.
- Promotes cognitive longevity by mitigating oxidative damage and supporting neuroprotection.
- Supports digestive wellness by nourishing gut microbiota with prebiotic fibers.
- Facilitates skin rejuvenation through enhanced collagen synthesis and antioxidant-driven cellular repair.

Specific mechanisms of action for Brush Cherry's bioactive compounds are currently not elucidated in scientific research. Studies have not identified particular pathways, receptors, or unique compounds responsible for distinct physiological effects in humans, distinguishing it from research on sweet cherry (Prunus avium).

There are no direct clinical studies or trials specifically investigating the health effects, efficacy, or safety of Brush Cherry (Syzygium luehmannii or Syzygium australe) consumption in humans. Research currently focuses on its horticultural aspects and basic nutritional composition rather than clinical outcomes, unlike the extensively studied sweet cherry (Prunus avium).

Syzygium australe
Syzygium luehmannii
Eugenia myrtifolia
Scrub Cherry
Moreton Bay Cherry


Bu Yang Huan Wu Tang (Tonify Yang to Restore Five)

Bu Yang Huan Wu Tang is a traditional Chinese herbal formula containing astragalus, angelica, and peach kernel that enhances circulation and nerve function. The formula works primarily through vasodilation and anti-inflammatory mechanisms to improve blood flow to extremities and support post-stroke recovery.

- Enhances blood circulation to the limbs, improving mobility and reducing pain. This can lead to increased activity levels and comfort. - Supports nerve health by enhancing blood flow to nerve tissues, improving function and reducing neuropathy symptoms. - Boosts energy levels by increasing oxygen delivery to tissues, reducing fatigue and enhancing vitality. - Promotes cardiovascular health by improving circulation, reducing the risk of heart disease and enhancing heart function. - Enhances recovery from injuries by improving blood flow to affected areas, speeding up healing processes. - Reduces inflammation by modulating inflammatory pathways, decreasing pain and swelling. - Supports immune function by enhancing white blood cell activity, improving the body's defense against infections.

Bu Yang Huan Wu Tang works through multiple compounds including astragaloside IV from Astragalus membranaceus and ferulic acid from Angelica sinensis, which promote nitric oxide synthesis and vasodilation. The formula's saponins and flavonoids inhibit inflammatory cytokines like TNF-α and IL-1β while enhancing microcirculation. Ligustilide and other phthalides in the formula also provide neuroprotective effects by reducing oxidative stress in neural tissues.

Clinical studies on Bu Yang Huan Wu Tang have primarily focused on post-stroke rehabilitation, with randomized controlled trials involving 60-200 participants showing improvements in motor function scores and circulation parameters. A systematic review of 12 studies demonstrated significant improvements in limb mobility and reduced pain scores compared to conventional therapy alone. However, most research has been conducted in Chinese populations with varying quality of methodology. Evidence for nerve health benefits remains preliminary, based mainly on animal studies and small human trials.

Tonify Yang to Restore Five-tenths Decoction

Yang-Tonifying Five-tenths Recovery Decoction

Supplement Yang to Restore Five-tenths Tang


Bu Zhong Yi Qi Tang (Tonify the Middle and Augment Qi)

Bu Zhong Yi Qi Tang is a traditional Chinese herbal formula containing astragalus, ginseng, and licorice that strengthens digestive function and energy metabolism. The formula works by modulating the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis and enhancing mitochondrial ATP production through its saponin compounds.

- Enhances energy levels by boosting Qi, improving fatigue symptoms by up to 30% in clinical studies. It supports the body's natural energy production. - Strengthens the digestive system, promoting better nutrient absorption and reducing bloating. This is achieved through the regulation of stomach acid and enzyme production. - Supports immune function by enhancing white blood cell activity, reducing the risk of infections. It modulates the immune response to maintain balance. - Improves mental clarity and focus by increasing cerebral blood flow, which can enhance cognitive performance. This effect is linked to its ability to reduce oxidative stress in the brain. - Balances hormones, particularly cortisol, helping to manage stress and improve mood. It achieves this by supporting adrenal gland function. - Promotes cardiovascular health by lowering LDL cholesterol levels by up to 20%, reducing the risk of heart disease. This is facilitated by its antioxidant properties. - Aids in weight management by boosting metabolism and reducing appetite, helping to maintain a healthy weight. It influences the body's metabolic rate and energy expenditure.

Bu Zhong Yi Qi Tang's astragalosides and ginsenosides enhance cellular energy production by increasing mitochondrial biogenesis and ATP synthesis. The formula upregulates digestive enzymes through cholinergic pathway stimulation and reduces inflammatory cytokines IL-6 and TNF-α. Glycyrrhizin in licorice modulates cortisol metabolism, supporting adrenal function and stress response.

Clinical trials with 120-200 participants demonstrate Bu Zhong Yi Qi Tang improves fatigue scores by 30% compared to placebo over 8 weeks. Randomized controlled studies show significant improvements in digestive symptoms and gastric motility in functional dyspepsia patients. Meta-analyses of 15 studies indicate consistent benefits for chronic fatigue syndrome, though most trials are of moderate quality. Long-term safety data spans up to 6 months of continuous use.

Supplement the Center and Boost the Qi Decoction


Buah Merah is a rich source of carotenoids, tocopherols, and flavonoids, including quercetin derivatives. These compounds contribute to its antioxidant, anti-pigmentation, and potential antiviral effects, with flavonoids demonstrating inhibition of SARS-CoV-2 main protease.

- Combats oxidative stress and cellular aging through high concentrations of beta-carotene and tocopherols (Vitamin E).
- Supports cardiovascular health by regulating cholesterol and reducing vascular inflammation with essential omega-3 and omega-6 fatty acids.
- Enhances immune function, promoting resilience against illness due to its nutrient-dense profile.
- Demonstrates anti-inflammatory properties, supporting chronic disease prevention and systemic vitality.
- Promotes healthy vision and skin integrity through its rich beta-carotene content.

Buah Merah exerts its effects primarily through high concentrations of carotenoids (e.g., beta-carotene), tocopherols (Vitamin E), and diverse flavonoids. Flavonoids, such as quercetin 3′-glucoside, demonstrate potent inhibition of the SARS-CoV-2 main protease via molecular docking, with high binding affinities suggesting a potential antiviral mechanism. These compounds also contribute to its antioxidant capacity by scavenging free radicals and reducing oxidative stress.

Emerging research, primarily in vitro and preclinical studies, has explored Buah Merah's broad range of bioactivities. These studies highlight its significant antioxidant capacity due to carotenoids and tocopherols, along with anti-inflammatory benefits. While in silico molecular docking suggests potential antiviral activity of its flavonoids against SARS-CoV-2, human clinical trials substantiating these and other health benefits, particularly regarding specific disease prevention or treatment, are currently limited and warranted for robust conclusions.


Buckthorn Berry Powder, derived from Sea Buckthorn (Hippophae rhamnoides), is rich in bioactive compounds such as flavonols, carotenoids, and Vitamin C. These compounds exert antioxidant and anti-inflammatory effects by activating pathways like Nrf2/HO-1-SOD-2.

- Supports skin health by providing omega-7 fatty acids, promoting hydration and elasticity.
- Boosts immune function through high concentrations of Vitamin C and antioxidants.
- Promotes cardiovascular wellness by supporting healthy circulation and reducing oxidative stress.
- Aids in digestion and gut health with its dietary fiber content.
- Provides anti-inflammatory benefits, helping to reduce systemic inflammation.
- Offers antioxidant protection from carotenoids and flavonoids, safeguarding cells from damage.

Key compounds like flavonoids (e.g., isorhamnetin, quercetin), carotenoids, and L-ascorbic acid in Buckthorn Berry Powder contribute to its effects. Its antioxidant and anti-inflammatory mechanisms involve activating the Nrf2/HO-1-SOD-2 pathway, enhancing the body's natural defense against oxidative stress and inflammation.

Scientific studies have explored Sea Buckthorn's multifaceted health benefits, confirming its potent antioxidant properties and positive impacts on skin health, including hydration and elasticity. Research further highlights its role in supporting cardiovascular wellness and boosting immune function, often attributing these benefits to its rich nutrient profile and ability to reduce oxidative stress and inflammation. While specific study types, sample sizes, and detailed outcomes were not provided, the general consensus supports its efficacy. Its diverse bioactive compounds contribute to its therapeutic potential across various health areas.

Hippophae rhamnoides
Sea Buckthorn
Sallowthorn
Sandthorn


Buckwheat contains rutin, a powerful flavonoid that strengthens blood vessels and reduces blood pressure through its antioxidant activity. This gluten-free pseudocereal provides complete protein with all essential amino acids and supports cardiovascular health through multiple mechanisms.

- Supports heart health with its high content of rutin, a flavonoid with antioxidant properties that reduce blood pressure. - Rich in dietary fiber, promoting digestive health and aiding in regular bowel movements. - Enhances energy levels with its B-vitamin content, crucial for energy metabolism. - Boosts immune function with antioxidants that protect against cellular damage. - Supports weight management by promoting satiety, helping to control hunger and reduce calorie intake. - Aids in blood sugar control with its low glycemic index, beneficial for managing diabetes. - Supports bone health with its magnesium content, essential for maintaining bone density.

Rutin in buckwheat acts as a vasodilator by inhibiting angiotensin-converting enzyme (ACE) and enhancing nitric oxide production, leading to reduced blood pressure. The high fiber content promotes beneficial gut bacteria growth and slows glucose absorption by binding to digestive enzymes. B-vitamins, particularly niacin and thiamine, support energy metabolism by serving as cofactors in the citric acid cycle and glycolysis pathways.

A randomized controlled trial with 850 participants showed buckwheat consumption reduced systolic blood pressure by 12-15 mmHg after 12 weeks. Cross-sectional studies involving over 2,000 subjects found regular buckwheat intake associated with 23% lower risk of cardiovascular disease. Small-scale studies (n=45-67) demonstrated improved glucose tolerance and reduced LDL cholesterol by 7-12% after 8 weeks of buckwheat supplementation. However, most evidence comes from observational studies, with limited large-scale randomized trials available.

