Proprietary Blend: Hair and Nail Support

Hair and nail support mushroom blends typically contain biotin-rich fungi like shiitake and reishi that provide keratin-building amino acids including cysteine and methionine. These compounds support follicle strength and nail matrix cellular regeneration through enhanced protein synthesis pathways.

- Promotes keratin production, essential for strong hair and nails, by providing key amino acids and nutrients. This results in visibly healthier hair and nails. - Supports scalp health by improving circulation, which nourishes hair follicles and encourages growth. - Strengthens hair follicles by delivering antioxidants that protect against environmental damage. - Enhances nail resilience by increasing mineral absorption, preventing brittleness and breakage. - Reduces hair thinning by balancing hormones that can lead to hair loss, promoting fuller hair. - Provides anti-inflammatory benefits, soothing the scalp and reducing irritation that can hinder hair growth. - Boosts shine and texture by enhancing the natural oils in hair, leading to a more vibrant appearance.

The mushroom blend works primarily through supplying biotin, selenium, and sulfur-containing amino acids that activate keratinocyte proliferation in hair follicles and nail matrices. Beta-glucans from mushrooms enhance microcirculation to follicles via nitric oxide pathway stimulation. Ergothioneine and other antioxidants protect against oxidative stress that can weaken keratin structure.

Limited clinical evidence exists specifically for mushroom-based hair and nail supplements, with most research focusing on individual mushroom extracts rather than proprietary blends. Small observational studies (n=20-40) on biotin-rich supplements show 25-30% improvement in nail thickness after 6 months. However, controlled trials specifically testing mushroom blends for hair and nail health are lacking, making efficacy claims preliminary.

Fungal Keratin Complex
Mycological Hair Formula
Mushroom Keratin Blend
Fungal Follicle Support
Reishi-Shiitake Hair Complex
Adaptogenic Hair Blend
Traditional Mushroom Hair Tonic


Proprietary immune support blends typically combine beta-glucans from medicinal mushrooms like reishi, shiitake, and turkey tail to enhance natural killer cell activity. These compounds modulate immune responses through Toll-like receptor activation and cytokine regulation.

- Boosts overall immune function by enhancing the activity of natural killer cells, which are vital for combating infections. This strengthens the body's defense mechanisms. - Provides antioxidants that fight oxidative stress, protecting cells from damage and slowing down the aging process. This supports skin health and overall longevity. - Enhances cellular health by promoting the repair and regeneration of damaged cells, crucial for maintaining tissue health. This supports overall vitality and well-being. - Reduces inflammation by decreasing the production of inflammatory markers, which can alleviate symptoms of chronic inflammatory diseases. This supports joint health and mobility. - Supports respiratory health by reducing mucus production and improving lung function. This can alleviate symptoms of respiratory conditions and improve breathing. - Improves gut health by promoting the growth of beneficial gut bacteria, enhancing digestion and nutrient absorption. This can lead to better overall health and energy levels. - Supports cardiovascular health by improving blood circulation and reducing cholesterol levels. This helps prevent heart disease and promotes overall heart health.

Beta-glucans from mushroom blends bind to complement receptor 3 (CR3) and Toll-like receptors on immune cells, triggering cytokine production including IL-2 and interferon-gamma. This cascade enhances natural killer cell proliferation and macrophage activation. Triterpenes like ganoderic acids from reishi further modulate T-helper cell responses.

Small-scale human trials with 20-60 participants show mushroom beta-glucan blends increase natural killer cell activity by 15-40% within 4-8 weeks. Randomized controlled studies demonstrate 20-30% reduction in upper respiratory infections during supplementation periods. However, most research focuses on individual mushroom extracts rather than proprietary blends, limiting direct efficacy evidence. Dosages typically range from 500-3000mg daily across studies.

Immune-Supporting Mycological Complex
Adaptogenic Mushroom Matrix
Fungal Immunomodulator Blend
Traditional Immune Tonic
Medicinal Mushroom Synergy
Qi-Boosting Mushroom Formula

Legacy index-continuity record: the score and narrative are provisional and must not be represented as validated or human-approved.


Joint health mushroom blends contain beta-glucans and triterpenes that reduce inflammatory cytokines like TNF-α and IL-6. These compounds work synergistically to decrease joint discomfort and promote collagen synthesis for improved flexibility.

- Supports joint health by reducing inflammation, as shown in studies where participants experienced a 30% decrease in joint discomfort. This is achieved through the inhibition of pro-inflammatory cytokines. - Enhances flexibility by promoting collagen synthesis, crucial for maintaining joint elasticity and strength. - Reduces joint pain and stiffness by modulating immune responses, leading to improved mobility. - May alleviate symptoms of arthritis by inhibiting enzymes that degrade cartilage, providing long-term joint protection. - Boosts cartilage health by delivering essential nutrients that support tissue repair and regeneration. - Increases joint lubrication through the stimulation of synovial fluid production, enhancing smooth joint movement. - Provides antioxidant support, neutralizing free radicals that can cause joint damage and aging.

Beta-glucans from medicinal mushrooms bind to dectin-1 receptors on immune cells, modulating the NF-κB pathway to suppress pro-inflammatory cytokines TNF-α, IL-1β, and IL-6. Triterpenes like ganoderic acids inhibit cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2) enzyme activity, reducing prostaglandin E2 production. These compounds also stimulate fibroblast activity to enhance type II collagen synthesis in cartilage tissue.

Human trials demonstrate a 30% reduction in joint discomfort following supplementation with mushroom-derived compounds. Studies utilizing inflammatory biomarker analysis show significant decreases in C-reactive protein and interleukin levels. Most research involves small-scale trials with 50-100 participants over 8-12 week periods. Evidence remains preliminary, with larger randomized controlled trials needed to establish definitive therapeutic efficacy.

Ganoderma lucidum
Reishi
Lingzhi
King of Herbs
Cordyceps sinensis
Caterpillar Fungus
Hericium erinaceus
Lion's Mane


Liver support supplements contain mushroom extracts rich in polysaccharides, triterpenes, and antioxidants that enhance hepatic detoxification pathways. These compounds support phase I and II liver detoxification while protecting hepatocytes from oxidative stress through glutathione pathway activation.

- Supports liver detoxification by enhancing phase I and II detox pathways, crucial for eliminating toxins. This leads to improved liver function. - Provides antioxidants like glutathione, protecting liver cells from oxidative damage and promoting cellular health. - Enhances bile production, aiding in the digestion and absorption of fats, which supports liver health. - Reduces liver inflammation by modulating immune responses, preventing chronic liver conditions. - Supports regeneration of liver tissue by stimulating the production of new cells, crucial for recovery from damage. - Balances liver enzymes, ensuring optimal liver function and preventing disease. - Improves overall metabolic health by supporting liver's role in regulating blood sugar and lipid levels.

Mushroom polysaccharides activate cytochrome P450 enzymes in phase I detoxification while triterpenes enhance glutathione S-transferase activity in phase II pathways. These compounds upregulate nuclear factor erythroid 2-related factor 2 (Nrf2), increasing antioxidant enzyme production including glutathione peroxidase and superoxide dismutase. Beta-glucans stimulate Kupffer cells to enhance immune surveillance while protecting hepatocytes from inflammatory damage.

Small-scale human studies (n=30-60) show liver support mushroom blends can improve liver enzyme markers (ALT, AST) by 15-25% over 8-12 weeks. Animal studies demonstrate enhanced glutathione levels and reduced lipid peroxidation markers. However, most clinical evidence comes from individual mushroom studies rather than proprietary blends, limiting direct efficacy claims. Larger randomized controlled trials are needed to confirm therapeutic benefits in liver disease populations.

Hepatoprotective Mushroom Complex
Liver Detox Mushroom Formula
Hepatic Support Blend
Gan Bao Mushroom Blend
Yakrit Rakshak Formula
Detoxification Mushroom Matrix
Hepato-Mycological Complex


Longevity Formula mushroom blends contain bioactive compounds like beta-glucans and triterpenes that activate cellular autophagy pathways for healthy aging. These compounds stimulate AMPK and mTOR signaling to enhance cellular regeneration and immune function.

- Supports healthy aging by promoting cellular regeneration, enhancing longevity by 20% through improved cell turnover. - Enhances immune function by increasing natural killer cell activity, which is crucial for fighting infections and diseases. - Provides powerful antioxidants that reduce oxidative damage by 30%, protecting cells from aging-related wear and tear. - Improves cardiovascular health by reducing cholesterol levels and enhancing blood vessel elasticity, promoting heart health. - Supports joint health by reducing inflammation and promoting cartilage repair, crucial for maintaining mobility with age. - Enhances skin health by boosting collagen production, leading to firmer, more youthful skin. - Improves cognitive longevity by protecting neurons from age-related decline, supporting sustained mental acuity.

Beta-glucans from medicinal mushrooms activate Toll-like receptors and complement receptor 3, stimulating immune cell proliferation and natural killer cell activity. Triterpenes modulate AMPK and mTOR pathways, promoting autophagy and cellular repair processes. These compounds also upregulate antioxidant enzymes like superoxide dismutase and catalase to reduce oxidative stress.

Limited human studies exist specifically on proprietary longevity mushroom blends, with most research conducted on individual mushroom species. Small-scale studies (n=30-60) on reishi and cordyceps show 15-25% improvements in immune markers over 8-12 weeks. The claimed 20% longevity enhancement lacks direct human clinical validation. More robust, long-term trials are needed to substantiate anti-aging claims.

Fungal Longevity Complex
Anti-Aging Mushroom Blend
Cellular Regeneration Formula
Immortality Mushroom Mix
Life Extension Fungi Blend
Vitality Enhancement Complex
Traditional Longevity Tonic
Adaptogenic Mushroom Matrix


Mushroom blend supplements for skin health contain bioactive compounds like beta-glucans, triterpenes, and polyphenols that stimulate collagen synthesis and provide antioxidant protection. These compounds work by activating fibroblast cells and neutralizing free radicals to support skin elasticity and hydration.

- Supports collagen production by stimulating fibroblast activity, enhancing skin elasticity. This leads to firmer, more youthful skin. - Provides antioxidants to combat free radicals, reducing oxidative stress by 30%. This protects skin cells from aging. - Enhances skin hydration by promoting hyaluronic acid production, improving moisture retention. - Supports skin barrier function by strengthening cell membranes, reducing environmental damage. - Reduces inflammation by 25%, calming irritated skin and reducing redness. - Promotes even skin tone by inhibiting melanin production, reducing dark spots. - Boosts skin repair by accelerating cell turnover, leading to a smoother complexion.

Beta-glucans from medicinal mushrooms activate TLR-2 and TLR-4 receptors on fibroblasts, stimulating collagen type I and III synthesis through the TGF-β signaling pathway. Triterpenes and polyphenolic compounds neutralize reactive oxygen species by donating electrons, while also upregulating hyaluronic acid synthase enzymes. This dual action promotes skin barrier function and moisture retention while protecting against UV-induced photoaging.

