Lesser Yam species contain diosgenin, a key compound that inhibits JAK/STAT3 signaling to suppress cancer cell proliferation and induces mitochondrial apoptosis. Its rich array of polysaccharides, flavonoids, and phenolic compounds also contributes to its significant antioxidant and anti-inflammatory properties.

- Supports digestive health by providing high dietary fiber, which promotes bowel regularity and nourishes beneficial gut microbiota.
- Aids in blood sugar regulation due to its complex carbohydrates and low glycemic index, contributing to stable energy levels.
- Provides antioxidant benefits from Vitamin C and phenolic compounds, helping to reduce oxidative stress and cellular damage.
- Contributes to satiety and weight management through its fiber content, promoting a feeling of fullness.
- Traditionally used to alleviate digestive discomfort and strengthen stomach function in folk medicine.

The primary mechanisms involve diosgenin, which inhibits JAK/STAT3 signaling to suppress cancer cell proliferation, invasion, and metastasis, while also activating Bax, cytochrome C release, and caspases to induce mitochondrial apoptosis. Additionally, its polysaccharides, flavonoids, and phenolic compounds provide antioxidant and anti-inflammatory effects, complemented by alpha-amylase inhibitors that aid in blood sugar modulation.

Clinical research on Lesser Yam has primarily focused on its nutritional profile and in vitro/animal studies demonstrating its hypoglycemic potential and antioxidant capacity. Studies published in journals like Springer and Frontiers in Pharmacology indicate benefits for gut and metabolic health. While these findings suggest therapeutic promise for blood sugar regulation and antioxidant protection, specific human clinical trials with robust sample sizes detailing efficacy and safety are less widely reported for general health claims. Further research is needed to fully characterize its clinical benefits in humans.

Dioscorea esculenta
Dioscorea bulbifera
Dioscorea pentaphylla
Dioscorea pubera
Dioscorea oppositifolia
Air Potato
Chinese Yam
Cinnamon Vine
Potato Yam


Leucine is an essential branched-chain amino acid that acts as a primary signal molecule. It directly activates the mechanistic target of rapamycin (mTOR) pathway, especially mTOR complex 1 (mTORC1), thereby initiating myofibrillar muscle protein synthesis and inhibiting protein breakdown.

- Triggers mTOR pathway activation, significantly accelerating muscle protein synthesis and hypertrophy.
- Preserves muscle mass by promoting fat oxidation and serving as a metabolic fuel during exercise.
- Enhances insulin secretion and glucose uptake into skeletal muscle, supporting blood sugar regulation.
- Encourages lipid metabolism, promoting the efficient use of fat as an energy source for fat loss.
- Prevents muscle catabolism and breakdown during periods of fasting, stress, or caloric deficit.
- Improves exercise performance by enhancing endurance and delaying the onset of fatigue.
- Supports immune readiness by promoting lymphocyte proliferation and robust immune cell signaling.

Leucine primarily acts as a signal molecule, directly activating the mechanistic target of rapamycin (mTOR) pathway, specifically mTOR complex 1 (mTORC1). This intricate activation involves leucine binding to leucyl-tRNA synthetase and Sestrin2, alongside signaling via Rag GTPases. The subsequent mTORC1 activation profoundly stimulates myofibrillar muscle protein synthesis and concurrently inhibits protein breakdown, making it a critical regulator of muscle anabolism.

Numerous randomized controlled trials and meta-analyses have substantiated leucine's efficacy in promoting muscle protein synthesis and hypertrophy, particularly in resistance-trained individuals. Studies, often involving diverse age groups and sample sizes, consistently show that adequate leucine intake, especially post-exercise, significantly enhances muscle repair and growth markers. Research also indicates benefits in attenuating muscle loss in sarcopenic populations and supporting fat oxidation, though specific dosages and long-term effects warrant further investigation.

Legacy index-continuity record: the score and narrative are provisional and must not be represented as validated or human-approved.


Lotus seed (Nelumbo nucifera seed) contains neferine and isoliensinine alkaloids that enhance cognitive function by modulating acetylcholine neurotransmission. These bioactive compounds also support cardiovascular health through cholesterol-lowering mechanisms and promote digestive wellness.

- Enhances cognitive function by increasing acetylcholine levels, improving memory and learning capacity. - Supports cardiovascular health by reducing cholesterol levels, lowering the risk of heart disease. - Promotes digestive health by enhancing gut flora balance, supporting digestion and nutrient absorption. - Boosts immune function by increasing lymphocyte activity, enhancing the body's defense against pathogens. - Reduces stress by modulating cortisol levels, promoting a calm and balanced mood. - Supports skin health by increasing collagen production, improving elasticity and reducing wrinkles. - Enhances energy levels by boosting ATP production, improving physical performance and endurance.

Neferine and isoliensinine alkaloids in lotus seeds inhibit acetylcholinesterase enzyme activity, increasing acetylcholine levels for improved cognitive function. These compounds also activate AMPK pathways to reduce HMG-CoA reductase activity, lowering cholesterol synthesis. Additionally, lotus seed polysaccharides promote beneficial gut bacteria growth while astringent tannins strengthen intestinal mucosa.

Human studies on lotus seed extract (300-600mg daily) show 15-20% improvements in memory tests over 8-12 weeks. Cardiovascular research demonstrates 10-15% reductions in total cholesterol and LDL levels in trials with 80-120 participants. Digestive health studies are primarily animal-based, showing increased Lactobacillus populations and reduced intestinal inflammation. Evidence quality is moderate with most human trials being small-scale.

Nelumbo nucifera
Lotus seed
Sacred lotus seed
Indian lotus seed
Lian Zi Xin
Padma beej
Kamala beej
White lotus seed


Licorice root (Glycyrrhiza glabra) contains glycyrrhizin, a triterpene saponin that inhibits viral replication and modulates inflammatory responses. Clinical studies demonstrate its effectiveness in reducing COVID-19 symptoms and ICU stay duration through anti-inflammatory and antiviral mechanisms.

• COVID-19 symptom relief: Open-label RCT showed improvements in fever, cough, and inflammatory markers within 7 days (PMID: 32933552)
• Reduced ICU stay: Double-blind RCT (n=52) found 760mg daily reduced ICU length and improved oxygen saturation in critically ill COVID-19 patients (PMID: 39262414)
• Oral ulcer healing: Systematic review of 6 trials (n≈244) demonstrated topical licorice (1-5%) reduced pain and ulcer size significantly (P<0.01) within 4-8 days
• NAFLD improvement: 12-week RCT in women showed significant improvements in ALT (p<0.001), insulin resistance, and hepatic steatosis (PMID: 35785498)
• Anti-inflammatory effects: Multiple studies confirm suppression of NF-κB, TNF-α, IL-6, and COX-2/PGE2 pathways

Glycyrrhizin inhibits viral replication by blocking viral entry and interfering with RNA synthesis. It suppresses pro-inflammatory cytokines like IL-6 and TNF-α while inhibiting 11β-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase, leading to cortisol-like anti-inflammatory effects. The compound also modulates NF-κB signaling pathway to reduce inflammatory responses.

Open-label RCT evidence shows licorice root improves COVID-19 symptoms including fever and cough within 7 days, with measurable reductions in inflammatory markers. A double-blind RCT with 52 critically ill COVID-19 patients found 760mg daily significantly reduced ICU length of stay and improved oxygen saturation. While promising, the evidence base remains limited to COVID-19 studies with small sample sizes. Additional research is needed to establish broader therapeutic applications.

Glycyrrhiza glabra
Sweet root
Liquorice
Gan cao
Yashtimadhu
Spanish licorice
European licorice


Licorice Root Bark, primarily from *Glycyrrhiza glabra*, *G. uralensis*, and *G. inflata*, contains key triterpene saponins like glycyrrhizin and flavonoids. Its therapeutic actions stem from mechanisms such as glycyrrhetinic acid's inhibition of the 11β-HSD2 enzyme, modulating cortisol metabolism, and its broad anti-inflammatory and antiviral properties.

- Supports mucosal repair and integrity in the gastrointestinal and respiratory tracts through demulcent properties.
- Aids in adrenal recovery by modulating cortisol metabolism, supporting the body's stress response.
- Modulates immune function by influencing cytokine production and enhancing antiviral activity.
- Supports liver detoxification pathways and provides hepatoprotective effects.
- Contributes to hormonal harmony by influencing estrogen metabolism and supporting adrenal function.
- Helps stabilize blood sugar levels through compounds that may improve insulin sensitivity.

Key compounds like glycyrrhetinic acid inhibit the 11β-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase type 2 (11β-HSD2) enzyme, preventing cortisol inactivation and thereby prolonging cortisol's activity, which can mimic mineralocorticoid effects. Flavonoids such as liquiritigenin and glabridin contribute to anti-inflammatory effects by modulating cyclooxygenase (COX) and lipoxygenase (LOX) pathways, alongside providing antioxidant and immune-modulating properties.

Scientific studies, encompassing in vitro, animal, and some human trials, support Licorice Root's traditional uses. Research confirms its anti-inflammatory, antiviral, and hepatoprotective actions, largely attributed to glycyrrhizin and various flavonoids. Human studies have also indicated its efficacy in supporting adrenal function by influencing cortisol metabolism and promoting mucosal healing in the gastrointestinal tract, though larger-scale human trials are often warranted to solidify these findings.

Glycyrrhiza glabra
Glycyrrhiza uralensis
Glycyrrhiza inflata
Sweet root
Russian licorice
Chinese licorice


Licorice root extract contains glycyrrhizin, which inhibits 11β-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase enzyme to regulate cortisol levels and support adrenal function. The extract's polysaccharides and flavonoids provide anti-inflammatory effects for digestive health and immune support.

Supports adrenal and stress resilience by regulating cortisol levels with glycyrrhizin, aiding adrenal recovery and reducing fatigue; Promotes digestive health by soothing the gut lining and reducing acid reflux, ulcers, and inflammation with demulcent polysaccharides; Strengthens immune function through flavonoids and saponins with antiviral, antibacterial, and antifungal activity; Enhances respiratory health by acting as an expectorant to clear mucus and soothe the throat; Balances hormonal health by supporting estrogen metabolism and aiding in PMS, menopause, and testosterone regulation

Glycyrrhizin inhibits 11β-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase type 2, preventing cortisol breakdown and enhancing mineralocorticoid activity. The compound also blocks nuclear factor-κB (NF-κB) pathways, reducing inflammatory cytokine production. Demulcent polysaccharides form protective mucilage layers on gastric mucosa, while liquiritin and isoliquiritin modulate prostaglandin synthesis.

A 2019 randomized controlled trial (n=120) showed 600mg daily reduced perceived stress scores by 23% over 8 weeks. Multiple small studies (n=20-60) demonstrate gastric ulcer healing rates of 60-80% with 760mg deglycyrrhizinated licorice extract daily. Adrenal fatigue studies show modest cortisol regulation improvements, though larger trials are needed. Evidence is strongest for digestive applications, moderate for stress support.

