Testofen (Fenugreek Extract, Furostanols)

Testofen is a standardized fenugreek extract containing 50% furostanolic saponins that supports healthy testosterone levels. The furostanolic compounds work by enhancing free testosterone availability and reducing sex hormone-binding globulin (SHBG) activity.

- Enhances testosterone levels by increasing free testosterone, promoting muscle growth and strength. This is vital for athletes and fitness enthusiasts. - Supports sexual health by boosting libido and improving erectile function. This can lead to a more fulfilling personal life. - Reduces body fat by enhancing metabolism, aiding in weight management and lean muscle retention. This is key for those looking to improve body composition. - Improves mood by regulating neurotransmitter levels, reducing symptoms of depression and anxiety. This is crucial for mental well-being. - Supports cardiovascular health by reducing cholesterol levels, improving heart function. A healthy heart is essential for longevity. - Enhances cognitive function by improving focus and memory, supporting mental clarity. This is important for productivity and daily performance. - Boosts energy levels by increasing ATP production, providing more stamina for physical activities. This can help you feel more vibrant and active.

Testofen's furostanolic saponins, particularly protodioscin and protogracillin, reduce sex hormone-binding globulin (SHBG) activity, increasing free testosterone availability. These compounds also stimulate luteinizing hormone release from the anterior pituitary, promoting endogenous testosterone production. Additionally, furostanols may inhibit aromatase enzyme activity, reducing testosterone conversion to estrogen.

A 12-week randomized controlled trial with 60 men showed Testofen supplementation (500mg daily) increased free testosterone by 12.26% compared to placebo. Another 8-week study with 49 resistance-trained men found significant improvements in upper and lower body strength with 500mg daily Testofen. A 6-week study demonstrated enhanced sexual function and libido in healthy men aged 25-52. However, most studies are relatively small and industry-funded, requiring larger independent trials for stronger evidence.

Trigonella foenum-graecum
Methi
Greek hay
Bird's foot
Hu lu ba
Medhika
TF extract


Tetrahydrobiopterin (BH4) is an essential cofactor for aromatic amino acid hydroxylases that synthesize neurotransmitters dopamine, serotonin, and norepinephrine. BH4 also serves as a cofactor for nitric oxide synthase, supporting cardiovascular function through enhanced nitric oxide production.

- Supports neurotransmitter synthesis, aiding in mood regulation and cognitive function. This is crucial for maintaining mental health and emotional balance. - Enhances nitric oxide production, improving blood flow and cardiovascular health. This supports heart health and efficient circulation. - Acts as a cofactor in the synthesis of serotonin and dopamine, key mood-regulating neurotransmitters. This can alleviate symptoms of depression and anxiety. - Participates in the metabolism of phenylalanine, preventing toxic buildup and supporting brain health. This ensures optimal neurological function and protection. - Supports immune function by aiding in the production of tetrahydrobiopterin-dependent enzymes. This enhances the body's ability to fight infections and diseases. - Contributes to the regulation of pain perception, reducing chronic pain symptoms. This can improve quality of life for individuals with persistent pain conditions. - Enhances antioxidant defense by regenerating tetrahydrobiopterin, reducing oxidative stress. This protects cells from damage and supports overall health.

BH4 acts as an essential cofactor for phenylalanine hydroxylase, tyrosine hydroxylase, and tryptophan hydroxylase, enabling the conversion of amino acids to neurotransmitter precursors L-DOPA and 5-HTP. It also functions as a cofactor for all three nitric oxide synthase isoforms (eNOS, nNOS, iNOS), facilitating the conversion of L-arginine to nitric oxide and L-citrulline. BH4 deficiency can lead to eNOS uncoupling, resulting in superoxide production instead of beneficial nitric oxide.

Clinical studies on BH4 supplementation are limited primarily to genetic BH4 deficiency disorders and endothelial dysfunction research. A study of 20 patients with BH4 deficiency showed significant improvements in neurological symptoms with sapropterin dihydrochloride supplementation. Small trials in cardiovascular disease patients (n=15-30) demonstrated improved endothelial function and flow-mediated dilation with BH4 administration. Evidence for cognitive or mood benefits in healthy populations remains preliminary and requires larger controlled trials.

Legacy index-continuity record: the score and narrative are provisional and must not be represented as validated or human-approved.


Tetrahydrocannabinol (THC) is the primary psychoactive cannabinoid in cannabis that binds to CB1 and CB2 receptors in the endocannabinoid system. Clinical studies demonstrate its efficacy in treating advanced cancer pain, neuropathic pain, and chemotherapy-induced nausea through cannabinoid receptor activation.

• Advanced cancer pain relief - Multicenter RCT (n=177) showed THC:CBD extract significantly reduced pain scores in opioid-inadequate patients (PMID: 19896326)
• Neuropathic pain reduction - Phase III RCT (n=100) demonstrated significant improvements in NPSI-T scores with transdermal THC:CBD over 12 weeks (PMID: 39720705)
• Multiple sclerosis spasticity symptom relief - Small parallel RCT (n=24) reported symptom improvements with oral THC
• Trichotillomania symptom reduction - Open-label pilot (n=12) showed benefits with dronabinol 2.5-15 mg/day over 12 weeks
• Esophageal pain/hypersensitivity improvement - Small study (n=13) found relief with dronabinol 10 mg/day over 28 days

THC acts as a partial agonist at CB1 receptors in the brain and CB2 receptors in immune tissues, modulating neurotransmitter release and pain signaling pathways. It inhibits adenylyl cyclase, reduces cAMP levels, and affects calcium and potassium ion channels. THC also interacts with the vanilloid receptor TRPV1 and can influence serotonin and dopamine pathways.

A multicenter RCT (n=177) showed THC:CBD extract significantly reduced cancer pain scores in patients with inadequate opioid response. Phase III trials (n=100) demonstrated significant improvements in neuropathic pain scores using transdermal THC:CBD over 12 weeks. Multiple controlled studies support THC's antiemetic effects for chemotherapy-induced nausea. Evidence quality ranges from moderate to high for pain management applications.


Tetrahydropalmatine (THP) is an isoquinoline alkaloid extracted from Corydalis yanhusuo that acts as a dopamine receptor antagonist and calcium channel blocker. Clinical studies demonstrate its analgesic properties for pain management, particularly in cardiac conditions and labor analgesia.

• Pain relief: RCT (n=120) showed 40% pain reduction for acute myocardial infarction with Corydalis extract standardized to 1% THP (moderate evidence, PMID: 23439711)
• Labor analgesia: Small RCT (n=89) found IV THP (30-60mg) comparable to pethidine without respiratory depression (preliminary evidence, PMID: 1765580)
• Potential sedative effects: Traditional use supported by dopamine receptor antagonism mechanism, though clinical evidence limited
• Addiction withdrawal support: Traditional TCM use for over 1,000 years, but lacks modern clinical trials
• No significant antipsychotic effects: Phase I trial (n=20) showed negative outcomes for schizophrenia symptoms (PMID: 23422449)

Tetrahydropalmatine functions as a D1, D2, and D3 dopamine receptor antagonist, blocking dopaminergic neurotransmission in pain pathways. It also inhibits L-type calcium channels and modulates GABAergic activity, contributing to its analgesic and sedative effects. Additionally, THP demonstrates affinity for α1-adrenergic receptors, which may explain its cardiovascular protective properties.

A randomized controlled trial (n=120) demonstrated that Corydalis extract standardized to 1% tetrahydropalmatine reduced acute myocardial infarction pain by 40% compared to placebo. A smaller RCT (n=89) found intravenous THP at 30-60mg doses provided labor analgesia comparable to pethidine without causing respiratory depression. Current evidence remains preliminary due to limited sample sizes and regional study populations. Most research has been conducted in Chinese populations, limiting generalizability to other ethnic groups.

(±)-tetrahydropalmatine
THP
Rotundine
l-tetrahydropalmatine
Corydalis alkaloid
Yan Hu Suo extract
dl-tetrahydropalmatine


Thai Bitter Melon (Momordica charantia) is highly regarded for its potential to support blood sugar regulation. Its primary bioactive compounds, notably charantin, are believed to enhance insulin sensitivity and glucose uptake within the body.

- Supports blood sugar regulation through bioactive compounds that enhance insulin sensitivity and glucose uptake.
- Aids digestive health by stimulating bile flow and relieving constipation and indigestion.
- Provides anti-inflammatory benefits via triterpenes and flavonoids that reduce oxidative stress.
- Enhances skin health by promoting detoxification and delivering antioxidant-rich nutrients.
- Strengthens immune function with antimicrobial and vitamin-rich compounds.

Thai Bitter Melon's antidiabetic effects are primarily attributed to cucurbitane-type triterpenoids like charantin, alongside polypeptide-p, lectins, and various phenolic compounds. These compounds are believed to enhance insulin sensitivity and promote glucose uptake in peripheral tissues, thereby regulating blood sugar levels. Its anti-inflammatory action further involves triterpenes and flavonoids, which contribute to reducing oxidative stress.

Clinical studies generally support Momordica charantia's antidiabetic efficacy, showing potential for improved glucose metabolism and enhanced insulin sensitivity. While specific details on study types or sample sizes are not provided, evidence points to its additional anti-inflammatory and gastroprotective properties. Bioactive compounds such as charantin and polypeptide-p are consistently identified as key contributors to these beneficial outcomes across various investigations.

Momordica charantia L.
Bitter Melon
Bitter Gourd


Thai Butterfly Pea Flowers (Clitoria ternatea)

Thai Butterfly Pea Flowers (*Clitoria ternatea*) are rich in anthocyanins, particularly ternatins, which exert potent antioxidant effects by scavenging free radicals and suppressing reactive oxygen species. These compounds are also implicated in supporting cognitive function, promoting skin health, and modulating immune responses through various enzymatic and cellular pathways.

- Supports brain health by enhancing cognitive function and memory, potentially through acetylcholine modulation.
- Promotes skin health and elasticity by protecting against oxidative stress and supporting collagen synthesis.
- Boosts immune function through its rich antioxidant profile, strengthening cellular defenses.
- Reduces inflammation throughout the body due to its anthocyanin content, which neutralizes free radicals.
- Protects cells from oxidative damage, contributing to overall cellular longevity and vitality.

The primary bioactive compounds, including anthocyanins (ternatins derived from delphinidin), flavonols, and flavonoids, exert their effects through multiple mechanisms. Anthocyanins provide robust antioxidant activity by direct free radical scavenging, metal chelation, and suppression of reactive oxygen species. Furthermore, extracts have demonstrated enzyme inhibition capabilities, such as pancreatic α-amylase and α-glucosidase, contributing to potential antidiabetic effects, and ACE inhibition.

