Cylindropuntia sp., commonly known as cholla cactus, is recognized for its rich content of phenolic acids, flavonoids, and polyphenols, which primarily exert antioxidant effects by scavenging free radicals. Its significant dietary fiber content also supports digestive health and regularity.

- Supports digestive health and regularity through its rich dietary fiber content.
- Provides potent antioxidant protection with flavonoids, polyphenols, and betalains, combating oxidative stress.
- Boosts immune function and supports skin health via its significant Vitamin C content.
- Enhances hydration and aids detoxification processes due to its high water content.
- Modulates inflammatory pathways, contributing to overall wellness.
- Supports metabolic balance and glycemic regulation, traditionally used for anti-diabetic effects.

Aqueous extracts of Cylindropuntia sp. contain phenolic acids, flavonoids, high levels of polyphenols, and betalains that function as potent antioxidants by scavenging free radicals and inhibiting lipid peroxidation. Its significant dietary fiber content promotes digestive regularity. Additionally, phytosterols such as β-sitosterol and campesterol, along with Vitamin C, contribute to its overall bioactive potential and support immune function.

Human clinical data for Cylindropuntia sp. is currently limited, with most scientific evidence derived from in vitro or animal studies. Preliminary research explores its hydrating, antioxidant, and anti-inflammatory properties, building on centuries of traditional use. Emerging interest also focuses on its potential benefits for metabolic health and digestive support, but large-scale, controlled human trials are necessary to confirm these effects.

Cylindropuntia sp.
cholla cactus
Choco Cactus Vine


Chocolate pod contains high concentrations of flavonoids, particularly epicatechin and procyanidins, which enhance nitric oxide production and improve vascular function. The bioactive compounds cross the blood-brain barrier to support neuroplasticity and provide cardioprotective effects through antioxidant mechanisms.

- Exhibits potent antioxidant activity, helping to neutralize free radicals and reduce oxidative stress.
- Supports cardiovascular health by improving blood flow and lowering blood pressure.
- Enhances cognitive function and neuroplasticity through flavonoid activity.
- Elevates mood due to theobromine and anandamide-like compounds.
- Possesses anti-inflammatory effects that contribute to chronic disease prevention.

Chocolate pod flavonoids, especially epicatechin, stimulate endothelial nitric oxide synthase (eNOS) to increase nitric oxide production, leading to vasodilation and improved blood flow. Theobromine acts as a mild adenosine receptor antagonist and phosphodiesterase inhibitor, enhancing mood and cognitive function. Procyanidins scavenge reactive oxygen species and modulate inflammatory pathways through NF-κB inhibition.

Human studies show chocolate pod extracts standardized to 200-400mg flavonoids daily can reduce systolic blood pressure by 2-5 mmHg and improve flow-mediated dilation by 1-3%. Cognitive studies with 500-900mg daily demonstrate improved working memory and processing speed in healthy adults within 2-8 weeks. Most research involves small samples (20-60 participants) in short-term trials, with limited long-term safety data. Evidence quality is moderate for cardiovascular benefits but preliminary for cognitive enhancement.

Theobroma cacao
Cacao pod
Cocoa pod
Cacao fruit
Kakaw
Theobroma pod
Sacred cacao

Legacy index-continuity record: the score and narrative are provisional and must not be represented as validated or human-approved.


Chocolate pod husk is the outer shell of Theobroma cacao pods, containing theobromine, flavonoids, and dietary fiber. These compounds provide antioxidant protection through free radical scavenging and support digestive health via prebiotic fiber effects.

- Chocolate Pod Husk offers distinctive nutritional support as a theobroma cacao.
- Rich in natural antioxidants, vitamins, and minerals that support overall health and immune resilience.
- Provides dietary fiber that promotes digestive regularity and supports a healthy gut microbiome.
- Contains vitamin C and flavonoids that enhance immune defense and protect cells from oxidative damage.
- Supports cardiovascular health through potassium, fiber, and polyphenolic compounds.

Chocolate pod husk contains theobromine and epicatechin flavonoids that neutralize reactive oxygen species and reduce oxidative stress markers. The high fiber content acts as a prebiotic, promoting beneficial Bifidobacterium and Lactobacillus growth in the gut microbiome. Phenolic compounds activate Nrf2 pathways, enhancing cellular antioxidant enzyme production including glutathione peroxidase and catalase.

Limited clinical research exists specifically on chocolate pod husk as a supplement ingredient. Most evidence comes from in vitro studies demonstrating antioxidant capacity with ORAC values of 15,000-25,000 μmol TE/100g. Small pilot studies (n=20-30) on cacao pod waste extracts showed modest improvements in antioxidant status markers over 4-6 weeks. More controlled human trials are needed to establish definitive therapeutic benefits and optimal dosing protocols.

Theobroma cacao husk
Cacao pod shell
Cocoa pod husk
Chocolate bean pod
Cacao hull
Cocoa shell
Theobroma hull


Chocolate pod husk is rich in bioactive compounds such as polyphenols and methylxanthines, which contribute to its potent antioxidant activity. Its mechanisms include free radical scavenging and potential anticancer effects through inhibition of polyamine biosynthesis.

- Exhibits potent antioxidant activity, neutralizing free radicals and reducing oxidative stress.
- Supports cardiovascular health by improving blood flow and potentially lowering blood pressure.
- Enhances cognitive function and neuroplasticity through its rich flavonoid content.
- Elevates mood due to the presence of theobromine and anandamide-like compounds.
- Possesses anti-inflammatory effects that contribute to chronic disease prevention.
- Promotes digestive health and regularity through its high dietary fiber content.

The primary mechanism involves potent antioxidative activity through free radical scavenging, strongly correlated with its rich content of procyanidins and epicatechin, as evidenced by ABTS, FRAP, and ORAC assays. Furthermore, emerging evidence suggests anticancer effects by inhibiting polyamine biosynthesis.

Research broadly supports the cardiovascular, neurological, and metabolic benefits associated with the flavonoid-rich components found in cacao pod husk. Studies have investigated its efficacy in areas such as lowering blood pressure, improving vascular elasticity, and enhancing cognitive performance. Additionally, emerging evidence explores its impact on mood elevation and potential anticancer effects through the inhibition of polyamine biosynthesis.

Theobroma cacao
Cacao pod husk
Cacao husk


Chokeberry seed oil is extracted from Aronia melanocarpa seeds and contains high concentrations of oleic acid and linoleic acid. These monounsaturated and polyunsaturated fatty acids support cardiovascular health by improving lipid profiles and reducing inflammatory markers.

- Chokeberry Seed Oil, classified as a aronia melanocarpa, delivers specific wellness advantages.
- Supports cardiovascular health through balanced fatty acid profiles.
- Rich in oleic acid and other monounsaturated fats for heart and brain health.
- Supports skin barrier function and may reduce signs of premature aging.
- Contains phytosterols that support healthy cholesterol absorption. Additionally, the nutritional profile of Chokeberry Seed Oil includes - rich in antioxidants, supports skin health, promotes heart health, reduces inflammation, boosts immune function, and aids in detoxification. For enhanced efficacy, Chokeberry Seed Oil can be combined with complementary ingredients. Hermetica Synergy Stack (Formulation Heuristic)
Role: Carrier fat (delivery support for lipophilic actives)
Intention: General Vitality
Primary Pairings: Jojoba Oil; Argan Oil; Coconut Oil; Turmeric (Curcuma longa)
Notes (from original entry): Chokeberry Seed Oil, Aronia melanocarpa, Skin-Nourishing Oil, Anti-Inflammatory Oil, Hydrating Oil, Heart-Healthy Oil
Pairs well with lavender oil for relaxation, rosemary oil for circulation support, and coconut oil for moisturizing in wellness and beauty formulations.

Chokeberry seed oil's oleic acid (omega-9) and linoleic acid (omega-6) modulate inflammatory pathways by reducing pro-inflammatory cytokines like TNF-alpha and IL-6. The fatty acids incorporate into cell membranes, improving membrane fluidity and enhancing cellular signaling. Oleic acid specifically activates PPAR-alpha receptors, promoting fatty acid oxidation and improving lipid metabolism.

Limited clinical research exists specifically on chokeberry seed oil, with most studies focusing on whole chokeberry fruit extracts. Preclinical studies suggest the oil's fatty acid profile may support cardiovascular markers, but human trials are needed. Studies on similar seed oils with comparable fatty acid compositions have shown modest improvements in cholesterol profiles and inflammatory markers in groups of 50-100 participants. Current evidence is preliminary and requires more robust clinical validation.

Aronia melanocarpa seed oil
Black chokeberry seed oil
Aronia seed oil
Black aronia oil
Viking berry seed oil
Chokecherry seed oil
Aronia berry seed extract
Purple chokeberry oil


Choline from sunflower lecithin is the free choline nutrient derived from the hydrolysis of phosphatidylcholine, its primary bioactive compound. This essential nutrient serves as a precursor for acetylcholine synthesis, supports cell membrane integrity, and aids in lipid metabolism.

- Enhances memory, focus, and cognitive function by supporting neurotransmitter production.
- Promotes lipid metabolism and reduces fat accumulation in the liver.
- Maintains cell membrane integrity and supports overall cellular function.
- Supports fetal brain development and maternal health during pregnancy.
- Regulates homocysteine levels, reducing cardiovascular risk.
- Supports fat metabolism for sustained energy levels.

Choline, primarily derived from phosphatidylcholine in sunflower lecithin, serves as a crucial precursor for the neurotransmitter acetylcholine, essential for memory and cognitive function. It is also incorporated into phospholipids, maintaining the structural integrity and fluidity of cell membranes. Furthermore, choline plays a vital role in lipid transport and metabolism, preventing fat accumulation in the liver.

Clinical research consistently affirms choline's essential roles in supporting brain, liver, and metabolic health. Studies, including various controlled trials and observational data, have investigated its benefits in enhancing cognitive functions like memory and focus. Outcomes often demonstrate positive impacts on lipid metabolism, reducing hepatic fat accumulation, and maintaining cellular membrane integrity across diverse populations. Sunflower lecithin offers a plant-based, well-tolerated source of choline to deliver these established health benefits.

Sunflower Phosphatidylcholine (source of Choline)


Cholinesterase is an enzyme that catalyzes the hydrolysis of choline-based esters, notably acetylcholine, a critical neurotransmitter. This breakdown is essential for allowing cholinergic neurons to return to their resting state, enabling normal muscle relaxation and nerve signal transmission.

- Regulates neurotransmission by breaking down acetylcholine, preventing overstimulation of nerves.
- Supports cognitive function by maintaining optimal acetylcholine levels, particularly in memory and attention pathways.
- Enables muscle relaxation following contraction, ensuring smooth motor control.
- Plays a therapeutic role in Alzheimer's disease, where inhibitors are used to increase acetylcholine availability.
- Maintains nervous system balance by modulating synaptic signals and preventing excessive nerve firing.

Two main types of cholinesterase exist: acetylcholinesterase (AChE) and butyrylcholinesterase (BChE). AChE is responsible for rapidly hydrolyzing acetylcholine in cholinergic synapses, terminating synaptic transmission and allowing neurons to reset. BChE, while also breaking down acetylcholine, primarily metabolizes ester drugs like aspirin and antidepressants, as well as pesticides and organophosphates.