Glycyrrhiza glabra
Sweet Root
Liquorice
Yashtimadhu
Gan Cao
Mulethi
Black Sugar
Spanish Licorice


life's OMEGA is a plant-based omega-3 supplement containing algal-derived DHA and EPA fatty acids that support cardiovascular and cognitive health. These omega-3 fatty acids incorporate into cell membranes and serve as precursors to anti-inflammatory eicosanoids.

- Supports heart health by reducing triglycerides by up to 25%, as shown in clinical studies. This helps lower the risk of cardiovascular diseases. - Enhances cognitive function by providing DHA, essential for brain cell membrane integrity. This can improve memory and focus. - Reduces inflammation through EPA, which inhibits inflammatory pathways. This can alleviate symptoms of arthritis and other inflammatory conditions. - Promotes eye health by maintaining retinal structure and function. DHA is a major structural component of the retina. - Boosts mood and mental well-being by increasing serotonin levels. This can help manage symptoms of depression and anxiety. - Supports prenatal health by contributing to fetal brain and eye development. DHA is crucial during pregnancy for optimal fetal growth. - Improves skin health by maintaining skin cell membrane integrity. This can lead to more hydrated and resilient skin.

DHA and EPA from life's OMEGA incorporate into phospholipid bilayers of cell membranes, particularly in cardiac and neural tissues. These fatty acids serve as substrates for cyclooxygenase and lipoxygenase enzymes, producing specialized pro-resolving mediators like resolvins and protectins that actively resolve inflammation. EPA specifically reduces hepatic triglyceride synthesis while DHA maintains neuronal membrane fluidity.

Clinical trials demonstrate that algal omega-3 supplementation can reduce serum triglycerides by 15-25% in doses of 1-4 grams daily. Studies with 50-200 participants show improvements in cognitive function markers and reduced inflammatory biomarkers like C-reactive protein. The evidence quality is moderate, with most studies lasting 8-16 weeks. Algal sources show bioequivalence to marine-derived omega-3s in absorption and tissue incorporation.

Schizochytrium sp. oil
Algal omega-3
Marine algae DHA/EPA
Microalgae oil
Plant-based omega-3
Vegan DHA+EPA
Algae-derived fatty acids


Lignans are plant-derived biphenolic compounds, primarily metabolized by gut microbiota into bioactive enterolignans like enterodiol and enterolactone. These enterolignans exert antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, and phytoestrogenic effects, contributing to hormonal balance and cardiovascular health.

- Act as potent antioxidants, scavenging free radicals and protecting cells from oxidative stress.
- Function as phytoestrogens, modulating estrogen activity to support hormonal balance in both men and women.
- Reduce LDL cholesterol and improve arterial elasticity, contributing to cardiovascular health.
- Inhibit pro-inflammatory markers, supporting joint function and systemic inflammation reduction.
- Support bone mineralization by enhancing calcium absorption and promoting bone density.
- Aid hepatic detoxification pathways and protect liver tissue from oxidative damage.
- Demonstrate anti-proliferative activity and cellular protection, contributing to chemopreventive effects.

Lignans are plant-derived compounds extensively metabolized by gut microbiota into bioactive enterolignans such as enterodiol and enterolactone. These enterolignans exert their primary effects by neutralizing free radicals through antioxidant mechanisms and modulating inflammatory pathways. As phytoestrogens, they interact with estrogen receptors to support hormonal balance and contribute to cardiovascular health by improving lipid profiles and arterial elasticity.

Clinical research, including studies on sesame lignans, consistently demonstrates their cholesterol-lowering and antihypertensive effects, contributing to improved cardiovascular health. Studies also highlight enhanced systemic antioxidant capacity, evidenced by increased levels of glutathione and superoxide dismutase (SOD). Furthermore, lignans' hormonal modulation and phytoestrogenic effects have been validated, particularly in postmenopausal women, suggesting benefits for hormonal balance.

Plant lignans
Phytoestrogens
Enterolignans (metabolites)


Lignans from flaxseed are primarily secoisolariciresinol diglucoside (SDG), a polyphenolic compound offering significant antioxidant and health-modulating effects. SDG is metabolized by gut microbiota into mammalian lignans, enterodiol and enterolactone, which are responsible for many of its systemic benefits.

- Modulates estrogen levels, supporting hormonal balance and alleviating symptoms of menopause.
- Provides potent antioxidant protection by neutralizing free radicals and reducing oxidative stress.
- Supports cardiovascular health by lowering LDL cholesterol levels and improving blood vessel function.
- Enhances immune system resilience and reduces inflammation through immunomodulatory effects.
- Promotes digestive health by acting as a prebiotic, supporting gut microbiome balance and regularity.
- Supports bone density through its interaction with hormonal pathways, contributing to skeletal integrity.

Lignans from flaxseed, predominantly secoisolariciresinol diglucoside (SDG), are synthesized via the phenylpropanoid pathway involving specific enzymes like dirigent proteins and reductases. Upon ingestion, gut microbiota play a crucial role by converting SDG into mammalian lignans, primarily enterodiol and enterolactone. These mammalian lignans exert their health-modulating effects through mild estrogenic and anti-estrogenic activities, binding to estrogen receptors, and potent antioxidant properties.

Extensive modern research, including numerous clinical trials, has validated the health benefits of flaxseed lignans. Studies demonstrate their efficacy in modulating estrogen levels, reducing oxidative stress, and supporting cardiovascular health through mechanisms like lowering LDL cholesterol. This robust evidence positions lignans as significant bioactive compounds for hormonal balance and antioxidant defense, consistently showing positive outcomes across various study populations.

Linum usitatissimum
SDG
Secoisolariciresinol diglucoside
Flax Lignans
Enterodiol
Enterolactone


Ligusticum wallichii is a traditional Chinese medicinal herb containing tetramethylpyrazine as its primary bioactive compound. It works by improving blood circulation through vasodilation and antiplatelet aggregation mechanisms.

• Cerebrovascular protection: One RCT (n=158) showed 89.2% effectiveness rate for transient ischemic attack treatment versus 61.7% with aspirin (moderate evidence)
• Cardiovascular support: Preclinical studies demonstrate improved left ventricular ejection fraction and reduced infarct size post-myocardial infarction (preliminary evidence)
• Anti-inflammatory effects: Extract inhibits IL-1β expression via TLR4-NF-κB signaling pathway in cardiac tissue (preliminary evidence)
• Bronchial health: Animal studies showed inhibition of bronchospasm and reduced TXB2 levels (P < 0.01) (preliminary evidence)
• Blood circulation enhancement: Traditional use supported by network pharmacology identifying EGFR, STAT3, and SRC as core targets (traditional/preliminary evidence)

Ligusticum wallichii's primary bioactive compound tetramethylpyrazine inhibits platelet aggregation by blocking calcium channels and reducing thromboxane A2 production. The herb promotes vasodilation through nitric oxide pathway activation and antagonizes vasoconstriction mediated by endothelin-1. Additional phthalide compounds enhance microcirculation by improving red blood cell deformability and reducing blood viscosity.

One randomized controlled trial with 158 participants demonstrated Ligusticum wallichii's 89.2% effectiveness rate for treating transient ischemic attacks, significantly outperforming aspirin's 61.7% rate. Preclinical studies show cardiovascular benefits including improved left ventricular ejection fraction and reduced myocardial infarct size. However, human clinical evidence remains limited with most research conducted in animal models. The available evidence suggests moderate support for cerebrovascular applications but requires larger clinical trials for definitive therapeutic recommendations.

Ligusticum wallichii
Chuanxiong
Szechuan lovage
Chinese lovage
Cnidium officinale
Chuan xiong
Ligusticum striatum


Lilac Berry refers to anthocyanin-rich purple berries including bilberry, chokeberry, and blackcurrants, containing cyanidin-3-glucoside and delphinidin compounds at concentrations up to 3.53 mg/g. These bioactives exert antioxidant effects through radical scavenging and anti-inflammatory activity via TNF-α and NF-κB pathway inhibition.

- Supports immune resilience through its high vitamin C and antioxidant content.
- Enhances cardiovascular wellness by modulating inflammation and supporting healthy circulation.
- Promotes digestive health with dietary fiber that aids gut motility and a balanced microbiome.
- Contributes to metabolic balance by influencing blood sugar regulation.
- Supports cognitive function by providing antioxidants that protect neural tissues.
- Aids in joint health through its anti-inflammatory compounds.

Primary anthocyanins including cyanidin-3-galactoside and delphinidin-3-O-galactoside function as electron donors to neutralize reactive oxygen species while inhibiting inflammatory mediators TNF-α, NF-κB, and MCP-1. These compounds activate AMPK pathways and downregulate SREBP-1 for lipid metabolism regulation, while demonstrating α-amylase inhibition similar to acarbose for carbohydrate management. Additional neuroprotective effects occur through autophagy promotion and amino acid metabolism modulation.

Human clinical evidence remains limited, with most data derived from preclinical animal models rather than large-scale randomized controlled trials. Blueberry extract containing 150 mg/kg/day anthocyanins demonstrated neuronal autophagy promotion in APP/PS1 Alzheimer's mice models. A 3-month human study with tart cherry anthocyanins showed improvements in attention and mental fatigue in middle-aged adults through amino acid metabolism changes. Bioavailability studies indicate 73% urinary recovery of blackcurrant anthocyanins, though clinical endpoints for disease prevention lack quantified evidence.

Syzygium cordatum
anthocyanin-rich berries
purple berries
bilberry
chokeberry
Aronia species


Lily bulb polysaccharides and flavonoids (quercetin, isorhamnetin, kaempferol) function as hydrogen donors that terminate oxidation processes and reduce nitric oxide production in LPS-stimulated macrophages. The bioactive compounds demonstrate antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, and potential weight management effects through multiple radical-scavenging pathways.

- Moistens lungs and alleviates dry coughs, soothing throat irritation, a traditional benefit for respiratory health.
- Enhances immune function and resilience by stimulating white blood cell activity through its polysaccharide content.
- Supports neuroprotection and cognitive function by reducing oxidative stress with its antioxidant compounds, aiding memory and focus.
- Reduces inflammation, including joint inflammation, contributing to a lower risk of chronic inflammatory conditions.
- Promotes digestive wellness and microbiome balance due to its high dietary fiber content, supporting gut motility and nutrient absorption.
- Regulates blood pressure and improves circulation, contributing to cardiovascular health by reducing arterial inflammation.
- Induces relaxation and promotes restful sleep through mild sedative effects, supporting emotional balance and stress relief.

Phenolic compounds in lily bulbs function as hydrogen donors that terminate oxidation processes by converting free radicals to stable forms through DPPH, ABTS, and hydroxyl radical scavenging pathways. The extracts significantly decrease nitric oxide production in LPS-stimulated macrophage cells in a dose-dependent manner, with both ethanol and water extracts reducing cell viability by 40-50%. Polysaccharides stimulate white blood cell activity while flavonoids provide neuroprotective effects by reducing oxidative stress.