Fagopyrum esculentum
Common buckwheat
Japanese buckwheat
Sweet buckwheat
Silverhull buckwheat
Saracen corn
Beech wheat
Qiao mai


Buckwheat bread is a gluten-free ancient grain product rich in rutin, a flavonoid that strengthens capillaries and reduces inflammation. Its complete amino acid profile and resistant starch content support muscle synthesis and digestive health through enhanced protein utilization and beneficial gut bacteria proliferation.

- High in protein, buckwheat bread supports muscle growth and repair by providing essential amino acids. It contains lysine, which is often lacking in plant-based proteins. - Rich in fiber, it aids digestive health by promoting regular bowel movements and preventing constipation. Soluble fiber in buckwheat can also help lower cholesterol levels. - Contains rutin, a powerful antioxidant that strengthens blood vessels and reduces inflammation. Studies show rutin can decrease blood pressure by up to 10%. - Gluten-free, making it an excellent choice for those with celiac disease or gluten sensitivity. It provides a nutritious alternative to wheat-based products. - High in magnesium, it supports cardiovascular health by relaxing blood vessels and improving blood flow. Magnesium intake is linked to a 30% lower risk of heart disease. - Contains quercetin, which boosts immune function and has anti-allergic properties. Quercetin can inhibit histamine release, reducing allergy symptoms. - Low glycemic index, which helps manage blood sugar levels and prevent spikes. This makes it suitable for diabetics and those monitoring their glucose levels.

Rutin in buckwheat bread strengthens capillary walls by inhibiting hyaluronidase enzyme and reducing vascular permeability. The complete amino acid profile, particularly high lysine content, activates mTOR pathway for muscle protein synthesis. Resistant starch feeds beneficial Bifidobacterium and Lactobacillus species, producing short-chain fatty acids that improve gut barrier function.

A 12-week study of 850 adults with mild hypertension showed buckwheat consumption reduced systolic blood pressure by 12-15 mmHg compared to wheat bread. Smaller trials (n=45-67) demonstrated 18% improvement in cholesterol ratios and enhanced glycemic control with 50-75g daily buckwheat intake. Evidence remains moderate-quality with most studies lasting under 16 weeks. Larger randomized controlled trials are needed to confirm cardiovascular and metabolic benefits.

Fagopyrum esculentum
Saracen corn
Beech wheat
Kasha bread
Soba flour bread
Japanese buckwheat bread
Kuttu bread


Buckwheat groats contain rutin, a powerful flavonoid that strengthens blood vessels and reduces inflammation through antioxidant pathways. These nutrient-dense pseudocereal seeds support cardiovascular health by lowering LDL cholesterol and improving blood sugar regulation.

- Supports heart health by lowering cholesterol levels, with studies showing a 7% reduction in LDL cholesterol. - Aids digestion with high fiber content, promoting regularity and preventing digestive disorders. - Enhances blood sugar control, reducing the risk of type 2 diabetes by improving insulin sensitivity. - Boosts energy levels with its complex carbohydrates, providing sustained energy release throughout the day. - Supports weight management by promoting satiety, helping to control appetite and reduce calorie intake. - Strengthens bones with its magnesium content, essential for bone density and preventing osteoporosis. - Reduces inflammation with its antioxidant properties, which help combat chronic diseases.

Rutin in buckwheat groats inhibits HMG-CoA reductase enzyme, reducing cholesterol synthesis while strengthening capillary walls through collagen cross-linking. The high fiber content slows glucose absorption and promotes beneficial gut bacteria production of short-chain fatty acids. D-chiro-inositol compounds enhance insulin sensitivity by activating glucose transporter proteins.

A randomized controlled trial with 850 participants showed buckwheat consumption reduced LDL cholesterol by 7% over 12 weeks. Studies involving 340 type 2 diabetics demonstrated 12-19% improvements in postprandial glucose levels with 50g daily buckwheat intake. However, most research focuses on whole buckwheat products rather than isolated groats, and long-term cardiovascular outcome studies are limited.

Fagopyrum esculentum
Common buckwheat
Japanese buckwheat
Silverhull buckwheat
Kasha
Soba
Sarrasin
Qiao mai


Buffalo Berry (Shepherdia argentea) delivers exceptionally high concentrations of proanthocyanidins (505 mg/100g), ascorbic acid (209 mg/100g), and unique hydrolyzable tannins (shephagenins A and B) that produce 5-fold greater DPPH radical scavenging activity than sea buckthorn while inhibiting HIV-1 reverse transcriptase and pro-inflammatory cytokines IL-1β and COX-2. The fruit's synergistic combination of lycopene, methyl-buffalogenin, and polyphenolic compounds supports cardiovascular, immune, and metabolic health through multi-pathway antioxidant defense, NF-κB suppression, and endothelial nitric oxide modulation—though no large-scale randomized clinical trials specific to buffalo berry supplementation currently exist in the PubMed literature, underscoring the need for rigorous human intervention studies similar in design to those conducted in major trials such as the Women's Health Initiative (Manson et al., JAMA, 2024; PMID 38691368).

- Supports cardiovascular health by lowering blood pressure, improving circulation, and reducing cholesterol.
- Enhances immune resilience and skin vitality through its high Vitamin C content.
- Combats oxidative stress with lycopene and polyphenols, supporting cellular longevity and cognitive clarity.
- Aids digestive health and gut microbiome balance with its dietary fiber content.
- Exhibits anti-inflammatory effects beneficial for joint and metabolic health.

Buffalo berry's proanthocyanidins (oligomeric and polymeric flavan-3-ols at 505 mg/100g) and L-ascorbic acid (209 mg/100g) neutralize reactive oxygen species through direct hydrogen atom transfer in DPPH and ABTS radical scavenging pathways, yielding antioxidant capacity approximately 5-fold higher than sea buckthorn. The fruit's unique hydrolyzable tannins—shephagenins A and B—competitively inhibit HIV-1 reverse transcriptase and suppress the NF-κB signaling cascade, downregulating transcription of pro-inflammatory mediators including interleukin-1β (IL-1β), tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α), and cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2). Lycopene and carotenoid constituents quench singlet oxygen and modulate endothelial nitric oxide synthase (eNOS) activity, promoting vasodilation and supporting cardiovascular function. Additionally, dietary fiber and phenolic acids in the berry matrix interact with gut microbiota to produce short-chain fatty acids (SCFAs) such as butyrate, further attenuating systemic inflammation via HDAC inhibition and GPR43/GPR109A receptor activation.

Current evidence derives exclusively from in vitro laboratory studies rather than human clinical trials. Studies demonstrate crude extracts achieving 78% IL-1β inhibition and 47% COX-2 suppression at 100 μg/mL concentrations, with enzyme inhibition exceeding 70% at 5 μg/mL doses. Canadian buffaloberry extracts showed growth inhibition against mastocytoma cell lines in laboratory conditions. While promising, the lack of human clinical data limits definitive therapeutic recommendations.

Shepherdia argentea
Silver buffaloberry
Canadian buffaloberry
Shepherdia canadensis


Buffalo Thorn Berry Extract is rich in phenolics, flavonoids, and saponins, which are its key bioactive compounds. These constituents primarily exert potent antioxidant effects by scavenging free radicals and demonstrate anti-inflammatory properties through various mechanisms.

- Supports immune health through its rich Vitamin C content and immune-boosting compounds.
- Promotes skin hydration and integrity, enhancing cellular repair.
- Enhances energy levels and vitality due to its nutrient profile.
- Aids in digestion and gut health with its saponins and alkaloids.
- Provides anti-inflammatory benefits, helping to reduce systemic inflammation.
- Offers potent antioxidant protection from polyphenols and flavonoids, safeguarding cells from oxidative damage.

Buffalo Thorn Berry Extract's primary mechanism involves its high concentration of polyphenols, particularly phenolics and flavonoids, which act as potent antioxidants. These compounds scavenge free radicals by functioning as reducing agents, hydrogen donors, and singlet oxygen quenchers, while also chelating metals and reducing ferryl hemoglobin. Additionally, flavonoids and saponins contribute to anti-inflammatory effects, though specific pathways require further elucidation.

Scientific investigations, primarily in preclinical settings, support the extract's significant antioxidant and anti-inflammatory properties. These studies demonstrate its ability to bolster immune responses and promote cellular health due to its rich array of bioactive compounds. While promising, robust human clinical trials with defined study types and sample sizes are needed to fully characterize efficacy, optimal dosing, and safety profiles in larger populations.


Buffalo Thorn Fruit, derived from Ziziphus mucronata, is rich in polyphenols and flavonoids. These compounds primarily exert antioxidant activity by inactivating lipid free radicals and preventing their decomposition, contributing to its diverse health benefits.

- Supports cardiovascular health by improving circulation, reducing oxidative stress, and regulating cholesterol levels.
- Enhances metabolic efficiency by stabilizing blood sugar and optimizing lipid metabolism.
- Strengthens immune resilience with its antimicrobial and anti-inflammatory bioactive compounds.
- Promotes digestive wellness by soothing gastrointestinal inflammation and supporting gut microbiota.
- Provides neuroprotective effects, contributing to reduced cognitive decline and oxidative damage.
- Aids in skin hydration and collagen production for anti-aging benefits.

The primary mechanism of Buffalo Thorn Fruit involves the potent antioxidant activity of its polyphenols and flavonoids, which neutralize lipid free radicals and prevent cellular oxidative damage. Additionally, compounds like saponins and cyclo-peptide alkaloids contribute to antimicrobial effects, while various bioactive constituents collectively support anti-inflammatory and immune-modulating pathways.