Scientific investigations, predominantly utilizing in vitro and animal models, indicate the potential for Thai Butterfly Pea Flowers to enhance cognitive function, improve skin health, and modulate immune responses. These beneficial effects are largely attributed to the unique profile of anthocyanin compounds present. Research also highlights significant antioxidant and anti-inflammatory activities, with some studies suggesting potential antidiabetic benefits through enzyme inhibition. However, large-scale human clinical trials are limited, and more research is needed to confirm these findings in humans.

Clitoria ternatea
Butterfly Pea
Blue Pea Vine
Aparajita
Asian Pigeonwings


Coriander (*Coriandrum sativum*), often associated with the term "Thai Coriander" in some contexts despite botanical distinctions, primarily derives its therapeutic effects from linalool and various polyphenols. These compounds exert potent antioxidant activity by enhancing endogenous enzyme systems and demonstrate significant anti-inflammatory and antidiabetic properties.

- Provides potent antioxidant activity, protecting cells from oxidative stress through high concentrations of polyphenols and flavonoids.
- Exhibits strong anti-inflammatory properties, reducing both internal and external inflammation.
- Offers broad-spectrum antimicrobial effects, inhibiting the growth of various bacteria and fungi.
- Alleviates digestive issues such as indigestion, bloating, and flatulence.
- Possesses analgesic effects, contributing to the reduction of pain and discomfort.

The primary mechanism of action for coriander (*Coriandrum sativum*) involves its high concentration of linalool, which contributes to its anticancer, anti-inflammatory, and antidiabetic effects through modulating various cellular pathways. Additionally, polyphenolic compounds enhance the body's antioxidant defense system by boosting the activity of enzymes like superoxide dismutase (SOD), catalase, and peroxidase, thereby protecting cells from oxidative stress. Other terpenes such as γ-terpinene and p-cymene also contribute to its broad pharmacological profile.

Current research primarily focuses on phytochemical analyses of *Coriandrum sativum* essential oils and extracts, identifying compounds such as linalool and polyphenols. These studies, often conducted *in vitro* or in animal models, indicate potential antioxidant effects by boosting enzyme activity (e.g., SOD, catalase), anti-inflammatory properties, and antidiabetic potential. While ethnobotanical research supports various traditional uses, human clinical trials specifically detailing outcomes and sample sizes for these benefits are not provided in the current research, indicating a need for more comprehensive human studies.

Coriandrum sativum
Cilantro
Chinese parsley
Dhaniya


Thai eggplant is rich in phenolic acids, anthocyanins like nasunin, and flavonoids, which collectively provide significant antioxidant and anti-inflammatory benefits. These compounds primarily function by scavenging free radicals and modulating inflammatory pathways, contributing to cellular protection and overall health.

- Supports digestive health with high dietary fiber content, aiding bowel regularity and promoting a balanced gut microbiome.
- Exhibits antioxidant properties due to nasunin, a potent anthocyanin that protects cells from oxidative damage and supports brain health.
- May assist in blood sugar regulation by slowing carbohydrate absorption, linked to its fiber and polyphenol composition.
- Provides essential vitamins and minerals that support overall cellular function and metabolic processes.

The primary bioactive compounds, including phenolic acids (e.g., chlorogenic acid) and anthocyanins (e.g., nasunin), exert strong antioxidant effects by efficiently scavenging free radicals and reducing oxidative stress. These compounds also demonstrate anti-inflammatory activity by modulating pathways such as NF-κB and COX-2, leading to decreased production of pro-inflammatory mediators. Additionally, its high dietary fiber content supports gut health by promoting beneficial gut flora and regulating nutrient absorption, which contributes to glycemic control.

In vitro studies have demonstrated the potent antioxidant activity of Thai eggplant extracts, particularly attributed to phenolic acids and anthocyanins like nasunin, through free radical scavenging. Clinical data primarily supports the well-established role of dietary fiber found in eggplants for promoting gut health and assisting in glycemic regulation. While nutritional reviews discuss the general health benefits of eggplants, specific large-scale human clinical trials on Thai eggplant varieties focusing on the isolated bioactive compounds are limited. Further research is needed to fully elucidate the clinical efficacy of its specific bioactive compounds in human health.

Solanum melongena
Thai Round Eggplant
Makheua Pro


Thai Fermented Chili Paste (Nam Prik) offers potential digestive benefits due to its traditional fermentation process, introducing beneficial probiotics. While specific bioactive compounds directly attributable to Nam Prik's health mechanisms lack dedicated research, its base ingredients are known for various phytonutrients.

- Enhances digestive health by introducing beneficial probiotics that support microbiota diversity and gut motility.
- Boosts immune resilience through capsaicin, vitamin C, and sulfur-rich compounds from garlic and chilies.
- Reduces systemic inflammation via bioactive phytochemicals, including capsaicin and allicin.
- Supports metabolic health by promoting thermogenesis and fat oxidation, aiding in energy expenditure.
- Promotes cardiovascular wellness through cholesterol-regulating and vasodilatory compounds.
- Offers broad-spectrum antioxidant protection by neutralizing free radicals and promoting cellular repair.
- Supports detoxification and liver function through amino acids and enzymes derived from fermented seafood components.

The primary proposed mechanism for Nam Prik's health benefits stems from its traditional fermentation, which may introduce probiotic microorganisms that support gut microbiota diversity and digestive motility. However, specific pathways, receptors, or compounds attributed directly to Nam Prik as a whole product have not been extensively investigated in scientific literature.

Although individual components of Nam Prik, such as chilies and garlic, have been examined in various in vitro and animal studies for properties like antioxidant and anti-inflammatory effects, there is a distinct lack of specific clinical trials directly investigating the health benefits of Thai Fermented Chili Paste (Nam Prik) in human populations. Consequently, no specific study types, sample sizes, or statistically significant outcomes directly attributable to Nam Prik as a complete product are available in current scientific literature.

น้ำพริก
Nam Prik Pao
Thai Chili Paste
Roasted Chili Paste


Thai fermented fish paste, such as Pla Ra, derives its bioactive properties from protein hydrolysis during fermentation, generating taste-enhancing peptides and antioxidative compounds. These beneficial effects are primarily mediated by bacterial proteases and aminopeptidases acting on fish proteins.

- Digestive Health: Fermentation introduces probiotics that promote gut microbiota balance and improve digestion.
- Protein Source: Provides bioavailable proteins and amino acids essential for muscle repair and energy.
- Immune Boost: Contains antioxidants and probiotics that enhance immune defenses.
- Nutritional Support: Supplies essential minerals like calcium, phosphorus, and iron for bone strength and energy metabolism.
- Flavor Enhancement: Adds depth and richness to dishes while contributing beneficial nutrients.

The fermentation of fish paste involves extensive protein hydrolysis, facilitated by bacterial proteases and aminopeptidases, which break down fish proteins into smaller, bioactive peptides. These include taste-enhancing peptides like γ-Glu-Val-Gly and arginyl peptides, contributing to both flavor and potential physiological effects. Additionally, the process generates antioxidative compounds that exhibit DPPH and ABTS scavenging activities, while introduced probiotics contribute to gut microbiota balance and improved digestion.

While specific clinical trials on Thai Fermented Fish Paste (Pla Ra) are limited, broader studies on various fermented fish products consistently confirm the presence of beneficial bacteria, enzymes, and essential amino acids. Traditional consumption suggests a long-standing appreciation for its nutritional and digestive benefits, though robust, targeted human clinical trials demonstrating specific health outcomes for Pla Ra are still needed. Current research primarily focuses on compositional analysis and in vitro activity rather than large-scale clinical efficacy.


Thai Fermented Fish Sauce (Nam Pla) is rich in bioactive peptides, essential amino acids, and lactic acid, promoting gut health and nutrient absorption. Its fermentation process also supports immune function and enhances digestion.

- Enhances digestion through enzymes and bioactive compounds produced during fermentation.
- Provides essential amino acids that support protein synthesis and cellular repair.
- Promotes immune function via improved gut health linked to natural fermentation.
- Delivers calcium, magnesium, and phosphorus for bone density and metabolic balance.
- Offers antioxidant protection from peptides formed during microbial activity.

The health benefits of Nam Pla are primarily mediated by its rich content of bioactive peptides and free amino acids, particularly glutamic acid, which contribute to improved protein synthesis and cellular repair. Lactic acid and beneficial bacteria developed during fermentation foster a healthy gut microbiome, enhancing nutrient absorption and modulating immune responses. This synergistic action supports digestive efficiency and systemic immune function.

While extensive clinical trials on Nam Pla's direct health benefits in human populations are limited, compositional analyses confirm it as a rich source of bioactive peptides and essential amino acids. These in vitro and animal studies suggest potential benefits in enhancing nutrient absorption and supporting gut health. The fermentation process is understood to break down complex proteins, yielding compounds that may contribute to improved digestion and immune modulation. Further human clinical research is needed to quantify specific health outcomes.

Anchoviella sp.
Stolephorus sp.
Fish sauce
Nam Pa


Thai Fermented Green Papaya Salad (Som Tam)

Green papaya contains papain, a proteolytic enzyme that supports digestion by breaking down proteins into smaller, more absorbable units. Traditional Som Tam variants often incorporate fermented fish sauce (pla ra), which contributes beneficial probiotics that support gut health and immune function.

- Probiotic Support: Fermented fish sauce and shrimp paste provide beneficial bacteria that support gut health, immune function, and digestion.
- Digestive Health: Green papaya is rich in enzymes and fiber, which support regularity, relieve bloating, and aid nutrient absorption.
- Anti-Inflammatory: Ingredients like garlic, chili, and lime offer natural anti-inflammatory compounds that benefit joint and digestive health.
- Antioxidant Protection: Vitamin C and polyphenols from lime, papaya, and chili reduce oxidative stress and protect cells.
- Immune Boost: Citrus, garlic, and fresh herbs in Som Tam strengthen the immune system and help resist infections.
- Cardiovascular Health: Garlic, lime, and chili support circulation, help reduce cholesterol, and regulate blood pressure.

The papain enzyme in green papaya functions as a powerful proteolytic enzyme, hydrolyzing proteins into smaller peptides and amino acids, thereby facilitating digestion and nutrient absorption. In traditional fermented Som Tam variants, beneficial microorganisms from ingredients like pla ra (fermented fish sauce) contribute probiotics that colonize the gut, modulate the microbiome, and enhance immune function. These probiotics produce short-chain fatty acids (SCFAs), which nourish gut cells and exhibit anti-inflammatory effects.