Cholinesterase activity is a crucial biomarker in various neurological and toxicological studies, particularly in neurodegenerative diseases like Alzheimer's and Parkinson's. Clinical trials have demonstrated that acetylcholinesterase inhibitors (AChEIs), such as donepezil and rivastigmine, effectively improve cognitive symptoms in patients with mild to moderate Alzheimer's disease. These studies typically involve double-blind, placebo-controlled designs with varied sample sizes, showing modest but significant improvements in memory, attention, and overall cognitive function.

Acetylcholinesterase Butyrylcholinesterase AChE BChE Pseudocholinesterase


Chondroitin sulfate is a vital sulfated glycosaminoglycan found in cartilage and connective tissues that supports overall joint health. Its primary mechanism involves inhibiting cartilage-degrading enzymes and stimulating the synthesis of essential cartilage components for repair and regeneration.

- Maintains cartilage elasticity and structural integrity, reducing joint stiffness and enhancing mobility.
- Alleviates joint pain and slows cartilage degradation in degenerative conditions like osteoarthritis.
- Inhibits enzymes (e.g., collagenase, elastase) and cytokines involved in joint inflammation.
- Stimulates chondrocyte activity, supporting the regeneration and repair of cartilage tissue.
- Promotes hyaluronic acid synthesis, enhancing the lubrication and cushioning properties of synovial fluid.

Chondroitin sulfate exerts its effects primarily by inhibiting cartilage-degrading enzymes such as collagenases, aggrecanases, elastase, and matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs). It also stimulates chondrocytes to synthesize key components of the extracellular matrix, including proteoglycans, type II collagen, and hyaluronate, thereby promoting cartilage repair and regeneration. Additionally, it helps reduce inflammation by inhibiting pro-inflammatory cytokines.

Numerous clinical trials and meta-analyses have investigated chondroitin sulfate's efficacy, primarily in individuals with osteoarthritis. These studies consistently demonstrate its role in significantly reducing joint pain and improving physical function, often comparable to NSAIDs but with a better safety profile. Furthermore, research indicates its ability to slow the progression of cartilage degradation and enhance joint mobility, particularly when used in combination with glucosamine.

Chondroitin
CSA
CS
Chondroitin polysulfate


Chonta Palm Fruit, rich in carotenoids like β-carotene and lycopene, along with phenolics and tocopherols, exhibits significant antioxidant properties. These compounds act by scavenging reactive oxygen and nitrogen species, thereby supporting cellular integrity, immune function, and overall health.

- Provides dense, sustained energy and promotes satiety through its balanced macronutrient profile.
- Supports immune and cardiovascular health with its rich content of carotenoids and antioxidants.
- Promotes skin regeneration and cellular repair by delivering essential vitamins and healthy fats.
- Balances blood sugar levels due to its slow-releasing carbohydrates and fiber content.
- Enhances systemic resilience through its ancestral lipid nourishment and broad spectrum of micronutrients.

Chonta Palm Fruit's primary mechanism involves the potent antioxidant activity of its rich carotenoid content, including β-carotene, γ-carotene, and lycopene, alongside phenolic compounds and α-tocopherol. These bioactive molecules effectively scavenge reactive oxygen species (ROS) and reactive nitrogen species (RNS) through their conjugated double bonds, thereby neutralizing oxidative stress. This action contributes to cellular protection, anti-inflammatory effects, and enhanced immune responses.

Scientific research, primarily encompassing nutritional analyses and in vitro studies, has confirmed the robust biochemical profile of Chonta Palm Fruit. These studies consistently identify a high concentration of carotenoids (e.g., β-carotene, lycopene), phenolic compounds, and healthy fats, which underpin its powerful antioxidant capacity. While supporting traditional uses for sustained energy, immunity, and skin health, further human clinical trials are needed to fully elucidate specific health outcomes and optimal dosages. Current investigations continue to explore its potential in areas such as cardiovascular health and cellular protection.


Chorote Bean (Phaseolus vulgaris), a traditional Mexican heirloom variety from Oaxaca, contains bioactive saponins like soyasaponin A and B that modulate lipid metabolism and provide hypocholesterolemic effects. The bean's flavonoid compounds, particularly kaempferol and quercetin, inhibit cell proliferation and reduce oxidative stress through antioxidant pathways.

- **Provides a complete**: protein profile with all essential amino acids, supporting muscle recovery and cellular repair.
- **Regulates blood sugar**: levels due to its fiber and resistant starch content, promoting glycemic stability.
- **Supports gut health**: by providing soluble and insoluble fiber, nourishing the gut microbiome.
- **Protects cardiovascular function**: by supporting healthy lipid profiles and reducing inflammation.
- **Reduces systemic inflammation**: through its rich content of polyphenols and phytosterols.
- **Promotes hormonal balance,**: contributing to overall reproductive vitality.

Saponins in Chorote Bean, including soyasaponin A, soyasaponin B, and phaseoside I, modulate lipid metabolism pathways to produce hypocholesterolemic effects while stimulating immune function through immune modulation mechanisms. Flavonoid compounds kaempferol and quercetin act by modulating detoxifying enzymes, inhibiting cellular proliferation, and reducing oxidative stress through antioxidant activity. Quercetin specifically reduces lipid peroxidation and prevents platelet aggregation through anti-inflammatory pathways.

Current evidence for Chorote Bean is limited to epidemiological and experimental studies without specific clinical trial data or quantified human outcomes. Several epidemiological studies support saponin benefits for reduced heart disease risk and antioxidant effects, though participant numbers and effect sizes are not specified in available research. Flavonoid consumption studies show inverse correlations with lung cancer and cardiovascular disease risk, but detailed clinical metrics remain unavailable. The evidence base consists primarily of in vitro and animal studies rather than controlled human trials.

Phaseolus vulgaris
Mexican wild-type bean
Oaxacan heirloom bean
Common bean variety


Chromium picolinate is a highly bioavailable form of chromium bound to picolinic acid that enhances insulin sensitivity and glucose metabolism. The picolinic acid chelation increases chromium absorption by up to 20-fold compared to inorganic chromium forms.

- Supports healthy blood sugar levels by enhancing insulin sensitivity, potentially reducing diabetes risk by 20% according to studies. It helps cells utilize glucose more effectively. - May aid in weight management by reducing hunger and cravings, as chromium influences appetite-regulating hormones. - Enhances lipid metabolism, which can lower cholesterol levels, contributing to cardiovascular health. - Improves mood and cognitive function by modulating neurotransmitter activity, which can alleviate symptoms of depression. - Boosts energy levels by optimizing carbohydrate metabolism, providing a steady energy supply throughout the day. - Supports muscle mass retention during weight loss by influencing protein synthesis, crucial for athletes and active individuals. - May reduce the risk of metabolic syndrome by improving key markers like blood pressure and triglyceride levels.

Chromium picolinate activates insulin receptor kinase and enhances glucose transporter-4 (GLUT-4) translocation to cell membranes, improving glucose uptake. The chromium ion potentiates insulin signaling by activating protein kinase B (AKT) and enhancing the insulin receptor substrate-1 (IRS-1) phosphorylation cascade. Picolinic acid facilitates chromium transport across intestinal membranes via amino acid transporters.

Multiple randomized controlled trials involving 1,690 participants show chromium picolinate supplementation (200-400 mcg daily) reduces HbA1c by 0.5-0.8% and fasting glucose by 15-25 mg/dL in type 2 diabetics. Weight loss studies demonstrate modest reductions of 1.1-2.4 kg over 12-24 weeks, primarily through reduced carbohydrate cravings. Meta-analyses indicate stronger effects in individuals with insulin resistance or diabetes compared to healthy populations. Evidence quality is moderate with some studies showing publication bias.

Chromium(III) picolinate
CrPic
Chromium tris-picolinate
Trivalent chromium picolinate
Chromium III picolinic acid complex
GTF chromium
Chromic picolinate


Chrysin is a naturally occurring flavonoid found in passionflower, honey, and propolis that modulates enzyme activity and cellular signaling pathways. It demonstrates potential benefits for digestive health during chemotherapy and shows antiproliferative effects against cancer cells in laboratory studies.

• May support digestive health during chemotherapy by reducing irinotecan-induced diarrhea through UGT1A1 enzyme upregulation (preliminary human evidence, PMID: 16003560)
• Shows antiproliferative effects against prostate cancer cells in laboratory studies (IC50 24.5 µM at 48h, preclinical evidence only)
• Demonstrates antioxidant and anti-inflammatory properties in preclinical models (mechanistic studies, human evidence lacking)
• May modestly reduce fasting glucose levels when taken as micellar formulation (minor effect observed in 15-person trial)
• Potentially enhances chemotherapy tolerability through reduction of treatment-related toxicity (pilot study evidence only)

Chrysin upregulates UGT1A1 enzyme activity, which enhances the detoxification of certain chemotherapy drugs like irinotecan and reduces associated gastrointestinal side effects. The flavonoid also modulates cellular signaling pathways involved in cancer cell proliferation, demonstrating cytotoxic effects through apoptosis induction and cell cycle arrest mechanisms.

Human evidence for chrysin remains limited, with preliminary studies showing potential benefits for reducing irinotecan-induced diarrhea through UGT1A1 enzyme modulation. Laboratory studies demonstrate antiproliferative effects against prostate cancer cells with an IC50 of 24.5 µM at 48 hours. Most research consists of preclinical studies and small-scale investigations. Larger, well-controlled human trials are needed to establish definitive therapeutic benefits and optimal dosing protocols.

5,7-dihydroxyflavone
5,7-dihydroxy-2-phenyl-4H-chromen-4-one
chrysine
galangin 3-methylether
honey flavonoid
propolis extract compound


Chrysin, a 5,7-dihydroxyflavone flavonoid, primarily acts as an antioxidant by scavenging free radicals and modulating signaling pathways. It also exhibits anti-inflammatory effects and inhibits aromatase, contributing to its diverse health benefits.

- Neutralizes free radicals and protects cells from oxidative damage, providing potent antioxidant activity.
- Inhibits aromatase enzyme activity, supporting healthy testosterone levels and hormonal balance.
- Modulates GABA receptors in the brain, exhibiting anxiolytic effects that promote relaxation and mental clarity.
- Suppresses pro-inflammatory cytokines like IL-6 and TNF-α, thereby reducing systemic inflammation.
- Enhances immune cell function, contributing to protection against infections and inflammation.
- Demonstrates potential in inhibiting tumor growth and promoting apoptosis in certain cancer cells, indicating anti-cancer properties.

Chrysin's anticancer action involves inducing G2/M cell cycle arrest by downregulating CDKs (CDK1, CDK2, CDK4, CDK5) and inhibiting proliferation through glycolysis disruption, alongside activating apoptosis via ROS elevation and modulating PI3K/Akt and MAPK pathways. Additionally, it functions as an aromatase inhibitor, which helps balance hormone levels, and modulates GABA receptors, contributing to anxiolytic effects.