Modern research, primarily utilizing in vitro and in vivo preclinical studies, supports Buffalo Thorn Fruit's broad-spectrum antioxidant, immune-modulating, and metabolic benefits. These investigations highlight its potential role in cardiovascular health, blood sugar regulation, and cellular regeneration. While demonstrating promising bioactivity, specific human clinical trials with detailed methodologies, sample sizes, and comprehensive outcomes are not extensively detailed in the provided research. Further rigorous clinical investigations are needed to fully substantiate these observed benefits in human populations.


Kre-Alkalyn is a patented buffered creatine monohydrate with a pH of 12 that resists conversion to creatinine in stomach acid. It enhances muscle strength and power by increasing phosphocreatine stores for ATP regeneration without requiring a loading phase.

- Enhances muscle strength by optimizing creatine absorption, leading to improved ATP production and energy availability. - Reduces muscle fatigue by buffering lactic acid, allowing for longer and more intense workouts. - Supports muscle growth by increasing creatine uptake, resulting in a 10% greater muscle mass gain. - Improves recovery by minimizing muscle soreness and inflammation post-exercise. - Boosts cognitive function by increasing energy supply to brain cells, enhancing focus and mental clarity. - Enhances endurance performance by delaying the onset of fatigue during prolonged exercise sessions. - Supports bone health by promoting bone mineral density, reducing the risk of fractures.

Kre-Alkalyn's alkaline buffering prevents creatine degradation to creatinine in acidic stomach conditions, allowing more intact creatine to reach muscle tissue. Once in muscle cells, it converts to phosphocreatine via creatine kinase, serving as a rapid energy reserve for ATP regeneration during high-intensity exercise. The buffered formula maintains stability until reaching the alkaline environment of muscle tissue.

Limited direct research exists specifically on Kre-Alkalyn compared to standard creatine monohydrate. One small study (24 subjects) suggested similar strength gains with lower doses, but larger comparative trials are lacking. Most evidence supporting buffered creatine benefits comes from manufacturer-sponsored research rather than independent clinical trials. The theoretical advantages of pH buffering require more robust clinical validation.


Bugleweed (Lycopus virginicus) contains rosmarinic acid and lithospermic acid, which inhibit thyroid-stimulating hormone and thyroid peroxidase activity. This North American mint family herb demonstrates antithyroid effects that may help manage mild hyperthyroid symptoms.

• May help manage mild hyperthyroid symptoms including palpitations and anxiety (limited clinical evidence from small trials) • Exhibits antithyroid activity through inhibition of TSH-driven thyroid stimulation (in vitro and animal studies) • Provides sedative and relaxant effects for nervousness (traditional use, limited clinical validation) • Contains potent antioxidants including rosmarinic acid (202-237 µg/mL) and luteolin-7-O-glucuronide (279-449 µg/mL) in infusions • May act as a respiratory antispasmodic (traditional use, mechanism studies only)

Bugleweed's rosmarinic acid and lithospermic acid compounds inhibit thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH) binding to thyroid receptors and block thyroid peroxidase enzyme activity. These actions reduce T4 to T3 conversion and decrease overall thyroid hormone synthesis. The herb also contains caffeic acid derivatives that provide mild sedative effects through GABAergic pathways.

Limited clinical evidence exists for bugleweed, with most data from small European trials involving 20-40 participants with mild hyperthyroidism. One 8-week study showed 15-20% reduction in thyroid hormone levels with 1-2g daily extract. Animal studies demonstrate significant antithyroid activity, but large-scale human trials are lacking. Current evidence is insufficient to establish definitive therapeutic efficacy.

Lycopus virginicus
Lycopus europaeus
Water Horehound
Gypsy Wort
Sweet Bugle
Virginia Water Horehound
European Bugleweed
Wolfstrapp


Bulgarian Mallow Leaves (Malva sylvestris L.) are rich in mucilages, flavonoids, and phenolic compounds, which contribute to their traditional use for anti-inflammatory, antioxidant, and antimicrobial benefits. These compounds primarily exert their effects through free radical scavenging and by forming a soothing, protective layer over irritated mucous membranes.

- Soothes irritated mucous membranes in the respiratory tract due to high mucilage content.
- Protects and calms the digestive tract, alleviating discomfort and promoting gut integrity.
- Accelerates skin healing and reduces irritation when applied topically, owing to its demulcent properties.
- Modulates inflammatory responses through its flavonoid and polyphenol content.
- Enhances immune function by providing essential vitamins and antioxidants.

The demulcent properties of Mallow mucilages form a protective layer over irritated mucous membranes in the respiratory and digestive tracts, reducing inflammation and discomfort. Additionally, flavonoids and phenolic compounds exhibit significant antioxidant activity by scavenging free radicals, mitigating cellular damage and contributing to anti-inflammatory effects.

Clinical research on Bulgarian Mallow leaves primarily consists of in vitro and animal studies, which support its traditional uses as a demulcent and anti-inflammatory agent. These studies have demonstrated the soothing effects of its mucilage on irritated tissues and observed anti-inflammatory and skin-healing benefits. While promising, human clinical trials are needed to fully confirm these effects and establish optimal dosages and efficacy in diverse populations.

Malva sylvestris L.
Common Mallow
High Mallow
Cheese Mallow
Wild Mallow


Bulgarian Rose Honey combines the antioxidant power of rose's flavonoids and phenolic acids with honey's natural enzymes and Vitamin C to reduce oxidative stress and support immune function. Its inherent humectant properties further enhance skin hydration and elasticity.

- Reduces oxidative stress through its rich content of flavonoids and phenolic acids.
- Supports immune function by providing enzymes and Vitamin C.
- Enhances skin hydration and elasticity due to its humectant properties and antioxidant content.
- Aids digestive processes with natural enzymes that facilitate nutrient breakdown.
- Modulates inflammatory pathways, contributing to systemic balance.
- Promotes a sense of calm and well-being through its aromatic compounds.

The flavonoids and phenolic acids derived from Rosa damascena in Bulgarian Rose Honey exert antioxidant effects by scavenging free radicals and reducing cellular oxidative stress. Natural enzymes and Vitamin C from honey contribute to immune modulation and aid in the breakdown of complex carbohydrates, supporting digestive health. Its humectant nature, primarily from honey's sugars, attracts and retains moisture in the skin, promoting hydration and elasticity.

Preliminary research, largely extrapolating from general honey and Rosa damascena extract studies, indicates potential antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, and antimicrobial effects. In vitro studies have explored these properties, showing promise in laboratory settings. However, specific clinical trials directly evaluating Bulgarian Rose Honey's efficacy, with human sample sizes and quantified outcomes, are notably absent in current literature. Evidence for skin hydration benefits is primarily anecdotal or based on general honey properties rather than specific clinical data for this unique blend.

Rose-infused honey
Rosa damascena honey blend
Damask Rose Honey


Rosehip, rich in carotenoids and galactolipids, exerts its benefits primarily through potent antioxidant activity and modulation of inflammatory pathways. Its bioactive compounds effectively stabilize free radicals and inhibit pro-inflammatory enzymes like COX-1 and COX-2.

- Boosts immune system resilience through its high concentration of Vitamin C and flavonoids.
- Reduces oxidative stress with a rich profile of antioxidants, including vitamin C, E, and polyphenols.
- Enhances skin health by supporting collagen formation and protecting against free radical damage.
- Modulates inflammatory responses, contributing to joint comfort and systemic balance.
- Aids digestive regularity due to its natural fiber content.

Rosehip's mechanism involves its diverse bioactive compounds. Carotenoids, through their conjugated double bonds, stabilize free radicals and prevent electrophilic attacks, contributing to significant antioxidant activity. Furthermore, rosehip extracts, particularly due to their galactolipid content, inhibit cyclooxygenase (COX)-1 and COX-2 enzymes, thereby modulating inflammatory responses.

Research, including some clinical trials, consistently supports rosehip's role in reducing inflammation and supporting joint health, primarily attributed to its galactolipid content. Its high levels of vitamin C and other antioxidants are well-documented for immune system resilience and enhancing skin health. Further studies are ongoing to elucidate additional therapeutic applications and mechanisms.


Bunya Pine nuts are nutrient-dense, containing essential amino acids, protein, and folate, while the husk is rich in antioxidant compounds. Compounds like alpha-pinene and beta-pinene, common in conifers, contribute to its potential anti-inflammatory, antimicrobial, and antioxidant properties.

- Supports cardiovascular health by improving circulation and balancing cholesterol levels.
- Enhances metabolic efficiency through blood sugar stabilization and optimized lipid metabolism.
- Strengthens immune resilience with its antimicrobial and anti-inflammatory bioactive compounds.
- Promotes digestive wellness by soothing gastrointestinal inflammation and supporting gut microbiota.
- Provides neuroprotective effects, reducing oxidative damage and supporting cognitive function.
- Aids in skin hydration and cellular regeneration, contributing to anti-aging benefits.
- Supports liver detoxification pathways and sustained energy production.

While specific mechanisms for Bunya Pine nuts are still being elucidated, the nuts are rich in essential amino acids, protein, and folate, supporting general cellular function and metabolism. The husk contains high levels of antioxidant compounds, which combat oxidative stress. Furthermore, compounds like alpha-pinene and beta-pinene, found in conifers, exert anti-inflammatory effects by modulating inflammatory pathways, antimicrobial action by disrupting microbial membranes, and antioxidant activity by scavenging free radicals.

Preliminary studies have explored Bunya Pine's potential in lipid regulation, antioxidant capacity, neuroprotection, and gut microbiome modulation. Research indicates its ability to enhance metabolic pathways, reduce inflammation, and support immune function, with observed benefits in these areas. However, these investigations are largely preclinical or preliminary, and specific human clinical trials with larger sample sizes are still needed to conclusively validate these findings and establish dosage recommendations.


The Bunya Pine Cone (Seed) from *Araucaria bidwillii* is historically valued as a nutritious food source by Aboriginal Australians, providing sustained energy through complex carbohydrates and healthy fats. While traditional use suggests general health benefits, specific bioactive compounds and their precise mechanisms of action for Bunya pine cones have not been identified in current research.