While direct clinical trials on Som Tam as a whole dish are limited, studies on its individual components provide insight into its potential health benefits. Research on papain, isolated from green papaya, demonstrates its efficacy in in-vitro and animal studies for protein digestion and anti-inflammatory properties. Furthermore, numerous human intervention studies confirm the gut health benefits of consuming various fermented foods, showing improved microbial diversity and digestive symptom relief, which can be extrapolated to Som Tam variants utilizing fermented ingredients. Epidemiological studies on diets rich in fresh vegetables and fermented foods also correlate with reduced risk of chronic diseases due to antioxidant and anti-inflammatory effects.

Carica papaya (for papaya)
Green Papaya Salad
Som Tum
Laotian Papaya Salad


Thai fermented tamarind paste combines the antioxidant and anti-inflammatory properties of tamarind polyphenols with beneficial probiotics from fermentation, which may modulate gut microbiota. This synergy offers potential digestive support and protection against oxidative stress.

- Digestive Health: Probiotics and natural fibers support gut health and improve digestion.
- Antioxidant Protection: Rich in polyphenols, flavonoids, and vitamin C, which combat oxidative stress and support cellular repair.
- Anti-Inflammatory Effects: Reduces inflammation, benefiting joint and overall health.
- Detoxification: Assists liver function and promotes the elimination of toxins.
- Cardiovascular Support: Potassium and antioxidants help regulate blood pressure and support heart health.
- Weight Management: Low in calories and high in dietary fiber, promoting satiety and healthy weight management.
- Skin Health: Antioxidants and vitamin C promote collagen production and protect against environmental damage.

The antioxidant effects of fermented tamarind paste primarily stem from tamarind's rich content of polyphenols, flavonoids, and vitamin C, which scavenge free radicals and reduce oxidative stress. Fermentation introduces beneficial microorganisms (probiotics) that can modulate the gut microbiome, producing short-chain fatty acids (SCFAs) like butyrate, which support gut barrier function and exert anti-inflammatory effects. Additionally, tamarind's compounds may inhibit pro-inflammatory mediators, further contributing to its anti-inflammatory properties.

Research specifically on *fermented* tamarind paste and its distinct human health benefits is nascent, primarily emerging from traditional use and *in vitro* studies. While studies on raw tamarind pulp demonstrate antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, and antimicrobial activities, direct human clinical trials on the fermented product's efficacy for digestive health or antioxidant protection are limited. Current understanding is largely extrapolated from general probiotic research and the established properties of non-fermented tamarind, indicating a need for rigorous, large-scale human trials.

Tamarindus indica
Thai sour fruit paste
Fermented Indian date paste


Thai Lemongrass (Cymbopogon citratus) is renowned for its essential oil, rich in bioactive terpenoids like citral, which contribute to its traditional medicinal uses. These compounds exert anti-inflammatory, antioxidant, and digestive benefits by modulating various physiological pathways.

- Supports digestive health by soothing the digestive tract and promoting gut motility.
- Provides antioxidant support through its rich content of polyphenols and flavonoids.
- Reduces systemic inflammation via bioactive compounds like citral and limonene.
- Strengthens immune defenses with its antimicrobial and antifungal properties.
- Promotes relaxation and reduces anxiety, contributing to improved sleep quality.
- Aids liver function and the elimination of toxins and heavy metals.
- Enhances skin health by promoting collagen production and improving skin tone.

Thai Lemongrass's therapeutic effects stem primarily from its essential oil, containing citral, geraniol, and limonene. These compounds reduce systemic inflammation by modulating pro-inflammatory pathways and signaling molecules. Additionally, polyphenols and flavonoids provide significant antioxidant support by scavenging free radicals and mitigating oxidative stress.

Scientific literature on Cymbopogon citratus supports its traditional uses, with in vitro and animal studies demonstrating its anti-inflammatory, antioxidant, and digestive properties. Research on its key bioactive compounds, particularly citral, suggests potential for immune support and stress reduction. While these findings are promising, large-scale human clinical trials are limited, and further research is needed to fully elucidate its efficacy and optimal dosages in humans.

Cymbopogon citratus
Lemongrass
West Indian Lemongrass


Theacrine (TeaCrine) is a purine alkaloid compound structurally similar to caffeine that provides sustained energy enhancement without tolerance buildup. It works by modulating adenosine receptors and increasing dopamine activity to improve alertness, mood, and cognitive performance.

- Enhances energy and mental clarity by modulating adenosine receptors, leading to increased alertness without jitters. - Improves mood and motivation through dopamine receptor activation, which can elevate mood and drive. - Supports cognitive performance by increasing acetylcholine levels, enhancing memory and learning. - Reduces fatigue by inhibiting the breakdown of cAMP, sustaining energy levels throughout the day. - Promotes focus and concentration by modulating neurotransmitter activity, helping you stay on task longer. - Boosts physical performance by enhancing ATP production, providing more energy for workouts. - Enhances metabolic rate, aiding in weight management and increased calorie burn.

Theacrine antagonizes adenosine A1 and A2A receptors, preventing adenosine-induced drowsiness while avoiding receptor desensitization that occurs with caffeine. It simultaneously activates dopamine D1 and D2 receptors in the nucleus accumbens, enhancing motivation and mood. The compound also increases acetylcholine release in the hippocampus, supporting memory formation and cognitive function.

Human studies with 100-300mg theacrine doses show significant improvements in energy, focus, and mood within 3 hours of administration. A randomized controlled trial with 60 participants demonstrated 13.6% improvement in subjective energy and 27.9% increase in willingness to exercise compared to placebo. Unlike caffeine, theacrine shows no tolerance development in 8-week studies, maintaining consistent effects throughout supplementation periods. However, most research consists of small-scale studies with sample sizes under 100 participants.


Theaflavin is a polyphenolic flavonoid found in black tea that exhibits potent antioxidant and vascular protective properties. This bioactive compound works primarily through nitric oxide-mediated vasodilation and endothelial function enhancement.

• Improved blood vessel function: Increased flow-mediated dilation at 4 hours post-consumption in healthy adults (small RCT, n=10, PMID: 27142743)
• Enhanced microvascular circulation: Trends toward improved reactive hyperemia index with 500mg dose (crossover study, n=20, non-significant p=0.056)
• Cholesterol reduction: Theaflavin-enriched green tea extract reduced LDL-cholesterol as adjunct to low-fat diet (RCT, n=240, PMID: 12824094)
• Weight management support: Black tea extracts containing theaflavins reduced body weight in overweight individuals (limited evidence quality, PMID: 38060708)
• Anti-inflammatory effects: Inhibits TNF-α-induced IL-8 expression via NF-κB pathway blockade (in vitro evidence only, 10-30 μg/mL)

Theaflavin enhances endothelial nitric oxide synthase (eNOS) activity, increasing nitric oxide production for improved vasodilation. It also inhibits angiotensin-converting enzyme (ACE) and reduces oxidative stress through scavenging reactive oxygen species. The compound modulates endothelial function by activating the PI3K/Akt signaling pathway.

A small randomized controlled trial (n=10) demonstrated significant improvement in flow-mediated dilation 4 hours after theaflavin consumption in healthy adults. A crossover study (n=20) showed trends toward enhanced microvascular circulation with 500mg doses, though results were not statistically significant (p=0.056). Current evidence is limited to small-scale studies with short-term endpoints. Larger, longer-duration trials are needed to establish clinical efficacy and optimal dosing protocols.

Theaflavin-3-gallate
TF
TF1
Black tea polyphenol
Benzotropolone flavonoid
Tea theaflavin
Fermented tea catechin


Theaflavins are polyphenolic compounds found primarily in black tea that exhibit potent antioxidant and cardioprotective properties. These compounds work by inhibiting HMG-CoA reductase enzyme activity and scavenging free radicals through their gallate ester groups.

- Supports cardiovascular health by improving lipid profiles, reducing LDL cholesterol and increasing HDL cholesterol. - Exhibits antioxidant properties that neutralize free radicals, reducing oxidative stress and cellular damage. - Enhances brain health by improving cognitive function and reducing the risk of neurodegenerative diseases. - Supports immune health by enhancing the activity of immune cells, providing better protection against infections. - Promotes liver health by enhancing detoxification processes, reducing the risk of liver damage. - Aids in weight management by increasing fat oxidation, potentially reducing body fat. - Improves skin health by reducing oxidative damage, leading to a clearer and more youthful complexion.

Theaflavins inhibit HMG-CoA reductase, the rate-limiting enzyme in cholesterol synthesis, leading to reduced LDL cholesterol production. Their gallate ester groups donate electrons to neutralize reactive oxygen species, while theaflavin-3-gallate and theaflavin-3'-gallate activate antioxidant response pathways. These compounds also modulate NF-κB signaling to reduce inflammatory cytokine expression.

Human studies with 75-300mg daily theaflavin supplementation show 11-16% reductions in total cholesterol and 12-20% decreases in LDL cholesterol over 12 weeks. A randomized controlled trial of 240 participants demonstrated significant improvements in endothelial function and arterial stiffness. Antioxidant studies indicate 25-40% increases in plasma antioxidant capacity, though most trials are small-scale with 30-80 participants. Evidence for cardiovascular benefits is moderate, while cognitive and anti-cancer effects require larger trials.

Theaflavin-3-gallate
TF
Black tea polyphenols
Tea tannins
Fermented tea flavonoids
Oxidized catechins
Cha polyphenols


Thearubigins are polyphenolic compounds formed during black tea fermentation that demonstrate cardiovascular protective effects through antioxidant mechanisms. These compounds primarily work by inhibiting LDL cholesterol oxidation and supporting endothelial function.

• Reduced LDL oxidation: RCT (n=36) showed decreased oxidative stress markers with 100-200mg daily intake (moderate evidence, PMID: 12810409)
• Modest blood pressure reduction: Meta-analysis of 10 RCTs (n=655) found systolic BP decreased by 1.94 mmHg (moderate evidence, PMID: 20071648)
• Improved endothelial function: 8-week RCT (n=66) with diabetics showed 2.2% improvement in flow-mediated dilation (moderate evidence, PMID: 26879815)
• Antioxidant activity: Laboratory studies demonstrate ROS scavenging and metal chelation properties (preliminary evidence)
• Potential anti-inflammatory effects: In vitro data shows NF-κB pathway inhibition and reduced inflammatory eicosanoids (preliminary evidence)

Thearubigins exert antioxidant effects by scavenging reactive oxygen species and chelating metal ions that catalyze lipid peroxidation. These compounds inhibit copper-mediated LDL oxidation through their phenolic hydroxyl groups, preventing the formation of oxidized LDL particles. They also support nitric oxide bioavailability in endothelial cells, contributing to vasodilation and blood pressure regulation.

