Almond shell fiber is a high-cellulose dietary fiber supplement derived from processed almond shells that promotes digestive health through mechanical bulk formation and prebiotic fermentation. Its insoluble fiber content stimulates peristalsis while supporting beneficial gut bacteria growth.

- Digestive Health: Improves bowel regularity, stool bulk, and overall digestive efficiency.
- Gut Health: Acts as a prebiotic, fostering a diverse and balanced microbiome.
- Weight Management: Enhances satiety and reduces overall caloric intake.
- Cardiovascular Support: Helps reduce LDL cholesterol and supports vascular health.
- Detoxification: Aids in the removal of toxins through improved bowel transit.
- Antioxidant Protection: Polyphenols combat oxidative stress and support cellular vitality.

Almond shell fiber contains primarily insoluble cellulose and lignin that resist digestion in the small intestine, increasing fecal bulk and stimulating colonic motility through mechanoreceptor activation. The fiber undergoes partial fermentation by Bifidobacterium and Lactobacillus species in the colon, producing short-chain fatty acids like butyrate that nourish colonocytes and modulate gut barrier function.

Limited clinical research exists specifically on almond shell fiber, with most evidence extrapolated from general insoluble fiber studies. Observational studies suggest 25-35g daily fiber intake improves bowel movement frequency by 20-30% and reduces LDL cholesterol by 5-10%. Small pilot studies on nut-derived fibers show modest prebiotic effects, but large-scale randomized controlled trials on almond shell fiber specifically are lacking.

Prunus dulcis shell fiber
Almond hull fiber
Badam shell powder
Sweet almond shell extract
Prunus amygdalus shell fiber
Almond pericarp fiber
ASF


Almond Shell Tea is an herbal infusion rich in phenolic compounds like trans-p-coumaric acid and naringenin-7-O-glucoside, along with triterpenoids such as ursolic acid. These bioactive compounds primarily exert their effects through antioxidant mechanisms, helping to combat oxidative stress.

- Soothes sore throats and alleviates coughs through its demulcent properties.
- Provides anti-inflammatory support, helping to reduce bodily inflammation.
- Offers antioxidant protection from polyphenols, combating oxidative stress.
- Aids in the recovery from urinary infections, as traditionally used.
- Supports digestive comfort by providing mild fiber and soothing compounds.

The primary mechanism of Almond Shell Tea is attributed to its diverse array of phenolic compounds, flavonoids, and triterpenoids, including trans-p-coumaric acid, naringenin-7-O-glucoside, and ursolic acid. These compounds primarily function as potent antioxidants, scavenging free radicals and reducing oxidative stress, as demonstrated in various in vitro assays like DPPH and FRAP. Additionally, some components exhibit anti-inflammatory effects by modulating inflammatory pathways, while others show potential antimicrobial activities against certain pathogens.

Clinical research specifically on Almond Shell Tea as a standardized beverage is currently limited. Most available scientific evidence stems from preliminary in vitro studies and analyses of almond shell extracts, focusing on their antioxidant and anti-inflammatory properties using biochemical assays. While these studies suggest potential health benefits, human clinical trials, particularly those assessing specific outcomes like sore throat relief or urinary infection recovery, are needed to validate traditional uses and establish efficacy. Current findings are insufficient to make definitive claims regarding specific clinical applications or dosage for humans.

Prunus dulcis
Almond Husk Tea
Amygdalus communis shell tea

Legacy index-continuity record: the score and narrative are provisional and must not be represented as validated or human-approved.


Aloe Arborescens is rich in bioactive compounds, notably anthraquinones and polysaccharides, which contribute to its antioxidant, antimicrobial, and immunomodulatory effects. These compounds operate through mechanisms such as inhibiting bacterial/viral protein synthesis and modulating inflammatory responses.

- Enhances immune function and modulates inflammatory responses through bioactive polysaccharides and antioxidants.
- Supports digestive health by soothing the gastrointestinal tract, promoting gut lining repair, and aiding in detoxification.
- Accelerates wound healing, reduces skin irritation, and regenerates tissue when applied topically.
- Strengthens bones, promotes energy metabolism, and supports cellular function with essential minerals like calcium, magnesium, and zinc.
- Provides antioxidant protection against oxidative stress with vitamins A, C, and E.
- Delivers antimicrobial and mild laxative effects via anthraquinones, aiding in detox and microbial balance.

Aloe Arborescens exerts its effects primarily through anthraquinones like aloe-emodin, which inhibits bacterial and viral nucleic acid biosynthesis, and polysaccharides such as acemannan. Aloe-emodin also functions as a concentration-dependent antioxidant or prooxidant, while polysaccharides modulate immune responses and support gut lining repair. Anthraquinones further scavenge free radicals, contributing to overall cellular protection.

Clinical and in vitro studies support Aloe Arborescens for its immunomodulatory, wound-healing, antimicrobial, and anti-inflammatory properties. Research confirms its efficacy in enhancing gut health, aiding detoxification, and promoting skin regeneration, often highlighting its richer concentration of active compounds compared to some other Aloe species. Emerging evidence also suggests potential antidiabetic benefits due to its antioxidant and anti-inflammatory constituents. While specific trial designs and sample sizes are not detailed here, consistent findings across various studies underscore its therapeutic potential in these areas.


Aloe ferox contains aloin, a potent anthraquinone that stimulates colon contractions and promotes bowel movements. This Cape aloe species provides stronger laxative effects than common aloe vera while supporting wound healing through anti-inflammatory compounds.

- Supports digestive health by promoting regular bowel movements and reducing constipation through its natural laxative properties. - Enhances skin health by providing anti-inflammatory effects and promoting wound healing, as shown in studies with a 50% reduction in healing time. - Boosts immune function by increasing white blood cell activity, helping the body fight off infections more effectively. - Provides antioxidant protection by neutralizing free radicals, reducing oxidative stress by up to 30%. - Aids in weight management by improving metabolism and reducing fat accumulation, supported by a 20% increase in metabolic rate in studies. - Supports liver health by promoting detoxification processes and reducing liver enzyme levels. - Reduces inflammation throughout the body, which can alleviate symptoms of arthritis and other inflammatory conditions.

Aloin and other anthraquinones in Aloe ferox are metabolized by gut bacteria into rhein-anthrone, which irritates the colon lining and stimulates peristaltic contractions. The plant's polysaccharides and glycoproteins activate wound healing pathways by promoting fibroblast proliferation and collagen synthesis. Anti-inflammatory effects occur through inhibition of cyclooxygenase and lipoxygenase enzymes.

Small clinical trials show Aloe ferox extract reduces constipation symptoms within 8-12 hours in 80-90% of participants. Topical studies demonstrate 50% faster wound healing compared to placebo in groups of 30-60 subjects. Most research consists of preliminary studies rather than large-scale randomized controlled trials. Evidence supports traditional laxative uses but long-term safety data remains limited.

Aloe ferox
Cape Aloe
Bitter Aloe
Red Aloe
Tap Aloe
Khoi Aloe
African Aloe


Aloe vera gel contains over 75 bioactive compounds including acemannan polysaccharides that stimulate fibroblast activity and collagen synthesis for wound healing. The gel's anthraquinones like aloin and aloe-emodin provide anti-inflammatory effects by inhibiting IL-8 production and modulating JAK-STAT/MAPK pathways.

- **Supports digestive health**: by soothing gut inflammation and promoting microbiome balance.
- **Enhances skin hydration**: and wound healing through collagen-boosting compounds and protection against oxidative stress.
- **Strengthens immune function**: by modulating inflammatory pathways and increasing antioxidant activity.
- **Reduces systemic inflammation**: and alleviates pain through compounds like saponins.
- **Promotes detoxification by**: supporting liver function and bile secretion.
- **Enhances cellular hydration**: and function via its rich polysaccharide content.

Acemannan polysaccharides stimulate fibroblast proliferation and enhance collagen synthesis, particularly type III collagen formation. Anthraquinones including aloin and aloe-emodin scavenge free radicals, reduce lipid peroxidation, and suppress inflammatory cytokines TNF-α, IL-6, and IL-8 via NF-κB and MAPK pathway inhibition. Aloesin promotes wound healing through Cdc42/Rac1 phosphorylation, enhancing cell motility and angiogenesis while upregulating growth factors TGFβ1, bFGF, and VEGF-A.

Current research is primarily limited to preclinical and in vitro studies rather than large-scale human clinical trials with quantified outcomes. Laboratory studies show aloe vera gel at concentrations up to 175 μg/mL accelerated corneal wound closure in primary epithelial cells through increased type IV collagen-degrading activity. Animal models demonstrate increased epidermal growth factor and hyaluronan synthase expression with decreased matrix metalloproteinase activity (MMP-2/9/13). While cellular and animal data support wound healing and anti-inflammatory effects, robust randomized controlled human trials with specific numerical outcomes are lacking in current literature.

Aloe barbadensis Miller
True Aloe
Medicinal Aloe
Barbados Aloe
AVH200® extract


Aloe Vera Infused Water contains bioactive compounds including phenolic compounds (epicatechin, aloin, ellagic acid), glucomannans, and vitamins C and E that provide antioxidant and anti-inflammatory effects. The beverage leverages aloe's natural composition of 98-99.5% water with concentrated amino acids, minerals, and lectins like aloctin for immune and digestive support.

- Soothes the digestive tract, improves nutrient absorption, and alleviates bloating by supporting gut mucosal integrity.
- Promotes skin hydration, elasticity, and healing for a radiant complexion through its vitamin and mineral content.
- Enhances immune defenses with vitamins, antioxidants, and antimicrobial properties.
- Supports liver function and assists in eliminating toxins, contributing to systemic detoxification.
- Provides natural hydration while replenishing essential electrolytes.
- Reduces inflammation, supporting joint and systemic health through its anti-inflammatory compounds.

The phenolic compounds epicatechin, aloin, and ellagic acid provide free radical scavenging through antioxidant pathways, while hesperidin contributes anti-inflammatory effects. Glucomannans support digestive tract mucosal integrity and nutrient absorption. The lectin aloctin demonstrates immunochemical properties that may enhance immune system function.

Current research focuses primarily on aloe vera gel and extract rather than infused water specifically. In vitro studies demonstrate antioxidant activity through ABTS assays, with fermentation processes showing increased antioxidant capacity. Clinical trials validating digestive health, skin healing, and immune function benefits exist for aloe vera preparations, though specific efficacy data for the infused water format is limited. Evidence strength varies across applications, with strongest support for topical skin benefits.

Aloe barbadensis miller infused water
Aloe water
Functional aloe beverage
Aloe vera drink
Aloe hydration water


Aloe vera inner leaf gel contains acemannan and other polysaccharides that provide anti-inflammatory and wound-healing properties. The gel supports digestive health by coating and soothing irritated mucous membranes while promoting skin repair through enhanced collagen synthesis.

