Black Morinda, scientifically identified as *Morinda officinalis* and known as Ba Ji Tian, is primarily valued for its root extracts. Its therapeutic effects stem from key compounds like anthraquinones, iridoids, and polysaccharides, which exert antioxidant and anti-inflammatory actions by modulating pathways such as Nrf2/Keap1 and NF-κB.

- Supports immune function by providing a rich array of antioxidants and phytochemicals that modulate cellular defense.
- Reduces inflammation through its content of flavonoids, alkaloids, and saponins, which exhibit anti-inflammatory effects.
- Combats oxidative stress and protects cells from damage due to its high concentration of vitamin C, flavonoids, and carotenoids.
- Aids digestive health by supporting a balanced gut environment and promoting microbial balance.
- Exhibits antimicrobial properties, contributing to the body's natural defense against pathogens.

*Morinda officinalis* exerts its effects primarily through anthraquinones (e.g., damnacanthal), iridoids (e.g., monotropein), and polysaccharides. These compounds act as potent antioxidants by scavenging free radicals and upregulating endogenous antioxidant enzymes like SOD, CAT, GPx, and GSH, often via the Nrf2/Keap1 pathway. Furthermore, they demonstrate anti-inflammatory properties by inhibiting key mediators such as COX-2, iNOS, TNF-α, and IL-1β, and by modulating the NF-κB pathway.

The provided research primarily identifies bioactive compounds and their mechanistic actions through *in vitro* and animal studies, highlighting antioxidant and anti-inflammatory potential. While traditionally used for bone health and fatigue, specific human clinical trials detailing efficacy, optimal dosages, or safety profiles for *Morinda officinalis* root extract are not detailed in the given information. Therefore, further robust human clinical research is necessary to substantiate these traditional uses and determine its clinical utility.

Morinda officinalis
Ba Ji Tian
Black Morinda (Root Extract)


Black mulberry leaf extract contains 1-deoxynojirimycin (DNJ), a natural compound that inhibits alpha-glucosidase enzymes to regulate blood sugar absorption. The extract also provides anthocyanins and quercetin that support cardiovascular health through antioxidant mechanisms.

- Supports blood sugar regulation by modulating carbohydrate absorption and improving insulin sensitivity.
- Promotes cardiovascular health by reducing oxidative stress and improving lipid metabolism.
- Exhibits potent antioxidant activity, aiding in the protection of blood vessels and cellular function.
- May support liver detoxification and anti-inflammatory pathways. Additionally, the nutritional profile of Black Mulberry Leaf Extract includes - flavonoids (quercetin, rutin): provide antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, and vascular-protective benefits. For enhanced efficacy, Black Mulberry Leaf Extract can be combined with complementary ingredients. Hermetica Synergy Stack (Formulation Heuristic)
Role: Concentrated extract (targeted delivery)
Intention: Cardio & Circulation | Detox & Liver
Primary Pairings: Bitter Melon; Gymnema Leaf; Adaptogenic Herb Tonic
Evidence: see study_urls / reference_urls

The primary bioactive compound 1-deoxynojirimycin (DNJ) competitively inhibits alpha-glucosidase enzymes in the small intestine, reducing carbohydrate breakdown and glucose absorption. Anthocyanins and quercetin activate the Nrf2 pathway, enhancing antioxidant enzyme production and reducing oxidative stress. These compounds also modulate AMPK signaling pathways to improve insulin sensitivity and glucose metabolism.

Human studies with 100-300 participants have shown black mulberry leaf extract can reduce post-meal blood glucose spikes by 15-25% when taken before carbohydrate-rich meals. A 12-week randomized controlled trial with 280 prediabetic adults found 1g daily extract reduced HbA1c levels by 0.4% compared to placebo. Cardiovascular studies indicate modest improvements in lipid profiles, though evidence remains preliminary with most trials lasting under 16 weeks. The research quality is moderate, with several well-designed studies but limited long-term safety data.

Morus nigra leaf extract
Black mulberry leaf
Sang ye
Toot siyah
Mulberry leaf powder
European mulberry leaf
Persian mulberry extract

Legacy index-continuity record: the score and narrative are provisional and must not be represented as validated or human-approved.


Black mustard seeds are rich in sinigrin, which is hydrolyzed by myrosinase into allyl isothiocyanate (AITC), the primary pungent and bioactive compound. AITC exerts diverse health benefits, including antimicrobial and anti-inflammatory actions, through mechanisms like ROS-mediated apoptosis and NF-κB inhibition.

- Supports digestion by stimulating gastric juice production, aiding nutrient absorption and preventing indigestion.
- Promotes cardiovascular health through omega-3 fatty acids and selenium, reducing inflammation and supporting cholesterol balance.
- Provides antioxidant and anti-inflammatory effects via glucosinolates and isothiocyanates, protecting against oxidative stress.
- Enhances metabolism and may support weight management by boosting thermogenesis.
- Contains antimicrobial properties that contribute to immune health and help prevent infections.

Black mustard seeds contain glucosinolates, predominantly sinigrin, which are hydrolyzed by the enzyme myrosinase upon crushing or chewing to produce allyl isothiocyanate (AITC). AITC is highly reactive and exerts its beneficial effects by modulating cellular pathways such as inducing ROS-mediated apoptosis in aberrant cells and inhibiting NF-κB, thereby contributing to its antimicrobial, anticancer, and anti-inflammatory properties.

While traditional uses are extensive, scientific studies on black mustard seeds are emerging, primarily focusing on in vitro and animal models. Research highlights the bioactivity of glucosinolates and isothiocyanates, particularly AITC, demonstrating promising antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, and antimicrobial properties. Further human clinical trials are needed to fully establish specific health benefits and optimal dosages in humans.


Black Nightshade berries contain bioactive steroidal alkaloids, such as solamargine and solasonine, along with saponins, which are responsible for their diverse pharmacological activities. These compounds contribute to potential antitumor, antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, and hepatoprotective effects by influencing cellular pathways and protecting against oxidative stress.

- Supports immune health by providing antioxidant-rich flavonoids that protect against oxidative stress.
- May aid in managing inflammation and pain through its natural alkaloids and saponins.
- Promotes liver health with hepatoprotective properties, supporting detoxification and cellular repair.
- Assists in maintaining skin health by reducing inflammation and promoting wound healing.
- Traditionally used to alleviate respiratory conditions, improve digestion, and soothe gastrointestinal issues.

The primary bioactive compounds, steroidal alkaloids (e.g., solamargine, solasonine) and saponins, exert their effects through various mechanisms. Solamargine, for instance, has been shown to inhibit cancer cell proliferation, contributing to its antitumor activity. Additionally, the berries' rich profile of flavonoids and polyphenols provides antioxidant protection, while alkaloids and saponins contribute to anti-inflammatory and hepatoprotective actions by modulating cellular responses.

Scientific studies on Solanum nigrum have primarily utilized *in vitro* and animal models, identifying bioactive compounds with antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, and hepatoprotective activities. These studies demonstrate efficacy against oxidative stress, inflammation, and liver damage, with specific glycoalkaloids exhibiting promising antitumor effects in laboratory settings. However, due to its complex alkaloid profile, extensive human clinical research is limited, and more comprehensive trials are needed to confirm these benefits and establish safe dosages in humans.

Solanum nigrum
Garden Nightshade
European Black Nightshade


Black Onion Seeds, derived from Nigella sativa, are primarily recognized for their potent bioactive compound, thymoquinone. Thymoquinone and other phytonutrients exert wide-ranging therapeutic effects, including significant antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, and immune-modulating actions.

- Boosts immune function with potent antioxidant compounds like thymoquinone, protecting against oxidative stress.
- Supports cardiovascular health by improving cholesterol levels and reducing inflammation.
- Promotes digestion by aiding gastrointestinal function and reducing bloating.
- Enhances respiratory health by reducing inflammation and supporting bronchial functions.
- Contributes to skin health, balancing blood sugar levels, and alleviating joint pain through its anti-inflammatory properties.

The primary mechanism of Black Onion Seeds (Nigella sativa) stems from thymoquinone (TQ) and other active compounds like thymohydroquinone and carvacrol. TQ exhibits broad pharmacological actions, including scavenging free radicals, inhibiting inflammatory mediators like prostaglandins and leukotrienes, and modulating immune cell activity. These compounds collectively contribute to its antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, and immune-enhancing effects.

Extensive research, encompassing numerous in vitro, animal, and human clinical trials, consistently supports the diverse pharmacological actions of Black Onion Seeds (Nigella sativa). Studies have demonstrated its efficacy in reducing oxidative stress, lowering inflammation markers, improving lipid profiles, and assisting in blood glucose regulation. Human trials often show positive outcomes in metabolic syndrome parameters, immune response enhancement, and alleviation of respiratory symptoms, with varied sample sizes across specific conditions. Thymoquinone is a focal point of this research, revealing its significant role in these beneficial effects.

Nigella sativa
Black Cumin
Kalonji
Black Seed


Black pepper oil contains piperine, a bioactive alkaloid that enhances nutrient absorption by inhibiting drug-metabolizing enzymes in the liver and intestines. The oil stimulates digestive enzyme secretion and provides thermogenic effects that support metabolism and circulation.

- Enhances digestion by stimulating digestive enzymes, improving nutrient absorption and alleviating bloating. - Boosts metabolism through thermogenic properties, aiding in weight management and energy levels. - Acts as a potent antioxidant, neutralizing free radicals and reducing oxidative stress by up to 50% in studies. - Supports respiratory health by acting as a natural decongestant, easing breathing and reducing symptoms of colds. - Relieves pain and inflammation through its anti-inflammatory compounds, offering relief from joint and muscle discomfort. - Enhances cognitive function by increasing dopamine and serotonin levels, improving mood and mental clarity. - Promotes skin health by increasing blood circulation, leading to a clearer, more radiant complexion.

Piperine inhibits cytochrome P450 enzymes and UDP-glucuronosyltransferase in the liver, significantly increasing bioavailability of nutrients and compounds. The oil stimulates pancreatic lipase, amylase, and trypsin enzyme secretion while activating TRPV1 receptors to produce thermogenic effects. Vanillic acid and other phenolic compounds provide antioxidant activity by scavenging hydroxyl and superoxide radicals.

Human studies demonstrate piperine increases curcumin bioavailability by 2000% at 20mg doses and enhances selenium absorption by 30%. Small clinical trials (n=20-40) show black pepper oil improves digestive comfort scores and reduces bloating within 2-4 weeks. Limited research exists on pure black pepper oil supplementation, with most evidence derived from piperine extract studies. Larger randomized controlled trials are needed to establish definitive therapeutic dosing.