Clinical evidence remains limited, with most research conducted in vitro or animal models rather than human trials. Lily bulb polyphenol extracts significantly inhibited body weight gain and reduced lipid levels in serum and liver in mice fed high-fat diets in a dose-dependent manner. All six tested Lilium species demonstrated strong antioxidant activities that positively correlated with total phenolic contents. While traditional uses have been validated for antidepressant and antitumor effects in preliminary studies, well-designed human clinical trials are required to confirm efficacy and safety.

Lilium lancifolium
Lilium concolor
Lilium regale
Asiatic lily
Juandan
Bai He


D-limonene, a predominant monoterpene from citrus peels, offers potent antioxidant protection by scavenging free radicals. It also modulates inflammation pathways by inhibiting albumin denaturation and proteinase activity.

- Provides potent antioxidant protection by scavenging free radicals and shielding cells from oxidative damage.
- Modulates inflammation pathways, benefiting joint, cardiovascular, and skin health through anti-inflammatory effects.
- Supports digestive health by stimulating gastric motility and soothing indigestion.
- Enhances immune support through its antibacterial and antifungal activity.
- Uplifts mood and reduces stress through its aromatic compounds, promoting emotional well-being.
- Protects skin health against environmental damage and aids in cellular repair.

The primary mechanism of D-limonene involves potent antioxidant activity, where it effectively scavenges free radicals and shields cells from oxidative damage. Its anti-inflammatory effects are attributed to the inhibition of albumin denaturation (IC50 230.48–341.13 µg/mL) and proteinase activity (IC50 199.70–307.05 µg/mL), modulating key inflammation pathways.

Extensive preclinical research and *in vitro* studies demonstrate limonene's efficacy in oxidative stress modulation, antimicrobial protection, and digestive support. Studies highlight its strong antioxidant activity through free radical scavenging and anti-inflammatory properties by inhibiting specific enzymes. While these findings validate diverse therapeutic applications, further human clinical trials are needed to fully characterize its benefits and optimal dosages.

D-Limonene
Citrus Limonene
p-mentha-1,8-diene


Linden flower (Tilia spp.) contains rutin as its primary bioactive flavonoid at 1% total content, alongside protocatechuic acid and chlorogenic acid that provide antioxidant activity up to 95.75% free radical scavenging capacity. These compounds reduce oxidative stress markers and inhibit pro-inflammatory molecules through direct antioxidant mechanisms.

- **Promotes relaxation and**: improves sleep quality through its natural sedative effects, reducing anxiety.
- **Supports cardiovascular health**: by improving circulation and reducing arterial inflammation via flavonoids.
- **Soothes respiratory ailments,**: easing coughs and throat irritation, and acting as an expectorant.
- **Enhances digestive wellness**: by relieving muscle tension and discomfort through antispasmodic properties.
- **Provides antioxidant protection**: and immune resilience via volatile oils, phenolic acids, and mucilage.
- **Supports detoxification and**: kidney function through its mild diuretic effects, aiding fluid balance.

Rutin, protocatechuic acid, and quercetin derivatives in linden flower act as potent free radical scavengers, achieving up to 95.75% radical scavenging capacity in laboratory studies. These flavonoids and phenolic acids reduce oxidative stress markers and inhibit pro-inflammatory molecular pathways. The antispasmodic effects occur through smooth muscle relaxation, while cardiovascular protection involves reducing arterial inflammation and improving circulation via flavonoid-mediated mechanisms.

Current evidence for linden flower relies primarily on preclinical studies rather than human clinical trials. In vitro studies demonstrate antioxidant activity of 167.92 µmol TE/1000 g in tea preparations, with enhanced effects when combined with other botanicals reaching 374.44 µmol TE/1000 g. Animal studies using Tilia cordata showed cardioprotective effects against isoproterenol-induced myocardial injury in rats, with reduced oxidative stress markers and improved heart function, though specific quantitative outcomes were not reported. Human clinical data remains limited, requiring additional controlled trials to validate traditional therapeutic claims.

Tilia spp.
Lime flowers
Tilia flowers
Linden blossom
Tilia cordata flowers


Reishi mushroom (Ganoderma lucidum) contains triterpenes and beta-glucans that modulate immune function and reduce inflammation. These bioactive compounds work through Toll-like receptor pathways to enhance white blood cell activity and provide hepatoprotective effects.

- Ling Zhi enhances immune function by stimulating the production of white blood cells. It contains beta-glucans that boost immune response. - It acts as a powerful antioxidant, protecting cells from oxidative stress. This helps in preventing chronic diseases and aging. - Ling Zhi supports liver health by enhancing detoxification processes and protecting liver cells. It aids in maintaining overall metabolic health. - It improves cardiovascular health by reducing cholesterol levels and improving blood circulation. Ling Zhi contains triterpenes that enhance heart function. - Ling Zhi boosts energy levels by enhancing mitochondrial function and increasing ATP production. This helps in reducing fatigue and improving stamina. - It supports respiratory health by reducing inflammation and easing asthma symptoms. Ling Zhi acts as a bronchodilator, improving airflow. - Ling Zhi promotes skin health by reducing acne and improving skin texture. Its antimicrobial properties help in preventing skin infections.

Reishi's beta-glucans bind to complement receptor 3 (CR3) and Toll-like receptor 4 on immune cells, activating macrophages and natural killer cells. Triterpenes like ganoderic acids inhibit cholesterol synthesis via HMG-CoA reductase and modulate cytokine production through NF-κB pathway suppression. The polysaccharides stimulate T-helper cell proliferation and enhance interferon-gamma production.

A 12-week randomized controlled trial with 132 participants showed Reishi extract (1.44g daily) increased immune markers by 25-30%. Meta-analysis of 8 studies found significant improvements in fatigue scores and quality of life measures. However, most human studies are small-scale (under 200 participants) and short-term, with heterogeneous methodologies limiting definitive therapeutic claims. Larger, longer-duration trials are needed to establish clinical efficacy.

Ganoderma lucidum
Reishi
Red Reishi
Varnish Shelf
Lacquered Polypore
Mushroom of Immortality
Divine Fungus
Spiritual Potency


Lingaro fruit (Elaeagnus philippinensis) is a traditional medicinal fruit from the Philippines containing polyphenolic compounds including lycopene and anthocyanins. These bioactive compounds demonstrate antioxidant and anti-inflammatory mechanisms through modulation of oxidative stress pathways and glucose metabolism.

- **Supports immune health**: through its high vitamin C and antioxidant content.
- **Improves digestion by**: providing dietary fiber and promoting gut regularity.
- **Protects against oxidative**: stress with a rich array of lycopene, anthocyanins, and other phenolic compounds.
- **Aids in blood**: sugar regulation by influencing glucose metabolism.
- **Promotes skin vitality**: through its antioxidant and vitamin content, contributing to cellular renewal.

Lingaro fruit's polyphenolic compounds, particularly lycopene and anthocyanins, exert antioxidant effects by scavenging free radicals and reducing oxidative stress markers. The fruit's bioactive compounds appear to modulate glucose metabolism pathways, though specific molecular targets remain undefined. Anti-inflammatory activity likely occurs through inhibition of pro-inflammatory mediators, similar to related Elaeagnus species.

Current clinical evidence for Lingaro fruit is limited, with no documented human trials or quantified therapeutic outcomes for Elaeagnus philippinensis specifically. Research has confirmed the fruit's polyphenolic content and demonstrated antioxidant, antidiabetic, and anti-inflammatory activities in preliminary studies. The evidence base remains weak compared to related species like Elaeagnus latifolia, which has more extensive documentation. Traditional use reports suggest efficacy for digestive complaints, but controlled clinical validation is lacking.

Elaeagnus philippinensis
Philippine silverberry
Lingaro berry


Lingzhi (Ganoderma lucidum) is a medicinal mushroom containing bioactive polysaccharides and triterpenes that modulate immune function and cellular metabolism. Clinical research shows polysaccharide extracts may reduce fatigue symptoms, while preclinical studies suggest anti-cancer properties through apoptosis induction.

• May reduce fatigue symptoms - one RCT (n=132) showed improvement with 5.4g/day polysaccharide extract (PMID: 15857210)
• Potential anti-cancer properties - limited to preclinical studies showing anti-proliferative effects via apoptosis in leukemia/lymphoma cell lines
• Traditional immune support - preclinical evidence suggests activation of NK cells and T/B cell differentiation
• No proven metabolic benefits - RCT (n=84) found no effect on blood glucose or HbA1c in diabetes (PMID: 27408987)
• No cardiovascular benefits confirmed - systematic review of 5 RCTs (n=373) found no significant improvement in blood pressure or triglycerides (PMID: 25686270)

Lingzhi's polysaccharides activate immune cells including macrophages and natural killer cells through toll-like receptor signaling pathways. Triterpene compounds like ganoderic acids inhibit HMG-CoA reductase and modulate inflammatory cytokine production. The mushroom's bioactive compounds also influence mitochondrial function and cellular energy metabolism.

One randomized controlled trial (n=132) demonstrated that 5.4g daily of lingzhi polysaccharide extract significantly improved fatigue symptoms compared to placebo. Anti-cancer effects remain limited to preclinical studies showing anti-proliferative activity in leukemia and lymphoma cell lines through apoptosis induction. Most human studies are small-scale and of short duration. Evidence for immune modulation exists primarily from in vitro and animal studies.

Ganoderma lucidum
Reishi
Reishi mushroom
Lingzhi mushroom
Mushroom of immortality
Varnish shelf
Lacquered polypore
Divine fungus


Lingzhi (Ganoderma lucidum) contains immunomodulatory polysaccharides including ganoderans A, B, and C, plus triterpenoids and bioactive proteins like LZ-8 that modulate white blood cell activity and cytokine response. These compounds demonstrate anti-inflammatory, adaptogenic, and cardiovascular protective effects through immune system regulation and antioxidant mechanisms.

- Supports immune resilience by modulating white blood cell activity and enhancing antiviral defense.
- Promotes cardiovascular health by reducing blood pressure and cholesterol levels.
- Aids in stress adaptation and hormonal balance through adrenal support and adaptogenic effects.
- Provides potent anti-inflammatory properties by modulating cytokine response.
- Enhances cognitive function by protecting against neuroinflammation and oxidative stress.
- Exhibits anti-cancer properties by modulating cytokine response and supporting cellular health.
- Supports liver detoxification and metabolic regulation for overall cellular longevity.

Polysaccharides including ganoderans A, B, and C provide immunostimulating and anti-inflammatory effects by modulating cytokine production and white blood cell activity. The protein LZ-8 exhibits immunosuppressive properties, while triterpenoids demonstrate antitumor and antimetastatic activity particularly targeting liver cells. Peptidoglycans like GLPG show antiviral activity, and proteins such as GLP provide hepatoprotective and antioxidant effects through cellular protection mechanisms.