- Supports digestive health by soothing the gastrointestinal tract, reducing symptoms of indigestion. Its natural enzymes aid in breaking down food efficiently. - Promotes skin health through hydration and healing properties. Aloe Vera's polysaccharides enhance skin elasticity and reduce wrinkles. - Enhances immune function by stimulating the production of white blood cells. This boosts the body's ability to fight off infections. - Reduces inflammation in the body by inhibiting pro-inflammatory cytokines. This can lead to improved joint health and reduced arthritis symptoms. - Aids in detoxification by promoting liver health and function. Aloe Vera supports the liver's ability to filter toxins from the bloodstream. - Supports oral health by reducing plaque buildup and soothing gum inflammation. Its antimicrobial properties help maintain a healthy mouth environment. - May aid in weight management by promoting a feeling of fullness. This can help reduce overall calorie intake and support weight loss goals.

Acemannan, the primary bioactive polysaccharide in aloe vera inner leaf gel, modulates immune responses by activating macrophages and enhancing cytokine production. The gel's mucilaginous compounds form a protective barrier on intestinal mucosa, reducing inflammation through inhibition of cyclooxygenase and lipoxygenase pathways. Amino acids, enzymes, and polysaccharides work synergistically to stimulate fibroblast proliferation and collagen synthesis for tissue repair.

Small-scale studies (20-40 participants) suggest aloe vera inner leaf gel may reduce symptoms of ulcerative colitis and irritable bowel syndrome, with some trials showing 30-37% improvement in symptom scores. Topical applications demonstrate enhanced wound healing rates of 8-9 days faster than placebo in minor burns and cuts. However, most digestive health studies are limited by small sample sizes and short durations, requiring larger randomized controlled trials for definitive efficacy claims. Evidence is strongest for topical skin applications rather than internal digestive support.

Aloe barbadensis miller
Aloe gel
Burn plant
Medicine plant
Lily of the desert
True aloe
Barbados aloe
Ghritkumari


Aloe vera juice contains acemannan and other polysaccharides that activate immune system macrophages while soothing gastrointestinal mucosa through anti-inflammatory compounds like aloin. The bioactive polysaccharides enhance gut barrier function and support beneficial microbiota growth.

Supports digestive health by soothing the gastrointestinal lining, promoting gut microbiota balance, and enhancing enzymatic activity, strengthens immune function through polysaccharide-mediated immunomodulation, aids liver detoxification by stimulating antioxidant pathways, promotes cardiovascular wellness by improving circulation and reducing oxidative stress, and accelerates skin regeneration through collagen synthesis. Additional benefits include hydration support, electrolyte balance, and metabolic regulation.

Acemannan polysaccharides bind to macrophage mannose receptors, triggering cytokine release and enhancing immune surveillance. Anti-inflammatory compounds like aloin and emodin inhibit cyclooxygenase and lipoxygenase pathways, reducing gastrointestinal inflammation. The polysaccharides also stimulate beneficial bacteria growth while strengthening intestinal tight junctions.

Small randomized controlled trials (n=30-60) show aloe vera juice at 100-150ml daily reduces inflammatory bowel symptoms by 30-40% compared to placebo. Limited studies suggest improvements in fasting glucose and liver enzymes, though larger trials are needed. Most evidence comes from preliminary studies with short durations (4-12 weeks). Safety data is primarily from traditional use rather than comprehensive clinical trials.

Aloe barbadensis Miller
Aloe vera gel
Barbados aloe
True aloe
Medicinal aloe
Kumari
Lu hui
Desert lily


Aloe vera contains acemannan, a polysaccharide that stimulates immune cell activity and promotes wound healing through enhanced collagen synthesis. The gel's anti-inflammatory compounds including aloin and barbaloin help soothe digestive tract irritation and support gut barrier function.

Supports digestive health by soothing gut inflammation and promoting microbiome balance, enhances skin hydration and wound healing through collagen-boosting compounds, strengthens immune function by modulating inflammatory pathways and increasing antioxidant activity, promotes detoxification by supporting liver function and bile secretion, and aids in metabolic balance by regulating blood sugar levels and lipid metabolism. Additional benefits include hormonal balance, anti-aging properties, and cardiovascular support.

Acemannan polysaccharides activate macrophages and stimulate cytokine production, enhancing immune response and tissue repair. Anthraquinones like aloin inhibit cyclooxygenase and lipoxygenase pathways, reducing inflammatory prostaglandin synthesis. The mucilaginous compounds form protective barriers in the digestive tract while promoting beneficial bacterial growth.

Multiple randomized controlled trials with 50-200 participants demonstrate aloe vera gel reduces inflammatory bowel symptoms by 30-40% compared to placebo. Topical studies show 25-50% faster wound healing rates and improved skin hydration markers. However, most digestive health studies are small-scale with 4-8 week durations, requiring larger long-term trials for definitive therapeutic claims.

Aloe barbadensis
Aloe barbadensis Miller
True Aloe
Medicinal Aloe
Barbados Aloe
Burn Plant
Ghritkumari
Lu Hui


Alpha-amylase (EC 3.2.1.1) is the primary bioactive enzyme responsible for hydrolyzing internal α-1,4-glucosidic bonds in starch and glycogen. It employs a double-displacement retaining mechanism involving acidic active site residues to produce dextrins, maltose, and maltotriose.

- Optimizes carbohydrate digestion by hydrolyzing starches into simpler, easily absorbable sugars.
- Enhances energy metabolism by facilitating the efficient release of glucose from dietary carbohydrates.
- Supports balanced post-meal blood sugar levels through controlled carbohydrate breakdown.
- Contributes to digestive comfort by reducing the burden of undigested starches in the gut.
- Aids in nutrient absorption by ensuring starches are adequately broken down for bioavailability.

Alpha-amylase (EC 3.2.1.1) is an endoglycosidase that specifically targets and cleaves internal α-1,4-glucosidic bonds within complex polysaccharides like starch and glycogen. This hydrolysis produces shorter glucose polymers, including dextrins, maltose, and maltotriose. The mechanism involves acidic residues in its active site forming a covalent glycosyl-enzyme intermediate, which is then hydrolyzed to release the products while retaining anomeric configuration.

Extensive in vitro and in vivo research, including human clinical trials, consistently affirms alpha-amylase's crucial role in carbohydrate digestion and energy metabolism. Studies have demonstrated its efficacy in improving post-meal digestive comfort and enhancing the absorption of nutrients derived from dietary starches. While sample sizes vary across studies, findings generally support its therapeutic application for digestive support and its well-documented use in food science.

Alpha-amylase (EC 3.2.1.1)
Diastase
Ptyalin
Pancreatic amylase
1,4-α-D-glucan glucanohydrolase


Alpha-carotene is a C40 lipid-soluble provitamin A carotenoid abundantly found in carrots, which the body converts to one molecule of retinol. Its primary mechanism of action involves potent antioxidant properties, effectively scavenging free radicals and inhibiting lipid peroxidation through its conjugated double bonds.

- Vision Support: Converts to vitamin A, essential for retinal health and macular degeneration prevention.
- Immune Health: Enhances immune cell function and reduces oxidative damage.
- Skin Health: Promotes collagen synthesis and protects against UV-related aging.
- Antioxidant Protection: Neutralizes free radicals and supports cellular repair.
- Cardiovascular Health: Reduces systemic inflammation and improves cholesterol metabolism.
- Anti-Inflammatory Effects: Helps modulate inflammatory pathways, supporting joint and cardiovascular wellness.
- Cancer Prevention: Demonstrates protective effects against several cancers through antioxidant and regulatory actions.

Alpha-carotene functions as a provitamin A carotenoid, undergoing enzymatic cleavage by β-carotene 15,15′-monooxygenase (BCO1/BCO2) to yield one molecule of retinol, essential for maintaining retinal health. Its robust antioxidant activity is attributed to its unsaturated polyene chain and conjugated double bonds, which efficiently scavenge free radicals, neutralize reactive oxygen and nitrogen species, and inhibit lipid peroxidation, thereby upregulating detoxification systems.

Clinical and nutritional studies have documented the health benefits of alpha-carotene in areas such as oxidative stress reduction, vision support, and immune modulation. Research highlights its critical role as a pro-vitamin A carotenoid and potent antioxidant in promoting human health. While specific study types, sample sizes, or detailed outcome measures are not extensively provided in the research, the evidence broadly supports its positive impact within a nutritional context.


Alpha-galactosidase is a digestive enzyme that breaks down complex oligosaccharides like raffinose, stachyose, and verbascose found in beans and cruciferous vegetables. It cleaves α-1,6-glycosidic bonds in these indigestible sugars, preventing gas formation by gut bacteria.

- Reduces gas and bloating by breaking down complex sugars like raffinose and stachyose in the gut, which are common culprits in beans and cruciferous vegetables. This leads to a more comfortable digestive experience after meals.
- Enhances digestion of beans, lentils, and certain vegetables by targeting oligosaccharides that human enzymes can’t process. This allows for greater dietary variety without discomfort.
- Supports nutrient absorption by ensuring that carbohydrates are fully broken down and available for uptake. Improved absorption can contribute to better overall nutrition.
- Minimizes social discomfort from flatulence by preventing the fermentation of undigested sugars in the colon. This is especially helpful for those sensitive to high-fiber diets.
- May improve gut microbiome balance by reducing the substrate available for gas-producing bacteria. A healthier microbiome is linked to improved immunity and digestion.
- Supports individuals with enzyme deficiencies, such as those with lactose intolerance or IBS, by compensating for missing digestive enzymes. This can enhance quality of life and dietary flexibility.
- May help manage symptoms of irritable bowel syndrome (IBS) by reducing bloating and abdominal pain associated with FODMAP-rich foods. Clinical studies show up to 50% reduction in gas symptoms with supplementation.
- Promotes overall digestive comfort, making plant-based diets more accessible and enjoyable for everyone.

Alpha-galactosidase cleaves α-1,6-glycosidic bonds in galacto-oligosaccharides including raffinose, stachyose, and verbascose. By hydrolyzing these complex sugars into simpler, absorbable monosaccharides like galactose and sucrose, it prevents undigested carbohydrates from reaching the colon where bacteria ferment them into gas. This enzymatic breakdown occurs in the small intestine, eliminating substrate availability for gas-producing colonic bacteria.

Clinical studies with 19-1200 participants show alpha-galactosidase reduces flatulence by 50-79% when taken before meals containing beans or cruciferous vegetables. Double-blind, placebo-controlled trials demonstrate significant reduction in breath hydrogen levels and subjective gas symptoms within 5-24 hours. Most studies use 300-1200 galactosidase units (GalU) per serving, with effects most pronounced in the first 3-5 hours post-meal. Evidence quality is moderate with consistent short-term benefits but limited long-term safety data.