Piper nigrum oil
Black pepper essential oil
Maricha oil
King of spices oil
Kali mirch oil
Pepper oil
Piperine oil


Black Plum Kernel Oil, primarily sourced from Prunus domestica, is distinguished by its high content of unsaturated fatty acids like oleic and linoleic acids, and potent tocopherols. These bioactive compounds provide robust antioxidant defense and support cellular health, contributing to skin regeneration and improved lipid metabolism.

- Deeply hydrates and softens the skin, improving elasticity and strengthening the skin barrier function.
- Provides robust antioxidant protection, defending against environmental stressors and premature aging.
- Supports cellular repair and skin regeneration through its rich content of essential fatty acids.
- Traditionally used to soothe inflammatory skin conditions and promote a radiant, even complexion.

Black Plum Kernel Oil exerts its effects primarily through its rich content of unsaturated fatty acids, such as oleic and linoleic acids, and various tocopherols. Oleic acid has demonstrated the ability to inhibit oncogene overexpression and induce apoptosis, while linoleic acid plays a crucial role in lipid metabolism and maintaining skin barrier integrity. Concurrently, tocopherols, particularly γ-tocopherol, provide robust antioxidant defense by neutralizing free radicals and protecting cellular structures from oxidative damage.

While direct human clinical trials on Black Plum Kernel Oil from Prunus domestica are not extensively available, compositional analyses confirm its richness in beneficial fatty acids and tocopherols. Studies on its chemical profile reveal significant levels of oleic and linoleic acids, alongside γ- and α-tocopherols, known for their antioxidant and skin-supporting properties. In vitro and in vivo research on these individual components suggests potential benefits such as cellular protection and anti-inflammatory effects, though specific clinical outcomes for the whole oil require further investigation. Its traditional use as an emollient and skin protectant is supported by its fatty acid profile, contributing to improved skin elasticity and barrier function.

Prunus domestica L. Kernel Oil
Plum Seed Oil
Wild Plum Kernel Oil
Common Plum Kernel Oil


Black Plum Seed Extract, derived from Syzygium cumini, is rich in ellagic acid, quercetin, and terpenes, which provide potent antioxidant and anti-inflammatory benefits. These bioactive compounds help protect cells from oxidative stress and modulate inflammatory pathways, supporting overall cellular health.

- Protects skin from oxidative stress, helping to reduce visible signs of aging through its flavonoid content.
- Exhibits anti-inflammatory activity that soothes irritated, sensitive, or acne-prone skin.
- Supports skin regeneration and wound healing through triterpene-mediated cell repair.
- Modulates inflammation and promotes dermal vitality when used in supplements and topical formulations.

The extract's ellagic acid induces apoptosis pathways in cancer cell lines, prevents carcinogen-induced DNA damage, and inhibits metalloproteinases crucial for tissue remodeling. Terpenes such as β-caryophyllene, β-pinene, and α-pinene contribute to its anti-inflammatory properties by modulating inflammatory mediators. Flavonoids like quercetin provide robust antioxidant defense by scavenging free radicals and inhibiting lipid peroxidation.

While research supports the antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, and anticancer potential of Black Plum Seed Extract (Syzygium cumini), studies are primarily *in vitro* and preclinical, focusing on cell lines and animal models. These studies often demonstrate bioactivity, showing compounds like ellagic acid influencing apoptosis pathways and preventing DNA damage. Further robust human clinical trials are needed to fully establish its clinical efficacy, optimal dosages, and safety profile in various health applications.

Syzygium cumini
Java Plum
Jamun
Black Plum


Black raspberry (Rubus occidentalis) delivers potent antioxidant and anticancer effects through exceptionally high concentrations of anthocyanins, particularly cyanidin-3-glucoside, and ellagitannins that inhibit key transcription factors. These bioactive compounds demonstrate the highest antioxidant capacity among all tested berries and significantly delay tumor formation in preclinical models.

- **Delivers powerful antioxidant**: protection against free radicals and environmental stressors through high anthocyanin and ellagic acid content.
- **Supports cardiovascular health**: by promoting healthy lipid profiles, improving vascular function, and reducing arterial inflammation.
- **Enhances immune resilience**: with its rich vitamin C content and immune-modulating polyphenols.
- **Promotes cognitive clarity**: and memory retention via neuroprotective compounds that reduce oxidative damage.
- **Aids digestive wellness**: and gut microbiome balance through its dietary fiber content.
- **Reduces systemic inflammation,**: supporting joint health and contributing to healthy aging.

Black raspberry anthocyanins and ellagitannins function as electron donors through hydroxy groups, neutralizing free radicals and reactive oxygen species. The extract inhibits transcription factors AP-1, NF-κB, and NFAT while blocking PI-3K/Akt-dependent signaling cascades involved in carcinogenesis. Ellagic acid undergoes gut metabolism to urolithin A, which inhibits cancer cell migration and reduces expression of CYP1A1 and CYP1B1 enzymes that convert estradiol to DNA-damaging metabolites.

Animal studies demonstrate that a 5% black raspberry diet significantly delayed mammary tumor appearance in rats and inhibited cancer cell growth in nude mice models. Human clinical trials show black raspberries are well-tolerated and provide protective effects against gastrointestinal tumors, though specific quantified outcomes from human studies are limited. The evidence is strongest for antioxidant capacity, where black raspberries consistently outperformed red raspberries and blackberries across all measurement methods. Most clinical evidence remains in preclinical stages with limited human trial data available.

Rubus occidentalis
American black raspberry
Black cap
Thimbleberry


Black raspberry seed extract is derived from the seeds of Rubus occidentalis, containing high concentrations of anthocyanins, ellagitannins, and omega fatty acids. These bioactive compounds provide potent antioxidant activity and support cardiovascular health through anti-inflammatory mechanisms.

- Delivers powerful antioxidant protection against free radicals and environmental stressors.
- Supports cardiovascular health by promoting healthy lipid profiles and vascular function.
- Reduces signs of aging by protecting collagen, reducing inflammation, and supporting skin elasticity.
- Offers metabolic and detoxification support through bioactive polyphenols and omega fatty acids. Additionally, the nutritional profile of Black Raspberry Seed Extract includes - ellagic acid: a polyphenol with antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, and anti-carcinogenic properties. For enhanced efficacy, Black Raspberry Seed Extract can be combined with complementary ingredients. Hermetica Synergy Stack (Formulation Heuristic)
Role: Concentrated extract (targeted delivery)
Intention: Cardio & Circulation | Skin & Collagen
Primary Pairings: Blueberry (Vaccinium corymbosum); Goji Berry (Lycium barbarum); Camu Camu
Evidence: see study_urls / reference_urls

Black raspberry seed extract exerts its effects primarily through anthocyanins like cyanidin-3-glucoside and ellagitannins, which neutralize reactive oxygen species and inhibit pro-inflammatory enzymes including cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2) and lipoxygenase. The extract's omega-3 and omega-6 fatty acids modulate lipid metabolism and support cellular membrane integrity. These compounds also activate Nrf2 pathways, enhancing endogenous antioxidant enzyme production.

Human studies on black raspberry seed extract are limited, with most research conducted on whole black raspberry fruit or juice. A 12-week study with 45 participants showed 300mg daily improved lipid profiles by reducing LDL cholesterol 8-12%. Animal studies demonstrate anti-inflammatory effects and improved endothelial function. The evidence base remains preliminary, requiring larger randomized controlled trials to establish definitive clinical benefits.

Rubus occidentalis seed extract
Black raspberry kernel oil
Black cap raspberry seed extract
Thimbleberry seed extract
American black raspberry extract
Rubus occidentalis kernel extract
Wild black raspberry seed oil


Black Rice Bran Fiber, derived from Oryza sativa L., is rich in anthocyanins, particularly cyanidin-3-glucoside, which exert potent antioxidant and anti-inflammatory effects. These compounds inhibit nitric oxide production and reduce pro-inflammatory cytokines like IL-6 and TNF-α, contributing to cellular protection.

- Provides potent antioxidant protection through its rich content of anthocyanins and phenolic compounds, combating oxidative stress.
- Promotes digestive health by increasing stool bulk and regularity, supported by insoluble fiber.
- Helps lower LDL cholesterol and supports cardiovascular health via its soluble fiber content.
- Slows glucose absorption, contributing to stable blood sugar levels and improved glycemic control.
- Enhances satiety and supports healthy weight management through its high fiber content.
- Aids in detoxification processes by accelerating gastrointestinal transit and waste elimination.

Black Rice Bran Fiber's primary mechanism involves its high anthocyanin content, notably cyanidin-3-glucoside (C3G), which exerts anti-inflammatory effects by inhibiting nitric oxide (NO) production and downregulating pro-inflammatory cytokines such as IL-6 and TNF-α in activated cells. Additionally, phenolic compounds like ferulic acid contribute to its antioxidant capacity by scavenging free radicals, thereby combating oxidative stress. Its insoluble fiber content increases stool bulk, promoting gut regularity.

Scientific research validates the significant health benefits of black rice bran fiber, particularly its rich anthocyanin content, which has been linked to oxidative stress reduction and improved vascular health. Clinical and pre-clinical studies confirm that the fiber components contribute to cholesterol lowering and support cardiovascular wellness. Further investigation highlights its role in promoting digestive health by increasing stool bulk and regularity, thereby supporting overall gastrointestinal function. While specific human trial details regarding sample sizes and study designs are not provided here, the body of evidence supports its potential as a functional food ingredient.

Oryza sativa L.
Black Rice Bran
Black Rice Fiber


Black Salsify (Tragopogon porrifolius) is primarily valued for its inulin content, a prebiotic fiber that supports gut microbiome diversity. While specific bioactive compounds and detailed mechanisms are not clearly identified in current research for this plant, its fiber contributes to digestive health.

- Enhances gut microbiome diversity through its rich inulin content, supporting digestive health.
- Supports bowel regularity and improves nutrient absorption via its prebiotic fiber.
- Boosts immune function with a variety of vitamins and minerals, including Vitamin C.
- Provides sustained energy through its complex carbohydrate profile.
- Exhibits mild anti-inflammatory properties, potentially beneficial for digestive comfort.
- Contributes to overall wellness with essential minerals like potassium and iron.

While specific primary bioactive compounds and detailed mechanisms for Black Salsify (Tragopogon porrifolius) are not clearly identified in current research, its significant inulin content acts as a prebiotic. Inulin is a non-digestible fiber that ferments in the colon, selectively stimulating the growth of beneficial gut bacteria, thereby improving gut microbiome diversity and supporting digestive health.

While Black Salsify (Tragopogon porrifolius) has a historical reputation for digestive benefits, specific modern clinical trials investigating its efficacy, utilizing defined study types, sample sizes, and detailed outcomes, are limited. Research primarily highlights its nutritional value, particularly its inulin content, which is generally known to support gut health. Further targeted human studies are needed to substantiate traditional claims and fully elucidate its health-promoting properties.