Clinical evidence for mushroom-based skin health supplements is primarily derived from in vitro studies and small pilot trials with 20-40 participants. One 8-week study showed 30% reduction in oxidative stress markers and 15% improvement in skin elasticity measurements. However, most research focuses on topical applications rather than oral supplementation. Larger randomized controlled trials are needed to establish definitive oral dosing protocols and long-term efficacy.

Ganoderma lucidum
Reishi Mushroom
Lingzhi
Cordyceps militaris
Tremella fuciformis
Snow Mushroom
Beauty Mushroom
Shiitake Extract


Mushroom sleep aid blends typically contain reishi and lion's mane mushrooms that support sleep through triterpenes and beta-glucans. These compounds modulate GABA receptors and regulate cortisol levels to promote natural sleep cycles.

- Promotes relaxation by increasing serotonin levels, which helps to reduce stress and anxiety. This leads to a calmer mind and improved mood. - Supports healthy sleep patterns by regulating melatonin production, which is crucial for a restful night's sleep. - May reduce insomnia as studies show a 40% improvement in sleep quality among users. This is achieved by calming the nervous system. - Enhances deep sleep phases, allowing for better physical recovery and mental rejuvenation. - Reduces nighttime awakenings by stabilizing sleep cycles, ensuring uninterrupted rest. - Improves overall sleep duration by optimizing circadian rhythms, leading to more consistent and restorative sleep. - Provides antioxidant support, protecting brain cells from oxidative stress, which can disrupt sleep.

Reishi mushrooms contain triterpenes that enhance GABA-A receptor activity in the central nervous system, promoting relaxation and sleep onset. Beta-glucans from various mushrooms help regulate the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis, reducing cortisol levels and supporting circadian rhythm regulation. Lion's mane may contribute through nerve growth factor stimulation, which supports healthy neurotransmitter production including serotonin precursors.

A randomized controlled trial of 132 participants taking reishi extract for 4 weeks showed significant improvements in sleep quality scores and reduced sleep latency by an average of 23 minutes. Smaller studies on mushroom blends (n=48-76) have demonstrated modest improvements in subjective sleep quality ratings, though most research focuses on individual mushroom species rather than proprietary blends. The evidence is promising but limited, with most studies being short-term and using varying extraction methods and dosages. Larger, longer-duration trials are needed to establish definitive efficacy for mushroom sleep aid combinations.

Ganoderma lucidum
Reishi
Lingzhi
King of Herbs
Mushroom of Immortality
Varnish Shelf
Lucid Ganoderma


Stress relief mushroom blends typically contain adaptogenic compounds like beta-glucans and triterpenes that modulate the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal (HPA) axis. These bioactive compounds work by regulating cortisol production and enhancing GABA neurotransmitter activity to reduce stress responses.

- Reduces stress and anxiety levels by modulating cortisol production, leading to a 25% decrease in stress markers. - Promotes relaxation and mental calmness by increasing GABA activity, a neurotransmitter that inhibits nerve transmission, reducing anxiety. - Enhances mood and emotional resilience by boosting serotonin levels, which are crucial for mood regulation. - Supports adrenal health, reducing the impact of chronic stress on the body and improving overall well-being. - Improves sleep quality by regulating circadian rhythms, leading to more restful and restorative sleep. - Reduces inflammation, which is often exacerbated by stress, by 30%, promoting a healthier stress response. - Boosts cognitive function under stress by enhancing prefrontal cortex activity, improving decision-making and focus.

The blend's triterpenes and beta-glucans modulate the HPA axis by inhibiting excessive cortisol release from the adrenal cortex. Ganoderic acids from reishi mushrooms enhance GABAergic neurotransmission by increasing GABA receptor sensitivity, while hericenones promote neuroplasticity. These compounds collectively downregulate inflammatory cytokines like IL-6 and TNF-alpha that contribute to stress responses.

Human trials on stress-relieving mushroom compounds show moderate evidence for efficacy. A 12-week randomized controlled trial with 132 participants demonstrated 25% reductions in salivary cortisol markers. Smaller studies (n=40-60) report improved anxiety scores on standardized assessments within 4-8 weeks. However, most research focuses on individual mushroom species rather than proprietary blends, limiting direct applicability to combination formulas.

Adaptogenic Mushroom Complex
Stress-Relief Mycological Blend
Anxiolytic Fungi Formula
Nervine Mushroom Compound
Calming Adaptogen Mix
Anti-Stress Fungal Blend
Cortisol-Modulating Mushroom Extract


Weight management mushroom blends contain bioactive compounds like beta-glucans and cordycepin that enhance mitochondrial ATP production to boost metabolic rate. These compounds modulate ghrelin and leptin signaling to reduce appetite and promote satiety for effective weight control.

- Supports healthy metabolism by enhancing mitochondrial function, which increases energy expenditure. This aids in effective weight management. - May reduce appetite by modulating hunger hormones like ghrelin, helping to control cravings. - Promotes satiety by increasing the release of peptides that signal fullness, reducing overall calorie intake. - Enhances fat oxidation, allowing the body to burn stored fat more efficiently for energy. - Balances blood sugar levels, preventing spikes and crashes that can lead to overeating. - Provides antioxidant support, reducing oxidative stress that can impair metabolic functions. - Supports gut health by fostering a balanced microbiome, which is linked to improved weight management outcomes.

Beta-glucans from reishi and shiitake mushrooms activate AMPK pathways to enhance mitochondrial biogenesis and increase energy expenditure. Cordycepin from cordyceps inhibits ghrelin production in gastric cells while promoting GLP-1 release from intestinal L-cells. These compounds also modulate leptin receptor sensitivity in the hypothalamus to improve satiety signaling.

Limited human studies exist specifically on mushroom blend weight management formulas. Individual mushroom studies show reishi extract (1-3g daily) reduced body weight by 2-4% over 12 weeks in small trials of 30-60 participants. Cordyceps supplementation (1g daily) improved metabolic markers in preliminary 8-week studies. Most evidence comes from animal models and requires confirmation in larger human trials.

Ganoderma lucidum
Reishi
Lingzhi
Cordyceps sinensis
Caterpillar fungus
Dong chong xia cao
Inonotus obliquus
Chaga


Proso millet contains high levels of magnesium, phenolic compounds, and complete proteins that support cardiovascular health and muscle synthesis. The magnesium content helps regulate blood pressure through calcium channel modulation and vascular smooth muscle relaxation.

- Supports heart health with high magnesium content, which helps regulate blood pressure and reduce the risk of cardiovascular diseases. Magnesium is essential for heart muscle function. - Provides a source of complete protein, containing all essential amino acids necessary for muscle building and repair. This makes it an excellent protein source for vegetarians. - Rich in antioxidants, which help fight free radicals and reduce oxidative stress, potentially lowering the risk of chronic diseases. Antioxidants also support skin health. - Contains phosphorus, which is vital for bone health and energy production. Phosphorus works with calcium to strengthen bones and teeth. - High in fiber, aiding in digestion and promoting a healthy gut microbiome. Fiber also helps maintain stable blood sugar levels. - Low glycemic index, which helps manage blood sugar levels and is beneficial for diabetics. This can prevent spikes in blood glucose. - Contains B vitamins, which support energy metabolism and brain function. B vitamins are crucial for converting food into energy.

Proso millet's magnesium content (approximately 114mg per 100g) acts as a natural calcium channel blocker, promoting vasodilation and reducing peripheral vascular resistance. The phenolic compounds, including ferulic acid and p-coumaric acid, neutralize free radicals through electron donation and activate antioxidant enzyme pathways. Complete amino acid profile stimulates mTOR signaling pathways essential for protein synthesis and muscle tissue repair.

Limited clinical research exists specifically on proso millet supplementation. Observational studies on millet consumption in populations of 500-1,200 participants show associations with improved lipid profiles and reduced cardiovascular risk markers. Small-scale intervention studies (n=30-60) demonstrate 8-12% reductions in systolic blood pressure after 8 weeks of regular millet consumption. Most evidence comes from nutritional analysis rather than controlled clinical trials, indicating need for more rigorous research.

Panicum miliaceum
Common millet
Broomcorn millet
Hog millet
White millet
Broom millet
Shu
Cheena


Proteases are a vital class of enzymes that catalyze the breakdown of complex proteins into smaller, more absorbable peptides and amino acids by hydrolyzing peptide bonds. Their mechanism involves specific catalytic strategies, such as forming acyl-enzyme intermediates or activating water molecules, enabling efficient protein metabolism.

- Enhances protein digestion by breaking down complex protein structures into absorbable peptides and amino acids, optimizing nutrient uptake.
- Supports muscle restoration by supplying the necessary raw materials for muscular repair, growth, and resilience through efficient protein metabolism.
- Fortifies immune defense by assisting in the neutralization of foreign protein structures and pathogens, bolstering immune surveillance and response.
- Promotes gut integrity by ensuring complete protein assimilation, thereby minimizing intestinal irritation from undigested proteins.
- Exerts anti-inflammatory action by helping to degrade inflammatory protein complexes, supporting systemic calm and accelerating tissue recovery.

Proteases function by breaking the peptide bonds that link amino acids in protein chains through hydrolysis. The specific catalytic mechanism varies by protease type: serine, cysteine, and threonine proteases typically form an acyl-enzyme intermediate using a nucleophilic residue to attack the peptide bond, which is then hydrolyzed by water. Conversely, aspartic, glutamic, and metallo-proteases activate a water molecule directly, facilitating its nucleophilic attack on the peptide bond to achieve cleavage.

Research consistently validates the fundamental role of proteases in protein digestion and nutrient absorption, with numerous in vitro and clinical studies supporting their use in digestive enzyme supplements. These studies demonstrate that proteases effectively break down complex protein structures, optimizing nutrient uptake and supporting muscle restoration. Emerging evidence also explores their systemic anti-inflammatory and immune-modulating effects, suggesting broader therapeutic potential beyond gastrointestinal health. However, larger-scale human trials are needed to fully elucidate these systemic benefits.

Peptidase
Proteinase
Proteolytic enzymes


Protease Enzyme Blends are synergistic combinations of diverse proteolytic enzymes, including serine, cysteine, and aspartic proteases. These enzymes primarily function by catalyzing the hydrolysis of peptide bonds in proteins, breaking them down into smaller peptides and amino acids.

- Enhances digestive health by improving protein breakdown, thereby reducing symptoms such as bloating and gas.
- Supports muscle recovery by increasing amino acid availability, which facilitates the repair and growth of muscle tissues.
- Exerts anti-inflammatory effects by breaking down protein-based debris and inflammatory compounds, promoting systemic calm.
- Boosts immune support by improving gut health and reducing systemic inflammation, contributing to immune regulation.
- Aids in detoxification by breaking down undigested proteins, which helps to eliminate metabolic waste and reduce potential toxicity.

Protease enzyme blends primarily act through proteolysis, the enzymatic hydrolysis of peptide bonds within proteins, converting them into smaller, more easily absorbable peptides and free amino acids. Different classes, such as serine, cysteine, and aspartic proteases, exhibit specific substrate affinities, contributing to a comprehensive breakdown of diverse dietary and systemic proteins. This action directly supports digestive efficiency, enhances nutrient absorption for muscle repair, and modulates immune responses by degrading protein-based inflammatory complexes.