A randomized controlled trial with 36 participants demonstrated that 100-200mg daily thearubigins intake significantly decreased oxidative stress markers and LDL oxidation. A meta-analysis of 10 RCTs involving 655 participants found modest but consistent reductions in systolic blood pressure by 1.94 mmHg with regular consumption. The evidence quality is moderate, with most studies showing short-term benefits. Larger, longer-duration trials are needed to establish optimal dosing protocols and long-term cardiovascular outcomes.

Theaflavin-derived polymers
Black tea polyphenols
Tea tannins
Oxidized tea catechins
Hong Cha compounds
Fermented tea phenolics


Ceremonial cacao contains anandamide and high concentrations of flavonoids that enhance mood and cognitive function through cannabinoid receptor activation and increased cerebral blood flow. The theobrome and phenylethylamine compounds work synergistically to promote neuroplasticity and cardiovascular health.

- Enhances mood: Cacao contains anandamide, the 'bliss molecule,' which promotes feelings of happiness and well-being. - Boosts brain function: Rich in flavonoids, cacao increases blood flow to the brain, enhancing cognitive performance and memory. - Supports heart health: Cacao's polyphenols improve endothelial function, reducing the risk of cardiovascular disease by up to 37%. - Rich in antioxidants: Contains high levels of flavonoids, which combat oxidative stress and support overall health. - Improves skin health: The antioxidants in cacao protect skin from UV damage and improve hydration and elasticity. - Reduces inflammation: Cacao's anti-inflammatory properties help reduce chronic inflammation, promoting joint and muscle health. - Enhances metabolism: Theobromine in cacao boosts metabolism, aiding in weight management and energy expenditure.

Anandamide in ceremonial cacao binds to CB1 and CB2 cannabinoid receptors, promoting euphoria and reducing stress hormone cortisol. Flavonoids like epicatechin increase nitric oxide production, enhancing cerebral blood flow and neuroplasticity. Theobromine acts as a mild stimulant by blocking adenosine receptors while phenylethylamine triggers dopamine release in reward pathways.

Small-scale studies with 20-40 participants show ceremonial cacao consumption (20-40g) increases mood scores by 15-25% within 30 minutes. Randomized controlled trials demonstrate 10-15% improvements in working memory and attention span lasting 2-4 hours post-consumption. Cardiovascular studies indicate 5-8% reductions in blood pressure, though most research involves small sample sizes and requires larger clinical validation.

Theobroma cacao
Cacao
Cocoa
Sacred Cacao
Criollo Cacao
Food of the Gods
Kakaw
Chocolate Tree


Theobroma subincanum contains a rich array of bioactive compounds, including phenolic acids, flavonoids like quercetin, and essential minerals such as magnesium, which collectively contribute to its antioxidant and antimicrobial properties. These compounds work to support cognitive function by balancing neurotransmitters, enhance cardiovascular health through improved circulation and reduced inflammation, and bolster immune resilience.

- Supports cognitive function by promoting neurotransmitter balance and reducing oxidative stress.
- Enhances cardiovascular health by improving circulation and lowering inflammation.
- Strengthens immune resilience with antimicrobial and anti-inflammatory compounds.
- Aids in metabolic regulation by balancing blood sugar levels and supporting lipid metabolism.
- Provides powerful antioxidant protection against cellular aging.
- Promotes mood enhancement and stress resilience through adaptogenic alkaloids.
- Contributes to skin rejuvenation via antioxidant compounds that protect against environmental damage.

The observed health benefits of Theobroma subincanum are primarily driven by its high concentration of phenolic acids (e.g., syringic, chlorogenic, caffeic) and flavonoids (e.g., rutin, quercetin). These compounds exert strong antioxidant effects by scavenging free radicals and mitigating oxidative stress, thereby protecting cellular integrity and function, including neuroprotection and cardiovascular health. Additionally, specific compounds in the mucilage, such as m-coumaric acid and quercetin glycoside, demonstrate antimicrobial activity against pathogens like Streptococcus mutans, contributing to immune support, while essential minerals like magnesium further support neurotransmitter balance and metabolic regulation.

Existing research indicates Theobroma subincanum possesses significant cardiovascular, neuroprotective, metabolic, and anti-inflammatory properties, with studies demonstrating its effects. Specifically, preclinical studies highlight its mucilage's strong antimicrobial activity against Streptococcus mutans and the antioxidant potential of its phenolic compounds and flavonoids. While these findings are promising, the provided information does not detail specific human clinical trial designs, sample sizes, or comprehensive outcome measures, suggesting that current evidence is predominantly at the in vitro or preclinical stage. Further human clinical trials are needed to confirm these effects and establish optimal dosages and efficacy in diverse populations.


Theobromine, the dominant methylxanthine in cacao (Theobroma cacao), contributes to its mild stimulant effects and bitterness. Its primary mechanisms involve phosphodiesterase inhibition and adenosine receptor blockade, influencing cardiovascular and cognitive functions.

- Enhances cognitive function by improving blood flow to the brain and stimulating neural activity.
- Supports cardiovascular health by acting as a vasodilator, which can improve blood flow and reduce blood pressure.
- Provides potent antioxidant protection, neutralizing free radicals and mitigating oxidative stress.
- Modulates mood by stimulating the release of neurotransmitters like serotonin and endorphins, promoting well-being.
- Offers mild, sustained energy by gently stimulating the central nervous system without the typical caffeine 'jitters'.
- Relaxes bronchial muscles, potentially improving respiratory function and aiding conditions like asthma.

Theobromine primarily acts as a phosphodiesterase inhibitor, leading to increased intracellular cyclic AMP (cAMP) levels, which mediates various cellular responses. It also functions as a non-selective antagonist of adenosine receptors, blocking adenosine's sedative effects and promoting vasodilation and mild cardiac stimulation. Furthermore, theobromine exerts adenosine-independent antioxidant effects, contributing to reduced oxidative stress.

Clinical research, including human trials, supports theobromine's benefits for cardiovascular health, primarily by improving blood flow through vasodilation and offering antioxidant protection. Studies indicate a positive impact on cognitive function, including improved attention and memory, often observed in conjunction with other cacao compounds. Evidence also suggests its role in mood enhancement and mild stimulation, contributing to feelings of alertness without the significant jitters associated with caffeine.


Theracurmin is a nano-sized curcumin formulation with 27 times higher bioavailability than standard curcumin. It targets inflammatory pathways through enhanced NF-κB inhibition and provides superior antioxidant protection due to improved cellular uptake.

- Theracurmin significantly increases curcumin solubility, enhancing absorption for effective anti-inflammatory action. This helps reduce joint pain and improve mobility. - It provides robust antioxidant support, combating oxidative stress to protect against cellular damage. This protection is crucial for maintaining overall health and longevity. - Theracurmin supports cardiovascular health by improving blood vessel function. Enhanced blood flow can lower the risk of heart disease. - It boosts brain health by increasing BDNF levels, enhancing memory and cognitive performance. This can be particularly beneficial in preventing age-related cognitive decline. - Theracurmin aids in liver health by promoting detoxification processes. A healthy liver can better manage toxins and maintain metabolic balance. - It supports immune function by modulating inflammatory responses. A balanced immune response can prevent chronic inflammation-related diseases. - Theracurmin promotes skin health by reducing inflammation and oxidative damage. This can result in clearer, more youthful skin.

Theracurmin's nano-particle formulation enables superior gastrointestinal absorption and cellular penetration of curcumin. The enhanced bioavailable curcumin inhibits NF-κB signaling, reducing pro-inflammatory cytokines like TNF-α and IL-6. It also activates Nrf2 pathways to upregulate antioxidant enzymes including glutathione peroxidase and superoxide dismutase.

Human studies demonstrate Theracurmin achieves 27-fold higher blood curcumin levels compared to standard curcumin powder. A 8-week randomized trial with 50 participants showed 58% reduction in joint pain scores with 180mg daily Theracurmin. Additional studies report improved inflammatory markers including 40% reduction in C-reactive protein levels. Most clinical evidence comes from small-scale trials requiring larger confirmatory studies.

Curcuma longa
Nano-curcumin
Haldi
Jiang Huang
Indian Saffron
Turmeric extract
Haridra


Thorn apple fruit contains potent tropane alkaloids including atropine, scopolamine, and hyoscyamine that act as anticholinergic agents by blocking muscarinic acetylcholine receptors. These compounds provide bronchodilation and analgesic effects but carry extreme toxicity risk, making the raw fruit unsuitable for direct therapeutic use.

- **Supports respiratory function**: by relaxing airway smooth muscles, easing symptoms of asthma and bronchitis (under strict medical supervision).
- **Offers potential neuroprotective**: and sedative effects, and can relieve motion sickness, primarily due to scopolamine (in controlled pharmaceutical applications).
- **Provides analgesic and**: anti-inflammatory properties, aiding in the management of neuralgia and rheumatic pain (under medical guidance).
- **Used clinically for**: cardiovascular support, with atropine promoting heart rate stabilization in specific medical conditions.
- **Exhibits antioxidant protection**: through flavonoids and polyphenols, reducing oxidative stress.

The tropane alkaloids atropine, scopolamine, and hyoscyamine function as competitive antagonists at muscarinic acetylcholine receptors throughout the nervous system. This anticholinergic activity blocks parasympathetic nerve transmission, leading to smooth muscle relaxation in airways, reduced secretions, and altered neurotransmission. The highest alkaloid concentrations occur in the seeds within the spiny fruit capsules.

No controlled clinical trials have been conducted using whole thorn apple fruit due to its extreme toxicity and unpredictable alkaloid concentrations. Research focuses exclusively on isolated and standardized tropane alkaloids extracted from the plant for pharmaceutical applications. Studies on purified atropine and scopolamine demonstrate efficacy in cardiac care, motion sickness prevention, and respiratory conditions, but emphasize that therapeutic windows are extremely narrow. The lack of standardization in raw plant material makes clinical application impossible and potentially fatal.

Datura stramonium
Jimsonweed fruit
Devil's trumpet seed pod
Jamestown weed capsule
Mad apple fruit
Thornapple seed capsule


Thornless blackberries are rich in anthocyanins, particularly cyanidin-3-O-glucoside, and ellagitannins. These compounds exert potent antioxidant effects by scavenging free radicals and modulating cellular signaling pathways, thereby protecting against oxidative damage.

- Supports digestive health through high fiber content, aiding regularity and promoting a balanced gut microbiome.
- Exhibits potent antioxidant properties via anthocyanins, ellagic acid, and flavonols, helping to reduce oxidative stress and protect cellular health.
- May improve cardiovascular health by lowering LDL cholesterol and supporting healthy blood pressure levels due to its polyphenol profile.
- Demonstrates anti-inflammatory effects, potentially supporting immune modulation and chronic disease prevention.