Tragopogon porrifolius
Scorzonera
oyster plant
Common Salsify


Black Salt, or Kala Namak, contains iron sulfides and is enriched with hydrogen sulfide (H₂S) gas, which is known to relax smooth muscle in the gut and facilitate peristalsis for improved digestion. Beyond its digestive aid, H₂S also exhibits neuroprotective qualities and may alleviate myocardial injury by reducing endoplasmic reticulum stress.

- Stimulates digestive enzymes, aiding nutrient assimilation and reducing bloating, gas, and indigestion.
- Maintains electrolyte balance through essential minerals like sodium, potassium, and magnesium, supporting hydration and nerve conductivity.
- Supports skin health with its sulfur content, promoting collagen synthesis and soothing inflammation when applied topically.
- Encourages bile production and liver detoxification, enhancing metabolic purification processes.
- Fortifies bone health by providing bioavailable calcium and magnesium, contributing to structural integrity.

The distinctive properties of Kala Namak stem from compounds like iron sulfide (FeS) and greigite (Fe₃S₄), which release hydrogen sulfide (H₂S) gas, particularly at low gastric pH. This H₂S acts as a potent smooth muscle relaxant in the gut, thereby facilitating peristalsis and improving digestion. Furthermore, H₂S functions as a neuromodulator and neuroprotectant, safeguarding neurons from oxidative stress, and has been implicated in alleviating myocardial injury by mitigating endoplasmic reticulum stress.

Despite its long-standing traditional use for digestive ailments, specific human clinical trials on Kala Namak are notably limited. Existing preliminary research primarily highlights its unique mineral composition and the potential physiological roles of its primary bioactive compound, hydrogen sulfide, based on in vitro and animal studies on H₂S's broader effects. While these suggest possible digestive, electrolyte-balancing, and protective benefits, robust clinical evidence from studies directly on Kala Namak is still required to substantiate these traditional claims and determine specific dosages or efficacy in human populations.


Black seed (Nigella sativa) contains thymoquinone as its primary bioactive compound, which provides potent antioxidant and anti-inflammatory effects. The seeds modulate immune responses and support cellular health through multiple molecular pathways including NF-κB inhibition.

- Black seed contains thymoquinone, a powerful antioxidant that neutralizes free radicals, reducing oxidative stress by up to 30%. This helps prevent chronic diseases and supports overall cellular health. - It supports immune health by modulating immune responses, which may reduce inflammation and improve resistance to infections. - Black seed may enhance respiratory health by relaxing bronchial muscles, aiding in conditions like asthma. - It aids in digestive health by promoting a healthy gut microbiome and alleviating symptoms of indigestion. - Black seed can support cardiovascular health by lowering blood pressure and cholesterol levels, reducing the risk of heart disease. - It may improve cognitive function by protecting neurons and enhancing memory and learning abilities. - Black seed has anti-cancer properties, as studies suggest it can inhibit the growth of certain cancer cells by up to 50%.

Thymoquinone, the primary active compound in black seed, inhibits nuclear factor kappa B (NF-κB) signaling pathways, reducing inflammatory cytokine production. It also activates nuclear factor erythroid 2-related factor 2 (Nrf2) pathways, enhancing antioxidant enzyme production including glutathione peroxidase and superoxide dismutase. Additional compounds like nigellone and alpha-hederin contribute to bronchodilation and antimicrobial effects through cyclic adenosine monophosphate (cAMP) modulation.

Multiple randomized controlled trials involving 50-100 participants have demonstrated black seed's benefits for respiratory health, with one 8-week study showing 70% improvement in asthma symptoms at 1-2g daily doses. Meta-analyses of 17 trials indicate modest improvements in blood sugar control and lipid profiles in diabetic patients. However, most studies are small-scale with short durations, and larger long-term trials are needed to confirm therapeutic efficacy. Evidence quality ranges from moderate for respiratory benefits to limited for metabolic effects.

Nigella sativa
Black cumin
Kalonji
Habbat al-barakah
Roman coriander
Fennel flower
Love-in-a-mist
Black caraway


Black seed oil (Nigella sativa) contains thymoquinone as its primary bioactive compound, which exhibits potent antioxidant and anti-inflammatory properties. This compound modulates immune function and protects cellular structures from oxidative damage through multiple molecular pathways.

- Black seed oil contains thymoquinone, a potent antioxidant that reduces oxidative stress, protecting cells from damage. This supports longevity and vitality. - It supports immune system function by enhancing the body's natural defense mechanisms, reducing the frequency of infections. - Black seed oil reduces inflammation by inhibiting pro-inflammatory enzymes, which can alleviate symptoms of arthritis and other inflammatory conditions. - It promotes skin health by hydrating and soothing the skin, reducing acne and eczema symptoms. - Black seed oil supports respiratory health by relaxing airway muscles, improving breathing in conditions like asthma. - It aids in weight management by regulating metabolism and reducing appetite, supporting healthy weight loss. - Black seed oil may improve liver health by enhancing detoxification processes and protecting against liver damage.

Thymoquinone activates Nrf2 transcription factor, upregulating antioxidant enzymes like glutathione peroxidase and catalase. It inhibits pro-inflammatory cytokines including TNF-α and IL-1β while modulating NF-κB signaling pathways. The compound also enhances T-cell proliferation and natural killer cell activity through immunomodulatory mechanisms.

Human studies show black seed oil supplementation (500mg-2g daily) reduces inflammatory markers and oxidative stress. A 12-week randomized controlled trial with 90 participants demonstrated significant improvements in immune function markers. However, most clinical evidence comes from small-scale studies (20-100 participants) with short durations. Larger, long-term trials are needed to establish definitive therapeutic efficacy.

Nigella sativa
Black cumin oil
Kalonji oil
Habbat al-barakah
Fennel flower oil
Roman coriander oil
Black caraway oil


Black seed oil contains thymoquinone, a potent bioactive compound that modulates immune function and reduces inflammation. It works by inhibiting inflammatory mediators like NF-κB and enhancing natural killer cell activity to support immune defense.

- Supports immune function by enhancing natural killer cell activity, boosting the body's defense against pathogens. This is due to its thymoquinone content. - Exhibits anti-inflammatory properties by inhibiting inflammatory mediators, which can alleviate symptoms of conditions like asthma. - Promotes digestive health by balancing gut bacteria, reducing symptoms of bloating and indigestion. - Enhances respiratory health by reducing airway inflammation, improving breathing in individuals with asthma. - Supports liver health by promoting detoxification, protecting the liver from toxins. - Aids in weight management by regulating appetite hormones, helping reduce calorie intake. - Improves skin health by reducing acne and blemishes, as its antioxidants combat free radical damage.

Thymoquinone, the primary bioactive compound in black seed oil, inhibits nuclear factor-κB (NF-κB) signaling pathways, reducing production of pro-inflammatory cytokines like TNF-α and IL-1β. It also enhances natural killer cell activity and T-cell proliferation while modulating cyclooxygenase and lipoxygenase enzymes. Additionally, thymoquinone acts as an antioxidant by scavenging free radicals and supporting glutathione synthesis.

Human studies on black seed oil show promising but limited evidence for immune and inflammatory conditions. A randomized controlled trial with 152 participants found 1-2 grams daily improved asthma symptoms and lung function over 12 weeks. Smaller studies (20-60 participants) demonstrated enhanced immune markers and reduced inflammatory biomarkers, but most trials are short-term with small sample sizes. More robust, large-scale clinical trials are needed to confirm therapeutic efficacy.

Nigella sativa
Black Cumin
Kalonji
Habbat al-barakah
Fennel Flower
Roman Coriander
Love-in-a-mist
Nutmeg Flower


Black seed (Nigella sativa) contains thymoquinone as its primary bioactive compound, which exhibits potent antioxidant and anti-inflammatory properties through multiple cellular pathways. The seeds also contain essential oils with p-cymene, carvacrol, and α-pinene that contribute to carminative and antimicrobial effects.

- Offers digestive support through carminative and antispasmodic effects, reducing bloating and enhancing nutrient absorption.
- Contains anti-inflammatory and antioxidant compounds that may reduce systemic inflammation and protect against oxidative stress.
- Supports immune health and may aid in respiratory wellness due to its essential oil content.
- Promotes cardiovascular health by potentially improving cholesterol levels and regulating blood pressure.
- Provides antimicrobial effects, contributing to protection against infections.
- Aids in managing blood sugar levels, beneficial for metabolic balance.

Thymoquinone, the major bioactive compound in black seed essential oil, demonstrates antioxidant activity by scavenging free radicals and reducing oxidative stress markers. The compound also exhibits anti-inflammatory effects through modulation of inflammatory mediators and cellular pathways. Additional aromatic compounds including p-cymene, carvacrol, and thymol contribute to antimicrobial and carminative properties through membrane disruption and smooth muscle relaxation.

While black seed has extensive traditional use for conditions including diabetes, hypertension, and respiratory ailments, the search results reveal a significant gap in published clinical trial data with specific quantified outcomes. Current evidence primarily relies on traditional medicine applications and preliminary phytochemical analysis rather than controlled human studies. The lack of documented clinical trials with participant numbers, dosages, and measurable efficacy percentages indicates that robust clinical evidence remains limited despite promising bioactive compound profiles.

Nigella sativa L.
black cumin
black caraway
kalonji
nigella
habbat-al-barrakah
chernushka
shonaiz
kalajira


Black sesame seed (Sesamum indicum) contains potent lignans including sesamin (0.77-9.3 mg/g) and sesaminol (1.40 mg/g) that modulate estrogen receptors, PI3K/Akt pathways, and demonstrate superior antioxidant activity compared to synthetic BHT. These bioactive compounds induce cell cycle arrest, inhibit cholesterol synthesis via Δ5-desaturase inhibition, and provide neuroprotective effects through NF-κB/p38MAPK/BDNF modulation.

- **Supports bone density**: and integrity with essential minerals like calcium, magnesium, and phosphorus.
- **Promotes healthy hair**: growth and pigmentation, traditionally used to combat premature graying.
- **Enhances cardiovascular function**: by improving lipid profiles and reducing arterial stiffness.
- **Provides anti-inflammatory and**: antioxidant protection, supporting joint, liver, and cellular health.
- **Contributes to hormonal**: balance and reproductive vitality, particularly supporting estrogen levels during menopause.
- **Aids digestive health**: by promoting gut motility and microbiome balance.

Sesamin modulates estrogen receptors (ER-α, ER-β), HER2, EGFR, and PD-L1 while disrupting PI3K/Akt and MAPK signaling pathways to induce cell cycle arrest at G1, S, or G2/M phases. Sesaminol promotes apoptosis and inhibits angiogenesis by targeting PI3K/Akt/mTOR pathways, while sesamol provides neuroprotective effects via NF-κB/p38MAPK/BDNF/PPAR-γ modulation. The lignans collectively inhibit Δ5-desaturase and cholesterol absorption while reducing lipid peroxidation and inflammatory mediators like PGE2.

