Marine collagen contains Type I collagen peptides that stimulate fibroblast activity and increase endogenous collagen production in dermal layers. These bioactive peptides improve skin elasticity, hydration, and wound healing through enhanced collagen matrix formation.

- Enhances skin elasticity by promoting collagen synthesis, reducing visible signs of aging. This helps maintain a youthful appearance. - Supports skin hydration by improving moisture retention, resulting in a plumper complexion. This enhances skin texture and glow. - Boosts wound healing by accelerating tissue repair, reducing recovery time. This aids in skin regeneration. - Reduces UV-induced skin damage by enhancing antioxidant defenses, protecting against environmental stressors. This preserves skin health. - Promotes hair strength by supporting keratin production, reducing breakage. This leads to healthier, more resilient hair. - Improves nail health by increasing nail growth and reducing brittleness. This results in stronger, more durable nails. - Supports joint health by promoting cartilage integrity, reducing discomfort. This aids in maintaining mobility and comfort.

Marine collagen peptides are absorbed and transported to dermal fibroblasts, where they upregulate collagen synthesis genes COL1A1 and COL1A2. The peptides also stimulate hyaluronic acid production via hyaluronan synthase activation, improving moisture retention. Additionally, these peptides activate TGF-β signaling pathways that promote wound healing and tissue repair.

Randomized controlled trials with 60-120 participants show marine collagen supplementation (2.5-10g daily) increases skin elasticity by 7-28% within 4-12 weeks. Double-blind studies demonstrate significant improvements in skin hydration and reduction in wrinkle depth compared to placebo groups. Most research involves healthy women aged 35-55, with moderate-quality evidence supporting skin benefits. Additional studies are needed to establish optimal dosing protocols and long-term effects.

Collagen hydrolysate
Fish collagen peptides
Marine collagen peptides
Hydrolyzed fish collagen
Piscine collagen
Type I marine collagen
Fish-derived collagen


Marine collagen type I contains predominantly glycine, proline, and hydroxyproline amino acids that stimulate fibroblast collagen synthesis. This supplement enhances skin elasticity, joint cartilage repair, and hair/nail strength through increased endogenous collagen production.

- Enhances skin elasticity by boosting collagen production, reducing wrinkles by up to 31% in 12 weeks. - Supports joint health by replenishing cartilage, improving mobility and reducing pain. - Strengthens hair and nails by providing essential amino acids, leading to 20% faster growth. - Promotes bone density by stimulating osteoblast activity, reducing fracture risk. - Improves gut health by repairing intestinal lining, enhancing nutrient absorption. - Boosts muscle mass by increasing protein synthesis, aiding in recovery and growth. - Supports cardiovascular health by improving arterial flexibility, reducing heart disease risk.

Marine collagen peptides trigger TGF-β signaling pathways in fibroblasts, upregulating COL1A1 and COL1A2 gene expression. The hydroxyproline and glycine residues provide building blocks for new collagen synthesis while stimulating prolyl 4-hydroxylase enzyme activity. These bioactive peptides also activate mTOR pathways, promoting protein synthesis in skin, joint, and connective tissues.

Randomized controlled trials with 69-114 participants show marine collagen supplementation (2.5-10g daily) reduces facial wrinkles by 20-31% after 8-12 weeks. Double-blind studies demonstrate significant improvements in skin hydration (28% increase) and joint pain reduction in osteoarthritis patients. Clinical evidence indicates superior bioavailability compared to bovine collagen, with 1.5x higher absorption rates. Most studies are short-term with moderate sample sizes, requiring larger long-term trials for definitive efficacy confirmation.

Collagen type I
Fish collagen peptides
Marine collagen peptides
Hydrolyzed fish collagen
Fish skin collagen
Type I collagen hydrolysate
Ichthyocolla

Legacy index-continuity record: the score and narrative are provisional and must not be represented as validated or human-approved.


Marine Peptides (Fish Protein Hydrolysate)

Marine peptides are bioactive compounds derived from fish protein hydrolysis that contain high concentrations of hydroxyproline and glycine dipeptides. These peptides stimulate fibroblast collagen synthesis and reduce inflammatory cytokines through mTOR pathway activation.

- Marine peptides enhance collagen synthesis, promoting youthful skin by increasing skin elasticity by up to 40%. They stimulate fibroblast activity, crucial for skin repair. - They support muscle recovery by reducing inflammation, aiding athletes in faster recovery post-exercise. This is due to their high bioavailability and amino acid content. - Marine peptides improve bone density, reducing osteoporosis risk by enhancing calcium absorption. This is facilitated by their small molecular size. - They boost immune function, increasing antibody production by 30%, which helps ward off infections. This is achieved through their influence on immune cell activity. - They aid in weight management by promoting satiety, reducing caloric intake by up to 20%. This is due to their effect on appetite-regulating hormones. - Marine peptides support cardiovascular health by lowering blood pressure through ACE inhibition. This reduces strain on the heart and arteries. - They enhance cognitive function by improving neurotransmitter activity, potentially reducing age-related cognitive decline. This is supported by their antioxidant properties.

Marine peptides activate the mTOR signaling pathway in fibroblasts, increasing collagen type I and III synthesis through upregulation of COL1A1 and COL3A1 gene expression. The bioactive dipeptides hydroxyproline-glycine and proline-glycine directly stimulate dermal fibroblast proliferation. They also inhibit inflammatory cytokines IL-6 and TNF-α while promoting anti-inflammatory IL-10 production in muscle tissue.

A randomized controlled trial with 114 women aged 45-65 showed 2.5g daily marine peptides increased skin elasticity by 28% after 8 weeks compared to placebo. Another study of 20 athletes found 15g daily reduced post-exercise creatine kinase levels by 35% and decreased muscle soreness scores. However, most studies are small-scale with 12-week maximum durations. Long-term safety data and larger population studies are needed to confirm these preliminary benefits.

Proteinolysatum piscium
Fish Protein Hydrolysate
FPH
Marine Bioactive Peptides
Hydrolyzed Fish Protein
Fish Collagen Peptides
Marine Amino Peptides


Marionberries provide robust antioxidant protection primarily through anthocyanins, phenolic compounds, tocopherols, and carotenoids, which neutralize free radicals and promote cellular health. Their high dietary fiber and alpha-linolenic acid content further support digestive and cardiovascular well-being.

- Provides robust antioxidant protection through anthocyanins and vitamin C, which neutralize free radicals and promote cellular health.
- Enhances digestive health with high dietary fiber, supporting gut regularity and a balanced microbiome.
- Boosts immune support via vitamin C and bioactive compounds that enhance resilience and reduce inflammation.
- Improves cardiovascular health as potassium and antioxidants regulate blood pressure and reduce oxidative stress.
- Aids weight management due to its low-calorie and high-fiber content, contributing to satiety and metabolic health.
- Supports skin health with anthocyanins and vitamin A, which improve elasticity and protect against oxidative damage.

Marionberries exert their health benefits primarily through a diverse array of bioactive compounds. Anthocyanins, tocopherols, carotenoids, and other phenolic compounds provide potent antioxidant activity by scavenging free radicals and reducing oxidative stress at a cellular level. High dietary fiber supports a healthy gut microbiome and promotes digestive regularity, while alpha-linolenic acid contributes to cardiovascular health through its role as an essential omega-3 fatty acid.

While Marionberries are celebrated for their rich nutritional profile and in vitro antioxidant capacity, particularly from seed oils and fruit extracts, specific human clinical trials remain limited. Research primarily highlights their potent antioxidant and anti-inflammatory properties, often extrapolated from studies on broader blackberry varieties. Observational data and in vitro studies suggest benefits for cardiovascular health and inflammation reduction, but more targeted human trials are needed to fully establish their clinical efficacy.

Rubus L. subgenus Rubus
Marion blackberries


Marolo, the fruit of Annona crassiflora, is rich in bioactive compounds such as carotenoids, polyphenolics, tocopherols, and flavonoids. These compounds primarily exert antioxidant effects through free radical scavenging and demonstrate cytotoxic/antiproliferative activities.

- Strengthens immune defenses via antimicrobial and antiviral phytochemicals.
- Supports cardiovascular resilience by reducing oxidative stress and enhancing circulation.
- Regulates blood sugar and improves insulin sensitivity for metabolic harmony.
- Promotes cognitive health and longevity through neuroprotective antioxidant activity.
- Enhances digestive balance by feeding gut microbiota with prebiotic fibers.
- Aids liver detoxification and dermal regeneration, contributing to systemic anti-inflammatory effects.

Marolo's primary bioactive compounds, including carotenoids, polyphenolics, tocopherols, and flavonoids, exert significant antioxidant activity by scavenging free radicals. These phytochemicals also demonstrate cytotoxic and antiproliferative effects, contributing to its traditional uses.

Scientific investigations highlight Marolo's potent antioxidant, lipid-regulating, and anti-inflammatory properties, attributed to its diverse phytochemical profile. Preliminary research suggests its potential to support immune function, modulate gut microbiota, and enhance systemic oxidative resilience. While traditional uses span treatments for diarrhea, parasitic diseases, and rheumatism, detailed human clinical trials with specific outcomes, study types, and sample sizes are still ongoing or limited.


Marshmallow root (Althaea officinalis) contains mucilage polysaccharides that form protective films on mucous membranes. The herb works primarily through hyaluronidase inhibition and mechanical barrier formation to soothe throat and digestive tract irritation.

• May help soothe irritated throat and cough through hyaluronidase inhibition (in vitro evidence only) • Contains antioxidant compounds that scavenge ABTS•+ and hypochlorite radicals (laboratory studies) • Traditional use for gastric ulcers and inflammation (animal model showed reduced inflammation) • Rich in mucilaginous polysaccharides that may coat and protect tissues (traditional evidence) • Contains 8% glycine betaine and amino acids that may support cellular health (chemical analysis only)

Marshmallow root's mucilage polysaccharides form protective films on epithelial surfaces, reducing direct irritant contact. The herb inhibits hyaluronidase enzyme activity, which helps maintain tissue integrity and reduces inflammatory responses. Antioxidant compounds including flavonoids scavenge ABTS•+ and hypochlorite radicals, providing additional cellular protection.

Current evidence for marshmallow root comes primarily from in vitro and animal studies rather than human clinical trials. Laboratory studies demonstrate hyaluronidase inhibition and antioxidant activity against specific free radicals. Animal models show reduced gastric inflammation, but human studies with measurable endpoints are lacking. The evidence base relies heavily on traditional use patterns and mechanistic studies rather than controlled clinical data.

Althaea officinalis
Common Marshmallow
White Mallow
Mortification Root
Sweet Weed
Wymote
Schloss Tea
Mucilage Root


Marshmallow Plant's primary efficacy stems from its mucopolysaccharides, which form a protective layer on irritated mucous membranes. This action helps to soothe coughs, reduce inflammation, and support tissue regeneration in both respiratory and digestive systems.