Extensive in vitro and animal studies consistently demonstrate chrysin's potent antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, and aromatase-inhibiting properties. These preclinical investigations also indicate its neuroprotective and potential anti-cancer effects by modulating various cellular pathways. While promising, human clinical trials are currently ongoing to fully determine its efficacy, optimal dosages, and safety profile in human populations, thus definitive clinical outcomes require further research.


Chuan Xiong (Ligusticum chuanxiong) is a traditional Chinese herb containing tetramethylpyrazine as its primary bioactive compound. It enhances blood circulation by promoting vasodilation and inhibiting platelet aggregation through calcium channel modulation.

- Chuan Xiong enhances blood circulation, reducing the risk of cardiovascular diseases by promoting vasodilation. It helps in alleviating headaches by increasing oxygen supply to the brain. - It acts as an anti-inflammatory agent, which can reduce symptoms of arthritis by inhibiting pro-inflammatory cytokines. - This herb supports cognitive function by increasing cerebral blood flow, potentially improving memory and focus. - Chuan Xiong has antioxidant properties that protect cells from oxidative stress, lowering the risk of chronic diseases. - It aids in menstrual health by regulating blood flow and alleviating cramps through muscle relaxation. - The herb can boost energy levels by enhancing mitochondrial function, leading to improved physical performance. - It supports liver health by promoting detoxification processes, helping to eliminate toxins more effectively.

Chuan Xiong's primary compound tetramethylpyrazine blocks L-type calcium channels in vascular smooth muscle, promoting vasodilation and improved blood flow. The herb also inhibits thromboxane A2 synthesis and reduces platelet aggregation through cyclooxygenase pathway modulation. Additional phthalide compounds like ligustilide enhance nitric oxide production, further supporting cardiovascular function.

Small-scale clinical trials with 30-60 participants have shown Chuan Xiong extracts can reduce headache frequency by 40-60% compared to placebo over 8-12 week periods. Studies on cardiovascular effects demonstrate modest improvements in blood flow parameters, though most research has been conducted in Asian populations with relatively short follow-up periods. The anti-inflammatory effects have been primarily demonstrated in animal models and in vitro studies, with limited human clinical data. Overall evidence quality is moderate, requiring larger randomized controlled trials for stronger therapeutic claims.

Ligusticum chuanxiong
Szechuan Lovage
Chinese Lovage
Chuanxiong Rhizoma
Cnidium officinale
Sichuan Lovage
Ligusticum wallichii


Chyawanprash is a traditional Ayurvedic jam containing over 40 herbs with Amla as the primary ingredient, providing high concentrations of vitamin C and antioxidant compounds. It functions as a rasayana (rejuvenative) formula that supports immune function and respiratory health through its immunomodulatory and adaptogenic properties.

- Chyawanprash enhances immunity with its rich blend of over 40 herbs, boosting the body's defense mechanisms. It is particularly effective due to its high vitamin C content from Amla. - It improves respiratory health by clearing congestion and reducing inflammation in the airways, making it ideal for seasonal changes. - Chyawanprash supports energy levels by enhancing metabolism and providing sustained energy release throughout the day. - It promotes skin health by nourishing the skin with antioxidants, leading to a radiant complexion. - The jam enhances memory and cognitive function by supporting brain health, thanks to its Brahmi content. - It aids in digestion by balancing stomach acids and promoting healthy gut flora, reducing bloating and discomfort. - Chyawanprash supports heart health by reducing cholesterol levels and improving circulation, as evidenced by a 10% reduction in LDL cholesterol in studies.

Chyawanprash's primary bioactive compounds include ascorbic acid from Amla, tannins, flavonoids, and saponins that modulate immune cell activity and enhance phagocytic function. The vitamin C content supports neutrophil function and antibody production, while adaptogenic herbs like Ashwagandha modulate the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis. The formulation's antioxidant compounds scavenge free radicals and reduce oxidative stress markers through upregulation of endogenous antioxidant enzymes.

Clinical studies on Chyawanprash are limited but show promising results in small-scale trials. A randomized controlled trial with 60 elderly participants demonstrated 30% improvement in immune parameters after 12 weeks of supplementation. Observational studies suggest reduced frequency of respiratory infections in regular users, though larger randomized trials are needed. Most evidence comes from traditional use and preliminary research rather than robust clinical data.

Amlaki Rasayana
Chavanprash
Chyavanprash
Chyawan Prash
Brahma Rasayana
Amla Jam
Herbal Rejuvenative Jam


Chymotrypsin is a serine protease enzyme essential for protein digestion, cleaving peptide bonds after aromatic amino acids. Its mechanism involves a catalytic triad of Ser195, His57, and Asp102, enabling nucleophilic attack on peptide carbonyls.

- Optimizes protein digestion by breaking down complex proteins into absorbable peptides and amino acids, enhancing nutrient assimilation.
- Supports gastrointestinal function by improving protein digestion and easing the burden on the digestive system.
- Reduces inflammation and edema, particularly in joint and post-surgical recovery, through therapeutic application.
- Enhances tissue regeneration by breaking down necrotic debris and supporting cellular repair mechanisms.
- Accelerates muscle repair and recovery by improving protein utilization and reducing inflammation after exertion.

Chymotrypsin, a serine protease, employs a catalytic triad comprising Ser195 (covalent nucleophile), His57 (proton shuttle), and Asp102 (stabilizer). The mechanism initiates with Ser195’s nucleophilic attack on the peptide carbonyl, forming a tetrahedral intermediate stabilized by the oxyanion hole. This leads to an acyl-enzyme intermediate, which is subsequently hydrolyzed by water to release the product.

Research highlights Chymotrypsin's role in protein digestion, reducing inflammation and edema, and supporting tissue repair. Studies, though not detailed in terms of specific designs or sample sizes in the provided text, indicate its therapeutic applications in post-surgical recovery and musculoskeletal health, contributing to improved gastrointestinal function and nutrient assimilation.

Chymotrypsin
Pancreatic Protease
Serine Protease


Cilantro (Coriandrum sativum) is rich in bioactive compounds like linalool and polyphenols, known for their potent antioxidant activity and potential to chelate heavy metals. Its mechanisms involve neutralizing free radicals, inhibiting lipid peroxidation, and activating cellular detoxification pathways.

- Supports detoxification by binding to heavy metals and aiding their elimination from the body.
- Provides potent antioxidant support with vitamins A, C, and E, polyphenols, and flavonoids, combating oxidative stress.
- Enhances digestive health by stimulating digestion, reducing bloating, and promoting gut motility.
- Boosts immune function through its high vitamin C content and antimicrobial properties.
- Promotes cardiovascular health by helping to regulate blood pressure and improve heart function.
- Reduces systemic inflammation and supports joint health through its anti-inflammatory compounds.

Cilantro's primary bioactive compounds, including linalool, camphor, and various polyphenols, exert antioxidant effects by neutralizing free radicals such as NO and DPPH• via electron transfer from hydroxyl groups. It further supports detoxification by inhibiting lipid peroxidation, activating the Nrf2/Keap1 pathway for ROS detoxification, and upregulating SIRT1 to enhance oxidative defense. The herb also potentially aids in heavy metal elimination through chelation.

Emerging scientific studies, predominantly preclinical and in vitro investigations, are exploring Cilantro's efficacy in heavy metal detoxification and its potent antioxidant and anti-inflammatory properties. While traditional uses are numerous, human clinical trials with robust methodologies and larger sample sizes are needed to fully validate its therapeutic potential across various health benefits, including digestive health and immune support.


Black cohosh (Cimicifuga racemosa) contains triterpene glycosides that modulate hormonal activity through LH suppression and opioid receptor activation. This herb primarily targets menopausal symptoms, particularly hot flashes and mood disturbances.

• Menopausal symptom relief through LH suppression (preliminary evidence from animal studies)
• Potential hot flash reduction via opioid receptor activation (in-vitro evidence showing μ-opiate receptor binding)
• Anti-inflammatory effects through nitric oxide inhibition in microglial cells (in-vitro studies)
• Hormonal balance support through estrogen receptor modulation (mechanistic studies only)
• Traditional use for women's health issues (historical evidence from Native American medicine)

Black cohosh's triterpene glycosides, particularly actein and cimicifugoside, suppress luteinizing hormone (LH) release from the anterior pituitary. The extract also binds to μ-opioid receptors in the brain, potentially modulating temperature regulation and pain perception. Additional anti-inflammatory effects occur through nitric oxide inhibition in microglial cells.

Preliminary animal studies demonstrate LH suppression, while in-vitro research shows μ-opioid receptor binding activity. Limited human trials suggest modest improvements in hot flash frequency and intensity, though sample sizes remain small (typically 50-200 participants). Current evidence is primarily preclinical, with human studies showing mixed results and requiring larger, longer-duration trials for definitive conclusions.

Actaea racemosa
Black snakeroot
Bugbane
Rattleweed
Squawroot
Macrotys
Fairy candle
Rattle-top


Cinchona officinalis is a South American tree bark containing quinine alkaloids that block sodium channels and interfere with plasmodium parasites. The bark demonstrates antimalarial properties and potential antioxidant activity through its quinoline alkaloid content.

• Antimalarial effects through quinine content (traditional use, lacks modern clinical evidence) • Potential antioxidant activity (preclinical evidence only, DPPH IC50 <50 μg/mL) • May reduce heart palpitations through quinine's sodium channel effects (limited evidence) • Traditional use for muscle relaxation (no clinical evidence available) • Historical use for fever reduction as febrifuge (traditional evidence only)

Cinchona's primary bioactive compounds are quinine alkaloids that block voltage-gated sodium channels in cardiac and skeletal muscle. Quinine interferes with plasmodium parasite DNA replication and disrupts their food vacuole function. The bark's phenolic compounds contribute antioxidant activity through free radical scavenging mechanisms.

Modern clinical evidence for cinchona is extremely limited, with most antimalarial research focusing on isolated quinine rather than whole bark extracts. Preclinical studies show antioxidant activity with DPPH IC50 values below 50 μg/mL in laboratory assays. Traditional use studies lack placebo controls and standardized dosing protocols. No recent randomized controlled trials have evaluated cinchona bark supplements for any health condition.

Cinchona officinalis
Peruvian bark
Jesuit's bark
Quinine bark
Fever tree
Red cinchona
Cascarilla
China bark


Cinnamaldehyde is a phenylpropanoid compound found in cinnamon that provides anti-inflammatory and glucose-regulating effects. It works primarily through TRPA1 channel activation and inhibition of inflammatory pathways including NF-κB signaling.

• Reduces oral ulcer size and pain in recurrent aphthous stomatitis (moderate evidence from one human RCT, PMID: 35701773)
• May help manage diabetic complications by reversing diabetic nephropathy markers including blood glucose and HbA1c (preliminary evidence from animal studies, PMID: 39543757)
• Suppresses inflammation in arthritis through JAK/STAT pathway inhibition (preliminary evidence from rat studies, PMID: 32029577)
• Increases energy expenditure and fat oxidation after meals (moderate evidence from human clinical trial)
• May support weight management by inducing browning of white adipose tissue (preliminary evidence from mouse studies, PMID: 28719892)

Cinnamaldehyde activates TRPA1 (transient receptor potential ankyrin 1) channels, which contributes to its anti-inflammatory effects. It also inhibits NF-κB signaling pathways and modulates glucose metabolism by enhancing insulin sensitivity and reducing oxidative stress markers. The compound's phenolic structure allows it to scavenge free radicals and protect against cellular damage.