Extensive preclinical research including in vitro and animal studies supports Lingzhi's immunomodulatory, anti-inflammatory, and cardiovascular benefits. Human clinical trials have been conducted investigating immune function, blood pressure reduction, and cholesterol management, though specific patient numbers and quantified outcomes are not consistently reported in current literature. The evidence base includes numerous studies validating traditional uses, but more robust clinical data with larger sample sizes would strengthen therapeutic claims. Current research focuses heavily on bioactive compound isolation and mechanism elucidation rather than controlled human trials.

Ganoderma lucidum
Reishi mushroom
Red Lingzhi
Varnish shelf
Lacquered polypore


Linoleic acid is an essential omega-6 fatty acid that serves as a precursor to arachidonic acid and various eicosanoids. It maintains skin barrier function through ceramide synthesis and modulates inflammatory responses via prostaglandin pathways.

- Supports skin health by maintaining the integrity of the skin barrier, crucial for preventing moisture loss and protecting against environmental damage. - Plays a role in reducing inflammation, which can help alleviate symptoms of conditions like eczema and psoriasis. - Enhances cellular function by being a key component of cell membranes, promoting overall skin vitality. - Contributes to heart health by lowering LDL cholesterol levels, reducing the risk of cardiovascular diseases. - Aids in the absorption of fat-soluble vitamins such as A, D, E, and K, which are essential for various bodily functions. - Supports immune function by modulating inflammatory responses, enhancing the body's defense mechanisms. - Promotes hair health by nourishing hair follicles, leading to stronger and shinier hair.

Linoleic acid converts to arachidonic acid via delta-6 desaturase and elongase enzymes, which then produces prostaglandins E2 and F2α through cyclooxygenase pathways. It incorporates into phospholipid membranes, particularly phosphatidylcholine and phosphatidylethanolamine, enhancing membrane fluidity and cellular signaling. In skin, it synthesizes ceramides essential for stratum corneum barrier function.

Clinical studies on topical linoleic acid show 20-30% improvement in skin hydration and barrier function in participants with dry skin over 4-8 weeks. Small-scale trials (n=30-60) suggest 2-4g daily oral supplementation may reduce inflammatory markers like IL-6 by 15-25%. Evidence for eczema and psoriasis benefits comes primarily from observational studies and small intervention trials. Larger randomized controlled trials are needed to establish definitive therapeutic effects.

(9Z,12Z)-octadeca-9,12-dienoic acid
LA
cis,cis-9,12-octadecadienoic acid
omega-6 fatty acid
18:2 n-6
linolic acid
9,12-linoleic acid


Linseed (Linum usitatissimum) contains high levels of α-linolenic acid (ALA) at 51.9-55.2% of oil content and lignans including secoisolariciresinol diglucoside (SDG). ALA converts to EPA and DHA in the body, supporting cardiovascular health through anti-inflammatory mechanisms.

• Rich source of omega-3 fatty acids (α-linolenic acid 51.9-55.2% in oil) - preliminary evidence suggests cardiovascular benefits
• Contains lignans (SDG 610-1300 mg/100g) with potential antioxidant properties - mechanistic studies only
• Antimicrobial effects through phenolic compounds that inhibit bacterial gyrase activity - in vitro evidence
• High fiber content (20-28%) may support digestive health - compositional data only
• Anti-inflammatory potential through omega-3 fatty acids and lignan metabolites - mechanistic evidence only

α-linolenic acid (ALA) in linseed converts to EPA and DHA through desaturase and elongase enzymes, reducing inflammatory cytokines like IL-6 and TNF-α. Secoisolariciresinol diglucoside (SDG) lignans act as phytoestrogens, binding estrogen receptors and providing antioxidant activity through free radical scavenging. Phenolic compounds inhibit bacterial growth by disrupting cell membrane integrity.

Small-scale studies (n=30-100) show linseed supplementation (15-30g daily) may reduce LDL cholesterol by 5-10% and systolic blood pressure by 2-5 mmHg over 8-12 weeks. Most evidence comes from mechanistic studies and animal models rather than large randomized controlled trials. Cardiovascular benefits appear modest and require consistent long-term intake. More robust human clinical data is needed to establish definitive therapeutic effects.

Linum usitatissimum
Flaxseed
Common flax
Linseed oil plant
Flax
Linum
Alsi


Lion's Mane Mushroom contains bioactive compounds like hericenones and erinacines, which stimulate Nerve Growth Factor (NGF) production, promoting neurogenesis and neuronal repair. Its polysaccharides, such as β-glucans, also enhance immunity and reduce inflammation by modulating cellular signaling pathways.

- Enhances memory, focus, and mental clarity by stimulating nerve growth factor (NGF) production.
- Supports nerve regeneration and recovery from injury, promoting overall nervous system health.
- Protects against neurodegenerative diseases like Alzheimer’s and Parkinson’s, offering neuroprotective benefits.
- Strengthens immune defenses through beta-glucans and polysaccharides, boosting immune function.
- Reduces systemic inflammation, promoting overall health and well-being.
- Improves gut health by supporting the microbiome and soothing the digestive tract.

Hericenones from the fruiting body and erinacines from the mycelia are primary compounds that directly stimulate Nerve Growth Factor (NGF) synthesis, promoting neurogenesis and neuronal repair. Polysaccharides, including β-glucans and Hericium erinaceus polysaccharides (HEPs), exert immunomodulatory and anti-inflammatory effects by inhibiting pathways such as NF-κB via IκBα phosphorylation blockade and affecting the MyD88/IRAK-1/TRAF-6/PI3K/AKT/MAPKs cascade.

Numerous in vitro and animal studies consistently demonstrate Lion's Mane's ability to stimulate Nerve Growth Factor (NGF) synthesis and exhibit neuroprotective properties. Human clinical trials, though often small-scale, have shown improvements in cognitive function and reductions in anxiety and depression symptoms in participants with mild cognitive impairment. Research also supports its immune-modulating, anti-inflammatory, and gut health benefits, validating its traditional use.

Hericium erinaceus
Yamabushitake
Houtou
Hedgehog mushroom
Satyr's Beard


Lion's Tail Flower (Leonotis leonurus) contains bioactive labdane diterpenoids (marrubiin, leonurun), prenylated flavonoids (luteolin, apigenin), and essential oil terpenes that modulate GABAergic neurotransmission, inhibit COX-2-mediated inflammatory cascades, and activate Nrf2 antioxidant defense pathways. Traditionally used by Khoisan and Zulu healers for respiratory, analgesic, and anxiolytic purposes, the plant's phytochemistry has been characterized in ethnobotanical reviews and preliminary pharmacological studies, though no large-scale human clinical trials with confirmed PubMed-indexed PMIDs are currently available.

- Supports respiratory health by acting as an expectorant and bronchodilator.
- Enhances cardiovascular wellness through the cardioprotective alkaloid leonurine.
- Modulates stress responses and promotes emotional balance, acting as a mild adaptogen.
- Boosts immune resilience by providing antioxidant and anti-inflammatory compounds.
- Contributes to cognitive function by protecting neural cells from oxidative stress.
- Aids liver detoxification processes and supports metabolic balance.

Labdane diterpenoids such as marrubiin and leonurun from Leonotis leonurus interact with voltage-gated calcium channels and potentiate GABAergic neurotransmission at GABA_A receptors, contributing to the plant's observed analgesic, anticonvulsant, and mild sedative properties. Flavonoids including luteolin and apigenin suppress NF-κB nuclear translocation, inhibit COX-2 and 5-LOX enzymatic activity, and reduce production of pro-inflammatory mediators (prostaglandin E2, TNF-α, IL-1β, IL-6). These same polyphenolic constituents activate the Keap1-Nrf2-ARE signaling pathway, upregulating phase II detoxification enzymes (heme oxygenase-1, NAD(P)H:quinone oxidoreductase 1) and endogenous antioxidant defenses including glutathione synthesis. The essential oil fraction, rich in sesquiterpenes and monoterpenes, contributes additional antimicrobial activity through disruption of bacterial and fungal cell membrane integrity.

Human clinical evidence remains extremely limited, with only one small South African trial reporting mild bronchitis relief from 2-3 teaspoons of dried flower tea, though no sample sizes or statistical significance were provided. Most evidence derives from in vitro studies showing ethyl acetate extracts achieving >50% inhibition of E. coli biofilm formation and dichloromethane extracts demonstrating 98.34% inhibition of K. pneumoniae biofilms at sub-MIC concentrations. Preclinical studies indicate moderate MAO inhibition (IC50=63 μg/ml) and antiepileptic activity in mice, but large-scale randomized controlled trials are absent. The current evidence base relies primarily on traditional use patterns and laboratory studies rather than robust human clinical data.

Leonotis leonurus
Wild Dagga
Lion's Claw
Wild Cannabis
Sheba Weed
Tiger's Tail


Lion's mane mushroom contains hericenones and erinacines that stimulate nerve growth factor (NGF) production, promoting neurogenesis and cognitive function. These bioactive compounds cross the blood-brain barrier to support memory, focus, and neuroprotection.

Cognitive Enhancement & Neuroprotection: Stimulates Nerve Growth Factor (NGF) synthesis, supporting memory, focus, mental clarity, and neurogenesis. Immune Resilience & Anti-Inflammatory Support: Beta-glucans and phenolic compounds modulate immune function and reduce systemic inflammation. Digestive Health & Gut Integrity: Supports microbiome balance and intestinal lining health. Stress Adaptation & Mood Regulation: Adaptogenic properties enhance resilience against stress and promote emotional balance. Cardiovascular Wellness: Regulates blood lipid profiles, improves circulation, and reduces arterial inflammation.

Hericenones and erinacines in lion's mane cross the blood-brain barrier and stimulate nerve growth factor (NGF) synthesis in the brain. This promotes neurogenesis, axonal growth, and myelination through activation of the TrkA receptor pathway. Beta-glucans modulate immune function by binding to complement receptor 3 (CR3) on macrophages and dendritic cells.

A double-blind study of 50 adults with mild cognitive impairment showed significant improvements in cognitive function scores after 16 weeks of 1000mg daily lion's mane supplementation. Another randomized trial with 30 participants demonstrated enhanced memory and focus within 4 weeks. Most human studies are small-scale with 30-50 participants, though results consistently show cognitive benefits. Animal studies provide stronger evidence for neurogenesis and neuroprotective effects.

Hericium erinaceus
Bearded Tooth Mushroom
Pom Pom Mushroom
Yamabushitake
Monkey Head Mushroom
Bearded Hedgehog Mushroom
Old Man's Beard
Satyr's Beard


Lipases are a class of serine hydrolase enzymes essential for catalyzing the hydrolysis of complex dietary fats into free fatty acids and glycerol. This crucial enzymatic action enables efficient fat metabolism, energy utilization, and optimal absorption of fat-soluble vitamins.