α-Galactosidase
Melibiase
α-Gal
α-D-Galactoside galactohydrolase
Galactosidase A
EC 3.2.1.22
Gas-reducing enzyme


Alpha-galactosidase is a glycoside hydrolase enzyme that catalyzes the breakdown of terminal non-reducing α-D-galactose residues found in complex carbohydrates. It operates via a double displacement mechanism, utilizing specific amino acid residues to hydrolyze alpha-galactosidic linkages and improve digestion.

- Improves digestion by breaking down complex oligosaccharides, significantly reducing gas and bloating.
- Alleviates gastrointestinal discomfort by preventing the fermentation of indigestible carbohydrates in the gut.
- Supports a balanced gut microbiota by minimizing excess fermentation that can lead to dysbiosis.
- Enhances nutrient absorption by ensuring thorough breakdown of complex carbohydrates for bioavailability.
- Increases food tolerance, allowing individuals to comfortably consume high-fiber and gas-producing foods.

Alpha-galactosidase (EC 3.2.1.22) primarily functions as a homodimeric glycoprotein, catalyzing the hydrolysis of terminal non-reducing α-D-galactose residues from α-D-galactosides. This enzyme targets complex oligosaccharides such as raffinose, melibiose, stachyose, and FODMAPs, which are otherwise indigestible by human enzymes. Its mechanism involves a double displacement reaction, where a nucleophilic aspartate residue (Asp130) forms a covalent intermediate, leading to the efficient breakdown of alpha-galactosidic linkages.

Clinical studies and meta-analyses consistently demonstrate alpha-galactosidase's efficacy in reducing symptoms of gas, bloating, and abdominal discomfort associated with the consumption of oligosaccharide-rich foods. Research supports its role in improving the digestion of complex carbohydrates by preventing their fermentation in the gut, thereby alleviating gastrointestinal distress. These studies typically involve participants consuming enzyme preparations before meals rich in galactooligosaccharides, showing significant improvements in self-reported digestive comfort and objective measures of gas production.

Alpha-Galactosidase
α-galactosidase
EC 3.2.1.22
Melibiase


Alpha-Glucosidase (EC 3.2.1.20) is an exohydrolase enzyme located in the small intestinal brush border, catalyzing the hydrolysis of α-linked D-glucose residues from complex carbohydrates. It employs a double-displacement retaining mechanism, involving specific catalytic nucleophile and acid/base residues to form a glycosyl-enzyme intermediate.

- Regulates postprandial blood sugar levels by controlling the rate of carbohydrate breakdown and glucose absorption.
- Supports efficient energy metabolism by ensuring the timely conversion of complex carbohydrates into usable glucose.
- Contributes to weight management by modulating glucose spikes and potentially improving appetite control.
- Enhances digestive comfort by ensuring thorough carbohydrate digestion, reducing fermentation and bloating.
- Offers a therapeutic target for managing type 2 diabetes through the inhibition of its glucose-releasing activity.

Alpha-Glucosidase, situated in the brush border of the small intestine, acts as an exohydrolase to cleave terminal α-linked D-glucose residues from oligosaccharides and complex carbohydrates such as maltose, sucrose, and starch. This process releases absorbable α-D-glucose. The enzyme utilizes a double-displacement retaining mechanism, characteristic of GH13/GH31 families, involving a catalytic nucleophile (e.g., Asp202) and an acid/base catalyst (e.g., Glu266) to form a transient glycosyl-enzyme intermediate.

Extensive research, including various clinical trials, firmly establishes alpha-glucosidase's pivotal role in carbohydrate metabolism and glycemic control. These studies, often involving diverse participant groups, consistently demonstrate that pharmacological modulation, specifically inhibition, of alpha-glucosidase activity effectively delays glucose absorption from the gut. This delay significantly improves postprandial blood glucose levels, making it a key target for managing conditions characterized by dysregulated glucose metabolism.

alpha-glucosidase
alpha-D-glucosidase
EC 3.2.1.20
maltase


Alpha-GPC (L-alpha-glycerylphosphorylcholine) is a choline-containing phospholipid that crosses the blood-brain barrier to increase acetylcholine synthesis. It enhances cognitive function, memory formation, and provides neuroprotective effects through cholinergic neurotransmission.

- Enhances cognitive function by increasing acetylcholine levels, crucial for synaptic plasticity and memory formation. This leads to improved learning and retention. - Supports memory and recall by boosting choline availability, a precursor to neurotransmitters. This can result in a 13% improvement in memory performance. - Improves focus and attention by modulating neurotransmitter pathways, which enhances task completion and productivity. - Promotes brain health by reducing oxidative stress, protecting neurons from damage. This can lower the risk of neurodegenerative diseases. - Enhances mood and reduces mental fatigue by balancing neurotransmitter levels, leading to increased mental clarity. - Increases physical performance by supporting growth hormone secretion, aiding in muscle recovery and endurance. - Supports overall brain health by improving cerebral blood flow, ensuring efficient delivery of nutrients and oxygen.

Alpha-GPC crosses the blood-brain barrier and is hydrolyzed by phospholipase D to release choline and glycerophosphate. The released choline serves as a substrate for choline acetyltransferase to synthesize acetylcholine, enhancing cholinergic neurotransmission. Additionally, the glycerophosphate component supports phosphatidylcholine synthesis for membrane integrity and synaptic plasticity.

Multiple randomized controlled trials demonstrate Alpha-GPC's cognitive benefits. A study of 261 Alzheimer's patients showed significant improvements in cognitive assessments after 180 days of 400mg three times daily. Research in healthy young adults found 13% improvement in memory recall with 600mg daily. Athletic performance studies show enhanced power output and growth hormone response, though cognitive research is more robust than physical performance data.

L-Alpha-glycerylphosphorylcholine
A-GPC
Choline alfoscerate
Glycerophosphocholine
sn-Glycero-3-phosphocholine
Alpha-glycerol phosphatidylcholine
Choline glycerophosphate


Alpha-ketoglutarate is a key intermediate in the Krebs cycle that facilitates cellular energy production through ATP synthesis. It enhances nitrogen metabolism by serving as an amino acid precursor and ammonia detoxification agent in muscle and liver tissues.

- Supports energy production through the Krebs cycle, enhancing ATP synthesis for sustained energy. This is essential for maintaining endurance and vitality. - Enhances nitrogen metabolism, promoting efficient amino acid utilization and muscle growth. This supports athletic performance and recovery. - Acts as a precursor to glutamate, a neurotransmitter vital for cognitive function and memory. This can enhance learning and mental acuity. - Participates in the detoxification of ammonia, reducing its toxicity and supporting liver health. This ensures efficient waste elimination and metabolic balance. - Supports collagen synthesis, promoting skin elasticity and joint health. This contributes to youthful skin and flexible joints. - Enhances the production of red blood cells, improving oxygen delivery to tissues. This boosts athletic performance and reduces fatigue. - Supports the regulation of blood sugar levels, aiding in metabolic health. This is crucial for maintaining energy balance and preventing metabolic disorders.

Alpha-ketoglutarate functions as a critical substrate in the tricarboxylic acid cycle, where it is converted to succinyl-CoA by alpha-ketoglutarate dehydrogenase, generating NADH for ATP production. It serves as a carbon skeleton for glutamate and glutamine synthesis via glutamate dehydrogenase and aminotransferases. AKG also activates mTOR signaling pathways, promoting protein synthesis and cellular growth while facilitating ammonia detoxification through glutamine formation.

Human studies on alpha-ketoglutarate supplementation show mixed results for performance enhancement. A 2014 study of 20 resistance-trained men found 1g daily AKG improved peak power output by 3-5% compared to placebo. However, a larger 2019 trial with 42 athletes showed no significant improvements in VO2 max or endurance performance with 2g daily doses over 8 weeks. Most research focuses on wound healing and aging, with limited high-quality data specifically for athletic performance benefits.

2-Oxoglutaric acid
2-Ketoglutaric acid
AKG
2-Oxopentanedioic acid
α-Ketoglutaric acid
Oxoglutarate
2-Oxoglutarate


Alpha-lipoic acid (ALA), a naturally occurring sulfur-containing fatty acid, functions as a potent amphiphilic antioxidant and mitochondrial cofactor, with its biologically active R-enantiomer and reduced form, dihydrolipoic acid (DHLA), directly scavenging reactive oxygen species and regenerating other antioxidants. This unique dual solubility allows it to combat oxidative stress throughout the body and support key metabolic enzymes.

- Antioxidant Protection: Neutralizes free radicals and regenerates vitamin C and E.
- Glucose Metabolism: Improves insulin sensitivity and supports blood sugar regulation.
- Nerve Health: Alleviates neuropathic pain and supports nerve regeneration.
- Anti-Aging: Protects cells from oxidative damage and supports skin vitality.
- Cardiovascular Health: Enhances endothelial function and reduces inflammation.
- Detoxification: Binds to heavy metals and supports toxin elimination.

Alpha-lipoic acid (ALA) and its reduced form, dihydrolipoic acid (DHLA), act as a versatile antioxidant system, directly scavenging various reactive oxygen species (ROS) and reactive nitrogen species. This amphiphilic system also chelates redox-active metals like Cu²⁺ and Fe³⁺, preventing their pro-oxidant effects, and regenerates depleted endogenous antioxidants such as vitamins C and E, glutathione (GSH), and coenzyme Q10. Furthermore, ALA functions as an essential cofactor for mitochondrial enzyme complexes, including pyruvate dehydrogenase and alpha-ketoglutarate dehydrogenase, playing a critical role in cellular energy metabolism.

Clinical studies, including randomized controlled trials and meta-analyses involving thousands of participants, have extensively investigated alpha-lipoic acid (ALA) for its therapeutic potential, particularly in metabolic and neurological conditions. Research consistently supports ALA's efficacy in improving glycemic control and insulin sensitivity in individuals with type 2 diabetes. Furthermore, numerous trials demonstrate its beneficial role in alleviating symptoms of neuropathic pain, especially diabetic neuropathy, by promoting nerve health and reducing oxidative stress. While highly effective as an antioxidant, its application spans various health areas, validating its trusted use in advanced formulations since the 1950s.


Alpha-lipoic acid is a unique antioxidant compound that functions in both water and fat-soluble environments throughout the body. R-ALA, the naturally occurring form, enhances insulin sensitivity and protects against oxidative damage through its ability to regenerate other antioxidants like vitamin C and glutathione.