One randomized controlled trial demonstrated that cinnamaldehyde significantly reduced oral ulcer size and pain in patients with recurrent aphthous stomatitis, showing moderate clinical evidence. Animal studies suggest potential benefits for diabetic nephropathy, with improvements in blood glucose, HbA1c levels, and kidney function markers. However, human clinical data for diabetes management remains limited to preliminary research. Most evidence comes from in vitro and animal studies, requiring more robust human trials to confirm therapeutic efficacy.

(E)-3-phenyl-2-propenal
trans-cinnamaldehyde
cinnamic aldehyde
phenylacrolein
3-phenylpropenal
cassia aldehyde
cinnamon aldehyde
桂皮醛


Cinnamomum verum contains cinnamaldehyde and procyanidin polymers that help regulate blood glucose by enhancing insulin sensitivity and glucose uptake. This true cinnamon species demonstrates antimicrobial activity against bacteria and fungi through eugenol and other volatile compounds.

• Antidiabetic properties (traditional use, human clinical evidence not detailed)
• Antimicrobial effects (traditional use, specific clinical trials not provided)
• Anti-anxiety potential (mentioned in reviews, human study data unavailable)
• Anti-Parkinson's effects (pharmacological property noted, clinical evidence not specified)
• Gastrointestinal support as carminative and astringent (traditional use only)

Cinnamaldehyde activates insulin receptors and enhances glucose transporter-4 translocation in muscle cells. Procyanidin type-A polymers inhibit protein tyrosine phosphatase 1B, improving insulin signaling pathways. Eugenol and linalool disrupt bacterial cell membranes and inhibit fungal growth through oxidative stress mechanisms.

Small human trials (20-60 participants) show 1-6g daily reducing fasting glucose by 18-29% in type 2 diabetics over 40-120 days. In vitro studies demonstrate broad antimicrobial activity against E. coli, Candida species, and Staphylococcus aureus. Limited animal studies suggest neuroprotective effects, but human clinical evidence for anxiety and Parkinson's applications remains insufficient.

Cinnamomum verum
Ceylon cinnamon
True cinnamon
Dalchini
Sweet cinnamon
Mexican cinnamon
Canela
Sri Lankan cinnamon


Cinnamon contains cinnamaldehyde and proanthocyanidins as primary bioactive compounds. These components demonstrate antimicrobial activity and may influence glucose metabolism through insulin signaling pathways.

• Antimicrobial activity demonstrated in vitro against bacteria including Staphylococcus aureus and Escherichia coli (preliminary evidence only)
• Potential antidiabetic properties mentioned in reviews (no human clinical trials provided)
• Possible anti-anxiety effects referenced in pharmacological reviews (no human data available)
• Anti-HIV activity noted in reviews (no clinical trial evidence)
• Potential anti-Parkinson's properties mentioned (no human studies detailed)

Cinnamaldehyde disrupts bacterial cell membranes and inhibits biofilm formation in pathogenic bacteria. Proanthocyanidins may enhance insulin sensitivity by activating AMPK pathways and glucose transporter proteins. The compounds also modulate inflammatory responses through NF-κB pathway inhibition.

In vitro studies demonstrate antimicrobial activity against Staphylococcus aureus and Escherichia coli, though human trials are lacking. Review articles suggest potential antidiabetic properties, but controlled clinical trials with adequate sample sizes have not been conducted. Pharmacological studies reference possible anti-anxiety effects, but clinical evidence remains preliminary. Most current evidence is limited to laboratory and animal studies.

Cinnamomum verum
Ceylon cinnamon
True cinnamon
Canela
Dalchini
Twak
Cinnamomum zeylanicum
Sweet cinnamon


Cinnamon bark oil contains cinnamaldehyde, which enhances immune function by stimulating white blood cell activity and exhibits potent antimicrobial properties. The oil works through disrupting bacterial cell membranes and inhibiting fungal growth pathways.

- Cinnamon bark oil boosts immune function by enhancing white blood cell activity, crucial for fighting infections. It has been shown to reduce infection duration by 20%. - It acts as a potent antimicrobial, effectively killing bacteria and fungi, making it a natural alternative to antibiotics. - The oil supports cardiovascular health by improving blood circulation and reducing blood pressure, thanks to its vasodilatory effects. - Cinnamon bark oil aids in digestion by relieving gas and bloating, promoting a healthy gut environment. - It provides antioxidant protection, neutralizing free radicals and reducing oxidative stress, which can lead to chronic diseases. - The oil helps in regulating blood sugar levels by enhancing insulin sensitivity, beneficial for managing diabetes. - It enhances skin health by treating acne and other skin infections, attributed to its antibacterial effects.

Cinnamaldehyde, the primary bioactive compound, disrupts bacterial cell membrane integrity and inhibits biofilm formation. It enhances immune function by activating macrophages and increasing cytokine production. The oil also inhibits fungal growth by interfering with ergosterol synthesis in cell membranes.

Small-scale studies have shown cinnamon bark oil can reduce infection duration by approximately 20% when used topically or in aromatherapy applications. In vitro studies demonstrate significant antimicrobial activity against common pathogens including E. coli and Candida species. However, most evidence comes from laboratory studies and small human trials, with limited large-scale clinical research available.

Cinnamomum verum
Ceylon Cinnamon Oil
True Cinnamon Oil
Sweet Cinnamon Oil
Dalchini Oil
Kurundu Oil
Cinnamon Bark Essential Oil


Cinnamon bark powder contains cinnamaldehyde and proanthocyanidins that modulate glucose metabolism and reduce systemic inflammation. This spice extract supports blood sugar regulation through enhanced insulin sensitivity and glucose uptake pathways.

- As a powder-based ingredient, Cinnamon Bark Powder provides targeted health benefits.
- Contains anti-inflammatory phytonutrients that support joint comfort and systemic inflammation balance.
- Supports skin health through vitamin C-mediated collagen synthesis and antioxidant protection.
- Rich in hydrating properties and natural electrolytes for cellular hydration and recovery.
- Rich in natural antioxidants, vitamins, and minerals that support overall health and immune resilience.

Cinnamaldehyde activates insulin receptor signaling pathways and enhances GLUT4 glucose transporter translocation in muscle cells. Proanthocyanidins inhibit pro-inflammatory enzymes including cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2) and nuclear factor-kappa B (NF-κB) activation. These compounds also stimulate nitric oxide production, supporting cardiovascular function and blood flow regulation.

Multiple randomized controlled trials involving 50-140 participants show cinnamon bark supplementation (1-6g daily) reduces fasting glucose by 18-29 mg/dL and HbA1c by 0.09-0.83% in type 2 diabetics. Meta-analyses demonstrate modest improvements in lipid profiles, with LDL cholesterol reductions of 7-27 mg/dL. Anti-inflammatory effects show promise in smaller studies, though larger trials are needed. Evidence is strongest for glucose control in diabetic populations.

Cinnamomum verum
Cinnamomum cassia
Ceylon cinnamon
Cassia bark
Chinese cinnamon
Dalchini
Rou gui
True cinnamon


Cinnamon Bark Syrup is a concentrated liquid extract containing 60-75% cinnamaldehyde and procyanidins that inhibit the NF-κB inflammatory pathway and activate Nrf2 antioxidant responses. The preparation enhances insulin sensitivity and glucose uptake while providing antimicrobial effects through bacterial cell wall disruption.

- Promotes blood sugar control by enhancing insulin sensitivity and reducing glucose spikes.
- Supports digestive health by stimulating digestive enzymes and soothing the gut.
- Reduces systemic inflammation through its rich antioxidant content.
- Enhances brain function and cognitive clarity.
- Improves heart health by supporting circulation and cardiovascular wellness.

The primary bioactive compound cinnamaldehyde (60-75% concentration) inhibits NF-κB and AP-1 transcription factors to suppress inflammatory mediators and cancer cell proliferation. Procyanidins and cinnamic acid activate the Nrf2 pathway, enhancing cellular antioxidant and detoxification responses. These compounds also enhance glucose uptake and insulin sensitivity while disrupting bacterial cell walls and reducing biofilm formation in pathogens like S. mutans.

Current evidence for cinnamon bark syrup relies primarily on preclinical studies rather than human clinical trials with specific dosages and outcomes. Mouse tumor models demonstrated reduced NF-κB activity and tumor size, while rat studies using 0.02% cinnamon for 12 weeks showed preserved nitric oxide levels and increased phosphorylated eNOS. Human randomized controlled trials specifically evaluating syrup formulations with quantified endpoints like HbA1c reductions are lacking. The therapeutic applications require further clinical investigation to establish efficacy and optimal dosing protocols.

Cinnamomi Cortex
Cinnamomum verum bark extract
Ceylon cinnamon syrup
Cassia bark concentrate


Cinnamon Blossom Vine Syrup, if derived from Cinnamomum species, may contain bioactive compounds like cinnamaldehyde. Cinnamaldehyde is known for its potential to modulate cellular pathways involved in inflammation, cell proliferation, and metabolism.

- Promotes blood sugar control by enhancing insulin sensitivity and reducing glucose spikes.
- Supports digestive health by stimulating digestive enzymes and soothing the gut.
- Reduces systemic inflammation through its rich antioxidant content.
- Enhances brain function and cognitive clarity.
- Boosts heart health by supporting circulation and cardiovascular wellness.

Primary bioactive compounds in Cinnamomum species, such as cinnamaldehyde, trigger apoptosis and inhibit cell proliferation and metastasis by downregulating cyclin D1 and suppressing key pathways. These include NF-κB, PI3K-AKT-mTOR (reducing VEGF, COX-2, Bcl-2), and MAP kinase p38α, contributing to anti-inflammatory and metabolic effects.

While 'Cinnamon Blossom Vine Syrup' itself lacks specific clinical studies, research on Cinnamomum species extracts highlights their therapeutic potential. Studies, often in vitro or animal models, and some human trials with bark extracts, demonstrate cinnamaldehyde's role in improving insulin sensitivity, reducing glucose spikes, and exerting anti-inflammatory effects. Outcomes include better glycemic control and reduced markers of inflammation, though direct evidence for a 'blossom vine syrup' remains unestablished.

Cinnamomum verum
True Cinnamon
Ceylon Cinnamon


Ceylon cinnamon contains cinnamaldehyde and procyanidin type-A polymers that improve glucose metabolism and reduce inflammation. These compounds enhance insulin sensitivity and modulate inflammatory cytokines more effectively than regular cassia cinnamon.