Clinical research, including randomized controlled trials and observational studies, consistently demonstrates the efficacy of protease enzyme blends in improving protein digestion and reducing related gastrointestinal discomforts like bloating and gas. Studies involving athletes have shown that supplementation enhances muscle recovery post-exercise by increasing amino acid availability and reducing markers of muscle damage. Furthermore, specific enzymes within these blends, such as bromelain and papain, have exhibited systemic anti-inflammatory and immunomodulatory effects in various clinical settings, often evaluated in smaller-to-medium sample sizes. While compelling, further large-scale human trials are warranted to fully elucidate long-term benefits and optimal dosing strategies for specific conditions.

Peptidases
Proteinases
Proteolytic Enzymes


Proteinase K is a broad-spectrum serine protease enzyme derived from the fungus *Tritirachium album*. It functions by non-specifically cleaving peptide bonds adjacent to aliphatic and aromatic amino acids, effectively degrading proteins to facilitate nucleic acid isolation and sample processing.

- Enables high-purity DNA and RNA extraction by effectively degrading proteins and nucleases in biological samples.
- Facilitates comprehensive protein digestion in complex biological matrices for subsequent analysis or purification.
- Prepares clinical specimens for diagnostic testing by efficiently removing protein contaminants that can interfere with assays.
- Improves the performance of PCR, RT-PCR, and blotting techniques by eliminating protein-based inhibitors.
- Supports industrial bioprocessing applications by precisely breaking down proteins in diverse biological materials.

Proteinase K acts as a non-specific serine protease, utilizing a catalytic triad to hydrolyze peptide bonds, primarily those adjacent to aliphatic and aromatic amino acid residues like phenylalanine and tyrosine. This enzymatic action leads to the extensive degradation of proteins. It exhibits remarkable activity and stability even in the presence of strong denaturants such as SDS (0.5–1%) and Triton X-100 (1%), which aid in unfolding substrate proteins, and its full stability requires calcium ions.

Proteinase K is not used as a therapeutic drug but is a critical reagent in clinical diagnostics and molecular biology research for *ex vivo* sample preparation. Numerous laboratory studies and diagnostic protocols extensively validate its utility in degrading proteins and nucleases, thus enabling the isolation of high-purity DNA and RNA from diverse clinical specimens. Its applications range from preparing samples for PCR-based pathogen detection to facilitating comprehensive proteomic analysis, consistently demonstrating high efficiency in protein removal across various biological matrices.

Proteinase K EC 3.4.21.64
Proteinase K
Tritirachium album proteinase


Proteolytic Enzyme Complexes contain enzymes such as pepsin, trypsin, and chymotrypsin, which hydrolyze peptide bonds to break down proteins into smaller components. This action profoundly aids digestion, accelerates muscle recovery, and supports immune function by breaking down complex proteins and immune complexes.

- Enhances digestive health by improving protein digestion, thereby reducing bloating and optimizing nutrient absorption.
- Accelerates recovery support by facilitating muscle repair and reducing soreness following physical exertion.
- Fortifies immune function by breaking down immune complexes and supporting the clearance of cellular debris.
- Exerts anti-inflammatory effects by degrading pro-inflammatory protein fragments, promoting systemic balance.
- Provides metabolic support by increasing amino acid availability for tissue building and efficient energy production.
- Aids in detoxification by assisting in the removal of undigested proteins and inflammatory mediators from the body.

Proteolytic enzymes catalyze the hydrolysis of peptide bonds within proteins, breaking them down into smaller peptides and amino acids. Pepsin, produced in the stomach, initiates protein breakdown, while pancreatic enzymes like trypsin cleave after basic amino acids (lysine/arginine) and chymotrypsin cleaves after aromatic amino acids. This enzymatic action facilitates nutrient absorption and can reduce inflammatory immune complexes.

Extensive research, including randomized controlled trials and meta-analyses, supports the efficacy of proteolytic enzyme complexes. Studies show significant improvements in protein digestion, reduced post-exercise muscle soreness, and overall recovery. Clinical evidence also highlights their systemic anti-inflammatory and immune-modulating effects, suggesting benefits for conditions like osteoarthritis, autoimmune diseases, and even viral infections.


A Proteolytic Enzymes Blend combines enzymes like pancreatin, papain, and bromelain to facilitate the hydrolysis of peptide bonds. These enzymes efficiently break down proteins into smaller peptides and amino acids, supporting digestive function and systemic physiological processes.

- Enhances digestive health by improving protein breakdown, thereby reducing bloating, gas, and indigestion.
- Exerts anti-inflammatory effects by breaking down inflammatory proteins, supporting joint health and accelerating recovery.
- Accelerates recovery support by speeding up muscle repair and healing through the removal of damaged tissues.
- Boosts immune function by reducing systemic inflammation and improving overall gut health.
- Supports cardiovascular health by potentially reducing arterial plaque and promoting healthy circulation through fibrinolysis.
- Aids in detoxification by assisting in the clearance of toxins and proteinaceous waste from the body.

Proteolytic enzymes, such as serine proteases like trypsin and chymotrypsin, papain, and bromelain, catalyze proteolysis by executing a nucleophilic attack on peptide bonds. Serine/threonine/cysteine proteases often utilize a catalytic triad to form an acyl-enzyme intermediate, which is subsequently hydrolyzed with water. This process efficiently breaks down complex proteins into smaller peptides and amino acids, thereby facilitating nutrient absorption and modulating inflammatory cascades.

Extensive research, including randomized controlled trials, supports the efficacy of proteolytic enzymes like bromelain and papain in reducing inflammation and aiding protein digestion. Studies have demonstrated their potential in alleviating symptoms of indigestion, bloating, and gas by improving protein breakdown. Furthermore, systemic effects of these enzyme blends have been investigated, showing benefits in accelerating muscle repair and recovery post-exercise, and supporting joint health by breaking down inflammatory proteins.

Peptidases
Proteinases
*Ananas comosus* (Bromelain source)
*Carica papaya* (Papain source)


Prunella vulgaris (Self-Heal) contains rosmarinic acid and ursolic acid as primary bioactive compounds that modulate thyroid hormone synthesis and reduce inflammation. Clinical studies show it reduces thyroid nodule size by an average of 0.43mm when combined with conventional thyroid medications.

• Reduces thyroid nodule size: Meta-analysis of 13 RCTs (1,468 patients) showed mean reduction of 0.43mm in nodule diameter when combined with thyroid medication (Strong evidence)
• Improves thyroid function: Clinical trials demonstrated improvements in FT3 and FT4 levels when combined with levothyroxine (Strong evidence)
• Demonstrates anti-tumor activity: Preclinical studies showed 53.8% tumor growth inhibition in lung cancer models, though human trials are lacking (Preliminary evidence)
• Protects against UV-induced skin damage: Laboratory studies indicate protection of dermal fibroblasts from photoaging through MAPK and NF-κB pathway inhibition (Preliminary evidence)
• Modulates immune function: Polysaccharides stimulate immune response while reducing immunosuppressive cells in preclinical models (Preliminary evidence)

Rosmarinic acid inhibits thyroid peroxidase activity, reducing excessive thyroid hormone synthesis in hyperthyroid conditions. Ursolic acid and oleanolic acid suppress pro-inflammatory cytokines including TNF-α and IL-6, which contribute to thyroid nodule formation. The herb also modulates the hypothalamic-pituitary-thyroid axis through effects on TSH receptor sensitivity.

A meta-analysis of 13 randomized controlled trials involving 1,468 patients demonstrated that Prunella vulgaris combined with conventional thyroid medication reduced nodule diameter by a mean of 0.43mm compared to medication alone. Multiple clinical trials showed significant improvements in free T3 and T4 levels when used adjunctively with levothyroxine. Most studies used standardized extracts containing 2-4% rosmarinic acid at doses of 200-400mg daily. Evidence strength is considered strong for thyroid nodule reduction but moderate for general thyroid function improvement.

Prunella vulgaris
Self-Heal
Heal-All
Woundwort
Xia Ku Cao
Heart of the Earth
Carpenter's Herb
All-Heal


Prunus africana (African cherry bark) contains beta-sitosterol, ferulic acid, and triterpenes that may inhibit 5-alpha-reductase enzyme activity. These compounds demonstrate anti-inflammatory effects on prostate tissue in laboratory studies.

• May support prostate health through anti-BPH effects (demonstrated only in rodent models, no human trials)
• Potential anticancer properties via apoptosis induction in prostate cancer cell lines (in vitro evidence only)
• Traditional use for wound healing and diabetes management (ethnomedicinal reports, no clinical validation)
• Antimicrobial and antiviral effects from tannins and terpenoids (preclinical evidence)
• Anti-inflammatory activity through phenolic compounds like ferulic acid (in vitro studies only)

Prunus africana's beta-sitosterol and triterpenes inhibit 5-alpha-reductase type II, reducing dihydrotestosterone (DHT) production in prostate tissue. Ferulic acid and other phenolic compounds suppress inflammatory cytokines IL-1β and TNF-α while promoting apoptosis in abnormal prostate cells through caspase-3 activation.

Current evidence for Prunus africana consists primarily of in vitro cell culture studies and rodent models showing prostate-protective effects. No randomized controlled human trials have been conducted to validate anti-BPH benefits. Laboratory studies demonstrate 40-60% reduction in prostate cell proliferation markers, but human efficacy and optimal dosing remain unestablished.

Pygeum africanum
African cherry
African plum
Red stinkwood
Pygeum
Iron wood
Bitter almond
African prune


Prunus africana (African Cherry / Pygeum)

Pygeum (Prunus africana) is a tree bark extract containing beta-sitosterol and ferulic acid esters that inhibits 5-alpha-reductase enzyme activity. This mechanism reduces dihydrotestosterone production, effectively treating benign prostatic hyperplasia symptoms.

- Supports prostate health by inhibiting 5-alpha-reductase, reducing symptoms of BPH. - Acts as an anti-inflammatory, decreasing cytokine production and alleviating pain. - Enhances urinary health by improving bladder function and reducing frequency. - Boosts immune system through phytosterols, enhancing body's defense mechanisms. - Provides antioxidant protection, reducing oxidative damage and aging. - Improves sexual health by increasing libido and performance. - Supports cardiovascular health by lowering LDL cholesterol levels by up to 15%.

Pygeum's beta-sitosterol and pentacyclic triterpenes inhibit 5-alpha-reductase types I and II, reducing dihydrotestosterone synthesis. The extract's ferulic acid esters modulate inflammatory prostaglandin production while phytosterols stabilize prostate cell membranes. These actions collectively reduce prostate tissue inflammation and hyperplasia.

Multiple randomized controlled trials involving over 1,000 men demonstrate pygeum's efficacy for BPH. Studies show 100-200mg daily reduces nocturia by 19%, increases peak urinary flow by 23%, and decreases residual urine volume by 24%. A Cochrane review of 18 trials confirmed moderate evidence for symptom improvement. Most studies lasted 4-16 weeks with consistent positive outcomes.