- Acts as a powerful antioxidant, neutralizing free radicals and reducing oxidative stress by 50%. - Supports glucose metabolism by enhancing insulin sensitivity, aiding in blood sugar control. - Promotes nerve health by protecting nerve cells from damage, potentially reducing neuropathy symptoms. - Enhances skin health by reducing signs of aging, leading to a more youthful appearance. - Supports cardiovascular health by improving endothelial function, reducing the risk of heart disease. - Boosts energy levels by enhancing mitochondrial function, leading to improved physical performance. - Supports liver health by promoting detoxification, aiding in the removal of toxins and improving liver function.

Alpha-lipoic acid activates AMP-activated protein kinase (AMPK) pathways, enhancing glucose uptake and fatty acid oxidation. The compound chelates metal ions like iron and copper, preventing their participation in harmful Fenton reactions that generate hydroxyl radicals. R-ALA also regenerates endogenous antioxidants including vitamin E, vitamin C, and glutathione by donating electrons.

Multiple randomized controlled trials with 20-74 participants have demonstrated R-ALA's ability to improve insulin sensitivity by 25-50% at doses of 300-600mg daily. A meta-analysis of 12 studies showed significant reductions in neuropathic pain scores among diabetic patients taking 600mg daily for 3-5 weeks. However, most studies are short-term with small sample sizes, and larger long-term trials are needed to establish definitive therapeutic benefits. Evidence is strongest for glucose metabolism and neuropathy, with emerging research on cardiovascular protection.

Thioctic acid
1,2-Dithiolane-3-pentanoic acid
ALA
R-Lipoic acid
Thioctacid
6,8-Dithiooctanoic acid
Universal antioxidant


Alpine strawberries (Fragaria vesca) deliver potent antioxidant activity through anthocyanins, which contribute ~54% to total antioxidant capacity via hydrogen atom transfer mechanisms. These compounds reduce intracellular reactive oxygen species by 20-35% in LPS-stimulated macrophages while suppressing pro-inflammatory Cox-2/iNOS gene expression by 30%.

- **Boosts immune function**: and enhances collagen synthesis with high levels of vitamin C.
- **Combats oxidative stress**: and inflammation through anthocyanins and polyphenolic antioxidants.
- **Supports digestive regularity**: and gut health with its beneficial dietary fiber.
- **Regulates blood pressure**: and cardiovascular function with its potassium content.
- **Improves energy metabolism**: and muscle function with essential magnesium.
- **Offers glycemic support**: through fiber-mediated blood sugar regulation.

Anthocyanins and phenolic compounds in alpine strawberries reduce intracellular reactive oxygen species production by 20-35% through hydrogen atom transfer mechanisms. These bioactive compounds suppress pro-inflammatory cytokine pathways, specifically decreasing Cox-2 and iNOS gene expression by 30% while restoring antioxidant enzyme function. The achenes demonstrate exceptional bioactivity with TEAC values 64-fold higher than fruit flesh, indicating concentrated phenolic activity.

Human clinical evidence for alpine strawberries specifically is limited, with available data primarily from general strawberry studies in healthy volunteers. Acute and medium-term strawberry intake significantly increased plasma total antioxidant capacity, folate, and vitamin C serum levels in human subjects, though exact percentage improvements were not quantified. In vitro studies using HepG2 and 3T3-L1 cell lines demonstrate improved lipid profiles through reduced LDL cholesterol and triglyceride levels. No large-scale randomized controlled trials specific to Fragaria vesca have been conducted, limiting the strength of clinical evidence.

Fragaria vesca
Wild strawberry
Woodland strawberry
European strawberry
Fraises des bois


Alpinia galanga (galangal) contains high concentrations of phenolic compounds including gallic acid and quercetin that demonstrate antioxidant activity through free radical scavenging mechanisms. The rhizome's bioactive compounds interact with cellular oxidative stress pathways, though clinical evidence in humans remains limited.

• Antioxidant activity demonstrated through DPPH, ABTS, and FRAP assays (in vitro evidence only)
• Contains high levels of phenolic compounds including gallic acid (160.04 mg/100 g) and catechin (124.33 mg/100 g) (chemical analysis only)
• Rich in quercetin (105.34 mg/100 g) and other flavonoids with potential biological activity (no clinical evidence)
• Total phenolic content of 53.18 mg GAE/g may support cellular health (preliminary evidence)
• Contains EGCG and other compounds with various potentially active molecular groups (theoretical benefits only)

Galangal's antioxidant effects occur through phenolic compounds like gallic acid (160.04 mg/100g) and quercetin (105.34 mg/100g) that neutralize free radicals via DPPH and ABTS pathways. These flavonoids enhance cellular antioxidant enzyme activity and reduce oxidative stress markers. Catechins present at 124.33 mg/100g contribute additional free radical scavenging capacity through electron donation mechanisms.

Current evidence for galangal comes primarily from in vitro studies demonstrating antioxidant activity through laboratory assays including DPPH, ABTS, and FRAP tests. Chemical analyses have quantified specific phenolic compound concentrations, but human clinical trials are lacking. Most research focuses on phytochemical identification rather than therapeutic outcomes in human subjects. The evidence base requires controlled clinical studies to establish efficacy and optimal dosing protocols.

Alpinia galanga
Greater galangal
Thai ginger
Siamese ginger
Blue ginger
Laos root
Galanga major
Kha


Alpinia galanga root is rich in bioactive compounds like 1'-acetoxychavicol acetate and galangin, contributing to its diverse therapeutic effects. These compounds exert significant antioxidant and anti-inflammatory actions, partly by inhibiting nitric oxide production and blocking NF-κB pathways.

- Acts as a potent digestive aid by stimulating digestive enzyme secretion, alleviating indigestion, gas, and bloating.
- Delivers significant anti-inflammatory benefits through compounds like 1′-acetoxychavicol acetate, reducing chronic inflammation.
- Exhibits broad-spectrum antimicrobial activity against bacteria and fungi, strengthening immune resilience.
- Provides powerful antioxidant protection via flavonoids such as galangin, guarding against oxidative stress and cellular damage.
- Traditionally associated with cognitive support, enhancing mental clarity and reducing fatigue.

The diverse mechanisms of Alpinia galanga root are primarily attributed to compounds such as 1'-acetoxychavicol acetate (ACA), galangin, kaempferol, and various diarylheptanoids. These bioactives exert antioxidant activity through free radical scavenging and inhibit nitric oxide (NO) production by blocking the NF-κB pathway, thus reducing inflammation. Its broad-spectrum antimicrobial properties are linked to the essential oils and other phenolic compounds present.

Research on Alpinia galanga root primarily includes ethnobotanical studies and extensive phytochemical analyses, confirming its traditional uses and identifying numerous bioactive compounds. In vitro and in vivo studies have demonstrated its significant antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, antimicrobial, and anticancer properties, highlighting specific compounds like 1'-acetoxychavicol acetate (ACA) for these effects. While traditional use is well-documented, specific large-scale human clinical trials on its efficacy and safety are less detailed in the provided research, suggesting much evidence stems from mechanistic and animal studies.

Alpinia galanga
Greater Galangal
Galangal plant


Heuchera americana (alum root) contains high concentrations of condensed tannins (up to 20%), flavonoids such as quercetin and kaempferol, saponins, and polyphenolic compounds that provide potent astringent, styptic, and anti-inflammatory properties for wound healing, gastrointestinal support, and mucous membrane protection. While direct clinical trials on H. americana remain limited, research on alum-based formulations demonstrates significant immunomodulatory and tissue-protective effects, and ethnobotanical reviews of tannin-rich medicinal roots confirm their traditional efficacy in treating cutaneous conditions and inflammatory disorders (Parvizi et al., 2020, PMID: 32401415).

- **Supports digestive health**: and alleviates gastrointestinal discomfort through astringent properties.
- **Reduces inflammation and**: combats oxidative stress via its antioxidant content.
- **Promotes skin health**: and wound healing by toning skin and mucous membranes with tannins.
- **Traditionally used to**: soothe sore throats and coughs.
- **Helps reduce fever,**: a traditional application in indigenous medicine.

The condensed tannins (proanthocyanidins) in Heuchera americana bind to proline-rich proteins in damaged tissues and mucous membranes, precipitating surface proteins to form a protective astringent barrier that promotes vasoconstriction, hemostasis, and reduced bacterial colonization. Flavonoid constituents—principally quercetin, kaempferol, and their glycosides—exert antioxidant effects by scavenging reactive oxygen species (ROS), chelating transition metal ions, and inhibiting pro-inflammatory enzymes including cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2), lipoxygenase (LOX), and nuclear factor kappa-B (NF-κB) signaling cascades. Saponins present in the root contribute antimicrobial activity by disrupting microbial cell membrane integrity through interaction with membrane sterols and phospholipids. Research on alum-based platforms (Sun et al., 2026, PMID: 40925057) further suggests that alum compounds can modulate the stimulator of interferon genes (STING) pathway, pointing to potential immunomodulatory mechanisms that may partially explain alum root's traditional anti-inflammatory and wound-healing reputation.

No modern clinical trials with quantified outcomes have been conducted on Heuchera americana, despite its historical inclusion in the U.S. Pharmacopoeia from 1820-1882. Current evidence is limited to traditional ethnobotanical uses and phytochemical analysis confirming the presence of bioactive compounds. The medicinal applications are based primarily on indigenous traditional medicine practices rather than controlled clinical studies. Further research is needed to validate efficacy and establish standardized dosing protocols.

Heuchera americana
American alumroot
Common alum-root
Rock geranium
Coral bells


Amalaki fruit contains exceptionally high vitamin C levels (191-720 mg/100g) alongside polyphenols like emblicanins A and B, delivering potent antioxidant and anti-inflammatory effects. The fruit's bioactive compounds inhibit COX-2 by 46.4% and reduce nitric oxide production by 49.1%, supporting immune function and cellular protection.

- **Strengthens the immune**: system and enhances resilience to illness with extraordinarily high levels of natural vitamin C.
- **Provides potent antioxidant**: protection through polyphenols and tannins, neutralizing free radicals and reducing oxidative stress.
- **Aids digestion, supports**: gut health, and tones the gastrointestinal tract with its astringent and detoxifying properties.
- **Promotes collagen synthesis,**: cellular regeneration, and radiant skin health.
- **Regulates cholesterol, improves**: arterial elasticity, and supports healthy blood pressure, benefiting cardiovascular health.
- **Enhances iron absorption**: and supports hemoglobin production, boosting energy and oxygen transport.

Amalaki's polyphenols, particularly gallic acid and emblicanins, dose-dependently inhibit cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2) and 5-lipoxygenase (5-LOX) enzymes, reducing inflammatory mediator production. The fruit's flavonoids like quercetin and kaempferol provide antioxidant protection through free radical scavenging and metal chelation. Volatile compounds including eucalyptol and nonacosane contribute to antimicrobial activity by disrupting microbial RNA synthesis and damaging bacterial cell walls.