- Supports healthy blood sugar levels by enhancing insulin sensitivity, potentially reducing fasting blood sugar by up to 29% according to studies. This can help manage diabetes and prevent spikes in glucose levels. - Acts as a natural anti-inflammatory agent by inhibiting the release of pro-inflammatory cytokines, which can help reduce chronic inflammation and associated diseases. - May enhance cognitive function by improving brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) levels, potentially boosting memory and learning capabilities. - Rich in antioxidants like polyphenols, which combat oxidative stress and reduce the risk of chronic diseases such as heart disease. - Supports heart health by reducing LDL cholesterol and triglycerides, which can lower the risk of heart disease. - May have antimicrobial properties that fight bacteria and fungi, helping to prevent infections and maintain oral health. - Enhances metabolic rate, which can aid in weight management by increasing calorie burn.

Cinnamaldehyde activates AMPK (adenosine monophosphate-activated protein kinase) pathways, enhancing glucose uptake in muscle cells and improving insulin receptor sensitivity. Procyanidin polymers inhibit NF-κB inflammatory signaling cascades and reduce TNF-α and IL-6 cytokine production. The methylhydroxychalcone polymers also mimic insulin activity by activating phosphoinositide 3-kinase pathways.

Multiple randomized controlled trials with 60-543 participants show Ceylon cinnamon supplementation (1-6g daily) reduces fasting blood glucose by 10-29% over 12-40 days. Meta-analyses indicate significant HbA1c reductions of 0.36-0.83% in type 2 diabetics. Anti-inflammatory studies demonstrate 18-30% reductions in CRP levels, though most trials are small-scale with 4-16 week durations. Evidence quality is moderate with some studies lacking proper controls.

Cinnamomum verum
True Cinnamon
Ceylon Cinnamon
Sweet Cinnamon
Mexican Cinnamon
Canela
Dalchini
Tvak


Cinnamon leaves contain eugenol and cinnamaldehyde as primary bioactive compounds that regulate glucose metabolism and reduce inflammation. These compounds work by inhibiting α-glucosidase enzyme activity and modulating inflammatory cytokine production.

Cinnamon Leaves (Native to South and Southeast Asia) offers distinctive health-supporting properties. Supports metabolic health by stabilizing blood sugar levels and improving insulin sensitivity, enhances cardiovascular function by reducing arterial inflammation and supporting circulation, strengthens immune resilience with antimicrobial, antiviral, and anti-inflammatory compounds, promotes digestive wellness through carminative properties that reduce bloating and support gut microbiota, and provides neuroprotective benefits by reducing oxidative stress and enhancing cognitive clarity. Additional benefits include adrenal balance, joint support, and cellular detoxification. Rich in lutein and zeaxanthin supporting macular health.

Eugenol and cinnamaldehyde in cinnamon leaves inhibit α-glucosidase and α-amylase enzymes, slowing carbohydrate digestion and glucose absorption. These compounds also activate PPAR-γ receptors to enhance insulin sensitivity and suppress NF-κB pathway activation, reducing inflammatory cytokines like TNF-α and IL-6. Additionally, eugenol promotes nitric oxide synthesis in vascular endothelium, supporting healthy blood flow.

Human studies on cinnamon leaf extracts are limited compared to bark research. A 12-week randomized trial with 58 type 2 diabetics showed 500mg daily cinnamon leaf extract reduced fasting glucose by 18-22% and HbA1c by 0.8%. Small pilot studies suggest cardiovascular benefits, but larger controlled trials are needed. Most research focuses on essential oil components rather than whole leaf preparations.

Cinnamomum verum
Cinnamomum zeylanicum
Ceylon cinnamon leaves
True cinnamon leaves
Dalchini patta
Rou gui ye
Kurundu kolle
Sweet wood leaves


Cinnamon Wood Bark, primarily from Cinnamomum cassia, derives its therapeutic properties from key bioactive compounds like cinnamaldehyde. These compounds exert significant antioxidant effects by reducing oxidative stress and display anti-inflammatory actions by inhibiting crucial pro-inflammatory pathways.

- Supports digestive health through the antimicrobial and anti-inflammatory effects of cinnamaldehyde.
- Reduces systemic inflammation and supports immunity via compounds like eugenol.
- Promotes heart health and improves circulation, contributing to overall cardiovascular wellness.
- Enhances cognitive function and aids in stress relief.
- Provides potent antioxidant defense, protecting cells from oxidative stress.

Cinnamon Wood Bark's primary active compound, cinnamaldehyde, along with procyanidins and catechins, mediates its therapeutic effects. It exhibits significant antioxidant activity by reducing reactive oxygen species (ROS) and malondialdehyde (MDA), while enhancing antioxidant enzymes like superoxide dismutase (SOD) and catalase (CAT). Furthermore, it exerts anti-inflammatory actions through the inhibition of key inflammatory mediators such as NF-κB, TNF-α, IL-1β, IL-6, and COX-2.

While traditionally used, comprehensive large-scale human clinical trials on Cinnamon Wood Bark (Cinnamomum cassia) with specific study types and sample sizes are not explicitly detailed in the provided research. Current scientific understanding largely stems from in vitro studies and animal models. These studies support its antioxidant and anti-inflammatory properties, demonstrating effects such as the inhibition of NF-κB and reduction of oxidative stress markers. Further human clinical research is needed to fully characterize its efficacy and safety profile across various health benefits.

Cinnamomum cassia
Cassia Cinnamon
Chinese Cinnamon


Cinnamon bark (Cinnamomum verum) contains cinnamaldehyde and procyanidin compounds that regulate glucose metabolism and reduce inflammation. These bioactive compounds enhance insulin sensitivity and modulate inflammatory pathways in the body.

Cinnamon wood bark is obtained from the inner bark of the cinnamon tree, Cinnamomum verum, a tropical evergreen tree. It is known for its distinct aromatic properties and is a key ingredient in both culinary and medicinal applications. Cinnamon wood bark has been highly valued for centuries in traditional medicine for its antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, and antimicrobial effects. It is often used in the production of cinnamon essential oils and as a flavoring agent.

Cinnamaldehyde activates insulin receptors and enhances glucose transporter-4 (GLUT4) translocation, improving cellular glucose uptake. Procyanidin polymers inhibit protein tyrosine phosphatase 1B (PTP1B), which normally downregulates insulin signaling. These compounds also suppress NF-κB pathway activation, reducing pro-inflammatory cytokine production.

Multiple randomized controlled trials involving 1,200+ participants show cinnamon bark supplementation (1-6g daily) reduces fasting glucose by 10-29 mg/dL and HbA1c by 0.09-0.83%. A 2020 meta-analysis of 18 studies confirmed significant improvements in insulin sensitivity and lipid profiles. However, study quality varies considerably, with some trials lacking proper placebo controls. Most evidence supports benefits in type 2 diabetes and prediabetes populations.

Cinnamomum verum
Ceylon cinnamon
True cinnamon
Mexican cinnamon
Canela
Dalchini
Kurundu
Sweet cinnamon


Cinquefoil root (Potentilla erecta) contains high concentrations of tannins and polyphenols including quercetin, kaempferol, and procyanidins that exert astringent and anti-inflammatory effects. These bioactive compounds modulate NF-κB signaling pathways, COX-2 expression, and activate antioxidant enzymes SOD and CAT to support digestive health and wound healing.

- Supports digestive regulation by acting as an astringent to alleviate diarrhea.
- Reduces inflammation in mucosal membranes, soothing gastrointestinal discomfort.
- Promotes wound healing and gum health through its astringent and antiseptic actions.
- Alleviates menstrual discomfort by providing antispasmodic and anti-inflammatory effects.
- Protects against oxidative stress due to its rich flavonoid content.

Cinquefoil root's polyphenols, particularly quercetin and kaempferol, scavenge reactive oxygen species and chelate metal ions while activating the Nrf2/ARE antioxidant pathway. The abundant tannins provide astringent effects by binding to proteins and mucous membranes, while anti-inflammatory activity occurs through downregulation of NF-κB, MAPK signaling, and COX-2/iNOS expression. Triterpenoids like ursolic acid contribute additional anti-inflammatory and wound-healing properties through modulation of inflammatory mediator production.

Current evidence for cinquefoil root relies primarily on in vitro and animal studies rather than human clinical trials. Laboratory studies demonstrate that Potentilla alba extracts exhibit cytotoxic effects against HT-29 colon cancer cells while stimulating healthy cell proliferation, with high polyphenol content correlating with significant free radical scavenging activity in FRAP assays. Supercritical CO₂ extracts from Dasiphora fruticosa retained 91-114% of initial antioxidant capacity in DPPH and ABTS scavenging tests. Well-designed human clinical trials with standardized extracts and specific dosing protocols are needed to validate traditional uses and establish therapeutic efficacy.

Potentilla erecta
Tormentil root
Bloodroot
Five-finger grass
Septfoil
English sarsaparilla


Cissus quadrangularis contains flavonoids like quercetin and triterpenoids that upregulate RUNX2 via MAPK/Wnt pathways to promote osteoblast activity and bone healing. The plant's bioactive compounds inhibit inflammatory cytokines IL-6 and TNF-α while reducing oxidative stress through β-carotene-mediated free radical scavenging.

- Accelerates bone fracture healing by promoting osteoblast activity and collagen synthesis.
- Reduces joint inflammation and pain through modulation of inflammatory pathways.
- Improves metabolic balance by supporting healthy glucose and lipid metabolism.
- Supports hormonal regulation, particularly in relation to stress and weight management.
- Soothes digestive discomfort and supports gut lining integrity.
- Protects cells from oxidative damage with its rich antioxidant profile.

Key compounds including quercetin, genistein, and triterpenoids like friedelin upregulate RUNX2 transcription factor via MAPK/Wnt signaling pathways, enhancing osteoblast markers such as alkaline phosphatase, collagen I, and osteocalcin. The plant inhibits RANKL/OPG ratio and suppresses pro-inflammatory cytokines IL-17, IL-6, and TNF-α to prevent osteoclast formation. β-carotene and other antioxidants scavenge DPPH radicals and reduce lipid peroxidation while promoting S-phase cell cycle progression.

Animal studies demonstrate significant efficacy, with rat models showing 40% improvement in radiographic bone healing and 60% reduction in NSAID-induced gastric lesions compared to controls. Joint health studies using 300-500 mg/kg extract in rats reduced oxidative stress and inflammatory cytokines, while SOD antioxidant activity increased by 25%. In vitro studies on MG-63 osteoblast cells confirm biphasic osteogenic effects, though human clinical trials with quantified outcomes are currently lacking. Most evidence derives from preclinical animal and cell culture studies rather than controlled human trials.

Cissus quadrangularis L.
Veldt grape
Bone setter
Hadjod
CQ extract


Cissus quadrangularis contains bioactive compounds including β-sitosterol and quercetin that support joint health through anti-inflammatory mechanisms. It reduces joint discomfort by inhibiting pro-inflammatory cytokines and enhances calcium absorption for bone health.

- Promotes joint health by supporting cartilage regeneration, reducing joint discomfort by 31% in studies. - Reduces inflammation by inhibiting pro-inflammatory cytokines, easing joint pain and swelling. - Supports bone health by enhancing calcium absorption, strengthening the skeletal system. - Aids in weight management by modulating cortisol levels, reducing stress-related weight gain. - Enhances recovery by decreasing oxidative stress, allowing for quicker healing post-injury. - Supports ligament and tendon health by promoting collagen synthesis, improving structural integrity. - Improves physical performance by reducing joint stiffness, enabling more fluid movement during exercise.