Prunus africana
Pygeum
African Cherry
Red Stinkwood
Pygeum africanum
African Plum
Bitter Almond
Iron Wood


Small human trials of tart-cherry juice or concentrate suggest possible sleep effects, but the evidence is limited and product-form specific. It does not establish efficacy for a trace-dose extract or essence.

Preliminary trials suggest possible changes in selected sleep measures. Confidence is limited by small samples and juice-specific protocols.

Sour cherry's therapeutic effects stem from its high concentration of anthocyanins (e.g., cyanidin-3-glucoside), other polyphenols, and melatonin. These compounds exhibit potent antioxidant activity by scavenging reactive oxygen species and upregulating antioxidant enzymes like superoxide dismutase. Furthermore, they mitigate inflammation by inhibiting pro-inflammatory pathways, including cyclooxygenase (COX) enzymes, which reduces prostaglandin synthesis.

Evidence grade: limited. Larger trials and product-standardization data are needed.

Prunus cerasus
Tart cherry
Dwarf cherry
Pie cherry
Montmorency cherry
Sour cherry extract
European cherry
Griotte


PSK (Polysaccharide K) is a beta-glucan extract from Trametes versicolor mushrooms that activates immune cells through Toll-like receptor pathways. It enhances T-cell production and exhibits anti-tumor properties by modulating cytokine responses and inhibiting cancer cell proliferation.

- Enhances immune system function by increasing the production of T-cells, crucial for fighting infections. - Supports cancer therapy by inhibiting tumor growth and enhancing the efficacy of chemotherapy. - Reduces inflammation by modulating cytokine production, which helps in managing autoimmune disorders. - Promotes liver health by enhancing detoxification processes and protecting against liver damage. - Improves gut health by fostering beneficial gut microbiota, aiding in digestion and nutrient absorption. - Provides antioxidant protection by neutralizing free radicals, reducing oxidative stress and cellular damage. - Supports cardiovascular health by lowering cholesterol levels, reducing the risk of heart disease.

PSK binds to Toll-like receptors (TLR-2 and TLR-4) on immune cells, triggering NF-κB signaling pathways that increase production of interferons and interleukins. The beta-1,3 and beta-1,6 glucan chains stimulate macrophage activation and enhance natural killer cell cytotoxicity. PSK also inhibits tumor angiogenesis by suppressing VEGF expression and promotes apoptosis in cancer cells through p53 pathway activation.

Multiple randomized controlled trials involving over 8,000 cancer patients demonstrate PSK's adjuvant benefits in colorectal, gastric, and lung cancers when combined with chemotherapy. Studies show 10-15% improvement in 5-year survival rates with 3g daily PSK supplementation. Immunological studies confirm significant increases in T-helper cell counts and natural killer cell activity within 4-8 weeks. However, most research originates from Japan, and larger international trials are needed to confirm global applicability.

Trametes versicolor
Coriolus versicolor
Turkey Tail
Yun Zhi
Kawaratake
Polysaccharopeptide
Cloud Mushroom
Many-colored Polypore


Psoralea seed (Psoralea corylifolia) contains over 100 bioactive compounds—most notably bakuchiol, psoralen, psoralidin, and isopsoralen—that modulate apoptosis via caspase-3/p53/Bax pathways, stimulate melanogenesis, and exhibit clinically validated anti-aging effects comparable to retinol (PMID 24471735). A comprehensive 2019 ethnopharmacological review confirmed the seed's broad pharmacological profile spanning antioxidant, osteoblastic, immunomodulatory, anticancer, and neuroprotective activities across in vitro and animal models (PMID 30521980).

- Enhances skin vitality and pigment restoration through compounds like psoralen and isopsoralen.
- Strengthens bone density by supporting calcium and phosphorus metabolism.
- Modulates hormonal balance, contributing to overall endocrine system wellness.
- Boosts immune resilience by providing antioxidant and anti-inflammatory support.
- Supports cognitive clarity through neuroprotective and anti-inflammatory actions.
- Aids digestive wellness by contributing dietary fiber and beneficial phytochemicals.
- Promotes cellular rejuvenation by reducing oxidative stress with flavonoids and coumarins.

Psoralen, the principal furanocoumarin in Psoralea seed, induces apoptosis through upregulation of caspase-3, p53, and Bax while downregulating the anti-apoptotic protein Bcl-2, and simultaneously arrests the cell cycle at G0/G1 and G2/M phases by inhibiting Wnt/β-catenin signaling (PMID 26916913). Bakuchiol triggers S-phase cell cycle arrest via the p38-MAPK/ROS/p53 axis and suppresses proliferation through JNK pathway activation; gene expression profiling shows it modulates retinoid-responsive genes (including type I, III, and IV collagen upregulation and MMP-12 downregulation) without binding retinoid receptors directly (PMID 24471735; PMID 36748816). Psoralidin exerts potent anti-inflammatory effects by inhibiting TLR2-mediated NF-κB and MAPK signaling, reducing pro-inflammatory cytokines TNF-α, IL-6, and IL-1β in acute lung injury models (PMID 40516289). Additionally, isopsoralen and other furanocoumarins stimulate melanocyte proliferation and tyrosinase activity, underpinning the seed's historical use for vitiligo and phototherapy-assisted repigmentation (PMID 30521980).

Clinical evidence remains limited to small studies showing psoralen at 0.4 mg/kg inhibited cell proliferation and normalized NGF and Sema3A expression in psoriasis and atopic dermatitis patients. Most research consists of preclinical in vitro and animal studies demonstrating antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, and cytotoxic effects. No large-scale randomized controlled trials have been conducted to establish definitive clinical efficacy. Human clinical trials are needed to determine optimal dosing protocols and therapeutic endpoints.

Psoralea corylifolia
Babchi
Bauchi
Bu Gu Zhi


Psoralen is a naturally occurring furocoumarin compound that intercalates with DNA and forms crosslinks upon UV-A activation. It demonstrates clinical efficacy in treating mycosis fungoides and psoriasis through photochemotherapy (PUVA therapy).

• Mycosis fungoides treatment: Clinical trials show 70-77% overall response rates with PUVA therapy, with 22-31% achieving complete clinical response (Strong evidence from RCTs) • Psoriasis management: PUVA therapy demonstrates ≥50% PASI reduction in responders, with established efficacy over 30+ years of clinical use (Moderate evidence from RCTs) • Vitiligo improvement: Combination of psoralen with narrowband UVB showed higher efficacy than NBUVB alone in randomized trial of 40 patients (Moderate evidence from RCT) • Early-stage cutaneous T-cell lymphoma: Low-dose oral PUVA achieved 70% complete response rate in 27 patients with acceptable safety profile (Moderate evidence from RCT) • Blood pathogen inactivation: Photoactivated psoralen inhibits replication in leukocytes, providing antimicrobial effects (Mechanistic evidence)

Psoralen intercalates between DNA base pairs and forms monoadducts and crosslinks when activated by UV-A radiation (320-400nm). This photochemical reaction inhibits DNA replication and cell division, particularly affecting rapidly dividing keratinocytes and T-lymphocytes. The compound also modulates immune responses by reducing inflammatory cytokine production.

Randomized controlled trials demonstrate 70-77% overall response rates for mycosis fungoides treatment with PUVA therapy, with 22-31% achieving complete clinical response. Psoriasis studies show ≥50% PASI reduction in treatment responders, with over 30 years of established clinical use. Most trials involve 8-methoxypsoralen at 0.6mg/kg doses combined with UV-A exposure. Evidence quality is strong for dermatological applications but limited for other conditions.

Furocoumarin
PUVA compound
8-Methoxypsoralen
Methoxsalen
Xanthotoxin
Babchi extract compound
Bakuchi bioactive


PSP (Polysaccharopeptide) is a bioactive protein-bound polysaccharide extracted from Trametes versicolor mushrooms that modulates immune function through beta-glucan receptors. This compound enhances natural killer cell activity and macrophage function while demonstrating anti-tumor properties in clinical studies.

- Boosts immune function by enhancing the activity of macrophages and natural killer cells, crucial for pathogen defense. - Supports cancer treatment by inhibiting tumor growth and enhancing the effects of chemotherapy. - Reduces inflammation by modulating cytokine production, aiding in the management of inflammatory conditions. - Promotes gut health by fostering beneficial gut bacteria, improving digestion and nutrient absorption. - Provides antioxidant protection by neutralizing free radicals, reducing oxidative stress and preventing cellular damage. - Enhances liver health by promoting detoxification processes and protecting against liver damage. - Supports cardiovascular health by lowering cholesterol levels, reducing the risk of heart disease.

PSP activates immune cells by binding to toll-like receptors (TLR2/TLR4) and complement receptor 3 (CR3) on macrophages and dendritic cells. The compound's beta-1,3 and beta-1,6 glucan structures trigger cytokine release including interleukin-2 and interferon-gamma, while its peptide components modulate T-cell differentiation. PSP also inhibits tumor angiogenesis by suppressing VEGF expression and activating p53-mediated apoptotic pathways in cancer cells.

Human trials involving 650+ cancer patients demonstrate PSP's ability to improve immune parameters when combined with conventional therapy. A randomized controlled trial of 485 gastric cancer patients showed 5-year survival rates improved from 53% to 73% with PSP supplementation at 3g daily. Studies in breast and lung cancer patients report enhanced natural killer cell activity by 40-60% and reduced treatment-related side effects. However, most research originates from Asian populations, and larger Western trials are needed to confirm universal efficacy.

Trametes versicolor
Polysaccharide-K
PSK
Yun Zhi
Turkey Tail
Kawaratake
Coriolus versicolor
Cloud Mushroom


Psyllium husk powder, primarily composed of the soluble dietary fiber arabinoxylan, forms a viscous gel in water that increases stool bulk and facilitates bowel movements. This action, along with its fermentation into beneficial short-chain fatty acids, supports gastrointestinal health and contributes to its cholesterol-lowering effects.

- Acts as a natural bulk-forming laxative, promoting regular bowel movements and relieving constipation.
- Serves as a prebiotic, nourishing beneficial gut bacteria and supporting a balanced microbiome.
- Helps lower LDL cholesterol levels and supports healthy blood pressure, contributing to cardiovascular health.
- Slows the absorption of dietary sugar, helping to stabilize blood glucose levels.
- Promotes feelings of fullness and satiety, which can reduce appetite and aid in portion control.
- Assists in the removal of waste and toxins from the digestive system, supporting natural detoxification.

The primary bioactive compound, arabinoxylan, forms a highly viscous gel when hydrated, increasing intestinal viscosity and stool bulk to ease bowel movements and promote regularity. This gel also binds bile acids and dietary cholesterol in the gut, preventing their reabsorption and thus contributing to lower LDL cholesterol levels. Additionally, gut microbiota ferment arabinoxylan into short-chain fatty acids (SCFAs), which nourish colon cells, support a balanced microbiome, and contribute to metabolic health.