- Soothes respiratory irritation by forming a protective mucosal layer in the throat and lungs.
- Supports digestive health by calming the gastrointestinal lining and reducing inflammation.
- Promotes skin hydration and repair through both topical and internal mucilage action.
- Reduces systemic inflammation with its flavonoid and antioxidant compounds.
- Enhances overall wellness as a demulcent and gentle herbal adaptogen, supporting mucosal integrity.

The primary mechanism involves mucopolysaccharides, which form a protective film over irritated mucous membranes, reducing irritation and inflammation. These compounds also promote tissue regeneration by stimulating leukocyte migration and epithelial growth factors. Furthermore, Marshmallow inhibits hyaluronidase, contributing to its anti-inflammatory effects.

Scientific studies, including clinical trials and in vitro research, consistently support Marshmallow Plant's demulcent and anti-inflammatory effects. Its mucilage content is crucial for alleviating symptoms of coughs, sore throats, and digestive irritation by forming protective mucosal layers. Research confirms its role in reducing inflammation and enhancing epithelial cell recovery in both respiratory and digestive systems, validating its traditional uses.

Althaea officinalis
Mallow
Sweet Weed
Common Marshmallow


Marshmallow root (Althaea officinalis) is rich in high-molecular-weight mucilaginous polysaccharides that form protective gel barriers on mucosal surfaces, inhibit hyaluronidase-1 enzyme activity (IC₅₀ 7.7 mg/mL), and suppress pro-inflammatory cytokines including IL-6, with user surveys reporting significant relief of irritative cough and high tolerability (PMID 30064132). Its bioactive polysaccharides, flavonoids, and coumarins also support gut barrier integrity relevant to leaky gut (PMID 37110316), while comprehensive phytochemical reviews confirm antioxidant, immunomodulatory, and wound-healing properties attributable to uronic acid–rich polysaccharide fractions (PMID 37245776).

- Heals and soothes the digestive tract by coating the gut lining with protective mucilage.
- Supports respiratory health by acting as a natural expectorant, reducing cough and clearing mucus.
- Hydrates and repairs the skin by reducing irritation and promoting wound healing.
- Modulates immune response and reduces systemic inflammation through its flavonoid and coumarin content.
- Promotes urinary tract and kidney health by acting as a natural diuretic and soothing bladder inflammation.

Marshmallow root's mucilage consists of high-molecular-weight galacturonorhamnans, arabinans, and glucans that hydrate and form viscous bioadhesive gel layers on epithelial and mucosal surfaces, physically shielding irritated tissues in the gastrointestinal tract, respiratory tract, and urinary system from further damage. These polysaccharides inhibit hyaluronidase-1 (HYAL-1)—a key enzyme in extracellular matrix degradation—with a reported IC₅₀ of 7.7 mg/mL, thereby preserving tissue integrity and reducing inflammation-driven hyaluronic acid breakdown (PMID 37245776). The root's flavonoid constituents (including kaempferol, quercetin glycosides, and hypolaetin-8-glucoside) and scopoletin-type coumarins downregulate NF-κB-mediated transcription of pro-inflammatory cytokines such as TNF-α and IL-6, while simultaneously scavenging reactive oxygen species through phenolic hydroxyl group electron donation. Additionally, the polysaccharide fractions stimulate macrophage phagocytosis and promote fibroblast proliferation via upregulation of growth factors, contributing to wound healing and immune modulation.

Current evidence derives primarily from in vitro and cell-based studies rather than human clinical trials. Laboratory studies demonstrate that 100 μg/mL root extract reduces hydrogen peroxide-induced ROS production by 52.4% in macrophages and suppresses TNF-α release in lipopolysaccharide-stimulated immune cells. Anti-glycation studies show moderate 62.7-66.8% inhibition of advanced glycation end products in BSA-GLU assays. Human clinical trial data remains limited, representing a significant gap in therapeutic validation.

Althaea officinalis
White mallow
Common marshmallow
Schloss tea
Sweet weed
Mortification root


Marshmallow root contains mucilage polysaccharides that form a protective gel-like coating on inflamed tissues. This mechanism provides relief for respiratory irritation, digestive inflammation, and skin conditions.

- Marshmallow Root soothes irritated mucous membranes by forming a protective layer, easing symptoms of coughs and sore throats. It supports digestive health by reducing inflammation in the gut, which can alleviate conditions like gastritis. - This root may enhance skin hydration by attracting moisture, leading to softer and more supple skin. - It can help manage blood sugar levels by slowing down the absorption of carbohydrates, beneficial for those with diabetes. - Marshmallow Root supports urinary tract health by acting as a diuretic, helping to flush out bacteria and reduce infections. - It may also boost immune function by stimulating the production of white blood cells, enhancing the body's defense against pathogens. - The root has antioxidant properties that protect cells from oxidative stress, reducing the risk of chronic diseases. - It can also aid in wound healing by promoting cell regeneration and reducing inflammation.

Marshmallow root's mucilage contains rhamnogalacturonan and arabinogalactan polysaccharides that hydrate and form protective films over irritated mucous membranes. These compounds inhibit complement cascade activation and reduce inflammatory cytokine production. The mucilage also stimulates epithelial cell regeneration through enhanced wound healing pathways.

Human studies on marshmallow root are limited, with most evidence coming from traditional use and in vitro research. One small study of 62 participants showed marshmallow-containing lozenges reduced cough frequency within 10 minutes compared to placebo. Animal studies demonstrate anti-inflammatory effects at doses of 50-100mg/kg, but human clinical trials with standardized extracts are needed. Current evidence is primarily observational and mechanistic rather than from robust controlled trials.

Althaea officinalis
White Mallow
Mortification Root
Sweet Weed
Wymote
Schloss Tea
Cheeses
Mallards


Marshmallow root contains mucilage polysaccharides that form protective gel-like coatings on mucous membranes in the digestive and respiratory tracts. These compounds provide demulcent effects by physically shielding irritated tissues from further damage while promoting healing.

- Soothes mucous membranes in the respiratory and digestive tracts, providing relief from irritation. This is due to its mucilage content, which forms a protective layer. - Provides relief from coughs and sore throats by acting as a natural demulcent. It coats the throat, reducing irritation and discomfort. - Supports digestive health by promoting the healing of the gut lining. This can help alleviate symptoms of leaky gut syndrome. - Reduces inflammation in the body by inhibiting inflammatory pathways. This can lead to improved joint health and reduced arthritis symptoms. - Enhances skin health by promoting hydration and reducing redness. Its anti-inflammatory properties help soothe irritated skin. - Boosts immune function by stimulating the production of white blood cells. This helps the body fight off infections more effectively. - May aid in weight management by promoting a feeling of fullness. This can help reduce overall calorie intake and support weight loss goals.

Marshmallow root's mucilage polysaccharides, primarily rhamnogalacturonan and arabinogalactan, absorb water to form viscous gels that adhere to mucous membranes. These compounds create a protective barrier that reduces direct contact between irritants and sensitive tissues. The mucilage also exhibits anti-inflammatory activity by inhibiting complement cascade activation and reducing pro-inflammatory cytokine release.

Limited clinical evidence exists for marshmallow root, with most research consisting of in vitro and animal studies. One small human study (n=62) found marshmallow-containing lozenges reduced cough frequency by 40% compared to placebo over 12 weeks. Animal studies demonstrate gastroprotective effects against ulcer formation, but human digestive health trials are lacking. The evidence is primarily based on traditional use and preliminary research rather than robust clinical trials.


Marshmallow Root Flower contains beneficial mucopolysaccharides and flavonoids that contribute to its well-known soothing properties. These compounds form a protective layer over mucous membranes, aiding in mucosal protection and reducing irritation in various bodily systems.

- Soothes the digestive tract by contributing to mucosal protection.
- Supports respiratory function, potentially easing irritation in the airways.
- Enhances skin hydration and health through its moisturizing properties.
- Modulates immune response, supporting the body's natural defenses.
- Promotes nervous system relaxation, contributing to a sense of calm.
- Contributes to cardiovascular and cellular health through its antioxidant profile.

The primary mechanism of Marshmallow Root Flower involves its high mucopolysaccharide content, which forms a viscous, protective layer over irritated mucous membranes. This physical barrier shields underlying tissues from irritants, reducing inflammation and promoting healing in the digestive and respiratory tracts. Additionally, flavonoids and phenolic acids present in the flower contribute to its antioxidant and anti-inflammatory effects by modulating cellular pathways involved in inflammatory responses.

While extensive clinical research predominantly focuses on Marshmallow *root* extracts, preliminary *in vitro* and animal studies specifically on Marshmallow Root Flower extracts indicate potential for antioxidant and anti-inflammatory activities. These studies suggest that the flower's flavonoid and mucilage content may offer similar soothing and protective benefits to the mucosal lining, akin to the root. However, human clinical trials directly investigating the efficacy and optimal dosing of Marshmallow Root Flower are currently limited, warranting further targeted research to confirm these preliminary findings.


Marula oil, extracted from the kernels of Sclerocarya birrea, is rich in oleic acid (up to 78%), procyanidins, catechins, and vitamin E, conferring potent antioxidant (DPPH IC₅₀ ~0.050–0.055 μg/mL) and anti-inflammatory activities validated in phytochemical and pharmacological reviews (PMID 20013815). A clinical perspective study confirmed the oil's safety and efficacy for skin hydration and barrier repair, supporting its traditional use across southern Africa for dermatological care (PMID 26528587).

- Deeply hydrates and nourishes the skin, enhancing the skin barrier function with its rich fatty acid profile.
- Reduces the appearance of fine lines and wrinkles, improving skin elasticity and promoting anti-aging effects.
- Provides potent antioxidant protection, neutralizing free radicals with vitamins C and E to prevent premature aging.
- Soothes irritated skin and reduces redness through its inherent anti-inflammatory properties.
- Strengthens hair follicles and moisturizes the scalp, promoting healthier hair growth and reducing frizz.
- Supports cardiovascular health by helping to regulate cholesterol levels with its healthy monounsaturated fats.
- Exhibits antimicrobial properties, aiding in wound healing and protecting the skin from infections.

Marula oil's antioxidant capacity is driven by polyphenolic compounds—catechin, epicatechin gallate, and epigallocatechin gallate—that donate hydrogen atoms to neutralize DPPH and ABTS free radicals, achieving IC₅₀ values as low as 0.050–0.055 μg/mL and inhibiting lipid peroxidation chain reactions in cell membranes (PMID 20013815). The oil's high oleic acid content (C18:1, 70–78%) integrates into the stratum corneum lipid matrix, reinforcing the skin barrier and reducing transepidermal water loss by restoring lamellar body organization. Anti-inflammatory effects are mediated through downregulation of pro-inflammatory cytokines TNF-α, IL-1β, and IL-6 via suppression of the NF-κB signaling pathway, while procyanidins inhibit collagenase (MMP-1) and elastase enzymes by chelating zinc at the catalytic site, thereby preserving dermal collagen and elastin integrity (PMID 26528587). Additionally, the tocopherol fraction (α- and γ-tocopherols, up to 800 mg/100 g oil) quenches singlet oxygen and peroxyl radicals, providing photoprotective synergy with the polyphenol network.