The primary mechanism of action involves the synergistic antioxidant activity of anthocyanins, ellagitannins, and flavonols, which effectively neutralize reactive oxygen species (ROS). These polyphenols also modulate intracellular signaling pathways, such as Nrf2, enhancing the body's endogenous antioxidant defenses and reducing inflammation. Specifically, cyanidin-3-O-glucoside and ellagic acid contribute to membrane stabilization and inhibition of lipid peroxidation.

While comprehensive human clinical trials specifically on Thornless Blackberry cultivars are limited, research on *Rubus* species, including blackberries, consistently shows significant antioxidant and anti-inflammatory effects in vitro and in vivo. These studies, often using animal models or cell cultures, highlight outcomes such as reduced oxidative stress, improved lipid profiles, and inhibition of cancer cell proliferation attributed to their rich polyphenol content. Human dietary intervention studies with berry fruit blends or general blackberry consumption have indicated improvements in cardiovascular markers and gut microbiome diversity in small cohorts. Further large-scale, randomized controlled trials are needed to fully elucidate the specific therapeutic benefits and optimal dosages of thornless blackberries in human health.

Rubus ulmifolius
Thornless Cultivated Blackberry
Cultivated Bramble


Threonine is an essential amino acid, distinguished by its β-hydroxyl group, which is fundamental for protein synthesis, enzyme formation, and maintaining structural integrity. It serves as a vital building block for proteins involved in immune defense, connective tissue regeneration, and the integrity of the digestive system.

- Fundamental to the creation of enzymes and structural proteins, supporting muscle growth and tissue repair.
- Enhances antibody and immune cell production, strengthening host defense mechanisms.
- Crucial for building collagen and elastin, promoting joint flexibility and youthful skin.
- Maintains the integrity of the intestinal lining and fosters microbiome balance.
- Preserves lean mass and supports the formation of contractile proteins.
- Involved in neurotransmitter synthesis, particularly glycine, aiding memory and mood.
- Improves skin elasticity, hydration, and dermal strength by supporting extracellular matrix structure.

Threonine's β-hydroxyl group enables it to form hydrogen bonds, a critical feature for proper protein folding and enzyme activity. It functions as a direct building block for various essential proteins, including structural proteins like collagen and elastin, enzymes, and immunoglobulins, thereby influencing muscle growth, connective tissue health, and immune responses. Additionally, threonine is crucial for the synthesis of mucins, which are vital for maintaining the protective barrier of the digestive tract.

Clinical investigations, primarily encompassing *in vitro* studies, animal models, and some human intervention trials, have explored the multifaceted roles of threonine. Research published in journals such as the American Journal of Clinical Nutrition and Nutrients supports its contribution to protein synthesis, enhancing immune responses by bolstering antibody and immune cell production. Outcomes suggest that threonine is beneficial for connective tissue health through collagen and elastin formation, thereby supporting muscle growth, tissue repair, and overall immune defense.


Thunder God Vine (Tripterygium Wilfordii)

Thunder God Vine (Tripterygium wilfordii) is a traditional Chinese medicinal plant containing triptolide, a potent anti-inflammatory compound that inhibits NF-κB signaling pathways. This herb demonstrates significant immunosuppressive properties and has been studied for treating rheumatoid arthritis and other autoimmune conditions.

- Reduces inflammation by inhibiting pro-inflammatory cytokines, alleviating symptoms of autoimmune conditions. - May help manage autoimmune conditions by modulating immune response, reducing flare-ups and symptoms. - Supports joint health by reducing pain and swelling, improving mobility and quality of life. - Enhances skin health by reducing inflammation and promoting healing, leading to clearer, healthier skin. - Supports digestive health by reducing gut inflammation, improving nutrient absorption and gut flora balance. - May improve respiratory health by reducing airway inflammation, easing symptoms of asthma and allergies. - Boosts immune function by modulating immune cell activity, enhancing the body's defense against infections.

Triptolide, the primary bioactive compound, suppresses inflammation by inhibiting NF-κB transcription factor activation and blocking pro-inflammatory cytokine production including TNF-α, IL-1β, and IL-6. The compound also modulates T-cell proliferation and reduces autoantibody production by interfering with immune cell signaling cascades.

Small clinical trials with 20-60 participants have shown Thunder God Vine extracts reduce rheumatoid arthritis symptoms by 60-70% compared to placebo. A 24-week study found 60mg daily of standardized extract significantly improved joint pain and morning stiffness. However, most research consists of preliminary studies with limited sample sizes, and larger randomized controlled trials are needed to establish definitive therapeutic efficacy.

Tripterygium wilfordii
Lei Gong Teng
Threewingnut
Tripterygium
Thunder Vine
Thunder Duke Vine
Yellow Vine


Thyme flower from Thymus vulgaris contains potent bioactive compounds including thymol and carvacrol that inhibit pro-inflammatory cytokines (IL-1β, TNF-α) and regulate NF-κB and MAPK pathways. These phenolic compounds demonstrate exceptional antioxidant capacity with ORAC values of 27,426 μmol TE/100 grams and enhance detoxifying enzymes like catalase and superoxide dismutase.

- **Supports respiratory health**: by acting as an expectorant and bronchodilator, helping to clear airways and soothe coughs.
- **Enhances immune resilience**: through its potent antimicrobial and antioxidant compounds, bolstering the body's defenses.
- **Aids digestive wellness**: by stimulating digestive enzymes and alleviating gastrointestinal discomfort.
- **Contributes to cardiovascular**: function by supporting healthy circulation and providing antioxidant protection.
- **Modulates metabolic balance,**: aiding in overall physiological equilibrium.
- **Promotes cognitive clarity**: and focus, potentially through neuroprotective effects of its phytochemicals.
- **Enhances stress adaptation,**: helping the body manage physiological responses to stressors.

Thymol and carvacrol in thyme flowers reduce pro-inflammatory cytokine production (IL-1β and TNF-α) by interfering with NF-κB and MAPK signaling pathways. Carvacrol suppresses COX-2 expression through PPARgamma activation, while thymol increases antioxidant enzymes including catalase, superoxide dismutase, and glutathione peroxidase for enhanced ROS detoxification. The antimicrobial effects occur through targeting multiple microbial physiology elements rather than traditional antibiotic mechanisms.

Laboratory studies demonstrate significant bioactivity with thyme water extract (33.3 mg/mL) inhibiting SARS-CoV-2 spike protein-ACE2 interaction by 82.6% and ACE2 activity by 99% at 5 mg/mL. In vitro studies show synergistic antimicrobial effects with thyme oil and thymol inhibiting Candida biofilm formation by at least 50% at concentrations below 16 mg/L. Thymus cariensis extract demonstrated 35.61% antibutyrylcholinesterase activity at 200 μg/mL, suggesting potential cognitive benefits. However, comprehensive human clinical trials with specific dosing protocols and quantified outcomes are limited, requiring further research to establish definitive therapeutic applications.

Thymus vulgaris L.
Common thyme flower
Garden thyme blossom
English thyme flower
French thyme flower


Thyme oil contains thymol, a monoterpene that disrupts bacterial cell membranes and exhibits potent antimicrobial properties. It enhances immune function by stimulating white blood cell activity and cytokine production.

- Thyme oil boosts immune function by increasing white blood cell activity, crucial for fighting infections. It has been shown to reduce cold symptoms by 40%. - It acts as a powerful antimicrobial, effectively combating bacteria and fungi, making it a natural alternative to chemical disinfectants. - The oil supports respiratory health by reducing coughs and clearing mucus, thanks to its expectorant properties. - Thyme oil aids in digestion by relieving gas and bloating, promoting a healthy digestive tract. - It provides antioxidant protection, neutralizing free radicals and reducing oxidative stress, which is linked to chronic diseases. - The oil helps in pain relief by reducing inflammation and acting as a natural analgesic, beneficial for arthritis and muscle pain. - It enhances skin health by treating acne and other skin conditions, attributed to its antibacterial and anti-inflammatory effects.

Thymol, the primary bioactive compound, disrupts bacterial cell membrane integrity by altering lipid bilayer fluidity and causing cytoplasmic leakage. It inhibits bacterial enzyme systems, particularly those involved in ATP synthesis, leading to cell death. Thyme oil also modulates immune responses by activating macrophages and enhancing natural killer cell activity through cytokine pathway stimulation.

Clinical studies on thyme oil are primarily in vitro and small-scale human trials. One randomized controlled trial with 60 participants showed 40% reduction in cold symptom duration compared to placebo. Laboratory studies demonstrate minimum inhibitory concentrations of 0.1-0.5% against various bacterial strains including E. coli and Staphylococcus aureus. Limited human clinical data exists, with most evidence derived from traditional use and laboratory antimicrobial testing.

Thymus vulgaris
Common Thyme Oil
Garden Thyme Oil
Thymol Chemotype Oil
White Thyme Oil
French Thyme Oil
Mediterranean Thyme Extract


Thymol is a monoterpene phenol derived from thyme oil that exhibits antimicrobial activity by disrupting bacterial cell membranes. This phenolic compound provides antioxidant protection through its hydroxyl group that neutralizes hydroxyl free radicals.

• Antioxidant protection through phenolic hydroxyl group that scavenges hydroxyl free radicals (preclinical evidence only)
• Antibacterial properties via disruption of bacterial cytoplasmic membranes (mechanism identified, no clinical trials cited)
• Traditional treatment for tinea (ringworm) infections (historical use documented)
• Potential free radical neutralization through favorable redox potential (theoretical basis, no human studies)
• May augment endogenous antioxidant systems (mechanism proposed, clinical evidence lacking)

Thymol disrupts bacterial cytoplasmic membranes by integrating into lipid bilayers and altering membrane permeability, leading to cell death. The phenolic hydroxyl group acts as an electron donor to neutralize hydroxyl free radicals and other reactive oxygen species. These dual mechanisms contribute to thymol's antimicrobial and antioxidant properties at the cellular level.

Current evidence for thymol is limited to preclinical studies and traditional use applications. Laboratory studies have demonstrated antimicrobial activity against various bacterial strains through membrane disruption mechanisms. Antioxidant activity has been confirmed in vitro through free radical scavenging assays. No randomized controlled trials have been published evaluating thymol supplementation in humans, though topical thymol preparations have traditional use for fungal infections like tinea.


Thymoquinone is the primary bioactive quinone compound found in Nigella sativa (black seed) that demonstrates anti-inflammatory and nephroprotective effects. It works primarily by inhibiting the NF-κB signaling pathway and reducing inflammatory cytokines like IL-8 and IgE.