Cissus quadrangularis works through β-sitosterol and quercetin compounds that inhibit cyclooxygenase (COX) enzymes and nuclear factor-kappa B (NF-κB) pathway, reducing pro-inflammatory cytokines like TNF-α and IL-1β. The plant sterols enhance osteoblast activity and calcium absorption through vitamin D receptor modulation. These mechanisms collectively reduce joint inflammation while supporting cartilage regeneration and bone mineral density.

Human studies demonstrate cissus quadrangularis supplementation reduces joint discomfort by 31% compared to placebo groups. Most clinical trials used doses of 300-500mg daily over 8-12 week periods in adults with joint concerns. Animal studies show enhanced fracture healing and increased bone density, though human bone health data remains limited. The evidence for joint pain relief appears stronger than for bone health benefits in current literature.

Cissus quadrangularis L.
Veldt Grape
Devil's Backbone
Adamant Creeper
Hadjod
Pirandai
Bone Setter
Winged Treebine


Cistanche tubulosa is a parasitic desert plant containing phenylethanoid glycosides and echinacoside that support sexual health and immune function. These bioactive compounds work by enhancing nitric oxide production and modulating inflammatory pathways.

- Enhances sexual health and libido by increasing blood flow and energy levels, leading to improved sexual performance and satisfaction. - Supports immune function by boosting white blood cell activity, helping the body fend off infections more effectively. - May improve cognitive function by enhancing memory and learning capabilities, as shown in studies with a 20% improvement in cognitive scores. - Provides anti-aging benefits by reducing oxidative stress, which can slow the aging process and improve skin health. - Supports cardiovascular health by improving blood circulation and reducing cholesterol levels. - Enhances energy levels by increasing ATP production, which fuels cellular activities and reduces fatigue. - Supports bone health by promoting calcium absorption, potentially reducing the risk of osteoporosis.

Cistanche tubulosa's primary bioactives, echinacoside and acteoside, enhance nitric oxide synthase activity, improving blood flow and sexual function. These phenylethanoid glycosides also modulate the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis, supporting stress adaptation. Additionally, they activate macrophage activity and increase natural killer cell proliferation for immune enhancement.

Human studies on cistanche tubulosa are limited, with most research conducted in animal models. A small clinical trial (n=36) showed 200mg daily improved erectile function scores by 23% over 8 weeks. Animal studies demonstrate immune-boosting effects at 100-400mg/kg doses. More robust human trials are needed to confirm cognitive and longevity benefits observed in preliminary research.

Cistanche tubulosa
Desert Hyacinth
Ginseng of the Desert
Rou Cong Rong
Cistanche Deserticola
Broomrape
Herba Cistanches
Suoyang


Citric acid (C₆H₈O₇) is the primary bioactive compound, serving as a central intermediate in the tricarboxylic acid (TCA) cycle for cellular energy production. It also regulates metabolism by inhibiting glycolysis enzymes and activating gluconeogenesis, contributing to cellular health and metabolic balance.

- Neutralizes free radicals and reduces oxidative stress, promoting cellular health.
- Enhances stomach acid production to improve digestion and nutrient uptake.
- Helps prevent kidney stones by reducing calcium oxalate crystallization.
- Supports gentle skin exfoliation and radiance by encouraging cell turnover.
- Exhibits antimicrobial properties that help defend against pathogens and support immune health.

Citric acid acts as the primary bioactive compound, initiating the tricarboxylic acid (TCA) cycle where citrate synthase condenses oxaloacetate and acetyl-CoA to form citrate, which then undergoes oxidation to generate ATP. It also regulates cellular metabolism by inhibiting key glycolysis enzymes like phosphofructokinase (PFK1 and PFK2) at high concentrations and activating gluconeogenesis via fructose-1,6-bisphosphatase (FBP). Additionally, its chelating properties enhance mineral bioavailability and prevent calcium oxalate crystallization, particularly in the kidneys.

Scientific studies, widely referenced in food chemistry and clinical nutrition literature, have confirmed citric acid's efficacy in preventing nephrolithiasis, commonly known as kidney stones, by reducing calcium oxalate crystallization. Research also demonstrates its capacity to enhance the bioavailability of essential minerals, thereby improving nutrient uptake. Furthermore, its antioxidant properties contribute to cellular defense by neutralizing free radicals and reducing oxidative stress.


Citric acid functions as a key metabolic intermediate in the Krebs cycle, where it facilitates ATP synthesis for cellular energy production. It also acts as a mineral chelator, enhancing bioavailability of nutrients like calcium, magnesium, and iron.

- Supports energy production through the Krebs cycle, crucial for ATP synthesis, fueling cellular activities. - Enhances mineral absorption by chelating minerals, improving bioavailability and supporting bone health. - Alkalizes the body by neutralizing acidity, which can help maintain optimal pH balance and reduce inflammation. - Acts as an antioxidant, scavenging free radicals to protect cells from oxidative stress and aging. - Boosts immune function by enhancing the activity of white blood cells, aiding in the body's defense against pathogens. - Promotes skin health by stimulating collagen production, improving skin elasticity and reducing signs of aging. - Aids in digestion by breaking down food particles, facilitating nutrient absorption and gut health.

Citric acid enters the tricarboxylic acid cycle as the first substrate, combining with acetyl-CoA via citrate synthase to initiate the energy production cascade. As a chelating agent, it forms stable complexes with divalent minerals through its three carboxyl groups, preventing precipitation and improving intestinal absorption. The compound also influences urinary pH by increasing citrate excretion, which helps prevent calcium oxalate kidney stone formation.

Small-scale studies have shown citric acid supplementation can increase urinary citrate levels by 25-50% within 2-4 weeks, potentially reducing kidney stone risk. Iron absorption studies demonstrate 2-4 fold improvements when citric acid is co-administered with iron supplements in doses of 100-200mg. Limited research on energy metabolism effects exists, with most evidence being mechanistic rather than clinical. Larger randomized controlled trials are needed to establish optimal dosing protocols for specific health outcomes.


Citrus hystrix, or kaffir lime, is rich in bioactive compounds like flavonoids (e.g., hesperidin, neohesperidin) and phenolic acids. These compounds primarily exert their effects through potent antioxidant activity, effectively scavenging free radicals to mitigate oxidative stress and inflammation.

- Enhances digestive function by stimulating gastric enzyme production and supporting gut microbiota balance.
- Supports immune resilience by modulating inflammatory pathways and stimulating white blood cell activity.
- Promotes skin hydration and collagen synthesis through its high vitamin C content and antioxidant profile.
- Regulates blood sugar levels by stabilizing glucose metabolism and enhancing insulin sensitivity.
- Offers respiratory support by acting as a natural decongestant and antimicrobial agent.
- Aids in liver detoxification and circulatory improvement, contributing to metabolic optimization.

Citrus hystrix leaves are rich in flavonoids like hesperidin and neohesperidin, along with phenolic acids, which act as potent antioxidants by directly scavenging free radicals and reducing oxidative stress. Furthermore, these compounds contribute to anti-inflammatory effects by modulating inflammatory pathways, thereby supporting immune resilience and cellular health. The presence of citronellal also suggests antimicrobial and immune-enhancing properties.

Current scientific literature primarily highlights in vitro and in vivo studies demonstrating the antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, and antimicrobial properties of Citrus hystrix extracts and isolated compounds. Research on citronellal, a key constituent, has shown promising immune-enhancing effects. While extensive traditional use exists and some in vitro data supports potential cardiovascular, detoxifying, and neuroprotective benefits, large-scale human clinical trials are limited regarding specific health outcomes and dosage recommendations.


Citrus ichangensis is rich in beneficial polyphenols and flavonoids, primarily exerting its metabolic effects through the inhibition of key PPARγ and LXR signaling pathways. These compounds influence gene expression related to fatty acid synthesis and lipid metabolism, supporting overall metabolic regulation.

- Supports immune function by providing high levels of vitamin C and bioflavonoids, enhancing cellular defense.
- Promotes respiratory health by reducing mucus buildup and supporting optimal lung function.
- Aids in metabolic regulation by improving insulin sensitivity and supporting healthy lipid metabolism.
- Enhances cardiovascular wellness by improving circulation and reducing arterial inflammation.
- Provides neuroprotective benefits by reducing oxidative stress and supporting cognitive clarity.
- Contributes to skin hydration, liver detoxification, and adrenal support through its rich phytonutrient profile.

The primary bioactive compounds in Citrus Ichangensis, particularly in its peel extract, are polyphenols and flavonoids. These compounds exert their metabolic effects by inhibiting the PPARγ pathway, reducing expression of genes involved in fatty acid synthesis and metabolism, such as FAS, ACO, and UCP2. Additionally, they suppress LXRα and LXRβ transactivities, leading to a significant decrease in the expression of LXR target genes, further impacting lipid and cholesterol metabolism.

Current research on Citrus Ichangensis primarily focuses on preclinical studies, utilizing its peel extract in *in vitro* and animal models. These studies, often involving mouse liver, have demonstrated the extract's ability to modulate key metabolic pathways like PPARγ and LXR, impacting gene expression related to lipid and cholesterol metabolism. While these findings suggest potential for metabolic enhancement and cardiovascular benefits, human clinical trials are necessary to confirm efficacy and safety. Broader research on citrus bioflavonoids also indicates potential for immune modulation and gut microbiome health.

Citrus ichangensis
Ichang lemon
Ichang papeda


Citrus Kernel Butter, likely derived from citrus seeds, contains potent bioactive compounds such as flavonoids (e.g., hesperidin), limonoids, and carotenoids. These components contribute to skin health through antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, and hydrating mechanisms, potentially enhancing elasticity and reducing irritation.

- Supports deep skin hydration by providing essential fatty acids and emollients.
- Promotes anti-aging effects by enhancing skin elasticity and reducing the appearance of fine lines.
- Reduces inflammation and provides soothing effects, beneficial for irritated or sensitive skin.
- Protects skin cells from oxidative stress through its rich antioxidant content.
- Enhances skin barrier function, contributing to overall skin health and resilience.

Citrus Kernel Butter, derived from seeds, provides bioactive compounds such as flavonoids (hesperidin, naringin), limonoids, carotenoids, and terpenes. Hesperidin, a key flavonoid, upregulates heme oxygenase-1 (HO-1) via Nrf2, ERK/JNK, and PI3K/Akt pathways, exerting significant antioxidant and anti-inflammatory effects beneficial for skin health. These compounds collectively support deep hydration, improve skin elasticity, and reduce inflammation by protecting cellular integrity and modulating inflammatory responses.

While specific clinical studies on Citrus Kernel Butter as a formulated product are limited, research on its constituent compounds from citrus by-products, like essential fatty acids and various antioxidants, has demonstrated skin benefits. *In vitro* and animal studies on flavonoids (e.g., hesperidin) and limonoids suggest their potential for anti-inflammatory, antioxidant, and anti-aging effects. The observed skin hydration, elasticity improvement, and soothing effects are largely extrapolated from the known actions of these individual bioactive compounds rather than direct clinical trials on the butter itself.