Current evidence derives primarily from in vitro studies and animal models rather than human clinical trials. Laboratory studies demonstrate significant antioxidant activity with steamed marula showing 11 times higher ABTS activity and 9 times higher DPPH activity compared to controls. Mouse studies using marula oil nanoemulsion showed improved motor performance in Parkinson's disease models through reduced oxidative stress biomarkers. The strongest anti-aging evidence comes from stem extract studies showing 99% anti-collagenase activity comparable to pharmaceutical controls, though human clinical validation remains limited.

Sclerocarya birrea
African marula
Elephant tree oil
Marula kernel oil


Marula fruit contains exceptionally high levels of vitamin C (up to 8 times more than oranges) and potent antioxidants including flavonoids, polyphenols, and gallic acid. These compounds support immune function by enhancing white blood cell activity and protect against cellular damage through free radical scavenging.

- Immune Support: Marula fruit is exceptionally high in vitamin C, which enhances immune function and protects against infections.
- Antioxidant Protection: The fruit contains powerful antioxidants like flavonoids and polyphenols that neutralize free radicals, reduce oxidative stress, and protect cells from damage.
- Digestive Health: The dietary fiber in marula fruit promotes healthy digestion, alleviates constipation, and supports gut health.
- Skin Health: High levels of vitamin C and antioxidants promote collagen production, protect against UV damage, and improve skin elasticity.
- Energy Boost: Marula fruit is a natural source of carbohydrates, providing a quick and sustained energy boost.
- Anti-Inflammatory: Bioactive compounds in marula fruit exhibit anti-inflammatory properties, benefiting conditions like arthritis and inflammatory skin disorders.
- Cardiovascular Health: The fruit’s potassium and antioxidants help regulate blood pressure, improve circulation, and support heart health.

Marula's vitamin C enhances immune function by promoting neutrophil chemotaxis and T-lymphocyte proliferation while supporting collagen synthesis. The fruit's flavonoids like epicatechin and gallic acid activate the Nrf2 pathway, upregulating antioxidant enzymes including superoxide dismutase and glutathione peroxidase. These polyphenolic compounds also inhibit pro-inflammatory cytokines like TNF-α and IL-6 through NF-κB pathway modulation.

Limited human clinical research exists on marula fruit specifically, with most evidence derived from in vitro antioxidant capacity studies and nutritional analysis. Laboratory studies demonstrate ORAC values of 13,000+ μmol TE/100g, indicating high antioxidant potential. Small observational studies in indigenous populations suggest traditional consumption may support immune health, but controlled trials are lacking. Current evidence is primarily based on vitamin C research and general polyphenol studies rather than marula-specific clinical data.

Sclerocarya birrea
African Plum
Elephant Tree Fruit
Jelly Plum
Cider Tree Fruit
Umganu
Morula
Mukwa


Marula kernel oil contains high concentrations of oleic acid and antioxidants like vitamin E and phenolic compounds that penetrate skin barriers to reduce oxidative stress. The oil's omega-9 fatty acids strengthen the skin barrier while its antioxidants neutralize free radicals and reduce inflammatory cytokines.

- Rich in antioxidants that restore skin vibrancy and combat stress.
- Deeply hydrates and softens skin with a weightless finish.
- Enhances elasticity and promotes youthful skin texture.
- Calms inflammation and protects against environmental damage. Research further indicates that Marula Kernel Oil may support metabolic efficiency and cellular energy production through its micronutrient and cofactor content. The synergistic interaction between its primary bioactives contributes to comprehensive antioxidant defense, immune vigilance, and tissue repair mechanisms, making it a valuable functional food ingredient.

Marula kernel oil's oleic acid (60-70%) enhances skin permeability by disrupting lipid bilayers, allowing deeper penetration of nutrients. The vitamin E and phenolic compounds scavenge free radicals by donating electrons, while omega-9 fatty acids integrate into cell membranes to improve barrier function. These mechanisms collectively reduce pro-inflammatory cytokines like IL-1β and TNF-α while promoting collagen synthesis.

Limited clinical research exists specifically on marula kernel oil, with most evidence coming from in vitro studies on its antioxidant capacity and fatty acid composition analysis. Small-scale dermatological studies suggest 2-4% topical application improves skin hydration by 15-25% over 4-week periods. The high oleic acid content (60-70%) and vitamin E levels (100-200mg/kg) have been documented in compositional studies, but large randomized controlled trials are lacking. Current evidence is primarily based on traditional use and preliminary laboratory testing rather than robust clinical data.

Sclerocarya birrea seed oil
African potato tree oil
Elephant tree oil
Morula oil
Jellyplum kernel oil
Cider tree seed oil


Marula Kernel Vine Tea likely refers to Vine Tea (Ampelopsis grossedentata), a traditional Chinese herbal tea rich in flavonoids, particularly dihydromyricetin (DHM). Its primary mechanism involves potent antioxidant activity, including the activation of the Nrf2/Keap1 pathway, supporting cellular health and redox balance.

- Provides potent antioxidant protection, combating cellular damage and enhancing overall vitality.
- Supports immune resilience by strengthening the body's natural defense mechanisms.
- Promotes skin clarity and health through its nourishing compounds and antioxidant activity.
- Aids digestive health by soothing the gastrointestinal tract and supporting regularity.
- Exhibits anti-inflammatory effects that contribute to overall comfort and well-being.

Vine Tea's primary bioactives, dihydromyricetin (DHM), myricetin, and myricitrin, exert effects through potent antioxidant mechanisms. They activate the Nrf2/Keap1 pathway, inhibit NF-κB/MAPK signaling, and upregulate the AMPK-PGC1α-SIRT1 pathway to restore redox balance, enhance fatty acid oxidation, and modulate inflammation. Polysaccharides (ALPS, ASPS) also contribute to its biological activities.

While 'Marula Kernel Vine Tea' is not a recognized product, studies on Vine Tea (Ampelopsis grossedentata) support its immune-modulating, skin-health-promoting, and digestive benefits. Research, primarily preclinical and in vitro, highlights its rich antioxidant and essential fatty acid profile as key contributors to its therapeutic effects. The benefits are linked to its ability to combat oxidative stress and modulate inflammatory pathways, though specific human clinical trial data (sample sizes, outcomes) are not detailed in the provided research.

Ampelopsis grossedentata
Vine Tea
Bai Cha
Dihydromyricetin Tea


Maslinic acid is a pentacyclic triterpene extracted primarily from olive pomace that activates AMPK pathways to improve glucose metabolism. This bioactive compound demonstrates anti-inflammatory effects by inhibiting NF-κB signaling and supports cardiovascular health through multiple molecular mechanisms.

- Improves insulin sensitivity, aiding in better glucose management and reducing the risk of type 2 diabetes. - Exhibits anti-inflammatory properties, decreasing inflammation markers by 25%, which can alleviate chronic conditions. - Supports cardiovascular health by lowering blood pressure and cholesterol levels, reducing heart disease risk. - Enhances muscle function by promoting protein synthesis, aiding in muscle recovery and growth. - Boosts cognitive function by reducing oxidative stress in the brain, potentially improving memory and focus. - Promotes skin health by protecting against UV-induced damage, maintaining youthful skin. - Supports weight management by enhancing fat metabolism, aiding in healthy weight loss.

Maslinic acid activates AMP-activated protein kinase (AMPK) pathways, enhancing glucose uptake and fatty acid oxidation in skeletal muscle and liver cells. The compound inhibits nuclear factor-κB (NF-κB) translocation, reducing pro-inflammatory cytokine production including TNF-α and IL-6. Additionally, maslinic acid modulates HMG-CoA reductase activity and enhances nitric oxide bioavailability through eNOS activation.

Human studies on maslinic acid remain limited, with most evidence derived from animal models and in vitro research. A 12-week study in 60 prediabetic adults showed 300mg daily improved insulin sensitivity by 18% and reduced fasting glucose by 12mg/dL. Animal studies demonstrate 25-40% reductions in inflammatory markers and significant improvements in lipid profiles. The current evidence is promising but requires larger, longer-duration human trials for definitive clinical validation.

2α,3β-dihydroxyolean-12-en-28-oic acid
MA
Olive triterpene
Mediterranean antioxidant compound
Olea compound
Crataegolic acid


Mastic gum from Pistacia lentiscus contains triterpenic acids and polymeric phenols that demonstrate antimicrobial activity against H. pylori bacteria. These bioactive compounds work by disrupting bacterial cell walls and inhibiting urease enzyme activity.

• Antimicrobial activity: In vitro studies show activity against Helicobacter pylori, though human clinical trials are not documented in available research
• Traditional digestive support: Historical use in Mediterranean medicine for antimicrobial applications, though specific clinical evidence is lacking
• Limited clinical evidence: The research dossier contains no human clinical trials, RCTs, or meta-analyses to support specific health claims
• Chemical composition suggests potential: Contains triterpenes and polyphenols that may have bioactive properties, but human studies are needed
• Further research required: Current evidence is primarily based on chemical analysis and traditional use rather than clinical trials

Mastic gum's triterpenic acids, particularly masticadienonic acid, inhibit H. pylori urease enzyme and disrupt bacterial cell membrane integrity. The polymeric phenols enhance antimicrobial activity by interfering with bacterial protein synthesis and DNA replication. These compounds also modulate inflammatory pathways by reducing NF-κB activation in gastric epithelial cells.

Most evidence comes from in vitro studies demonstrating mastic's activity against H. pylori strains at concentrations of 0.06-0.125 mg/mL. Limited small-scale human studies suggest potential benefits for gastric discomfort, but large randomized controlled trials are lacking. Traditional use data spans centuries in Mediterranean cultures, though modern clinical validation remains insufficient. Current research focuses primarily on laboratory and animal models rather than human clinical outcomes.

Pistacia lentiscus
Chios Mastic
Mastic Gum
Greek Mastic
Lentisk
Mastika
Pistacia lentiscus var. chia


Mastic fruit contains potent phenolic acids like gallic acid and flavonoids such as myricetin, conferring significant antioxidant and anti-inflammatory effects. These compounds contribute to its recognized gastroprotective and microbiome-supporting properties.

- Supports digestive health by reducing gut inflammation and promoting beneficial microbiota.
- Enhances oral health through potent antimicrobial activity against pathogens.
- Strengthens cardiovascular function by reducing oxidative stress and improving lipid metabolism.
- Promotes liver detoxification by aiding enzymatic pathways and cellular protection.
- Offers neuroprotective and adaptogenic effects via its anti-inflammatory compounds.
- Modulates immune response and supports respiratory health.
- Rejuvenates skin through its antioxidant and anti-inflammatory properties.

Mastic fruit exerts its therapeutic effects primarily through its rich content of phenolic acids, including gallic acid and O-galloylquinic acid, and flavonoids like myricetin. These compounds exhibit potent antioxidant activity, scavenging free radicals and reducing oxidative stress, and exert anti-inflammatory actions by modulating inflammatory pathways. Additionally, its antimicrobial properties, attributed to terpenes, contribute to oral and gut health by inhibiting pathogenic bacteria.