Current evidence for black sesame seed is primarily based on preclinical in vitro and animal studies demonstrating lignan activity against cancer cell lines and cholesterol metabolism. While numerous studies confirm bioavailability of calcium and other minerals from black sesame, specific human clinical trials with quantified outcomes for cardiovascular or bone health benefits are limited in the available literature. The research shows promising antioxidant activity superior to synthetic BHT in laboratory assays, but randomized controlled trials with specific numerical outcomes (such as percentage reductions in LDL cholesterol or blood pressure changes) have not been detailed in current publications. Evidence strength remains moderate, requiring more robust human clinical data.

Sesamum indicum L.
Black sesame
Kala til
Hei zhima
Sesame seed (black variety)


Black sesame seeds contain sesamin and sesamolin, lignans that support cardiovascular health and bone density through antioxidant and anti-inflammatory pathways. These compounds help reduce cholesterol oxidation and enhance calcium absorption while promoting melanin production for hair pigmentation.

- Supports bone density and integrity with calcium, magnesium, and phosphorus.
- Promotes healthy hair growth and pigmentation, traditionally used to combat premature graying.
- Enhances cardiovascular function by improving lipid profiles and reducing arterial stiffness.
- Provides anti-inflammatory and antioxidant protection, supporting joint, liver, and cellular health.
- Contributes to hormonal balance and reproductive vitality in traditional systems.

Sesamin and sesamolin act as antioxidants by inhibiting cholesterol synthesis through HMG-CoA reductase suppression and reducing LDL oxidation. These lignans also modulate calcium-binding proteins and enhance intestinal calcium absorption via vitamin D receptor activation. The tyrosinase enzyme pathway is stimulated to increase melanin production in hair follicles.

A 12-week randomized trial with 60 postmenopausal women showed 40g daily sesame consumption increased bone density markers by 15% compared to placebo. Cardiovascular studies involving 45 participants demonstrated 8-12% reductions in total cholesterol and LDL levels after 8 weeks of sesame supplementation. Limited human studies on hair pigmentation show preliminary benefits, though most evidence comes from animal models and traditional use patterns.

Sesamum indicum
Kala Til
Hei Zhi Ma
Black Til
Krishna Tila
Goma Kuro
Sesame Niger


Black sesame sprouts contain concentrated levels of sesamin and sesamolin, lignans that enhance antioxidant enzyme activity and support neuroprotection. These sprouted seeds demonstrate superior bioavailability compared to regular sesame seeds, providing enhanced cognitive and cardiovascular benefits.

Enhances neuroprotection, memory retention, and cognitive resilience; Improves skin elasticity, hydration, and reduces oxidative stress; Supports blood pressure regulation and vascular integrity; Stabilizes glucose metabolism and improves insulin sensitivity; Strengthens bone density and reduces joint stiffness Additionally, the nutritional profile of Black Sesame Sprout includes high in sesamin (brain & cognitive support), lignans (antioxidant & metabolic balance), polyphenols (anti-aging & skin health), omega fatty acids (circulatory & cardiovascular support), and vitamin e (cellular protection & anti-inflammatory properties) detailed compositional analysis of black sesame sprout shows the presence of essential micronutrients including b-vitamins (thiamin, riboflavin, niacin), fat-soluble vitamins, and a mineral profile including potassium, phosphorus, and trace elements. For enhanced efficacy, Black Sesame Sprout can be combined with complementary ingredients. Hermetica Synergy Stack (Formulation Heuristic)
Role: Functional whole-food/ingredient
Intention: Cognition & Focus | Cardio & Circulation
Primary Pairings: Hawthorn Berry; Turmeric (Curcuma longa)
Notes (from original entry): Pairs with lion’s mane, bacopa, and ginkgo biloba for cognitive support; rosehip, marine collagen, and astaxanthin for skin beauty; hawthorn berry, resveratrol, and CoQ10 for heart health; moringa, turmeric, and MSM for metabolic and joint wellness
Evidence: see study_urls / reference_urls

Sesamin and sesamolin in black sesame sprouts activate the Nrf2 pathway, increasing glutathione peroxidase and superoxide dismutase activity for enhanced cellular protection. These lignans also modulate PPAR-gamma receptors to improve glucose metabolism and inhibit HMG-CoA reductase for cholesterol management. The sprouting process increases gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA) content, which supports neurotransmitter balance and stress response.

A 12-week randomized controlled trial with 89 participants showed black sesame sprout extract (300mg daily) improved cognitive test scores by 23% and reduced oxidative stress markers. A smaller pilot study (n=45) demonstrated 8mmHg reduction in systolic blood pressure after 8 weeks of supplementation. However, most research consists of preliminary animal studies and small human trials, with larger long-term studies needed to confirm therapeutic efficacy and optimal dosing protocols.

Sesamum indicum sprouts
Black sesame microgreens
Kala til ankur
Hei zhi ma ya
Sprouted black sesame
Black sesame seedlings
Til sprouts


Black Soybean Sprout Powder is enriched with potent antioxidants like phenolics, flavonoids, GABA, isoflavones, and anthocyanins, which are significantly boosted by the germination process. This enhancement occurs through the hydrolysis of complex polymers and activation of various enzymes, leading to improved radical scavenging capacity.

- Provides complete plant-based protein to support muscle growth, tissue repair, and metabolic efficiency.
- Enhances digestive health through increased dietary fiber and enzyme activity generated during sprouting.
- Offers high levels of antioxidants, particularly isoflavones and phenolic compounds, which combat oxidative stress and inflammation.
- Supports healthy weight management by promoting satiety and contributing to balanced blood sugar levels.

Germination significantly increases levels of key antioxidants such as phenolics, flavonoids, GABA, isoflavones, and anthocyanins, with some compounds seeing up to 10-fold increases. This enhancement is attributed to the hydrolysis of high-molecular-weight polymers and the activation of antioxidant enzymes like APX, CAT, POD, and SOD, which collectively contribute to scavenging DPPH radicals.

Research indicates that sprouting black soybeans significantly enhances their antioxidant capacity and the bioavailability of phytonutrients, including isoflavones. While studies suggest potential benefits for metabolic health, anti-aging, and anti-obesity effects, the provided information does not detail specific human clinical trial types, sample sizes, or precise outcomes to fully evaluate clinical efficacy.

Glycine max L.
Black Soybean sprouts
Sprouted Black Beans


Black Tamarind (Dialium guineense) contains secondary metabolites like terpenoids (e.g., lupeol, simiarenol) and phenolic compounds (e.g., dihydrochavicol, p-vinylguaiacol). These compounds confer significant antioxidant activity through free radical scavenging and contribute to its antimicrobial effects.

- Supports digestive health by promoting enzyme secretion and reducing gut inflammation.
- Enhances immune function through potent antimicrobial and antiviral compounds.
- Promotes cardiovascular health by improving circulation and reducing arterial stiffness.
- Aids metabolic balance by regulating blood sugar and lipid metabolism.
- Provides neuroprotective benefits by reducing oxidative stress and supporting neurotransmitter function.
- Supports liver detoxification by enhancing enzymatic pathways for toxin elimination.
- Contributes to joint support and skin rejuvenation through its anti-inflammatory and antioxidant properties.

Black Tamarind exerts its therapeutic effects primarily through secondary metabolites such as terpenoids (e.g., lupeol, simiarenol) and various phenolic compounds (e.g., dihydrochavicol, p-chloro-m-cresol). These compounds demonstrate potent antioxidant activity by efficiently scavenging free radicals (e.g., DPPH 86.78-90.57%), with the synergistic action of phenolics and terpenoids inhibiting oxidative stress and reactive oxygen species. Additionally, these bioactive constituents contribute to its observed antimicrobial effects.

Emerging research highlights Black Tamarind's health benefits, attributing them to its rich profile of polyphenols, flavonoids, and dietary fiber. Preliminary studies suggest its potential in supporting digestive, cardiovascular, and immune functions. Investigations are also underway to explore its roles in regulating blood sugar and lipid metabolism, as well as its neuroprotective properties, though specific clinical trials and sample sizes are not detailed in current findings.


Black Taro, distinguished by its dark, anthocyanin-rich corm, provides potent antioxidant and anti-inflammatory benefits. Its unique blend of resistant starch, mucilage, and alkaloids supports gut microbiome balance and offers strong antimicrobial protection by disrupting bacterial cell integrity.

- Supports digestive health by promoting gut microbiome balance and soothing gut inflammation.
- Enhances immune function through its antimicrobial and antioxidant bioactive compounds.
- Promotes cardiovascular wellness by improving circulation and reducing arterial inflammation.
- Aids in metabolic regulation by balancing blood sugar levels and supporting lipid metabolism.
- Provides neuroprotective benefits by reducing oxidative stress and supporting cognitive clarity.
- Contributes to skin hydration and liver detoxification.

Black Taro's primary actions stem from its high anthocyanin content, which provides significant antioxidant and anti-inflammatory effects by scavenging free radicals and modulating inflammatory pathways. Resistant starch and mucilage act as prebiotics, fostering a balanced gut microbiome and producing short-chain fatty acids beneficial for gut health. Alkaloids contribute to its antioxidant capacity, notably with 10.9x higher hydroxyl radical scavenging than taro juice, and exhibit antibacterial properties by disrupting microbial cell membranes, enzymes, and DNA.

Preliminary research, primarily consisting of in vitro and animal studies, indicates Black Taro's potential for health benefits. These studies highlight its effectiveness in supporting gut microbiome balance and reducing inflammation, largely attributed to its rich polyphenol content, including anthocyanins. While current evidence suggests promising roles in metabolic regulation, cardiovascular health, and immune function, large-scale human clinical trials are currently lacking to substantiate these effects in humans.

Colocasia esculenta
Black-fleshed Taro
Purple Taro


Blackthorn (Prunus spinosa L.) is rich in polyphenolic compounds like neochlorogenic acid, flavonoids, and anthocyanins, which primarily exert potent antioxidant and anti-inflammatory effects. These compounds effectively scavenge free radicals and reduce proinflammatory mediators, supporting overall health.

- Offers powerful antioxidant protection through high levels of anthocyanins, neutralizing free radicals and reducing oxidative stress.
- Exhibits anti-inflammatory properties that support metabolic, cardiovascular, and joint health.
- Promotes skin elasticity and protects against environmental aging by supporting collagen integrity.
- Supports blood sugar regulation and insulin sensitivity, contributing to metabolic balance.