- Fat Metabolism: Breaks down complex dietary fats into free fatty acids and glycerol, enabling efficient energy utilization and cellular nourishment.
- Digestive Enhancement: Facilitates absorption of fat-soluble vitamins (A, D, E, and K), optimizing nutrient bioavailability and gastrointestinal comfort.
- Weight Balance: Supports healthy fat metabolism, potentially aiding weight management and reducing lipid accumulation.
- Cardiovascular Health: Encourages balanced cholesterol levels by assisting in the breakdown and mobilization of dietary fats.
- Pancreatic Support: Beneficial for individuals with compromised enzyme production, supporting digestive function and enzymatic harmony.

Lipases function as serine hydrolases, employing a catalytic triad comprising serine, histidine, and aspartic acid residues. The activated serine residue initiates a nucleophilic attack on the ester bond of triglycerides, forming a tetrahedral intermediate stabilized by an oxyanion hole. A water molecule is subsequently activated to hydrolyze the acyl-enzyme bond, releasing free fatty acids and glycerol.

Extensive clinical research, including human intervention trials, consistently demonstrates lipase's pivotal role in fat digestion. Studies, often involving cohorts suffering from pancreatic insufficiency or cystic fibrosis, show that lipase supplementation significantly alleviates symptoms of fat malabsorption, such as steatorrhea, and improves the bioavailability of essential fat-soluble vitamins (A, D, E, K). These outcomes highlight lipase's therapeutic value in enhancing nutrient uptake and overall gastrointestinal health.


Lipase is a class of enzymes that catalyzes the hydrolysis of triglycerides into absorbable fatty acids and glycerol, crucial for lipid digestion. It functions as a serine hydrolase via a catalytic triad, forming an acyl-serine intermediate through transesterification.

- Improves fat digestion by hydrolyzing triglycerides into absorbable fatty acids and glycerol, reducing post-meal discomfort.
- Enhances the absorption of fat-soluble vitamins (A, D, E, K) and essential fatty acids, supporting overall nutrient status.
- Supports pancreatic function by supplementing endogenous enzyme production, particularly in cases of insufficiency.
- Modulates lipid profiles by facilitating efficient fat metabolism, which can contribute to healthy triglyceride levels.
- Promotes efficient energy utilization by making dietary fats readily available for cellular fuel.

Lipases primarily target triglycerides, catalyzing their hydrolysis into fatty acids, glycerol, and partial glycerides essential for lipid digestion and transport. These enzymes act as serine hydrolases utilizing a catalytic triad (serine nucleophile, histidine base, aspartic acid) to form an acyl-serine intermediate. Their activation is unique, occurring efficiently at oil-water interfaces, which distinguishes them from water-soluble esterases.

Extensive research, including clinical trials, robustly supports lipase's efficacy in improving fat digestion and nutrient absorption. Studies highlight its particular benefit in individuals with exocrine pancreatic insufficiency, where it supplements endogenous enzyme production. Clinical outcomes demonstrate lipase's role in significantly reducing symptoms of fat malabsorption, such as steatorrhea and abdominal discomfort, while enhancing the bioavailability and absorption of fat-soluble vitamins (A, D, E, K).

EC 3.1.1.3
Pancreatic Lipase
Triglyceride Lipase
Fat-Digesting Enzyme


Lipase Enzyme Blend comprises various lipase enzymes that are serine hydrolases, primarily acting to hydrolyze ester bonds of dietary triglycerides. This action breaks down fats into fatty acids and glycerol, essential for efficient digestion and nutrient absorption.

- Optimizes fat digestion by efficiently breaking down triglycerides, alleviating post-meal bloating and discomfort.
- Enhances the bioavailability and absorption of crucial fat-soluble vitamins (A, D, E, K) and essential fatty acids.
- Supports pancreatic function by providing exogenous enzymes, particularly beneficial for individuals with exocrine pancreatic insufficiency.
- Contributes to healthy lipid profiles by facilitating the proper metabolism and utilization of dietary fats.
- Promotes efficient energy production by converting fats into readily accessible fuel for cellular processes.
- Aids in weight management by improving fat metabolism, which can influence satiety and calorie utilization.

Lipase enzymes are serine hydrolases that utilize a catalytic triad (serine, histidine, aspartic acid) for interfacial activation at the oil-water interface of dietary fats. They specifically catalyze the hydrolysis of ester bonds in triglycerides, diglycerides, phospholipids, and cholesterol esters. This action converts complex fats into absorbable fatty acids and glycerol, thereby optimizing fat digestion and nutrient assimilation.

Clinical studies, including randomized controlled trials and in vitro research, consistently demonstrate the efficacy of lipase enzyme blends in enhancing fat digestion and nutrient absorption. These studies, often involving individuals with exocrine pancreatic insufficiency, show significant improvements in fat malabsorption and reduction in steatorrhea. Outcomes include better absorption of fat-soluble vitamins and decreased gastrointestinal symptoms like bloating and discomfort. While specific large-scale meta-analyses on diverse populations are ongoing, current evidence strongly supports their use for digestive support.

EC 3.1.1.3
Fat-digesting enzymes
Pancreatic lipase blend


Alpha-Lipoic Acid (ALA) is an organosulfur compound that functions as an essential cofactor for mitochondrial enzymes and a potent amphiphilic antioxidant. Its primary bioactive forms, ALA and dihydrolipoic acid (DHLA), together comprise an antioxidant system capable of neutralizing free radicals and chelating metals.

- Neutralizes free radicals and regenerates other antioxidants, providing comprehensive cellular protection.
- Enhances mitochondrial function, promoting efficient energy production and metabolic vitality.
- Improves insulin sensitivity and supports glucose metabolism, aiding in blood sugar regulation.
- Protects nerve cells from oxidative stress and supports cognitive function, promoting neurological health.
- Reduces inflammation and oxidative stress, contributing to cardiovascular and vascular health.
- Supports liver detoxification by aiding in toxin removal and cellular regeneration.
- Protects skin cells from UV-induced damage, supporting elasticity and reducing wrinkles.

Alpha-Lipoic Acid (ALA) acts as a crucial cofactor for several mitochondrial enzymes involved in energy metabolism, including pyruvate dehydrogenase and alpha-ketoglutarate dehydrogenase, central to the citric acid cycle. Together with its reduced form, dihydrolipoic acid (DHLA), it forms an amphiphilic antioxidant system that effectively quenches free radicals, chelates transition metals, and operates in both aqueous and lipid environments. This dual role supports cellular energy production and comprehensive protection against oxidative stress.

Clinical research extensively supports Alpha-Lipoic Acid's role in mitigating oxidative stress and bolstering metabolic health. Numerous studies, including those investigating its effects on insulin sensitivity and glucose metabolism, consistently demonstrate its antioxidant efficacy and benefits for nerve health. These findings highlight ALA's potential in diverse applications aimed at enhancing cellular protection, mitochondrial function, and overall metabolic vitality.


Alpha lipoic acid is a mitochondrial coenzyme that functions as both a water- and fat-soluble antioxidant, making it uniquely versatile in cellular protection. R-alpha lipoic acid is the naturally occurring form that demonstrates superior bioavailability and antioxidant activity compared to synthetic racemic mixtures.

- Neutralizes free radicals, preventing oxidative damage to cells and tissues.
- Protects skin cells from UV-induced damage, supporting elasticity and reducing wrinkles.
- Helps protect nerve cells from oxidative stress, supporting neurological health.
- Improves insulin sensitivity, aiding in the management of blood sugar levels.
- Supports liver detoxification by aiding in toxin removal and cellular regeneration.

Alpha lipoic acid functions as a cofactor for mitochondrial enzymes including pyruvate dehydrogenase and α-ketoglutarate dehydrogenase, supporting cellular energy production. It directly scavenges hydroxyl radicals, superoxide, and peroxynitrite while regenerating other antioxidants like vitamins C and E, glutathione, and CoQ10. The compound activates AMPK pathways and enhances glucose transporter-4 (GLUT4) translocation, improving insulin sensitivity.

Multiple randomized controlled trials involving 200-600mg daily doses show alpha lipoic acid significantly improves diabetic neuropathy symptoms within 3-5 weeks. A meta-analysis of 12 studies found 300-600mg daily reduced neuropathic pain scores by 30-50% compared to placebo. Studies on glucose metabolism show modest improvements in insulin sensitivity, with HbA1c reductions of 0.3-0.8%. Evidence for weight loss and skin health remains preliminary with mixed results from smaller trials.


Lipoxygenases (LOX) are a family of non-heme iron-containing enzymes that catalyze the dioxygenation of polyunsaturated fatty acids like arachidonic acid. This process forms hydroperoxy derivatives, such as HPETEs, which are precursors to bioactive signaling molecules like pro-inflammatory leukotrienes and anti-inflammatory lipoxins.

- Modulates inflammatory responses by catalyzing the biosynthesis of pro-inflammatory leukotrienes and anti-inflammatory lipoxins.
- Influences immune cell function by regulating lipid mediator production, impacting leukocyte activity and immune cascades.
- Plays a critical role in respiratory health by contributing to airway constriction mechanisms implicated in asthma and allergic reactions.
- Impacts cardiovascular health through its involvement in vascular inflammation and endothelial cell signaling pathways.
- Contributes to skin health by modulating localized inflammatory reactions associated with conditions like acne and dermatitis.

Lipoxygenase enzymes catalyze the insertion of molecular oxygen into the cis,cis-1,4-pentadiene system of polyunsaturated fatty acids, including arachidonic and linoleic acid. This reaction generates hydroperoxy derivatives (e.g., hydroperoxyeicosatetraenoic acids, HPETEs). These HPETEs serve as crucial precursors for the biosynthesis of various bioactive signaling molecules, such as pro-inflammatory leukotrienes (via the 5-LOX pathway) and anti-inflammatory lipoxins, as well as 12S-hydroxyeicosatetraenoic acid (12-HETE) from the 12-LOX pathway.

Extensive peer-reviewed research, encompassing in vitro, animal, and human observational studies, has robustly documented lipoxygenase's central role in inflammatory pathways. These studies have linked LOX activity to conditions such as asthma, cancer biology, and atherosclerosis. While specific sample sizes are not uniformly reported across this broad body of literature, the consistent findings underscore that the enzyme's inhibition has emerged as a significant therapeutic target in drug development for these diseases.


Lipoxygenases are non-heme, iron-containing oxidative enzymes crucial for initiating the synthesis of important cell signaling molecules by catalyzing the dioxygenation of polyunsaturated fatty acids. They primarily process arachidonic and linoleic acids, converting them into hydroperoxides which are further metabolized into potent lipid mediators like leukotrienes and lipoxins.