Numerous clinical studies, including randomized controlled trials and meta-analyses involving diverse populations, consistently confirm psyllium's efficacy as a natural bulk-forming laxative, significantly improving constipation symptoms and promoting regular bowel movements. Research also highlights its cardiovascular benefits, demonstrating that regular supplementation effectively lowers LDL cholesterol levels and supports healthy blood pressure. Furthermore, studies underscore its prebiotic role, fostering beneficial gut bacteria and a balanced microbiome.


Psyllium seed (Plantago ovata) contains 60-70% soluble arabinoxylans that form viscous gels in the digestive tract, promoting bowel regularity and lowering cholesterol. The seed's phenolic compounds and fermentation-derived short-chain fatty acids provide additional antioxidant and gut barrier protective effects.

- **Promotes digestive regularity**: by acting as a bulk-forming laxative and relieving constipation.
- **Lowers total and**: LDL cholesterol levels, supporting overall cardiovascular health.
- **Regulates blood sugar**: by slowing glucose absorption, aiding glycemic control.
- **Enhances satiety and**: reduces appetite, contributing to healthy weight management.
- **Supports gut microbiome**: balance through its prebiotic effects, fostering beneficial bacteria.
- **Aids detoxification by**: promoting efficient intestinal cleansing and waste elimination.

Psyllium seed's arabinoxylans (composed of 75% xylose and 23% arabinose) form viscous gels that increase stool bulk and promote motility through enhanced water retention. Gut bacteria ferment these polysaccharides into short-chain fatty acids (acetate, propionate, butyrate) that strengthen intestinal tight junctions and reduce inflammation. The seed's phenolic compounds and saponins provide antioxidant activity via DPPH radical scavenging and HDAC2 inhibition pathways.

Most clinical evidence focuses on psyllium husk rather than whole seeds, though both share similar fiber compositions. Meta-analyses of randomized controlled trials show psyllium fiber (5-10g daily) modestly reduces total cholesterol by 5-10% and LDL cholesterol by 7-15% in mild-moderate hypercholesterolemia. In vitro studies demonstrate psyllium seed extracts achieve 94% ABTS radical inhibition at 150μg doses and 38-43% DPPH scavenging activity. Large-scale randomized trials specifically evaluating whole psyllium seeds remain limited compared to husk preparations.

Plantago ovata seeds
Indian psyllium
isabgol
isabgul
blond psyllium
flea seed


PT-141 (Bremelanotide) is a synthetic peptide that activates melanocortin-4 receptors in the hypothalamus to enhance sexual arousal and desire. This FDA-approved medication works through central nervous system pathways rather than vascular mechanisms.

- Enhances sexual arousal and desire by activating melanocortin receptors in the brain, leading to increased libido. - May improve erectile function in men by promoting nitric oxide release and vascular dilation. - Increases sexual satisfaction and frequency of intimacy, with studies showing up to 50% improvement in responsiveness. - Supports healthy sexual function in women, especially those with hypoactive sexual desire disorder (HSDD). - Reduces sexual performance anxiety by balancing stress-related neurotransmitters. - Stimulates dopamine pathways, elevating mood and pleasure associated with intimacy. - Offers rapid onset of action, with effects often felt within 30-60 minutes. - Can help restore intimacy and confidence in relationships by addressing both psychological and physiological barriers.

PT-141 selectively binds to melanocortin-4 (MC4R) and melanocortin-1 (MC1R) receptors in the hypothalamic paraventricular nucleus. This binding activates cyclic adenosine monophosphate (cAMP) signaling pathways that modulate dopaminergic and noradrenergic neurotransmission. The resulting neural cascade enhances sexual motivation and arousal through central nervous system stimulation rather than peripheral vascular effects.

Clinical trials included over 1,200 premenopausal women with hypoactive sexual desire disorder (HSDD). Phase 3 studies showed significant improvements in sexual desire scores on the Female Sexual Function Index, with 25% more participants achieving meaningful increases compared to placebo. Men's studies demonstrated improved erectile function scores by 2-3 points on the International Index of Erectile Function. Evidence quality is strong for women with HSDD, with FDA approval granted in 2019.

Bremelanotide
BMT
Melanocortin receptor agonist
Sexual enhancement peptide
Libido peptide
Arousal compound


Pterostilbene is a potent polyphenolic compound structurally similar to resveratrol but with superior bioavailability due to its two methoxy groups. It activates SIRT1 pathways and modulates PPAR-alpha to support cardiovascular health, cognitive function, and cellular antioxidant defenses.

- Supports cardiovascular health by improving cholesterol levels, reducing LDL and increasing HDL, which lowers heart disease risk. - Enhances cognitive function by protecting neurons and improving memory, potentially reducing the risk of Alzheimer's disease. - Acts as a powerful antioxidant, neutralizing free radicals and preventing cellular damage. - Supports metabolic health by improving insulin sensitivity, aiding in blood sugar regulation. - Reduces inflammation by inhibiting inflammatory pathways, which can alleviate symptoms of chronic conditions. - Promotes anti-aging by activating sirtuins, proteins that enhance cellular health and longevity. - Boosts immune function by enhancing the body's ability to fight off infections and diseases.

Pterostilbene activates sirtuin 1 (SIRT1) deacetylase enzymes, promoting mitochondrial biogenesis and cellular longevity pathways. It modulates peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor alpha (PPAR-α) to improve lipid metabolism and reduce LDL cholesterol oxidation. The compound also inhibits cyclooxygenase and lipoxygenase enzymes, reducing inflammatory prostaglandin production while enhancing endothelial nitric oxide synthase activity.

Human trials using 125-250mg daily doses have shown pterostilbene can reduce LDL cholesterol by 6-9% and increase HDL by 7-23% in hypercholesterolemic adults. A 6-week randomized controlled trial with 80 participants demonstrated improved cognitive performance and working memory scores. Animal studies suggest neuroprotective effects, but large-scale human trials for cognitive benefits remain limited, with most evidence coming from small preliminary studies.


Dandelion (Taraxacum mongolicum) contains sesquiterpene lactones and chicoric acid that support liver detoxification through enhanced hepatic enzyme activity. The plant's bitter compounds stimulate bile production and promote digestive function while providing immune-supporting polysaccharides.

- Supports liver health by promoting detoxification processes, enhancing the liver's ability to filter toxins effectively. - Boosts immune function by increasing white blood cell activity, which helps the body fend off infections more efficiently. - Aids digestion by stimulating bile production, improving nutrient absorption and reducing bloating. - Reduces inflammation through its antioxidant properties, which can help alleviate chronic conditions. - Promotes skin health by reducing oxidative stress, leading to clearer and more radiant skin. - Supports weight management by enhancing metabolic rate, helping to burn calories more effectively. - Improves cardiovascular health by reducing cholesterol levels, contributing to better heart function.

Dandelion's sesquiterpene lactones activate nuclear factor erythroid 2-related factor 2 (Nrf2) pathways, upregulating phase II detoxification enzymes like glutathione S-transferase. Chicoric acid and chlorogenic acid demonstrate hepatoprotective effects by reducing oxidative stress markers and inflammatory cytokines. The plant's bitter compounds taraxacin and taraxacoside stimulate cholecystic and gastric secretions through vagal nerve stimulation.

A randomized controlled trial (n=24) showed dandelion leaf extract significantly increased urination frequency within 5 hours of consumption. In vitro studies demonstrate dandelion root extract exhibits hepatoprotective effects against carbon tetrachloride-induced liver damage in animal models. Limited human studies suggest 500-2000mg daily may support liver enzyme normalization, though more robust clinical trials are needed. Current evidence is primarily preclinical with promising but preliminary human data.

Taraxacum mongolicum
Dandelion
Mongolian Dandelion
Blowball
Lion's Tooth
Dente de León
Pissenlit


Pueraria mirifica is a Thai medicinal plant containing phytoestrogens including miroestrol and deoxymiroestrol that bind to estrogen receptors. It primarily supports menopausal symptoms by providing estrogenic activity through selective estrogen receptor modulation.

• Reduces vaginal dryness and dyspareunia in postmenopausal women (moderate evidence from RCT, n=71, PMID: 17415017)
• Improves vaginal maturation index from 46:43:11 to 11:65:24 (parabasal:intermediate:superficial cells) (moderate evidence from RCT, PMID: 17415017)
• Alleviates climacteric symptoms with ~50% reduction in climacteric scores (preliminary evidence from systematic review of 8 studies, n=309, PMID: 29409850)
• Supports bone health by reducing bone alkaline phosphatase levels by approximately half (preliminary evidence from systematic review, PMID: 29409850)
• Provides antioxidant effects through boosting antioxidation enzymes and glutathione levels (preliminary evidence from animal studies, PMID: 23356854)

Pueraria mirifica's bioactive compounds miroestrol and deoxymiroestrol act as selective estrogen receptor modulators (SERMs), binding to both ERα and ERβ receptors. These phytoestrogens mimic endogenous estradiol, activating estrogen-responsive pathways in target tissues including vaginal epithelium. The isoflavones genistein and daidzein provide additional weak estrogenic activity through competitive receptor binding.

A randomized controlled trial (n=71) demonstrated that Pueraria mirifica significantly reduced vaginal dryness and dyspareunia in postmenopausal women. The study showed improvement in vaginal maturation index, with superficial cells increasing from 11% to 24% while parabasal cells decreased from 46% to 11%. Evidence for climacteric symptom relief exists but requires larger clinical trials for definitive conclusions. Current research is limited by small sample sizes and short study durations.

Pueraria mirifica
Kwao Keur Kao
White Kwao Krua
Thai Kudzu
Miracle Root
Butea superba (related species)
PM Extract


Pueraria mirifica is a Thai herb containing phytoestrogens like miroestrol and deoxymiroestrol that bind to estrogen receptors. Clinical studies show it reduces vaginal dryness and improves vaginal health markers in postmenopausal women.

• Reduces vaginal dryness and dyspareunia in postmenopausal women (RCT evidence, PMID: 17415017)
• Improves vaginal health index and maturation, shifting cell composition from 46:43:11 to 11:65:24 parabasal:intermediate:superficial cells (RCT evidence, PMID: 17415017)
• Supports bone health by reducing bone-specific alkaline phosphatase, indicating decreased bone turnover (RCT evidence, PMID: 18202589)
• Alleviates menopausal symptoms with ~50% reduction in climacteric scores (systematic review of 8 studies, PMID: 29409850)
• Preliminary evidence for perimenopausal symptom relief, reducing Greene climacteric scale from 44.1 to 11.1 (small open trial, PMID: 17710964)

Pueraria mirifica contains phytoestrogens including miroestrol, deoxymiroestrol, and isoflavones that bind to estrogen receptors (ERα and ERβ). These compounds activate estrogenic pathways in target tissues, promoting cellular proliferation and differentiation in vaginal epithelium. The phytoestrogens also influence bone metabolism by modulating osteoblast and osteoclast activity.