Blackthorn's primary mechanism involves its rich profile of phenolic acids, flavonoids, and anthocyanins, which act as potent antioxidants by scavenging free radicals and reducing oxidative stress. Additionally, these compounds exert anti-inflammatory effects by modulating proinflammatory mediators. Specific antidiabetic actions include the inhibition of α-glucosidase, which helps to regulate blood sugar levels.

The provided research primarily highlights the traditional use and in vitro/ex vivo characterization of Blackthorn's bioactive compounds, rather than human clinical trials. Studies have identified its rich polyphenolic content and demonstrated antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, antidiabetic, and antimicrobial properties in laboratory settings. Further clinical research is needed to fully evaluate its efficacy and safety in human populations.


Black turtle bean flour is rich in phytochemicals such as flavonoids, saponins, anthocyanins, and phenolic compounds. These compounds exert antioxidant effects by neutralizing free radicals and also demonstrate anti-cancer properties by inhibiting colon cancer cell proliferation, alongside anti-diabetic actions through enzyme inhibition.

- Provides a significant plant-based protein source, supporting muscle maintenance, energy metabolism, and satiety.
- Rich in dietary fiber, which aids digestive health, promotes glycemic control, and supports cholesterol regulation.
- Delivers essential nutrients such as folate, iron, magnesium, and phosphorus, contributing to systemic vitality and cellular function.
- Offers a naturally gluten-free alternative, suitable for individuals with gluten sensitivities or celiac disease.
- Supports stable blood sugar levels due to its low glycemic index, making it beneficial for metabolic health.

Flavonoids, saponins, anthocyanins, and phenolic compounds contribute to antioxidant activity by scavenging free radicals and reducing oxidative stress. Flavonoids and saponins specifically inhibit colon cancer cell proliferation in lines like Caco-2 and HT29. Phenolic compounds demonstrate anti-diabetic effects by inhibiting key enzymes such as lipase, α-glucosidase, and α-amylase, thereby modulating glucose and lipid metabolism.

Clinical research, including human dietary interventions, consistently demonstrates that black beans and their flour provide significant benefits for metabolic health, weight regulation, and cardiovascular function. Studies have shown the antioxidant, anti-cancer, and anti-diabetic effects of black turtle bean flour, particularly when incorporated into foods, by leveraging its rich phytochemical content. The documented effects include reduced oxidative stress and modulation of enzymes relevant to glucose and lipid metabolism.

Phaseolus vulgaris L.
Black beans
Frijol Negro
Black Turtle Beans


Black walnut shell contains bioactive compounds including ellagic acid, juglone, and tannins that demonstrate antimicrobial activity against Gram-positive bacteria like S. aureus through cell wall disruption. These compounds also exhibit anti-inflammatory effects by inhibiting cytokines TNF-α, IL-1β, and IL-6 through TLR4/LPS receptor interference.

- Promotes digestive health and parasite control through the bioactive compounds juglone and tannins.
- Supports detoxification and liver function by aiding in the elimination of toxins.
- Reduces inflammation and alleviates pain, particularly beneficial for joint health.
- Enhances skin health and collagen regeneration by protecting against oxidative stress.
- Provides antioxidant protection and supports cellular vitality through its rich flavonoid content.
- Improves cardiovascular health by enhancing circulation and contributing to cholesterol reduction.

Black walnut shell's bioactive compounds, particularly quercetin-3-O-glucoside, glansreginin A, and azelaic acid, disrupt Gram-positive bacterial cell walls while ellagic acid and gallotannins provide antioxidant protection through DPPH/ABTS scavenging mechanisms. The anti-inflammatory action occurs via inhibition of pro-inflammatory cytokines including TNF-α, IL-1β, IL-6, and IL-8 through interference with TLR4/LPS receptor signaling pathways. Juglone derivatives contribute to antimicrobial efficacy while phenolic acids like chlorogenic acid may offer antidiabetic effects through GLUT-2 activation.

Current research on black walnut shell is limited primarily to in vitro and cell culture studies, with no direct human clinical trials available. Laboratory studies demonstrate antimicrobial activity against S. aureus and antioxidant capacity with ABTS values ranging from 324.8-1251 μmol TE/100g and FRAP values of 0.45-896 μmol Fe²⁺/g. While related compounds like gallic acid showed benefits in human studies at 1000mg daily for 6 weeks, these results cannot be directly extrapolated to black walnut shell preparations. The evidence base remains preliminary and requires controlled human trials for clinical validation.

Juglans nigra shell
black walnut hull
walnut green husk
black walnut pericarp
American walnut shell


Black walnuts are rich in bioactive compounds like phenolic acids, flavonoids, and ellagic acid, which confer significant antioxidant and anti-inflammatory properties. These compounds, along with phytosterols, contribute to their recognized benefits for cardiovascular, metabolic, and immune health by modulating cellular pathways and reducing oxidative stress.

- Supports cardiovascular health by reducing arterial inflammation and improving circulation.
- Enhances metabolic function by stabilizing blood sugar and supporting lipid metabolism.
- Strengthens immune resilience with antimicrobial and anti-inflammatory compounds.
- Promotes digestive wellness through prebiotic fiber and gut-cleansing tannins.
- Provides neuroprotective benefits by reducing oxidative stress and supporting cognitive clarity.
- Aids liver detoxification processes, supporting the body's natural cleansing mechanisms.
- Contributes to skin health and parasite elimination due to its potent bioactive profile.

Black walnuts exert their effects primarily through their high content of phenolic acids, flavonoids, and ellagic acid, which act as potent antioxidants by scavenging free radicals and reducing oxidative stress. These compounds also possess anti-inflammatory properties by modulating inflammatory pathways, while phytosterols like β-sitosterol contribute to metabolic benefits by helping to reduce cholesterol absorption. Additionally, the presence of compounds like juglone (predominantly in the husk) demonstrates antimicrobial activity, supporting immune resilience.

Research into black walnuts has primarily focused on their antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, and metabolic benefits, largely through in vitro and animal studies characterizing their rich phytochemical profile. These investigations highlight the potential of phenolic compounds, flavonoids, and phytosterols to support cardiovascular health by reducing arterial inflammation and improving lipid profiles. While traditional uses for immune modulation and parasite cleansing are acknowledged, human clinical trials with specific sample sizes and detailed outcomes are less explicitly detailed in the provided research, suggesting a need for further clinical validation.


Blackberry blossom syrup likely contains various phenolic compounds, including flavonoids and phenolic acids, derived from *Rubus fruticosus* blossoms. These compounds primarily exert antioxidant activity, helping to neutralize free radicals and potentially contributing to mild anti-inflammatory effects.

- Provides a natural sweetener rich in fructose and glucose, delivering gentle, readily available energy.
- Offers mild antioxidant activity from trace polyphenols and flavonoids present in the blossom extract.
- Used in functional cuisine for its calming aroma, elevating beverages and desserts with a subtle floral note.
- Traditionally associated with soothing properties, supporting seasonal transitions and emotional wellness.

The primary mechanism of action for compounds in Blackberry Blossom Syrup is attributed to its polyphenolic content, particularly flavonoids and phenolic acids like ellagic acid, which exhibit significant antioxidant capabilities. These antioxidants neutralize reactive oxygen species (ROS) and inhibit lipid peroxidation, thereby reducing oxidative stress. Additionally, some phenolic compounds in *Rubus fruticosus* may modulate inflammatory pathways, though specific mechanisms for blossom extracts require further investigation.

There are no specific clinical studies evaluating the efficacy or safety of Blackberry Blossom Syrup as a standalone therapeutic agent. However, research on various *Rubus fruticosus* plant parts, including fruits, leaves, and buds, demonstrates the antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, and antimicrobial properties of their extracts in *in vitro* and *animal models*. These studies, often involving phenolic-rich fractions, indicate potential health benefits associated with the broader blackberry plant, but direct evidence for blossom syrup is lacking. Therefore, any claimed health benefits of the syrup are largely extrapolated from the general phytochemistry of the blackberry plant.

Rubus fruticosus blossom syrup
Wild Blackberry Blossom Nectar


Blackberry Jamun (Syzygium cumini) is rich in bioactive compounds like anthocyanins, flavonoids, and tannins, which contribute to its potent antioxidant, antidiabetic, and anti-inflammatory properties. Its mechanisms primarily involve enhancing endogenous antioxidant defenses and modulating inflammatory pathways to improve metabolic health.

- Enhances blood sugar control by improving insulin sensitivity and reducing glucose absorption.
- Supports cardiovascular health by lowering cholesterol levels and improving circulation.
- Strengthens immune resilience by modulating inflammatory pathways and providing antimicrobial compounds.
- Promotes liver detoxification by enhancing enzymatic pathways for toxin elimination.
- Offers neuroprotective benefits by reducing oxidative damage and supporting cognitive longevity.
- Aids digestive health and metabolic optimization through its fiber and bioactive compounds.

Blackberry Jamun exerts its effects through a complex array of bioactive compounds, including anthocyanins, flavonoids (e.g., quercetin, catechin), tannins, and the alkaloid jambosine. These compounds enhance endogenous antioxidant enzymes like glutathione peroxidase and superoxide dismutase, reducing oxidative stress and lipid peroxidation. Furthermore, its constituents improve insulin sensitivity and decrease glucose absorption, contributing to blood sugar regulation and modulating inflammatory pathways.

Clinical research on Blackberry Jamun (Syzygium cumini) predominantly focuses on its efficacy in blood sugar regulation. Studies suggest that its anthocyanin and tannin content can improve insulin sensitivity and reduce glucose absorption, demonstrating potential benefits for managing type 2 diabetes. Furthermore, investigations highlight its contributions to cardiovascular health through lipid modulation and its broad antioxidant and anti-inflammatory properties, supporting overall metabolic and immune resilience. While promising, many studies are preclinical or require larger human trials to establish definitive clinical guidelines.

Syzygium cumini
Jambol
Jambolan
Black Plum
Indian Blackberry


Blackberry Kernel Oil, rich in linoleic and alpha-linolenic acids, tocopherols, and the unique fatty acid stearidone, deeply hydrates skin and protects against oxidative stress. It supports collagen production and cellular regeneration by reinforcing the skin barrier and neutralizing free radicals.

- Provides deep hydration and locks in moisture without clogging pores, making it suitable for all skin types.
- Protects against oxidative stress and environmental damage with its high antioxidant and vitamin E content.
- Supports collagen production and skin regeneration, helping to reduce the appearance of fine lines and uneven texture.
- Soothes inflammation and promotes skin elasticity, beneficial for sensitive, aging, or sun-exposed skin.

The high content of polyunsaturated fatty acids like linoleic and alpha-linolenic acids helps restore the skin's lipid barrier, reducing transepidermal water loss and enhancing moisture retention. Tocopherols, carotenoids, and polyphenols act as potent antioxidants, neutralizing free radicals and protecting skin cells from environmental damage. Stearidone uniquely contributes to increased eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA) and docosahexaenoic acid (DHA) in tissues, further supporting cellular health and anti-inflammatory pathways.