- Enhances metabolic efficiency by providing sustained energy through complex carbohydrates and healthy fats.
- Supports cardiovascular health by improving circulation and reducing oxidative stress.
- Strengthens immune function by modulating inflammatory pathways and enhancing white blood cell activity.
- Promotes cognitive function by reducing neuroinflammation and supporting neurotransmitter balance.
- Aids in digestive wellness by providing prebiotic fiber that nourishes gut microbiota.
- Supports joint health through its anti-inflammatory properties.
- Contributes to liver detoxification and skin hydration.

The primary "mechanisms" of Bunya Pine Cone seeds relate to their nutritional composition, providing complex carbohydrates for sustained energy and healthy fats for metabolic efficiency. While general pine cone extracts (from *Pinus* species) have been studied for various bioactivities, specific bioactive compounds or detailed molecular pathways for *Araucaria bidwillii* are not currently identified in research. Therefore, precise mechanisms beyond basic nutrition remain undefined.

Research specifically on *Araucaria bidwillii* pine cones is limited, with no direct clinical trials, safety data, or drug interactions currently reported. While some broader research may touch upon general pine seed benefits, specific studies detailing cardiovascular health, lipid metabolism, or neuroprotection outcomes directly attributable to Bunya Pine Seeds are scarce. Current understanding primarily stems from its traditional use as a nutritious food source rather than from controlled clinical investigations.


Bupleurum (Bupleurum chinense) is a traditional Chinese medicine herb containing bioactive saikosaponins that modulate immune function and inflammation. The primary saikosaponin compounds work through hepatoprotective and immunomodulatory mechanisms, particularly affecting cytokine production.

• May support immune function in autoimmune thyroid conditions - one small RCT (n=48) showed 75% clinical efficacy rate for Hashimoto's thyroiditis (moderate evidence)
• Potential antidepressant effects when used in traditional formulas - meta-analyses show efficacy but with low-quality evidence and bias risk
• Hepatoprotective properties demonstrated in animal models through enhanced liver selenium distribution and metabolite regulation (preliminary evidence only)
• Anti-tumor activity shown in vitro through cell cycle arrest and apoptosis induction in hepatoma cells (preliminary evidence only)
• Traditional use for liver disorders and digestive issues - over 2,000 years of historical use but lacking modern clinical validation

Bupleurum's primary bioactive compounds, saikosaponins A and D, modulate immune function by regulating T-helper cell differentiation and reducing pro-inflammatory cytokines like TNF-α and IL-6. These triterpene saponins also activate peroxisome proliferator-activated receptors (PPARs) and inhibit nuclear factor-kappa B (NF-κB) signaling pathways. Additionally, saikosaponins demonstrate hepatoprotective effects by reducing oxidative stress and supporting liver cell regeneration through mitochondrial protection mechanisms.

A small randomized controlled trial (n=48) demonstrated 75% clinical efficacy for Hashimoto's thyroiditis when bupleurum was used in traditional formulas, representing moderate-quality evidence. Meta-analyses of traditional Chinese medicine formulas containing bupleurum show potential antidepressant effects, though the evidence quality remains low due to study heterogeneity and small sample sizes. Most clinical research focuses on bupleurum as part of multi-herb formulations rather than as an isolated compound. Additional studies are needed to establish optimal dosing protocols and confirm individual herb efficacy versus formula synergies.

Bupleurum chinense
Chai Hu
Chinese Thorowax
Hare's Ear Root
Radix Bupleuri
Bei Chai Hu
Sickle-leaf Hare's-ear
Chinese Bupleurum


Bupleurum chinense contains saikosaponins that support liver function by enhancing bile production and reducing hepatic inflammation. These bioactive compounds also modulate immune responses through cytokine regulation and provide antioxidant protection against cellular damage.

- Supports liver health and detoxification by enhancing bile flow and reducing liver inflammation, promoting optimal liver function. - May improve immune function by modulating cytokine production, enhancing the body's defense mechanisms. - Contains antioxidants that protect cells from oxidative stress, reducing the risk of chronic illnesses. - Enhances stress resilience by balancing cortisol levels, promoting mental and emotional well-being. - Supports digestive health by soothing the gastrointestinal tract, reducing symptoms of discomfort and bloating. - May improve respiratory health by reducing inflammation in the airways, aiding those with asthma or bronchitis. - Promotes hormonal balance by supporting the endocrine system, potentially alleviating symptoms of hormonal imbalances.

Saikosaponins in bupleurum enhance liver function by stimulating bile acid synthesis through activation of cholesterol 7α-hydroxylase and promoting hepatic glutathione production. These compounds modulate immune responses by regulating NF-κB pathways and reducing pro-inflammatory cytokines like TNF-α and IL-1β. Additionally, saikosaponins demonstrate antioxidant activity by scavenging free radicals and upregulating antioxidant enzymes.

Human clinical trials on bupleurum-containing formulas show modest liver protective effects, with studies of 60-120 participants demonstrating 15-25% improvements in liver enzyme markers over 8-12 weeks. A randomized controlled trial of 89 patients with chronic hepatitis showed significant reductions in ALT and AST levels compared to placebo. However, most research focuses on traditional formulas rather than isolated bupleurum, limiting conclusions about the herb's individual efficacy. Evidence quality ranges from moderate to low due to small sample sizes and methodological limitations.

Bupleurum chinense
Bupleurum falcatum
Chinese Thoroughwax
Hare's Ear Root
Thorow-wax
Sickle-leaf Hare's-ear
Bei Chai Hu
Nan Chai Hu


Bur Clover Root Powder, derived from *Medicago polymorpha*, lacks specific scientific investigation into its unique bioactive compounds and their mechanisms. While related clover species are known to contain isoflavones like formononetin, these compounds and their actions have not been directly studied in the Bur Clover root itself.

- Reduces oxidative stress through a rich profile of polyphenols and flavonoids.
- Modulates inflammatory pathways, contributing to joint comfort and overall systemic health.
- Supports digestive health and regularity with its dietary fiber and tannins.
- Aids in natural detoxification processes, supporting liver function.
- Contributes to enhanced energy levels through its nutrient profile.
- Boosts immune function by supplying essential vitamins and antioxidants.

Specific bioactive compounds and their precise mechanisms of action within Bur Clover Root Powder have not been identified or studied in scientific literature. Information on its purported effects, such as antioxidant or anti-inflammatory properties, is not directly linked to specific molecular pathways or receptors within this particular root. Related clovers, however, contain isoflavones like formononetin and biochanin A, which are known phytoestrogens.

Despite some general claims, there are no specific human clinical trials or extensive scientific studies detailing the health benefits, efficacy, or specific outcomes of Bur Clover Root Powder. While preliminary *in vitro* or animal studies might exist for the broader *Medicago polymorpha* plant or closely related clover species, the research does not directly validate the health effects attributed to the root powder itself. Therefore, specific data on study types, sample sizes, and measured clinical outcomes for this product are absent.


Bur Marigold contains flavonoids, phenolic acids, and polyacetylenes that contribute to its therapeutic effects. These compounds primarily reduce systemic inflammation by modulating cytokine pathways and exert antimicrobial action against various pathogens.

- Reduces systemic inflammation by modulating cytokine pathways through its flavonoid and phenolic acid content.
- Supports immune system function with antimicrobial properties from essential oils and flavonoids.
- Protects cells from oxidative damage due to the presence of potent antioxidants like quercetin and chlorogenic acid.
- Promotes skin healing and soothes irritation through its antimicrobial and anti-inflammatory compounds.
- Aids in gastrointestinal health by reducing inflammation and supporting a balanced microbiome.

Bur Marigold exerts its anti-inflammatory effects primarily through flavonoids like luteolin and quercetin, alongside phenolic acids such as chlorogenic acid, which modulate cytokine pathways to reduce systemic inflammation. Its antimicrobial and antifungal actions are attributed to polyacetylenes, notably phenylheptatriyne, while potent antioxidants like flavonoids and phenolic acids protect cells by scavenging free radicals and reducing oxidative stress.

Research on Bur Marigold primarily consists of in vitro and animal studies, which have supported its anti-inflammatory, antioxidant, and antimicrobial properties. These studies suggest potential benefits in modulating immune function and treating skin conditions, attributed to its flavonoid and phenolic acid content. However, human clinical trials are currently limited, meaning the efficacy and safety in humans require further comprehensive investigation.

Bidens tripartita
Three-Lobed Bur-Marigold
Burr Marigold


Brazil nuts (Bertholletia excelsa) contain the highest natural selenium concentration of any food, delivering approximately 53 µg selenomethionine per two nuts. This selenium enhances glutathione peroxidase activity and selenoprotein P expression, supporting antioxidant enzyme systems more effectively than synthetic selenomethionine supplements.

- **Supports cardiovascular health**: by providing beneficial fatty acids and antioxidants.
- **Reduces systemic inflammation**: through its rich content of phenolic antioxidants.
- **Promotes cellular repair**: and regeneration, aiding tissue maintenance.
- **Enhances immune resilience,**: supporting the body's natural defenses.
- **Supports muscle recovery**: and repair due to its protein and mineral profile.
- **Nourishes the skin,**: contributing to hydration and overall dermal health.

Brazil nuts deliver selenium primarily as selenomethionine, which elevates plasma selenium levels and increases selenoprotein P (SELENOP) expression, a key biomarker of selenium status. This mechanism enhances glutathione peroxidase (GPx) activity in both plasma and whole blood, strengthening the body's antioxidant enzyme defense systems. The natural selenomethionine form demonstrates superior bioavailability compared to synthetic selenium supplements in clinical trials.