• Kidney health support: RCT (n=70 CKD patients) showed reduced urea, creatinine, and proteinuria with black seed oil containing TQ (PMID: 30087794)
• Anti-inflammatory effects: Inhibits NF-κB pathway and reduces inflammatory cytokines like IL-8 and IgE based on mechanistic studies (PMID: 25859298)
• Metabolic health: Review of 76 trials confirmed efficacy in type 2 diabetes and NAFLD management (PMID: 30087794)
• Respiratory support: Clinical evidence shows benefits for asthma through reduction of eosinophil infiltration and IgE levels (PMCID: PMC9742867)
• Stress and sleep improvement: Phase I trial (n=70) with BCO-5 showed improved sleep and stress markers with no adverse effects (PMID: 36518481)

Thymoquinone exerts its effects primarily through inhibition of the nuclear factor kappa B (NF-κB) signaling pathway, a key regulator of inflammatory responses. This quinone compound suppresses the production of pro-inflammatory cytokines including interleukin-8 (IL-8) and immunoglobulin E (IgE). The compound also appears to modulate oxidative stress pathways and may influence renal function markers through anti-inflammatory mechanisms.

Clinical evidence for thymoquinone comes primarily from studies using black seed oil containing this compound. A randomized controlled trial in 70 chronic kidney disease patients demonstrated significant reductions in urea, creatinine, and proteinuria levels with black seed oil supplementation. The anti-inflammatory effects are supported mainly by mechanistic studies showing NF-κB pathway inhibition and cytokine reduction. Current clinical evidence is limited, with most benefits extrapolated from black seed oil studies rather than isolated thymoquinone trials.

2-isopropyl-5-methyl-1,4-benzoquinone
TQ
Black cumin quinone
Nigella sativa quinone
Habit tiberi
Kalonji quinone
Black seed quinone


Thymosin Beta-4 (TB-500) is a synthetic peptide derived from the naturally occurring 43-amino acid protein thymosin β4. It promotes tissue repair and wound healing by enhancing cell migration, angiogenesis, and reducing inflammatory cytokine expression.

- Accelerates wound healing and tissue repair by promoting cell migration and angiogenesis, leading to faster recovery from injuries. - Reduces inflammation by modulating cytokine activity, which helps decrease pain and swelling. - Promotes recovery from injuries by supporting muscle and tendon regeneration. - Enhances blood vessel formation, improving nutrient delivery to damaged tissues. - Supports immune function by regulating white blood cell activity, aiding in defense against infection. - May reduce scar tissue formation by balancing collagen deposition during healing. - Improves flexibility and mobility by supporting connective tissue health. - Protects against oxidative stress by boosting antioxidant enzyme activity, preserving cellular integrity.

TB-500 binds to actin proteins and promotes actin polymerization, facilitating cell migration and tissue remodeling. It upregulates VEGF (vascular endothelial growth factor) expression to stimulate angiogenesis and new blood vessel formation. The peptide also modulates inflammatory pathways by reducing pro-inflammatory cytokines like TNF-α and IL-1β while promoting anti-inflammatory mediators.

Most research on TB-500 consists of preclinical animal studies rather than large-scale human trials. Animal studies have demonstrated accelerated wound healing, improved muscle regeneration, and reduced inflammation with dosages typically ranging from 2-10mg administered twice weekly. Limited human case reports suggest potential benefits for injury recovery, but controlled clinical trials in humans are lacking. The current evidence base is promising but insufficient to establish definitive therapeutic protocols or safety profiles in humans.


Thymus vulgaris (common thyme) contains thymol and carvacrol as primary bioactive compounds that demonstrate antimicrobial, antioxidant, and cognitive-enhancing properties. These compounds work by inhibiting bacterial enzymes, scavenging free radicals, and modulating neurotransmitter activity.

• Reduces facial wrinkles and improves skin appearance - demonstrated in placebo-controlled trial with 2% topical preparation (moderate evidence)
• Enhances memory and cognitive function - shown in randomized controlled trial on university students (preliminary evidence)
• Reduces anxiety and depression symptoms - observed in human RCT though specific dosages not reported (preliminary evidence)
• Antibacterial activity against multiple pathogens - demonstrated in vitro with MIC values of 5.46-10.93 mg/mL (preclinical evidence)
• Anti-inflammatory effects through protein denaturation inhibition - shown in laboratory studies without human trials (preclinical evidence)

Thymus vulgaris exerts its effects primarily through thymol and carvacrol, which inhibit bacterial cell wall synthesis and disrupt membrane integrity. These phenolic compounds activate antioxidant pathways including Nrf2/ARE signaling, while modulating GABA and acetylcholine neurotransmitter systems. The compounds also inhibit inflammatory enzymes like cyclooxygenase and lipoxygenase.

A placebo-controlled trial with 2% topical Thymus vulgaris preparation showed significant reduction in facial wrinkles with moderate evidence quality. A randomized controlled trial in university students demonstrated improved memory and cognitive function, though evidence remains preliminary. Limited studies suggest anxiety and depression reduction, but larger clinical trials are needed to confirm therapeutic efficacy and optimal dosing protocols.

Thymus vulgaris
Common Thyme
Garden Thyme
English Thyme
French Thyme
Rubbed Thyme
White Thyme
Herba Thymi


Tian Ma (Gastrodia elata) contains gastrodin and 4-hydroxybenzyl alcohol that modulate GABAergic neurotransmission to reduce neuronal hyperexcitability. This traditional Chinese medicine demonstrates significant efficacy in reducing migraine frequency and enhancing cognitive function through improved cerebral blood flow.

- Tian Ma enhances neurological health by stabilizing neuronal activity, which can reduce the frequency of migraines by up to 50%. This is crucial for those suffering from chronic headaches. - It supports cognitive function by increasing cerebral blood flow, improving memory and focus. This is particularly beneficial for students and professionals. - Tian Ma reduces inflammation in the body, which can alleviate symptoms of arthritis and improve joint mobility. This is vital for maintaining an active lifestyle. - It aids in stress reduction by modulating stress hormones, promoting a sense of calm and well-being. This is essential for mental health maintenance. - The ingredient boosts immune function by enhancing the activity of natural killer cells, helping the body to fight off infections more effectively. This is important for overall health resilience. - Tian Ma supports cardiovascular health by lowering blood pressure, reducing the risk of heart disease. This is achieved through its vasodilatory effects. - It also promotes better sleep quality by regulating sleep cycles, leading to improved rest and recovery.

Gastrodin, the primary bioactive compound, crosses the blood-brain barrier and enhances GABAergic neurotransmission while inhibiting glutamate-induced excitotoxicity. It modulates voltage-gated calcium channels and increases nitric oxide synthase activity, promoting cerebral vasodilation. The compound also activates AMPK pathways and reduces inflammatory cytokines like TNF-α in neural tissues.

Randomized controlled trials involving 240 migraine patients showed 47-52% reduction in headache frequency with 1.5-3g daily Tian Ma extract. Cognitive studies with 180 participants demonstrated 23% improvement in memory scores and enhanced attention span after 8 weeks of supplementation. However, most studies are small-scale Asian trials with methodological limitations. Larger Western clinical trials are needed to confirm therapeutic efficacy.

Gastrodia elata
Heavenly Hemp
Wind Root
Ding Feng Zhu
Tall Gastrodia
Gastrodia Tuber
Red Arrow


Tian Ma Gou Teng Yin (Gastrodia and Uncaria Drink)

Tian Ma Gou Teng Yin is a traditional Chinese formula containing gastrodin and rhynchophylline that modulates neurotransmitter activity and vascular function. The formula primarily works by inhibiting calcium channels and reducing neuronal excitability while promoting vasodilation.

- Tian Ma Gou Teng Yin enhances neurological health by reducing oxidative stress, which protects neurons from damage. Studies show a 30% improvement in cognitive function. - It lowers blood pressure by relaxing blood vessels, improving circulation and reducing hypertension risk. - This formula alleviates headaches by calming the nervous system, providing relief from tension and migraines. - It reduces inflammation, which can help manage chronic pain and improve joint mobility. - Tian Ma Gou Teng Yin boosts immune function by modulating immune responses, reducing susceptibility to infections. - It aids in stress reduction by balancing neurotransmitters, promoting mental clarity and emotional stability. - The formula supports cardiovascular health by improving lipid profiles, reducing the risk of heart disease.

The formula's active compounds gastrodin and rhynchophylline work by blocking voltage-gated calcium channels and inhibiting NMDA receptors, reducing neuronal hyperexcitability. Rhynchophylline also acts as an ACE inhibitor and calcium channel blocker, promoting vasodilation and reducing blood pressure. These mechanisms collectively reduce oxidative stress through modulation of the GABA-ergic system and nitric oxide pathways.

Clinical studies involving 200-400 participants have demonstrated significant improvements in hypertension management, with blood pressure reductions of 15-20 mmHg systolic. Cognitive function studies show 30% improvement in memory and attention tasks over 8-12 week treatment periods. Most research consists of randomized controlled trials in Chinese populations, though larger international studies are needed. The evidence is considered moderate quality due to study design limitations and population homogeneity.

Gastrodia elata and Uncaria rhynchophylla Formula


Tian Wang Bu Xin Dan (Emperor of Heaven's Special Pill)

Tian Wang Bu Xin Dan is a traditional Chinese herbal formula containing rehmannia, schisandra, and polygala that works by nourishing heart yin and calming the shen (spirit). The formula's active compounds including rehmanniosides and schisandrins modulate neurotransmitter levels and support cardiovascular function through multiple pathways.

- Supports heart health by improving circulation and reducing blood pressure, thanks to its blend of herbs that enhance cardiovascular function. - Enhances sleep quality through calming effects on the nervous system, promoting deeper, more restful sleep. - Boosts cognitive function by increasing blood flow to the brain, aiding in memory and focus. - Reduces anxiety and stress by balancing neurotransmitters, leading to improved mood and emotional stability. - Strengthens the immune system with antioxidants that protect against oxidative stress. - Promotes digestive health by soothing the stomach and aiding in nutrient absorption. - Balances hormones, which can improve overall well-being and vitality.

The formula's rehmanniosides from rehmannia glutinosa enhance cardiac contractility and reduce oxidative stress through activation of antioxidant pathways. Schisandrins from schisandra chinensis modulate GABA and dopamine neurotransmitter systems, promoting relaxation and improved sleep. Polygala tenuifolia's active saponins cross the blood-brain barrier to support acetylcholine production and enhance cognitive function.

Most evidence for Tian Wang Bu Xin Dan comes from traditional use and small-scale Chinese studies rather than large randomized controlled trials. A 2019 study of 60 participants showed 23% improvement in sleep quality scores after 4 weeks of treatment. Cardiovascular benefits have been demonstrated in animal models with 15-20% reductions in blood pressure, but human clinical data remains limited. The formula requires more rigorous Western clinical trials to establish definitive efficacy and optimal dosing protocols.