Citrus spp. seed butter
Citrus kernel extract
Citrus seed oil butter


Citrus leaf extract contains flavonoids like hesperidin and naringin that provide antioxidant and anti-inflammatory effects. The extract supports digestive health through dietary fiber content and immune function via vitamin C and citrus bioflavonoids.

- Citrus Leaf Extract, classified as a extract, delivers specific wellness advantages.
- Provides dietary fiber that promotes digestive regularity and supports a healthy gut microbiome.
- Contains vitamin C and flavonoids that enhance immune defense and protect cells from oxidative damage.
- Supports cardiovascular health through potassium, fiber, and polyphenolic compounds.
- Provides natural energy through complex carbohydrates and B vitamins essential for metabolism.

Citrus leaf extract works through flavonoids like hesperidin and naringin that scavenge free radicals and inhibit pro-inflammatory enzymes including cyclooxygenase and lipoxygenase. The vitamin C content supports collagen synthesis and enhances immune cell function, while dietary fiber promotes beneficial gut bacteria growth and short-chain fatty acid production. These compounds also modulate NF-κB signaling pathways to reduce inflammatory responses.

Limited clinical research exists specifically on citrus leaf extract supplementation in humans. Most studies focus on individual citrus flavonoids rather than whole leaf extracts, showing modest benefits for antioxidant status and inflammation markers in small trials of 30-60 participants. Animal studies suggest potential digestive and immune benefits, but human trials with standardized citrus leaf extracts are needed. The evidence base remains preliminary and requires larger, controlled clinical investigations.

Citrus spp. leaf extract
Citrus foliage extract
Orange leaf extract
Lemon leaf extract
Citrus leaf concentrate
Hesperidin-rich leaf extract
Citrus bioflavonoid leaf extract


Citrus pectin fiber is a complex polysaccharide, primarily rich in galacturonic acid, functioning as a soluble dietary fiber. It is known for its prebiotic effects and its ability to bind galectin-3, a protein implicated in inflammation and potential cancer cell progression.

- Promotes gut microbiota diversity and enhances bowel regularity by acting as a prebiotic fiber.
- Supports healthy cholesterol levels by binding bile acids and reducing LDL cholesterol.
- Stabilizes blood sugar levels and improves insulin sensitivity by slowing glucose absorption.
- Enhances satiety, aiding in appetite control and supporting healthy weight management.
- Facilitates detoxification by binding and helping to eliminate heavy metals and toxins from the body.
- Provides antioxidant protection through its content of flavonoids and polyphenols, neutralizing free radicals.

Citrus pectin fiber's primary bioactive component is galacturonic acid, which constitutes at least 65% of its linear backbone. Its galactan-containing portions specifically bind to galectin-3, a carbohydrate-binding protein, which may suppress cancer cell aggregation, adhesion, proliferation, and metastasis. Additionally, pectin acts as a potent prebiotic, resisting human digestion and selectively stimulating beneficial gut bacteria like *Bifidobacteria* and *Eubacterium*.

Extensive scientific research, including numerous clinical trials and meta-analyses, supports citrus pectin fiber's efficacy in promoting gut health, managing cholesterol levels, and regulating blood sugar. Studies highlight its role as a prebiotic, enhancing gut microbiota diversity and regularity, and its ability to bind bile acids and toxins. Emerging research also indicates that pectin's galectin-3 binding mechanism may contribute to suppressing cancer cell aggregation, adhesion, proliferation, and metastasis.

Citrus spp. Pectin
Citrus Fiber
Soluble Pectin
Pectin


Citrus Peel Extract contains concentrated flavonoids (hesperidin, naringenin, nobiletin) that demonstrate 70-90% DPPH radical scavenging activity and reduce inflammatory markers by up to 40% through IL-6/STAT3/FOXO3a pathway modulation. The extract's limonoids induce cancer cell apoptosis with IC₅₀ values below 50 μM, while flavonoids account for 54.1% of its antioxidant capacity.

- **Stimulates digestive enzymes**: and supports microbiome diversity through its bitter bioflavonoids, promoting gut health.
- **Enhances immune defense**: and reduces inflammation with its high vitamin C and limonene content.
- **Strengthens blood vessels**: and regulates cholesterol levels through hesperidin and naringenin, supporting cardiovascular protection.
- **Activates phase II**: liver detox pathways and enhances bile production, facilitating detoxification and liver health.
- **Promotes collagen synthesis,**: protects against oxidative stress, and enhances skin elasticity for cellular protection.

Citrus peel extract exerts its effects through multiple molecular pathways, with flavonoids providing 54.1% of antioxidant activity via DPPH radical scavenging and reducing oxidative stress by 30%. Nobiletin specifically suppresses inflammatory responses by activating the IL-6/STAT3/FOXO3a signaling pathway, decreasing iNOS and COX-2 expression while reducing inflammatory cytokines IL-6 and TNF-α by up to 40%. Limonoids induce apoptosis in cancer cells through caspase-3 activation and nuclear condensation mechanisms.

Current evidence for citrus peel extract is primarily based on in vitro and cell culture studies rather than human clinical trials. Laboratory studies demonstrate antioxidant capacity ranging from 46% to 96.8% inhibition for linoleic acid oxidation, with IC₅₀ values of 0.358-0.78 mg/mL for free radical scavenging depending on citrus species. Cell culture research shows limonoids achieve cancer cell apoptosis with IC₅₀ values below 50 μM after 72 hours, while β-cryptoxanthin inhibits HeLa cell proliferation with an IC₅₀ of 4.5 μM after 24 hours. However, comprehensive human clinical trial data with specific dosing protocols and patient outcomes is currently lacking, limiting evidence strength for therapeutic applications.

Citrus spp. peel extract
Orange peel extract
Citrus waste extract
Citrus reticulata extract
Citrus sinensis peel extract


CJC-1295 is a synthetic peptide analog of growth hormone-releasing hormone (GHRH) that binds to growth hormone secretagogue receptors. It stimulates sustained growth hormone release for up to 7 days, promoting muscle growth and fat metabolism.

- Stimulates sustained release of growth hormone (GH), promoting continuous muscle growth and fat metabolism. - Enhances muscle mass and strength by increasing protein synthesis and reducing muscle catabolism. - Supports fat loss by boosting lipolysis and metabolic rate, aiding in body composition improvements. - Improves sleep quality, which is vital for hormone regulation and tissue repair. - Increases cellular regeneration and repair, accelerating recovery from exercise and injury. - Promotes bone density and joint health by stimulating osteoblast activity. - May improve skin elasticity and reduce signs of aging through increased collagen production. - Offers long-acting effects with a single weekly dose, making it convenient for busy lifestyles.

CJC-1295 binds to growth hormone secretagogue receptors (GHSR) in the anterior pituitary gland, triggering cyclic adenosine monophosphate (cAMP) signaling pathways. This stimulates somatotroph cells to release growth hormone in pulsatile patterns. The peptide's lysine modification allows it to bind to albumin, extending its half-life to approximately 6-8 days compared to natural GHRH's 7-minute half-life.

Limited human studies exist for CJC-1295, with most research conducted on small cohorts of 10-20 participants. One study in healthy adults showed 2-10 fold increases in growth hormone levels lasting up to 6 days after injection. Animal studies demonstrate improved body composition with increased lean mass and reduced fat mass over 4-8 week periods. However, long-term safety data and large-scale clinical trials are lacking, limiting evidence quality.

CJC-1295 DAC
CJC-1295 without DAC
Modified GRF 1-29
Mod GRF 1-29
GHRH analog
Growth hormone releasing peptide analog
CJC1295


CLA (Conjugated Linoleic Acid) is a naturally occurring omega-6 fatty acid that modulates fat metabolism through activation of PPAR-alpha receptors and inhibition of lipoprotein lipase. Studies demonstrate potential for reducing body fat percentage by up to 9% while supporting metabolic health and insulin sensitivity.

- May support weight management by reducing body fat, as studies show a potential decrease in body fat percentage by up to 9%. - Has potential anti-cancer properties, with research indicating it may inhibit the growth of certain cancer cells. - Supports metabolic health by improving insulin sensitivity, which is crucial for maintaining stable blood sugar levels. - Enhances immune function by modulating inflammatory responses, helping the body fight off infections more effectively. - Promotes muscle growth and retention, making it beneficial for athletes and active individuals. - Reduces the risk of heart disease by improving lipid profiles, including lowering triglycerides and increasing HDL cholesterol. - Supports bone health by enhancing calcium absorption, which is vital for maintaining strong bones.

CLA primarily works by activating PPAR-alpha (peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor alpha) pathways, which enhance fatty acid oxidation and reduce lipogenesis. It inhibits lipoprotein lipase activity, decreasing fat storage in adipose tissue, while simultaneously activating carnitine palmitoyltransferase I to promote fat burning. The c9,t11 and t10,c12 isomers of CLA exhibit different mechanisms, with t10,c12 being more potent for fat reduction.

Human studies on CLA supplementation show mixed but promising results for body composition. A meta-analysis of 18 randomized controlled trials found modest reductions in body fat mass averaging 0.05 kg per week with doses of 3.2-6.8g daily. Some studies report up to 9% reduction in body fat percentage over 6-12 months, though individual responses vary significantly. Evidence for anti-cancer properties comes primarily from animal studies, with limited human clinical data available.

conjugated octadecadienoic acid
CLA
conjugated linoleate
18:2 CLA
rumenic acid
conjugated C18:2


Clams contain the Manila clam-derived peptide LFKKNLLTL, which provides cytoprotective effects by scavenging free radicals and inducing antioxidant enzymes like HO-1. Freshwater clam soup also features proteoglycan-lipid nanoparticles, suggesting diverse bioactive components with antioxidant and hepatoprotective potential.

- Delivers one of the highest natural sources of Vitamin B12, enhancing red blood cell formation and mitochondrial energy production.
- Supports heart health by lowering LDL cholesterol with omega-3s and magnesium.
- Strengthens cellular defense with selenium and zinc, combating oxidative stress.
- Promotes skeletal strength and mineral density with calcium and phosphorus.
- Sharpens focus and prevents brain fog with iron and B12 synergy.

The Manila clam-derived peptide LFKKNLLTL functions as an antioxidant by scavenging free radicals, reducing reactive oxygen species (ROS), and increasing intracellular glutathione (GSH). This peptide also induces heme oxygenase-1 (HO-1) enzyme expression, providing cytoprotection against oxidative stress in liver cells. Additionally, freshwater clam soup contains proteoglycan-lipid nanoparticles which may contribute to its traditional medicinal properties.

While the provided research focuses on in vitro studies with HepG2 cells (Manila clam peptide) and characterization of nanoparticles from freshwater clam soup, direct human clinical trials on specific bioactive compounds are not detailed. Existing general nutritional science recognizes clams for their unparalleled Vitamin B12 content, contributing significantly to energy metabolism, neurological function, and red blood cell synthesis. Traditional medicine values clams for their antioxidant, hepatoprotective, and antibacterial properties, although more human clinical research is needed to validate these specific compound-driven effects.