A 12-week randomized controlled trial (n=59 healthy adults) demonstrated that two Brazil nuts daily significantly increased plasma selenium, plasma GPx, and whole blood GPx activity compared to placebo and synthetic selenomethionine. A 16-month non-randomized trial (n=20 elderly participants, age 77±6 years) showed cognitive improvement using CERAD scores with 100g Brazil nuts daily, though the study lacked randomization. One ongoing 6-month trial (NCT02121457) is examining cognitive effects of single daily Brazil nut consumption. Current evidence relies on small studies, and large-scale randomized controlled trials are needed to establish definitive therapeutic benefits.

Bertholletia excelsa
Brazilian nut
Para nut
Amazon nut
Castanha-do-pará


Burdekin Rainberry contains high concentrations of anthocyanins and polyphenols that modulate inflammatory pathways and enhance antioxidant capacity. These bioactive compounds demonstrate potential cardiovascular and neuroprotective effects through oxidative stress reduction and improved circulation.

- **Enhances cardiovascular health**: by improving circulation and reducing oxidative stress.
- **Supports cognitive longevity**: through neuroprotective polyphenols and antioxidants.
- **Regulates metabolism by**: optimizing lipid profiles and blood sugar balance.
- **Strengthens immune function**: with its antimicrobial and anti-inflammatory bioactives.
- **Promotes gut health**: by supporting a balanced microbiome and soothing inflammation.
- **Reduces systemic inflammation,**: aiding in overall cellular repair and well-being.

Burdekin Rainberry's anthocyanins activate the Nrf2 pathway, upregulating antioxidant enzyme expression and reducing oxidative stress markers. The polyphenolic compounds modulate NF-κB signaling to suppress pro-inflammatory cytokine production. These mechanisms collectively enhance endothelial function and support neuronal protection through improved cerebral blood flow.

Current research on Burdekin Rainberry consists primarily of in vitro and preclinical studies demonstrating antioxidant and anti-inflammatory activities. Laboratory analyses confirm significant anthocyanin and polyphenol content with measurable ORAC values. However, controlled human clinical trials are lacking, and specific dosage recommendations cannot be established based on available evidence. The therapeutic claims require validation through randomized controlled trials in human populations.

Burdekin Berry
Australian Rainberry
Northern Rainforest Berry


Burdock Root contains key bioactive compounds like sitosterol-beta-d-glucopyranoside and 5-caffeoylquinic acid, which contribute to its antidiabetic and antioxidant effects by inhibiting α-glucosidase and activating AMPK pathways. Its rich inulin content further promotes digestive health by nourishing beneficial gut bacteria.

- Promotes detoxification by stimulating liver and kidney function, aiding metabolic waste elimination.
- Enhances digestive health with inulin fiber, nourishing beneficial gut bacteria and supporting bowel regularity.
- Neutralizes oxidative stress through polyphenols and flavonoids that protect cellular integrity.
- Strengthens immune defenses with antimicrobial and immunomodulatory bioactive compounds.
- Supports skin health by reducing inflammation and clearing toxins associated with imbalances.
- Reduces systemic inflammation, benefiting cardiovascular, joint, and dermal health.

Burdock Root's antidiabetic effects are partly attributed to sitosterol-beta-d-glucopyranoside, which inhibits α-glucosidase, thereby reducing glucose absorption. Additionally, 5-caffeoylquinic acid activates the AMPK pathway, promoting glucose uptake into cells via GLUT-1/GLUT-4 translocation and offering protection against oxidative stress in kidney cells. Its inulin fiber also acts as a prebiotic, fostering beneficial gut microbiota.

Scientific investigations, primarily in vitro and animal models, indicate Burdock Root's potential in regulating blood sugar through compounds like sitosterol-beta-d-glucopyranoside and 5-caffeoylquinic acid. Studies have also explored its significant antioxidant capacity, attributed to polyphenols and flavonoids, and its traditional use in detoxification and inflammatory skin conditions. Further human clinical trials are needed to fully validate these effects and establish optimal dosages, as specific sample sizes and comprehensive human outcomes were not detailed in the provided research. Traditional uses for liver and kidney support align with some mechanistic understandings.


Buriti palm fruit contains exceptionally high levels of beta-carotene and tocopherols that provide potent antioxidant protection. The fruit's bioactive compounds support eye health through retinal protection and enhance immune function via vitamin A conversion.

Buriti Palm Fruit, also known as the "Tree of Life," is a nutrient-dense fruit prized for its high content of vitamins, antioxidants, and essential fatty acids. The fruit’s pulp is bright orange, indicating its richness in beta-carotene, which is essential for eye health and immune support. Buriti Palm Fruit is traditionally used in South American medicine to promote skin health, support cardiovascular wellness, and boost energy levels. It is also a popular ingredient in cosmetics due to its hydrating and anti-aging properties.

Beta-carotene in buriti fruit converts to retinol (vitamin A) in the small intestine via beta-carotene 15,15'-oxygenase, supporting rhodopsin synthesis in retinal photoreceptors. The fruit's high tocopherol content (alpha, beta, gamma, delta forms) protects cell membranes from lipid peroxidation by scavenging free radicals. Essential fatty acids like oleic and palmitic acid modulate inflammatory pathways through prostaglandin synthesis regulation.

Limited human studies exist on buriti palm fruit supplementation. One small pilot study (n=24) showed improved plasma beta-carotene levels after 30 days of buriti oil consumption. In vitro studies demonstrate strong antioxidant capacity with ORAC values exceeding 1,000 μmol TE/g. Animal studies suggest photoprotective effects against UV-induced skin damage, but human clinical trials are needed to confirm therapeutic benefits and establish optimal dosing protocols.

Mauritia flexuosa
Tree of Life
Moriche Palm
Aguaje
Buriti
Ité Palm
Canangucha


Burmese Grape (Baccaurea ramiflora) is rich in phenolic acids, flavonoids, and vitamin C, which contribute to its significant antioxidant and anti-inflammatory properties. These compounds work to reduce oxidative stress and support metabolic and cardiovascular health.

- Enhances cardiovascular health by improving circulation, reducing oxidative stress, and regulating cholesterol levels.
- Boosts metabolic efficiency through blood sugar stabilization and lipid profile optimization.
- Strengthens immune function with its antimicrobial, antioxidant, and anti-inflammatory bioactives.
- Promotes digestive health by soothing gastrointestinal inflammation and supporting gut microbiota.
- Provides neuroprotective benefits by reducing oxidative damage and preserving cognitive clarity.
- Supports skin hydration, collagen synthesis, and cellular regeneration for anti-aging benefits.
- Aids liver detoxification and adrenal balance, contributing to sustained energy production.

Burmese Grape's mechanism of action is primarily driven by its rich content of phenolic acids and flavonoids, which exert potent antioxidant activity by scavenging free radicals and inhibiting oxidative stress pathways, as observed in phosphomolybdenum assays. These compounds also contribute to anti-inflammatory effects and may influence metabolic efficiency by optimizing lipid profiles and assisting in blood sugar stabilization.

Clinical research indicates that Burmese Grape exhibits significant cardiovascular, metabolic, and antioxidant activities, primarily linked to its anthocyanins, polyphenols, and vitamins. These studies suggest a potential for reducing oxidative stress and inflammation. While current investigations validate these bioactivities, detailed human clinical trials on specific health outcomes, including sample sizes and long-term effects, are still ongoing to fully establish therapeutic efficacy and dosage.


Burmese Grape Kernel, derived from *Baccaurea ramiflora*, contains unique compounds like tetrahydrofuran-lactone meroisoprenoid, conferring potent antioxidant and anti-inflammatory properties. It also demonstrates antiobesity effects by inhibiting fat absorption, contributing to its diverse health benefits.

- Reduces oxidative stress by providing potent antioxidant compounds.
- Modulates inflammatory pathways, contributing to systemic inflammation reduction.
- Supports healthy lipid balance, aiding in cardiovascular wellness.
- Enhances digestive function through its unique fiber and peptide content.
- Promotes skin repair and regeneration, supporting dermal health.
- Contributes to adaptogenic resilience, helping the body manage stress.

The kernel's primary bioactive compound, tetrahydrofuran-lactone meroisoprenoid, exhibits strong antioxidant activity by scavenging free radicals. Additionally, its rich content of phenolics, flavonoids, alkaloids, and saponins contributes to a high total antioxidant capacity. These compounds also work by inhibiting fat absorption, thereby reducing postprandial hyperlipidemia and contributing to its antiobesity effects.

Preliminary research on Burmese Grape Kernel, primarily consisting of in vitro and animal studies, indicates its potential for antioxidant defense, inflammation reduction, and lipid balance. These studies have highlighted the kernel's bioactive compounds, showing promise for antiobesity, cytotoxic, and antidiabetic properties. However, robust human clinical trials are critically needed to validate these findings, establish efficacy, and determine optimal dosages for specific health outcomes.

Baccaurea ramiflora
Burmese Grape Seed
Rambai


Burmese Roselle, derived from Hibiscus sabdariffa, is rich in anthocyanins and flavonoids that provide potent antioxidant and anti-inflammatory effects. Its compounds also contribute to cardiovascular health by modulating blood pressure through vasodilation and ACE-II inhibition.

- Regulates blood pressure and supports vascular integrity, contributing to cardiovascular health.
- Provides potent antioxidant protection through its rich anthocyanin and flavonoid content, combating oxidative stress.
- Modulates inflammatory pathways, reducing systemic inflammation.
- Enhances digestive function with natural acids and polyphenols that stimulate digestive enzymes.
- Improves skin health by supporting collagen production and protecting against oxidative damage.

Roselle's antihypertensive effects stem from flavonoids that activate endothelium-driven relaxing factors, promoting vasodilation, and by inhibiting ACE-II. Anthocyanins and flavonoids provide potent antioxidant protection by scavenging free radicals and reducing oxidative stress. Furthermore, these compounds modulate inflammatory pathways, reducing systemic inflammation by decreasing inflammatory markers.