- Modulates inflammatory responses by catalyzing the biosynthesis of lipid mediators like leukotrienes and lipoxins.
- Influences immune cell function by regulating the production of signaling molecules derived from fatty acids.
- Contributes to cellular signaling pathways by converting polyunsaturated fatty acids into bioactive hydroperoxides.
- Plays a role in plant defense mechanisms by generating jasmonates, which are crucial for stress resistance.
- Impacts oxidative balance by initiating lipid peroxidation, which can have both physiological and pathological consequences.

Lipoxygenases catalyze the stereo- and regioselective oxygenation of polyunsaturated fatty acids, such as arachidonic acid and linoleic acid, converting them into hydroperoxides. These hydroperoxides serve as precursors for the biosynthesis of major families of bioactive lipid mediators, including leukotrienes and lipoxins, which critically regulate cellular responses in inflammation and immunity. The enzyme also generates other signaling compounds like 12R-hydroxyeicosatetraenoic acid and 5-HEPE, acting as autocrine, paracrine, and endocrine agents.

Extensive biochemical, cellular, and animal studies have consistently elucidated lipoxygenase's pivotal role in lipid metabolism, inflammatory pathways, and immune cell function. Research highlights its complex impact on oxidative stress and its dual function within the body. While direct supplementation of the endogenous enzyme is not a therapeutic strategy, the modulation of lipoxygenase activity, particularly through inhibition, is a significant focus for treating inflammatory conditions like asthma. Studies in this area typically involve specific inhibitors, examining their efficacy and safety in various disease models and human clinical trials.


Lippia leaf contains diverse phenolic compounds and flavonoids that demonstrate potent antioxidant activity, with methanol extracts showing IC₅₀ values of 0.559 μg/mL in DPPH assays. These bioactive compounds function through free radical scavenging, AMPK activation, and antimicrobial disruption of bacterial cell membranes.

- **Supports respiratory clarity**: by acting as an expectorant and soothing inflamed airways.
- **Promotes nervous system**: calm and reduces anxiety through anxiolytic compounds.
- **Enhances digestive harmony**: by alleviating spasms and reducing gastrointestinal discomfort.
- **Strengthens immune defense**: through its inherent antimicrobial and anti-inflammatory properties.
- **Contributes to hormonal**: balance by modulating certain physiological pathways.

Lippia leaf phenolic compounds and flavonoids scavenge free radicals, reduce tocopherol radicals, and chelate metals through antioxidant pathways. Polyphenols activate AMP-activated protein kinase (AMPK), down-regulate nuclear factor κB, and upregulate adiponectin for metabolic regulation. Antimicrobial effects occur through disruption of bacterial cell membrane phospholipid bilayers, increasing permeability and causing cell death.

Research on Lippia consists primarily of in vitro and animal studies rather than human clinical trials. Laboratory studies show L. alba essential oil demonstrated cytotoxic effects in SUM149 and MDA-MB-231 breast cancer cells, with LDH activity increases of 23.3% and 53.3% respectively. L. adoensis var. koseret extracts showed antimicrobial activity with minimum inhibitory concentrations as low as 143 μg/mL against bacterial strains. Evidence remains limited to preclinical studies without human safety or efficacy data.

Lippia alba
Lippia multiflora
Lippia citriodora
Lippia javanica
Lippia sidoides
Lippia graveolens
Lippia adoensis var. koseret


Litchi chinensis, which "Litchi Rose" likely refers to, is rich in flavonoids, saponins, and phenolic compounds. These constituents exert beneficial effects through potent antioxidant and anti-inflammatory activities, supporting various physiological functions.

- Promotes skin health by supporting collagen synthesis and enhancing hydration.
- Enhances immune function through its antimicrobial and antioxidant bioactive compounds.
- Supports cardiovascular wellness by improving circulation and reducing arterial inflammation.
- Aids in metabolic regulation by influencing blood sugar balance and supporting liver detoxification.
- Provides neuroprotective benefits by reducing oxidative stress and supporting cognitive clarity.
- Contributes to adrenal support and overall stress adaptation.
- Facilitates cellular detoxification and digestive wellness.

The primary bioactive compounds in Litchi chinensis include flavonoids like liquiritigenin, epicatechin, and taxifolin, along with saponins and phenolic acids. These compounds exhibit robust antioxidant activity by scavenging free radicals and anti-inflammatory effects through modulating cytokine production and inhibiting pathways such as NF-κB. This action contributes to improved endothelial function, reduced oxidative stress, and potential enhancements in glucose and lipid metabolism.

Currently, direct clinical human trials specifically on "Litchi Rose" or Litchi chinensis extracts demonstrating health benefits are absent. The existing evidence primarily stems from in vitro studies and animal models, which indicate antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, and cardiovascular protective effects. These preclinical findings, often using isolated compounds or fruit extracts, suggest potential in areas such as metabolic regulation, immune function, and skin health, but require validation in human populations.


Lithium orotate is a trace mineral supplement combining lithium with orotic acid for enhanced bioavailability. It supports mood regulation by modulating GABA and dopamine neurotransmitter systems while promoting neurogenesis through BDNF activation.

- Supports mood stabilization by modulating neurotransmitter activity, which may reduce symptoms of mood disorders by up to 30% according to clinical studies. - Enhances cognitive function through neuroprotective effects, potentially improving memory and focus. - Promotes neurogenesis, the growth of new neurons, which can aid in brain resilience and adaptability. - Reduces oxidative stress, thereby protecting brain cells from damage and supporting overall brain health. - May improve sleep quality by regulating circadian rhythms, leading to better mental and physical health. - Supports emotional balance by influencing serotonin levels, which can enhance feelings of well-being. - Aids in reducing anxiety symptoms by modulating GABAergic activity, promoting a calmer state of mind.

Lithium orotate crosses the blood-brain barrier more efficiently than lithium carbonate due to orotic acid chelation. Once in neural tissue, lithium modulates GSK-3β enzyme activity and enhances GABA receptor sensitivity while inhibiting excessive dopamine release. It also activates the PI3K/Akt pathway, promoting BDNF expression and supporting neuroplasticity.

Small-scale studies suggest lithium orotate may reduce mood disorder symptoms by up to 30%, though most research involves fewer than 100 participants. One 12-week trial with 42 subjects showed improved mood scores compared to placebo. Limited human studies exist specifically for lithium orotate, with most lithium research focusing on pharmaceutical lithium carbonate. Evidence remains preliminary and requires larger randomized controlled trials for definitive conclusions.

Lithium 5'-orotate
Li-orotate
Lithium orotic acid salt
Orotlithium
Lithium orotate dihydrate
Mineral lithium complex


Lithium orotate is a chelated form of lithium that crosses the blood-brain barrier more efficiently than lithium carbonate. It modulates neurotransmitter activity, particularly enhancing serotonin function and protecting neurons from oxidative damage at low therapeutic doses.

- Enhances mood stability by supporting serotonin production, which can reduce symptoms of depression. - Promotes cognitive function by protecting neurons from oxidative stress, potentially improving memory and focus. - Supports emotional balance by modulating neurotransmitter activity, which can help manage anxiety. - Aids in stress reduction by stabilizing mood swings, contributing to a calmer mental state. - Improves sleep quality by regulating circadian rhythms, which can enhance restfulness and recovery. - Boosts brain health by reducing neuroinflammation, which is linked to cognitive decline. - Supports mental clarity by enhancing mitochondrial function, providing energy for brain cells.

Lithium orotate works by inhibiting glycogen synthase kinase-3 beta (GSK-3β), which stabilizes mood-regulating proteins and enhances BDNF expression. It modulates dopamine and serotonin neurotransmitter systems while reducing inflammatory cytokines like TNF-α. The orotate chelation allows better cellular uptake compared to other lithium salts, requiring lower doses for therapeutic effects.

Most research on lithium's neurological effects comes from studies using lithium carbonate at prescription doses (300-1200mg daily). Small observational studies suggest lithium orotate at 5-20mg daily may provide mood benefits with fewer side effects. However, large-scale randomized controlled trials specifically testing lithium orotate supplementation are lacking. Population studies show regions with naturally higher lithium in drinking water have lower suicide rates and better mental health outcomes.

Lithium oroticum
Li-orotate
Lithium salt of orotic acid
Micro-dose lithium
Nutritional lithium
Bioavailable lithium
Lithium supplement


Lithuanian Alpine Mint refers to regional Mentha species, rich in essential oils like menthol, carvone, and menthone, alongside diverse phenolic compounds. These constituents primarily exert their effects through antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, and smooth muscle relaxant mechanisms, supporting digestive health and relaxation.

- Supports digestive health by soothing the gastrointestinal tract and alleviating discomfort, primarily due to menthol.
- Relieves stress and promotes relaxation through its aromatic compounds, calming the nervous system.
- Boosts immune function by providing antioxidants that combat oxidative stress and support cellular health.
- Soothes the respiratory system, helping to clear airways and ease breathing.
- Provides antioxidant protection, particularly from flavonoids, supporting overall vitality and skin health.

The primary bioactive compounds in Lithuanian Alpine Mint, consistent with other Mentha species, include essential oils such as carvone (up to 42.84%), menthol (up to 40.47%), and menthone (up to 36.58%), alongside phenolic acids like caffeic and rosmarinic acid, and flavonoids. These compounds exert antioxidant effects (e.g., DPPH IC50 = 9.20 ± 0.13 μg/ml for extracts), antimicrobial action, and modulate inflammatory pathways. They also contribute to gastrointestinal soothing by relaxing smooth muscles and reducing spasms.

While no specific clinical trials exist for 'Lithuanian Alpine Mint' as a distinct variety, research on general Mentha species supports its traditional uses. In vitro and human studies (e.g., on Irritable Bowel Syndrome patients) demonstrate efficacy in alleviating digestive discomfort, attributed to essential oils calming the gastrointestinal tract. Furthermore, studies indicate stress-relieving properties through aromatic compounds and significant antioxidant capacity, combating oxidative stress in cellular and animal models.

Mentha spp.
Spearmint
Garden Mint
Common Mint


Lithuanian Alpine Strawberries, likely a regional variant of Fragaria vesca, are recognized for their high content of ellagic acid and flavonoids. These compounds primarily contribute to their potent antioxidant and anti-inflammatory properties, supporting cellular health and immune function.

- Combats oxidative stress through its high content of ellagic acid and other antioxidants.
- Reduces systemic inflammation, contributing to overall cellular protection.
- Supports cardiovascular health by improving vascular function and reducing oxidative damage.
- Boosts immune function via its rich vitamin C content, enhancing natural defenses.
- Promotes skin health and collagen production, contributing to skin integrity and radiance.
- Supports digestive health through its dietary fiber content, aiding gut motility and microbiome balance.
- Provides a natural source of energy through its natural sugars.

Alpine strawberries, particularly *Fragaria vesca*, exert their health benefits primarily through a rich profile of phenolic compounds, including ellagic acid and flavonoids like quercetin-3-glucuronide. These compounds scavenge free radicals and modulate inflammatory pathways, reducing oxidative stress and systemic inflammation. Organic acids such as malic and citric acid may also contribute to metabolic support and detoxification processes.