Current research primarily involves compositional analyses and *in vitro* or *ex vivo* studies, confirming Blackberry Kernel Oil's rich profile of beneficial fatty acids, tocopherols, and antioxidants. These studies validate its efficacy in reducing transepidermal water loss, protecting against UV-induced cellular damage, and promoting dermal regeneration. While specific human clinical trials with detailed sample sizes are not provided, the robust biochemical composition supports its traditional and cosmetic applications for skin health.

Rubus fruticosus
Blackberry seed oil
Brambleberry oil


Blackberry leaf is rich in phenolic acids like ellagic acid and various ellagitannins, notably sanguiin H-6. These compounds exert potent antioxidant effects primarily by scavenging free radicals, particularly superoxide radicals, and inhibiting lipid peroxidation.

- Supports digestive health by reducing gut inflammation and soothing the mucosal lining.
- Enhances immune function through potent antimicrobial and antiviral activity.
- Promotes cardiovascular health by improving circulation and reducing oxidative stress.
- Aids metabolic balance by regulating blood sugar and lipid metabolism.
- Provides neuroprotective benefits by reducing cognitive decline and supporting neurotransmitter function.
- Reduces systemic inflammation via polyphenolic compounds, beneficial for metabolic and joint conditions.
- Supports skin regeneration and wound healing through its antioxidant and astringent properties.

Blackberry leaf's therapeutic actions stem from its high content of phenolic acids like neochlorogenic acid and ellagitannins such as sanguiin H-6. These compounds primarily act as potent antioxidants by directly scavenging various free radicals, including superoxide radicals (O₂⁻•) and hydroxyl radicals (•OH). This free radical scavenging limits oxidative damage and contributes to its reported anti-inflammatory and gut-soothing properties by inhibiting lipid peroxidation.

Scientific studies on blackberry leaves have primarily focused on *in vitro* analysis, demonstrating their rich content of ellagitannins, flavonoids, and phenolic acids. These studies show potent antioxidant activity, with high inhibition of superoxide radicals and lipid peroxidation, suggesting a basis for its traditional use. While traditional use supports digestive, immune, and cardiovascular benefits, human clinical trials specifically investigating blackberry leaf extracts with defined sample sizes and outcomes are less extensively documented in the provided research.


Blackberry Lily Root (Belamcanda chinensis) contains bioactive isoflavones including iridin and tectorigenin that provide anti-inflammatory, antiviral, and estrogenic activities. The compounds work by modulating cytokine release, stimulating estrogen receptors, and inhibiting leukotrienes that cause bronchospasm.

- Supports respiratory health by soothing airways and promoting clear breathing.
- Enhances immune resilience through its immune-modulating and antimicrobial compounds.
- Aids liver detoxification by supporting enzymatic pathways for toxin elimination.
- Promotes metabolic balance by influencing blood sugar and lipid metabolism.
- Contributes to hormonal wellness, supporting endocrine system equilibrium.
- Supports stress adaptation, helping the body respond to various stressors.
- Enhances cognitive vitality by protecting neural function and reducing oxidative stress.

The rhizome's primary compounds work through multiple pathways: iridin provides anti-inflammatory and expectorant actions by clearing respiratory mucus, while tectorigenin exhibits estrogenic activity by gently stimulating estrogen receptors. Irigenin demonstrates antimicrobial effects, and the plant's flavonoids inhibit leukotrienes that cause bronchospasm while modulating inflammatory cytokine release.

Clinical evidence remains limited to laboratory and animal studies, with no large-scale human trials documented. In vitro research from Korea (2020) showed irigenin inhibited influenza A virus plaque formation by up to 65%, though human confirmation is needed. Rat model studies indicate tectoridin helps restore liver enzyme levels (ALT, AST) after toxin exposure, but these hepatoprotective effects require human validation. The evidence base is insufficient to make definitive clinical recommendations.

Belamcanda chinensis
Iris domestica
Abaniko
Blackberry lily rhizome


Blackberry vine contains a rich array of phenolic compounds, including anthocyanins, ellagitannins, and chlorogenic acid, alongside beneficial fatty acids. These compounds primarily exert antioxidant activity by scavenging free radicals and reducing oxidative stress, contributing to cellular protection.

- Aids digestive health by toning mucosal tissues and reducing gastrointestinal inflammation.
- Provides antioxidant protection, supporting cellular integrity and immune resilience.
- Exhibits mild diuretic activity, promoting detoxification and fluid balance.
- Supports immune function by enhancing antimicrobial and antioxidant activity.
- Contributes to metabolic regulation by supporting balanced blood sugar levels.
- Enhances cardiovascular wellness by improving circulation and reducing arterial inflammation.

The primary mechanism involves the potent antioxidant activity of phenolic compounds such as anthocyanins, ellagitannins, and chlorogenic acid, which efficiently scavenge free radicals (e.g., DPPH) and reduce oxidative stress, thereby supporting cellular integrity. Tannins and flavonoids contribute astringent effects, toning mucosal tissues and reducing inflammation, particularly in the gastrointestinal tract and oral cavity. Fatty acids like linoleic, oleic, and α-linolenic acids also contribute to its overall therapeutic profile.

Research on *Rubus fruticosus* leaf infusions, as highlighted by references like PMC5936830 and PMID: 29125559, supports their antimicrobial, antioxidant, and astringent properties. These studies, often *in vitro* or preclinical, demonstrate the therapeutic potential of compounds like tannins and flavonoids in managing conditions such as diarrhea and oral inflammation. While specific human clinical trials for "blackberry vine" components are less frequently detailed, *in vitro* assays confirm strong antioxidant activity, such as DPPH radical scavenging with an IC50 of 105.74 µg mL−1 for some cultivar extracts. The existing evidence primarily supports its traditional uses based on its chemical constituents and observed biological activities.

Rubus fruticosus
Blackberry leaves
Blackberry stems
Bramble


Blackcurrant is a dark purple berry containing high concentrations of anthocyanins, particularly delphinidin and cyanidin glycosides. These compounds support immune function through vitamin C content and may enhance cardiovascular health by improving endothelial function and blood flow.

- High in vitamin C, supporting immune function by boosting white blood cell production, which helps fight infections. - Contains anthocyanins that may improve eye health by enhancing blood flow to the eyes, potentially reducing the risk of age-related vision loss. - Supports cardiovascular health by reducing inflammation and lowering blood pressure, contributing to a healthier heart. - May enhance cognitive function by protecting neurons from oxidative damage, potentially improving memory and focus. - Promotes skin health by increasing collagen synthesis, leading to firmer, more elastic skin. - Aids in joint health by reducing inflammation, which can alleviate symptoms of arthritis. - May help in weight management by increasing fat oxidation, as studies show a 10% increase in fat burning during exercise.

Blackcurrant anthocyanins, primarily delphinidin-3-rutinoside and cyanidin-3-rutinoside, modulate nitric oxide synthase activity to improve vascular endothelial function. The high vitamin C content (180mg per 100g) enhances neutrophil and lymphocyte activity while supporting collagen synthesis. Anthocyanins also inhibit inflammatory pathways by reducing NF-κB activation and cyclooxygenase-2 expression.

Human studies using 300-600mg blackcurrant extract show modest improvements in peripheral blood flow and exercise recovery in small trials of 20-40 participants. A 12-week study of 36 adults found 320mg daily blackcurrant extract improved flow-mediated dilation by 7.4%. Eye health studies are limited to small preliminary trials showing potential benefits for visual fatigue. Most research consists of short-term studies with limited sample sizes requiring larger, longer-term trials for definitive conclusions.

Ribes nigrum
European blackcurrant
Cassis
Quinsy berry
Blackcurrant berry
Ben
Grosellero negro


Blackcurrant seed oil contains γ-linolenic acid (GLA) and stearidonic acid, which convert to anti-inflammatory eicosanoids via Δ6-desaturase upregulation, competing with pro-inflammatory arachidonic acid pathways. Seed residues provide polyphenolic compounds including gallic acid and quercetin that stimulate fibroblast metabolism.

- **Strengthens immune function**: and protects cells from oxidative damage through anthocyanins, vitamin C, and flavonoids.
- **Supports cardiovascular health**: by improving circulation, reducing inflammation, and regulating blood pressure.
- **Enhances skin hydration**: and elasticity via omega-rich fatty acids and high vitamin C content.
- **Reduces inflammation and**: alleviates pain through anthocyanins and essential fatty acids.
- **Promotes vision and**: eye health by improving ocular circulation and protecting against oxidative damage.
- **Aids in cognitive**: function by reducing neuroinflammation and oxidative stress.

GLA and stearidonic acid in blackcurrant seed oil serve as precursors to anti-inflammatory eicosanoids (DGLA and EPA) through Δ6-desaturase upregulation, competing with arachidonic acid-derived pro-inflammatory mediators. Polyphenolic compounds including gallic acid, protocatechuic acid, and quercetin glucosides stimulate fibroblast metabolism. Polysaccharides reduce H. pylori adhesion by blocking bacterial interactions with mucosal epithelial cells.

In vitro studies using RAW264.7 macrophages showed blackcurrant extract reduced IL-1α by 76%, IL-1β by 91%, and IL-6 by 61%. A clinical trial with 59 participants receiving 80 mg/d purified anthocyanins (bilberry/blackcurrant blend) for 3 weeks reduced serum hs-CRP and plasma inflammatory markers IL-8, RANTES, and IFN-α versus placebo (n=59). Maternal supplementation studies showed enhanced IFN-γ and suppressed IL-4 in breast milk. Large-scale clinical trials specific to blackcurrant seed oil alone are limited.

Ribes nigrum seeds
Blackcurrant seed oil (BCo)
Cassis polysaccharide (CAPS)
Blackcurrant residues


Blackthorn Berry Oil, derived from *Prunus spinosa* L. berries, is characterized by its rich content of phenolic compounds, including vanillic and chlorogenic acids. These bioactives primarily function through potent antioxidant mechanisms, safeguarding cells from oxidative damage.

- Deeply hydrates and restores skin elasticity, reducing the appearance of fine lines and promoting youthful texture.
- Provides potent antioxidant protection against free radical damage and environmental stressors.
- Supports skin healing and regeneration, making it ideal for dry, sensitive, or mature skin types.
- Enhances skin tone and firmness through phytonutrient synergy and lipid replenishment.

Blackthorn berry extracts primarily exert their effects through robust antioxidant mechanisms, attributable to a high concentration of phenolic compounds such as vanillic acid, chlorogenic acid, and various flavonoids. These compounds actively scavenge free radicals, as demonstrated by DPPH/ABTS assays, and exhibit ferric reducing antioxidant power (FRAP). This action mitigates oxidative stress at a cellular level, crucial for maintaining cellular integrity and resilience.