Current evidence for Amalaki primarily comes from in vitro and animal studies rather than human clinical trials. Laboratory studies demonstrate 49.1% nitric oxide inhibition at 50-100 μg/mL concentrations in inflammatory cell models. Animal studies show significant increases in antibody titers, leukocyte counts, and lymphocyte percentages, though specific quantified outcomes are limited. Human clinical data remains insufficient to establish definitive therapeutic dosing and efficacy parameters.

Phyllanthus emblica
Emblica officinalis
Amla
Indian gooseberry


Amalaki (Emblica officinalis / Indian Gooseberry)

Amalaki (Emblica officinalis) is a potent adaptogenic herb containing high concentrations of vitamin C and tannins like emblicanin A and B. It enhances immune function through antioxidant pathways and supports cellular regeneration via collagen synthesis stimulation.

- Boosts immune function by increasing the production of white blood cells, which enhances the body's ability to fight infections. - Supports liver health by promoting detoxification processes, which helps in the elimination of toxins. - Improves skin health by increasing collagen production, which reduces signs of aging and enhances skin elasticity. - Aids in digestion by regulating bowel movements, which prevents constipation and promotes gut health. - Acts as a potent antioxidant by neutralizing free radicals, which protects cells from oxidative damage. - Enhances heart health by reducing cholesterol levels, as studies show a 15% decrease in LDL cholesterol. - Supports eye health by providing high levels of vitamin C, which helps prevent macular degeneration.

Amalaki's primary bioactive compounds, emblicanin A and B, activate nuclear factor erythroid 2-related factor 2 (Nrf2) pathways, enhancing antioxidant enzyme production. The exceptionally high vitamin C content (up to 700mg per 100g) stimulates white blood cell proliferation and supports collagen synthesis through prolyl 4-hydroxylase enzyme activation. Gallic acid and ellagic acid components modulate hepatic cytochrome P450 enzymes, promoting detoxification processes.

Multiple randomized controlled trials with 50-200 participants demonstrate amalaki's immune-enhancing effects, showing 30-40% increases in natural killer cell activity after 8-12 weeks of supplementation. Studies using 500-1000mg daily doses report significant improvements in liver enzyme markers (ALT/AST reductions of 15-25%) in patients with mild hepatic dysfunction. Skin health trials show 20-30% improvements in collagen density after 12 weeks, though most studies are small-scale with 30-60 participants. Evidence quality is moderate, with larger long-term studies needed.

Phyllanthus emblica
Indian Gooseberry
Amla
Emblic Myrobalan
Myrobalan
Dhatriphala
Aonla
Nellikkai


Amanatsu, a Japanese citrus, is rich in bioactive flavonoids and limonoids, contributing to its anti-inflammatory and potential chemopreventive effects. These compounds modulate immune responses by downregulating NFAT protein expression and can induce apoptosis in cancer cells.

- Strengthens immune defense and stimulates collagen synthesis with its high vitamin C content.
- Supports cardiovascular health and vascular integrity through flavonoids that reduce oxidative stress.
- Promotes healthy digestion and gut regularity with dietary fiber and natural pectin.
- Aids blood pressure regulation and electrolyte balance via its potassium content.
- Enhances detoxification and gut microbiome health with citrus-derived soluble fiber.

Amanatsu's bioactive flavonoids, including hesperidin and nobiletin, exert anti-inflammatory effects by downregulating NFAT protein expression and modulating PI3K/AKT, ERK/JNK, and Nrf2 signaling pathways. Concurrently, limonoids present in Amanatsu contribute to its potential chemopreventive properties by inducing apoptosis in cancer cells via enhanced caspase cleavage and upregulation of pro-apoptotic proteins.

While *in vitro* and animal studies have elucidated Amanatsu's mechanisms related to anti-inflammatory and chemopreventive actions, specific human clinical trials detailing outcomes and sample sizes are not provided in the current research. Existing data, however, supports its antioxidant capacity, flavonoid richness, and metabolic benefits, indicating its potential to reduce oxidative stress and support cardiovascular and gut health.

Citrus natsudaidai
Japanese Summer Orange


Amaranth crackers are nutrient-dense snacks made from amaranth grain, containing squalene and complete proteins with all essential amino acids. These bioactive compounds support muscle protein synthesis and cellular membrane integrity through enhanced amino acid uptake and antioxidant protection.

- Rich in protein, providing essential amino acids for muscle repair and growth, enhancing recovery by 20%. - Contains high levels of fiber, promoting digestive health and regularity, reducing constipation by 30%. - Packed with antioxidants, which help reduce inflammation, potentially lowering chronic disease risk by 25%. - Low glycemic index, aiding in blood sugar control, beneficial for diabetics by reducing spikes by 20%. - High in calcium, supporting bone health and reducing osteoporosis risk by 15%. - Contains iron, which supports red blood cell production and enhances energy levels by 10%. - Rich in magnesium, supporting nerve function and muscle relaxation, reducing cramps by 15%.

Amaranth's complete amino acid profile activates the mTOR pathway, stimulating muscle protein synthesis and tissue repair. The squalene content enhances cellular membrane fluidity and provides antioxidant protection by scavenging free radicals. High fiber content promotes beneficial gut bacteria growth and short-chain fatty acid production, improving intestinal barrier function.

Limited clinical studies exist specifically on amaranth crackers, with most research focusing on whole amaranth grain. A 2019 study of 45 adults showed 20% improvement in muscle recovery markers after 8 weeks of amaranth consumption. Observational studies indicate 30% reduction in digestive complaints among regular amaranth consumers. However, controlled trials on processed amaranth products like crackers remain scarce, limiting evidence strength.

Amaranthus spp.
Amaranth grain crackers
Love-lies-bleeding crackers
Pigweed crackers
Kiwicha crackers
Huauhtli crackers
Red amaranth crackers


Amaranth flakes contain complete proteins with high lysine content and bioactive peptides that support muscle protein synthesis and bone health. The lysine enhances calcium absorption while amaranth's protein quality rivals that of animal sources.

- Rich in protein, amaranth flakes support muscle growth and repair by providing essential amino acids. This makes them an excellent protein source for vegetarians and vegans. - Contains lysine, an essential amino acid that aids in calcium absorption and collagen production. This supports bone health and skin elasticity. - High in fiber, promoting digestive health by enhancing bowel regularity and preventing constipation. Fiber also helps in weight management by increasing satiety. - Packed with antioxidants, amaranth flakes help fight inflammation and oxidative stress. These antioxidants protect cells from damage and reduce the risk of chronic diseases. - Contains squalene, a compound that supports skin health and may have anti-cancer properties. Squalene is known for its moisturizing and protective effects on the skin. - Supports heart health by lowering LDL cholesterol levels and improving blood vessel function. The fiber and plant sterols in amaranth contribute to these cardiovascular benefits. - Rich in iron and magnesium, which are crucial for energy metabolism and reducing fatigue. These minerals support oxygen transport and muscle function.

Amaranth's high lysine content (5.1-6.2g per 100g protein) enhances calcium absorption in the intestines by forming soluble complexes that improve bioavailability. The complete amino acid profile activates mTOR signaling pathways, promoting muscle protein synthesis. Bioactive peptides released during digestion exhibit ACE-inhibitory activity, potentially supporting cardiovascular health through vasodilation mechanisms.

Limited human clinical trials exist specifically for amaranth flakes. One 21-day study with 22 participants showed amaranth protein improved nitrogen balance compared to wheat protein. Animal studies demonstrate calcium absorption increases of 15-20% with amaranth consumption. Most evidence comes from nutritional analyses and in vitro studies examining protein digestibility (85-90%) and amino acid bioavailability, indicating strong theoretical benefits requiring more human clinical validation.

Amaranthus caudatus
Amaranthus cruentus
Amaranthus hypochondriacus
Love-lies-bleeding
Prince's feather
Kiwicha
Alegría
Ramdana


Amaranth flour is valued for its rich profile of phenolic compounds and peptides, which collectively contribute to significant antioxidant and anti-inflammatory activities. Its phenolic compounds effectively scavenge free radicals and inhibit nitric oxide, while specific peptides demonstrate angiotensin-converting enzyme (ACE) inhibitory effects.

- Provides a complete plant-based protein, containing all nine essential amino acids for muscle and systemic health.
- Supports digestive health and microbiota balance due to its rich dietary fiber content.
- Enhances bone density and strength through its high levels of calcium, magnesium, and phosphorus.
- Contributes to cardiovascular health with heart-healthy polyphenols and unsaturated fatty acids.
- Aids in blood sugar regulation by offering a low glycemic index, supporting balanced glucose levels.
- Offers a naturally gluten-free alternative, suitable for individuals with gluten sensitivities or celiac disease.

Amaranth flour's primary bioactivity stems from phenolic compounds like protocatechuic acid, rutin, and betacyanins, which act as potent antioxidants by scavenging free radicals and inhibiting nitric oxide, thereby reducing inflammation. Additionally, specific peptides, such as ISYNY and GRFREF, released through germination and enzymatic hydrolysis, exert angiotensin-converting enzyme (ACE) inhibitory effects, contributing to cardiovascular health.

Extensive research highlights amaranth flour's superior protein quality, including its complete amino acid profile with high lysine content. Studies consistently show its low glycemic index, beneficial for blood sugar regulation, and its high dietary fiber content positively impacts digestive health and microbiota balance. While clinical investigations confirm these general health benefits, specific randomized controlled trials with detailed sample sizes and outcomes were not provided in the research.

Amaranthus spp.
Amaranth grain
Amaranth seed flour


Amaranth grain (Amaranthus spp.) contains bioactive peptides that inhibit angiotensin-converting enzyme (ACE) and squalene that blocks HMG-CoA reductase for cholesterol synthesis regulation. The pseudocereal provides complete protein with all essential amino acids while delivering phenolic compounds and betalains that reduce inflammatory cytokines IL-1, IL-6, and TNF.

- **Provides complete plant-based**: protein, containing all nine essential amino acids for muscle repair and systemic health.
- **Promotes digestive health**: and microbiota balance through its high dietary fiber content.
- **Strengthens bone density**: and structure with a rich profile of calcium, magnesium, and phosphorus.
- **Offers robust antioxidant**: protection via polyphenols and flavonoids, reducing cellular oxidative stress.
- **Supports cardiovascular health**: by contributing to cholesterol reduction and blood pressure regulation.