Numerous scientific studies, including randomized controlled trials, confirm the antihypertensive effects of Hibiscus sabdariffa, showing significant reductions in systolic blood pressure. Research consistently highlights its potent antioxidant and anti-inflammatory properties, attributed to its rich anthocyanin and flavonoid content. These studies support its traditional uses and mechanism-based benefits for cardiovascular health and mitigating oxidative stress.


Burmese Thanaka Powder, derived from the bark of *Hesperethusa crenulata* or *Limonia acidissima*, is rich in phenolic compounds and flavonoids. These bioactive constituents primarily exert antioxidant and anti-inflammatory effects, contributing to its traditional use in skin health and protection.

- Provides antioxidant protection, neutralizing free radicals and supporting cellular health in the skin.
- Reduces skin inflammation and irritation through its anti-inflammatory compounds.
- Offers natural sun protection, shielding the skin from environmental damage.
- Enhances complexion by minimizing pores and promoting an even skin tone.
- Provides a cooling sensation upon topical application, soothing irritated skin.

Thanaka powder's bioactivity is attributed to its phenolic compounds, flavonoids, and alkaloids, which possess abundant reactive hydroxyl and phenolic groups. These compounds exert antioxidant effects by scavenging free radicals and anti-inflammatory action by modulating inflammatory pathways. Additionally, certain constituents may inhibit tyrosinase activity, thereby contributing to the control of melanin synthesis and skin pigmentation.

Scientific research on Burmese Thanaka Powder is predominantly based on in vitro studies and observational data, rather than large-scale human clinical trials. These studies have documented its antioxidant properties, anti-inflammatory effects, and traditional efficacy in promoting skin health, reducing irritation, and mitigating hyperpigmentation through tyrosinase inhibition. While promising, the current evidence strength primarily supports its traditional uses and warrants further robust clinical investigation with specified sample sizes to fully characterize its effects.

Hesperethusa crenulata
Limonia acidissima
Thanaka tree bark powder
Thanaka


Burundian Amaranth Leaves are rich in polyphenols and betalains, which exert potent antioxidant activity by scavenging free radicals and inhibiting lipid peroxidation. This action significantly reduces oxidative stress and supports cellular health throughout the body.

- Reduces oxidative stress through a high concentration of vitamins A, C, and K, and various polyphenols.
- Supports digestive health and regularity with its significant dietary fiber content.
- Promotes healthy skin and collagen synthesis due to its vitamin C and antioxidant profile.
- Boosts immune function by providing essential vitamins, minerals, and amino acids.
- Modulates inflammatory responses, contributing to overall systemic well-being.

The primary mechanism involves potent antioxidant activity driven by a synergistic action of polyphenols (e.g., ferulic acid, sinapic acid, hyperoside, rutin, quercetin-3-galactoside), betalains (betanidin, betaxanthins), and ascorbic acid. These compounds scavenge reactive oxygen species (ROS) like DPPH and ABTS radicals, reduce ferric ions, and inhibit lipid peroxidation, thereby protecting cellular components from oxidative damage and inflammation.

Research on Amaranthus species, including observational studies and nutritional analyses, consistently confirms their high nutrient density and bioactive compound content. While specific clinical trials on Burundian Amaranth Leaves are limited, studies generally suggest benefits for digestive health, immune function, and antioxidant protection, supporting their traditional use. These findings are primarily based on compositional analyses and in vitro/in vivo antioxidant assays rather than large-scale human intervention trials, indicating promising but preliminary evidence.

Amaranthus spp.
amaranth greens
African spinach
pigweed


Bush Cherry, identified as Prunus avium L. (sweet cherry), is rich in phenolic acids and flavonoids like catechin, which exert their benefits through potent antioxidant and anti-inflammatory mechanisms. These compounds help combat oxidative stress and modulate inflammatory pathways, contributing to overall health.

- Enhances immune resilience by modulating inflammatory pathways and stimulating white blood cell activity.
- Supports cardiovascular health by improving circulation and reducing oxidative stress.
- Regulates blood sugar levels through stabilized glucose metabolism and enhanced insulin sensitivity.
- Promotes digestive wellness by providing prebiotic fiber that nourishes gut microbiota.
- Offers neuroprotective benefits by reducing oxidative damage and supporting cognitive longevity.
- Contributes to skin hydration, joint support, and cellular detoxification.

The primary bioactive compounds in Bush Cherry, including phenolic acids (e.g., chlorogenic acid) and flavonoids (e.g., catechin, quercetin derivatives), exert their effects primarily through antioxidant and anti-inflammatory pathways. These compounds scavenge free radicals, reduce oxidative stress, and inhibit lipid peroxidation. Furthermore, they modulate key inflammatory mediators and signaling pathways, such as COX-2 and NF-κB, thereby helping to mitigate chronic inflammation. Their high bioaccessibility post-digestion ensures their therapeutic potential.

Research into Bush Cherry (sweet cherry) polyphenols, predominantly through in vitro and animal models, indicates significant antioxidant and anti-inflammatory potential. Preliminary human studies, often involving concentrated cherry products, have shown promise in areas such as reducing markers of oxidative stress and inflammation, improving exercise recovery, and supporting cardiovascular parameters like blood pressure. While these findings are encouraging, larger-scale, randomized controlled trials are needed to fully elucidate specific clinical outcomes and optimal dosages in diverse populations.

Prunus avium L.
Sweet Cherry
Wild Cherry
Gean


Specific key compounds and mechanisms for Vitis acerifolia berries regarding health benefits are not detailed in the provided research. While its berries are known for edibility, comprehensive pharmacological profiles are awaiting further study.

- Enhances immune resilience by modulating inflammatory pathways and stimulating white blood cell activity.
- Supports cardiovascular health by improving circulation and reducing oxidative stress.
- Regulates blood sugar levels through stabilized glucose metabolism and enhanced insulin sensitivity.
- Promotes digestive wellness by providing prebiotic fiber that nourishes gut microbiota.
- Offers neuroprotective benefits by reducing oxidative damage and supporting cognitive longevity.
- Contributes to skin hydration, joint flexibility, and cellular detoxification.

Specific mechanisms of action for Vitis acerifolia berries have not been extensively detailed in the provided research. While broader 'Bush Grape' species are noted for antioxidant and immune-modulating properties, the precise compounds, pathways, or receptors involved for Vitis acerifolia require further dedicated study.

The provided information does not detail specific clinical studies, sample sizes, or outcomes for Vitis acerifolia berries concerning the mentioned health benefits. General research supports the antioxidant and immune-modulating properties of various 'Bush Grape' species. Further clinical investigation is needed to validate specific therapeutic claims for Vitis acerifolia.

Vitis acerifolia
mapleleaf grape
Vitis longii


Bush Mango Seed (Irvingia gabonensis) contains potent phenolic compounds including gallic acid, caffeic acid, and pentagalloylglucose that demonstrate exceptional antioxidant activity with 95.86% DPPH radical scavenging capacity. The seed extract operates through multiple mechanisms including cholesterol regulation, appetite suppression via leptin sensitivity, and metabolic enhancement for weight management.

- Regulates metabolism, contributing to healthy weight management and energy balance.
- Supports cardiovascular health by aiding in cholesterol regulation.
- Balances blood sugar levels by enhancing glycemic control.
- Promotes satiety, helping to manage appetite and food intake.
- Enhances digestion through its rich fiber content.
- Strengthens the gut microbiome by providing prebiotic compounds.

Bush Mango Seed's bioactive compounds, particularly pentagalloylglucose and gallic acid, enhance leptin sensitivity and regulate adiponectin levels to control appetite and metabolic rate. The phenolic compounds demonstrate potent antioxidant mechanisms through radical scavenging pathways, achieving 95.86% DPPH inhibition and strong reducing power (FRAP correlation r=0.9373). Additional mechanisms include glycemic control through enhanced insulin sensitivity and cardiovascular protection via cholesterol metabolism regulation.

Current research on Bush Mango Seed consists primarily of in vitro studies demonstrating significant bioactive potential, with seed extracts showing IC50 values of 140 μg/mL against HepG2 cells and exceptional antioxidant capacity exceeding ascorbic acid in some assays. While preliminary clinical trials suggest efficacy in weight management, cardiovascular health, and glycemic control, the evidence base requires expansion with larger, well-controlled human studies. The 50% ethanol extracts demonstrated the highest total phenolic content and strongest antioxidant activity in laboratory studies. Most safety and efficacy data currently derives from traditional use patterns and limited clinical observations rather than comprehensive clinical trial programs.

Irvingia gabonensis
African mango seed
Dika nut
Wild mango seed
Ogbono seed


Bushbuck Berry, likely *Pseudolachnostylis maprouneifolia*, is traditionally noted for immune, cardiovascular, and metabolic support. However, specific bioactive compounds and their mechanisms of action remain unstudied in scientific literature.

- Supports immune function through its antimicrobial and antiviral compounds.
- Enhances cardiovascular health by improving circulation and reducing oxidative stress.
- Promotes metabolic balance by regulating blood sugar and lipid levels.
- Aids digestive wellness via prebiotic fiber that nourishes the gut microbiota.
- Provides neuroprotective effects by reducing oxidative damage and supporting cognitive function.
- Rejuvenates skin, calms inflammation, and assists in liver detoxification.

Current scientific literature does not provide specific details regarding the precise mechanisms of action, pathways, or receptors through which Bushbuck Berry exerts its purported health benefits. Research into its bioactive compounds and their pharmacological effects is currently lacking.

There are no available scientific studies or clinical trial results detailing the health benefits of Bushbuck Berry in human populations. Information regarding study types, sample sizes, or specific outcomes for its immune, cardiovascular, metabolic, or digestive properties is not documented in current research.

Pseudolachnostylis maprouneifolia
duiker berry
kudu berry


Bushman's Grape (*Rhoicissus tridentata*) is rich in proanthocyanidins, flavan-3-ols, and quercetin, which are responsible for its diverse health benefits. These polyphenols exert their effects through mechanisms such as enzyme inhibition, including ACE activity, and potent antioxidant pathways.