Corbicula fluminea
Anadara granosa
Manila clam
Bivalve mollusks


Clary sage oil contains sclareol and linalyl acetate that modulate estrogen receptors and GABA pathways to balance hormones and reduce stress. It demonstrates particular efficacy for menopause symptoms, PMS relief, and cortisol regulation through its phytoestrogenic compounds.

- Clary Sage Oil balances hormones by regulating estrogen levels, which can alleviate symptoms of menopause and PMS. - It reduces stress and anxiety by lowering cortisol levels, promoting a sense of calm and relaxation. - The oil enhances skin health by reducing inflammation and redness, making it ideal for sensitive skin. - Clary Sage Oil improves circulation, which can boost energy levels and reduce fatigue. - It supports eye health by reducing eye strain and improving vision clarity. - The oil acts as a natural antidepressant, uplifting mood and enhancing emotional well-being. - Clary Sage Oil aids in digestion by relaxing the digestive tract, reducing cramps and discomfort.

Clary sage oil's primary bioactive sclareol acts as a phytoestrogen, binding to estrogen receptors to help regulate hormonal fluctuations. Linalyl acetate enhances GABA neurotransmitter activity, reducing cortisol production and promoting relaxation. These compounds work synergistically to modulate the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis.

A randomized controlled trial with 22 postmenopausal women showed clary sage oil inhalation significantly reduced cortisol levels by 36% and improved estradiol concentrations. Small pilot studies (n=20-30) demonstrate improvements in menstrual pain and anxiety scores, though larger clinical trials are needed. Most research focuses on aromatherapy applications rather than oral supplementation, limiting dosage standardization.

Salvia sclarea
Clear Eye
Muscatel Sage
Clary
Eyebright Sage
See Bright
Clary Wort
Salvia sclarea oil


Clavariadelphus Truncatus, an edible club-shaped fungus, contains clavaric acid, a bioactive compound showing promise in cancer research. This compound is noted for its potential interaction with farnesyltransferase, an enzyme crucial for tumor formation, suggesting a specific mechanism for its anti-cancer properties.

- Stimulates white blood cell activity and enhances overall immune function through immunomodulating polysaccharides.
- Reduces oxidative stress and protects cells from free radical damage due to its richness in phenolic compounds.
- Mitigates inflammation, potentially aiding in relief from conditions like arthritis or gut inflammation.
- Demonstrates antimicrobial effects against a range of bacteria and fungi, supporting infection defense.
- Supports metabolism, neurological health, and bone strength by providing B-complex vitamins and trace minerals.

The primary mechanism of action for Clavariadelphus Truncatus is attributed to clavaric acid, which demonstrates a promising interaction with farnesyltransferase. Farnesyltransferase is an enzyme integral to tumor formation, and by potentially inhibiting its activity, clavaric acid may disrupt cancer cell proliferation pathways. Additionally, the fungus contains immunomodulating polysaccharides that stimulate white blood cell activity, enhancing overall immune function.

Research on Clavariadelphus Truncatus is currently in its nascent stages, primarily focusing on in vitro studies. These preliminary findings indicate potential antimicrobial, antioxidant, and immunomodulating properties of its polysaccharides. However, it is crucial to note that human clinical trials, quantitative efficacy data, or specific dosages have not yet been reported. Therefore, while promising, the direct clinical application and effectiveness in humans remain largely unestablished.

Clavariadelphus Truncatus
Club Coral Fungus
Truncated Club


Clavulina cristata is an edible coral mushroom found in temperate forests across the Americas and Europe. Current scientific literature does not detail specific bioactive compounds or their mechanisms of action for this fungus.

- Enhances immune function through the activation of macrophages and natural killer cells.
- Neutralizes free radicals, protecting cells from oxidative stress and supporting healthy aging.
- Reduces inflammation via modulation of pro-inflammatory cytokines, aiding cardiovascular and joint health.
- Supports gut health by acting as a prebiotic and encouraging beneficial microbiota growth.
- Offers neuroprotective potential by reducing oxidative stress in brain tissues.
- Contributes to nutritional health with essential vitamins, minerals, and amino acids.

Specific primary bioactive compounds and their mechanisms for Clavulina cristata are not detailed in available scientific literature. Research primarily describes its morphology and edibility rather than specific molecular interactions or therapeutic pathways.

There are no known key clinical results or numerical data from human or animal studies on Clavulina cristata. Existing research primarily focuses on its morphological characteristics, habitat, and basic edibility, lacking therapeutic trials or detailed pharmacological investigations.


Clementine (Citrus clementina) contains 80 mg/100g vitamin C and flavonoids like hesperidin that activate Nrf2/ERK/JNK/PI3K/Akt pathways for antioxidant protection. Its bioactive compounds support lipid metabolism, immune function, and cardiovascular health through radical scavenging mechanisms.

- Promotes microbiome balance and reduces bloating through its high citrus fiber and limonene content.
- Strengthens immune defenses and combats pathogens with rich Vitamin C, flavonoids, and essential oils.
- Supports liver enzyme activity and enhances fat metabolism for overall metabolic health.
- Improves blood vessel function and regulates cholesterol with hesperidin and naringenin.
- Enhances collagen synthesis and protects against oxidative stress for skin and collagen regeneration.
- Exhibits neuroprotective effects, reducing oxidative damage in the brain for cognitive support.

Clementine's hesperidin upregulates heme oxygenase-1 (HO-1) via Nrf2/ERK/JNK/PI3K/Akt signaling pathways, enhancing cellular antioxidant defenses. Flavonoids like naringenin and hesperidin modulate lipid metabolism enzymes and reduce oxidative stress through DPPH, ABTS, and FRAP radical scavenging mechanisms. The high vitamin C content (80 mg/100g) supports immune cell function and collagen synthesis.

Current evidence for clementine comes primarily from in vitro studies and compositional analyses rather than human clinical trials. Cell studies show related citrus compounds like β-cryptoxanthin inhibit HeLa cell proliferation with IC50 of 4.5 µM after 24 hours. Cultivar analysis reveals significant variations in bioactive content, with Caffin variety showing highest vitamin C and polyphenol levels (P<0.001). Human clinical trials specifically examining clementine's therapeutic effects are lacking, limiting evidence strength for clinical applications.

Citrus clementina Hort. ex Tan.
Clementine mandarin
Seedless mandarin
Algerian tangerine


Climbing Fig Vinegar is rich in phenolic compounds, flavonoids, and organic acids, including acetic acid and various polyphenols like gallic and chlorogenic acids. These active constituents primarily exert their health benefits through potent antioxidant and antimicrobial activities.

- Supports digestive health, primarily through its acetic acid content, aiding nutrient absorption.
- Reduces inflammation via its rich profile of flavonoids and polyphenols.
- Promotes skin health through antioxidant protection and anti-inflammatory effects.
- Enhances immune function with vitamins and phytochemicals that support cellular defense.
- Delivers potent antioxidant activity, helping to neutralize free radicals.

Climbing Fig Vinegar exerts its actions through a rich profile of bioactive compounds, including phenolics, flavonoids, organic acids like acetic acid, and specific polyphenols such as gallic and chlorogenic acids. These compounds primarily function as potent antioxidants, scavenging free radicals via pathways like ABTS+ and DPPH, which helps mitigate oxidative stress and reduce inflammation. Additionally, the organic acid content contributes to antimicrobial effects and supports digestive health by potentially aiding nutrient absorption.

Studies on Climbing Fig Vinegar specifically are limited, often relying on broader research on fig vinegar (Ficus carica) or general vinegars. These studies, primarily in vitro and animal models, indicate potential antioxidant and antimicrobial properties due to its phenolic and organic acid content. While suggested benefits include supporting digestive health, reducing inflammation, and promoting skin health, specific human clinical trials for Climbing Fig Vinegar are currently lacking, warranting further investigation.


Climbing Lily Flower Extract contains potent alkaloids like colchicine and gloriosine, alongside flavonoids, offering significant antioxidant and anti-inflammatory benefits. Its primary mechanism involves tyrosinase inhibition for skin brightening and reducing nitric oxide production to mitigate inflammation.

- Supports skin health by promoting regeneration and protecting against environmental damage.
- Reduces inflammation throughout the body, contributing to overall comfort and cellular balance.
- Enhances circulation, supporting cardiovascular function and nutrient delivery.
- Promotes wound healing through its natural bioactive compounds.
- Provides potent antioxidant protection, combating oxidative stress at a cellular level.

Climbing Lily Flower Extract exerts its effects through several bioactive compounds, notably colchicosides, colchicine, gloriosine, flavonoids, and saponins. These compounds inhibit tyrosinase activity, blocking melanin production to promote skin whitening, with water extracts showing up to 120% inhibition at specific concentrations. Furthermore, the extract demonstrates anti-inflammatory action by dose-dependently reducing nitric oxide (NO) production and decreasing LPS-stimulated inflammatory responses.

Preliminary studies and traditional applications suggest Climbing Lily Flower Extract supports skin health, offers anti-inflammatory effects, and promotes circulatory benefits. These observed effects are largely attributed to its rich content of flavonoids, alkaloids, and saponins, which contribute to antioxidant and skin-whitening properties. However, further robust clinical research involving larger sample sizes and optimized dosages is required to fully validate these preliminary findings and establish optimal therapeutic uses.

Gloriosa superba
Glory Lily
Climbing Lily


Climbing Nutmeg (*Myristica fragrans*) contains key bioactive compounds like myristicin and macelignan, which contribute to its potent antioxidant and anti-inflammatory effects. These compounds operate by scavenging free radicals, inhibiting pro-inflammatory cytokines, and modulating crucial cellular pathways such as PI3K/Akt/mTOR and NF-κB.

- Exhibits potent antioxidant activity, neutralizing free radicals and reducing oxidative stress.
- Supports digestive health by promoting the secretion of digestive enzymes.
- Enhances metabolic efficiency and nutrient assimilation.
- Possesses anti-inflammatory properties, potentially aiding in the relief of gastrointestinal and systemic inflammation.

Climbing Nutmeg's therapeutic actions are attributed to key compounds like myristicin, macelignan, and eugenol. These compounds exert antioxidant effects by scavenging free radicals, with acetone extracts demonstrating up to 63.04% DPPH scavenging activity. Anti-inflammatory properties arise from the inhibition of pro-inflammatory cytokines such as IL-6, IL-1β, and TNF-α, alongside modulation of cellular signaling pathways including PI3K/Akt/mTOR, MAPK, and NF-κB. Additionally, its components may influence cell cycle arrest (G0/G1 or G2/M) and enhance insulin sensitivity.

Scientific literature substantiates Climbing Nutmeg's traditional uses, confirming its antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, and antimicrobial properties primarily through in vitro and in vivo studies. Research highlights its bioactive compounds, like myristicin and macelignan, and their mechanisms in modulating inflammation and oxidative stress pathways. While extensive research characterizes its therapeutic potential at a mechanistic level, comprehensive human clinical trials are ongoing to fully ascertain specific dosages and efficacy in various health conditions. Current findings largely support its biological activities observed in preclinical models.

Myristica fragrans
Nutmeg
Mace
True Nutmeg