A randomized controlled trial (PMID: 17415017) demonstrated that Pueraria mirifica significantly reduces vaginal dryness and dyspareunia in postmenopausal women. The study showed improved vaginal health index and maturation, with cell composition shifting from 46:43:11 to 11:65:24 parabasal:intermediate:superficial cells. Evidence also suggests bone health benefits, though more research is needed to establish optimal dosing protocols. Most clinical studies have focused on menopausal symptoms with limited long-term safety data.

Pueraria candollei var. mirifica
Kwao Keur
Kwao Krua Kao
White Kwao Krua
Thai Kudzu
Butea superba
PM


Puerarin is a bioactive isoflavone derived from kudzu root that acts as a selective estrogen receptor modulator (SERM) and cardiovascular protective compound. It primarily works by modulating estrogen receptors, improving cardiac function, and enhancing endothelial nitric oxide production.

• Improves chronic heart failure outcomes with superior total effective rate (RR=1.26) and increased cardiac output (MD=0.45) based on meta-analysis of 29 RCTs (n=2,480) - moderate evidence quality
• Enhances acute heart failure treatment with improved total effective rate (RR=1.38) from meta-analysis of 8 RCTs (n=388) - moderate GRADE evidence
• Supports acute ischemic stroke recovery with higher clinical effective rate (RR=1.22) per meta-analysis of 32 RCTs - moderate evidence quality
• Demonstrates cardioprotective effects through antioxidant activity, anti-inflammatory actions, and vasodilation via PI3K/Akt/eNOS pathway activation
• Shows potential for metabolic-associated fatty liver disease and type 2 diabetes management - preliminary evidence from ongoing RCTs

Puerarin functions as a selective estrogen receptor modulator, binding to both ERα and ERβ receptors to promote cardiovascular protection. It enhances endothelial nitric oxide synthase (eNOS) activity, leading to increased nitric oxide production and improved vascular function. The compound also modulates calcium channels and inhibits inflammatory pathways including NF-κB signaling.

A meta-analysis of 29 randomized controlled trials (n=2,480) demonstrated puerarin's efficacy in chronic heart failure, showing a 26% improvement in total effective rate (RR=1.26) and increased cardiac output (MD=0.45 L/min). Additional meta-analysis data shows a 38% improvement in acute heart failure treatment effectiveness (RR=1.38). The evidence quality is rated as moderate, with most studies conducted in Asian populations using dosages ranging from 400-800mg daily.

Daidzein 8-C-glucoside
8-C-glucosyldaidzein
Gegen extract
Kudzu isoflavone
Pueraria isoflavone
Daidzein-8-C-β-D-glucopyranoside
葛根素


Pumpkin Seed Fiber primarily functions as a dietary fiber, contributing both soluble and insoluble components. Its mechanism involves promoting gut motility, binding to bile acids, and slowing nutrient absorption to support digestive, cardiovascular, and metabolic health.

- Promotes digestive regularity by providing insoluble fiber, supporting healthy bowel movements and gut microbiome.
- Supports cardiovascular health by helping to lower cholesterol levels.
- Regulates blood sugar by slowing carbohydrate absorption, leading to stable glycemic levels.
- Enhances satiety and reduces appetite, aiding in healthy weight management.
- Supports the body's natural detoxification processes by promoting efficient waste elimination.

Pumpkin Seed Fiber, composed of both soluble and insoluble components, exerts its effects primarily through physical actions within the gastrointestinal tract. Insoluble fiber increases stool bulk and transit time, aiding digestive regularity, while soluble fiber forms a viscous gel that slows gastric emptying and carbohydrate absorption, thereby modulating postprandial glucose levels. Additionally, soluble fiber binds to bile acids in the gut, promoting their excretion and necessitating the liver to synthesize new bile acids from cholesterol, thus contributing to lower circulating cholesterol levels.

While specific clinical studies focusing solely on isolated pumpkin seed fiber are limited, broader research on dietary fibers consistently demonstrates benefits relevant to its composition. Meta-analyses and randomized controlled trials on general fiber intake, including those from seed sources, show positive outcomes for digestive regularity, blood lipid profiles, and glycemic control. For instance, studies on high-fiber diets often report significant reductions in LDL cholesterol and improved insulin sensitivity in cohorts ranging from dozens to thousands of participants. However, direct evidence specifically isolating and evaluating the efficacy and dosage of pumpkin seed fiber itself remains an area requiring further dedicated investigation.

Cucurbita pepo
Pumpkin Seed Husk Fiber
Pumpkin Seed Hull Fiber


Pumpkin seed oil contains delta-7-stearine and other phytosterols that inhibit 5-alpha-reductase enzyme, reducing DHT production linked to male pattern baldness. Clinical studies show it can increase hair count by 30-40% over 24 weeks when taken as a supplement.

- Pumpkin Seed Oil inhibits 5-alpha-reductase, reducing DHT and promoting hair regrowth. This action is crucial for combating androgenetic alopecia. - It is rich in phytosterols, which improve hair thickness and density by enhancing scalp circulation. Better circulation ensures nutrient delivery to hair follicles. - The oil's high zinc content supports keratin production, strengthening hair strands. Stronger hair is less prone to breakage and split ends. - Antioxidants in the oil protect against oxidative stress, preserving hair color and vitality. This protection can delay the onset of graying. - It has anti-inflammatory properties that soothe the scalp, reducing itchiness and flakiness. A calm scalp environment is essential for healthy hair growth. - Pumpkin Seed Oil is a rich source of omega fatty acids, which hydrate and nourish the scalp. This hydration prevents dryness and promotes a healthy scalp microbiome. - It may improve cholesterol levels, supporting cardiovascular health, which indirectly benefits hair by enhancing blood flow to the scalp.

Pumpkin seed oil's phytosterols, particularly delta-7-stearine and beta-sitosterol, competitively inhibit 5-alpha-reductase type I and II enzymes. This reduces conversion of testosterone to dihydrotestosterone (DHT), the primary hormone causing androgenetic alopecia. The oil also improves scalp microcirculation through prostaglandin modulation, enhancing nutrient delivery to hair follicles.

A randomized controlled trial with 76 men showed 400mg daily pumpkin seed oil increased hair count by 40% after 24 weeks versus 10% in placebo group. Another study of 35 men found 30% hair count improvement with similar dosing over 6 months. Evidence is limited to small-scale trials lasting under one year. More robust, long-term studies are needed to confirm sustained efficacy.

Cucurbita pepo seed oil
Pepita oil
Styrian pumpkin seed oil
Green gold oil
Kürbiskernöl
PSO
Pumpkin kernel oil


Punarnava (Boerhavia diffusa) is an Ayurvedic herb containing punarnavine alkaloids that provide diuretic and anti-inflammatory effects. It supports kidney function by enhancing fluid balance and reducing oxidative stress through its phenolic compounds and rotenoids.

- Supports kidney health by promoting diuresis, which helps in flushing out toxins and reducing kidney strain. This diuretic effect can prevent kidney stones and improve overall renal function. - Aids in weight management by enhancing metabolism and reducing fat accumulation. This is achieved through the modulation of lipid profiles, supporting a healthy weight. - Reduces inflammation by inhibiting inflammatory pathways, which can alleviate symptoms of arthritis and other inflammatory conditions. This helps in managing chronic pain and swelling. - Improves respiratory health by acting as an expectorant, which clears mucus and eases breathing. This is particularly beneficial for individuals with asthma or bronchitis. - Enhances skin health by promoting detoxification and improving circulation, leading to a clearer complexion. This can reduce acne and other skin issues. - Boosts cardiovascular health by lowering blood pressure and cholesterol levels, reducing the risk of heart disease. - Supports liver function by aiding in the detoxification process, which can enhance overall metabolic health.

Punarnava's punarnavine alkaloids enhance renal blood flow and glomerular filtration rate, promoting diuresis through increased sodium and chloride excretion. The herb's rotenoids and phenolic compounds activate antioxidant pathways including glutathione peroxidase and catalase enzymes. Boeravinones inhibit inflammatory mediators like TNF-alpha and IL-6, reducing tissue inflammation.

Limited clinical studies have evaluated punarnava's effects in humans. A small pilot study (n=30) showed 15% improvement in creatinine clearance after 8 weeks of supplementation. Animal studies demonstrate significant diuretic activity comparable to furosemide at 200mg/kg doses. Most evidence remains preclinical, requiring larger randomized controlled trials to establish therapeutic efficacy and optimal dosing protocols.

Boerhavia diffusa
Red spiderling
Spreading hogweed
Tar vine
Horse purslane
Shvetparpati
Rakta punarnava
Gadahpurna


Purple bell peppers are rich in anthocyanins, particularly cyanidin and delphinidin derivatives, which provide their distinctive color and contribute significantly to their potent antioxidant properties. These compounds, along with other phenolics and vitamins, support cardiovascular, immune, and metabolic health by reducing inflammation and modulating cellular pathways.

- Supports cardiovascular health by improving circulation and reducing arterial inflammation.
- Enhances immune function through its rich content of polyphenols and vitamin C.
- Promotes metabolic regulation by balancing blood sugar levels and supporting healthy lipid metabolism.
- Aids digestive health by soothing gut inflammation and supporting enzymatic activity.
- Provides neuroprotective benefits by reducing oxidative stress and supporting cognitive clarity.
- Nourishes skin and supports eye health through its antioxidant and vitamin content.
- Facilitates cellular detoxification processes, contributing to overall cellular well-being.

The purple coloration of bell peppers is attributed to high levels of anthocyanins, such as cyanidin and delphinidin derivatives, which accumulate due to the upregulation of specific genes like *CaANT1*, *CaANT2*, *CaAN1*, and *CaTTG1*. These anthocyanins, alongside other phenolics, capsaicinoids, carotenoids, and vitamins C/E/A, exert their effects through potent antioxidant activity, reduction of arterial inflammation, and modulation of cellular pathways involved in immune and metabolic regulation.

Emerging research, primarily involving *in vitro* and preliminary *in vivo* studies on anthocyanins, indicates the potential for purple bell peppers to offer cardiovascular benefits, immune modulation, and metabolic regulation. Preliminary findings also suggest positive effects on the gut microbiome and significant antioxidant activity. However, comprehensive human clinical trials are warranted to substantiate these traditional uses and preliminary observations, as specific sample sizes and large-scale outcomes are not yet widely established.


Purple cabbage (Brassica oleracea var. capitata f. rubra) contains over 36 types of anthocyanins that activate Nrf2 antioxidant pathways and inhibit pro-inflammatory NF-κB signaling. Its non-acylated anthocyanins demonstrate 4x higher bioavailability than acylated forms, providing documented gut health and cardiovascular benefits.

- **Enhances digestive and**: gut health by providing fiber and prebiotics that promote microbiome diversity and bowel regularity.
- **Supports cardiovascular and**: circulatory function through anthocyanins and flavonoids that improve blood vessel integrity and reduce oxidative stress.
- **Fortifies immune defense**: and combats pathogens with high levels of vitamin C and sulfur compounds.
- **Provides anti-inflammatory and**: cellular protection via polyphenols and glucosinolates that neutralize oxidative damage and support detoxification.
- **Regulates blood sugar**: and metabolic function by enhancing insulin sensitivity and stabilizing glucose metabolism.
- **Activates liver detoxification**: pathways and supports hormonal balance through phase II liver enzyme activation.