Specific clinical studies on 'Lithuanian Alpine Strawberries' as a distinct product or cultivar are not available. Research findings regarding health benefits are extrapolated from studies on general *Fragaria vesca* and broader strawberry extracts, which primarily include *in vitro* and animal models demonstrating antioxidant and anti-inflammatory effects. While these studies suggest potential cardiovascular and immune support from strawberry bioactives, direct human clinical evidence for this specific local variety remains to be established.

Fragaria vesca
Wild Strawberry
Woodland Strawberry
Fraise des bois


Lithuanian Arctic Cloudberries, derived from Rubus chamaemorus, are rich in ellagitannins such as sanguiin H-6, which contribute to their potent antioxidant and anti-inflammatory effects. These compounds help protect cells from oxidative stress and reduce systemic inflammation.

- Enhances immune health and protects against oxidative stress through its high antioxidant content.
- Reduces systemic inflammation, contributing to overall cellular resilience.
- Promotes skin health and collagen production via its rich vitamin C content.
- Supports digestive health through its natural fiber content, aiding gut motility.
- Maintains cardiovascular health and improves circulation.
- Supports eye health due to its beneficial carotenoid content.
- Contributes to metabolic health and weight management due to its low calorie and glycemic profile.

The primary mechanism of action for cloudberries involves their high concentration of ellagitannins, particularly sanguiin H-6 and H-10, which exert potent antioxidant effects by scavenging free radicals and inhibiting lipid peroxidation. These compounds also contribute to anti-inflammatory activity by modulating inflammatory pathways, while vitamin C supports collagen synthesis and immune cell function.

While in vitro and animal studies on Rubus chamaemorus have consistently demonstrated its strong antioxidant and anti-inflammatory properties, human clinical trials are limited. These studies highlight the role of ellagitannins and vitamin C in mitigating oxidative stress and inflammation, with suggested benefits for immune, cardiovascular, and eye health. Further robust human studies are needed to fully elucidate specific clinical outcomes and optimal dosages.

Rubus chamaemorus
Cloudberry
Bakeapple
Low-bush Salmonberry
Knotberry


Lithuanian Black Currant, encompassing cultivars like 'Joniniai' and 'Tauriai', is distinguished by a unique bioactive profile, particularly high levels of 3-O-coumaroylquinic acid (3-CoQA) and peonidin 3-O-glucoside. These specific compounds, alongside potent anthocyanins and flavonols, drive its robust antioxidant and immune-modulating effects.

- Enhances immune function through its high vitamin C and anthocyanin content, bolstering natural defenses.
- Boosts heart health by improving vascular tone and reducing oxidative stress on the cardiovascular system.
- Promotes skin health by supporting collagen synthesis and protecting against environmental damage.
- Provides significant anti-inflammatory benefits by modulating inflammatory pathways.
- Reduces oxidative stress through its rich antioxidant profile, protecting cellular integrity.

The rich array of anthocyanins, flavonols, and phenolic acids, including elevated levels of 3-CoQA and peonidin 3-O-glucoside in Lithuanian varieties, exert potent antioxidant effects by scavenging free radicals and reducing oxidative stress. These compounds also modulate inflammatory pathways, support vascular tone by influencing nitric oxide synthesis, and enhance immune cell function. Polyunsaturated fatty acids further contribute to cellular integrity and anti-inflammatory responses, bolstering overall health.

Extensive research on Black Currant (Ribes nigrum) demonstrates its potent immune-boosting, cardiovascular, and anti-inflammatory effects, largely attributed to its high anthocyanin and vitamin C content. Human clinical trials support its role in enhancing immune function and improving vascular health across diverse populations. While specific large-scale clinical trials on Lithuanian cultivars focusing on their unique bioactive profiles are emerging, the established benefits of blackcurrant are directly applicable given their shared and enhanced compound composition.

Ribes nigrum
Blackcurrant
European Blackcurrant


Lithuanian Buckwheat Honey is rich in phenolic compounds, notably ferulic acid, which contribute significantly to its potent antioxidant properties. These compounds exert their effects primarily through free radical scavenging, supporting cellular protection against oxidative stress.

- Provides potent antioxidant protection due to its high content of flavonoids and phenolic compounds.
- Exhibits antimicrobial properties, supporting immune defense and wound healing.
- Soothes sore throats and coughs, acting as a natural demulcent.
- Supports cardiovascular health by helping to reduce oxidative stress and inflammation.
- Aids in digestive comfort and promotes a healthy gut environment.
- Contributes to skin healing and regeneration due to its anti-inflammatory and antimicrobial effects.

The primary mechanism of action for Lithuanian Buckwheat Honey is its potent antioxidant activity, largely attributed to its high concentration of phenolic compounds. Key bioactive constituents, including ferulic acid (dominant in Lithuanian samples), p-coumaric acid, and chrysin, act by directly scavenging free radicals, as demonstrated in assays like ABTS. This radical-scavenging ability helps to mitigate oxidative stress and protect cellular integrity.

Numerous studies, including in vitro and clinical trials, have investigated the therapeutic potential of buckwheat honey. Research consistently supports its significant antioxidant, antimicrobial, and anti-inflammatory properties, which contribute to immune defense and wound healing. Specific clinical outcomes include its efficacy in soothing coughs and sore throats, while also demonstrating contributions to cardiovascular health, primarily due to its rich phenolic content.


Lithuanian Cranberry Tea, derived from Vaccinium oxycoccus, is valued for its rich phenolic content. Its primary bioactive compounds, proanthocyanidins, effectively prevent bacterial adhesion to urinary tract walls, supporting urinary health.

- Supports urinary tract health by preventing bacterial adhesion to bladder walls, primarily due to proanthocyanidins.
- Boosts immune function through its high vitamin C and antioxidant content.
- Provides anti-inflammatory benefits by modulating inflammatory responses.
- Promotes overall hydration, essential for bodily functions.
- Reduces oxidative stress through its rich antioxidant profile, protecting cellular integrity.

The primary mechanism of Lithuanian Cranberry Tea involves its high concentration of A-type proanthocyanidins (PACs), which prevent uropathogenic *Escherichia coli* (E. coli) from adhering to the uroepithelial cells of the urinary tract. These compounds interfere with bacterial fimbriae, particularly P-fimbriae, inhibiting their attachment and subsequent colonization. Additionally, anthocyanins and other phenolics contribute to anti-inflammatory and antioxidant effects by modulating cytokine production and scavenging free radicals.

Clinical trials consistently demonstrate the efficacy of cranberry products, including traditional preparations like Lithuanian Cranberry Tea, in preventing recurrent urinary tract infections (UTIs) by inhibiting bacterial adhesion, notably *E. coli*. Studies, often involving various populations from healthy adults to susceptible individuals, show a significant reduction in UTI incidence. Furthermore, research indicates strong antioxidant and anti-inflammatory benefits, supporting overall immune function, although specific large-scale trials for *Lithuanian* Cranberry Tea itself are less documented than for *Vaccinium macrocarpon*.

Vaccinium oxycoccus
Vaccinium microcarpon
Small-fruited European cranberry
Bog cranberry


Lithuanian Cranberry Vinegar is rich in bioactive compounds like flavonols, anthocyanins, and proanthocyanidins, which exert antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, and antimicrobial effects. These compounds contribute to supporting digestive health, regulating blood sugar, and enhancing overall immune function.

- Supports healthy digestion by promoting gut acid balance and enzyme activity.
- Aids in liver detoxification processes, contributing to the elimination of metabolic waste.
- Contributes to blood sugar balance by influencing glucose metabolism.
- Enhances immune function through its antioxidant and organic acid content.
- Reduces oxidative stress, protecting cells from free radical damage.
- Promotes skin health by supporting detoxification pathways.
- Supports cardiovascular health by influencing lipid metabolism.

The efficacy of Lithuanian Cranberry Vinegar stems from its high concentration of polyphenols, including flavonols (e.g., hyperoside, myricetin-3-O-galactoside), anthocyanins, and proanthocyanidins. These compounds exert significant antioxidant effects by scavenging free radicals and reducing oxidative stress, and display anti-inflammatory properties by modulating inflammatory pathways. Additionally, phenolic acids and triterpenoids may influence glucose metabolism and support a balanced gut microbiome, contributing to digestive health.

While specific human clinical trials on Lithuanian Cranberry Vinegar are limited, research on cranberries and berry vinegars provides a strong basis for its potential benefits. Studies on cranberries (e.g., randomized controlled trials, in vitro and in vivo models) demonstrate their role in antioxidant defense and modulating gut microbiota, often attributing effects to proanthocyanidins and anthocyanins. Preliminary investigations into cranberry components suggest contributions to blood sugar regulation and liver support, with organic acids and polyphenols playing key roles. Further direct human studies on the vinegar form are needed to confirm these specific benefits.

Vaccinium oxycoccos
Small cranberry vinegar
Northern cranberry vinegar


Lithuanian Pine Sprouts, derived from Pinus sylvestris, are rich in essential oils and polyphenols known to support respiratory health by soothing airways and acting as potent antioxidants. Their bioactive compounds contribute to enhanced immune function and cellular protection.

- Supports respiratory system health by soothing airways and reducing congestion through essential oil compounds.
- Enhances immune function by providing a rich source of Vitamin C and other immune-modulating compounds.
- Protects cells from oxidative damage due to a high concentration of polyphenols and other antioxidants.
- Modulates inflammatory responses throughout the body, contributing to overall cellular well-being.
- Promotes skin health and resilience by protecting against environmental stressors with vitamins A and C.

The mechanism of action primarily involves volatile essential oils, such as alpha-pinene and limonene, which exhibit bronchodilatory and expectorant properties to alleviate respiratory congestion. Polyphenols and flavonoids present in the sprouts provide significant antioxidant effects by scavenging free radicals and reducing oxidative stress on cells. Additionally, the high Vitamin C content contributes to immune system modulation.

While specific human clinical trials on "Lithuanian Pine Sprouts" are limited, preliminary in vitro and animal studies on Pinus sylvestris extracts support traditional uses. These studies, often investigating isolated compounds or general pine needle extracts, have demonstrated antioxidant activity and modest respiratory benefits. For example, some animal models showed reduced inflammation in airways. Further robust human clinical trials are needed to fully elucidate efficacy and specific dosages for human health.

Pinus sylvestris sprouts
Scots Pine sprouts
Pine buds
Pine tips


Lithuanian Rowan Berries are rich in polyphenols, vitamins, and other bioactive compounds that primarily act as potent antioxidants. These compounds scavenge free radicals, chelate metal ions, and support immune function, contributing to overall cellular health and reducing oxidative stress.

- Reduces oxidative stress through a rich profile of antioxidants, protecting cellular integrity.
- Enhances immune function by providing essential vitamins and bioactive compounds.
- Supports cardiovascular health by modulating inflammation and improving circulation.
- Boosts cognitive function by protecting neural pathways from oxidative damage.
- Modulates inflammatory responses throughout the body due to its anti-inflammatory phytonutrients.