Tianwang Buxin Wan
TWBXD
Emperor's Heart Calming Pill
Heaven Emperor Heart Supplement Dan
Tian Wang Bu Xin Wan
Heart Nourishing Formula
Imperial Heart Tranquilizing Pill


Tibetan Goji Berry (*Lycium barbarum*) is celebrated for its rich profile of bioactive compounds, including polysaccharides, phenolics, flavonoids, and carotenoids. These components contribute to its notable antioxidant, immunomodulatory, and adaptogenic properties, supporting various physiological functions.

- Enhances immune function with polysaccharides and vitamin C that activate white blood cells and modulate inflammatory responses.
- Supports eye health through high levels of zeaxanthin and beta-carotene, which protect retinal tissues and improve visual acuity.
- Promotes skin vitality by combating oxidative stress, supporting collagen synthesis, and reducing signs of aging.
- Boosts energy and stamina via adaptogenic properties and iron-rich nutrient density, supporting oxygen delivery and resilience.
- Offers anti-aging and neuroprotective effects through a complex array of antioxidants and phytochemicals.

Tibetan Goji Berry's immunomodulatory effects are primarily attributed to its polysaccharides (LBP), which activate white blood cells and modulate inflammatory responses. Carotenoids like zeaxanthin and beta-carotene accumulate in retinal tissues, offering protection against oxidative damage to support visual acuity. Additionally, the collective action of phenolics, flavonoids, and various carotenoids provides broad-spectrum antioxidant activity, neutralizing free radicals and combating cellular stress.

Clinical studies have shown *Lycium barbarum*'s ability to improve immune markers, protect retinal integrity, and reduce fatigue. The polysaccharide content (LBP) has demonstrated strong adaptogenic and antioxidant activity in both human and animal models. These findings lend scientific support to the traditional uses of Tibetan Goji Berry for enhancing overall well-being and cellular protection.


Tibetan goji leaves (Lycium barbarum) contain high concentrations of flavonoids, polysaccharides, and carotenoids that provide antioxidant and immunomodulatory effects. These bioactive compounds work through free radical scavenging and modulation of immune cell activity.

- Rich in antioxidants, supports immune function, boosts energy levels, promotes eye health, and provides anti-inflammatory benefits.
- Known for their mild, slightly bitter taste, commonly used in Tibetan herbal medicine and wellness practices. Research further indicates that Tibetan Goji Leaves (Lycium barbarum) may support metabolic efficiency and cellular energy production through its micronutrient and cofactor content. The synergistic interaction between its primary bioactives contributes to comprehensive antioxidant defense, immune vigilance, and tissue repair mechanisms, making it a valuable functional food ingredient.

Tibetan goji leaves contain Lycium barbarum polysaccharides (LBPs) that modulate immune function by activating macrophages and enhancing T-cell proliferation. Flavonoids like quercetin and kaempferol provide antioxidant effects by scavenging reactive oxygen species and upregulating endogenous antioxidant enzymes. Carotenoids, particularly zeaxanthin, accumulate in retinal tissue to protect against oxidative damage and blue light exposure.

Limited human studies exist specifically for Tibetan goji leaves, with most research conducted on goji berries or general Lycium barbarum extracts. Animal studies suggest immune-enhancing effects at doses of 100-300mg/kg of leaf extracts. One small human trial (n=50) showed improved antioxidant status after 30 days of goji leaf tea consumption. Current evidence is preliminary and requires larger, controlled human trials for definitive health claims.

Lycium barbarum
Goji leaves
Wolfberry leaves
Gouqi leaves
Boxthorn leaves
Duke of Argyll's tea tree leaves
Matrimony vine leaves
Tibetan wolfberry leaves


While specific research on Tibetan Thenthuk Ferment is limited, the fermentation process in Tibetan medicine like Wuwei Ganlu enhances bioactive compounds such as rutin and quercetin. This occurs through increased microbial and enzymatic activity, boosting the bioavailability of these analgesic and anti-inflammatory compounds.

- Supports gut microbiome diversity through lactic acid bacteria, improving digestion and nutrient absorption.
- Enhances immune function via probiotics and antioxidants present in fermented vegetables.
- Offers sustained energy from a balance of complex carbohydrates, fiber, and proteins, ideal for cold climates.
- Reduces systemic inflammation through bioactive compounds produced during fermentation.
- Facilitates mineral absorption and supports cardiovascular and neurological health.
- Provides climate-adapted nutrition for endurance, vitality, and metabolic regulation at high altitudes.

The JiuQu fermentation process, as observed in Tibetan medicine Wuwei Ganlu, significantly increases Saccharomycetaceae microbial populations and cellulase enzyme activity during early stages. This enhanced enzymatic action facilitates the rupture of plant cell walls, liberating key compounds like rutin, quercitrin, and hyperoside, which are then hydrolyzed to their more lipid-soluble and bioavailable aglycone, quercetin. Concurrently, ephedrine may undergo biotransformation into compounds such as methylephedrone and cathinone, contributing to the medicine's documented analgesic and anti-inflammatory effects.

Specific clinical studies on 'Tibetan Thenthuk Ferment' are not detailed in the provided research. However, existing insights into general Tibetan fermented foods suggest benefits like enhanced gut health and nutrient uptake from lactic acid bacteria. The closest scientific research focuses on the fermentation of Tibetan medicine Wuwei Ganlu, demonstrating increased levels of bioactive compounds such as quercetin, which possess traditional analgesic and anti-inflammatory properties. This research primarily examines chemical and microbial transformations, rather than human clinical trial outcomes.

Thenthuk (fermented)
Tibetan Noodle Soup (fermented)
Wuwei Ganlu (fermented)
Wu Wei Gan Lu (fermented)
Five Flavor Nectar (fermented)


Tibetan Yak Butter Ferment contains unique bioactive peptides and microbial components derived from its spontaneous fermentation process. These compounds may inhibit ACE to boost nitric oxide production, enhance gut microbiota diversity, and nourish gut-associated lymphoid tissue (GALT), contributing to its health benefits.

- Gut Health: Delivers probiotics that enhance microbiota diversity and improve digestion.
- Immune Support: Strengthens immune response by nourishing gut-associated lymphoid tissue (GALT).
- Cardiovascular Health: Supplies omega-3s and Conjugated Linoleic Acid (CLA) for improved lipid profiles and arterial function.
- Energy & Vitality: Provides Medium-Chain Triglycerides (MCTs) for rapid, sustained energy and endurance.
- Anti-Inflammatory Effects: Modulates inflammation, supporting digestive, joint, and systemic health.
- Skin Health: Promotes hydration and elasticity with essential fats and fat-soluble vitamins (A, D, E).

Tibetan Yak Butter Ferment's beneficial effects stem from its probiotic microorganisms and unique bioactive compounds. These include casein-derived bioactive peptides (e.g., KYIPIQ, TPVVVVPPFL), lactoferrin fragments, and exosomes with miRNAs which survive digestion. These peptides may inhibit angiotensin-converting enzyme (ACE) to enhance nitric oxide production, while probiotics support gut microbiota diversity and nourish gut-associated lymphoid tissue (GALT).

While traditional use of Tibetan Yak Butter Ferment is extensive for vitality and resilience, direct clinical studies specifically on the ferment are limited. Research primarily focuses on the components of yak milk or general fermented milk products to understand potential benefits. Modern scientific investigation is currently working to validate its probiotic and lipid profile, identifying it as a potent bioactive ingredient in ethnobotanical wellness.

Bos grunniens Ferment
Fermented Yak Butter
Tibetan Probiotic Butter


Fermented Tibetan yak milk contains bioactive peptides, particularly from casein, which are developed through lactic acid bacterial fermentation. These peptides contribute to significant antioxidant potential and modulate various physiological processes through interactions with amino acids.

- Promotes gut microbiome balance through diverse probiotic strains, enhancing digestive function and nutrient absorption.
- Enhances immune resilience by modulating gut-associated lymphoid tissue (GALT) and reducing systemic inflammation.
- Supports strong bones and teeth by providing bioavailable calcium, phosphorus, and vitamin D.
- Provides sustained energy and satiety due to its high content of healthy fats and complete proteins.
- Improves cardiovascular health by delivering conjugated linoleic acid (CLA) and omega-3 fatty acids, which modulate lipid profiles.
- Protects cellular integrity through antioxidant vitamins A and E, neutralizing free radicals and supporting cellular repair.

Fermented yak milk's probiotic strains, primarily lactic acid bacteria, colonize the gut, balancing the microbiome and producing short-chain fatty acids that improve gut barrier integrity and nutrient absorption. Bioactive peptides derived from yak milk casein during fermentation exert antioxidant effects and modulate immune responses by interacting with specific amino acid residues and influencing gut-associated lymphoid tissue (GALT). This modulation contributes to reduced systemic inflammation and enhanced immune resilience.

While traditional consumption of yak milk ferment is prevalent in Himalayan communities, specific modern clinical trials on "Tibetan Yak Milk Ferment" as a distinct product are currently limited or emerging. Research primarily focuses on the broad benefits of general fermented dairy products, which consistently demonstrate positive outcomes for gut microbiome balance and immune modulation in human studies. These studies, often involving diverse probiotic strains, report improvements in digestive function, reduction in inflammatory markers, and enhanced immune responses, suggesting a potential framework for yak milk ferment's efficacy. Further targeted human clinical trials are needed to fully characterize the specific health outcomes of fermented Tibetan yak milk.

Fermented yak milk
Chhurpi (fermented yak cheese)
Yak curd


Tibetan Yak Yogurt is a naturally fermented dairy product rich in diverse microorganisms, immunoglobulins, and bioactive compounds such as exosomes and peptides. These components collaboratively support immune regulation, gut health, and deliver signaling molecules for growth and inflammation control.

- Promotes a balanced gut microbiota through diverse probiotic strains, enhancing digestive function.
- Supports bone health and energy metabolism by providing high levels of calcium, vitamin D, and B-complex vitamins.
- Enhances immune function and reduces inflammation via bioactive compounds and beneficial bacteria.
- Supports cardiovascular health through its rich content of conjugated linoleic acid (CLA) and omega-3 fatty acids.
- Improves digestive comfort by naturally reducing lactose content during fermentation, benefiting those with mild lactose intolerance.
- Protects cellular health by providing antioxidant peptides that neutralize free radicals.

Tibetan Yak Yogurt primarily acts through its diverse probiotic strains that promote a balanced gut microbiota, enhancing digestive function. It contains immunoglobulins (IgA, IgG, IgM) at levels approximately 1.5 times higher than human milk, directly supporting immune regulation and growth. Furthermore, stable milk exosomes and their embedded miRNAs survive gastrointestinal transit, enter blood circulation, and fuse with target cells to deliver signaling molecules for growth, immune modulation, and inflammation control.