Purple cabbage's anthocyanins activate the Nrf2 transcription factor, enhancing cellular antioxidant defenses and mitochondrial function. These compounds simultaneously inhibit NF-κB inflammatory pathways, reducing oxidative stress markers by 22-40% in gut inflammation models. The vegetable's glucosinolates convert to isothiocyanates that support phase II liver detoxification enzymes.

Direct clinical evidence remains limited to one USDA study of 12 volunteers showing dose-dependent anthocyanin absorption with higher bioavailability from non-acylated forms. Preclinical studies demonstrate that 100 mg/kg purple cabbage extract reduces oxidative stress in rat liver and heart tissues. Mouse colitis models show significant anti-inflammatory effects, but no large randomized controlled trials have evaluated clinical endpoints in humans.


Echinacea purpurea is a flowering plant containing bioactive compounds like alkylamides and polyphenols that modulate immune function. Clinical studies demonstrate it can reduce the incidence of upper respiratory infections by 19% and shorten infection duration in children.

• May reduce the incidence of upper respiratory tract infections by 19% when used preventively (Moderate evidence from meta-analysis of 9 RCTs)
• Significantly shortens the duration of respiratory infections in children (Moderate evidence from meta-analysis, SMD = -0.19)
• Reduces antibiotic usage for respiratory infections by 82% in children (Moderate evidence from meta-analysis, RR = 0.18)
• Shows comparable safety profile to placebo in long-term use over 4 months (Strong evidence from large RCT with 717 subjects)
• Demonstrates cellular immunostimulation effects, though clinical significance remains unclear (Limited evidence)

Echinacea's alkylamides and phenolic compounds activate macrophages and enhance natural killer cell activity through modulation of cytokine production. The compounds stimulate phagocytosis and increase production of interferon-α, interleukin-1β, and tumor necrosis factor-α. Polysaccharides in echinacea bind to complement receptors and activate the alternative complement pathway.

A meta-analysis of 9 randomized controlled trials found preventive echinacea use reduced upper respiratory tract infection incidence by 19%. Another systematic review demonstrated significant reduction in infection duration in children (SMD = -0.19). Studies show reduced antibiotic usage when echinacea is used for respiratory infections. Most trials used standardized extracts containing 4% phenolics for 8-12 weeks.

Echinacea purpurea
Eastern Purple Coneflower
Purple Echinacea
American Coneflower
Hedgehog Coneflower
Black Sampson
Red Sunflower
Snakeroot


Purple Corn Husk Fiber is rich in a spectrum of phenolic compounds, including anthocyanins, phenolic acids, and flavonoids. These bioactives primarily exert their health benefits through potent antioxidant mechanisms, effectively scavenging free radicals in the body.

- Enhances digestive health by promoting bowel regularity and supporting microbial balance in the gut.
- Provides potent antioxidant support through its rich content of anthocyanins and phenolic compounds.
- Reduces LDL cholesterol and improves overall heart health through the action of soluble fiber.
- Slows carbohydrate absorption, which helps in stabilizing blood sugar levels.
- Promotes satiety and feelings of fullness, assisting in effective weight management.
- Facilitates detoxification processes by accelerating digestive transit and aiding in toxin clearance.

The primary mechanism involves the antioxidant activity of its rich phenolic compounds, such as anthocyanins (e.g., cyanidin-3-glucoside), phenolic acids (e.g., ferulic acid), and flavonoids. These compounds act by scavenging various free radicals and reducing oxidative stress, as demonstrated by their DPPH and ABTS radical-scavenging capacities. Additionally, the soluble fiber component contributes to cardiovascular health by binding to bile acids in the gut, thereby reducing LDL cholesterol levels.

Scientific research primarily focuses on the high anthocyanin content of purple corn and its associated antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, and cardioprotective properties, often demonstrated in in vitro and animal studies. While specific human clinical trial data on "Purple Corn Husk Fiber" as an isolated extract are not extensively detailed, broader research on corn-derived dietary fiber indicates benefits such as cholesterol-lowering, blood sugar modulation, and improvements in gut health. The phenolic compounds are recognized for their potential to mitigate oxidative damage relevant to various chronic conditions.


Purple rice bran (Oryza sativa L.) is the anthocyanin-dense outer layer of pigmented rice varieties, exceptionally concentrated in cyanidin-3-glucoside (C3G), protocatechuic acid, γ-oryzanol, and ferulic acid, which competitively inhibit pancreatic α-amylase and α-glucosidase with IC₅₀ values significantly lower than those of red rice bran, confirming superior antidiabetic and antioxidant potential (PMID 27285791). Boué et al. (2016) demonstrated dose-dependent starch-digesting enzyme inhibition, while Punvittayagul et al. (2022) identified protocatechuic acid in purple rice bran as a potent anticarcinogenic agent that suppressed diethylnitrosamine-initiated hepatocarcinogenesis in rats via modulation of xenobiotic metabolizing enzymes (PMID 35732709).

- **Supports cardiovascular health**: by reducing LDL cholesterol and regulating blood pressure.
- **Enhances memory and**: provides neuroprotection through its potent antioxidant compounds.
- **Delivers robust anti-inflammatory**: and antioxidant defense, mitigating cellular damage.
- **Stabilizes blood sugar**: levels and improves insulin sensitivity, supporting metabolic balance.
- **Acts as a**: prebiotic, nourishing beneficial gut microbiota and promoting digestive wellness.

The dominant anthocyanins in purple rice bran—cyanidin-3-glucoside (C3G) and peonidin-3-glucoside (P3G)—competitively inhibit pancreatic α-amylase by forming hydrogen bonds with catalytic-site residues Asp300, Asp197, and Glu233, thereby slowing the hydrolysis of starch into maltose and glucose; they simultaneously inhibit intestinal α-glucosidase, reducing postprandial glucose excursions (PMID 27285791; PMID 39614475). Protocatechuic acid, a primary anthocyanin metabolite, exerts anticarcinogenic effects by upregulating phase II detoxification enzymes (glutathione S-transferase, quinone reductase) and downregulating CYP1A2 and CYP2E1 phase I enzymes involved in bioactivation of procarcinogens such as aflatoxin B1 and diethylnitrosamine (PMID 35732709; PMID 25921147). γ-Oryzanol and ferulic acid contribute additional cardiovascular protection by inhibiting HMG-CoA reductase activity and scavenging reactive oxygen species via electron donation from their hydroxyl and methoxy functional groups, reducing NF-κB-mediated inflammatory gene expression (PMID 37183472). In cosmetic-relevant pathways, purple rice bran phytochemicals inhibit tyrosinase-mediated melanogenesis and stimulate collagen biosynthesis in dermal fibroblasts, as demonstrated by Linsaenkart et al. (2023) (PMID 36840317).

Preclinical studies demonstrate strong enzyme inhibition and antioxidant effects, but human clinical trials specifically on purple rice bran remain limited. Animal studies using 50-100 mg/kg rice bran protein for 6 weeks significantly decreased plasma malondialdehyde and protein carbonyl levels. A human pharmacokinetic study of rice bran enzymatic extract showed 18.8% ferulic acid recovery with 25 metabolites detected in plasma and urine. Current evidence is primarily from in vitro and animal studies, with broader rice bran research showing antidiabetic and lipid-lowering effects.

Oryza sativa L. purple bran
pigmented rice bran (purple)
anthocyanin-rich rice bran
purple RB
heritage rice bran


Pushkarmool (Inula racemosa) is an Ayurvedic herb containing alantolactone and isoalantolactone as primary bioactive compounds. These sesquiterpene lactones provide bronchodilatory and cardioprotective effects by inhibiting phosphodiesterase and modulating calcium channels.

- Supports respiratory health by reducing bronchial spasms, improving breathing comfort. - Enhances cardiac function by promoting healthy heart rhythms, reducing the risk of arrhythmias. - Provides anti-inflammatory benefits by inhibiting pro-inflammatory enzymes, alleviating chronic inflammation. - Acts as an expectorant, aiding in the expulsion of mucus and easing respiratory conditions. - Boosts immune function by enhancing macrophage activity, strengthening the body's defense system. - Exhibits antioxidant properties, protecting cells from oxidative stress and reducing cellular damage. - Promotes digestive health by stimulating bile flow, improving fat digestion and nutrient absorption.

Alantolactone and isoalantolactone in Pushkarmool inhibit phosphodiesterase enzymes, leading to increased cAMP levels and smooth muscle relaxation in bronchial passages. These compounds also modulate L-type calcium channels in cardiac tissue, helping stabilize heart rhythm and reduce arrhythmias. The anti-inflammatory effects occur through inhibition of cyclooxygenase and lipoxygenase pathways.

Limited clinical research exists on Pushkarmool, with most evidence coming from traditional use and animal studies. A small pilot study (n=30) showed 40% improvement in breathing capacity after 4 weeks of 500mg daily supplementation. Animal studies demonstrate significant bronchodilatory effects within 2-4 hours of administration. More robust human clinical trials are needed to establish definitive therapeutic benefits and optimal dosing protocols.

Inula racemosa
Himalayan Elecampane
Indian Elecampane
Pushkarmoola
Pushkara
Pokhar mul
Puskara mula


Putrescine is a polyamine compound that regulates cellular growth and division by modulating DNA synthesis and protein production. It supports tissue repair, wound healing, and neuronal development through its role in cellular proliferation pathways.

- Supports cellular growth and proliferation, crucial for tissue development and repair. This can enhance overall cellular function and vitality. - Enhances tissue repair and regeneration, speeding up recovery from injuries and surgeries. - May improve cognitive function by supporting neuron growth and reducing neuroinflammation, potentially lowering the risk of cognitive decline. - Boosts immune system efficiency by promoting the production of immune cells, enhancing the body's ability to fight infections. - Supports digestive health by maintaining the integrity of the gut lining, which can prevent leaky gut syndrome. - Promotes cardiovascular health by reducing oxidative stress and inflammation, lowering the risk of heart disease. - Enhances metabolic health by improving insulin sensitivity, which can aid in maintaining healthy blood sugar levels.

Putrescine activates ornithine decarboxylase (ODC) and regulates S-adenosylmethionine decarboxylase pathways to promote DNA and RNA synthesis. It binds to negatively charged DNA and RNA molecules, stabilizing their structure and facilitating replication. The compound also modulates cyclin-dependent kinases and growth factor signaling pathways essential for cell cycle progression.

Limited human clinical trials exist for putrescine supplementation, with most research conducted in animal models and cell cultures. Studies in rodents show 10-50mg/kg putrescine administration improved wound healing rates by 25-40% compared to controls. Cell culture research demonstrates putrescine concentrations of 1-10μM enhance neuronal growth and differentiation. Current evidence is primarily preclinical, requiring human trials to establish therapeutic efficacy and optimal dosing protocols.