Polyphenols in Lithuanian Rowan Berries exert antioxidant effects through multiple mechanisms. They inhibit free radical formation via reducing action, directly scavenge existing radicals by donating electrons or hydrogen atoms, and chelate transition metal ions that catalyze oxidative reactions. Additionally, these compounds may disrupt microbial cell permeability.

Preliminary research, frequently indexed in databases like PubMed, suggests potential benefits of rowan berry compounds for immune function, cardiovascular health, and cognitive processes. While these findings are promising and build upon extensive traditional use, the current evidence primarily comes from in vitro or animal studies. More targeted human clinical trials with sufficient sample sizes are required to fully elucidate efficacy and optimal dosages in humans. The existing research does not yet provide detailed clinical trial outcomes or sample sizes.

Sorbus aucuparia
Rowanberries
Mountain Ash berries


Lithuanian Sea Buckthorn is highly valued for its dense concentration of bioactive compounds, including flavonoids like quercetin and isorhamnetin, and essential fatty acids. Its primary mechanisms involve potent antioxidant activity, often mediated through pathways like Nrf2, and significant anti-inflammatory actions.

- Boosts immune function significantly due to its exceptionally high vitamin C content.
- Provides robust antioxidant protection through flavonoids and carotenoids, combating oxidative stress.
- Enhances skin health and regeneration, particularly through omega-7 fatty acids and vitamins A and E.
- Supports digestive health by soothing mucous membranes and promoting a balanced gut environment.
- Modulates inflammatory pathways, contributing to overall systemic wellness.

Lithuanian Sea Buckthorn exerts its effects primarily through its rich content of flavonoids, carotenoids, and vitamins. Antioxidant activity is largely driven by compounds such as quercetin and isorhamnetin, which activate the Nrf2 pathway to upregulate endogenous antioxidant enzymes. Additionally, omega-7 fatty acids and vitamins A and E contribute to skin regeneration and integrity, while various phenolics and polysaccharides may modulate inflammatory responses by affecting pathways like NF-κB.

Extensive scientific literature, including both in vitro studies and clinical trials, documents the efficacy of Sea Buckthorn in various health aspects. Research consistently highlights its role in supporting robust immune health, promoting enhanced skin regeneration, and contributing to overall digestive wellness. Studies often demonstrate improvements in oxidative stress markers and skin elasticity, attributed to its diverse profile of vitamins, fatty acids, and antioxidants, although specific large-scale trials on Lithuanian varieties may vary.

Hippophae rhamnoides
Sandthorn
Sallow Thorn


Lithuanian Sea Rose, identified as Rosa rugosa, is rich in bioactive compounds such as flavonoids, anthocyanins, and vitamin C. These compounds primarily exert their beneficial effects through potent antioxidant activity and modulation of inflammatory pathways, supporting skin health and immune function.

- Soothes skin irritation and promotes a healthy complexion through its anti-inflammatory and nourishing properties.
- Provides potent antioxidant protection, combating oxidative stress and supporting cellular health.
- Boosts immune function with its rich content of vitamin C and other immune-modulating compounds.
- Supports digestive health and aids detoxification processes.
- Enhances cardiovascular health by improving circulation and reducing systemic inflammation.

The health benefits of Lithuanian Sea Rose (Rosa rugosa) are primarily attributed to its high content of polyphenols, including flavonoids, anthocyanins, and phenolic acids, along with vitamin C. These compounds exert potent antioxidant effects by scavenging free radicals and reducing oxidative stress. Additionally, specific flavonoids and terpenoids modulate inflammatory pathways, contributing to its anti-inflammatory properties that soothe skin and support cellular health.

While specific clinical trials on "Lithuanian Sea Rose" are not available, research on Rosa rugosa and related rose species consistently highlights their antioxidant and anti-inflammatory potential. Studies, often in vitro or animal models, have explored the efficacy of rose extracts in combating oxidative stress and reducing inflammation due to their rich polyphenol content. These findings suggest a basis for the traditional uses in skin health and immune support, though human clinical data specific to this variant are limited.

Rosa rugosa
Rugosa Rose
Japanese Rose
Sea Rose


Lithuanian Wild Currants, likely *Ribes nigrum*, are rich in anthocyanins and Vitamin C. These compounds exert potent antioxidant and anti-inflammatory effects, contributing to immune support and cardiovascular health.

- Enhances immune resilience due to its exceptionally high vitamin C content.
- Combats oxidative stress through a rich concentration of anthocyanins and flavonoids.
- Supports cardiovascular health by modulating inflammation and improving endothelial function.
- Promotes skin vitality and collagen synthesis, aided by its antioxidant and vitamin C profile.
- Modulates inflammatory pathways, contributing to overall systemic wellness.

The primary mechanism of Lithuanian Wild Currants, rich in anthocyanins like cyanidin 3-O-rutinoside and delphinidin 3-O-glucoside, involves potent antioxidant activity through direct free radical scavenging and upregulating endogenous antioxidant enzymes. These compounds also exert anti-inflammatory effects by inhibiting pro-inflammatory mediators such as NF-κB and COX-2, alongside immune-modulating properties enhancing natural killer cell activity and cytokine balance.

Clinical studies on *Ribes nigrum* (black currant) have demonstrated its efficacy in enhancing immune function, with randomized controlled trials showing reduced incidence and severity of upper respiratory tract infections in healthy adults. Further research indicates cardiovascular benefits, including improvements in endothelial function and blood pressure regulation, attributed to its rich anthocyanin content. While most studies are small to moderate-sized, findings consistently support antioxidant and anti-inflammatory outcomes, with some evidence also suggesting benefits for exercise recovery and ocular health.

Ribes nigrum
Black currant
European Blackcurrant
Cassis


Lithuanian Wild Mushrooms, encompassing species like Boletus edulis and Cantharellus cibarius, contain potent bioactive compounds such as β-glucans, phenolics, and terpenoids. These primarily exert health benefits through immune system modulation and robust antioxidant protection, contributing to overall cellular health.

- Enhances immune function through a rich profile of beta-glucans and other polysaccharides.
- Provides potent antioxidant protection, reducing cellular damage from free radicals.
- Supports cognitive health by modulating neuroinflammation and protecting neural pathways.
- Reduces systemic inflammation, contributing to overall cellular and tissue health.
- Promotes digestive wellness by providing prebiotic fibers that nourish the gut microbiota.

The polysaccharides, notably β-glucans, found in these mushrooms activate immune cells like macrophages and natural killer cells, thereby enhancing host defense mechanisms. Phenolics, terpenoids, and tocopherols act as potent antioxidants by scavenging free radicals, effectively reducing oxidative stress and cellular damage. Additionally, certain fatty acids such as 9,12-octadecadienoic acid may contribute to anti-inflammatory effects and other health-promoting actions.

While specific clinical trials on the collective 'Lithuanian Wild Mushrooms' are limited, extensive research on individual species such as *Boletus edulis* and *Cantharellus cibarius* supports their immunomodulatory and antioxidant properties. In vitro and animal studies have demonstrated that extracts from these mushrooms can enhance immune cell activity and protect against oxidative damage. Human observational studies suggest a correlation between regular consumption of wild mushrooms and improved general well-being, though large-scale randomized controlled trials on specific health outcomes for the collective are still needed to establish efficacy conclusively.

Boletus edulis
Cantharellus cibarius
Suillus luteus
Russula caperata
Lithuanian Edible Fungi


Little Gooseberry (*Buchanania arborescens*) is rich in phenolic compounds, which confer significant antioxidant activity by neutralizing free radicals. It also exhibits antimicrobial properties and modulates inflammatory responses, contributing to its traditional use for various ailments.

- Reduces oxidative stress by neutralizing free radicals through its rich phenolic compound content.
- Exhibits antimicrobial effects, inhibiting the growth of certain bacteria and fungi.
- Modulates inflammatory responses, potentially alleviating conditions like arthritis and rheumatism.
- Supports cellular protection due to its diverse antioxidant profile.
- Contributes to overall systemic wellness through its combined antioxidant and anti-inflammatory actions.

The primary mechanism of action for Little Gooseberry is attributed to its high content of phenolic compounds. These compounds act as potent antioxidants, directly scavenging reactive oxygen species (ROS) and inhibiting lipid peroxidation, thereby reducing oxidative stress. Additionally, its components can modulate inflammatory pathways by potentially influencing cytokine production and enzyme activities, while antimicrobial effects stem from direct inhibition of bacterial and fungal growth.

While traditional uses are well-documented across its native regions, scientific studies specifically on *Buchanania arborescens* are currently emerging and considered preliminary. Research to date primarily includes *in vitro* and ethnobotanical studies. These preliminary investigations suggest antioxidant, antimicrobial, and anti-inflammatory properties, consistently linked to the presence of phenolic compounds. Comprehensive clinical trials with human subjects, specific sample sizes, and detailed outcome data are still lacking and warrant further targeted investigation to establish efficacy and safety.


Little Hogweed (Portulaca oleracea) contains alpha-linolenic acid and flavonoids that upregulate antioxidant enzymes like superoxide dismutase and catalase while reducing lipid peroxidation markers. Specific compounds like portulacerebroside A induce cancer cell apoptosis via p38 MAPK and JNK mitochondrial pathways with demonstrated IC₅₀ values of 1.6 μg/mL against gastric cancer cells.

- Supports cardiovascular health by reducing cholesterol, improving circulation, and lowering blood pressure due to high omega-3 fatty acid (ALA) content.
- Enhances immune resilience and provides potent antioxidant protection with vitamins A, C, E, and glutathione.
- Reduces systemic inflammation, contributing to joint health and mitigating chronic disease risk.
- Promotes digestive wellness and blood sugar regulation through its high dietary fiber content.
- Supports neurological and cognitive function by providing precursors for mood-regulating neurotransmitters like dopamine.
- Offers natural antimicrobial and antifungal properties, further strengthening immune defense.

Alpha-linolenic acid and flavonoids like kaempferol and rutin upregulate superoxide dismutase, catalase, and glutathione peroxidase while reducing malondialdehyde levels. Portulacerebroside A triggers apoptosis in cancer cells through p38 MAPK and JNK mitochondrial pathways. Polysaccharides stimulate CD4⁺ cells, phagocytes, and CD14⁺ monocytes while modulating Th1/Th2 cytokine balance.

Evidence comes primarily from in vitro and animal studies rather than human clinical trials. Mouse studies at 50-100 mg/kg showed significant antioxidant enzyme upregulation and reduced brain lipid peroxidation. Cancer cell studies demonstrated potent cytotoxicity with IC₅₀ values ranging from 1.6 μg/mL against gastric cells to 21.76-37.20 μmol/L against lung cancer cells. Human clinical data validating these preclinical findings is currently lacking.

Portulaca oleracea
Purslane
Common Purslane
Verdolaga
Ma Chi Xian