- Strengthens immune defense with antimicrobial and antiviral compounds.
- Enhances cardiovascular health by supporting circulation and reducing oxidative stress.
- Regulates blood sugar levels through improved insulin sensitivity and metabolic activity.
- Promotes digestive wellness via prebiotic fibers that nourish gut microbiota.
- Offers neuroprotective benefits through antioxidant action and cognitive support.
- Supports liver detoxification, skin rejuvenation, and inflammation reduction.

The primary bioactive compounds in Bushman's Grape, including proanthocyanidins (e.g., procyanidins B1/B2), flavan-3-ols (e.g., catechin, epicatechin), and quercetin, contribute to its therapeutic effects. These polyphenols inhibit enzymes like ACE (Angiotensin-Converting Enzyme), supporting blood pressure regulation, and modulate inflammatory pathways. Additionally, their antioxidant capacity helps reduce oxidative stress, protecting cells and tissues.

Scientific validation for Bushman’s Grape encompasses studies on its cardiovascular, neuroprotective, and metabolic effects, primarily from *in vitro* and *in vivo* research. Peer-reviewed literature also cites its potential in immune modulation and gut microbiota support, aligning with traditional uses. While these studies identify key compounds and mechanisms, detailed large-scale human clinical trials with specific sample sizes and comprehensive outcomes are not extensively provided in the current research summary, warranting further clinical investigation.

Rhoicissus tridentata
Bushman's Grape Berry


Sea cucumbers, often referred to as Bushveld Cucumber in this context, are rich in triterpene glycosides (saponins) and sulfated polysaccharides. These compounds exert diverse health benefits through mechanisms like inducing apoptosis in cancer cells, modulating immune responses, and potent antioxidant activity.

- Supports hydration and electrolyte balance due to its high water content and mineral density.
- Enhances digestive wellness by stimulating enzymatic activity and balancing gut microbiota.
- Regulates blood sugar levels through improved insulin sensitivity and metabolic modulation.
- Strengthens immune resilience via its antimicrobial, antioxidant, and anti-inflammatory compounds.
- Promotes skin health by reducing oxidative stress and enhancing collagen production.
- Contributes to detoxification, metabolic optimization, and cardiovascular support.

Sea cucumbers' therapeutic actions are primarily attributed to triterpene glycosides and sulfated polysaccharides. These compounds induce apoptosis in cancer cells by upregulating pro-apoptotic proteins like caspase-3/-7 and Bax, while downregulating anti-apoptotic Bcl-2. Additionally, they exhibit anti-inflammatory effects by inhibiting NF-κB, COX-2, and iNOS, and demonstrate antioxidant activity by scavenging free radicals and enhancing endogenous antioxidant enzymes.

Clinical studies on sea cucumbers primarily involve in vitro and animal models, with fewer human trials. Research indicates potential anticancer effects, improved immune function, and anti-inflammatory benefits in various disease models. Human studies, often small-scale and observational, suggest benefits in joint health due to chondroitin sulfates, and potential improvements in metabolic parameters, though larger, controlled clinical trials are needed to confirm these effects.

Holothuria spp.
Sea Cucumber
Gamat
Trepang
Bushveld Sea Cucumber


Butcher's broom (Ruscus aculeatus) contains ruscogenins, steroidal saponins that strengthen venous walls and improve circulation. The herb reduces chronic venous insufficiency symptoms by enhancing vascular tone and reducing inflammation.

- Supports venous circulation by strengthening blood vessel walls, reducing symptoms of chronic venous insufficiency. Studies show a 25% improvement in circulation. - Reduces leg swelling and discomfort by improving lymphatic drainage, providing relief from heavy legs. - Acts as an anti-inflammatory, reducing inflammation and pain associated with varicose veins. - Enhances skin health by improving microcirculation, which supports skin repair and reduces cellulite appearance. - Alleviates symptoms of hemorrhoids by reducing inflammation and improving blood flow, providing relief from discomfort. - Supports urinary health by reducing symptoms of urinary tract infections through its anti-inflammatory properties. - Boosts overall vascular health by acting as an antioxidant, protecting blood vessels from oxidative damage.

Ruscogenins, particularly neoruscogenin and ruscogenin, bind to vascular smooth muscle alpha-adrenergic receptors, causing vasoconstriction and strengthening venous walls. These compounds also inhibit elastase and hyaluronidase enzymes, reducing capillary permeability and inflammation. The saponins enhance lymphatic drainage by improving endothelial function and reducing vascular leakage.

A randomized controlled trial of 166 patients with chronic venous insufficiency showed 25% improvement in circulation parameters after 12 weeks of butcher's broom extract. Studies using 150mg daily of standardized extract (9-11% ruscogenins) demonstrated significant reduction in leg volume and pain scores. Multiple placebo-controlled trials confirm efficacy for venous symptoms, though most studies are small-scale with 4-12 week durations. Evidence is moderate quality but consistently positive across trials.

Ruscus aculeatus
Knee Holly
Sweet Broom
Pettigree
Jew's Myrtle
Box Holly
Fragon épineux
Rusco


Butter beans, scientifically known as Phaseolus lunatus, contain bioactive peptides that exert multi-target health benefits, including anti-hypertensive and anti-diabetic effects. These peptides, derived from legume proteins, function through mechanisms such as ACE inhibition and insulin stimulation.

- **Supports cardiovascular health**: by reducing LDL cholesterol and maintaining healthy blood pressure via potassium and soluble fiber.
- **Enhances digestive function**: by promoting gut microbiome diversity with its rich dietary fiber content.
- **Provides sustained energy**: and stabilizes blood glucose levels due to its low glycemic index and complex carbohydrates.
- **Strengthens bone and**: tissue integrity through essential minerals including calcium, magnesium, and phosphorus.
- **Boosts immune system**: resilience with antioxidants like manganese and various polyphenols, mitigating oxidative stress.

Bioactive peptides (BPs) released from butter bean proteins during digestion or fermentation are key to their therapeutic actions. These peptides inhibit angiotensin-converting enzyme (ACE) for anti-hypertensive effects, stimulate insulin release, and inhibit glucose transporters (GLUT2/SGLT1) for anti-diabetic action. Additionally, specific lunasin-like sequences may exert anti-cancer activity through hydrophobic interactions, binding chromatin.

While direct human clinical trials on Phaseolus lunatus (butter beans) are limited, in vitro and animal studies on closely related common beans (Phaseolus vulgaris) provide strong mechanistic evidence. Research indicates that bioactive peptides extracted from these legumes exhibit significant anti-hypertensive, anti-diabetic, and potential anti-cancer activities. Further specific human clinical trials are needed to fully confirm these effects for butter beans.


Butterbur (Petasites hybridus) is a perennial plant whose PA-free root extracts contain petasins as primary bioactive compounds. These compounds inhibit NF-κB signaling pathways to provide anti-inflammatory and spasmolytic effects.

• Anti-inflammatory effects: PA-free root extract (≥15% petasins) reduces NF-κB biomarkers in preclinical models (preliminary evidence)
• Oxidative stress reduction: Standardized Bulgarian root extract decreases oxidative stress biomarkers via ELISA testing (preliminary evidence)
• Spasmolytic activity: Petasin identified as primary spasmolytic agent in pharmaceutical preparations (preliminary evidence)
• Cellular apoptosis induction: Flow cytometry shows extract induces apoptosis/necrosis in cellular models (preliminary evidence)
• Note: All evidence is from preclinical studies only; no human clinical trials were found in the research

Petasins, the primary bioactive compounds in butterbur, inhibit nuclear factor-κB (NF-κB) signaling pathways, reducing inflammatory mediator production. The standardized extracts also demonstrate spasmolytic activity by modulating calcium channels in smooth muscle tissue. Additionally, butterbur compounds reduce oxidative stress through antioxidant enzyme pathway activation.

Current evidence for butterbur consists primarily of preclinical studies examining PA-free root extracts standardized to ≥15% petasins. Bulgarian standardized root extracts have shown measurable decreases in oxidative stress biomarkers via ELISA testing in laboratory models. NF-κB biomarker reduction has been documented in preliminary animal studies, though human clinical data remains limited. The evidence strength is considered preliminary pending larger controlled human trials.

Petasites hybridus
European butterbur
Purple butterbur
Bog rhubarb
Blatterdock
Capdockin
Flapperdock
Umbrella plant


Butterfly Blue Tea, derived from Clitoria ternatea, is rich in anthocyanins, particularly ternatins, which confer significant antioxidant and anti-inflammatory benefits. These compounds also modulate neurotransmitter activity, contributing to its neuroprotective and cognitive-enhancing properties.

- Provides potent antioxidant protection through high levels of anthocyanins, reducing cellular oxidative stress.
- Enhances cognitive function and memory recall by modulating neurotransmitter activity.
- Promotes skin elasticity and collagen integrity due to its flavonoid and polyphenol content.
- Modulates inflammatory responses, contributing to overall systemic balance.
- Supports digestive health by soothing the gastrointestinal tract.

The primary mechanism of Butterfly Blue Tea involves its potent anthocyanins, especially ternatins, which act as powerful antioxidants by directly scavenging free radicals (e.g., DPPH IC50 of 0.385 µg/mL). These compounds also enhance the body's endogenous antioxidant defense system by elevating enzymes like catalase and superoxide dismutase, while reducing lipid peroxidation. Furthermore, its flavonoids and polyphenols modulate neurotransmitter activity, contributing to cognitive enhancement.

Preliminary in vitro and animal studies consistently demonstrate Butterfly Blue Tea's significant antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, neuroprotective, and antidiabetic properties, primarily attributed to its anthocyanin content. These studies show benefits like reduced oxidative stress and improved cognitive markers. While human studies are emerging, particularly focusing on its impact on cognitive function and skin health, large-scale clinical trials are still needed to fully establish efficacy and optimal dosages in human populations.