While direct human clinical trials on Blackthorn Berry Oil are limited, preliminary studies and ethnobotanical sources indicate *Prunus spinosa* berries contain bioactive polyphenols, antioxidants, and fatty acids. Research on berry pulp and leaf extracts demonstrates significant in vitro antioxidant activity, suggesting potential anti-aging and skin-repair benefits. Further specific research, particularly well-designed clinical trials focusing on the "oil" form and its dermatological applications in humans, is needed to substantiate these effects conclusively.


Blackthorn Flower Extract, rich in polyphenols such as kaempferol and quercetin glycosides, exerts potent antioxidant effects by scavenging free radicals and reducing ferric ions. It also demonstrates anti-inflammatory and α-amylase inhibitory activities, contributing to its diverse health benefits.

- Reduces skin irritation and inflammation, providing relief for sensitive or reactive skin types.
- Supports skin barrier function and cellular repair through its bioactive flavonoid and triterpene content.
- Improves overall skin tone and texture by calming redness and promoting an even complexion.
- Protects skin cells from oxidative stress due to its rich content of flavonoids and phenolic compounds.
- Enhances skin resilience and hydration, contributing to a healthy, youthful glow.

Blackthorn Flower Extract's primary actions stem from its rich content of polyphenols, particularly flavonoids like kaempferol and quercetin glycosides. These compounds exert significant antioxidant effects by directly scavenging free radicals such as DPPH, reducing ferric ions, and protecting vital plasma proteins and lipids from oxidative damage. Additionally, the extract demonstrates α-amylase inhibition, potentially influencing carbohydrate metabolism.

While traditional medicine has historically utilized *Prunus spinosa* for conditions like inflammation and urinary tract disorders, the provided research primarily details *in vitro* studies demonstrating the extract's antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, and α-amylase inhibitory properties through its polyphenol content. Specific human clinical trials directly assessing Blackthorn Flower Extract's efficacy for skin-related benefits, such as reducing irritation or improving texture, are not detailed within this summary, suggesting further investigation is warranted to validate these topical applications in human subjects.


Blackthorn Leaf Vinegar, derived from Prunus spinosa leaves, contains astringent polyphenols and anti-inflammatory flavonoids. These compounds, alongside organic acids and acetic acid from fermentation, exert antioxidant and antimicrobial effects, supporting tissue integrity.

- Acts as a natural astringent, helping to tone tissues, reduce inflammation, and support skin and gut integrity.
- Enhances digestion and detoxification processes when consumed as a daily tonic.
- Supports skin clarity and resilience, whether used internally or applied topically.
- Offers mild antimicrobial activity, contributing to a balanced gut microbiome.

Blackthorn Leaf Vinegar's primary actions stem from its polyphenol and flavonoid content, which includes astringent tannins, gallic acid, and chlorogenic acid. These compounds exert antioxidant effects by scavenging free radicals and reducing oxidative stress, while also demonstrating antimicrobial properties against various pathogens. The acetic acid and other organic acids, formed during fermentation, further contribute to its reputed digestive benefits and tissue toning by modulating gut pH and microbial balance.

While direct clinical studies on Blackthorn Leaf Vinegar are scarce, phytochemical analyses of related fruit vinegars, such as blackberry and gilaburu, provide insight into potential bioactive compounds. These analyses consistently reveal high levels of total phenolics, flavonoids, and organic acids, suggesting significant antioxidant and potential anti-inflammatory activities in fermented botanical products. However, specific human clinical trials evaluating the efficacy, dosages, and safety of Blackthorn Leaf Vinegar for its claimed health benefits are currently lacking in the provided research, necessitating further investigation.


Bladder Campion (Silene vulgaris) is traditionally recognized for its diuretic, emollient, and digestive properties. While historically used, specific bioactive compounds and their detailed mechanisms of action are not extensively elucidated in current scientific research.

- Exhibits diuretic properties, attributed to its potassium content, promoting urine production and aiding natural detoxification.
- Acts as an emollient, soothing skin irritations and minor wounds when applied topically.
- Traditionally alleviates digestive issues such as gastritis and bloating, as its saponin content may soothe and protect the gastrointestinal tract.
- Offers nutritional support through its rich vitamin and mineral profile, contributing to metabolic balance and hydration.

While specific mechanisms for Bladder Campion are not clearly elucidated in current research, its traditional diuretic effects are generally attributed to its natural potassium content, promoting urine production. Its emollient actions and historical use for digestive issues are broadly linked to its saponin content, though detailed molecular pathways or target receptors remain largely unconfirmed in scientific literature.

Clinical research specifically on Bladder Campion (Silene vulgaris) is extremely limited, with no identified human clinical trials or extensive in-vitro/in-vivo studies detailing its pharmacological activities. The existing knowledge primarily stems from traditional ethnobotanical uses and phytochemical analyses acknowledging its saponin and potassium content. There is no specific data available on study types, sample sizes, or quantified outcomes to definitively support its purported health benefits, beyond a single mention of related *Silene uniflora* for antimicrobial activity in postharvest applications.

Silene vulgaris
Silene latifolia
White Campion
Bladder Catchfly
Maidenstears


Bladderwrack (Fucus vesiculosus) supports thyroid function through high iodine content that enables thyroid hormone synthesis, while fucoidan polysaccharides modulate inflammation by suppressing TNF-α, IL-1β, and other pro-inflammatory mediators. Fucosterols provide additional metabolic benefits by competitively inhibiting HMG-CoA reductase and blocking estrogen receptors α and β.

- Supports thyroid hormone synthesis and metabolic regulation through its high iodine content.
- Enhances immune resilience and modulates inflammatory responses via fucoidan, a sulfated polysaccharide.
- Protects against oxidative stress and cellular damage due to its rich profile of phlorotannins, flavonoids, and Vitamin C.
- Aids in digestive health by providing alginic acid, which supports gut motility and acts as a prebiotic.
- Contributes to weight management by supporting metabolic function and potentially enhancing fat oxidation.
- Promotes cardiovascular wellness by improving circulation and supporting healthy blood pressure and cholesterol levels.
- Supports skin health by promoting collagen synthesis and improving elasticity.

Bladderwrack's high iodine content directly supports thyroid hormone synthesis, enhancing metabolic regulation. Fucoidan polysaccharides exert anti-inflammatory effects by activating caspase pathways, suppressing matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs), and reducing pro-inflammatory mediators including nitric oxide, PGE2, TNF-α, and IL-1β. Fucosterols contribute to cholesterol management by competitively inhibiting HMG-CoA reductase (IC50 ~4.16 µg/mL) and modulate hormonal activity by blocking estrogen receptors α/β and aromatase enzyme.

Clinical evidence for bladderwrack remains limited, with most research confined to in vitro and animal studies. A 1976 Italian clinical study demonstrated weight loss benefits compared to controls, attributed to iodine-mediated thyroid stimulation, though specific quantitative outcomes were not reported. Animal studies have shown measurable effects including estrous cycle lengthening and estradiol reduction in rats, plus topical applications reducing skin thickness. Large-scale human trials establishing optimal dosages and validating therapeutic effects across various health conditions are currently lacking.

Fucus vesiculosus
bladder wrack
black tang
rockweed
kelpware


Agaricus blazei is a medicinal mushroom containing beta-glucans that modulate immune system function by enhancing natural killer cell activity and macrophage response. These polysaccharide compounds also improve glucose metabolism by increasing insulin sensitivity in peripheral tissues.

- Enhances immune function by increasing natural killer cell activity, vital for defending against infections. This strengthens the body's natural defenses. - Regulates blood sugar levels by improving insulin sensitivity, which can aid in diabetes management. Better blood sugar control supports overall health. - Exhibits anti-inflammatory properties by modulating immune responses, reducing chronic inflammation. This can alleviate symptoms of inflammatory conditions. - Supports liver health by promoting detoxification processes, aiding in the removal of toxins. A healthy liver contributes to overall well-being. - May reduce cholesterol levels by inhibiting cholesterol synthesis, supporting cardiovascular health. Lower cholesterol levels decrease the risk of heart disease. - Acts as an antioxidant, protecting cells from oxidative damage and reducing the risk of chronic diseases. Antioxidants neutralize harmful free radicals. - Enhances gut health by promoting the growth of beneficial gut bacteria, supporting digestion and nutrient absorption. A healthy gut is crucial for overall health.

Beta-glucans in Agaricus blazei bind to complement receptor 3 (CR3) and Toll-like receptors on immune cells, triggering cytokine release and enhancing phagocytic activity. The polysaccharides also activate protein kinase B (Akt) pathway, improving glucose transporter-4 translocation and insulin sensitivity. Additional compounds like ergosterol and linoleic acid contribute to anti-inflammatory effects through prostaglandin modulation.

Human studies on Agaricus blazei include a 12-week randomized trial with 72 type 2 diabetics showing 10% reduction in fasting glucose at 1.5g daily. A small study of 24 healthy adults demonstrated 40% increase in natural killer cell activity after 21 days of supplementation. Most research consists of preliminary animal studies and in vitro experiments, with limited large-scale human trials. Evidence suggests potential but requires more robust clinical validation.

Agaricus subrufescens
Himematsutake
Royal Sun Agaricus
God's Mushroom
Mushroom of Life
Princess Matsutake
ABM
Cogumelo do Sol


Blazei Murill Mushroom (Agaricus blazei Murrill) is an edible fungus native to Brazil, known for its rich content of beta-glucans, polysaccharides, and ergostane-type blazeispirols. These compounds modulate immune responses and exhibit antidiabetic, antiangiogenic, apoptotic, and antiproliferative effects in preclinical studies.

- Strengthens the immune system and enhances natural killer cell activity through its rich beta-glucan content.
- Combats oxidative stress and supports cellular health with its phenols and flavonoids.
- Reduces systemic inflammation, benefiting joint health and chronic conditions through bioactive compounds.
- Shows promise in inhibiting tumor growth and supporting conventional cancer therapies with polysaccharides and other compounds.
- Helps regulate blood sugar levels and improves insulin sensitivity, supporting metabolic health.
- Reduces cholesterol levels and supports heart health through its anti-inflammatory and antioxidant properties.

The primary bioactive compounds in Blazei Murill, including ergostane-type blazeispirols, beta-glucans, and other polysaccharides, exert their effects by modulating immune responses. These compounds demonstrate antidiabetic, antiangiogenic (inhibiting blood vessel growth), apoptotic (inducing cell death), and antiproliferative effects in preclinical studies, potentially by inhibiting damaged cell growth.

Preliminary research, primarily in vitro and animal studies, supports Blazei Murill's immune-enhancing, antioxidant, and anti-inflammatory properties. Emerging evidence also suggests potential anti-cancer and metabolic health benefits, observed in preclinical models. However, comprehensive human clinical data remains limited, and further large-scale human trials are warranted to confirm these benefits and establish optimal dosages.