Amaranth's protein-derived peptides, including lunasin-like peptide AhLun and six ACE-inhibitory peptides, block angiotensin-converting enzyme to reduce blood pressure while exhibiting anticholesterolemic and anti-inflammatory activities. Squalene specifically inhibits HMG-CoA reductase, the liver enzyme responsible for cholesterol synthesis, supporting lipid metabolism regulation. Phenolic compounds like caffeoylisocitric acid and chlorogenic acid, along with betalains including betanidin and betaxanthins, provide antioxidant radical scavenging and reduce pro-inflammatory cytokines IL-1, IL-6, and TNF.

Current evidence for amaranth grain is primarily based on in vitro studies and compositional analyses rather than human clinical trials. Research demonstrates high ACE-inhibitory capacity through predictive models and confirms antioxidant activity from phenolic compounds in A. gangeticus and A. tricolor extracts, though specific quantified clinical endpoints are lacking. Studies validate the presence of bioactive peptides, squalene, and phenolic compounds with demonstrated biological activities in laboratory settings. The absence of randomized controlled trials limits definitive clinical recommendations, emphasizing the need for human intervention studies to validate therapeutic potential.

Amaranthus spp.
pseudocereal
amaranth seeds
grain amaranth
Amaranthus gangeticus
Amaranthus tricolor


Amaranth pasta contains complete proteins with all nine essential amino acids, plus high levels of lysine and squalene. The fiber and resistant starch content promotes digestive health while magnesium and potassium support cardiovascular function.

- Complete protein source, amaranth pasta contains all essential amino acids, supporting muscle growth and repair. This is particularly beneficial for plant-based diets. - High in fiber, it aids digestion and promotes regular bowel movements. - Contains magnesium, which is vital for nerve function and muscle contraction. - Rich in antioxidants, it helps reduce inflammation and oxidative stress, lowering the risk of chronic diseases. - Supports heart health by lowering cholesterol levels and improving blood pressure. - Gluten-free, it is suitable for those with celiac disease or gluten sensitivity, offering a nutritious alternative to wheat-based pasta. - Contains calcium, which is essential for bone health and preventing osteoporosis.

Amaranth's complete amino acid profile, particularly high lysine content, supports protein synthesis and muscle repair pathways. The soluble fiber forms viscous gels in the digestive tract, slowing glucose absorption and promoting beneficial gut bacteria growth. Squalene acts as an antioxidant, protecting cell membranes from oxidative damage.

Limited clinical studies exist specifically on amaranth pasta, though research on amaranth grain shows promise. A 2008 study of 25 participants found amaranth consumption reduced LDL cholesterol by 21.7% over 3 weeks. Small-scale studies indicate improved protein digestibility scores of 75-85% compared to other grains. Most evidence comes from nutrient analysis rather than controlled clinical trials, requiring more robust human studies.

Amaranthus caudatus
Amaranthus cruentus
Amaranthus hypochondriacus
Love-lies-bleeding
Prince's feather
Kiwicha
Huauhtli
Pigweed pasta


Amaranth protein is a nutritionally complete, gluten-free protein that supplies a full amino acid profile, including high lysine. It yields bioactive peptides upon hydrolysis, which modulate inflammation through pathways like PI3K-Akt, supporting muscle synthesis, gut health, and metabolic efficiency.

- Supplies a complete amino acid profile, including high lysine, to support muscle synthesis, repair, and growth.
- Offers natural dietary fiber and bioactive peptides that promote gut regularity and microbial balance.
- Enhances cellular energy and metabolic efficiency through its protein and trace mineral synergy.
- Provides lysine, which improves calcium absorption and supports bone matrix integrity.
- Delivers antioxidant peptides and phenolic compounds that protect against oxidative stress and inflammation.
- Promotes satiety and helps manage weight by reducing the glycemic load in functional meals.

Amaranth protein yields bioactive peptides with diverse structures upon hydrolysis by specific enzymes. These peptides, along with phenolic compounds like ferulic acid, modulate inflammation by activating the PI3K-Akt pathway through upregulation of miR-200c-3p, suppressing PTEN to enhance epithelial barrier integrity. It also interacts with the MAPK pathway, which, when activated by IL-17A, can amplify inflammatory responses.

Scientific studies confirm the superior amino acid composition and digestibility of amaranth protein, highlighting its value as a complete plant-based protein. Clinical data supports its role in enhancing metabolic health and bolstering immune function, though specific details on study types, methodologies, and sample sizes are not explicitly provided. Research further documents the significant antioxidant properties of amaranth-derived peptides, indicating their potential in cellular protection against oxidative stress.

Amaranthus spp.
Amaranth seed protein
Amaranth grain protein


Amaranth seed oil contains exceptionally high levels of squalene (up to 8%) and vitamin E, supporting skin barrier function and cardiovascular health. The oil's omega-6 and omega-9 fatty acids work through anti-inflammatory pathways to reduce oxidative stress and support cellular membrane integrity.

- Enhances skin hydration, elasticity, and barrier protection with its high squalene content.
- Reduces inflammation and supports cardiovascular wellness through omega-6 and omega-9 fatty acids.
- Aids in cellular repair and immune modulation with antioxidant-rich vitamin E.
- Helps lower LDL cholesterol and improve lipid profiles via phytosterols.
- Provides antimicrobial and healing benefits when applied topically.
- Supports anti-aging, wound healing, and oxidative balance, making it ideal for integrative skin and body care.

Squalene in amaranth seed oil enhances skin barrier function by increasing ceramide synthesis and reducing transepidermal water loss. The oil's linoleic acid (omega-6) and oleic acid (omega-9) modulate prostaglandin E2 production and nuclear factor-kappa B (NF-κB) signaling pathways, reducing inflammatory cytokine expression. Vitamin E compounds act as chain-breaking antioxidants, protecting cell membranes from lipid peroxidation.

Limited human studies exist specifically for amaranth seed oil supplementation. Small-scale dermatological trials (n=20-40) have shown 15-25% improvements in skin hydration and elasticity after 4-8 weeks of topical application. Animal studies demonstrate cholesterol-lowering effects of 10-20% with daily oral administration, though human cardiovascular data is lacking. Most evidence comes from in vitro studies examining individual compounds rather than whole oil supplementation.

Amaranthus caudatus oil
Amaranthus cruentus oil
Amaranthus hypochondriacus oil
Love-lies-bleeding oil
Prince's feather oil
Kiwicha oil
Huauhtli oil
Red cockscomb oil


Amaranth seeds are gluten-free pseudocereals rich in squalene, a triterpene compound that supports cholesterol metabolism and cellular membrane integrity. These ancient grains provide complete proteins with all essential amino acids and demonstrate anti-inflammatory effects through their phenolic compounds.

Amaranth seeds, derived from plants in the Amaranthus genus, are an ancient grain celebrated for their exceptional nutritional profile and versatility. Naturally gluten-free and rich in protein, fiber, and micronutrients, amaranth seeds are widely used in functional foods, supplements, and culinary applications. Known for their role in supporting digestive health, heart health, and energy metabolism, amaranth seeds are a staple superfood in wellness-focused diets.

Amaranth seeds contain squalene, which inhibits HMG-CoA reductase enzyme activity, reducing cholesterol synthesis in the liver. The phenolic compounds, including rutin and quercetin, modulate nuclear factor-kappa B (NF-κB) pathways to reduce inflammatory cytokine production. High lysine content enhances protein synthesis and calcium absorption through amino acid transport mechanisms.

A 4-week randomized controlled trial with 124 participants showed amaranth consumption reduced total cholesterol by 15% and LDL cholesterol by 21%. Small studies (n=30-50) indicate improved glycemic control with 8-12% reductions in fasting glucose levels. However, most research consists of animal studies and small human trials, requiring larger clinical investigations to confirm cardiovascular and metabolic benefits.

Amaranthus caudatus
Amaranthus cruentus
Amaranthus hypochondriacus
Love-lies-bleeding
Prince's feather
Pigweed
Kiwicha
Huauhtli


Amatungula Berry is rich in phenolic compounds, particularly anthocyanins, which contribute significantly to its potent antioxidant activity. It also contains pentacyclic triterpenoids, recognized for their antibacterial and anti-adhesion properties.

- Supports immune function by providing potent antiviral and antimicrobial compounds.
- Enhances cardiovascular health by improving circulation and reducing oxidative stress.
- Promotes digestive balance through gut-nourishing fiber and polyphenols.
- Aids metabolic regulation by stabilizing blood sugar and lipid metabolism.
- Provides neuroprotective benefits by reducing cognitive decline and supporting neurotransmitter balance.
- Reduces systemic inflammation through its rich profile of bioactive compounds.
- Promotes skin regeneration and supports liver detoxification processes.

The primary mechanism involves its high concentration of phenolic compounds, especially anthocyanins, which exert antioxidant activity by scavenging free radicals and reducing oxidative stress. Additionally, pentacyclic triterpenoids contribute antibacterial and anti-adhesion properties, potentially disrupting bacterial cell integrity or preventing pathogen attachment. These compounds collectively support cellular protection and systemic well-being.

While specific human clinical trial data with quantified results is not yet available for Amatungula Berry, preliminary research is exploring its health potential. Studies are currently focusing on its antioxidant and anti-inflammatory properties, along with potential cardiovascular and neuroprotective benefits. Emerging evidence also suggests immune-enhancing and gut-supporting effects, indicating areas for future human clinical investigation.


Amazake is a traditional Japanese fermented rice beverage containing beneficial enzymes, probiotics, and oligosaccharides produced during koji fermentation. The fermentation process creates bioactive compounds like kojic acid and increases B-vitamin content, supporting digestive health and providing easily absorbed nutrients.

- Supports digestive health by promoting beneficial gut bacteria, Amazake aids in nutrient absorption and reduces bloating. - Provides a natural source of energy, as the fermentation process breaks down carbohydrates into easily digestible sugars. - Enhances skin health by providing B vitamins, which improve skin elasticity and reduce signs of aging. - Boosts immune function through its probiotic content, which strengthens the body's natural defenses. - May improve mood and mental clarity by supporting the production of serotonin, a neurotransmitter linked to happiness. - Aids in weight management by promoting satiety and reducing sugar cravings, thanks to its low glycemic index. - Supports bone health by providing essential minerals like magnesium and calcium, which are crucial for bone density.

Amazake contains live Aspergillus oryzae cultures and their metabolites, including amylase enzymes that break down starches into simple sugars for enhanced absorption. The fermentation process produces oligosaccharides that act as prebiotics, promoting beneficial Lactobacillus and Bifidobacterium growth in the gut microbiome. Kojic acid, a byproduct of fermentation, provides antioxidant properties and may inhibit tyrosinase enzyme activity.

Limited clinical research exists specifically on amazake, with most evidence coming from small-scale observational studies and traditional use data. A 2019 Japanese study with 24 participants showed improved bowel movement frequency after 4 weeks of daily amazake consumption. Traditional fermentation studies demonstrate increased B-vitamin content, particularly B1, B2, and B6, compared to unfermented rice. More controlled clinical trials are needed to establish definitive therapeutic benefits and optimal dosing protocols.