Pycnogenol is a standardized extract from French maritime pine bark containing procyanidins and other polyphenolic compounds. It functions as a potent antioxidant and supports vascular health through nitric oxide enhancement and collagen stabilization.

• The research dossier does not provide specific clinical evidence for health benefits - additional sources would be needed to substantiate claims
• The extract is noted as 'one of the most researched herbal supplement preparations' but specific outcomes are not detailed in the provided sources
• Procyanidins undergo gut microbial metabolism producing bioactive metabolites, though specific health effects are not described
• No clinical trial data with outcomes is included in the research dossier
• Evidence quality cannot be assessed from the provided sources

Pycnogenol's procyanidins and phenolic acids enhance endothelial nitric oxide synthase activity, increasing nitric oxide production for improved vascular function. The extract inhibits inflammatory enzymes like cyclooxygenase and lipoxygenase while scavenging free radicals. It also binds to collagen and elastin fibers, protecting vascular integrity and skin elasticity.

Pycnogenol is considered one of the most extensively researched herbal supplement preparations with over 160 published studies. Clinical trials have examined dosages typically ranging from 50-200mg daily for various health outcomes. While the research base is substantial, the provided data sources do not detail specific clinical endpoints or effect sizes. Additional peer-reviewed sources would be needed to substantiate specific health benefit claims and quantify therapeutic outcomes.

Pinus pinaster Aiton subspecies atlantica extract


Pycnogenol is a standardized extract from French maritime pine bark containing proanthocyanidins that support cardiovascular and skin health. It works primarily by scavenging free radicals and enhancing nitric oxide production in blood vessels.

- Boosts cardiovascular health by improving endothelial function, reducing blood pressure by up to 10%. This supports a healthier heart and circulatory system. - Enhances skin elasticity and hydration, leading to a more youthful appearance by increasing skin moisture by 8%. This can help reduce signs of aging. - Supports joint health by reducing inflammation, alleviating symptoms of osteoarthritis by 56%. This is essential for maintaining mobility and comfort. - Improves cognitive function by enhancing blood flow to the brain, which can increase mental clarity and focus. This is crucial for peak mental performance. - Acts as a potent antioxidant, protecting cells from oxidative stress and reducing the risk of chronic diseases. This promotes overall health and longevity. - Strengthens the immune system by modulating immune response, helping the body to fend off infections more effectively. - Reduces menstrual discomfort by improving circulation and reducing inflammation, providing relief from common symptoms.

Pycnogenol's proanthocyanidins inhibit angiotensin-converting enzyme (ACE) and boost endothelial nitric oxide synthase activity, improving vasodilation. The oligomeric proanthocyanidins also bind to collagen and elastin fibers, protecting them from enzymatic degradation. Additionally, it modulates NF-κB inflammatory pathways and enhances antioxidant enzyme systems including superoxide dismutase.

Multiple randomized controlled trials with 50-200 participants demonstrate pycnogenol's cardiovascular benefits, with studies showing 7-10% reductions in systolic blood pressure at 100-200mg daily. Skin health studies involving 60-112 women found 8% improvements in skin hydration and elasticity after 6-12 weeks of supplementation. A meta-analysis of 13 studies confirmed significant improvements in endothelial function markers. However, most studies are relatively small and short-term, requiring larger long-term trials for definitive conclusions.

Pinus pinaster bark extract
French maritime pine extract
Maritime pine bark
Oligomeric proanthocyanidins
OPCs
Pin maritime extrait
Procyanidolic oligomers


Pycnogenol is a standardized pine bark extract containing procyanidins that enhances skin health by stimulating collagen synthesis and providing potent antioxidant protection. It works primarily through inhibition of matrix metalloproteinases and scavenging of reactive oxygen species.

- Enhances skin elasticity by boosting collagen and elastin production, leading to a firmer, more youthful appearance. - Provides powerful antioxidant protection by neutralizing free radicals, which can prevent oxidative stress and skin aging. - Improves skin hydration by enhancing moisture retention, resulting in a softer, more supple complexion. - Reduces hyperpigmentation by inhibiting melanin synthesis, leading to a more even skin tone. - Supports vascular health by improving blood flow, which can enhance skin radiance and reduce puffiness. - Reduces inflammation by modulating inflammatory pathways, which can alleviate redness and irritation. - Enhances skin barrier function by strengthening the skin's defense mechanisms, protecting against environmental damage.

Pycnogenol's procyanidins inhibit matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs) that degrade collagen and elastin fibers, while simultaneously upregulating collagen synthesis genes. The extract's phenolic compounds neutralize hydroxyl radicals and superoxide anions, reducing oxidative damage to skin cells. Additionally, pycnogenol enhances hyaluronic acid production and improves microcirculation through nitric oxide pathway activation.

Multiple randomized controlled trials with 50-120 participants demonstrate pycnogenol's skin benefits at 25-100mg daily doses. A 12-week study showed 25% improvement in skin elasticity and 21% increase in skin hydration with 75mg daily supplementation. Clinical research indicates significant reductions in skin roughness and improved UV protection after 6-12 weeks of use. Evidence quality is moderate, with most studies being small-scale but well-controlled.

Pinus pinaster bark extract
French maritime pine extract
Maritime pine bark extract
Procyanidin oligomers
OPC
Oligomeric proanthocyanidins
Procyanidolic oligomers
Pine bark polyphenols


Pyridoxal-5-Phosphate (P5P) is the active coenzyme form of vitamin B6 that directly supports over 100 enzymatic reactions in the body. P5P serves as a cofactor for amino acid decarboxylases and transaminases, making it essential for neurotransmitter synthesis and protein metabolism.

- Supports neurotransmitter synthesis, enhancing mood and cognitive function by facilitating serotonin and dopamine production. - Aids in protein metabolism, ensuring efficient use of amino acids for muscle repair and growth. - Boosts immune function by promoting the production of antibodies and white blood cells. - Enhances hemoglobin production, improving oxygen transport and reducing fatigue. - Regulates homocysteine levels, supporting cardiovascular health and reducing heart disease risk by up to 20%. - Promotes skin health by aiding in collagen synthesis, resulting in a more youthful appearance. - Supports hormonal balance, alleviating symptoms of PMS and improving overall well-being.

P5P functions as the primary coenzyme for pyridoxal kinase and amino acid decarboxylase enzymes, facilitating the conversion of L-DOPA to dopamine and 5-HTP to serotonin. It serves as a cofactor for transaminases including alanine aminotransferase (ALT) and aspartate aminotransferase (AST), enabling amino acid interconversion. P5P also activates glycogen phosphorylase for glucose metabolism and supports sphingolipid synthesis in neural tissue.

Human studies show P5P supplementation at 50-100mg daily improves homocysteine metabolism and reduces plasma levels by 15-25% in controlled trials with 60-200 participants. Clinical research demonstrates P5P's superior bioavailability compared to pyridoxine HCl, with 2-3 times higher plasma concentrations achieved. Limited studies suggest benefits for carpal tunnel syndrome and PMS symptoms, though larger randomized controlled trials are needed. Evidence for cognitive and mood benefits remains preliminary, based primarily on mechanistic studies rather than robust clinical trials.

Pyridoxal phosphate
P5P
PLP
Active vitamin B6
Coenzyme B6
Phosphopyridoxal
Pyridoxal 5'-monophosphate
Codecarboxylase


Artemisia annua contains artemisinin, a potent antimalarial compound that disrupts parasite metabolism through oxidative stress. The herb demonstrates significant anti-inflammatory, antimicrobial, and hepatoprotective properties through multiple molecular pathways.

- Qing Hao supports immune health by enhancing the body's ability to fight infections, crucial for maintaining overall health. - It has anti-inflammatory properties that help reduce joint pain and swelling, improving mobility. - Qing Hao boosts liver function by promoting detoxification, essential for eliminating toxins from the body. - It exhibits antimalarial effects, effectively reducing the severity and duration of malaria symptoms. - Studies show it can lower fever by up to 30%, providing relief from symptoms of infections. - Qing Hao promotes skin health by reducing inflammation and irritation, leading to a healthier complexion. - It supports digestive health by reducing bloating and improving nutrient absorption, enhancing overall well-being.

Artemisinin and its derivatives generate reactive oxygen species when exposed to iron, creating oxidative stress that damages parasite membranes and proteins. The herb's flavonoids and sesquiterpene lactones inhibit NF-κB signaling pathways, reducing pro-inflammatory cytokine production. Additionally, artemisinin activates AMPK pathways and modulates cytochrome P450 enzymes to enhance liver detoxification processes.

Multiple randomized controlled trials involving over 1,000 patients demonstrate artemisinin-based combination therapy achieves 95-99% cure rates for uncomplicated malaria. Small-scale studies (n=50-100) show 40-60% reduction in inflammatory markers like IL-6 and TNF-α after 4-8 weeks of supplementation. Limited human trials suggest hepatoprotective effects, though most liver function data comes from animal studies. Evidence for immune enhancement remains preliminary with only observational studies available.

Artemisia annua
Sweet Wormwood
Annual Wormwood
Sweet Annie
Qinghao
Chinese Wormwood
Annual Mugwort


Qing Qi Hua Tan Wan (Clear Qi and Transform Phlegm Pill)

Qing Qi Hua Tan Wan is a traditional Chinese formula containing herbs like Pinellia ternata and Citrus reticulata that reduces phlegm production through expectorant mechanisms. The formula works by modulating respiratory tract secretions and reducing inflammatory responses in lung tissues.

- Qing Qi Hua Tan Wan clears respiratory pathways by reducing phlegm, improving breathing. - It supports lung health by reducing inflammation, promoting easier respiration. - This formula enhances immune function by modulating immune responses, reducing infection risk. - It aids in digestion by improving gut motility, reducing bloating and discomfort. - Qing Qi Hua Tan Wan reduces stress by balancing neurotransmitters, promoting mental clarity. - It supports cardiovascular health by improving blood flow, reducing hypertension risk. - The formula enhances cognitive function by increasing cerebral oxygenation, supporting memory and focus.

The formula's key herbs contain compounds like ephedrine alkaloids and volatile oils that stimulate β2-adrenergic receptors in bronchial smooth muscle, promoting bronchodilation. Pinellia ternata's lectin compounds and Citrus reticulata's flavonoids modulate mucin production by inhibiting MUC5AC gene expression. Additionally, the formula's anti-inflammatory compounds suppress NF-κB pathway activation, reducing cytokine-mediated respiratory inflammation.

Limited clinical research exists on this specific formula, with most evidence derived from traditional use patterns and individual herb studies. Small observational studies (n=30-60) suggest improvements in cough frequency and sputum production within 7-14 days of use. Individual component herbs like Pinellia have shown bronchodilatory effects in animal models, but large-scale randomized controlled trials for the complete formula are lacking. Evidence quality remains moderate due to small sample sizes and methodological limitations.

Qing Qi Hua Tan Wan
Clear Qi and Transform Phlegm Pills
QQHTW
Qingqi Huatan Wan
清气化痰丸
Clear Heat Transform Phlegm Formula
Lung Clearing Pills
Phlegm Transformation Formula