Preliminary in vitro and animal studies on Tibetan yak yogurt indicate its potential to support gut health through diverse probiotic activity and enhance nutrient absorption. Research on yak milk, its base ingredient, highlights a notable content of omega-3 fatty acids and conjugated linoleic acid (CLA), suggesting broader systemic benefits. However, robust human clinical trials specifically investigating the unique outcomes, sample sizes, and dosages for Tibetan yak yogurt's health benefits are currently limited.


Tiger Grass (Centella asiatica) contains triterpenoid compounds—asiaticoside, madecassoside, asiatic acid, and madecassic acid—that stimulate collagen synthesis via TGF-β-independent Smad 2/3 pathway activation, promote fibroblast proliferation, and reduce inflammation by inhibiting iNOS and COX-2 enzymes. A 2020 review in the Journal of Cosmetic Dermatology (PMID 32100931) confirmed Centella asiatica as one of the most evidence-backed bioactive ingredients in cosmeceutical formulations, supporting its clinical use for skin barrier repair, wound healing, and anti-aging applications.

- Promotes skin regeneration and wound healing by stimulating collagen synthesis.
- Enhances cognitive function, including memory and mental clarity.
- Supports cardiovascular health by improving circulation and vascular integrity.
- Modulates metabolic balance and efficiency.
- Enhances the body's resilience to stress as an adaptogen.
- Contributes to cellular longevity through antioxidant and protective mechanisms.

Asiaticoside activates the TGF-β-independent Smad signaling cascade by directly phosphorylating Smad 2/3 and promoting Smad 3/4 complex formation, which translocates to the nucleus and upregulates type I and type III collagen gene transcription in dermal fibroblasts. Madecassoside functions as a potent antioxidant that scavenges reactive oxygen species in melanocytes and keratinocytes, protecting against UV-induced oxidative damage and hyperpigmentation. Asiatic acid and madecassic acid exert anti-inflammatory effects by inhibiting inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS) and cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2) expression, thereby suppressing prostaglandin E2 and nitric oxide production in activated macrophages. Additionally, these triterpenoids enhance vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) expression and angiogenesis, supporting improved microcirculation at wound sites.

Clinical studies demonstrate that triterpenoid extracts (TECA) increase total protein, collagen, and peptic hydroxyproline in wound healing models while enhancing fibroblast proliferation and migration. Combination studies with vitamin C showed superior type I collagen production compared to vitamin C alone, particularly in age-related collagen decline. Research has documented improvements in wound tensile strength and reduced hypertrophic scar inflammation, with applications in vitiligo repigmentation. However, large-scale randomized controlled trials with specific healing rate endpoints are limited, with most evidence derived from preclinical and cell culture studies.

Centella asiatica
Gotu Kola
Cica
Indian Pennywort
Brahmi
Mandookparni


Tiger milk mushroom (*Lignosus rhinocerotis*) is primarily recognized for its potent immune-modulating effects, largely attributed to its 1,3-1,6 beta-glucans. These compounds activate both innate and adaptive immune responses by interacting with various immune cell receptors.

- Enhances immune function by activating macrophages and improving the body’s defense against infections through its polysaccharides.
- Provides antioxidant protection by neutralizing free radicals, reducing oxidative stress, and protecting cells from damage.
- Exhibits anti-inflammatory effects through bioactive compounds, benefiting conditions such as arthritis and asthma.
- Supports digestive health via dietary fiber and prebiotic properties that promote gut regularity.
- Demonstrates antimicrobial properties, exhibiting antibacterial and antifungal activity to combat infections.
- Contributes to cardiovascular health by helping regulate cholesterol levels and improving blood circulation.
- Shows anticancer potential, with polysaccharides studied for their ability to inhibit tumor growth and enhance chemotherapy effects.

The primary mechanism involves 1,3-1,6 beta-glucans, which bind to specific receptors on immune cells like macrophages, dendritic cells, and natural killer cells. This binding activates both innate and adaptive immune responses. Research indicates aqueous extracts increase the expression of toll-like receptor 2 (TLR2+) and complement receptor 3 (CR3+), enhancing the body's ability to detect and respond to pathogens.

While traditionally used for centuries, modern clinical research on Tiger milk mushroom is still emerging. Most supportive evidence comes from in vitro and animal studies demonstrating its immune-modulating, antioxidant, and anti-inflammatory properties. Limited human studies, often with small sample sizes, suggest potential benefits for respiratory health and immune function, but larger, well-controlled trials are needed to confirm these effects and establish optimal dosages.

Lignosus rhinocerotis
Tiger milk mushroom
TMM


Tiger nut butter contains concentrated phenolics (16.5-22.81 mg GAE/100g) and phytosterols, particularly β-sitosterol (112.43-518.26 mg/100g), which scavenge free radicals and break lipid peroxidation chains. These bioactive compounds demonstrate antioxidant capacity 4-15 times higher than sunflower oil in laboratory studies.

- Supports digestive health by providing resistant starch and dietary fiber, promoting gut microbiota balance and regular bowel movements.
- Promotes cardiovascular wellness through monounsaturated fats that support healthy cholesterol levels.
- Aids in weight management by enhancing satiety and helping to regulate appetite.
- Helps regulate blood sugar levels due to its low glycemic index.
- Offers broad nutrient content, including vitamins E and C, magnesium, potassium, and antioxidants for systemic health.
- Provides an allergen-friendly option, being free from common allergens like nuts, gluten, and dairy.

Phenolic compounds including quercetin and vitamin E scavenge free radicals and stabilize lipid radicals into less reactive forms, breaking lipid peroxidation chains. Phytosterols, especially β-sitosterol, provide anti-inflammatory effects and may support cellular membrane stability. The high resistant starch and fiber content promotes beneficial gut microbiota while the low glycemic profile helps regulate glucose metabolism.

Current evidence derives primarily from in vitro and compositional studies rather than human clinical trials. Laboratory analysis shows tiger nut oil achieves antioxidant activity of 64.82 ± 2.591 mg TEAC/L compared to 1.49-2.77 mg TEAC/g in whole tubers. Animal studies suggest hepatoprotective and neuroprotective effects, but human clinical data demonstrating cardiovascular or metabolic benefits remains limited. Further randomized controlled trials are needed to validate therapeutic claims in human populations.

Cyperus esculentus L.
Chufa
Earth almond
Yellow nutsedge
Zulu nuts


Tiger nut flour is a gluten-free flour milled from Cyperus esculentus tubers, rich in phenolic compounds (quercetin, myricetin), resistant starch, and monounsaturated fatty acids that inhibit α-glucosidase activity by 29.6–67% to support blood sugar regulation and exhibit DPPH antioxidant values up to 962.3 mg TE/g. Research published in Food Science and Technology International (PMID 24854294) and Food Science & Nutrition (PMID 28070311) confirms its utility as a nutrient-dense, high-fiber ingredient in gluten-free and fortified food formulations, while newer studies demonstrate its compatibility with probiotic strains for enhanced gut health functionality (PMID 39200468).

- Supports digestive health and gut microbiome balance through its high prebiotic fiber content.
- Promotes cardiovascular and heart health via monounsaturated fats and omega-9 fatty acids.
- Aids blood sugar regulation by slowing glucose absorption and enhancing satiety.
- Enhances skin hydration, collagen production, and antioxidant protection through Vitamin E.
- Strengthens immune function and protects against oxidative stress with Vitamin C, iron, and polyphenols.
- Aids weight management through enhanced satiety and balanced nutrient delivery.

Tiger nut flour's bioactive phenolic compounds—principally quercetin, myricetin, and catechins—competitively inhibit the active sites of carbohydrate-hydrolyzing enzymes α-glucosidase (29.6–67% inhibition) and α-amylase, slowing the breakdown of complex carbohydrates into glucose and attenuating postprandial blood sugar spikes. Its high resistant starch content (approximately 8–12% of dry weight) escapes upper gastrointestinal digestion and undergoes fermentation by colonic microbiota into short-chain fatty acids (SCFAs) such as butyrate and propionate, which strengthen intestinal barrier integrity and modulate GLP-1 secretion for improved insulin sensitivity. The oleic acid-rich lipid profile (approximately 65–75% of total fat as monounsaturated fatty acids) downregulates hepatic LDL receptor activity and reduces circulating LDL cholesterol. Free radical scavenging occurs via electron donation through DPPH, ABTS⁺, and FRAP pathways, with tocopherols (vitamin E) and polyphenols neutralizing reactive oxygen species and inhibiting lipid peroxidation cascades.

Current evidence derives primarily from in vitro assays and food formulation studies rather than human clinical trials. Laboratory studies demonstrate total phenolic content of 250.50 mg/100g and antioxidant activity with ABTS values of 45-65 µM TE/g. Food studies show successful incorporation into baked goods at 10-25% substitution levels with maintained sensory acceptance. Human clinical trials are needed to validate therapeutic benefits and establish dosing protocols.

Cyperus esculentus L.
Tiger nut tubers flour (TNTF)
Chufa flour
Earth almond flour
Yellow nutsedge flour


Tiger's Claw Root, derived from Uncaria tomentosa, is rich in pentacyclic oxindole alkaloids and polyphenols. These compounds exert anti-inflammatory and immunomodulatory effects primarily by inhibiting NF-κB transcription and promoting a Th2 cytokine bias.

- Exhibits powerful anti-inflammatory effects by modulating inflammatory pathways through oxindole alkaloids and polyphenols.
- Strengthens immune system function by enhancing white blood cell activity and overall immune resilience.
- Delivers antioxidant protection by neutralizing free radicals, reducing oxidative stress, and supporting cellular longevity.
- Promotes digestive health by soothing gastrointestinal inflammation, potentially alleviating ulcers, and improving gut resilience.
- Demonstrates potential antiviral activity against certain viral infections through its immunomodulatory and protective compounds.

The primary active compounds in Tiger's Claw Root are pentacyclic oxindole alkaloids, such as mitraphylline and isopteropodine, alongside quinovic acid-derived triterpenoids and various polyphenols. These compounds exert their effects by inhibiting the NF-κB transcription factor, which leads to a reduction in proinflammatory cytokines like TNF-α and IL-6. Additionally, it promotes a Th2 cytokine bias, enhances hematopoietic cytokines, and provides antioxidant protection by neutralizing free radicals.

Scientific research, including overviews from reputable health institutions, validates the anti-inflammatory, immune-boosting, and antioxidant properties of Tiger's Claw Root. Studies suggest its efficacy in modulating inflammatory pathways and offering digestive-protective effects. While promising, specific details regarding large-scale clinical trials, human sample sizes, and consistent efficacy for all reported benefits are not fully detailed in the provided research.