Scientific studies extensively document Mastic fruit's gastroprotective and anti-inflammatory effects, particularly its ability to support beneficial gut microbiota. Research highlights its potential for cardiovascular and metabolic regulation by reducing oxidative stress and improving lipid metabolism. In vitro and clinical investigations have validated its potent antimicrobial activity against oral and gut pathogens, alongside immune-enhancing properties. These findings consistently support its traditional uses in digestive, oral, and general systemic health.

Pistacia lentiscus L.
Lentisk
Mastic Tree Fruit


Mastic tree resin contains over 120 bioactive compounds including triterpenes like masticadienonic acid and oleanolic acid that suppress the NF-κB inflammatory pathway. The resin demonstrates antimicrobial activity against H. pylori and reduces pro-inflammatory cytokines TNF-α, IL-1β, and IL-6.

- Supports gastrointestinal health by inhibiting Helicobacter pylori and reducing inflammation.
- Promotes oral hygiene by reducing plaque formation and bacterial growth.
- Aids in digestive wellness by soothing stomach discomfort and supporting gut lining integrity.
- Provides anti-inflammatory effects, particularly in the gastrointestinal tract.
- Contributes to respiratory support by modulating mucosal responses.

Mastic resin's triterpenes including masticadienonic acid and oleanolic acid suppress the NF-κB pathway, reducing pro-inflammatory cytokines TNF-α, IL-1β, and IL-6 while promoting anti-inflammatory M2 macrophage polarization. The monoterpenes alpha-pinene and beta-pinene provide antioxidant effects by upregulating NRF2, SOD1, and GPX1 genes. In cancer cells, these compounds trigger apoptosis through caspase activation and androgen receptor inhibition.

Clinical evidence for mastic resin remains limited with most research consisting of in vitro and animal studies rather than large-scale human trials. One human cohort study showed reduced TNF-α secretion in monocytes, though specific sample sizes were not reported. In vitro cytotoxicity studies demonstrated IC50 values of 14.76-18.05 µg/mL against pancreatic cancer cells, outperforming doxorubicin. No large randomized controlled trials with quantified H. pylori eradication rates or digestive health outcomes have been published, indicating the need for more robust clinical research.

Pistacia lentiscus var. chia resin
Chios mastiha
Mastic gum
CMG
Mastiha


Mastwood Leaf (Calophyllum inophyllum) delivers unique xanthones (caloxanthone), coumarins (calophyllolide, inophyllums B and D), and flavonoid glycosides that inhibit NF-κB-mediated inflammatory signaling and enhance endothelial nitric oxide synthase (eNOS) activity, supporting cardiovascular, hepatoprotective, and neuroprotective outcomes. Its polyphenol-rich profile parallels extensively studied bioactive leaves such as Moringa oleifera, whose supplementation significantly improved fasting glucose and HbA1c in prediabetic subjects (Gómez-Martínez et al., 2021; PMID 35010932).

- **Reduces systemic inflammation**: through its rich content of polyphenols and flavonoids.
- **Supports cardiovascular health**: by improving circulation and protecting vascular integrity.
- **Enhances immune function**: with its diverse array of phytochemicals.
- **Improves liver detoxification**: processes, aiding in the elimination of toxins.
- **Promotes skin regeneration**: and wound healing, contributing to dermal health.
- **Protects cognitive function**: by mitigating oxidative stress in neural pathways.

Mastwood Leaf's principal bioactives—calophyllolide, inophyllum B, inophyllum D, and xanthone derivatives such as caloxanthone—exert potent anti-inflammatory effects by inhibiting nuclear factor-kappa B (NF-κB) activation through prevention of IκBα phosphorylation and subsequent proteasomal degradation, thereby suppressing downstream transcription of pro-inflammatory cytokines (TNF-α, IL-1β, IL-6) and cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2). Calophyllolide and inophyllum D also modulate mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK/ERK) signaling cascades, reducing oxidative stress markers and enhancing endogenous antioxidant enzyme activity (superoxide dismutase, catalase, glutathione peroxidase). The leaf's flavonoid glycosides stimulate endothelial nitric oxide synthase (eNOS) phosphorylation at Ser1177 via the PI3K/Akt pathway, improving nitric oxide bioavailability for vasodilation and vascular protection. Xanthone derivatives further inhibit acetylcholinesterase (AChE) activity and scavenge reactive oxygen species in neural tissue, supporting neuroprotective and cognitive-preserving functions.

Current research on Mastwood Leaf consists primarily of preliminary in vitro and animal studies demonstrating anti-inflammatory and antioxidant activities. No large-scale randomized controlled trials have been published evaluating clinical efficacy in humans. Small observational studies suggest potential benefits for wound healing and skin conditions, but these lack adequate control groups and standardized dosing protocols. The evidence base remains limited and requires further clinical validation.

Calophyllum inophyllum
Alexandrian Laurel
Beauty Leaf
Punnai
Nyamplung


Masuku Nut (Uapaca kirkiana) is rich in phenolic compounds, contributing to its potent antioxidant properties by neutralizing free radicals, and also provides essential fatty acids beneficial for cardiovascular health through cholesterol regulation.

- Exhibits potent antioxidant properties due to high levels of phenolic compounds, neutralizing free radicals and reducing oxidative stress.
- Supports cardiovascular health by providing essential fatty acids that aid in cholesterol regulation and promote heart health.
- Enhances digestive wellness through dietary fiber, promoting bowel regularity and gut health.
- Contains protein and essential amino acids that support muscle development and overall metabolic function.

The exact molecular mechanisms of Masuku Nut's health benefits are still under investigation. Its antioxidant effects are attributed to high levels of phenolic compounds that scavenge free radicals, reducing oxidative stress. Cardiovascular support is thought to involve essential fatty acids aiding in cholesterol metabolism and promoting heart health, though specific cellular pathways require further elucidation.

Current clinical research on Masuku Nut is preliminary, primarily consisting of in vitro and animal studies exploring its antioxidant, cardiovascular, and digestive properties. While these initial findings are promising, specific human clinical trials with defined sample sizes and robust outcome measures are needed to fully establish its efficacy, optimal dosages, and therapeutic applications. As of now, no comprehensive human clinical trials have been published.

Uapaca kirkiana
Masuku Fruit Nut
Mahobohobo Nut


Matcha (Camellia sinensis) is a shade-grown green tea powder containing exceptionally high concentrations of EGCG and L-theanine due to consuming the entire leaf. The shade cultivation process increases amino acid content by up to 45% while concentrating catechins that inhibit NF-κB and PI3K/Akt pathways for antioxidant and anti-inflammatory effects.

- Enhances mental clarity, focus, and sustained alertness through the synergistic effects of L-theanine and caffeine.
- Delivers powerful antioxidant protection, primarily from EGCG, neutralizing free radicals and supporting cellular longevity.
- Supports cardiovascular wellness by improving arterial function and helping to lower LDL cholesterol.
- Stimulates metabolism and fat oxidation, contributing to healthy weight management and energy balance.
- Aids in gentle detoxification processes by supplying chlorophyll, which supports liver function and toxin elimination.
- Promotes digestive health through its dietary fiber content, supporting gut motility and microbiome balance.

Matcha's primary catechin EGCG blocks inflammatory NF-κB, MAPK, and TLR4-NF-κB pathways while reducing cytokines like TNF-α, IL-1β, and IL-6. The synergistic combination of L-theanine and caffeine modulates neurotransmitter activity for sustained alertness without jitters. Antioxidant activity reaches 1815 µM TEAC/g dry matter through phenolic compounds that neutralize ROS and inhibit PI3K/Akt signaling pathways.

Current evidence for matcha is primarily based on in vitro and preclinical studies rather than human clinical trials with specific numerical outcomes. Antioxidant studies show quantified ABTS radical scavenging capacity of 1533-1815 µM TEAC/g dry matter and total phenolics of 820-1018 mg GAE/L in extracts. While numerous studies support green tea extract benefits, dedicated matcha clinical trials with patient endpoints, sample sizes, and statistical outcomes are lacking. The evidence strength remains moderate, relying heavily on extrapolation from broader Camellia sinensis research.

Camellia sinensis var. sinensis
powdered green tea
ceremonial green tea
koicha
usucha
mat-cha


Matcha (Camellia sinensis, stone-ground)

Matcha is stone-ground green tea powder containing high concentrations of catechins (especially EGCG) and L-theanine that provides sustained energy and metabolic support. The combination of caffeine with L-theanine creates calm alertness while EGCG enhances fat oxidation through thermogenesis activation.

- Boosts metabolism by increasing thermogenesis, aiding in weight management. - Enhances mental alertness through the presence of L-theanine, promoting calm focus. - Supports heart health by lowering LDL cholesterol levels, reducing cardiovascular risk. - Provides sustained energy by regulating blood sugar levels, preventing energy crashes. - Improves skin health by reducing UV-induced damage, promoting a youthful appearance. - Strengthens the immune system by increasing the production of T-cells, enhancing defense against pathogens. - Reduces stress by modulating cortisol levels, promoting a balanced mood.

Matcha's primary bioactive compound EGCG (epigallocatechin gallate) inhibits catechol-O-methyltransferase (COMT), prolonging norepinephrine activity and increasing thermogenesis. L-theanine crosses the blood-brain barrier and increases GABA, dopamine, and alpha brain wave activity, counterbalancing caffeine's stimulant effects. The catechins also inhibit HMG-CoA reductase, reducing cholesterol synthesis and supporting cardiovascular health.

Multiple randomized controlled trials demonstrate matcha's efficacy, with studies showing 4-fold higher catechin content than regular green tea. A 12-week RCT (n=60) found 1.5g daily matcha increased fat oxidation by 17% during exercise. Meta-analyses of green tea studies indicate 100-300mg EGCG daily reduces LDL cholesterol by 5-10mg/dL. However, most studies use green tea extract rather than traditional matcha powder, limiting direct applicability.

Camellia sinensis
Japanese green tea powder
Powdered green tea
Stone-ground tea
Ceremonial green tea
Tencha powder
Mo cha (抹茶)


Matcha Collagen Latte delivers potent antioxidant support via EGCG and sustained energy from L-theanine and caffeine, while hydrolyzed collagen peptides enhance skin elasticity and joint health. This synergy combats oxidative stress and provides foundational support for dermal integrity and cognitive function.

- Provides potent antioxidant support from matcha's catechins, particularly EGCG, combating oxidative stress.
- Enhances skin elasticity, hydration, and overall dermal health through hydrolyzed collagen peptides.
- Delivers sustained energy and focused alertness from matcha's natural caffeine and L-theanine.
- Supports joint flexibility, reduces stiffness, and promotes connective tissue health via collagen.
- Aids digestive health by combining matcha's natural detoxifying properties with collagen's gut-soothing benefits.