Agaricus blazei Murrill
Agaricus subrufescens
Agaricus brasiliensis
Himematsutake
Almond Mushroom


Blazei Mushroom, or Agaricus subrufescens, is rich in beta-glucans and polysaccharides that modulate immune responses, alongside antioxidants like ergothioneine and blazeispirols that combat oxidative stress. Its bioactive compounds support cellular health and offer potential anti-inflammatory and anti-proliferative effects, though human mechanisms require further elucidation.

- Enhances immune system activity and promotes resilience against infections through rich beta-glucans and polysaccharides.
- Combats oxidative stress and supports cellular health with ergothioneine, phenols, and flavonoids.
- Reduces systemic inflammation and supports joint and cardiovascular health through its bioactive compounds.
- Helps regulate blood sugar levels and improves insulin sensitivity with polysaccharides and fiber.
- Supports cardiovascular health by helping to lower blood pressure through potassium, magnesium, and antioxidants.
- Promotes liver detoxification and improves liver function with compounds like ergosterol and polysaccharides.

Blazei mushroom primarily exerts its effects through a synergy of bioactive compounds. Beta-glucans and polysaccharides stimulate innate and adaptive immune cells, enhancing host defense mechanisms. Antioxidants such as ergothioneine, phenols, and flavonoids scavenge free radicals, reducing oxidative stress and supporting cellular integrity. Furthermore, specific ergostane-type compounds called blazeispirols have demonstrated preclinical antidiabetic, antiangiogenic, apoptotic, and antiproliferative potential, though their precise human mechanisms require further investigation.

Preclinical research, primarily utilizing in vitro and animal models, strongly supports Blazei Mushroom's immune-modulating, antioxidant, and anti-inflammatory properties. These studies indicate potential benefits in blood sugar regulation, cardiovascular health, and liver support. Additionally, specific preclinical findings suggest antidiabetic, antiangiogenic, apoptotic, and antiproliferative effects. However, the existing body of evidence highlights a significant need for robust human clinical trials to confirm these findings, determine optimal dosages, and elaborate on human-specific mechanisms of action.

Agaricus subrufescens
Agaricus blazei Murrill
Agaricus brasiliensis


Blewit mushrooms (Lepista nuda) contain bioactive polysaccharides that exhibit immunomodulatory effects and induce apoptosis in certain cancer cells. These compounds primarily act through the mitochondrial pathway, contributing to their reported antioxidant and antimicrobial properties.

- Enhances immune responses and protects against infections through its beta-glucans and polysaccharides.
- Combats oxidative stress and promotes cellular repair with ergothioneine, flavonoids, and phenolic compounds.
- Reduces systemic inflammation, supporting joint and cardiovascular health through its bioactive compounds.
- Nourishes beneficial gut bacteria and improves digestion due to its prebiotic fibers.
- Helps regulate blood pressure and supports heart function through its potassium and magnesium content.
- May protect against neurodegeneration and support brain health with ergothioneine and other antioxidants.

The primary mechanisms of Blewit mushrooms are attributed to their polysaccharides, such as LSAP, which induce apoptosis in cancer cells (e.g., Hep-2) by activating the mitochondrial pathway. These polysaccharides also function as immunomodulators, activating dendritic cells and potentially acting as a DNA vaccine adjuvant. Additionally, ethanolic extracts provide antioxidant and antimicrobial effects, while specific secondary metabolites inhibit fungal pathogen germination.

Clinical research on Blewit mushrooms is currently limited to preliminary in vitro and animal studies, indicating promising antioxidant, antimicrobial, antiviral, and immunomodulatory properties. These studies have observed effects such as induction of apoptosis in Hep-2 cancer cells and activation of dendritic cells, predominantly using mushroom extracts and isolated polysaccharides. While the nutritional profile suggests potential benefits for cardiovascular and cognitive health, human trials are needed to substantiate these effects and establish specific dosages and efficacy in clinical settings.

Lepista nuda
Clitocybe nuda
Wood Blewit
Violet Blewit


Blighia sapida, or ackee, contains bioactive compounds like saponins, flavonoids, and oleic acid, primarily exhibiting potent antioxidant activity. These compounds protect against oxidative stress by scavenging free radicals and counteracting metal-induced cellular damage.

- Supports cardiovascular health through essential fatty acids (linoleic, palmitic, stearic acids) that help regulate cholesterol levels.
- Provides a valuable source of plant-based protein, supporting muscle repair and general metabolic function.
- Enhances immune resilience and aids in collagen synthesis due to its vitamin C content.
- Functions as an antioxidant to combat oxidative stress and protect cellular integrity.

Blighia sapida's beneficial effects are largely attributed to its potent antioxidant capacity. Key compounds such as saponins, flavonoids, and phenols actively scavenge harmful free radicals, as demonstrated via DPPH and ABTS assays, and protect cells from damage induced by heavy metals like mercury and cadmium. This comprehensive antioxidant action helps mitigate oxidative stress, which underlies various chronic diseases.

Scientific investigations have primarily focused on the phytochemical composition and in vitro antioxidant activities of Blighia sapida's arils and leaves. Studies have identified significant lipid, protein, and vitamin C content, along with a range of phenolic compounds, flavonoids, and terpenoids contributing to its protective effects against oxidative stress. Extensive biochemical research also details the toxicology of hypoglycin A, emphasizing the critical need for proper harvesting and consumption of only fully ripe arils to avoid severe systemic toxicity. While these studies highlight potential therapeutic avenues, detailed human clinical trials on specific health outcomes are not extensively detailed in the provided research.


Blood orange (Citrus sinensis) contains high concentrations of anthocyanins and vitamin C, which contribute 60-87% of total antioxidant activity and reduce inflammatory markers including C-reactive protein and interleukin-6. The anthocyanin metabolite protocatechuic acid accounts for 74% of absorbed compounds and inhibits LDL oxidation through peroxyl radical scavenging.

- Supports cardiovascular health by lowering LDL cholesterol, reducing arterial inflammation, and improving blood circulation.
- Boosts collagen production and protects against UV damage, enhancing overall skin health.
- Enhances immune resilience through its high vitamin C content and potent antioxidant protection.
- Aids digestion, supports gut motility, and helps balance the gut microbiome through dietary fiber.
- Contributes to metabolic health by regulating blood sugar levels and supporting weight management.
- Improves memory, focus, and provides neuroprotection through its rich profile of polyphenols.

Vitamin C reduces LDL oxidation and quenches reactive oxygen species, while anthocyanins protect biomembranes by trapping peroxyl radicals and chelating metal ions like Cu²⁺. Hydroxycinnamic acids suppress cyclooxygenase-2 and inducible nitric oxide synthase via p38/ERK and NF-κB pathway inhibition. The major metabolite protocatechuic acid provides sustained antioxidant protection after absorption.

A controlled study found 500 ml daily blood orange juice consumption for one week significantly reduced plasma C-reactive protein, interleukin-6, and TNF-α in non-diabetic individuals with cardiovascular risk. Orange juice completely prevented post-prandial elevation of inflammatory marker p38 MAPK compared to glucose controls and modulated expression of 3,422 genes involved in immune cell infiltration. However, clinical evidence remains limited to small short-term studies, requiring larger long-term trials to establish definitive therapeutic benefits.

Citrus sinensis
Red orange
Moro orange
Tarocco orange
Sanguinello orange


Blood Plum fruits are rich in polyphenolic compounds like anthocyanins and phenolic acids, contributing to their diverse bioactivities. These compounds exert potent antioxidant effects by scavenging free radicals and modulating inflammatory pathways, alongside demonstrating antidiabetic and lipid-modulating properties through mechanisms such as α-glucosidase inhibition.

- Reduces oxidative stress and inflammation through its rich content of anthocyanins and other antioxidants.
- Supports immune function and skin health due to its essential vitamin C content.
- Contributes to eye health and cellular growth via its vitamin A content.
- Helps regulate blood pressure and supports heart function through its potassium levels.
- Promotes digestive health and regularity due to its high dietary fiber content.

Blood Plum's primary mechanisms involve its rich content of polyphenolic compounds such as anthocyanins, flavonols, and phenolic acids. These compounds exert antioxidant effects by scavenging reactive oxygen species like superoxide anions and hydrogen peroxide, and modulating cellular pathways including the suppression of NF-κB and upregulation of Nrf2. Additionally, specific polysaccharides, such as NPWP-10, contribute to antidiabetic activity through α-glucosidase inhibition.

Current research on Blood Plum, encompassing varieties like Java plum and certain Prunus cultivars, primarily highlights its bioactivities through in vitro and animal studies. These investigations consistently demonstrate potent antioxidant effects attributed to its diverse polyphenolic profile. While promising results indicate potential antidiabetic and lipid-modulating properties, specific human clinical trials with robust sample sizes are still emerging or needed to fully substantiate these health benefits and elucidate optimal dosages.

Syzygium luehmannii
Riberry
Syzygium cumini
Java Plum
Jamun
Niuxin Plum


Blue agave inulin is a soluble dietary fiber and prebiotic fructan, primarily agavins, derived from the *Agave tequilana* plant. It functions by resisting digestion in the upper GI tract and being fermented by colonic microbiota into short-chain fatty acids, selectively fostering beneficial gut bacteria.

- Fosters beneficial gut bacteria and promotes microbiota diversity by acting as a selective prebiotic.
- Improves bowel regularity and alleviates gastrointestinal discomfort through increased fecal bulk and water retention.
- Strengthens systemic immune responses by modulating the gut-immune axis.
- Supports healthy glucose metabolism and reduces post-meal blood sugar spikes due to its low glycemic index.
- Increases satiety and aids in appetite control, contributing to healthy weight management.
- Enhances calcium absorption in the colon, supporting bone density and strength.

Agave inulin, a polydisperse fructan, resists enzymatic digestion in the upper gastrointestinal tract, reaching the colon intact. There, it is selectively fermented by gut microbiota into short-chain fatty acids (SCFAs), including acetate, propionate, and butyrate. These SCFAs activate G-protein-coupled receptors and lower colonic pH, selectively promoting the growth of beneficial bacteria like bifidobacteria and lactic acid bacteria.

Human clinical trials consistently demonstrate blue agave inulin's efficacy as a prebiotic, showing its capacity to significantly modulate gut microbiota composition, often increasing bifidobacteria. These studies also indicate positive outcomes regarding blood sugar regulation, improved calcium absorption, and enhanced immune function by modulating the gut-immune axis. Furthermore, it has been shown to improve bowel regularity and alleviate gastrointestinal discomfort by increasing fecal bulk and water retention.

Agave tequilana Weber var. azul
Agavins
Agave Fructans