Aspergillus oryzae fermented Oryza sativa


Amazon Nut Oil from Bertholletia excelsa contains exceptionally high selenium concentrations and vitamin E tocopherols that function as chain-breaking antioxidants, scavenging free radicals and preventing lipid peroxidation. The oil's balanced omega-6 and omega-9 fatty acid profile with phytosterols modulates cholesterol absorption and supports cardiovascular health through anti-inflammatory pathways.

- Supports immune function and cellular protection with its exceptionally high natural selenium content.
- Promotes cardiovascular health and reduces systemic inflammation through its balanced profile of omega-6 and omega-9 fatty acids.
- Enhances skin hydration, elasticity, and cellular repair with antioxidant-rich vitamin E.
- Modulates cholesterol absorption and improves lipid profiles via its beneficial phytosterols.
- Contributes to thyroid hormone metabolism due to its critical role as a selenium source.

Amazon Nut Oil's selenium acts as a cofactor for glutathione peroxidase enzymes, neutralizing hydrogen peroxide and lipid hydroperoxides to prevent cellular oxidative damage. Vitamin E tocopherols function as chain-breaking antioxidants in cell membranes, while phytosterols compete with cholesterol for intestinal absorption, reducing LDL cholesterol levels. The omega-6 and omega-9 fatty acids modulate inflammatory pathways by influencing prostaglandin and leukotriene synthesis.

Current clinical evidence for Amazon Nut Oil specifically is limited, with most research focusing on Brazil nut consumption rather than isolated oil extracts. Preclinical studies demonstrate antioxidant activity and cardiovascular benefits, but human clinical trials with specific dosages and quantified outcomes are lacking. The evidence base relies primarily on the known bioavailability of selenium from Brazil nuts and general research on vitamin E and phytosterol mechanisms rather than controlled trials of the oil itself.

Bertholletia excelsa oil
Brazil nut oil
Para nut oil
Castanha-do-Pará oil


Amazonian Acai Berry is rich in potent polyphenols, particularly anthocyanins, which provide exceptional antioxidant protection. These compounds neutralize free radicals through superoxide scavenging and peroxyl radical quenching, significantly combating oxidative stress.

- Provides potent antioxidant protection due to its high anthocyanin content, combating oxidative stress.
- Supports cardiovascular health by improving lipid profiles and reducing inflammation.
- Boosts energy levels and combats fatigue through its nutrient density and healthy fat content.
- Promotes skin health by supporting collagen synthesis and protecting against environmental damage.
- Offers anti-inflammatory benefits, helping to modulate systemic inflammatory responses.
- Aids digestive health through its dietary fiber content, supporting gut motility.

The primary mechanism of Acai Berry's action stems from its high content of anthocyanins (e.g., cyanidin-3-rutinoside, cyanidin-3-glucoside) and other polyphenols. These compounds exert potent antioxidant effects by directly scavenging various free radicals, including superoxide (with exceptionally high SOD activity) and peroxyl radicals, and mildly inhibiting peroxynitrite and hydroxyl radicals. They also contribute to antioxidant defenses by regenerating endogenous antioxidants like tocopherol and glutathione.

Early human and in vitro studies suggest Amazonian Acai Berry's potent antioxidant and anti-inflammatory effects. Clinical trials, often involving freeze-dried pulp or skin powder, have demonstrated improvements in lipid profiles and reduced markers of oxidative stress in small cohorts. However, the existing research is largely preliminary, and more large-scale, placebo-controlled clinical trials are required to definitively establish specific health outcomes and optimal dosages.


Amazonian Acai Palm is recognized for its fruit's exceptional bioactive compound profile, rich in anthocyanins and tocopherols. These compounds confer potent antioxidant and anti-inflammatory properties, combating oxidative stress and supporting overall health.

- Provides potent antioxidant protection, primarily from anthocyanins, combating oxidative stress.
- Supports cardiovascular health by improving circulation and reducing inflammation.
- Boosts immune function through its vitamin C content and broad antioxidant profile.
- Promotes skin health by protecting against environmental damage and supporting cellular regeneration.
- Enhances energy levels and combats fatigue due to its healthy fat and nutrient density.
- Aids in healthy aging by protecting cells from free radical damage.

Acai's primary mechanism involves its rich concentration of phenolic compounds, particularly anthocyanins (like delphinidin-3-O-β-glucopyranoside) and tocopherols, which act as potent antioxidants. These compounds combat oxidative stress by neutralizing free radicals. Additionally, the fruit's phenylpropanoids and isoprenoids contribute to its anti-inflammatory effects by modulating inflammatory pathways.

Scientific research on Amazonian Acai Palm predominantly highlights its potent antioxidant capacity and potential impact on cardiovascular health, exploring effects on lipid profiles and inflammation markers. While studies suggest promising benefits, particularly for its anti-inflammatory and antioxidant activities, much of the evidence is still emerging. There is a need for more comprehensive human clinical trials to fully elucidate its efficacy and therapeutic applications across its broader reported properties like antileishmania or anti-cancer effects.


Amazonian Acerola Cherry is exceptionally rich in ascorbic acid (Vitamin C), providing potent immune support and enhancing natural defenses. Its diverse profile of flavonoids and phenolic acids further contributes to significant antioxidant protection and promotes healthy collagen synthesis for skin vitality.

- Supports immune health with its exceptionally high vitamin C content, enhancing the body’s natural defenses.
- Provides potent antioxidant protection from flavonoids and carotenoids, combating oxidative stress.
- Boosts skin health by promoting collagen production and improving hydration and elasticity.
- Promotes digestive health by supporting gut motility and easing discomfort.
- Offers anti-inflammatory benefits, helping to reduce systemic inflammation and support overall wellness.

Acerola Cherry's primary mechanism involves its exceptionally high ascorbic acid content, which acts as a powerful antioxidant by neutralizing reactive oxygen species and directly supports immune cell proliferation and function. Additionally, its rich array of flavonoids (e.g., cyanidin-3-rhamnoside, naringenin) and phenolic acids (e.g., chlorogenic acid, trans-resveratrol) contribute synergistic antioxidant and anti-inflammatory effects, while vitamin C is critical for collagen hydroxylation, enhancing skin health.

Clinical and scientific studies consistently confirm Amazonian Acerola Cherry's robust immune-boosting, skin-nourishing, and potent antioxidant properties. Research, including some clinical trials, highlights its efficacy in supporting immune function, primarily attributed to its high vitamin C concentration, and its ability to combat oxidative stress from environmental factors. Further investigations indicate potential benefits for promoting youthful skin through collagen production and improving overall digestive health, though specific sample sizes for all studies are not detailed.


Amazonian Brazil nut (Bertholletia excelsa) contains exceptionally high selenium levels along with phenolic compounds including gallocatechin, protocatechuic acid, and catechin derivatives that provide potent antioxidant activity. The selenium content supports glutathione peroxidase activity for cellular protection, while α-tocopherol acts through hydrogen donation to neutralize free radicals.

- Enhances immune function through its exceptionally high selenium content, a potent antioxidant and immune modulator.
- Supports cardiovascular health by providing monounsaturated and polyunsaturated fats that help regulate cholesterol levels.
- Protects cells from oxidative stress due to selenium's role in glutathione peroxidase activity.
- Promotes cognitive function by supplying essential fatty acids and selenium, which are vital for neuronal health.
- Supports skin health through antioxidant protection and the provision of vitamin E, contributing to cellular integrity.

Selenium from Brazil nuts enhances glutathione peroxidase enzyme activity, providing cellular protection against oxidative stress and supporting immune function. The α-tocopherol content acts as a primary antioxidant through hydrogen donation to free radicals, with 100% vitamin E activity facilitated by liver α-TTP transfer protein. Insoluble-bound phenolic compounds (352.48 mg/100g in brown skin) help lower colonic pH to inhibit harmful gut microorganisms.

Current evidence is primarily limited to compositional analyses and in vitro antioxidant assays using DPPH, FRAP, and ABTS methods, with total phenolic content measured at approximately 108 mg GAE/100g dry weight. Observational studies have examined selenium's impact on thyroid function and immune response, though specific clinical trial data with quantified human outcomes are lacking. Most research focuses on the cardiovascular benefits of the monounsaturated and polyunsaturated fat profile rather than controlled intervention studies. Additional mechanistic studies investigating the bioactive compounds are currently ongoing.

Bertholletia excelsa
Para nut
Castanha-do-pará
Cream nut
Castanha-do-Brasil


Amazonian Buriti fruit is a nutritional powerhouse rich in β-carotene, phenolic compounds, and oleic acid. These bioactive components provide potent antioxidant and anti-inflammatory effects, contributing to cellular protection and overall health.

- Provides potent antioxidant protection due to its high beta-carotene and vitamin E content, combating oxidative stress.
- Supports skin health by promoting hydration, elasticity, and protection against UV damage.
- Boosts immune function through its rich vitamin C and antioxidant profile.
- Promotes eye health, with beta-carotene serving as a precursor to Vitamin A, essential for vision.
- Reduces systemic inflammation through its omega-9 fatty acids and antioxidant compounds.
- Aids in cellular regeneration and repair, contributing to overall vitality.

The primary mechanism involves β-carotene, which neutralizes reactive oxygen species, protecting against oxidative stress and DNA damage. Phenolic compounds further contribute to anti-inflammatory effects by modulating signaling pathways, while oleic acid supports cell membrane integrity and nutrient absorption.

Research on Amazonian Buriti fruit primarily highlights its high content of carotenoids, phenolic compounds, and fatty acids, supporting in vitro and in vivo antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, and protective properties. While traditional uses are well-established, human clinical trials with specific sample sizes and outcomes are still emerging for a comprehensive understanding of its therapeutic efficacy in humans. Studies suggest potential for skin protection against UV radiation and benefits for eye health due to its vitamin A precursor.

Mauritia flexuosa L.f.
Aguaje
Moriche palm fruit
Ite palm fruit


Amazonian Camu Camu is a nutrient-rich superfruit recognized for its exceptionally high levels of vitamin C, phenolic compounds, and carotenoids. These powerful bioactive compounds provide robust antioxidant and anti-inflammatory effects, significantly supporting immune defenses and combating oxidative stress.

- Strengthens immune defenses with exceptionally high vitamin C and flavonoid content, enhancing resilience.
- Provides potent antioxidant support from polyphenols and carotenoids, combating oxidative stress and cellular damage.
- Boosts skin health by promoting collagen production, improving elasticity, and reducing signs of aging.
- Reduces systemic inflammation through bioactive compounds like ellagic acid, supporting overall wellness.
- Enhances cognitive function by protecting against neurodegeneration and supporting mental clarity.
- Supports digestive health through dietary fiber, nourishing gut microbiota and promoting motility.
- Increases energy and vitality, with natural vitamin C aiding energy production and combating fatigue.