The EGCG in matcha neutralizes free radicals, upregulates endogenous antioxidant enzymes like glutathione peroxidase, and inhibits collagen glycation, thereby protecting cellular structures. L-theanine modulates neurotransmitters and promotes alpha brain wave activity for focused calm, while caffeine blocks adenosine receptors for alertness. Hydrolyzed collagen peptides provide specific amino acids that serve as precursors for de novo collagen synthesis by fibroblasts, stimulating endogenous collagen and elastin production for improved skin and joint matrices.

While direct clinical trials on the combined Matcha Collagen Latte formulation are limited, extensive research supports the individual ingredients. Numerous clinical studies, often randomized controlled trials, demonstrate that hydrolyzed collagen peptides, typically at doses of 2.5-10g/day over 8-12 weeks, significantly improve skin elasticity, hydration, and reduce wrinkle depth in cohorts ranging from dozens to hundreds of participants. Similarly, human intervention studies show matcha's EGCG provides robust antioxidant and anti-inflammatory effects, and the combination of L-theanine and caffeine enhances cognitive performance and reduces caffeine-induced jitters.

Camellia sinensis (for Matcha)
Hydrolyzed Collagen Peptides
Collagen-Infused Green Tea
Functional Matcha Beverage


Matcha Green Tea, derived from shade-grown Camellia sinensis, is rich in EGCG, L-theanine, and caffeine. These compounds synergistically provide potent antioxidant protection, enhance cognitive function, and support metabolic health.

- Provides potent antioxidant protection through high levels of catechins, particularly Epigallocatechin Gallate (EGCG), neutralizing free radicals.
- Delivers sustained energy and enhanced focus without jitters, attributed to the synergistic effects of caffeine and L-theanine.
- Supports metabolic function by enhancing fat oxidation and contributing to healthy weight management.
- Aids in detoxification processes due to its high chlorophyll content, assisting in the elimination of toxins.
- Modulates immune function through its rich content of polyphenols and essential vitamins.
- Promotes skin health by protecting against UV-induced damage and supporting elasticity.

EGCG, the primary catechin in Matcha, exerts potent antioxidant effects by scavenging free radicals, reducing reactive oxygen species, and upregulating antioxidant enzymes like glutathione peroxidase and catalase. L-theanine and caffeine work synergistically; L-theanine promotes alpha brain wave activity and modulates neurotransmitters, while caffeine blocks adenosine receptors, leading to enhanced focus and sustained energy without typical jitters.

Extensive scientific research, including human clinical trials, supports Matcha Green Tea's antioxidant, cognitive, and metabolic benefits. Studies involving healthy adults have demonstrated that catechins like EGCG effectively reduce oxidative stress and improve cardiovascular markers. Furthermore, research confirms the synergistic effect of L-theanine and caffeine in enhancing cognitive performance, improving attention, and reducing mental fatigue without increasing blood pressure in participants.


Matcha leaf contains concentrated catechins, particularly EGCG, and L-theanine that provide potent antioxidant effects and promote calm focus. The unique combination of caffeine with L-theanine creates sustained energy without typical caffeine jitters through modulation of neurotransmitter activity.

Cognitive Enhancement & Calm Energy: L-theanine and caffeine synergize to improve focus, mental clarity, and sustained alertness without jitters. Antioxidant & Cellular Protection: High EGCG content neutralizes oxidative stress, supporting immune resilience and cellular health. Cardiovascular Wellness: Catechins improve arterial function, lower LDL cholesterol, and support heart health. Metabolic Regulation & Fat Oxidation: Boosts metabolism, enhances fat burning, and supports weight management. Detoxification & Liver Health: Chlorophyll-rich profile aids in removing heavy metals and supports liver detoxification. Digestive Health: Dietary fiber promotes gut motility and microbiome balance. Stress Reduction: L-theanine promotes relaxation and balances stress hormones.

EGCG inhibits pro-inflammatory enzymes like cyclooxygenase and lipoxygenase while activating antioxidant pathways through Nrf2 signaling. L-theanine increases alpha brain waves and modulates GABA, dopamine, and serotonin neurotransmitters to promote relaxation. The caffeine-L-theanine combination enhances adenosine receptor blockade while reducing cortisol response.

Human studies with 200-400mg matcha extract show 23% improvement in attention tasks and 15% reduction in stress markers within 1-2 hours. A 12-week RCT with 60 participants demonstrated significant improvements in working memory and reduced anxiety scores. Multiple studies confirm EGCG bioavailability is 3-fold higher in matcha compared to regular green tea. However, most cognitive studies are small-scale with short duration.

Camellia sinensis
Green Tea Powder
Tencha
Stone-Ground Green Tea
Japanese Green Tea Powder
Powdered Tea
Tea Ceremony Powder


Matico leaf (Piper aduncum) contains up to 76% dillapiol in its essential oil alongside β-caryophyllene, nerolidol, and piperitone, which collectively confer potent analgesic, antimicrobial, gastroprotective, and antioxidant activity through multiple pharmacological pathways including GPIIb/IIIa integrin inhibition and PLC-γ2 suppression. A controlled study in rats demonstrated that a Piper aduncum phytochemical preparation produced significant gastroprotective and antisecretory effects comparable to omeprazole (PMID 24448937), while separate research confirmed its antioxidant cytoprotective capacity against sodium fluoride–induced toxicity in albino mice (PMID 31100918).

- Supports respiratory health by soothing mucous membranes and reducing inflammation in the airways.
- Enhances immune resilience through its antimicrobial and anti-inflammatory compounds.
- Promotes cardiovascular wellness by supporting healthy circulation.
- Aids in digestive balance by soothing the gastrointestinal tract and supporting gut flora.
- Accelerates skin regeneration and wound healing when applied topically.
- Improves liver detoxification processes, assisting in toxin elimination.
- Contributes to cognitive clarity and stress adaptation.

Dillapiol, the predominant essential oil constituent (up to 76%), inhibits platelet aggregation by suppressing GPIIb/IIIa integrin activation and blocking downstream phosphorylation of PLC-γ2 and PKC-β2, thereby reducing thromboxane A2 formation and intracellular calcium mobilization. β-Caryophyllene acts as a selective CB2 cannabinoid receptor agonist, attenuating NF-κB nuclear translocation and reducing pro-inflammatory cytokines (TNF-α, IL-1β, IL-6), which underlies matico's analgesic and anti-inflammatory effects demonstrated in formalin and acetic acid pain models (PMID 18639621). The gastroprotective mechanism involves reduction of basal gastric acid secretion and enhancement of mucosal prostaglandin synthesis, paralleling proton pump inhibitor activity as shown in the rat ulcer model (PMID 24448937). Additionally, phenolic compounds and flavonoids scavenge reactive oxygen species via NADPH oxidase modulation and upregulation of endogenous antioxidant enzymes (SOD, catalase, glutathione peroxidase), conferring the cytoprotective effects observed against fluoride-induced organ toxicity (PMID 31100918).

Primary clinical evidence derives from in vitro platelet studies demonstrating concentration-dependent antiplatelet effects at 0.01-1 mg/mL, with strongest inhibition against collagen-induced aggregation. Antifungal research shows dillapiol efficacy at 1 part per million concentrations, with potency comparable to fluconazole for dermatophyte infections. Traditional use studies document application for peptic ulcers and gastrointestinal disorders, though large-scale human clinical trials with specific participant numbers and standardized dosing protocols remain limited. Current evidence consists primarily of preclinical and small-scale observational studies requiring validation through randomized controlled trials.

Buddleja globosa
Piper aduncum
Soldier's herb
Sacred leaf


Matoa is rich in phenolics, flavonoids, and saponins, which are responsible for its antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, and potential anti-obesity effects. These compounds primarily neutralize free radicals and inhibit enzymes like pancreatic lipase, contributing to its health benefits.

- Reduces oxidative stress through potent flavonoids, polyphenols, and vitamins C and E, protecting cellular integrity.
- Strengthens immune function by modulating white blood cell activity and providing antimicrobial support.
- Supports cardiovascular health by improving circulation and mitigating oxidative damage to blood vessels.
- Enhances metabolic balance through compounds that may improve insulin sensitivity and blood sugar regulation.
- Promotes cognitive vitality via neuroprotective antioxidants and anti-inflammatory agents.
- Nourishes gut microbiota and supports digestive health with prebiotic fibers and enzymatic activity.
- Contributes to skin radiance by supporting collagen production and enhancing hydration.

Matoa's primary bioactive compounds, including phenolics (e.g., protocatechuic acid) and flavonoids (e.g., quercetin-3-O-rhamnoside), function as antioxidants by donating hydrogen atoms to neutralize free radicals and inhibit oxidative stress. Saponins, such as hederagenin saponin, have been identified for their potential to inhibit enzymes like pancreatic lipase (IC50 149 µmol/L), which may contribute to anti-obesity effects. These compounds also exhibit anti-inflammatory properties.

Current evidence on Matoa's health benefits is primarily derived from preclinical models, including in vitro assays and studies in rats. These studies have demonstrated antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, anti-obesity, and antihypertensive potential. While promising, human clinical trials are lacking to confirm these effects and establish optimal dosages or efficacy in human populations.


Matrine is a quinolizidine alkaloid derived from Sophora flavescens that exhibits hepatoprotective and anti-inflammatory properties. It works primarily by modulating NF-κB signaling pathways and reducing inflammatory cytokine production.

• May support liver health: Animal meta-analysis (n=657 experiments) showed significant reductions in liver injury markers including AST (SMD = -3.76, p<0.0001) - preliminary evidence only
• Potential anti-cancer properties: Preclinical studies demonstrate apoptosis induction in colorectal cancer cells via Bcl-2/caspase-3 pathways (PMID: 30466620) - in vitro evidence only
• Anti-inflammatory effects: Animal studies show downregulation of inflammatory markers TNF-α, IL-6, COX-2, and iNOS - preliminary evidence
• May help with perianal infections: One RCT reported effectiveness of matrine sitz bath for post-chemotherapy infections in acute leukemia patients (PMID: 32498526) - limited human evidence
• Potential cardiovascular support: Preclinical data suggests calcium regulation in cardiomyocytes and β3-AR inhibition - animal evidence only

Matrine inhibits nuclear factor kappa B (NF-κB) translocation, reducing production of inflammatory mediators like TNF-α and IL-6. The compound also modulates mitochondrial apoptotic pathways by regulating Bcl-2 family proteins and cytochrome c release. Additionally, matrine influences hepatic stellate cell activation and collagen synthesis through TGF-β1 pathway modulation.

Current evidence comes primarily from animal studies, with a meta-analysis of 657 experiments showing significant reductions in liver injury markers (AST reduction SMD = -3.76, p<0.0001). Preclinical research demonstrates anti-cancer effects through apoptosis induction in colorectal cancer cell lines. Human clinical trials are limited, making safety and efficacy data preliminary. Most research focuses on hepatoprotective effects against chemical-induced liver damage in rodent models.


Mauritian Golden Plum, like other Spondias species and general plums, is rich in phenolic compounds, including anthocyanins, ferulic acid, and quercetin. These bioactives exert significant antioxidant effects by scavenging free radicals, supporting various health benefits.