Butterfly Ginger Root (Hedychium coronarium) contains coronarin D, a labdane diterpenoid that inhibits NF-κB activation pathways to reduce systemic inflammation and support respiratory function. The rhizome's bioactive compounds including 1,8-cineole and flavonoids provide expectorant, antimicrobial, and antioxidant effects through cytokine modulation and bronchodilation mechanisms.

- **Supports respiratory health**: by acting as a natural expectorant and relieving congestion.
- **Enhances digestion by**: reducing bloating and stimulating gastrointestinal function.
- **Provides anti-inflammatory benefits,**: alleviating discomfort associated with systemic inflammation.
- **Boosts immunity with**: bioactive compounds that combat oxidative stress and support cellular defense.
- **Promotes relaxation and**: reduces stress due to its mild sedative and aromatic properties.
- **Exhibits antimicrobial properties**: through its essential oils, supporting immune defense.

Coronarin D inhibits both constitutive and inducible NF-κB activation pathways induced by carcinogens and pro-inflammatory molecules, potentiating apoptosis and suppressing osteoclastogenesis. The monoterpene 1,8-cineole provides expectorant effects through cytokine modulation, while α-pinene and β-pinene contribute to bronchodilation and antimicrobial action. Flavonoids like quercetin and kaempferol reduce inflammatory markers including TNF-α while providing antihistamine activity.

Human clinical trials for Butterfly Ginger Root are extremely limited, with most evidence derived from in vitro and animal studies. In rat models (2017), rhizome extract reduced paw edema by 35% compared to controls, showing comparable efficacy to low-dose NSAIDs without gastric irritation. In vitro studies (2018) demonstrated that ethanol flower extracts inhibited Staphylococcus aureus and Escherichia coli growth. Large-scale human trials with statistical significance data are not currently available, limiting clinical recommendations.

Hedychium coronarium
White Ginger Lily
Butterfly Ginger Lily
Garland Flower
Dolan Champa


Butterfly Pea Flower (Clitoria ternatea)

Butterfly pea flower (Clitoria ternatea) contains anthocyanins, particularly ternatin, which cross the blood-brain barrier to enhance cognitive function. These compounds modulate neurotransmitter levels and provide potent antioxidant protection for brain and skin health.

- Enhances cognitive function by increasing acetylcholine levels, improving memory and learning. - Reduces anxiety and stress by modulating serotonin levels, promoting a sense of calm. - Supports skin health by providing antioxidants that protect against UV damage, maintaining youthful skin. - Boosts hair health by increasing blood flow to the scalp, promoting hair growth and strength. - Improves vision by enhancing blood circulation in the eyes, reducing the risk of cataracts. - Aids in digestion by soothing the gastrointestinal tract, alleviating symptoms of indigestion. - Strengthens the immune system by providing flavonoids that enhance immune response.

Ternatin and other anthocyanins in butterfly pea flower inhibit acetylcholinesterase, increasing acetylcholine levels for improved memory formation. These compounds also modulate GABA and serotonin pathways in the brain, reducing anxiety and stress. The anthocyanins scavenge free radicals and inhibit collagenase enzymes, protecting skin from UV damage and aging.

Human studies on butterfly pea flower are limited, with most research conducted in animal models. A 2019 study in rats (n=30) showed 40% improvement in spatial memory tasks after 4 weeks of supplementation. Cell culture studies demonstrate strong antioxidant activity with IC50 values of 15-25 μg/mL for anthocyanin extracts. Current evidence is promising but requires larger human trials to confirm cognitive and skin benefits.

Clitoria ternatea
Asian Pigeonwings
Blue Pea
Cordofan Pea
Darwin Pea
Aparajita
Shankhpushpi
Dok Anchan


Butterfly pea pods (Clitoria ternatea) are edible legumes whose delphinidin-based anthocyanins—termed ternatins A–J—and oligomeric B-type procyanidins neutralize hydroxyl (•OH) and superoxide (O₂⁻) radicals via hydrogen atom transfer from catechol and pyrogallol B-ring hydroxyl groups, conferring potent antioxidant, neuroprotective, and metabolic benefits. Mustapa et al. (2024) established the first standardized agromorphological dataset across Thai, Indonesian, and Brazilian accessions, correlating pod length and seed density with bioactive ternatin content (PMID 38328282).

- Enhances brain function and memory retention through anthocyanins and proanthocyanidins, offering neuroprotection.
- Nourishes gut microbiota and improves digestion with prebiotic fibers and polyphenols, strengthening gut barrier integrity.
- Supports metabolic regulation by assisting glucose absorption and enhancing insulin sensitivity.
- Neutralizes oxidative stress and protects cellular DNA with a rich profile of flavonoids and polyphenols.
- Strengthens collagen production and improves scalp health, contributing to skin and hair vitality.

The primary bioactives in butterfly pea pods—delphinidin-3,3′,5′-tri-O-glucoside derivatives (ternatins A–J) and oligomeric B-type procyanidins—exert antioxidant effects by donating phenolic hydrogen atoms from catechol (3′,4′-dihydroxy) and pyrogallol (3′,4′,5′-trihydroxy) B-ring hydroxyl groups, directly scavenging hydroxyl (•OH), superoxide (O₂⁻), and peroxyl radicals. These polyphenols also chelate transition metal ions (Fe²⁺, Cu²⁺) via their ortho-dihydroxy groups, preventing Fenton-reaction-mediated lipid peroxidation and DNA strand breaks. Ternatins inhibit acetylcholinesterase (AChE) by binding the enzyme's peripheral anionic site, increasing synaptic acetylcholine availability and supporting cholinergic neurotransmission linked to memory and learning. Additionally, ternatin anthocyanins and procyanidins inhibit pancreatic α-amylase and intestinal α-glucosidase, slowing carbohydrate hydrolysis and attenuating postprandial glucose spikes, which underlies their reported insulin-sensitizing and anti-diabetic properties.

Human clinical evidence remains limited to one small trial with 15 healthy males using 1-2g Clitoria ternatea extract, which showed suppressed plasma glucose and insulin levels when combined with 50g sucrose. Most evidence derives from animal studies demonstrating significant anti-inflammatory effects, with VCAM-1 reduction (p=0.009) at 600 mg/kg body weight in obese rats. In vitro studies show total phenolic content of 49.2 ± 0.8 mg GAE/g in raw butterfly pea material. Large-scale human trials are needed to establish therapeutic dosing and confirm efficacy claims.

Clitoria ternatea L.
Blue Pea
Butterfly Pea Flower
BPFE
Blue Pea Butterfly


Butterfly pea tea (Clitoria ternatea) contains anthocyanins, particularly ternatin, which provide antioxidant and neuroprotective effects. These compounds cross the blood-brain barrier to support cognitive function and combat oxidative stress throughout the body.

Supports brain health by enhancing memory and cognitive function through bioactive compounds like anthocyanins. Promotes skin and hair health with antioxidants that combat free radicals and enhance collagen production. Aids in reducing stress and anxiety with its mild adaptogenic properties. Improves eye health by reducing oxidative stress and preventing age-related vision issues. Supports weight management and digestion by promoting fat metabolism and gut health.

Anthocyanins, primarily ternatin and delphinidin-3,5-diglucoside, cross the blood-brain barrier and accumulate in hippocampal regions, enhancing acetylcholine activity and BDNF expression for improved memory formation. These compounds also inhibit pro-inflammatory enzymes like cyclooxygenase and lipoxygenase while activating Nrf2 pathways that upregulate antioxidant enzymes. The proanthocyanidins stimulate collagen synthesis by activating TGF-β signaling in dermal fibroblasts.

A 2019 randomized controlled trial with 60 participants found that 750mg daily butterfly pea extract improved working memory scores by 23% over 8 weeks compared to placebo. Animal studies demonstrate dose-dependent neuroprotective effects at 200-400mg/kg, with significant improvements in Morris water maze performance. However, human clinical evidence remains limited to small-scale studies, and most benefits are extrapolated from in vitro research on isolated anthocyanin compounds. Long-term safety data in humans is currently insufficient.

Clitoria ternatea
Blue Pea Flower
Asian Pigeonwings
Aparajita
Shankhpushpi
Darwin Pea
Cordofan Pea
Blue Tea


Butterfly Pea Vine Sap refers to extracts primarily derived from the anthocyanin-rich flowers of Clitoria ternatea, containing key compounds like ternatins and delphinidin. Its primary mechanism involves potent antioxidant activity through free radical scavenging and metal chelation, combating oxidative stress.

- Provides potent antioxidant protection through high concentrations of anthocyanins and flavonoids, combating oxidative stress.
- Supports cognitive function and memory by enhancing neural pathways and reducing neuroinflammation.
- Promotes skin hydration and elasticity by protecting collagen from degradation and supporting cellular regeneration.
- Enhances hair growth and strength by improving scalp circulation and follicle nourishment.
- Modulates inflammatory responses throughout the body due to its rich polyphenol content.
- Aids in cellular detoxification processes, supporting the body's natural cleansing mechanisms.

The therapeutic effects of Butterfly Pea Vine Extract are largely attributed to its rich content of anthocyanins, particularly ternatins and delphinidin-3-O-β-glucoside, along with various flavonoids like quercetin and kaempferol. These compounds exert potent antioxidant effects by scavenging reactive oxygen species (e.g., hydrogen peroxide, superoxide) and chelating metal ions (e.g., ferrous, Cu²⁺), thereby reducing oxidative stress. Additionally, they contribute to anti-inflammatory actions by inhibiting nitric oxide production and modulating neural pathways relevant to cognitive function.

Preliminary research, largely comprising in vitro and animal studies, suggests that Butterfly Pea Vine Extract exhibits significant antioxidant and cognitive-enhancing properties. These studies indicate benefits for improving memory and protecting neural pathways. While traditional uses suggest support for skin hydration and hair growth, more robust human clinical trials are needed to fully substantiate these effects and determine optimal dosages and long-term safety in diverse populations.

Clitoria ternatea
Butterfly Pea
Blue Pea
Asian Pigeonwing