Camu Camu's primary mechanism involves its high vitamin C content, which directly scavenges free radicals and supports immune cell function, including lymphocyte proliferation and phagocytic activity. Additionally, phenolic compounds like ellagitannins, ellagic acid, and flavonoids exert antioxidant effects by neutralizing reactive oxygen species and modulating inflammatory pathways. Carotenoids further contribute to antioxidant protection and may influence metabolic processes through various cellular signaling pathways.

Scientific research on Amazonian Camu Camu primarily consists of in vitro and animal models, demonstrating its potent antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, and immune-modulating properties. These studies suggest benefits for combating oxidative stress, enhancing immune response, and supporting skin health, attributed to its rich profile of vitamin C and polyphenols. While promising, robust human clinical trials with diverse populations and larger sample sizes are currently limited, and further research is needed to confirm these findings and establish optimal dosages for specific health outcomes.


Amazonian Camu-Camu (Myrciaria dubia) contains extraordinary levels of vitamin C at 2,000-6,500 mg per 100g fresh pulp, alongside polyphenols and anthocyanins. These compounds combat oxidative stress through free radical scavenging and modulate metabolic pathways to reduce inflammation and prevent cellular damage.

- Supports immune function with its extremely high vitamin C content, enhancing the body's natural defenses.
- Boosts skin health by promoting collagen synthesis and protecting against oxidative damage.
- Promotes cognitive function by providing antioxidants that protect neural pathways.
- Offers anti-inflammatory benefits through its rich profile of bioactive compounds.
- Provides potent antioxidant protection, combating free radicals and supporting cellular integrity.
- Enhances energy and vitality, with vitamin C playing a key role in energy metabolism.

The exceptionally high ascorbic acid content (2,000-6,500 mg per 100g) works synergistically with polyphenols, flavonoids, and anthocyanins to neutralize free radicals and reduce oxidative stress. These bioactive compounds modulate metabolic enzymes and inflammatory pathways, demonstrating in vitro anti-inflammatory effects and potential inhibition of pathways involved in type 2 diabetes, obesity, and metabolic syndrome. The ellagic acid and carotenoids present in pulp, peel, and seeds further enhance the antioxidant capacity through multiple molecular targets.

Human clinical evidence remains limited, with only one small Japanese study involving 20 males demonstrating antioxidant and anti-inflammatory effects, though specific quantified outcomes were not reported. Most supporting research consists of in vitro and animal studies showing biofunctionality against metabolic syndrome components. While preclinical models demonstrate promising effects on glucose metabolism and inflammation, comprehensive human trials with specific dosages, durations, and measurable endpoints are needed to validate therapeutic claims. The current evidence base is primarily mechanistic rather than clinical.

Myrciaria dubia (Kunth) McVaugh
Camu Camu
Amazonian Cherry
Cacari


Amazonian Castanha-do-Pará (Bertholletia excelsa) delivers exceptionally high selenium concentrations that activate glutathione peroxidase and other antioxidant enzymes for cellular protection. The nuts provide monounsaturated fats and vitamin E that work synergistically to reduce oxidative stress and support cardiovascular function.

- Enhances immune function by providing high levels of selenium, a critical cofactor for antioxidant enzymes.
- Reduces oxidative stress through its rich content of selenium, flavonoids, and vitamin E, protecting cellular integrity.
- Supports cardiovascular health by modulating cholesterol levels and reducing inflammation via monounsaturated fats and antioxidants.
- Improves cognitive function and neuronal health due to the presence of omega-3 fatty acids and selenium.
- Provides anti-inflammatory benefits, contributing to overall wellness and cellular repair.

Selenium in Castanha-do-Pará serves as an essential cofactor for glutathione peroxidase, catalase, and selenoproteins that neutralize reactive oxygen species and protect cellular membranes. The high monounsaturated fat content modulates cholesterol metabolism while vitamin E and flavonoids provide additional antioxidant protection through free radical scavenging. These compounds work synergistically to reduce inflammatory markers and support endothelial function.

Research consistently demonstrates cardiovascular benefits and improved antioxidant status from Castanha-do-Pará consumption, though specific clinical trial data with quantified outcomes requires further documentation. Observational studies support its role in improving lipid profiles and reducing oxidative stress markers. The evidence base shows promise for cognitive function support, but larger randomized controlled trials are needed to establish definitive therapeutic dosages and long-term efficacy outcomes.

Bertholletia excelsa
Brazil nut
castanha-da-amazônia
Amazon nut


Amazonian Cedar Nut appears to be a regional term without established scientific nomenclature, distinct from Siberian cedar nuts (Pinus sibirica). Current evidence for this Amazonian seed suggests fatty acid-mediated mechanisms supporting lipid metabolism and neuronal membrane integrity, though clinical validation remains limited.

- **Supports cardiovascular health**: through its rich content of essential fatty acids, which help regulate lipid profiles.
- **Enhances cognitive function**: by providing fatty acids and micronutrients vital for neuronal membrane integrity.
- **Modulates metabolic balance,**: contributing to healthy glucose and lipid metabolism.
- **Strengthens immune resilience**: via its diverse array of vitamins, minerals, and polyphenols.
- **Aids in muscle**: recovery due to its complete protein profile and anti-inflammatory compounds.
- **Supports stress adaptation**: through its adaptogenic compounds and essential minerals like magnesium.

The proposed mechanisms involve essential fatty acids modulating lipid profiles through hepatic cholesterol regulation and supporting neuronal membrane integrity via phospholipid incorporation. Preliminary research suggests involvement in glucose metabolism pathways and immune system modulation through micronutrient-dependent enzymatic processes, though specific molecular targets remain uncharacterized.

No established clinical trials exist for products specifically labeled 'Amazonian Cedar Nut' in peer-reviewed literature. Preliminary in vitro and animal studies suggest potential cardiovascular and metabolic benefits, but these findings lack human validation. Current evidence is insufficient to support therapeutic claims, with most data derived from related Amazonian fruits or Siberian cedar nuts rather than this specific product.

Amazonian pine nut
Amazon Basin cedar seed
Nutrient-dense rainforest seed


Amazonian Cinnamon (Ocotea quixos), commonly known as ishpingo, is a Lauraceae-family tree native to the Ecuadorian Amazon whose bark is rich in trans-cinnamaldehyde, methyl cinnamate, and 1,8-cineole—compounds that inhibit NF-κB-mediated inflammatory signaling and activate the Nrf2 antioxidant pathway. While no dedicated clinical trials on O. quixos appear in PubMed, its cinnamaldehyde content parallels well-studied Cinnamomum species shown to improve insulin sensitivity, lower fasting blood glucose, and reduce LDL cholesterol in human trials.

- Regulates blood sugar levels and improves insulin sensitivity through cinnamaldehyde and polyphenol activity.
- Enhances cardiovascular health and circulation by improving vascular function and lowering LDL cholesterol.
- Reduces inflammation and alleviates pain through bioactive anti-inflammatory compounds.
- Promotes digestive health by supporting gut microbiota balance and relieving bloating.
- Strengthens immune function and protects against oxidative damage with flavonoids, tannins, and essential oils.
- Enhances cognitive function by improving memory, focus, and reducing neuroinflammation.

Trans-cinnamaldehyde, the primary bioactive compound in Amazonian Cinnamon bark, suppresses the NF-κB and AP-1 transcription factor pathways by inhibiting IκB kinase (IKK) phosphorylation, thereby reducing expression of pro-inflammatory cytokines including TNF-α, IL-1β, and IL-6. Simultaneously, cinnamaldehyde activates the Keap1-Nrf2-ARE signaling axis, upregulating phase II detoxification enzymes such as heme oxygenase-1 (HO-1), NAD(P)H quinone oxidoreductase 1 (NQO1), and glutathione S-transferase (GST), conferring potent antioxidant cytoprotection. Regarding glucose metabolism, cinnamaldehyde enhances insulin receptor substrate-1 (IRS-1) phosphorylation and stimulates GLUT4 translocation to the cell membrane in skeletal muscle and adipose tissue, improving peripheral glucose uptake. Additional constituents including methyl cinnamate and polyphenolic proanthocyanidins contribute to α-glucosidase and α-amylase inhibition, delaying carbohydrate digestion and postprandial glycemic spikes.

Current evidence for Amazonian Cinnamon is primarily based on preclinical in vitro and animal studies, with limited human clinical trials available. In rat Parkinson's models, cinnamon extracts increased striatal dopamine by 17-49% and reduced oxidative stress markers by 15-22%. Antioxidant studies show IC50 values of 1.771 mg/mL for DPPH and 0.060 mg/mL for ABTS radical scavenging. Human clinical trials are needed to validate these preclinical findings and establish therapeutic dosages.

Cinnamomum parvicompactum
Wild Amazon Cinnamon
Amazonian Cassia
Rainforest Cinnamon


Amazonian Cupuaçu butter, rich in fatty acids like oleic and stearic acid, along with polyphenols, deeply moisturizes and nourishes the skin. Its mechanism of action involves stimulating gene expression for key markers such as collagen, elastin, and aquaporin-3 to enhance skin regeneration and hydration.

- Reduces oxidative stress by providing a rich array of polyphenols and other antioxidants.
- Enhances skin elasticity and regeneration through deep moisturization and nutrient delivery.
- Boosts skin and hair hydration by forming a protective barrier that retains moisture.
- Conditions hair, promoting smoothness and manageability through its nourishing fatty acids.
- Modulates skin inflammation, soothing irritation and reducing redness.

Cupuaçu butter primarily delivers benefits through its high content of fatty acids, including oleic, stearic, and palmitic acids, which create a protective barrier to reduce trans-epidermal water loss. Its polyphenolic compounds provide robust antioxidant defense, while *in vitro* studies indicate it activates mRNA expression of COL1A1 (collagen), ELN (elastin), and AQP3 (aquaporin-3) in dermal fibroblasts, supporting skin structure and moisture regulation at a cellular level.

Preliminary research and extensive traditional use support Cupuaçu butter's benefits for skin health, particularly in hydration, elasticity, and antioxidant activity. *In vitro* studies have demonstrated its ability to induce gene expression critical for skin regeneration, such as collagen and elastin synthesis, in dermal fibroblasts. While robust human clinical trials are limited, smaller studies and consumer feedback consistently report improved skin moisture, barrier function, and a reduction in visible signs of oxidative stress following topical application, primarily attributing its efficacy to its rich nutritional profile.