- Supports digestive health with dietary fiber and organic acids, promoting gut motility and microbial balance.
- Promotes cardiovascular wellness by reducing oxidative stress and supporting healthy lipid metabolism.
- Enhances skin vitality through vitamin C, flavonoids, and hydrating constituents that support collagen production and cellular renewal.
- Provides essential hydration with high water content and replenishing electrolytes.
- Delivers broad-spectrum antioxidant protection, supporting metabolic resilience and cellular defense.

The health benefits of Mauritian Golden Plum are primarily attributed to its high content of phenolic compounds such as anthocyanins, ferulic acid, sinapic acid, quercetin, and gallic acid. These compounds act predominantly via powerful antioxidant mechanisms, effectively scavenging free radicals and reducing oxidative stress throughout the body. This protective action is crucial for supporting cellular health and mitigating damage linked to various chronic conditions.

While specific clinical trials on Mauritian Golden Plum (Spondias dulcis) are limited, broader scientific literature on Spondias species and general plums highlights promising health benefits. Studies indicate antioxidant and cardioprotective properties, including potential for regulating lipid levels and improving gastrointestinal function. Further research also suggests skin benefits attributed to collagen-supportive nutrients and hydration-enhancing phytocompounds found in these fruits. However, more targeted studies specifically on Mauritian Golden Plum are needed to confirm these effects.

Spondias dulcis
Ambarella
June Plum
Golden Apple


Mauritian Longan is rich in bioactive compounds like phenolics, flavonoids, and polysaccharides, contributing to its potent antioxidant and prebiotic properties. These compounds are released through enzymatic processes, enhancing their bioavailability and health-promoting effects by breaking down cell wall structures.

- Strengthens immune function through its rich vitamin C content and antioxidant profile.
- Enhances skin radiance by supporting collagen production and cellular regeneration.
- Promotes digestive ease and gut comfort with natural fibers and soothing compounds.
- Offers a gentle adaptogenic quality, supporting the body's resilience to stress.
- Contributes to mood balance and relaxation through its traditional use as a spirit-lightening tonic.

Mauritian Longan's health benefits stem from its rich profile of phenolics (like gallic acid, ellagic acid, and epicatechin), flavonoids, polysaccharides, and carotenoids. These compounds exert antioxidant effects by neutralizing free radicals, and their release is optimized through enzymatic hydrolysis, which liberates them from plant cell walls. Furthermore, its natural fibers and polysaccharides likely contribute to prebiotic activity, supporting gut microbiota and digestive health.

Preliminary research, primarily in vitro and animal studies, suggests that Longan's polyphenols may support digestive health, promote skin rejuvenation, and contribute to cardiovascular function. These studies highlight the fruit's antioxidant and prebiotic potential through its diverse bioactive compounds found in the pulp, peel, and seeds. While promising, human clinical trials with sufficient sample sizes are needed to definitively establish these effects and fully investigate its potential adaptogenic and mood-soothing properties.

Dimocarpus longan
Longan fruit
Dragon's Eye fruit


Mayan Chaya leaves (*Cnidoscolus chayamansa*) are a nutrient-rich plant highly valued for their protein content and diverse health benefits after cooking. Its therapeutic actions are primarily driven by a rich profile of polyphenols, including quercetin and kaempferol, which exert antioxidant effects by activating the Nrf2 transcription factor.

- Supports liver detoxification pathways due to its rich antioxidant content.
- Enhances digestive function by providing dietary fiber and promoting gut motility.
- Boosts immune system resilience through its high vitamin C and antioxidant profile.
- Reduces systemic inflammation via bioactive compounds like flavonoids.
- Provides essential vitamins (A, C, K) and minerals (calcium, iron) for overall vitality.

The primary mechanism of action for Mayan Chaya is its potent antioxidant activity, driven by a rich array of polyphenols such as quercetin, kaempferol, and chlorogenic acid. These compounds activate the Nrf2 transcription factor, leading to the upregulation of endogenous antioxidant enzymes like catalase (CAT) and superoxide dismutase (SOD). This cellular defense mechanism helps to neutralize free radicals, reduce oxidative stress, and subsequently mitigate systemic inflammation and support various organ functions.

Preliminary research, largely encompassing traditional use observations and in vitro or animal studies, supports the potential of Mayan Chaya for liver health, digestive function, and immune modulation. While these findings highlight its promising bioactive properties, detailed human clinical trials with specific dosages and larger sample sizes are currently needed. Further research is essential to fully elucidate its mechanisms in humans and establish optimal therapeutic applications. No specific human clinical trials or sample sizes were provided in the research material.

Cnidoscolus chayamansa
Cnidoscolus aconitifolius
Tree spinach


Mbuni Berry likely refers to mulberry (Morus spp.), a fruit known for its key compound 1-deoxynojirimycin (DNJ). DNJ functions by inhibiting α-glucosidase, thereby delaying carbohydrate digestion and reducing post-meal blood sugar spikes.

- Supports cardiovascular health by enhancing circulation and mitigating oxidative stress.
- Boosts immune function through its antimicrobial, anti-inflammatory, and vitamin-rich constituents.
- Promotes metabolic balance via blood sugar regulation and lipid profile modulation.
- Aids digestive health with prebiotic fibers and gut-supportive polyphenols.
- Provides neuroprotective effects, enhancing cognition and reducing neural oxidative stress.
- Contributes to skin rejuvenation by supporting cellular repair and collagen integrity.
- Supports liver detoxification processes through its potent antioxidant pathways.

The primary mechanism involves 1-deoxynojirimycin (DNJ), which acts as an α-glucosidase inhibitor in the gut, thereby slowing the breakdown and absorption of carbohydrates and moderating post-meal glucose levels. Additionally, flavonoids like kaempferol and rutin provide potent antioxidant activity by neutralizing free radicals, enhancing endothelial function, and improving insulin sensitivity. Beta-sitosterol contributes to lipid management by competing with cholesterol for intestinal absorption, further supporting cardiovascular health.

Peer-reviewed studies on mulberry (Morus spp.) validate its robust antioxidant, cardioprotective, and metabolic-regulating effects. Research, including both in vitro and in vivo studies, supports its efficacy in improving lipid profiles by reducing LDL cholesterol and triglycerides, and enhancing glycemic control. Evidence also suggests benefits for cognitive performance, gut microbiota modulation, and immune system support, primarily attributed to its diverse phytochemical composition.

Morus spp.
Mulberry
White Mulberry
Black Mulberry
Red Mulberry


Meadowfoam Seed Oil is primarily composed of long-chain monounsaturated fatty acids, notably eicosenoic acid, which constitutes over 60% of its content. This unique fatty acid profile enables it to form a flexible, protective lipid barrier on the skin, effectively mimicking natural sebum to enhance hydration and prevent moisture loss.

- Deeply hydrates the skin and maintains moisture by forming a protective barrier.
- Strengthens the skin's lipid barrier, effectively preventing transepidermal water loss.
- Reduces the appearance of fine lines and wrinkles through its long-lasting emollient properties.
- Provides antioxidant protection against free radical and environmental damage.
- Enhances hair softness, shine, and scalp conditioning without greasiness.
- Soothes inflammation and supports overall skin resilience.

Meadowfoam Seed Oil's primary mechanism involves its high concentration of long-chain monounsaturated fatty acids, particularly eicosenoic acid (Δ5-eicosenoic acid), which closely mimics the natural sebum composition of human skin. This allows it to form a flexible, yet occlusive lipid film on the skin's surface, enhancing the skin barrier's integrity and significantly reducing transepidermal water loss. Its exceptional oxidative stability, attributed to its unique fatty acid structure, also contributes to its protective effects by resisting degradation and maintaining skin barrier function.

Clinical and in-vitro studies confirm Meadowfoam Seed Oil's significant benefits for skin health, highlighting its exceptional oxidative stability and long-lasting moisturizing effects. Research indicates its unique long-chain fatty acid profile, particularly eicosenoic acid, is highly biocompatible with human skin, effectively mimicking natural sebum to enhance hydration and support the skin's lipid barrier. Studies consistently demonstrate its efficacy in preventing moisture loss and diminishing the appearance of fine lines and wrinkles, supporting its widespread use in cosmetic formulations.


Meadowfoam seed oil contains over 95% long-chain fatty acids, particularly erucic acid and docosanoic acid, which form a protective barrier on skin. These unique fatty acids penetrate the skin's lipid matrix to provide sustained hydration and antioxidant protection.

- Deeply hydrates skin and helps maintain moisture over time.
- Strengthens the skin’s lipid barrier, preventing water loss.
- Reduces the appearance of fine lines and wrinkles with long-lasting emollience.
- Offers antioxidant protection from free radical and environmental damage.
- Enhances hair softness and shine while conditioning the scalp. Additionally, the nutritional profile of Meadowfoam Seed Oil (Limnanthes alba) includes - eicosenoic acid: long-chain fatty acid that boosts skin moisture retention and oil stability. For enhanced efficacy, Meadowfoam Seed Oil (Limnanthes alba) can be combined with complementary ingredients. Hermetica Synergy Stack (Formulation Heuristic)
Role: Carrier fat (delivery support for lipophilic actives)
Intention: Skin & Collagen | Immune & Inflammation
Primary Pairings: Jojoba Oil; Argan Oil; Coconut Oil; Turmeric (Curcuma longa)
Notes (from original entry): Squalane, Rosehip Oil, Sea Buckthorn Oil
Evidence: see study_urls / reference_urls

The high concentration of erucic acid (C22:1) and docosanoic acid (C22:0) in meadowfoam seed oil creates an occlusive barrier that reduces transepidermal water loss by up to 30%. These long-chain fatty acids integrate into the skin's stratum corneum lipid bilayers, enhancing barrier function. The oil's natural tocopherols provide antioxidant activity by neutralizing free radicals and protecting membrane lipids from oxidative damage.

Research on meadowfoam seed oil is primarily limited to in vitro studies and small cosmetic trials. One dermatological study of 25 participants showed 23% improvement in skin hydration after 4 weeks of topical application. Laboratory analysis demonstrates superior oxidative stability compared to other plant oils, with minimal rancidity after 12 months storage. However, large-scale clinical trials examining long-term safety and efficacy are lacking.

Limnanthes alba
Meadowfoam Oil
White Meadowfoam Oil
Pacific Meadowfoam Seed Oil
Limnanthes alba Seed Oil
Oregon Meadowfoam Oil
White Limnanthes Oil


Meadowsweet flower contains up to 65 mg/g of phenolic compounds, with salicylates providing COX-2 and iNOS enzyme inhibition for anti-inflammatory effects. The unique flavonoid ulmarioside and quercetin derivatives suppress T-cell proliferation and reduce reactive oxygen species production.

- Reduces inflammation and alleviates joint pain through its natural salicylate content, supporting muscle recovery.
- Soothes the gut lining and eases acid reflux, contributing to microbiome balance via its tannin compounds.
- Promotes blood vessel flexibility and healthy circulation, supporting overall cardiovascular function with its flavonoids.
- Enhances immune response and combats oxidative stress, providing cellular protection through its rich polyphenols.
- Supports detoxification processes and reduces systemic inflammation, aided by its catechins.

Meadowsweet's salicylic acid derivatives inhibit cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2) and inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS) expression, reducing inflammatory mediator production. Ethyl acetate extracts containing quercetin and ulmarioside suppress T-cell proliferation and complement cascade activation. The catechin compounds regulate gene expression of inflammatory cytokines while the salicylaldehyde and methyl salicylate in volatile oils provide direct analgesic effects.

Clinical evidence for meadowsweet flower remains limited, with only one identified human study showing effectiveness in cervical dysplasia treatment when formulated as a topical ointment. The majority of supporting evidence comes from in vitro laboratory studies demonstrating anti-inflammatory and antioxidant properties of isolated polyphenolic compounds. Animal studies support gastroprotective and analgesic effects, but robust randomized controlled trials with quantified outcomes in humans are lacking. Current therapeutic applications rely primarily on traditional use patterns rather than clinical validation.

Filipendula ulmaria
Queen of the meadow
Bridewort
Lady of the meadow
Mead wort


Mealworm protein provides all nine essential amino acids with high biological value, promoting muscle protein synthesis through enhanced leucine availability. Its chitin content supports gut microbiome diversity by acting as a prebiotic fiber that promotes beneficial bacterial growth.

- Provides a high-quality protein source, supporting muscle growth and repair. Its amino acid profile is particularly beneficial for athletes. - Rich in essential amino acids, it aids in neurotransmitter function, enhancing cognitive performance. - Contains chitin, which promotes gut health by acting as a prebiotic, fostering beneficial gut bacteria. - High in zinc, it boosts immune function by supporting the development of immune cells. - Low in fat, it contributes to heart health by maintaining healthy cholesterol levels. - Sustainable and eco-friendly, it offers a guilt-free protein source, reducing environmental impact. - Contains omega-3 fatty acids, which support heart health by reducing inflammation and improving cholesterol levels.

Mealworm protein stimulates muscle protein synthesis via high leucine content (6-8% of total amino acids), activating the mTOR pathway. The chitin component (5-10% by weight) acts as a prebiotic, promoting Bifidobacterium and Lactobacillus growth in the gut microbiome while supporting intestinal barrier function through short-chain fatty acid production.

Limited human studies exist, with most research conducted on animal models and compositional analyses. A 2019 study of 20 athletes showed mealworm protein powder (25g daily) improved nitrogen retention by 15% compared to baseline over 4 weeks. Digestibility studies indicate 85-90% protein digestibility, comparable to whey protein. More controlled human trials are needed to establish definitive health benefits.

Tenebrio molitor protein
Yellow mealworm protein
Darkling beetle larvae protein
Insect protein powder
Entomophagy protein
Bug protein
Larvae protein concentrate


Mediterranean Olive Leaf, primarily known for its oleuropein content, supports cardiovascular health by modulating blood pressure and improving lipid profiles. This key secoiridoid glycoside and its derivatives, like hydroxytyrosol, also provide potent antioxidant and anti-inflammatory effects.

- Supports cardiovascular health by modulating blood pressure and improving lipid profiles through oleuropein.
- Provides potent antioxidant protection, combating oxidative stress with polyphenols and flavonoids.
- Enhances immune system function due to the antiviral and antimicrobial properties of oleuropein.
- Reduces systemic inflammation, contributing to joint health and overall wellness.
- Helps regulate blood sugar levels by improving insulin sensitivity.
- Protects cognitive function by mitigating neurodegeneration through its polyphenol content.
- Promotes skin health by reducing oxidative damage and supporting collagen production.

Oleuropein, the principal secoiridoid glycoside in olive leaf, contributes to its health benefits by hydrolyzing into hydroxytyrosol and elenolic acid derivatives, which enhance its bioaccessibility. These compounds exert potent antioxidant effects by scavenging free radicals and anti-inflammatory actions by modulating inflammatory pathways. Furthermore, olive leaf polyphenols help regulate blood pressure and improve lipid profiles through diverse cellular mechanisms, including vasodilation and reduced LDL oxidation.

Numerous in vitro, animal, and human studies affirm the therapeutic potential of olive leaf extract, primarily attributed to oleuropein. Human clinical trials have demonstrated its efficacy in lowering blood pressure and improving cholesterol levels, supporting cardiovascular health. Research also highlights its significant antioxidant capacity, combating oxidative stress, and immune-modulating effects, including antimicrobial and antiviral activity. These studies collectively validate its traditional uses and emerging applications in modern phytotherapy.

Olea europaea
Olive leaf extract
Olive tree leaf


Medlar fruit is rich in phenolic compounds, such as phenolic acids and flavonoids, which contribute to its significant antioxidant properties. These compounds exert their effects by scavenging free radicals and inhibiting their formation, thus combating oxidative stress.

- Promotes digestive health and regularity due to its high dietary fiber content, supporting a balanced microbiome.
- Provides robust antioxidant protection through vitamins C and E, along with polyphenols, combating oxidative stress.
- Enhances immune function via its vitamin C content, which reduces inflammation and supports cellular defense.
- Supports cardiovascular health by regulating blood pressure through potassium and protective antioxidants.
- Contributes to skin health by promoting hydration, elasticity, and protection against oxidative damage.
- Aids in weight management due to its low-calorie and high-fiber content, promoting satiety.
- Supports metabolic health by contributing to balanced blood sugar levels.

Medlar fruit's primary mechanism involves its rich content of phenolic compounds, including phenolic acids (e.g., chlorogenic acid, caffeic acid) and flavonoids (e.g., rutin, quercetin). These compounds exert potent antioxidant effects by directly scavenging free radicals and inhibiting their generation, thereby mitigating oxidative stress at a cellular level.

While traditional uses of Medlar fruit are well-documented, specific large-scale human clinical trials detailing outcomes, sample sizes, and study designs are not extensively provided in the current research. Scientific literature primarily emphasizes its in vitro and in vivo antioxidant properties due to its rich phenolic compound profile, such as chlorogenic acid and rutin. Existing studies suggest potential benefits for cardiovascular health and blood pressure regulation, aligning with its antioxidant capacity, but further robust clinical investigation is warranted to confirm these effects in humans.


Melatonin is a hormone that helps signal biological night. Human trials and meta-analyses suggest that outcomes depend strongly on timing, dose, population and the sleep condition being studied; it is not a general-purpose sedative and more is not automatically better.

Human evidence supports a role in circadian timing and selected sleep outcomes, but effect sizes and certainty vary by population. Evidence does not justify a universal dose or a claim that melatonin cures insomnia.

Melatonin's primary mechanism involves activating MT1 and MT2 receptors in the suprachiasmatic nucleus (SCN) of the brain, leading to the regulation of circadian rhythms and sleep-wake cycles. Synthesized from L-tryptophan through a pathway involving enzymes like tryptophan hydroxylase (TPH), aromatic L-amino acid decarboxylase (AADC), arylalkylamine N-acetyltransferase (AANAT), and acetylserotonin O-methyltransferase (ASMT), its core compound N-acetyl-5-methoxytryptamine directly scavenges free radicals. Additionally, it enhances endogenous antioxidant enzymes, protecting against oxidative stress and supporting mitochondrial function.

The human evidence base is real but heterogeneous. The most defensible conclusion is that melatonin is a timing signal whose usefulness depends on the clinical context; these studies do not establish the efficacy or contents of any finished gummy product.

N-acetyl-5-methoxytryptamine
Pineal hormone
Sleep hormone


Melilot (Melilotus officinalis) contains coumarins, particularly melilotoside and coumarin, which provide anticoagulant and anti-inflammatory effects. The herb demonstrates antioxidant activity through compounds like caffeic acid, luteolin, and quercetin with IC50 values under 10 μg/mL.

• Antioxidant properties: Compounds isolated from melilot, particularly caffeic acid, luteolin, and quercetin, demonstrated superior free radical scavenging capacity with IC50 values <10 μg/mL (in vitro evidence only)
• Anti-inflammatory effects: Inhibited release of nitric oxide, TNF-α, and IL-6 in LPS-stimulated macrophage cells, with one historical reference noting effects comparable to hydrocortisone (primarily in vitro evidence)
• Potential antitumor activity: Compounds 1 and 2 exhibited activity against MCF-7 breast cancer cells with IC50 values of 4.83 and 5.18 μg/mL respectively (in vitro evidence only)
• Immune modulation: Historical reference notes reduced circulating phagocyte activation and lowered citrulline production (limited clinical evidence)
• Cellular protection: Multiple phenolic compounds demonstrated protective effects against oxidative stress markers (in vitro evidence only)

Melilot's bioactive coumarins, including melilotoside and coumarin, inhibit vitamin K-dependent clotting factors and reduce platelet aggregation. Flavonoid compounds like luteolin and quercetin scavenge free radicals and inhibit inflammatory mediators including TNF-α, IL-6, and nitric oxide release. The herb's saponins may contribute to vascular permeability reduction and lymphatic drainage enhancement.

Most evidence for melilot comes from in vitro studies demonstrating antioxidant activity with IC50 values <10 μg/mL for free radical scavenging. Limited human studies have examined melilot in combination formulas for chronic venous insufficiency, showing modest improvements in leg swelling and discomfort. Traditional use focuses on wound healing and varicose veins, but controlled clinical trials are lacking. The evidence base remains preliminary and requires larger, well-designed human studies.

Melilotus officinalis
Yellow sweet clover
Sweet clover
King's clover
Hart's clover
Common melilot
Honey clover
White melilot


Melissa officinalis (lemon balm) contains rosmarinic acid and citral that modulate GABA neurotransmission and reduce cortisol levels. Clinical studies demonstrate significant improvements in anxiety symptoms and sleep quality within 15 days of supplementation.

• Reduces anxiety symptoms by 95% response rate, with 70% showing very much improvement in a 15-day pilot trial (PMID: 22043994)
• Improves sleep quality and insomnia with 100% responder rate in clinical trials, including significant PSQI score improvements (PMIDs: 22043994, 37927585)
• Significantly reduces depression, anxiety, and stress scores (DASS-42, all p<0.001) in a randomized controlled trial of 100 adults (PMID: 37927585)
• Enhances mental wellbeing and quality of life (WEMWBS, WHO-QoL-BREF) in controlled studies (PMID: 37927585)
• Shows efficacy for anxiety and sleep issues in pediatric populations according to integrative reviews (PMID: 34449930)

Melissa officinalis exerts its effects primarily through rosmarinic acid and citral, which enhance GABAergic neurotransmission by inhibiting GABA transaminase and modulating GABA-A receptors. The herb also reduces cortisol levels through hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis modulation and exhibits acetylcholinesterase inhibition, contributing to cognitive and anxiolytic effects.

A 15-day pilot trial demonstrated a 95% response rate for anxiety reduction, with 70% of participants showing very significant improvement using 300mg twice daily. Sleep quality studies show 100% responder rates with significant PSQI score improvements in controlled trials. While preliminary evidence is promising, most studies involve small sample sizes and short durations, requiring larger randomized controlled trials for definitive efficacy confirmation.

Melissa officinalis
Lemon Balm
Bee Balm
Sweet Balm
Honey Plant
Cure-All
Balm Mint
Melissa


Melissa oil (Melissa officinalis) contains citronellal and geranial compounds that enhance GABA neurotransmitter activity to reduce anxiety and stress. The oil's triterpenic acids demonstrate potent antiviral activity against herpes simplex virus by inhibiting viral attachment to host cells.

- Melissa Oil is a potent mood enhancer, reducing anxiety and depression. This is achieved by modulating neurotransmitter activity. - It has antiviral properties that help fight off infections like cold sores. This boosts immune defense and overall health. - Melissa Oil supports cognitive function by improving memory and focus. Its neuroprotective effects enhance brain health. - The oil promotes digestive health by reducing bloating and gas. This aids in smoother digestion and comfort. - It has anti-inflammatory properties that soothe skin irritations and redness. This makes it ideal for sensitive skin conditions. - Melissa Oil enhances sleep quality by calming the nervous system. This leads to more restful and rejuvenating sleep. - It supports cardiovascular health by reducing blood pressure. This promotes heart health and reduces disease risk.

Melissa oil's primary compounds citronellal and geranial enhance GABAergic neurotransmission by increasing GABA receptor sensitivity, producing anxiolytic effects. The triterpenic acids, particularly rosmarinic acid, inhibit viral replication by blocking viral envelope proteins from binding to cellular receptors. These compounds also modulate acetylcholinesterase activity, supporting cognitive function and memory formation.

A randomized controlled trial of 60 participants showed melissa oil aromatherapy reduced anxiety scores by 39% compared to placebo over 4 weeks. Small-scale studies (n=20-30) demonstrate topical melissa extract reduces herpes simplex lesion healing time by 2-3 days. However, most research involves small sample sizes and short durations. Larger, long-term studies are needed to establish definitive therapeutic protocols and optimal dosing regimens.

Melissa officinalis
Lemon Balm Oil
Bee Balm Oil
Sweet Balm Oil
Balm Mint Oil
Citronella Oil
Melissa Essential Oil
Heart's Delight Oil


MenaQ7 is a patented form of vitamin K2 as menaquinone-7 (MK-7) derived from natto fermentation. It activates osteocalcin and matrix Gla protein to direct calcium into bones while preventing arterial calcification.

- Supports bone health by enhancing calcium absorption, reducing the risk of fractures by 25%. This is crucial for maintaining strong, healthy bones. - Promotes cardiovascular health by preventing arterial calcification, which can reduce the risk of heart disease. This supports a healthy circulatory system. - Enhances joint health by reducing inflammation, which can alleviate symptoms of arthritis and improve mobility. - Supports dental health by promoting strong teeth and preventing decay, which is essential for maintaining oral health. - Improves energy levels by supporting mitochondrial function, leading to increased stamina and reduced fatigue. This is important for an active lifestyle. - Acts as a powerful antioxidant, protecting cells from oxidative stress and reducing the risk of chronic diseases. This promotes overall health and longevity. - Supports immune function by modulating immune response, helping the body to fend off infections more effectively.

MenaQ7 functions as a cofactor for gamma-glutamyl carboxylase, which carboxylates vitamin K-dependent proteins including osteocalcin and matrix Gla protein (MGP). Activated osteocalcin binds calcium in bone tissue, while carboxylated MGP prevents calcium deposition in arterial walls. This dual mechanism ensures calcium is utilized for bone mineralization rather than soft tissue calcification.

A 3-year randomized controlled trial with 244 postmenopausal women showed 180 mcg daily MenaQ7 reduced bone loss and improved bone strength. The same study demonstrated significant reduction in arterial stiffness markers. Additional studies indicate MenaQ7 can reduce fracture risk by up to 25% and improve cardiovascular markers, though most trials are conducted in postmenopausal women with limited data in other populations.


Phyllanthus niruri is a tropical herb containing lignans like phyllanthin and hypophyllanthin that support liver function through hepatoprotective mechanisms. The plant's bioactive compounds demonstrate antiviral, hypoglycemic, and nephroprotective effects in preclinical studies.

• Liver protection: Animal studies show lignans protect against CCl₄-induced liver injury and lower ALT/AST enzymes (preliminary evidence)
• Blood sugar regulation: Rodent models demonstrate improved insulin sensitivity and lower fasting glucose at 200 mg/kg doses (emerging human data)
• Antiviral activity: In vitro studies show inhibition of hepatitis B surface antigen secretion in HepG2 cells (laboratory evidence only)
• Kidney stone support: Traditional use suggests tannins may help break down small kidney stones through lithotripsy-like mechanism (traditional evidence)
• Anti-inflammatory effects: Flavonoids reduce paw edema in rat models, suggesting COX inhibition (animal evidence only)

Lignans including phyllanthin and hypophyllanthin provide hepatoprotection by reducing oxidative stress and inhibiting cytochrome P450-mediated toxicity. The compounds modulate glucose metabolism through enhanced insulin sensitivity and GLUT4 transporter activity. Antiviral effects occur through inhibition of viral DNA polymerase and reverse transcriptase enzymes.

Animal studies demonstrate liver protection with significant reductions in ALT and AST enzymes following CCl₄-induced injury. Rodent diabetes models show improved glucose tolerance and insulin sensitivity at 200 mg/kg doses over 4-8 week periods. Limited human trials suggest potential hepatitis B antigen reduction, though larger controlled studies are needed. Most evidence remains at the preclinical stage with promising but preliminary human data.

Phyllanthus niruri
Bhui amlaki
Stone breaker
Chanca piedra
Quebra-pedra
Seed-under-leaf
Hurricane weed
Bhoomyamalaki


Menthol is a monoterpenoid compound that activates TRPM8 cold receptors to produce cooling and analgesic effects. It provides topical pain relief and respiratory support through direct receptor binding mechanisms.

• Topical pain relief through TRPM8 receptor activation producing cooling and analgesic effects (mechanism established, clinical evidence not detailed in provided sources)
• Respiratory support via inhalation for nasal congestion relief (traditional use documented, specific trials not provided)
• Digestive support when taken as peppermint oil for IBS symptom management (mentioned but no RCT data provided)
• Anti-inflammatory potential through suppression of pro-inflammatory cytokines TNF-α and IL-6 (mechanism proposed, clinical validation not included)
• Muscle tension relief through topical application (traditional use spanning 2,000+ years, modern clinical data not provided)

Menthol activates TRPM8 (transient receptor potential melastatin 8) cold-sensitive ion channels in sensory neurons, triggering calcium influx and cooling sensations. This activation inhibits voltage-gated sodium channels, reducing pain signal transmission and producing local analgesic effects. In respiratory tissues, menthol stimulates cold receptors in nasal passages, creating sensations of improved airflow.

Clinical evidence for menthol primarily comes from topical analgesic formulations containing 1-16% menthol concentrations. Small-scale studies have demonstrated pain reduction in conditions like osteoarthritis and muscle soreness, though large randomized controlled trials are limited. Inhalation studies show subjective improvements in nasal congestion symptoms, but objective airflow measurements show minimal changes. Most evidence relies on traditional use and mechanistic studies rather than comprehensive clinical trials.

5-methyl-2-(1-methylethyl)cyclohexanol
l-menthol
peppermint camphor
mint camphor
Bo He
Pudina
cornmint crystal
levomenthol


Meriva is a patented curcumin phytosome complex that combines curcumin with phosphatidylcholine to enhance bioavailability by up to 29-fold. It reduces inflammation by inhibiting NF-κB signaling and provides superior absorption compared to standard curcumin extracts.

- Reduces inflammation by inhibiting NF-kB, a key inflammatory pathway. Curcumin's anti-inflammatory effects are crucial for joint health. - Enhances joint mobility by reducing pain and swelling. Studies show a 58% improvement in joint function. - Acts as a potent antioxidant, neutralizing free radicals. This protects cells from oxidative damage, supporting overall health. - Supports liver health by enhancing detoxification processes. Curcumin stimulates the production of detoxifying enzymes. - Promotes cardiovascular health by improving endothelial function. This is essential for maintaining healthy blood pressure levels. - Enhances cognitive function by crossing the blood-brain barrier and reducing amyloid plaques. This supports long-term brain health. - Supports mood balance by modulating neurotransmitter levels, reducing symptoms of depression and anxiety.

Meriva's curcumin inhibits nuclear factor-kappa B (NF-κB), a master regulator of inflammatory gene expression, reducing production of inflammatory cytokines like TNF-α and IL-1β. The phosphatidylcholine coating protects curcumin from degradation and facilitates cellular uptake through enhanced membrane permeability. This phytosome technology bypasses first-pass metabolism, allowing curcumin to reach therapeutic concentrations in target tissues.

Multiple randomized controlled trials involving over 500 participants demonstrate Meriva's efficacy for joint health and inflammation. A key 8-month study with 100 osteoarthritis patients showed 58% improvement in joint function and 300% reduction in inflammatory markers. Clinical trials using 200-1000mg daily doses consistently report significant pain reduction and mobility improvements within 2-3 months. The evidence is strongest for joint health, with emerging research supporting cardiovascular and cognitive benefits.

Curcuma longa
Curcumin-phosphatidylcholine complex
Enhanced curcumin
Haldi
Jiang Huang
Indian saffron
Turmeric extract phytosome
Bioavailable curcumin


Mertajam leaf (Lepisanthes rubiginosa) contains flavonoids and polyphenols that inhibit inflammatory mediators like TNF-α and IL-6, providing anti-inflammatory and antipyretic effects. Preclinical studies demonstrate its antimicrobial activity and immune-modulating properties, though clinical trials in humans remain limited.

- **Reduces inflammation throughout**: the body due to its rich flavonoid and polyphenol content.
- **Supports immune function**: through its antimicrobial and antioxidant properties.
- **Aids in fever**: reduction, a traditional application in Southeast Asian folk medicine.
- **Promotes digestive wellness**: by soothing the gastrointestinal tract.
- **Enhances cardiovascular health**: by modulating inflammatory pathways and supporting circulation.
- **Contributes to stress**: response regulation, acting as a mild adaptogen.

Flavonoids and polyphenolic compounds in Mertajam leaf inhibit pro-inflammatory cytokines including TNF-α, IL-6, and IL-1β through NF-κB pathway suppression. The bioactive compounds demonstrate cyclooxygenase inhibition, reducing prostaglandin synthesis responsible for inflammation and fever. Antimicrobial effects appear to involve membrane disruption and enzyme inhibition in pathogenic microorganisms.

Current evidence for Mertajam leaf relies primarily on in vitro and animal studies rather than human clinical trials. Laboratory studies demonstrate significant anti-inflammatory activity with IC50 values for cytokine inhibition, though specific quantified data varies across preparations. Animal models show fever reduction comparable to standard antipyretics, but human efficacy and optimal dosing remain unestablished. The evidence base is promising but requires controlled human trials to validate therapeutic applications.

Lepisanthes rubiginosa
Malaysian False Longan
Daun Mertajam
Cermai Hutan